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Open Access Article
1 - The relationship between political behaviors and strategic thinking with hypocritical behaviors in physical education teachers
omid safariThe purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between political behaviors and strategic thinking with hypocritical behaviors in physical education teachers of Kazerun city. This research was applied and descriptive and correlational. The statistical pop MoreThe purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between political behaviors and strategic thinking with hypocritical behaviors in physical education teachers of Kazerun city. This research was applied and descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this research was all the physical education teachers of Kazeron city in the number of 97 people, of which 83 people cooperated with the researcher as a sample and using the total number sampling method. The tools of data collection were the standard questionnaires of Dobrin's political behaviors (1978), Goldman's strategic thinking (2005) and Danai Fred et al.'s hypocritical behaviors (2013). Descriptive statistics methods were used to describe the data, and Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression statistical methods were used to analyze the data. The results of the research showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between political behaviors and hypocritical behaviors, and there was a negative and significant relationship between strategic thinking and hypocritical behaviors, and the results of the research showed that political behaviors and strategic thinking have significant predictive ability. It has the hypocritical behavior of the subjects(P ≤ 0.01)ionship between strategic thinking and hypocritical behaviors, and the results of the research showed that political behaviors and strategic thinking have significant predictive ability. It has the hypocritical behavior of the subjects(P ≤ 0.01)onship between strategic thinking and hypocritical behaviors, and the results of the research showed that political behaviors and strategic thinking have significant predictive ability. It has the hypocritical behavior of the subjects(P ≤ 0.01)olitical behaviors and strategic thinking have significant predictive ability. It has the hypocritical behavior of the subjects(P ≤ 0.0olitical behaviors and strategic thinking have significant predictive ability. It has the hypocritical behavior of the subjects(P ≤ 0.0olitical behaviors and strategic thinking have significant predictive ability. It has the . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Research on Iran's Economic Future Scenarios and Its Security Impacts: Critical Uncertainty Approach
Hossein Esmaeili razi Alireza nasr esfahaniStudying and planning to achieve a better economic future, plays an important role in the thinking of economic policymakers in every country, including Iran. But the achievement to the desirable and sustainable future requires answering these questions that the Iran's e MoreStudying and planning to achieve a better economic future, plays an important role in the thinking of economic policymakers in every country, including Iran. But the achievement to the desirable and sustainable future requires answering these questions that the Iran's economy has been influenced by what factors and policies? And what factors determine the future trend of Iran's economy? Accordingly, in this research, the study on past trends of the Iran's economy and the identification of factors that affecting the Iran's economy have been considered, in order to write the scenarios for the Iran's future economy and its security impacts. For this purpose, critical uncertainty approach were used.To write the future scenarios, Iran's economic factors with critical uncertainty were identified by using questionnaires that completed by economic experts. Accordingly, two uncertainties of "international economic sanctions" and "oil price" were selected as the critical uncertainties. Based on the results of these scenarios, the Iran's economy will face a decline in economic growth in three scenarios, and in only one scenario, conditions for economic growth and development will be provided without a serious impediment. From a security point of view, in three scenarios and due to changes in the economy, Iran will face security problems with regional, transnational and internal sources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Past, Present and Future of Marketing Practice: A critical Analysis
Pejman JafariMarketing consists of two different spheres including theoretical and practical. Although, theacademic aspect is quite new not more than a century but the practical aspect exists from thefirst of business history. This article is trying to introduce one of theoretical a MoreMarketing consists of two different spheres including theoretical and practical. Although, theacademic aspect is quite new not more than a century but the practical aspect exists from thefirst of business history. This article is trying to introduce one of theoretical attempts inmarketing practice.Present research is based on a critical review on typology study of contemporary marketingpractice which was developed by Coviello et al (1997) and has come to this result that if we aresupposed to have such classification scheme, a deep modification would be vital for applying indeveloping countries like Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Relationship between Biorhythm (Physical, Emotional, Intellectual, Intuitive) With Educational Performance of Students (The Case: Public Management Students in Science & Research Branch of IAU).
S. Aliakbar Ajfe R. JabbariThe present article is in response to this question that “Whether there is a relationshipbetween biorhythm and educational performance of students?” Population of this study werestudents of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch and the sample MoreThe present article is in response to this question that “Whether there is a relationshipbetween biorhythm and educational performance of students?” Population of this study werestudents of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch and the sample was the OBclass in master of public administration which included 28 students , 14 female students and 14male. During the course, 14 exams have been taken and because of absence some students insome sessions, all in all we collected 341 valid data. In this study, the biorhythm of studentshave been measured and registered in Easy-Bio software and educational performance by takeregular weekly exams in second semester 2010-2011. This study based on the empiricalresearch method in real environment and using the two techniques, qualitative (content analysis)and quantitative (comparison and correlation) have been analyzed and resulted. The collecteddata was analyzed using SPSS software and Pearson`s correlation and multiple regression, alsoused compare means and other helpful tests. The results of the research in content analysisindicated that there is a relationship between Physical, Intellectual and Intuitive cycles andeducational performance, although quantitative method didn`t prove any relationship betweenthem. Even, quantitative methods are more important because they are suitable to extent theresult of the search, but qualitative methods are more suitable for correct usage, especially in thefield of human resource. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Future Scorecard in Strategic Foresight Context
Saeed Khazaee Sahneh Mehran AslaniyanContext: Scenarios have traditionally been used to describe the possibility of replacing future developments in the external environment, which are then used to assess the current strategy and develop future strategies. However, with a shift in focus away from the marke MoreContext: Scenarios have traditionally been used to describe the possibility of replacing future developments in the external environment, which are then used to assess the current strategy and develop future strategies. However, with a shift in focus away from the market-based paradigm towards a resource-based view of strategies, scenarios can also be used to describe alternatives for internal development paths of an organization. Then, these two types of scenarios can be systematically developed and used as significant features of an early strategic warning system (Future Scorecard). This research tries to provide a systematic approach towards strategic foresight by combining internal scenarios (resource-based view) and external scenarios (market-based view) within a mechanism called the future scorecard that can be used to describe alternative ways of internal development in organizations. By studying existing literature, as well as numerous examples, tries to develop the concept of future scorecard. The findings suggest that the external (market-based) and internal (resource-based) approach to building an early strategic warning system should be combined. Objectives: This research tries to provide a systematic approach towards strategic foresight by combining internal scenarios (resource-based view) and external scenarios (market-based view) within a mechanism called the future scorecard that can be used to describe alternative ways of internal development in organizations. Methods: By studying existing literature, as well as numerous examples, this research tries to develop the concept of future scorecard. Finding and conclusions: The findings suggest that the external (market-based) and internal (resource-based) approach to building an early strategic warning system should be combined. It also showed that the future scorecard includes performance indicators, change indicators, critical market indicators, and strategy premises Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - The Effect of Critical Thinking Instruction on Students' Achievement
A. Khalkhali M. SadooghiThe single direct way to succeed in teaching/learning methods is whether or not circumstances that provide abetter thinking condition are taken in to account (Dewey, 1946). Critical thinking is that mode of thinkingaboutany subject, content, or problem - in which the th MoreThe single direct way to succeed in teaching/learning methods is whether or not circumstances that provide abetter thinking condition are taken in to account (Dewey, 1946). Critical thinking is that mode of thinkingaboutany subject, content, or problem - in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking byskillfully analyzing, assessing, and reconstructing it (Paul et al, 1997).Teaching "critical reading" should be at the core of any discussion of critical thinking (carr, 1990). The studywith consideration to this hypothesis that, "critical thinking instruction affects on students' achievement" ,presents a model in order to students' critical thinking assessment and studies on the effect of critical thinkinginstruction on students' achievement. Thus following hypothesizes are formed:Main hypothesis:critical thinking instruction affect on students' achievement.Derivative hypothesises:1. the quantity of effecting critical thinking instruction on students' achievement is different, regarding theirmajor field of study.2. the quantity of effecting critical thinking instruction on students' achievement is different, regarding totheir gender.3. critical thinking instruction increases students critical thinking.On the basis of topic and purpose, this study is an applied one, while it is an experimental study regardingthe procedures of data collection. In order to make the subjects of the study homogenous, a pretest-posttestdesign with a control group was used. The population of the study, includes conditioned students (those withterm average score of less than 12 [ out of 20]). Studying in the first semester of the educational calendar2005-06 in the Islamic Azad university at Tonekabon. They are studying science and humanities withvarious majors. The frequency of the population includes 485 conditioned students, from among whom 63were randomly selected as samples, using the formula 2 2 22 2. .. . .N d t sN t sR+= .30 were assigned into the experimental and 30 others, were also assigned into the control group of the study.The experimental group was divided into two sub-groups of 15 subjects: one sub-group was instructedcritical thinking and the other was instructed on unrelated topic (time management). The control group wasassigned to ordinary instruction. After the administration of the pretest and posttest, the subjects' scores incritical thinking were determined; meanwhile, their semesters average scores were taken from universityeducational office. Then the hypotheses of the study were analyzed in descriptive statistics (Mean,percentage, tables and chart) and in inferential statistics (using the spss software, T-test, Tuki and the onewayANOVA). The findings, show that first: teaching critical thinking instruction with the method presentedin the study will increase students critical thinking. Second: there is a significant relationship between criticalthinking and students' achievement: teaching critical thinking will increase students' achievement, and third,no significant difference was found in the degree of effect form critical thinking instruction on students'achievement, taking variables such as "major of study" and "gender" into consideration Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - The First Critical Movement of Shiite Hadith
Mohammad Forqan GoharCritical approach of authenticity of a hadith (narration) based on specific criterion, received little attention by "Shia". It might be due to the lack of knowledge about this method during the time of the Imams (a.s) however, one can identify the first movement to look MoreCritical approach of authenticity of a hadith (narration) based on specific criterion, received little attention by "Shia". It might be due to the lack of knowledge about this method during the time of the Imams (a.s) however, one can identify the first movement to look at the written-hadith heritage using critical approach in the Shi’i Imams era. In this research, we are going to analyze the causality and the manner in which this critical movement of Shiite hadith appeared and its procedure in dealing with narrations. And also we will examine the way in which this movement interacted with the traditions through the historical-narrative method.” Identifying Ghulat (extreme exaggerators) and their role in the Shiite written heritage is the most important achievement of this critical movement. The most valuable outcome of this movement is the compilation of books which criticizing the narrators and text, the gathering of authentic Ahadith and spreading the culture of exposing Ahadith to the Imams and comparing with Quran and Sunnah. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Social Problems of Nasirid Era as Reflected in Qanun-i- Qazwini
Hosian BayatlooThe political and intellectual relationships between Iran and the European countries in the mid-Nasirid period, gave rise to some kind of reformism among the elites and the intellectuals. Accordingly, there were many critical writings about turbulent socio-political sit MoreThe political and intellectual relationships between Iran and the European countries in the mid-Nasirid period, gave rise to some kind of reformism among the elites and the intellectuals. Accordingly, there were many critical writings about turbulent socio-political situation of Iran. They were written not only by the intellectuals but also by the lay people (including the artisans and businessmen). As the most interesting one is Qanun-i-Qazwini, a critical treatise by Muḥammad shafi’ Qazwini. What makes it most interesting is that the treatise was written not by an intellectual but by an artisan and businessman. This study attempted to reexamine the most important social problems of the Nasirid Time as represented by the Moḥammad Shafi. As Moḥammad Shafi pointed out, the social problems goes mainly back to the security and the economical structures. First chapter considers that how the economy would increase the social problems. The second chapter shows how the insecurity, as Qazwini said, may increase the rubbery. Using descriptive-analytical method, the author tried to explain the situation by comparing Qazwini’s studies with what happened in the Nasirid Time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Story as A Critical Text under N§sirÊd Period: Yåsuf Sh§h or Sit§rig§n-i FarÊbkhurdih by Akhåndz§deh
Hossein BayatlooThe critical texts have been expanded under Q§j§r dynasty by most Iranian critics and reformists. The various works were written under the influence of political and social developments of Iran. The works were as Siyāsatnāmeh, Rasāil- i Mashråtah, intell MoreThe critical texts have been expanded under Q§j§r dynasty by most Iranian critics and reformists. The various works were written under the influence of political and social developments of Iran. The works were as Siyāsatnāmeh, Rasāil- i Mashråtah, intellectual and Ulamā works, Maktåbāt- i Khiyāli and story. The story as a new genre showed how the writers criticized some unsatisfactory situation under Q§jar that worth to be studied carefully. Among those who were pioneered in the such cases, we can refer to Mirz§ Fath Ali Akhåndz§de who is used in Tamthil§t tried to criticize some aspects of the NasirÊd period. Apparently, the story of Yåsuf Sh§h or Sit§rig§n i -FarÊbkhurdih is the most significant critical text which he has written about Q§j§r society. In this paper the author tries to examine this story as a critical text. According to the research findings, Yåsuf Sh§h is the best story of Akhundz§de and his political and social ideas about unorganized conditions of N§sirid period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Are the Decline of Rationality and Lack of Break with the Foundations the Reason of Historical Backwardness? Review and Criticism of Javad Tabatabai’s Theory
Saeed AttarThe present paper is a review and critique on Javad Tabatabai’s theory, “Decline of Iran”, via the classification system of theories based on Saussure’s binary oppositions. The system of classification is based on three binary oppositions that ar MoreThe present paper is a review and critique on Javad Tabatabai’s theory, “Decline of Iran”, via the classification system of theories based on Saussure’s binary oppositions. The system of classification is based on three binary oppositions that are nation and state, internal factors and external factors as well as the subjective and objective approach. By using the descriptive-analytic methodology, the paper shows that Tabatabai’s theory is a subjective- internal- nation-based. Although the theory emphasized on the internal factors but in fact the reason of decline of Iran seems to be related to the Seljuqs Turks and Mongols invasions. These are the reasons for ruling of prejudice that caused the losing of balance between reason and religion as well as the decline of rationality. The failure of his theory is its subjective approach and denial of objective approach in analyzing the subject. Although Tabatabai’s theory is a serious conceptual theory, there are some inner contradictions, putting emphasize on external factors with an objective approach as well as neglecting of social realities; so, it is not able to explain Iran historical backwardness. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Monte Carlo simulations of the magnetic properties of a site-disordered Blume Capel multilayer spin-1 system
Amel Benmansour Nabil Brahmi Smaine Bekhechi Abdeljalil Rachadi Hamid Ez-Zahraouy -
Open Access Article
12 - Dynamics of quantum entanglement in three-spin system with cluster interaction
Zahra Noorinejad Mohammadreza Abolhassani Saeed Mahdavifar Mansoure Ilkhani -
Open Access Article
13 - Double critical coupled ring resonator-based add–drop filters
Mahdi Bahadoran Iraj Sadegh Amiri -
Open Access Article
14 - Workflow Scheduling on Hybrid Fog-Cloud Environment Based on a Novel Critical Path Extraction Algorithm
Fatemeh Davami Sahar Adabi Ali Rezaee Amir Masoud Rahamni -
Open Access Article
15 - the effect of Managers Narcissistical behavior on Hypocritical Behavior in Kermanshah Governor
رضا تقوایی ali mansori amir abas babakian elnaz khosh lesanThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of narcissism managers and their hypocritical behavior in the provincial city of Kermanshah.The study of the purpose and the method of descriptive and correlational research component and in terms of field research and qu MoreThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of narcissism managers and their hypocritical behavior in the provincial city of Kermanshah.The study of the purpose and the method of descriptive and correlational research component and in terms of field research and quantitative data collection methods. The data collection tool is a questionnaire. The data of correlation analysis and structural equation model, available in SPSS and AMOS software packages were used.Results showed that The behavior of narcissistic executives, the highest mean belonged to the right and the lowest was related to exploitation. Among the hypocritical behavior of managers, the highest mean belonged to the absorption policy for human resources management and waste management policy towards the least related to human resources.The results suggest that narcissistic managers had direct and significant effect on the behavior hypocritical and narcissistic aspects including power management, self-superiority, exploitation, entitlement, self-sufficiency and arrogance managers in improving the level of hypocritical behavior the organization. Hypocritical behaviors had the greatest impact on the component authority. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Effect of macho leadership on development of hypocritical behaviors: Explaining the mediating role of organizational silence
Seyed Abdolrasoul Hosseini امین زارعBackground: One of the important factors in the organization is the macho leadership style, which is the underlying cause of hypocritical behaviors and organizational silence. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the macho leadership style on the dev MoreBackground: One of the important factors in the organization is the macho leadership style, which is the underlying cause of hypocritical behaviors and organizational silence. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the macho leadership style on the development of hypocritical behaviors in interpersonal relations with a focus on the mediating role of organizational silence. Methodology: This study is considered as an applied research in terms of its objectives and a descriptive-survey research in terms of the methodology used to conduct the study. The research population included employees working in one of law enforcement agencies in Fars Province. The instruments used to collect the data were macho leadership questionnaire, hypocritical behavior scale, and organizational silence inventory. The collected data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Results: The test results confirmed the conceptual model of the study. A significant relationship between was found between macho leadership style, organizational silence, and hypocritical behaviors. Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that macho leadership style positive and significant effect on hypocritical behaviors and organizational silence. It was also noted that organizational silence has positive and significant effect on hypocritical behaviors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Policy capacity,Understand the Discursive field and the issue of women's political participation
zeynab mirali seyed khoondi Ali ashraf Nazari Sadegh ZibakalamBackground: Policy capacity is one of the most basic concepts in the study of public policy that addresses gaps and factors related to why policies are not implemented. In this article, the problems and shortcomings for the non-implementation of these policies in the fi MoreBackground: Policy capacity is one of the most basic concepts in the study of public policy that addresses gaps and factors related to why policies are not implemented. In this article, the problems and shortcomings for the non-implementation of these policies in the field of women's political participation at the elite level (1997-2020) explained. Then, based on the model, at three levels of conceptual-analytical, operational and political that each of these three competencies include resources or capabilities at three different levels of individual, organizational and systemic, were examined.Objective: To introduce the policy capacity as a new concept in the literature of political participation in Iran, upon which the boundaries and gaps between laws and practice can be examined.Method:This research has been done using “Q method” for classifying and scoring propositions and "critical discourse analysis". Findings:The results show that "individual" and "organizational" attitudes in the "analytical" dimension are the most important factors influencing women's political participation. Conclusion: discussion of the policy capacity based on its specific discourse space, which in the present study is women's political participation, should highlight other definitions and factors, such as cultural and ideological conditions that have a direct impact on the implementation of policies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Cognitive Skills Critical Thinking in Social Networking Users (Case Study Social Telegram Network)
Sayyid Nosrat allah Nemati Far Seyed Ali Mohammad RazaviThe purpose of this study was to examine the cognitive skills of social network users in the social network of telegrams. The present study was applied in a descriptive-survey method. The statistical community consists of users of the undergraduate telegram network. In MoreThe purpose of this study was to examine the cognitive skills of social network users in the social network of telegrams. The present study was applied in a descriptive-survey method. The statistical community consists of users of the undergraduate telegram network. In this research, using a randomized sampling method, 550 users responded to the questionnaire. For collecting information, 24 questions were used by the researcher on the cognitive skills of critical thinking. Data analysis is done in two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS / 21 software. The results showed that the average cognitive skills among men are more than women. Also, the average of six subjective cognitive skills of critical thinking among users has been reported, respectively, analysis, self-regulation, interpretation, evaluation, explanation and inference. Among other results, there was a significant difference between the level of education of users and the use of cognitive skills of critical thinking, and there was a significant relationship between the use of telegram network and the use of cognitive skills of critical thinking. In addition, according to the regression test, the variable of education has a positive effect and the amount of use of the social networking telegram has a negative effect on the cognitive skills of users' critical thinking Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The impact of media literacy education thinking skills Eight high school students in the city of Orumiyeh critical
رقیه علیزاده جواد عبدلی زهرا حدادThe main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of media literacy education the critical thinking skills of secondary school students in the city of Orumiyeh is eighth base. Methods of testing with pre-test and post-test with control group, the population also MoreThe main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of media literacy education the critical thinking skills of secondary school students in the city of Orumiyeh is eighth base. Methods of testing with pre-test and post-test with control group, the population also includes all the basic branches of the eighth high school female students in the city of Orumiyeh.For the purposes of this study, the multi-stage cluster sampling, two classes of 16 people selected randomly one class as the experimental group and the control group were the other class. The pre-test for both groups, media literacy test case for trial was conducted by the researcher. After completion of 8 training session, again following tools as post-test, the subjects were administered. To measure the dependent variable, the California Critical Thinking Inventory (CCTST) was used. To analyze the data from the single-factor analysis of covariance (Nkva) was used. The results showed that media literacy instruction in five critical thinking skills (analysis, inference, evaluation, induction and analogy) among students has been effective Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Critical Discourse Analysis "Man of Steel"(film) Relying on the metaphysical debates on Transmodernism paradigm
Mahdi Yaghobi aliakbar Farhangi Seyyed Jamaluddin Tabibi TabibiIn the twenty-first century, cinema, as the seventh art, continues to play an important role in transmitting the message. The combination of scientific and art paradigms has contributed to their participation in the process of content creation and the transfer of concep MoreIn the twenty-first century, cinema, as the seventh art, continues to play an important role in transmitting the message. The combination of scientific and art paradigms has contributed to their participation in the process of content creation and the transfer of concepts that have a multi-faceted relationship with both fields. In the meantime, cinematic linkage with dominant paradigms at any time as a source of productive content with special capabilities in the production and presentation of concepts has become popular and has attracted many audiences. In this research, the author seeks to represent the metaphysical signs of the new Trans-modernism paradigm in Zack Snyder's "Man of the Paladin". In this regard, the search for metaphysical elements and the discovery of hidden semantic and ideological layers in the film, based on the theory of critical discourse analysis of Freclough, has been carried out with the approach of PADM. The methodology used to collect the metaphysical concepts of the modern trans-modern paradigm is descriptive-analytic. By analyzing the discourse of the film, the author concluded that the metaphysical discourse featured in Steel Man film represents the discourse of the new modern Trance paradigm. Of course, discursive practices such as mythology, savior, future represent a part of the ruling discourse that can not be regarded as ruling discourse. The findings of the research reveal the most important factors affecting the emergence of a new field in the third millennium for human beings with the Trans-modernism Paradigm approach and its impact on Hollywood cinema Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - The Way of Using Socio- Semantic Features to Identify Social Actors in National and International Newspapers about Iran's Nuclear Program.
Giti Taki Maryam NakhaeiCritical discourse analysis basically is the way of representation of social and political events in language. It makes visible the common – sense social and cultural assumptions which below the level of conscious awareness, are embedded in all forms of language t MoreCritical discourse analysis basically is the way of representation of social and political events in language. It makes visible the common – sense social and cultural assumptions which below the level of conscious awareness, are embedded in all forms of language that people use. In this regard and based on critical discourse analysis, Van Leeuwen (1996) has presented a theoretical framework with socio – semantic features, as representation of social actors, which is for analyzing text. Based on the theory, this study will try to analyze the using of four features of the theory, personalization, impersonalization, association, differentiation, in a selection of national and international newspapers' headlines about Iran's nuclear program during 2001-2012. The study will answer this question that whether national and international newspapers use these features to represent social actors and is there any difference between them in using these features? To do this, 242 headlines of two national newspaper, Keyhan and Iran, and two international newspaper, The Washington post and The Guardian were selected and analyzed by using an analytical- descriptive method. The findings showed both national and international newspapers the features in representation of social actors about Iran's nuclear program but each group uses them differently. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Political Climate of Iranian Cinema from 1991 to 2001; Spoken Discourse Analysis of the Movie “the Dead Wave”
Muhammad Hassan Hashim Khanlou Hassan BashirThis article is conducted by leveraging Fairclough’s framework for Critical Discourse Analysis to analyze the representation of Iran’s political context from 1991 to 2001 in the movie, The Dead Wave (2001) written and directed by Ebrahim Hatamikia. The crite MoreThis article is conducted by leveraging Fairclough’s framework for Critical Discourse Analysis to analyze the representation of Iran’s political context from 1991 to 2001 in the movie, The Dead Wave (2001) written and directed by Ebrahim Hatamikia. The criteria for choosing this particular movie was its wealth in representing Iran’s political, social and ideological conditions. After reviewing the present wings and political groups at the years leading to the time of production of this text, this research will attempt to determine the movie’s position towards their competing discourses. Disregarding some aspects of the movie in the analysis process (such as images, music and tones of dialogues) due to practical limitations, after extracting discourse types (and their interpretation of situational and intertextual contexts) from the dialogues of the characters of the Dead Wave and their actions in the story and then explanations of these discourse types in respect of power relations in the time of production of the text, It has been claimed that this movie by reminding the history of involvement of the US government in Iran-Iraq war and especially shooting down the Iranian passenger aircraft of flight 655, with criticizing the performance of the then-current administration in foreign affairs and the alteration of position toward that country and the subculture and actions of the Iranian young generation, defends the dominant idealism from 1981 to 1991 in Iran and the traditional values of this country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Analyzing the Identity and Other Circuits in the Moderationist Discourse (Case Study: the Campaign Films of the 11th and 12th Presidential Elections)
Somaye Shokati MoqarabThis study is about to comparatively investigate how identity is represented in the campaign films of the 11th and 12th presidential elections in June 2013 and May 2017. This study is based on a question that “in the process of the 11th and 12th presidential elect MoreThis study is about to comparatively investigate how identity is represented in the campaign films of the 11th and 12th presidential elections in June 2013 and May 2017. This study is based on a question that “in the process of the 11th and 12th presidential elections, how identity is articulated in the campaign films of the hegemon candidate and it has been produced and reproduced with what kind of signifiers, elements and processes?” In order to answer this question this claim is proposed that in the process of the two periods of the presidential elections, the elected discourse has articulated his campaigns on the base of presenting a special formulation of its ideology in the context of which self and other are presented in a special way in the shade of the nodal signifier and reflect their borderlines with other discourses positively or negatively. The theoretical base and the methodological framework of this research are planned on defining three levels. The micro-level is based on linguistic mechanisms like explicit and implicit implication and intertextuality. In the middle level, concepts are gained through linguistic investigations and in order to reach the macro concepts, the approaches of Laclau and Mouffe and Norman Fairclough have been used. According to the findings, the Moderationist discourse in both of its presidential campaigns, being based on negative and other-making approach drew its identity borders and through backgrounding, positively represents itself. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Critical Discourse Analysis of Persian-language BBC Media (Case Study: Weekend Page 2)
Sina Tofangchi Hajar KazemiThe purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the discourse techniques used in the "Weekend Page 2" program distributed from the Persian-language BBC network in the years 94 and 95. Attempted to first discover discursive techniques through discourse techniques MoreThe purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the discourse techniques used in the "Weekend Page 2" program distributed from the Persian-language BBC network in the years 94 and 95. Attempted to first discover discursive techniques through discourse techniques and discourse, then analyze the program using the critical discourse analysis method. The results of the study indicate that the program benefited from discourse hostilities between program guests, the rejection of various discourses, such as political Islam and the creation of meanings consolidated by induction and propaganda discourse. As well as the Persian-language BBC in the context of this strategy, the Concept, using contradictory structures, censorship and discursive plot designs, seeks to build semantic frameworks for its audience. Such as the undemocratic and separatist Islamist republicanism, as well as trying to ask many of the meanings fixed in the minds of its audience, which ultimately leads to the success of the major policies of the program, the network and the completion of the British media diplomacy puzzle for Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - A Critical Approach to Terrorism phenomenon: Traditional and Critical Theories
Keyhan Barzegar Rahmat HajiminehAs with any academic field, terrorism studies is in large part constituted by an identifiable and fairly consistent set of sharedassumptions, narratives and labels about its primary subject as well as an accepted body of knowledge-generating practices.These narratives, MoreAs with any academic field, terrorism studies is in large part constituted by an identifiable and fairly consistent set of sharedassumptions, narratives and labels about its primary subject as well as an accepted body of knowledge-generating practices.These narratives, assumptions and knowledge-generating practices function to define the field’s ontological, epistemological,methodological and ethical-normative approaches which can be found in much of the field’s primary output, particularly byits leading scholars. Since, nowadays there is a great knowledge about different dimensions of terrorism that should bestudied in term of interdisciplinary and analytical matters. In this regard, we can address about formation of critical terrorismwhich attempts to explain terrorism phenomenon. So, the main question of this paper is that if critical approach couldestablish a comprehensive frame for studying terrorism as it did in other fields. For this aim, by applying critical approach toterrorism in two steps, including; deepening and broadening terrorism research shows that such critical view not only revealshortage of dominant traditional paradigm such as, lack of self- reflexivity, lack of contextualization, ahistoricity, statistbias, media censoring, dearth of fieldwork and so on, but also provides more comprehensive framework for terrorismstudies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Discourse of High-Performance Architecture: A Method to Understand Contemporary Architecture
Mohammadjavad MahdavinejadArchitecture criticism is a multidiscipline topic which usually related to level of success in meeting a prosperous architecture, or at least meeting the designers’ aims and objectives. The criticism procedures should satisfy the needs of all the stakeholders who partic MoreArchitecture criticism is a multidiscipline topic which usually related to level of success in meeting a prosperous architecture, or at least meeting the designers’ aims and objectives. The criticism procedures should satisfy the needs of all the stakeholders who participate in architectural design process. Criticism has a lot to do with a wide range of tangible and intangible issues such as environmental, social, technical, economic, aesthetic and fictional issues. Therefore performance-based criticism is an approach to evaluate architect's success in meeting aims and objectives of all the stakeholders who might be interested in the project. It is essential to explain that the level of architectural performance is effected by “context”. Moreover high-performance architecture might be crystalized through the relationship of form and content. This paper is to make a framework for discourse of high-performance architecture in order to shape a Method to understand contemporary architecture. As well as make a substantive model to criticize strength and weakness on contemporary architecture, especially contemporary architecture of developing countries such as Iran. Contrary to much of conventional approaches, architecture criticism not only study building beyond the way it performed but also prefer to analyze hidden dimensions of architectural design process. Theoretical framework of the paper is based on understanding architecture as a comprehensive discourse. Assumption of the research indicates that architecture is a matter of discourse and comprehensive meaning of high-performance architecture might be understood by adopting the relationship between architecture and architect as a critical discourse. It is essential to describe performance-based design as way to meet demands and expectation of all the stakeholders in architectural design process, especially in programing and planning phase. The research methodology of the paper is based on discourse analysis theory in order to explain the relationship between architecture and context as matter of understanding the level of performance. Moreover the research methodology aims at revealing socio-cultural, ultramundane, intangible and psychological characteristics of “architecture” rather than tangible and physical issues. The results of the paper show that a comprehensive approach toward architecture criticism includes five categories of all-inclusive and interdisciplinary strategies such as: 1- Relation to Context: high-performance architecture has to crystalize a meaningful learning from nature. The interrelationship of performative characteristics of architecture, recombinant materials and socio-cultural aspects of design. 2- Process-Based Approach: Understanding the level of performance is to concentrate on process in order to meet stakeholders’ demands and objectives. 3- General Welcoming: Performance-based design has a lot to do with collective mind. 4- Recriticizing Critics of Critics: Architecture might be read in contemporary discourses. Architects sometimes have their own approach toward architecture criticism which might be called designerly way of knowing and doing which works as a new style of architectural criticism. 5- Redevelopment of Future Discourse: New architectural technologies such as digitalism, mathematical architecture etc. are about to shape a new paradigm for future architecture. Based on theoretical developments future legacy in architecture is in need of a kind of futuristic discourse. It is essential to redevelop future discourse in programming architecture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Iran contemporary architecture and the problem of identity (a realistic representation of the post-modernism critical reading in architecture)
Amir Davood Maslahatjoo Maryam Ghasemi Sichani Vahid Ghobadian Biajn AbdolkarimiPost-modernism is the dominant aspect of the cultural belief of the time that re-frames all actions and constructs distinct ideas of experiences and conditions at the deepest levels and everything that can be known about the contemporary world; As long as the centralize MorePost-modernism is the dominant aspect of the cultural belief of the time that re-frames all actions and constructs distinct ideas of experiences and conditions at the deepest levels and everything that can be known about the contemporary world; As long as the centralized power gives way to a discrete plurality, and bring to the fore a manifestation of contemporary identity in the current era. This research - which has been done using the qualitative method and the grounded theory approach - with the general purpose to analyze and interpret the identity of Iran contemporary architecture based on post-modernity and critical thought, looking for an answer to this question, How can identity, as a critical approach, have an effect on the recognition of post-modern architecture - especially in the Iran contemporary era? In this research, the systematic approach known as Strauss and Corbin's theory (2019) was used to analyse the data. According to the classification of Corbin and Strauss (2022), the systematic approach has three stages of open coding (concepts), axial coding (Casual Conditions, Actions & Interactions, Context, Intervening Conditions and Consequences) and selective coding. In the collection and extraction of the main categories and sub-categories, from the documentary and citation resources and the interview tools have been used. The special emphasis of the research is on the views and opinions of those professors and architects who work both academically and professionally. Hence, the research data has been compiled and analysed in semi-structured interviews. The responses at the highest saturation level reached relative saturation in the 17th interview. The interview process is continued until the 25th to ensure the data and obtain absolute saturation. The content of data was coded by Strauss and Corbin coding method in three stages (open, central and selective). In the coding process of 17 interviews, the frequency of the 5969 coded items, was reduced to 317 open codes from the frequency ratio of 1337 codes after refining and merging. The obtained codes, in the number of 53 axial categories and 8 selective categories, were related to the axial theme of Iran Contemporary Architecture Identity. The Observations Percentage Agreement of 90.37% indicates relatively complete reliability and coverage of criterion level of more than 0.6 of Kappa coefficient, describing validity as ideal. Therefore, the research quality index is acceptable, and the reliability and validity of the research are confirmed. The research results can be valuable and interpreted by examining the criteria of matching, generalization, understanding, and control. The findings show that the result of summarizing the causal variables of the research in the mediating conditions of the existing situation, provides an event that in a fundamental attitude, between the (narcissism to self-defeat) truth and (self-belief) Iranian essence, and in a historical discourse, between a re-reading of what exists and a re-presentation of what should exists, in a Preventive (and not Mandatory) form and in a reading of a critical realism and feedback interpretation of self-reflection evaluation from the feedback of others, they recreate the way of being. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - The Model of Criticism Application for the Use of Precedents in Architecture Design and Training
Elham Mehrdoust Ahmad Aminpoor Hamid NadimiOne of the activities that designers and design students usually do in their design process is using the precedents and similar projects and buildings. Design precedents are solutions attained in prior design problems which partially or generally can be used in the prob MoreOne of the activities that designers and design students usually do in their design process is using the precedents and similar projects and buildings. Design precedents are solutions attained in prior design problems which partially or generally can be used in the problem at hand. An overview of prior studies demonstrates that appropriate use of precedents can increase the creativity of students, although there is the risk of surface adaptation and copping. To prevent this risk, it is important to find tools and methods which could help students and designers to use precedents methodologically and concentrate on fundamental feathers on them. One of these tools is architecture criticism. Since the purpose of architecture criticism, mostly is comprehensive cognition and understanding of the architectural works, using criticism can be helpful in understanding of design precedents. This study tries to find an approach among the presented ones in architecture criticism which can aid the student to achieve the concept of the precedents and understand them in the best way. This paper studies the references in the context of criticism and precedents by the descriptive-analytic method. Then, proposes a model to criticize the precedents and understanding them in a better way. The proposed model includes three steps: diagnosis the specific quality of precedents, discovering the causing factor of those qualities and finally achieving the generalizable patterns. To explain and make these steps clearer it can be said that as many studies which were done on criticism just describe the buildings and less focused on analysis of them, also because the designers use the precedents to generalize the result of it to their designs, it can be proposed that in the first step the designers try to diagnose the specific quality of precedents and then try to discover the causing factor of those qualities. It can be suggested that there are two ways to diagnose the specific quality of precedents; first through the question that there is in the new problem, that means the problem which the designer tries to find a solution for it, cause him or her to refer to precedents. Second through the observation and searching on the precedents that can reveal the specific qualities of them. The diagnosis of these qualities has two results; first cause the designers to ask questions to find the causing factor of those qualities (second step) and second with exact study and finding the answer of those questions and also by making those qualities simple, the generalizable patterns can be reached (third step). It can be added that this kind of confronting with precedents does not mean that the systems that present some criterion for architecture criticism or are based on some of the theories are not useful. These systems can help the designers to find the specific properties and qualities of precedents more simple. It can be noted that at the end of this process some relative understanding of precedents can be reached which can be in the form of some drawings or written scripts Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - The relationship between visual factors of urban space and behavioral patterns (study site: Shahrdari square, Rasht, Iran)
Ameneh Kamvarshalmani simin hanachiCity as a live and dynamic creature can have important function at meeting mental and psychological needs of people but due to improper growth of population with urban development of cities and many problems, urban managers have paid attention to the physical aspects of MoreCity as a live and dynamic creature can have important function at meeting mental and psychological needs of people but due to improper growth of population with urban development of cities and many problems, urban managers have paid attention to the physical aspects of cities and to some extent have neglected psychological and mental effects of cities’ skeleton on citizens. This paper is based on a qualitative research considering the relationship between visual factors of urban spaces and behavioral patterns of consumers from these spaces aimed at identifying favorable and unfavorable visual factors of urban spaces and also regarding visual perception and behavioral pattern of citizens at urban spaces. In this relation it was tried to answer the question that whether the existence of visual factors of urban space affects citizens’ behavior and encourages especial behavior or prevent appearance of some behaviors? For achieving this goal after reviewing basic concepts and hypothesis related to the project and writing analytic model of the research and also collecting data through two methods of direct observation (behavioral mapping) and indirect observation (questionnaire); data extracted by considering a case sample in Rasht city and its skeletal analysis through pathology of wall, floor, furniture and green space. For analyzing data, the correlation statistic method has been used and the relationship between variables and hypothesis of the research has been tested by chi-square test and by using SPSS software. Finally regarding the importance of the research, some suggestion for strengthening social interaction at studying site and procedures have been presented for favorability of visual factors to prepare conditions for changing some behavioral patterns of citizens and on the one side it has been tried to consider visual aspects of mentioned urban space a lot so that by outstanding some visual factors of these spaces, create the condition for appearance of new behavioral space at studying space. The significant point is that in studying area due to the significance of placement function, behavioral patterns are more resulted from this function that in suggestions the urban space have ben emphasized. Finding shows that urban space that is far from its main function is a functional problem and by paying attention to the point that we know city as a live creature the existence of this problem means that there is a kind of skeletal disorder in city and in this state with the existence of skeletal disorder we cannot merely rely on the manifestation of beauty. Therefore regarding the point that firstly visual factors of urban space affects behavioral pattern of citizens and secondly the type of function of; urban space can affect the degree of citizens’ attention to surrounding visual factors and the existence of social life at urban cities is emphasized. The important point that is observed at the research was that citizens use a space properly while there is factors for their attraction to the considered space that regarding visual factors of the space and the degree of citizens’ satisfaction of these characteristics is important. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Exploring the components of presentational in relation to culture and architecture based on the opinions of critical and non-critical thinkers
Somayeh Nouraie Hero Farkisch Ahmad mirza koochak Khoshnevis Mohammad Taji Hosein MoradinasabToday’s chaotic and disturbed changes in the field of architecture in Iran have more dependent variables on cultural elements and sociology, rather than from aesthetics or necessity-based requirements of architectural engineering. In this paper, the relation betwe MoreToday’s chaotic and disturbed changes in the field of architecture in Iran have more dependent variables on cultural elements and sociology, rather than from aesthetics or necessity-based requirements of architectural engineering. In this paper, the relation between the form of the house and architecture with the elements of sociological and cultural is examined. One of the factors that affect the cultural-social aspects of the architecture is the "presentational" variable that is facing a lack of cultural considerations in our country. For the first time, the presentational variable entitled as "Dramatic Cultural" in 1959 AD was the use of the concept of the show as a metaphor of cultural demonstrations in societies. This issue in architecture, as part of material culture, defines architecture in relation to another, which reflects a wide range of meanings that are dependent on its supporting philosophy of thought. However, it covers that part of the architectural necessities that are not actually generated by the user themselves, but in response to the other, the user either requires or has to respond to the architecture. Therefore, understanding the relation of the presentational variable with architecture is part of the understanding of the relation of culture and architecture. Nowadays, the dramatic architecture in society as a public affair is a barrier to policy-making with a cultural challenge in the field of architecture. From the point of view of culturalism, presentational variable has associated with cultural while culture affected from time and field, can be derived from each of the cultural layers or areas; ideological culture (Culture of specialist forces, books and articles), custom culture (Common culture), elite culture (Imported culture) or foreign culture (Religion and Nationality). The purpose of this research is to identify the various components of the presentational variable in relation to culture and architecture. The research method in this study is an analytical-interpretative one. At first, the concepts of the Presentational variable are extracted from the texts and views of the relevant scholars (influenced by the views of the thinkers of the critical and uncritical pole), and then the components of the Presentational variable are presented in the form of a conceptual model, and finally, in a comparative view, it has been discussed and concluded. The results of the research show that the presentational variable is related to today’s cultural view, due to the "loyalty" affected by "the deepening growth of the media". On the one hand, as a reality based on power, wealth, media, and modern technologies, imposes a distinction on society. On the other hand, this issue contrasts with the traditions and customs of our society, such as simple life. The evidence available in the architecture of today's Iranian society, shows that the presentational variable in architecture follows popular culture more than any other culture. Of course, proving this claim can be a question for future research. In conclusion, it is certain that architecture derived from customary culture was inadequate in terms of value, and in today's Iranian society, art and architecture should be supported by elite and ideal cultures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Critical Design Factors for Wayfinding in Hospital Environment in Nigeria
Salawu Ahmed Isa Muhammad . Lilian Emechebe Jonan Lembi -
Open Access Article
32 - The Qualitative Analysis on Contemporary Approaches toward Architectural Training in Iran
Reza Naghdbishi Shahindokht Barghjelveh Seyed Gholamreza Islami Hamed Kamelnia -
Open Access Article
33 - Multiplicity Results for a Second-Order Boundary-Value Problems With Variable Expnents
ghasem Alizadeh Afroozi Mostafa Negravi Mehdi AzhiniIn this paper, we introduce the Lebesgue -Sobolev spaces critical points theory then we consider the boundary value problem involving an ordinary differential equation with p(x)-Laplacian operator, and nonhomogeneous Neumann conditions. Existence results for ordinary di MoreIn this paper, we introduce the Lebesgue -Sobolev spaces critical points theory then we consider the boundary value problem involving an ordinary differential equation with p(x)-Laplacian operator, and nonhomogeneous Neumann conditions. Existence results for ordinary differential equations with elliptic Neumann problems that depending on two real parameters are investigated. Precisely, by using the critical point theory, we show the existence of three weak solutions for p(x)-Laplacian problems. Using the critical point theorems we have proved, we give some conclusionsIn this paper, we introduce the Lebesgue -Sobolev spaces critical points theory then we consider the boundary value problem involving an ordinary differential equation with p(x)-Laplacian operator, and nonhomogeneous Neumann conditions. Existence results for ordinary differential equations with elliptic Neumann problems that depending on two real parameters are investigated. Precisely, by using the critical point theory, we show the existence of three weak solutions for p(x)-Laplacian problems. Using the critical point theorems we have proved, we give some conclusions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - A VARIATIONAL APPROACH TO THE EXISTENCE OF INFINITELY MANY SOLUTIONS FOR DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS
M. Khaleghi Moghadam S. Tersian M. AvciThe existence of infinitely many solutions for an anisotropic discrete non-linear problem with variable exponent according to p(k)–Laplacian operator with Dirichlet boundary value condition, under appropriate behaviors of the non-linear term, is investigated. The MoreThe existence of infinitely many solutions for an anisotropic discrete non-linear problem with variable exponent according to p(k)–Laplacian operator with Dirichlet boundary value condition, under appropriate behaviors of the non-linear term, is investigated. The technical approach is based on a local minimum theorem for differentiable functionals due to Ricceri. We point out a theorem as a special case of our main results. We define two differentiable functionals and set up the variational framework and present an applied lemma which $lambda$ lying in a well-defined interval. Bearing in mind this fundamental lemma and the local minimum theorem due to Ricceri, we obtain our result which is the existence of a sequence of infinitely many solutions which converges to zero depending on the nonlinear term has suitable behavior at zero. We ensure exact interval of the parameter $lambda$, in which the anisotropic discrete non-linear problem admits infinitely solutions such that their norm converges to zero. Some remarks and corollaries and the proof of especial case theorem are provided. Some examples are inserted to illustrate the importance of the main results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - A fourth order elliptic problem of Kirchhoff type and finding infinitely many weak solution for it
Karimeh Ardeshiri Somayeh Khademloo ghasem alizadeh afrouziThis paper is devoted to the existence of infinitely many solutions for a forth order elliptic Kirchhoff problem involving Multi-singular inverse square potentials in a bounded domain using the methods in nonlinear analysis, precisely the variational methods. Nonlinear MoreThis paper is devoted to the existence of infinitely many solutions for a forth order elliptic Kirchhoff problem involving Multi-singular inverse square potentials in a bounded domain using the methods in nonlinear analysis, precisely the variational methods. Nonlinear analysis is a powerful tool for solving many physical models and a technique for proving the solvability of them.Among the methods can be considered in nonlinear analysis, variational methods can prove the existence and multiplicity of solutions without finding the exact value of them.Accordingly, we shall be told, perhaps, that we can find in this field of analysis one of the most applications of analysis in solving the real models of natural problems.The most important feature of the problem proposed in this article, is the existence of singular points in the domain. Using the critical point theory, we prove that there exists an interval in which, the problem has a sequence of distinct weak solutions.In other word, the existence of infinitely many solutions for this problem can be proved.This problem is of the type time independent Poison-Schrodinger equation appearing in an interesting physical context. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - A New multi attribute Decision making Reliability Centered Maintenance in Power Transmission Systems
M. Asghari Gharakheili M. Fotuhi-FiruzabadThe present context of the electric industry, characterized by competitive markets, privatization, and regulatory of technical requirements forces the power utilities to optimize their asset management practices and develop the requisite decision plans techno-economical MoreThe present context of the electric industry, characterized by competitive markets, privatization, and regulatory of technical requirements forces the power utilities to optimize their asset management practices and develop the requisite decision plans techno-economically. Practically approaching, this paper devises a new support tool based on a multiattribute decision making (MADM) framework in combination with analytical hierarchical process (AHP) to determine the most critical components of power transmission systems. Measure of system-wide reliability performance, outage cost, Locational marginal prices demonstrative of market fairness, and network losses are among the attributes considered in this paper for component criticality assessment. With the frequent existence of qualitative and quantitative attributes, the proposed approach can effectively help to deal with the existent uncertainty and conventional judgment vagueness. As verified in a case study on the IEEE Reliability Test System (IEEE-RTS), the proposed framework introduces its applicability and efficiency for the practical asset management optimizations in electric utilities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Understanding of Nation-State in Theories of International Relations
Sreyed Abdol-Ali Ghavam Afshin ZargarThis article reviews different understandings of Nation-State in IR theories. studying different IRtheories and recognizing their weaknesses and strength for presentation of suitable understandingabout Nation-State, and reentering the theme of order in IR theories and d MoreThis article reviews different understandings of Nation-State in IR theories. studying different IRtheories and recognizing their weaknesses and strength for presentation of suitable understandingabout Nation-State, and reentering the theme of order in IR theories and dividing it into two categories- intrastate order and interstate order - this article has made an attempt to achieve suitableunderstanding about the way of making and changing states in International Relations. To achievethis goal, we emphasize on the proximity of IR therory to Political theory. Therefore in this way wecan offer the primary researching pattern for a more precise understanding of why, how and whatthe Nation-Stateis. (appearance, evolution and function.)This study approves that we can not ignore the issue of Nation-State with aspects dimensionsof it, especially appearance, evolution and change (Nation-State making in IR studies because suchignorance will lead to offering defective and incomplete understanding of IR particularly centralactor of it; Nation-State. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - A Comparative Study on Critical Rational View in Habermas and Poper’s Thoughts
Jahangir Bagheri Ilkhchi Manhnaz NazelianPopper and Habermas’ political thoughts are formed based on the relationship betweenrationality and criticism to an extent that, despite their differences, the two elements playkey roles in their notions. Popper views rationality as a whole, and beside rejecting H MorePopper and Habermas’ political thoughts are formed based on the relationship betweenrationality and criticism to an extent that, despite their differences, the two elements playkey roles in their notions. Popper views rationality as a whole, and beside rejecting Habermas’historicity and antagonizing, he has rational and irrational totalitar. On the other hand,Habermas criticizes the uniqueness of scientific methods and emphasizes on the epistemologicaldifferences. Now the question is that: Considering rationality and criticism as twomain elements of Habermas and Popper’s thoughts, what are the similarities and differencesin their views?Our hypothesis is that the presence of rationality and criticism in both Popper and Habermas’thoughts has led to similar results regardless of the different mindsets they favoured.The present paper aims to demonstrate how Habermas and Popper reached the same resultsin site of two different ideologies they belonged to. The method applied here is comparative.The results may be used in academic and political milieu, civil institutions like politicalparties and directing politicians. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Ideology, Discourse and Political Analysis
جهانگیر MoeiniThe decline in attention to the ideology factor representsone of the consequences of the rise of relativist and nonessentialistperspectives in political science. This process beganwith resort to the critique of subjectivism and battle against thetheory of truth in polit MoreThe decline in attention to the ideology factor representsone of the consequences of the rise of relativist and nonessentialistperspectives in political science. This process beganwith resort to the critique of subjectivism and battle against thetheory of truth in politics. The author, in this article, argues that not only influencing the concept of ideology has no bearingon subjectivism, but also a new horizon could be achieved byoffering a new understanding of the concept of ideology withinthe framework of a discourse theory. The author proposesa theory of ideology which completes the theory of discourseand does not contrast it. Hence, in his opinion, maintaining thedistinction between the two concepts of ideology and discourseis useful and better explains the relationship existing betweenthe political order-symbols and power. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Proposing a role model of accounting obligations in companies accepted in Tehran stock exchange relying on critical financial knowledge
re مظفری Mohammad Reza Pourali mahmood samadi سیدفخرالدبن فخرحسینیPaying attention to the principles and requirements of accounting in stock exchange companies is one of the distinguishing components from the perspective of financial knowledge, which helps company managers to make favorable and strategic decisions in order to achieve MorePaying attention to the principles and requirements of accounting in stock exchange companies is one of the distinguishing components from the perspective of financial knowledge, which helps company managers to make favorable and strategic decisions in order to achieve goals in accordance with professional ethics and attention. It is based on the principles of guidance and guidance, but the inclusion of requirements and principles that can raise the level of expectations of the stakeholders can bring this type of accounting to the desired results, relying on the principles of critical thinking that seeks persuasion and transparency. Financialization among the stakeholders includes the shareholders and customers of the companies; it is a suitable foundation and foundation for this, with the reviews of the researches related to the accounting requirements in the companies, paying attention to the role of knowledge. Critical finance has been neglected, for this purpose, in this article, this research gap is investigated and the factors affecting the accounting requirements in Tehran Stock Exchange companies are identified based on the principles of critical thinking, based on the opinions 15 experts, who have doctorate education with at least 20 years of experience, were selected as a purposeful and accessible sampling, in the form of a theoretical paradigm model. The foundation is provided. The results of the research showed that in the section of causal factors including the development of exchanges and communications, corporate governance and systematic approach, central factors include the promotion of strategic approach, strengthening of management indicators and critical principles, and underlying factors including the management of stakeholders and intervening factors including environmental conditions. In addition, the strategies include the development of social responsibility, strategic needs assessment, partial acceptability and partial legitimacy, and the resulting factors include the systematic development of financial indicators and the increasing growth of market share. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - A Critical Discourse Analysis of Trump’s Speech Regarding Iran’s Nuclear Deal on the Basis of Van Leewen’s Socio-semantic Model
Danial Adrang Nikan Faraji -
Open Access Article
42 - Analysis of Effective Cultural Components on Political Development of Iran (Second Pahlavi Era)
Mohammad Heydarpourklidsar -
Open Access Article
43 - The Necessity of Media Knowledge Education to Students to Promote their Media Literacy Competency
Alireza Bastani Tahmures Shiri Aliakbar Farhangi -
Open Access Article
44 - Identify and Prioritize the Critical Success Factors for Implementing Electronic Logistics in the Isfahan Health City
Saied Darabi Mehdi Iranpoor AtefeH AmindoustIntroduction: The organizations providing health services have a significant role in the society. Organizations the utilization of the electronic process can improve the quality and capacity of services and so the level of in the health society. This study identifies an MoreIntroduction: The organizations providing health services have a significant role in the society. Organizations the utilization of the electronic process can improve the quality and capacity of services and so the level of in the health society. This study identifies and prioritizes the key factors to implement the electronic logistics in the Isfahan Health City. Methods: by reviewing the literature, 28 potential factors for implementation of E-logistics were extracted. After that, the degree of significant of these factors was determined according to the expert using group decision making. to screen the in significant factors a method based on K-means clustering was used. Then using a recent method for ranking the fuzzy numbers, which is based on the interval of the fuzzy numbers and the center of gravity, the space the factors were prioritize according to the overall cost effectiveness index. Results: by K-Means clustering method 8 factors have been screened and the 20 remaining factors were prioritize according to the overall cost effectiveness index. After calculating the distance of each factor with maximum and minimum range of factors, the vision factor with score 3.761 and the Maintenance factor with score 0.093 were identified as the most important and the least important factors respectively. Conclusion: In this study it was found that vision, create project teams, strategy and management support are the most importance factors for the implementation of E-logistics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - The Critical Thinking Model of Bank Mellat Employees Based On Internal Marketing Components
Karim Esgandari negin mirab khanbaghi Shadi Orafaye Jamshidi Ahmad FathiAbdullahiThe purpose of this research is the critical thinking model of Bank Mellat employees based on internal marketing components. The present research is practical in terms of purpose and survey in terms of method. The statistical population of this research is the employees MoreThe purpose of this research is the critical thinking model of Bank Mellat employees based on internal marketing components. The present research is practical in terms of purpose and survey in terms of method. The statistical population of this research is the employees of Mellat Bank of East Azerbaijan province. According to the information received from Bank Mellat, their number is 750 people during the period of research. The size of the statistical sample is estimated to be 250 people based on Cochran's formula. A stratified random sampling method was used to select the statistical sample from the statistical population. The data collection tool in the current research is a researcher-made questionnaire in such a way that the dimensions of the research variables were indexed and turned into questionnaire questions. Cronbach's alpha test was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire and the face validity method was used to measure the validity of the questionnaire. Which was given to the statistical sample after measuring its validity and reliability. After collecting the questionnaires, the obtained information was summarized and classified using descriptive statistical methods, and in order to answer the research questions, Pearson's correlation test and multiple regression were used in SPSS software. Research findings show that critical thinking skills include dimensions (cognitive skills, analytical skills, questioning skills, scientific and research skills, planning skills, interactive skills, flexibility and innovation skills, skills emotional skills, decision-making skills, judgment skills) and internal marketing including dimensions (customer orientation, employee empowerment, employee motivation and satisfaction, internal communication, training and development, explaining a clear vision, reward and encouragement, job security, information sharing , reducing the class gap among employees). The results show that the presented model is approved by the statistical community. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - The Strategy Formulation for Customer Relationship Management System with Balance Score Card Approach (CRM SCORE CARD) in Sapco Company
J. Haghighat Monfared E. SaraeeniaToday organizations focus on their customers to set and regulate their sale and marking strategies. Modern organizations try to present the best for their customers as the aim of customer relation management is to develop long-term and stable dependencies between the co MoreToday organizations focus on their customers to set and regulate their sale and marking strategies. Modern organizations try to present the best for their customers as the aim of customer relation management is to develop long-term and stable dependencies between the companies and their customers. The importance of this subject is better understood by considering guidelines on customers’ satisfaction and customer relation management system strategies. One of the most important challenges to modern organizations is the implementation of strategies which are regulated by thought and systematic methods. Organizations which have used performance evaluation system- particularly balanced score card- prove to be strategically successful. It is believed that CRM’s score card is one of the strongest tools in collecting customer relation management system strategy. This card converts CRM plans to key factors which predict success of CRM. This research aimed at collecting data on customer relation management system strategy based on balanced score card as an organization concentrates on four approaches (financial, customer, domestic process and learning and growth). In this research after identifying mission , perspective and current strategies of organization , the strategic goals of customer relation management system were determined for each aspect of balanced score card. After conducting Extensive theoretical studies in order to recognize the key factors of success in customer relation management system and Screening them, next step was collecting performance key indices for each of mentioned factors which were then prioritized by AHP method and establishing balanced score card. Finally the formulating map for customer relationship management system strategy was determined for each one of success factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - The quality of critical accounting procedures effect on information asymmetry
Hossein Jahangirnia Feridoon Rahnamay Roodposhti hamidreza vakilifardThe purpose of thisresearchis to determine the quality of four of the critical accounting or principal proceduresdisclosure, including how to identify bad debt provision, depreciation method, pension benefits plans, and evaluating inventory on information asymmetry. The MoreThe purpose of thisresearchis to determine the quality of four of the critical accounting or principal proceduresdisclosure, including how to identify bad debt provision, depreciation method, pension benefits plans, and evaluating inventory on information asymmetry. The disclosure quality scorein the annual financial statements and board of directors report have investigated by researcher-made checklist rely on Tehran stock exchange requirements for sample firms. Data derived from all firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange thatachieved with screening method ina 14-years period from the years 2000 to 2014. To test the hypothesis, spss and Eviews softwaresand panel data with random effects is used. The results show that there is a significant negative relationship between disclosure quality of critical accounting procedures and information asymmetry. In other words, increase the quality level of disclosure practices critical accounting procedures in the financial reports of companies is to reduce information asymmetry Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - The Effect of Social Pressures Anomie on Aggressive Financial Reporting: Analysis of the Theory of Managerial Critical Perception
Mahmoud reza khaki Mohsen Hamidiyan Negar Khosravipoo, Maryam sarrafAs pressures of accounting fraud and corporate distortion behaviors emerge on the capital market over the past two decades, social pressures on this market have increased steadily. In fact, due to underdeveloped feedback flow infrastructure and lack of financial transpa MoreAs pressures of accounting fraud and corporate distortion behaviors emerge on the capital market over the past two decades, social pressures on this market have increased steadily. In fact, due to underdeveloped feedback flow infrastructure and lack of financial transparency of companies, even in the face of social pressures, lack of institutional oversight leads to a high level of distortion in financial reporting, such as Aggressive Financial Reporting. The Purpose of this research is The Effect of Social Pressures Anomie on Aggressive Financial Reporting by Analysis of the Theory of Managerial Critical Perception. Therefore, the present study investigated the impact of stakeholder social pressures on bold financial reporting using the structural equation modeling approach and partial least squares analysis (PLS) while fitting the model's utility. In this study, in order to measure the externalizing variable, ie social pressure of the stakeholders, through the analysis of Meta-synthesis a researcher-made questionnaire was developed with the participation of 15 research experts. Then, the two conservative measures of Khan and Watts (2009) and the difference between the voluntary accruals of the company and the average of the voluntary accruals of the other companies examined by Heltzer et al (2012) and Kothari et al (2005). The questionnaire was sent to 142 CEOs of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange and finally after many follow-up, the 105 questionnaires were completed and returned and used as a final sample for analysis. After confirming the acceptable fit of the measurement and structural models of the research, in accordance with the prediction of harvest management theory, the results showed that the social pressures of the stakeholders have a positive and significant effect on bold financial reporting. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Developing a Dialogic Accounting Framework in the Green Accounting Consequences: Changing the Positivist Accounting Paradigm
Ensieh Hossein Pooran Hasan Valiyan Mohammadreza AbdoliChanges in any field of science will lead to greater dynamics of the functions of that field. Accounting, as one of the areas based on social processes, is no exception to these changes and in order to promote interaction with the needs of stakeholders one can expect th MoreChanges in any field of science will lead to greater dynamics of the functions of that field. Accounting, as one of the areas based on social processes, is no exception to these changes and in order to promote interaction with the needs of stakeholders one can expect the achievement of an integrated and interactive perception between the pillars of the accounting profession with social dimensions due to such changes. Dialogic Accounting as changes resulting from perceptual and social contexts can have pervasive values such as the positive consequences of green accounting from a social and competitive point of view. The Purpose of this research is developing a Dialogic Accounting Model in the Green Accounting Consequences of Capital Market Companies. In this research, which considered methodologically in terms of the nature of the problem and the purpose of the research, the method of data collection was survey-correlation and the research tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population in this study is the managers of the accounting department as a subset of the financial and administrative deputy of the top 50 companies of the Tehran Stock Exchange in 2020-2021. Considering that accounting managers in capital market companies with titles such as Chief Stock Officer or Chief Accountant are in the organizational chart of capital market companies, a total of 96 people participated in this section, which according to this statistical population, which was less than 100 The census criterion was used to select the research participants. Partial least squares analysis (PLS) also used to fit the model. The results showed that Dialogic Accounting has an impact on the Green Accounting Consequences of capital market companies. The results show the development of the Dialogic Accounting Model as a basis of the system in the social context and by transferring the level of capital market expectations as the input of the system and its combination with accounting knowledge occurs as a system process, it can lead to green accounting consequences as a system output. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Presenting Pattern of Global Management Accounting Based on Critical Thinking
Mona Abednazari Ferydoon Rahnamay Roodroshti Hashem Nikoomaram Zahra PoorzamaniThe aim of the present study was to develop a model for global management accounting principles based on a critical approach. To this end, four principles of relevance, influence, value, and trust were considered as the global management accounting principles and the fa MoreThe aim of the present study was to develop a model for global management accounting principles based on a critical approach. To this end, four principles of relevance, influence, value, and trust were considered as the global management accounting principles and the factors affecting these principles and their outcomes were examined. The research hypotheses were developed based on structural, theoretical, and applied frameworks based on the critical paradigm. The collected data were analyzed by using structural equation modeling and, finally, a model with good fit was extracted. The results of the study suggested that the current position of management accounting is not convincing in theory and practice (based on critical thinking), and the global management accounting principles need to be taken into account in all structural and practical domains for the development of management accounting. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Critical Theory and its Role in Accounting
Shokrolah Khajavi Zaemeh NeamatollahiAccounting systems in organizations are considered more likely as results of social phenomena instead of technical phenomena and must be percept through this social circumstance. A great changing of utilized approaches and viewpoints must be taken place, in order to pre MoreAccounting systems in organizations are considered more likely as results of social phenomena instead of technical phenomena and must be percept through this social circumstance. A great changing of utilized approaches and viewpoints must be taken place, in order to precept accounting system as a social phenomenon. Critical approach is one of these changes which comes on to precept in social circumstance. So, in this research is tried to introduce critical approach usages in accounting to provide more possibility of accounting research using this approach. To have access to this point philosophical basis of critical approach and critical accounting are presented and some samples in literature of critical accounting are mentioned and categorized into critical management accounting, philosophical basis of critical accounting, social responsibility in accounting and positivism accounting critics afterwards. The principal point of these researches is their theoretical structure and a few of them are applied in practice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Ranking components of critical thinking in accounting education and profession using multi-criteria ranking algorithm (MCRA)
makijeh nazemizadeh Forough Heirany Mahmoud moeinadin seyyed hasan Hatami nasabThe present study aims ranking components of critical thinking from viewpoint of accounting professors and employers (financial managers) in accounting education and profession. For this reason, a questionnaire containing components of critical thinking was provided to MoreThe present study aims ranking components of critical thinking from viewpoint of accounting professors and employers (financial managers) in accounting education and profession. For this reason, a questionnaire containing components of critical thinking was provided to experts, professors and employers and priority of each component from the viewpoint of two groups of experts was determined using multi-criteria ranking algorithm. The present study was conducted in 2020 and 2021. The research results show that experts of professors consider the analysis component to have the highest rank, the experts of employers, whereas, prioritized as their third inference. Reasoning, personality features and mental characteristics are not one of the last priorities of employers and from the viewpoint of professors, they do not have a high rank, and interpretation and translation components, attitude and readiness and personal characteristics are almost close to each other in viewpoints of two groups of experts and differed by only one rank difference between the two groups. The most significant contrast in this ranking comparison concerns the inference component which has the first rank among the employer experts and the rank one last left among the professors' experts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Accounting for citizenship conceptual paradigm based on critical thinking
Shokrollah Khajavi Mohammad MohammadianWise reasoning of somebody’s’ beliefs and whatever they do based on it is called critical thinking. In this area, existing condition is not compatible with whatever accountants are believed in and which they are done to achieve. Using this point of view many MoreWise reasoning of somebody’s’ beliefs and whatever they do based on it is called critical thinking. In this area, existing condition is not compatible with whatever accountants are believed in and which they are done to achieve. Using this point of view many accounting interpretation have been considered based on positivism or normative paradigm are criticized. The goal of this research is to present conceptual paradigm and novel preview description toward accounting under the title of accounting for citizenship. To have access to this, the most important layers of objective hermeneutics which have known as critical thinking and library studies which is considered as historical recognition is utilized. Some of basic concepts of this research includes accounting for citizenship and corporate citizenship and according to these concepts and by critical school thoughts using present position of accounting is getting studied and finally the question of “Could accounting be considered as accounting for citizenship?” is answered. Citizenship exploring theories especially political theory as a subset one revealed that accountability toward citizens and society from macro level (government) is shifted to micro level (companies as corporate citizens) and accountants afterwards and finally in order to citizens’ rights preservation (to government support) the accountants have to adhere ethics (fairness and justice) and useful information preparation which results to citizens and society accountability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Critical ethics as bedrock of Critical Accounting
سعید عسگری فریدون رهنمای رودپشتی احمد گودرزیThe purpose of this study is reviewing critical ethics as bedrock of criticalaccounting.we outline a postmodern perspective and what we call a new-modernperspective on ethics.in contrast to the traditional political moral philosophyliterature,postmodern perspectives dev MoreThe purpose of this study is reviewing critical ethics as bedrock of criticalaccounting.we outline a postmodern perspective and what we call a new-modernperspective on ethics.in contrast to the traditional political moral philosophyliterature,postmodern perspectives develop a more critical analysis of the relationshipbetween individual ethical identity and power.Under the heading of new-modern perspective we discuss the work of famousGerman thinker called Jurgen habermas.habermas criticizes the way some postmodernperspective appeare to abandone the very possibility of rational thought,and heattempts to salvage a role for reason in addressing the challenges that we face as asocity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - The role of children and adolescents' smart media in teaching critical thinking
mehrnoosh khoraminejad hasan ashayeri Ataollah Abtahi kamran mohammadkhani Neda SoleimaniAbstractIntroduction&Objective of this research:This research seek to understand the component of critical thinking and teach it to children and adolescents through intelligent media.Critical thinking isa prerequisite for life skills including problem solving and de MoreAbstractIntroduction&Objective of this research:This research seek to understand the component of critical thinking and teach it to children and adolescents through intelligent media.Critical thinking isa prerequisite for life skills including problem solving and decision making. Research Method:In the present study,according to the nature of the subject,the data were collected using a quantitative method,a researcher-made questionnaire and a qualitative method with the approach of data theory and interview coding.The population of the present study includes children and adolescents aged 10 to 12 and 12 to 14 and Their critical approach to the Clash of Clans digital game was analyzed and the results of interviews of University professors have been analyzed in-depth.Results:In the process of piloting children and adolescents and in a large distribution of tendency to group play,the findings indicate that all subjects like to be a member of the group and participate in the game.66% of the subjects try to find a suitable way to solve the problem.In interviews with university professors,the role of intelligent media in teaching critical thinking skills to children and adolescents emphasized the components of philosophical learning,participatory learning and experience-oriented respect for individual differences.Conclusion:Thus,in the present article,we have come to the conclusion that in order to achieve the optimal performance of smart media in teaching critical thinking,they can have an educational plan in two ways:1-Media and education for children,2-Broadcast Programs with the child himself that education with the participation of the child is important because the educational process will be very high quality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Critical thinking skill in Islamic Azad university‐science and research Branch of accounting student
فریدون رهنمای رودپشتی احمد یعقوب نژاد احمد گودرزیCritical thinking is a skill and on which learner can achieve teaching goals during an achieve mental process only after receiving key points from teacher. This capability can enhance subject remembrance by students and deliver them to training target with clarity. O MoreCritical thinking is a skill and on which learner can achieve teaching goals during an achieve mental process only after receiving key points from teacher. This capability can enhance subject remembrance by students and deliver them to training target with clarity. One of the benefits of this skill is that it can widen thinking horizons on student over learning topics that is reached by their active attendance in training processes. This study was aimed to determine the critical thinking situation of accounting students in Islamic Azad university ‐ science and research branch. This study was done on 73 Islamic Azad university ‐ science and research branch. The subjects were selects with randomized stratified method. Then their critical thinking was inves gated using California B quesonnaire containing34 quesons. The result showed this important fact skills and abilities of Islamic Azad universityscience and research branch did not improve by going to upper year education Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - The explanation skills of critical thought among accounting students of the science and research department at the Islamic Azad University in Iran
فریدون رهنمای رودپشتی احمد یعقوب نژاد احمد گودرزیIntroduction and purpose research: Accounting is a field of science that provides economic information to determine optimal use of economic resources. Therefore, accounting students are expected to learn from accounting discussions and continue enhancing this educat MoreIntroduction and purpose research: Accounting is a field of science that provides economic information to determine optimal use of economic resources. Therefore, accounting students are expected to learn from accounting discussions and continue enhancing this educational field. The purpose of this essay is assessment of the level of critical thought of accounting students of the science & research department in the Azad Islamic university in their specialized texts. Research method: In this research, critical thought’s cognitive skills of accounting students were investigated by California questioner B and random procedure. Finding: The results show students apply a low level of critical thought skills in overall. Conclusion: with respect to this fulfilled research, it could be concluded that sexuality does show a significant influence on the tendency to critical thought therefore senior students have more critical thought skills compared to junior students. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Entanglement in the XZ spin chain model in the external magnetic field
F. Soheilian M.R. Soltani M. Firoozi S. A. Hosseini -
Open Access Article
59 - Thermal negativity in a two qubit XXX and XX spin chain model in an external magnetic field
M. Ghasemloo N. Nikdel M. R. Soltani M. Firoozi F. Soheilian -
Open Access Article
60 - Sociological survey of the role of Iranian families' cultural capital on entering their children into university successfully (A survey about the Sharif industrial university students in the year 1394)
QASEM ALAEIZADEHAbstractIn spite of a few previous decades, modern Iranian families in order to eliminate the problems of their children to enter the university, from the first years of their education,have pretended the different eagerness to utilize the various types of capitals. In MoreAbstractIn spite of a few previous decades, modern Iranian families in order to eliminate the problems of their children to enter the university, from the first years of their education,have pretended the different eagerness to utilize the various types of capitals. In this study with the use of survey method with the instrument of questionnaire (with open, semi-open, closed and axiomatic questions) and the Alpha coefficient of 0/80 with the simple random sample of 444 incoming students of the year 2015(1394) in Tehran city, shows that by the school rating into public and non-public and the importance of the university entrance exams, only limited portions of three types of cultural capitals; embodied (habitus), objective and institutionalized cultural capital of the family have decisive role in sending the children into public universities. Accordingly, following the family cultural capitals' impressive erosion and decline, social and economic capitals should compensate forcefully. Whereas Pierre Bourdieu in the study of his society, believed, cultural capital as the only cause of children educational achievements at the end of the twentieth century.Key wordsModern family -Survey method -School rating -Habitus -Cultural capital -Pierre Bourdieu. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Developing and Explaining a Model for Smarter Universities around the World
Sepideh Golijani Mogaddam Kamran Mohammadkhani Nadergoli Gourchian Amirhossein MohammaddavudiIn this research, a model has been devised and validated to make universities smarter Compared with globally balance. The research method in this paper is a mixed one. First based on qualitative method and specifically based on the grounded theory and by interviewing th MoreIn this research, a model has been devised and validated to make universities smarter Compared with globally balance. The research method in this paper is a mixed one. First based on qualitative method and specifically based on the grounded theory and by interviewing the subject matter experts, the dimensions, components and indicators of making universities smarter with a global level are extracted and analyzed. Then, in the quantitative phase, by a questionnaire based on qualitative stage indices and based on its data - 175 valid questionnaires - validating and analyzing the factor structure of the university-level smart universities model was used. The findings of the qualitative research showed that the smarter university with a global level has 5 dimensions (based on Grounded Theory components) and 29 components. These dimensions include the dimension of "smarter technologies", "smarter competencies", "smarter processes", "superior standards" and "organizational quality". Quantitative section findings also showed that based on exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, factor loadings of all indices were above 0.3. The goodness-of-fit indices of the model also showed that the structural model extracted from the qualitative section fits well with the statistical population data. The relative chi-square values of were less than 3 and the values of adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) and Comparative fit index (CFI) were above 0.7. The root mean square error of approximate (RMSEA) was also less than 0.1. In addition, the components and indices of the research model had a good reliability based on Cronbach's alpha (all component over than 0.7) in the model and the result show that the model has a good explanation in the statistical population. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - The role of student movement in development of public sphere (A case study of Iran society 1921-2006)
Seyfollah Seyfollahi Mohammad Jafar Firouzi -
Open Access Article
63 - The Main Features of Critical Rationalism
مریم عسگرپورعلی مجید اکبریIn history of ideas, although traditional rationalists used reason andreasoning to justify any claim (hypothesis, theory, and…), Popper andhis pupils, as critical rationalists, emphasis on falsifying any. Criticalrationalists believe that human knowledge is falli MoreIn history of ideas, although traditional rationalists used reason andreasoning to justify any claim (hypothesis, theory, and…), Popper andhis pupils, as critical rationalists, emphasis on falsifying any. Criticalrationalists believe that human knowledge is fallible; and thisknowledge not only can’t fulfill any justification, but also need to noone. For human knowledge is fallible and confined, critical rationalistsrelay on rationality to the extent that it help us to detect our errors andfailures. According to critical rationalists, critical method is merely tocriticize all of ideas, beliefs, and etc. unstoppably in order to reveal theprobable, tacit faults. Scientific theories, in their view, are daringconjectures which come from encountering with problems; theseconjectures are not justifiable and must be falsifiable (and thereforerefutable) through severe test. The refutation to old theory is theparamount process of scientific discovery. If any new theory survivemore of such refutations, it would have a higher verisimilitude andtherefore, critical rationalists suggest that it is closer to truth. So criticalrationalists have exposed some innovations in philosophy of science,but there are a few critiques which they are (or should be) going to dealwith. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - The Development of Philosophy of Science from Critical Realist Viewpoint: a Hasty Review
علی پایاHere, after presenting some “definitions” of philosophy of science, I workout my plausible definition and, then, engage in the most significantchanges of philosophy of science from origin until today as briefly aspossible. Although, main purpose is that our MoreHere, after presenting some “definitions” of philosophy of science, I workout my plausible definition and, then, engage in the most significantchanges of philosophy of science from origin until today as briefly aspossible. Although, main purpose is that our readers get perspective aboutsubject-matter and question accompanying with their proposal solution,but, in some cases, subject-matters are criticized and evaluated from arealistic view based on critical rationality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Assessment of Schiller's Critique on Kant's Aesthetics
مریم بختیاریان مجید اکبریFriedrich Schiller was in his aesthetic reflexions inspired by Kant'sCritique of Judgment,. Albeit, he is generally recognized as Kantianphilosopher, he was not satisfied of Kant's philosophy, because ofappreahending deep gab between realm of nesessity and freedom.Which MoreFriedrich Schiller was in his aesthetic reflexions inspired by Kant'sCritique of Judgment,. Albeit, he is generally recognized as Kantianphilosopher, he was not satisfied of Kant's philosophy, because ofappreahending deep gab between realm of nesessity and freedom.Which seens to exist among human's mental faculties made himdissatisfied. Therefore he intended to modify some aspects ofKant's aesthetics. In order to overcome on Kant's dualism and hisoppositional dicotomy, Schiller came up with some harmonizingtools. Reflecting on Kant's transcendental deduction, leaded him tothe perception of the beauty as only medium for harmonizeing andsynthetizing human's rupture. He criticized Kant's subjectiveattitude to beauty and suggested the objective one, which namedfreedom in appearance. He refuted Kantian distinction between therealm of aesthetics and of ethics; and maintained that human beingneeds some preliminaries for making him moral person education.These prequisites would be provided by aesthetics education. Theresult would be convergance of the realm of aesthetics to the realmof ethics Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - The Methodology of Justification and Critique in Sadrian Theosophy
عبدالعلی موحدیOne of the major issues in modern methodological discussions isthe method of justification in different schools of thought, whichwas formerly called “the why of justification”, that is, the reasonwhy something is justified. Defying the limiting methodologies MoreOne of the major issues in modern methodological discussions isthe method of justification in different schools of thought, whichwas formerly called “the why of justification”, that is, the reasonwhy something is justified. Defying the limiting methodologies ofhis predecessors in justification, Mullā Sadrā makes methodologicaluse of his intuitive findings, on equal footing with demonstrativesyllogism. He resorts to methods of mystics in justifying thetranscendent theses in his philosophy. Moreover, in listing the basicpropositions, next to the first principles of the past philosophers, healso includes intuitive propositions acquired through the faculty ofillumination.Since Mullā Sadrā sought to found a novel system of thought, heconcerned himself with analyzing and criticizing otherphilosophers, employing logical methods in dealing with theirprinciples, arguments, and conclusions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - The Logic of Situation and its Appliance to Literary Criticism and Theories
رهبر اشنوئی محمودزادهMuch has been said in discussions concerning literary criticism fromthe position of the writer and the reader deciding the type of theexisting readings and claims in criticisms. But the problem is that theidentity of the writers and readers of various texts are not prec MoreMuch has been said in discussions concerning literary criticism fromthe position of the writer and the reader deciding the type of theexisting readings and claims in criticisms. But the problem is that theidentity of the writers and readers of various texts are not preciselydefinite and determined in a way we could be able to establish ourcritic claims. How could we deal with such a problem and what mightbe the solution to it? The concepts such as “the real individual”,“typical individual” and the broader concept of “the logic of situation”have been applied here to find a solution to this problem and all thesediscussions have become an introduction to Roland Barth's “the deathof the writer” theory. And here Roland Barth's viewpoints can bechallenged. A study of Barth's theory according to the concept of “thelogic of situation” can lead us to results contradictory with those ofBarth's. In fact, the work done here in this article is that the theory of 'the death of the writer' has been applied to that theory itself; that is, theconsequences of Barth's theory have been studied independent from hisown intentions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Overcoming the Justificationist Addiction
دیوید میلرIt is a simple, though ancient, mistake in the theory ofknowledge to think that justification, in any degree, is central torationality, or even important to it. We must cut for ever the intellectualapron strings that continue to offer us spurious and unneeded security, MoreIt is a simple, though ancient, mistake in the theory ofknowledge to think that justification, in any degree, is central torationality, or even important to it. We must cut for ever the intellectualapron strings that continue to offer us spurious and unneeded security, andreplace the insoluble problem of what our theories are based on by thesoluble problem of how to expose their shortcomings. The paper willoutline (not for the first time) the critical rationalism of Karl Popper,taking account of some recent criticisms. A brief discussion of the statusof the laws of logic provides an illustration of the power of the criticalapproach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Study ruins schools in the central part of Shahriyar against earthquakes
زهرا حجازی زاده فرح مرادی خانی هدی کنعانی مقدمIntroduction and purpose: In order to estimate the seismicity of the Shahriar County. geological and seism tectonic particulars were studied, and seismic fault in the county and suburb of this region ,till50 kilometers range were recognized .And with using recorded seis MoreIntroduction and purpose: In order to estimate the seismicity of the Shahriar County. geological and seism tectonic particulars were studied, and seismic fault in the county and suburb of this region ,till50 kilometers range were recognized .And with using recorded seismicity’s in region, seismicity map of county was made. And with gotenberg-rishter graph method, seismicity parameters of area obtained. Methodology: The present research is applied and that research method is descriptive-analytical that use research library and survey and gotenberg- rishter graph. Findings: resulted show that73 percent of schools buildings of region have not any side resistant system and need to make resistance or rebuilding. In case study we considered the building of8 schools of this area particularly. In purpose of decreasing casualties and damages, to organize active crisis director ship staffs, for determining the student groups duties, and increasing the level of knowledge and skills of students in facing of earthquake suggested. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - How the Catholic Church Faced the Historical Criticism of the Bible
Ahmad Reza Meftah Hamideh AmiryazdaniThis article discusses the historical criticism of the Bible, which originated among liberal Protestants with the belief that the Bible should be examined through a historical approach. While this approach was initially met with resistance from conservative Protestants, MoreThis article discusses the historical criticism of the Bible, which originated among liberal Protestants with the belief that the Bible should be examined through a historical approach. While this approach was initially met with resistance from conservative Protestants, it later became a challenge for the Catholic Church as well. Prominent Catholic scholars such as Richard Simon and Alfred Loisy, as well as the Tübingen School, supported the movement, raising concerns within the church. The article aims to analyze how the Catholic Church addressed this challenge. The church was apprehensive that the historical-critical method would overlook the divine aspects of the Bible, resulting in a decline in biblical authority. Therefore, it denounced the trend and expelled its pioneers. However, the Catholic Church eventually came to understand that it needed to adapt to the modern age and recognize the relationship between theology, culture and human accomplishments. Consequently, it became more open towards the historical-critical method, acknowledging it as a viable approach towards biblical exegesis, despite its initial condemnation. In summary, this paper examines the historical criticism of the Bible, its origins and opposition, and how the Catholic Church eventually adapted and embraced this approach towards biblical interpretation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Atonement in Paul’s Theology: Criticism of the Religious Scholars
محمد علی ayazi Hamideh AmiryazdaniAtonement has been considered as one of the basic teachings of Paul, which is elaborated mostly in Galatians and Romans. This fundamental teaching gradually took an integrated shape and became an essential part of Anselm and Aquina’s thoughts. In the modern period MoreAtonement has been considered as one of the basic teachings of Paul, which is elaborated mostly in Galatians and Romans. This fundamental teaching gradually took an integrated shape and became an essential part of Anselm and Aquina’s thoughts. In the modern period, changes in theological views and considering Paul as the interpreter and second founder of Christianity has made the contemporary thinkers to reconsider the issue. In fact, after the formation of historical criticism and demythologizing, atonement as a fundamental teaching was reconsidered by Christian thinkers. The present study tries to deal with the views of contemporary theologians with historical critical approach, such as Thomas Micheal, Philip Queen and Micheal Golder. Beside these theologians, the views of some contemporary Muslim thinkers such as cAllāmeh Tabāãabā’Ê and Rashid Reza, who have direct refrence to Christian texts, is also considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Modeling of Supercritical Extraction of Essential Oil from Orange Peel
Marjan Haghayegh Seyyed Ali Vaziri Fatemeh Zabihi Mohammad Hassan EikaniIntroduction: Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) is a promising technique that has been attracted by some scientist recently due to the moderate operational condition.Moreover, SCFE products are pure and free of residual solvents. Mathematical modeling of supercritic MoreIntroduction: Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) is a promising technique that has been attracted by some scientist recently due to the moderate operational condition.Moreover, SCFE products are pure and free of residual solvents. Mathematical modeling of supercritical extraction is a useful tool for deducing the SCF extraction systems, prediction of optimum operational conditions and system design variables, and scale-up to the pilot and industrial scales. Materials and Methods: A new mathematical model modified by Sovova, based on the concept of broken and intact cells, has been applied to understand the variables effect on extraction efficiency in a SCF extraction system. System was made in order to extract the essential oil from orange peel. This model simulates the experimental data points adequately for two separate time using combined pattern of phase equilibrium equations, solute/matrix interaction and internal diffusion rules in the solid particles. Model equations for plug flow are ordinary differential equations and are solved by matlab using numirical method. A number of physical parameters have been determined by experimental data fitting.Results: Extraction curves have been presented on the form of extraction yield versus relative amount of passed solvent. The effect of operational parameters including grinding efficiency, bed void fraction, number of mixers and external mass transfer coefficient have been also investigated.Conclusion: The most desirable result is obtained from grinding efficiency and external mass transfer coefficient of 0.7 and 0.011 respectively, within 20 mixers. The model results present a good agreement with the experimental results. Average absolute deviation between experimental data and the modeling results is about 6%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Tocopherols from Ferula Persica and Evaluating the Effect of the Extract on the Stability of Sunflower Seed Oil as an Alternative to the Synthetic Antioxidant
B. Mehdinia Lichaei R. Esmaeilzadeh Kenari Gh. DinpanahIntroduction: The addition of antioxidants is one of the ways to protect the oil from oxidation. The aim of this research is to obtain ferula persica plant extract using supercritical fluid method and measure the phenolic compounds and tocopherols and also to evaluate t MoreIntroduction: The addition of antioxidants is one of the ways to protect the oil from oxidation. The aim of this research is to obtain ferula persica plant extract using supercritical fluid method and measure the phenolic compounds and tocopherols and also to evaluate the effect on the oxidative stability of sunflower seed oil during storage. Materials and Methods: Using supercritical fluids (SCF), the ethanolic extracts at different concentrations (100, 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm) were prepared. Total amount of phenolic compounds and tocopherols in the extracts were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu and spectrophotometry procedures, respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated and the concentration of 2500 ppm showed the highest antioxidant activity, therefore, this concentration was selected and added to sunflower seed oil. The oil was kept at room temperature for 60 days and peroxide value, carbonyl number, oxidative stability index, total polar compounds and acid value were measured every 15 day and compared with the synthetic antioxidant (TBHQ 100 ppm). Results: The concentrations of phenolic compounds and tocopherols in the SCF extract were determined and found to be 1495.81 mg as gallic acid and 58.6 mg alpha-tocopherol per 100 gram of extract. Conclusion: Ferula persica extract at the concentration of 2500 ppm due to the presence of both phenolic compounds and tocopherols exhibited antioxidant acivity in sunflower seed oil and have the ability similar to TBHQ that results in increased oxidative stability of the substrate, therefore, Ferula persica that is a natural product might be considered as a potent antioxidant to improve the stability of oils and fats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for the optimization of supercritical CO2 extraction of Elaeagnus protein: a comparison study
Sepideh Hesamizadeh S. Askari محمدرضا حسین پورElaeagnus contains a large amount of protein which can be used as a functional ingredient. In this study, dried fruit protein was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide method. Extraction was performed at different supercritical temperatures, supercritical pressur MoreElaeagnus contains a large amount of protein which can be used as a functional ingredient. In this study, dried fruit protein was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide method. Extraction was performed at different supercritical temperatures, supercritical pressure, and solvent ratio of carbon dioxide and methanol. According to the ANOVA results, the optimum operating condition for the extraction of protein with supercritical CO2 was as following:150.85 bar, 51.06°C, 59.80 min and methanol aqueous solvent concentration of 717.08 µL, leading to extracting of 47.53 mg protein per 10 g sample. Compared to other extraction methods, the amount of extracted protein was high with this method. In addition, less damage was done to other physical-chemical properties of the protein, including protein structure, amino acid chains, etc. Among the operating conditions, supercritical pressure had the highest effect on proteins. Therefore, the results of this study suggested that the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction can be sued as an effective method for protein extraction from plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - The new generation of nuclear reactors, ADS
Javad Karimi Mohammad Mehdi Firooz AbadiBackground and Objective:Today, nuclear reactors as a major source of energy in the world, is developing considerably. The main disadvantage of nuclear reactors is producing nuclear waste. This waste is due to the half-life and high environmental impact is radiation poi MoreBackground and Objective:Today, nuclear reactors as a major source of energy in the world, is developing considerably. The main disadvantage of nuclear reactors is producing nuclear waste. This waste is due to the half-life and high environmental impact is radiation poisoning. In this study a new generation of nuclear reactors as ADS introduced where the nuclear waste is used as fuel. Method: Examining ADS nuclear reactors, the concept of ADS and the main components of this type of reactor and how it works are described. Findings: This new generation of nuclear reactors (ADS) has the ability to convert nuclear waste, including meta-uranium elements and fragments of nuclear fission, into low-risk elements with low half-life and low beam toxicity. Its important advantage over other nuclear reactors is that it is safe. Discussion and Conclusions: Given the importance of developing nuclear reactors as a major source of energy production, methods should be used to develop peaceful nuclear technology in the country to maximize its efficiency while minimizing its destructive environmental effects. . The use of a new generation of nuclear reactors (ADS) is one such method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Evaluating the Green Citizenship Reporting Function of Capital Market Companies
Akram Mobaraki Mohammad Tamimi Alah karam SalehiBackground and Objective: The shift from traditional public management (PM) to the new public management (NPM) due to the low productivity of the management system has led to the emergence of concepts of citizenship rights instead of terms such as client in traditional MoreBackground and Objective: The shift from traditional public management (PM) to the new public management (NPM) due to the low productivity of the management system has led to the emergence of concepts of citizenship rights instead of terms such as client in traditional theory or client in modern theories. The emergence of these approaches in accounting, which was borrowed from business management, the purpose of this research is evaluating the green citizenship reporting function of capital market companies. Material and Methodology: This research is in terms of developmental and combined methodology. In the qualitative part of the research, meta-analysis and Delphi analysis were used, and in the quantitative part, fuzzy evaluation analysis was used to prioritize the selection of the most effective green citizenship reporting function of capital market companies. In this study, the statistical population in the qualitative section were 14 experts in accounting and financial management at the university level and in the quantitative section were 25 senior managers of capital market companies in Iran. Findings: The results in the qualitative part indicate the determination of the three dimensions of the company's green citizenship reporting function in the form of 14 indicators. The results in the quantitative section also showed that the critical functions of green citizenship reporting are the most effective way of green citizenship reporting. Discussion and Conclusion: It was also found that providing a detailed report on the role and responsibility of specialized environmental committees (A14) as an indicator of critical performance of green citizenship reporting is the most important indicator among the indicators identified at the capital market level to strengthen green citizenship reporting. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Identification of hazards and analysis of the root causes of construction accidents using the Bow-tie_FMEA Compound Technique (Case Study: Tehran Technical Building Company)
Alireza Moradi Fatemeh Razavian Behnaz Moradi GhiyasabadiBackground and Objective: Construction industry is known as one of most dangerous industries which incidents occurrence rate is high because of work nature complexity and also unsafe workplaces. Therefor construction jobs are categorized in most dangerous and most full MoreBackground and Objective: Construction industry is known as one of most dangerous industries which incidents occurrence rate is high because of work nature complexity and also unsafe workplaces. Therefor construction jobs are categorized in most dangerous and most full of incident jobs in world. Material and Methodology: In this article technical buildings company of Tehran construction projects known as Khaneh-Shahr and Helal existing hazards have been recognized using checklist and then evaluated and assessed using FMEA risk assessment method. Additionally, critical points technique in order to identify and determine construction projects critical risks has been used and also modeled in the form of bowtie using Bowtie Pro 3.3 software in last phase. Findings: Results have shown that Khaneh-Shahr construction project has 7 critical risks from totally 14 assessed risks and also Helal construction project have 8 critical risks from totally 15 assessed risks which have been modeled separately. Furthur mobile crane reversal risk in Khaneh-Shahr construction project and metal-concrete structures crash with equipment, workers and high voltage electricity cables in Helal construction project with RPNs of 420 and 490 respectively, considered as most significant critical risks. Discussion and Conclusion: It could be concluded there is posiibility to use risk assessment and incident modeling techniques in combined and analizing incident root causes and probable consequences in construction industries using Bowtie analysis method besides. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Designing a model for measuring the critical risk of human resources in the capital market based on fuzzy FMEA method and Pareto principle
alireza jafari doudaran rouzbeh ghousi ahmad makui mostafa jafariWorking in financial institutions and the capital market is one of the most stressful and sensitive jobs in the world. Given the importance of the role of human resources in the performance and events of the capital market, in this study, an attempt has been made to pro MoreWorking in financial institutions and the capital market is one of the most stressful and sensitive jobs in the world. Given the importance of the role of human resources in the performance and events of the capital market, in this study, an attempt has been made to provide a model for analyzing and measuring the critical risks of human resources based on fuzzy FMEA and Pareto principle in the capital market. For this purpose, in the first step, multiple dimensions of risk were identified by semi-structured interviews with HR experts in the capital market, and factors affecting HR risk were identified and fitted to the model by using structural equation modeling method with Smart-PLS software. In the next step, the risk factors of RPN number were determined by FMEA method, which also used the concept of fuzzy logic to solve this deficiency in order to eliminate the weaknesses of FMEA method and to avoid uncertainty. Finally, human resource risks were measured and identified by Pareto Critical Risks based on the fuzzy FMEA method. The results indicate that the critical human resource risks are unethical behaviors (financial fraud), poor leadership, and inadequate rules and policies in the capital market, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - وجود جوابهای ضعیف برای یک سیستم مقدار مرزی فراکشنالی نیمه-خطی ولترا – فردهلم
الیاس شیوانیاناین مقاله به مطالعه جوابهای های ضعیف یک رده از سیستم غیر خطی از مسایل مقدار مرزی کسری شامل ترم های انتگرال خطی ولترا و فردهلم می پردازد. این سیستم معادلات انتگرال-دیفرانسیل نیمه خطی کسری ولترا-فردهلم همچنین دارای یک ترم گرادیان از یک جمله غیر خطی هست. ما تئوری نقطه بحرا Moreاین مقاله به مطالعه جوابهای های ضعیف یک رده از سیستم غیر خطی از مسایل مقدار مرزی کسری شامل ترم های انتگرال خطی ولترا و فردهلم می پردازد. این سیستم معادلات انتگرال-دیفرانسیل نیمه خطی کسری ولترا-فردهلم همچنین دارای یک ترم گرادیان از یک جمله غیر خطی هست. ما تئوری نقطه بحرانی و ساختار تغییراتی را برای اثبات وجود حداقل سه جواب ضعیف مجزا برای سیستم اعمال می کنیم. برای این منظور، ما از قضیه معروفی درباره ساخت مجموعه نقاط بحرانی از تابعکها با شرط فشردگی ضعیف بهره می بریم. علاوه بر این، مثالی برای تأیید آنالیز و کاربرد نظریه ارائه شده، آورده شده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Social critique of Shamloo poems with emphasis on humor
ali sharbati ali sharbati Nahid AkbariOne of the tools that poets use to criticize society is humor. Humor is a kind of lyrical literature that has a unique power in creating enthusiasm and attracting the reader and it is achieved with a critical attitude. It has a special position in the history of Iranian MoreOne of the tools that poets use to criticize society is humor. Humor is a kind of lyrical literature that has a unique power in creating enthusiasm and attracting the reader and it is achieved with a critical attitude. It has a special position in the history of Iranian written culture and it is considered the highest degree of literary criticism. The capacity of the language of humor and other branches of humor, in the ambiguous expression of human problems and afflictions, especially in times of oppression and pressure, has made it one of the most influential literary genres. Liberal and social poets, committed to human excellence, in their period faced social problems, tyranny and injustice, which criticized their opposition in various ways, overtly and covertly, in the form of humor and ambiguity. This research has analyzed the methods of humor and comparison in the collection of poems and its purpose has been to show the techniques of humor and comparison in the poems of the contemporary Iranian poet Shamloo and analyzes his poems in the poet's community. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Comparative Analysis of Shame in Vis and Rāmin, Khosrow and Shirin
Faezeh Eftekhari Roozbahani Mohammad Ali Shafaei Masoumeh Khodadadi Mahabad Mojtaba Ansari ShahidiThe characters of a lyrical poem depict human emotions that originate from individual and society’s heart. (sense of) Shame has always been one of the most important emotional elements in Iranian culture as well as romantic relationships. The reflection of this th MoreThe characters of a lyrical poem depict human emotions that originate from individual and society’s heart. (sense of) Shame has always been one of the most important emotional elements in Iranian culture as well as romantic relationships. The reflection of this theme leads to the formation of all kinds of shame, each of which leads to different reactions. In this research romantic relationships are studied by comparison of two poems "Vis and Rāmin" and "Khosrow and Shirin", in two different time periods (before Islam and after Islam), while conceptual analysis of shame reflection and selection of keywords are analyzed as well. The results of the study show that the type of shame is different in these two poetries and while having different contexts, it also appears differently in the performance between lover and beloved, which is carefully analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Social Critique of "Neighbors" and in Comparison with Lukács’s Theory
Elaheh Poloei Monireh Ahamad Soltani Mohammad Homayoun SepehrDuring Mohammad Reza Pahlavi’s reign, the amount of oil sales to other countries increased and the country's financial situation improved compared to last years, and as a result, the purchase of paper, book publishing, etc. increased. On the other hand, strictness MoreDuring Mohammad Reza Pahlavi’s reign, the amount of oil sales to other countries increased and the country's financial situation improved compared to last years, and as a result, the purchase of paper, book publishing, etc. increased. On the other hand, strictness and censorship are less than Reza Shah's era. Therefore, during the second Pahlavi regime, storytelling became more popular and writers who were influenced by the conditions of society, began to create stories that express the conditions of society and the historical events of that period. One of these stories is "Neighbors" which describes the situation in southern (cities of) Iran at the time of the nationalization of oil. In this book, the political and social conditions of that period, the people’s lives and their thoughts and ideas and aspirations and problems, financial and cultural poverty and even the hidden layers of human life are expressed and the role of the Tudeh Party in creating this political movement is mentioned indirectly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - A Comparative Study on Creativity Literature and Modern Hermeneutics Emphasizing Martin Heidegger’s Ideas
Leila Ahmadzadeh Afzal Sadat Hosseini Dehshiri Mohsen Imani NaeeiniHermeneutics went beyond the interpretation of religious texts and stepped into the field of various sciences such as history, art, economics, political science and psychology, followed by education by developing specialized disciplines in the academic centers of the wo MoreHermeneutics went beyond the interpretation of religious texts and stepped into the field of various sciences such as history, art, economics, political science and psychology, followed by education by developing specialized disciplines in the academic centers of the world. The main purpose of the present research is to compare the creativity literature and modern hermeneutics by emphasizing Martin Heidegger’s viewpoints. The method of the research is analytical. Proximity to the abovementioned issue, questioning and thinking, criticism and the quality of comprehension in the learner indicate the relationship between modern hermeneutics and creative learning. Raising interest in education in the learner, preparing educational programs, creating scientific interests in the learner and making mutual understanding between the instructor and the learner are some of the goals that can be designed on the basis of hermeneutics for creative learning. In modern hermeneutics, creative learning is given importance and the process is such that a subject must first be agreed upon and critiqued in order to create a quality of understanding in the learner. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - A comparative study of the "feeling of inferiority" theory and ways to deal with it based on Adler's individualistic psychology In the poems of Iranian and Arab women poets (Simin Behbahani, Ghade Alsman)
zahra karimi sepideh sepehri arezo shomali oskoei elahe hajihaPsychoanalytic criticism is a new and visionary criticism in which the researcher or critic aims to reveal hidden aspects or different behavioral angles and psychological signs in a given work, whether literary or... to analyze the personality of the writer, artist or f MorePsychoanalytic criticism is a new and visionary criticism in which the researcher or critic aims to reveal hidden aspects or different behavioral angles and psychological signs in a given work, whether literary or... to analyze the personality of the writer, artist or fictional characters.Individualistic psychology was founded by Alfred Adler and one of the theories in this individualistic psychology is the theory of inferiority. In this article, which is done in a descriptive-analytical way based on document analysis and the method of library studies, the poems of two contemporary Iranian and Arab poets (Simin Behbahani, Ghadeh Al-Saman) are analyzed and examined based on the theory of inferiority complex based on Adler's individualistic psychology. Placed. The results of the research show that the feeling of inferiority in the poems of Simin Behbahani and Ghade Alsman was due to gender discrimination in the society, and the most important components and indicators that can be found in the poems based on Alfred Adler's individualistic psychology to deal with the feeling of inferiority These two female poets saw, including the mechanisms of superiority, social interest, despair and loneliness, isolation and withdrawal; Glory and protest and love. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - A Comparative Study of the Marxist Components of Jani Gal by Ebrahim Ahmad and the Daughter of a Peasant by Mahmoud Etemadzadeh
Bahar Kazemi Badrieh GhavamiMarxist critique is a form of literary criticism that speaks to the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist critique, literature is analyzed on the basis of the historical conditions that created it. Therefore, for Marxist critique, it is necessary to kn MoreMarxist critique is a form of literary criticism that speaks to the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist critique, literature is analyzed on the basis of the historical conditions that created it. Therefore, for Marxist critique, it is necessary to know its historical background. With the occupation of Iran, Iraq and the Kurdistan region after the First World War by the Allied forces and Russia, a current dominates Persian and Kurdish literature, which is influenced by many of their writers. Marxism and Communism put Russia. Iranian society during and after World War I due to the inefficiency of the ruling system involved in problems such as; Poverty, the existence of a class system and the pressure on the people by the government of the time, Iraqi Kurdistan has long been a place of conflict with the government and the central government of its time to seek an independent government and government, Kurdish nationalist thought in Iraqi Kurdistan Also, the influence of the Iranian and Iraqi Kurdistan societies on the communist and Marxist currents after the First World War provides the ground for examining the works of the authors of Persian and Kurdish literature and their influence from these currents. In this study, the Marxist critique of the novel by Jani Gal and the Daughter of a Peasant, which; It can be said that in Persian and Kurdish literature, both works are among the first social realist stories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - A Study on Nizami’s Khosrow & Shirin and Jamil ibn Ma'mar’s Divan from Feminism School Viewpoint
Reyhaneh Sardar Ali Ganjiyan Khonaari Ebrahim DibajiWomen have always had special status in various cultures and in all eras and their statuses have changed according to each era’s culture and tradition. In the history of Iran after Islam which was coincided with Umayyad civilization and culture, woman had remarkab MoreWomen have always had special status in various cultures and in all eras and their statuses have changed according to each era’s culture and tradition. In the history of Iran after Islam which was coincided with Umayyad civilization and culture, woman had remarkable role and two mentioned cultures owned obvious differences and similarities in the field of women’s cultural and social status partially. Khosrow & Shirin by Nizami was an iconoclast work in spite of an ancient background. On the other hand an Arab poet (Jamil ibn Ma'mar) – in Arabic literature –lived in an era in which women had no specific value; but the abovementioned poet paid special attention to women and their values in his poetries whose works aid us to study the aforesaid subject in Nizami’s Khosrow & Shirin and Jamil ibn Ma'mar’s Divan comparatively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - A Comparative Study of Ahmad Shamloo and Ahmad Matar
Javad Kaboutari Masoumehh Bakhshi Zade Hossein ArianAhmad Matar – the famous Arab poet – has versed his poetries in conflict with the majorities, thoughts and acts. The reader witnesses his objections and revelation against the cruel and traitorous government; the exact method can be seen in Ahmad Shamloo's p MoreAhmad Matar – the famous Arab poet – has versed his poetries in conflict with the majorities, thoughts and acts. The reader witnesses his objections and revelation against the cruel and traitorous government; the exact method can be seen in Ahmad Shamloo's poetries. The similarities in their poetries made us to study their poetries based on their attitudes comparatively. The personage theory has been chosen among critical approaches; while it is of special importance among psychologists. The present research studies the abovementioned poetries based on the famous psychologists' theories. According to Freud's theory on triad traits – id conflicts, ego and super ego – the applied psychiatric mechanisms are recognized in order to solve the conflicts. The method is descriptive – analytical and librarian. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - The Comparative study of three stories by Moniro Ravanipour: Kanizu, Gypsy by the Fire, The Drowned
Shahrooz Shahdin Abolqasem Amir Ahamdi Ali Eshghi SardehiMoniro Ravanipour – one of the most successful Iranian contemporary authors – whose method is magical realism and by imitating Colombian Gabriel García Márquez writing method succeeded to create precious works to the world and Iran's literature MoreMoniro Ravanipour – one of the most successful Iranian contemporary authors – whose method is magical realism and by imitating Colombian Gabriel García Márquez writing method succeeded to create precious works to the world and Iran's literature such as Kanizu, Gypsy by the Fire and The Drowned by inspiring "A Hundred Year of Solitude". On the other hand she is also known as Folklore author because of working on folkloric literature and creating real scenes as well as applying proverbs, allusions and native phrases. This article initially introduces Moniro Ravanipour and her ideas and works then studies magical realism in Persian literature followed by structuralism and content – based criticism in three novels: Kanizu, Gypsy by the Fire and The Drowned Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - A Study on Naas Surah German Translations Based on Eugene Nida's Theory
Seyyed Saeed Firouz Abadi Zahra EbrahimiThe Revelation Books have been translated by different translators and by various reasons through the history. Holy Quran is most important source for recognizing Islam which has been revealed to Mohammad by Lord. The need to Quran translation has always been felt in al MoreThe Revelation Books have been translated by different translators and by various reasons through the history. Holy Quran is most important source for recognizing Islam which has been revealed to Mohammad by Lord. The need to Quran translation has always been felt in all eras because of the four million German language Muslims all around the world. Thus the present article studies three famous Quran's German translations by Friedrich Rückert, Adel Theodor Khoury and Rudy Paret based on Eugene Nida's Theory by focus on Naas Surah. The article also studies the translators' motivations, method and their custody in lexical and syntax Arabic structure in translation. The future mistakes or errors in translations could be avoided by determining the weak and strong points of the abovementioned translation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Comparative Study of Ridicules in Ahmed Mattar and Nasim –e Shomal's Poetries
Mohsen Khoddami Mohammad JannatifarIn spite of short time life of comparative literature in Eastern countries, it could progress and develop remarkably. Today researching views tend more towards finding the similarities between the works of art in different regions of the world. In this regard valuable r MoreIn spite of short time life of comparative literature in Eastern countries, it could progress and develop remarkably. Today researching views tend more towards finding the similarities between the works of art in different regions of the world. In this regard valuable researches has been done comparatively. The present survey compares Nasim – e shomal - constitutional era poet - and Ahmed Mattar's – famous Iraqi poet – poetries. Since both poets criticize the adversity of their era by applying various method such as allusion, implicit, paradox ant etc. It is attempted to analyze the commonalities and their strategies to contend against autocracy and injustice are studied as well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - COMPARISON OF TWO HEROES IN THE SCHOOL OF DEPTH MYTHOLOGICAL CRITICISM, FREYDUN & THESEUS
Behruz AtooniIt is more logical and mature to pay attention to the more important aspect of mythological comparisons which is comparative mythological criticism so that we will focus not only on the similarities of two or more mythological characters but also criticiz MoreIt is more logical and mature to pay attention to the more important aspect of mythological comparisons which is comparative mythological criticism so that we will focus not only on the similarities of two or more mythological characters but also criticize and report on them. The present article brings two mythological Iranian and Greek heroes “Freydun” and “Theseus” to the school of depth mythological criticism and studies their similarities to five levels and then reviews each of these five levels in depth and finally discusses these levels as archetypes and formula for making heroes. Manuscript profile -
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92 - Historical Development of Comparative Literature
Francois Jost Alireza AnoushirvaniThis paper studies the historical development of comparative literature as an academic discipline from the Middle Ages to modern times. It starts with the development of national languages which results in the emergence of national literatures during the Renaissance. Th MoreThis paper studies the historical development of comparative literature as an academic discipline from the Middle Ages to modern times. It starts with the development of national languages which results in the emergence of national literatures during the Renaissance. The author emphasizes the fact that diversity is wealth and that variety is the spice of intellectual life. This is at the heart of comparative literature that there is oneness and unity beyond all appearances. The author, then, continues with a short survey of comparative literature in France and Germany, and lists the comparative periodicals which were published in Europe and America since the 19th century. The author concludes that comparative literature, which is increasingly expanding all over the world, promises to become a prominent and valid approach to literature and criticism in future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Social criticism in Sepehri's Poetry and the Comparison to Basic Science
Javad Qorbani Alireza Iranbakhsh Amir Hossein Mahouzi The present article studies people and the society's view in Sepehri's "The Eight Books" and enjoys the application of basic science (mathematics, geology, biology, chemistry and physics) in order to make more efficiency in his words. Thus the criticism of pe More The present article studies people and the society's view in Sepehri's "The Eight Books" and enjoys the application of basic science (mathematics, geology, biology, chemistry and physics) in order to make more efficiency in his words. Thus the criticism of people's attitudes and behavior as well as social events are studied and the words and basic sciences influences are surveyed. The findings show that Sepehri's critics are of scientific aspect and he enjoyed scientific words, concepts and expressions in some cases and sometimes his views are emotional or mystical; but finally these views contain informative messages for the society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Content Criticism of Some of Collete's and Forugh FarrokhZaad’s works
Faranak Ashrafi Farnaz ArfaizadehComparative Literature is one the most important literary branches which studies similar or different aspects of authors' or poets' works, in order to help these works be better understood. Sidonie Gabrille Colette, the French wirter, and Forugh Farrokh Zaad, the Irania MoreComparative Literature is one the most important literary branches which studies similar or different aspects of authors' or poets' works, in order to help these works be better understood. Sidonie Gabrille Colette, the French wirter, and Forugh Farrokh Zaad, the Iranian poet, although have been grown in two different cultures, have created some contents which are comparable in terms of content criticism. Does feminine writings have special characteristics? To answer this question, we have studied and reviewed the works of these two women, one of them an author and the other one a poet, who have been grown in two different cultures. In their various works we faced some contents which are present repeatedly in works of these two great women. Regret of past, love to nature, depression for mother and birthplace, feeling of solitude and tendency to isolation are some of common contents in thoughts of these two thinkers. In this study, in addition to studying the concepts mentioned above, we have reviewed special hidden feminine feelings in these works as well. Manuscript profile -
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95 - A Comparative Study of Sylvia Plath and Forugh Farrokhzad in the Light of Showalterian Feminist Viewpoint
Shahrokh Hekmat Hamideh DolatAbadiThe present study is a cross-cultural survey of American Sylvia Plath’s and Iranian ForughFarrokhzad’s poetry in the light of Showalterian feminist viewpoint. Elaine Showalter believes that analyzing women’s works according to the male-c MoreThe present study is a cross-cultural survey of American Sylvia Plath’s and Iranian ForughFarrokhzad’s poetry in the light of Showalterian feminist viewpoint. Elaine Showalter believes that analyzing women’s works according to the male-constructed theories would result in mere imitation of male discourse and consequently mere silence of women even in evaluating their own works. Thus, she presents a female framework i.e. Gynocriticism. The present writers are to scrutinize some Plath’s and Farrokghzad’s poems according to the above-mentioned framework and come to the conclusion that both poets reject the pre-established norms of patriarchal literature. As two avant-garde poets, they create a literature of themselves on the basis of their female entity and experience. Manuscript profile -
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96 - One Anecdote, Several Narrations A Comparative Review of the Story, Death Angel (Azrael) Looking at a Man... in Mathnavi and Other Sources
Karīmbakhsh SajjādīThe present article compares one of the anecdotes of Mathnavi (Death Angel (Azrael) looking at a man...) with some other resources in order to explain the advantages of Molānā’s narration in comparison to them.The present article compares one of the anecdotes of Mathnavi (Death Angel (Azrael) looking at a man...) with some other resources in order to explain the advantages of Molānā’s narration in comparison to them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Rhetoric Aesthetic Criticism by a Comparative Approach on Arabic & Persian Eloquence
Habibollah Jadidol Eslami Hamideh Jamal ZahiThe common aspects which have existed between Iranians and Persians in different fields such as poetry, literature and music – and more important the religious language and the connection made by Islam between them – caused a wide relation, interaction and m MoreThe common aspects which have existed between Iranians and Persians in different fields such as poetry, literature and music – and more important the religious language and the connection made by Islam between them – caused a wide relation, interaction and mutual effects. One of the manifestations of the mutual effect in Islamic culture is undoubtedly in the field of eloquence or better to say Persian and Arabic aesthetics. Thus this paper intends to express some of these literary effects and affects from aesthetic criticism point of view and then study them comparatively. Accordingly, some vague and challenging common expressions such as allegory, simile and etc. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - A Study of Intellectual Motifs in T. S. Eliot and Adonis’s New Critical Approaches
Reza Mohammadi Asghar Moulavi Nafchi Hossein ShamsabadiT. S. Eliot’s peculiar symbolism is professionally distinctive. Eliot bases the atypical language of poetry on paradox, irony, ambiguity, myth, and symbol; and achieves objective and tangible imagery in an exclusively unexpected method, consequently intertwining s MoreT. S. Eliot’s peculiar symbolism is professionally distinctive. Eliot bases the atypical language of poetry on paradox, irony, ambiguity, myth, and symbol; and achieves objective and tangible imagery in an exclusively unexpected method, consequently intertwining sensibility and emotion. This multifarious method relies on Eliot’s theory of the objective correlative, which he applied to the Waste Land. The objective correlative firstly relies on the de-characterization of the author, this being the cornerstone of new critical methodology, and sees poetry as an independent and self-sufficient phenomenon that should be in turn analyzed through such internal and essential criteria as complexity, ambiguity, and textual cohesion and coherence in order to study textual unity and integrity. Secondly this theory is closely associated with symbolism both as a literary technique and school. Thirdly, there is the incorporation of tradition in poetry which reflects the neoclassical orientation of this theory. Adonis is among those poet-critics who have indirectly been impressed by Eliot’s theory of the objective correlative. Adonis, like Eliot, believes that poetry is not an expression of character but instead an escape from personality and character. Thus the speaker should look at past poems from a historical point of view, that is, he or she should absorb and digest the prior poem. Therefore, the poet should adopt a language different than the language of science and philosophy. Part of this peculiar language comprises of symbolism. This study attempts to first elucidate Eliot’s theory of the objective correlative, second to investigate its corresponding precepts and principles in Adonis’s poetic theory, third to highlight instances of this theory in the works of Eliot and Adonis’ contemporaries, and last but not least this study will discuss the status of Eliot and Adonis as the pioneers of New Criticism in the English and Arabic traditions respectively. Manuscript profile -
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99 - Comparative Criticism of Feminism in the Works of Shahrnush Parsipur and Marguerite Duras
Muhammad Khosravi ShakibShahrnushParsipur and Marguerite Duras are two contemporary Iranian and French writers who share some similarities in their works due to the facts such as being a woman, a writer, an intellectual, living in a twenty century world and having experienced di MoreShahrnushParsipur and Marguerite Duras are two contemporary Iranian and French writers who share some similarities in their works due to the facts such as being a woman, a writer, an intellectual, living in a twenty century world and having experienced different feminist approaches and living in the East. The question is then what are these similarities? The research hypothesis based on the question is then liberal love, magical realism, breaking traditions and uprising against the current status of women, challenging false beliefs and superstitions and criticizing the present male chauvinist rules and regulations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Analysis of Savoji’s “Jamshid and the Sun” Based on Prop’s Theory
Ebrahim Vasheghani Farahani Leila Hashemian Maryam RahmaniMorphological analysis is a central technique in structural criticism. In this analysis, the critic seeks to discover relationships among the structural constituents of a tale. It was first introduced into literary criticism by Vladimir Prop under the influence of Ferdi MoreMorphological analysis is a central technique in structural criticism. In this analysis, the critic seeks to discover relationships among the structural constituents of a tale. It was first introduced into literary criticism by Vladimir Prop under the influence of Ferdinand de Saussure’s structural linguistics. Prop based his work on the actions of the characters in fairy tales and, after analyzing these actions and their functions, he found out that all the tales follow similar structures which can be generalized to explain the tales of various peoples over the world. Such analysis reveals that the characters of different tales, regardless of apparent differences, have constant specific functions according to their role in the tale. The present paper is an attempt at the structural analysis of the tale of “Jamshid and the Sun”, which is one of the most successful lyric tales of Persian literature, and at the study of the functions and their order in each role to determine the degree to which to these functions conform to the roles and self-actions in the story. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Comparative Literature; Orientation. Formation and Innovation
Mehdi MomtahenIt's felicitous to mention that comparative literature is inchoate in the research world. It was born in recent years_19th and zo" century and has started from Europe to East. It's better to say that comparative literature and critical literature run concurrently. This MoreIt's felicitous to mention that comparative literature is inchoate in the research world. It was born in recent years_19th and zo" century and has started from Europe to East. It's better to say that comparative literature and critical literature run concurrently. This coexistence is a prelude of a precious evolution in literature and new schools such as French, American and English. American school is the result of cultural relationship between comparative literature and contemporary one, which the theory is a factor for innovating criticism in comparative literature. There are some theories which have shown that the comparative literature couldn't run with other critical schools concrurrently and rapidly. Thus we are responsible to pay more attention to these schools and study them in special way in inchoate countries and in the world. Manuscript profile -
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102 - A study of Water in of Gaston Bachelard's literary criticism method (With an approach to Kasaie Marvzi)
Behrouz Hassan NezhadGaston Bachelard (1884-1962) who was an epistemologist. philosopher of science and one of the early French structuralists, had created a new method in speech recognition and oration. Poets and writers' depiction has a root in four main elements - water. fire, soil and w MoreGaston Bachelard (1884-1962) who was an epistemologist. philosopher of science and one of the early French structuralists, had created a new method in speech recognition and oration. Poets and writers' depiction has a root in four main elements - water. fire, soil and wind. Majdeddin Abolhassan or Abu Isaac Kasai Marvazi is one of the poets offorth and early fifth centuries. His poems are simple and fluent the concepts are almost objective. tangible and natural. In fact, Kasai is a painter in poetry. Although on ly three hundred of his poetry remains. we can understand his approach to nature especially to water. The present article tries to study the nature elements in Kasai poetry as a traditionalism poet and utilize the literary criticism method of Gaston Bachelard and his ideas in this field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - An Analysis on Forough Farrokhzad's Poetries Based on Archetype
Masoud Pakdel Azadeh SotoudehThe most important expression of Jung's psychoanalysis school is "Archetype". Archetype is instinctive and congenital thoughts and tendencies to the behaviors that human do based on predetermined patterns; in other words they are the images which enter the human's uncon MoreThe most important expression of Jung's psychoanalysis school is "Archetype". Archetype is instinctive and congenital thoughts and tendencies to the behaviors that human do based on predetermined patterns; in other words they are the images which enter the human's unconscious. These thoughts and tendencies represent in religions, myths and literary works. Forough is one of the Iranian famous poets whose poetries are full of archetype because of the sufferings and grieves in her life. The achived outcomes of the present research show that archetypes such as Great Mother, re-born, love and hero are frequently applied in her poetries' hero and Great Mother are more manifestef amongst all. Archetypes denouments many knots and aids the beauthy of the poetry. For instance by understanding love pattern, we realize that love would not be faded in time from Forough's viewpoint; it's immortal and eternal; does not know time and place. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - The Study of Invalid Narrator in Paola Hawkins’s "The girl on the Train"
Lida Davoudi Behzad Pourgharib Abdulbaghi Rezaei TalarposhtiIn narratology, the narrator plays a vital role in making audience trust and believe the story. The present paper, focusing on Shlomith Rimmon- Kenan, discusses Paola Hawkins’s "The girl on the Train" (1927) from the viewpoint of invalidity of its narrator. Based MoreIn narratology, the narrator plays a vital role in making audience trust and believe the story. The present paper, focusing on Shlomith Rimmon- Kenan, discusses Paola Hawkins’s "The girl on the Train" (1927) from the viewpoint of invalidity of its narrator. Based on this theory, the major and fundamental reasons for the invalidity of the narrator rest on the narrator’s limited knowledge, personal intervention in the story, and his/her contradictory valuable criteria through narration. Due to his/her memory weakness, personal conflicts with the characters, complicated and contradictory value judgment regarding the story, he/she presents a biased narration about the story incidents. The findings show that the narration of the story is against the incidents occurring in the story world in such a way that it is impossible not to doubt about the accuracy of the statements. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - The Comparison of Islamic and Hindu Sufism in Jami's Poetry
Roya Ahmad Amarji Ali Eshghi SardehiAlthough Sufism itself was criticism literature origin, Jami's criticism poetry in ninth century changed the path of critical literature toward its source and mystic. The researches of the present paper and Jami's poetry show that his critical views is as the result of MoreAlthough Sufism itself was criticism literature origin, Jami's criticism poetry in ninth century changed the path of critical literature toward its source and mystic. The researches of the present paper and Jami's poetry show that his critical views is as the result of mystic realism conjunction and the will of the government to mysticism in order to acquire legitimacy. The aim of the critical literature was not to be included in Shia movement and verbal thoughts against poetic words or religious or factional prejudice; but it was to critic the Sufi who intended to enter the crown by Sufism rally in order to obtain the political power and control. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - An introduction to imagology Introducing a literary and artistic criticism
Bahman Namvar MotlaqHuman relationships form based on team and individual view points and studying these viewpoints from different aspects are the imagology’s job. This important scientific subject which is the subject of different scientific fields is of special importance in the co MoreHuman relationships form based on team and individual view points and studying these viewpoints from different aspects are the imagology’s job. This important scientific subject which is the subject of different scientific fields is of special importance in the comparative literature. The present article aims to introduce imagology with the literary and artistic criticism and it defines this subject as well as studying for and against ideas. Manuscript profile -
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107 - Comparative Study of Beowulf and Shahnameh from the Ancient Travel Point of View
Darioush HayatiThe present article initially attempts to express a summary on the importance of the myth, its concept, and its relationship with epic and then studies two great epic works – Shahnameh & Beowulf which are the second and third famous epic ones in the world afte MoreThe present article initially attempts to express a summary on the importance of the myth, its concept, and its relationship with epic and then studies two great epic works – Shahnameh & Beowulf which are the second and third famous epic ones in the world after “The Iliad & Odyssey of Homer” from religious and woman point of view. Although the abovementioned novels are from two different nations, cultures and histories, the similarities are more obvious rather than the differences. Both stories are very similar and comparable in religious views, ancient traveling symbols and epic heroes and little similarities about women. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - A Sociological Reading of Akbar Radi’s Melody of the Rainy City and Edward Bond’s The Fool
Sima Farshid Ronak AhmadzadiThe Melody of the Rainy City written by the renowned Iranian playwright Akbar Radi and The Fool written by the controversial British dramatist Edward Bond are discussed in the present article by drawing on sociological criticism to illustrate the similarities MoreThe Melody of the Rainy City written by the renowned Iranian playwright Akbar Radi and The Fool written by the controversial British dramatist Edward Bond are discussed in the present article by drawing on sociological criticism to illustrate the similarities of these playwrights’ outlooks. Both writers are highly concerned with social injustice in the capitalist systems and believe that people’s economic situation determines their way of life, thoughts and behavior. In spite of cultural differences emerging out of living in two different social contexts, Radi and Bond share some ideas over the social problems induced by capitalism, therefore depict such problems as social inequality and the suppression of low classes by the owners of wealth and capital in capitalist societies. They also demonstrate the dependence of people’s behavior and mindset on their social status, and the functioning of ideology and different social institutions in sustaining the power of those who possess money and rule over the society. Manuscript profile -
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109 - A Critical Comparative Analysis of the Character and Statusof Two Ladies in Love;”Helen” in Iliad’s Odyssey and “Manijeh” in Firdaust’s Shahenameh
Muhammad Reza Nasr Esfahani Leila Mir MojarrabianThe great Greek and Iranian epics, “Iliad” and “Shahnameh”, could be studied and compared from different perspectives. One perspective here could be female characters namely Helen the beauty queen and ManijehBanou, Bijan’s lover. Helen is d MoreThe great Greek and Iranian epics, “Iliad” and “Shahnameh”, could be studied and compared from different perspectives. One perspective here could be female characters namely Helen the beauty queen and ManijehBanou, Bijan’s lover. Helen is described by Homer as the most beautiful woman of the world and the wife of Menlaswho falls in love with Paris the son of king Periam the king of Troy and escapes with Paris to Troy after robbing the royal treasury. This prepared the ground for exhausting war between Greece and Troy. Manijeh on the other hand is the daughter of the king of the land of Turan who is in love with Bijan the Iranian brave man and marries him. While Bijan is in trouble she accompanies him to cooperate with the Iranian champion Rostam. Both of these ladies are princesses but one leaves the husband and children for the lover while the other leaves the royal family to stay with the husband. Manuscript profile -
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110 - A Comparative Study of the Critical Ponderations of Qudāme-bin-ja`far, Aristotle and Plato
Abbās MadaniQudāme-bin-Ja`far is one of the brilliant critics of the Abbasid era who applied Aristotle and Plato’s considerations in his critical ponderations and the present article discusses the main reasons which caused the literary men after him to follow h MoreQudāme-bin-Ja`far is one of the brilliant critics of the Abbasid era who applied Aristotle and Plato’s considerations in his critical ponderations and the present article discusses the main reasons which caused the literary men after him to follow his way. Manuscript profile -
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111 - Mozaffar Al Navab and Ali Akbar Dehkhoda’s Satire
Tahereh GoudarziIran and Iraq have had a common destiny according to their political, geographical and religious situations during the twentieth century. They are known as oilfield countries and the foreign and west countries have always had a covet look to them. During the past centu MoreIran and Iraq have had a common destiny according to their political, geographical and religious situations during the twentieth century. They are known as oilfield countries and the foreign and west countries have always had a covet look to them. During the past century, the intelligentsias of these societies have started to criticize the political and social situation of the country which has been caused the combination of social criticism and political issues. Great poets and literati were emerged in that era who have expressed their reforming messages with a new form regarding the mentioned issues. Mozffar Al Navab – an Iraqi poet – and Ali Akbar Dehkhoda – an Iranian poet – were two of these literati and intelligentsia. Manuscript profile -
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112 - A Critical Study of the Translation of Thirty Lyrical Couplets of Hafiz by Ibrahim Amin Al-Shawarebi: A Linguistic Approach
Ali GhahremaniAs a literary-mystical figure, Hafiz Shirazi has been the focus of attention among many poets and literary figures in the Arab world. The employment of such mystical terms as celestial love, cloak, wine, etc. by the Arab poets in their poetry shows the influence of Hafi MoreAs a literary-mystical figure, Hafiz Shirazi has been the focus of attention among many poets and literary figures in the Arab world. The employment of such mystical terms as celestial love, cloak, wine, etc. by the Arab poets in their poetry shows the influence of Hafiz’s thought on the Arab literature. Ibrahim Amin Al-Shawarebi, as an Arabic translator, paved the ground for the familiarization of the Arabs with the Hafiz’s Divan. The Translation of Hafiz’s lyrical poems into Arabic language by Ibrahim Amin Shawarebi is an example of a felicitous and beautiful one in the poetic translation. In this respect, Al-Shawarebi based his work on the translation of Hafiz’s sonnets into prose. In this study, the researcher aims to analyze and criticize his (Ibrahim Amin Shawarebi) translations in the light of linguistic criticism, perception, and understanding through the descriptive and analytical methods. The results showed that there are some misunderstandings in Al-Shawarebi’s translations, although he did his best to provide a careful and meticulous work. Many of these problems originate from the translator’s negligence of the extra linguistic factors, his little attention to the cultural elements of the source language, basing his translation of Persian vocabularies on the linguistic structure of Arabic language, and his ignorance of hidden puns behind the Hafiz’s word. Manuscript profile -
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113 - A Study on Effect of Seasons’ Psychology on Artistic Creation of Ahmad Shamloo & Forough Farrokhzad
Mojtaba Asgharnasab Ibrahim EqbaaliMany intelligentsia and literati have studied poets and authors’ works by various approaches; ipso facto different methods of literary criticism for content analysis and finding hidden and unknown valuable literary works are created. By a perceptive viewpoint, sea MoreMany intelligentsia and literati have studied poets and authors’ works by various approaches; ipso facto different methods of literary criticism for content analysis and finding hidden and unknown valuable literary works are created. By a perceptive viewpoint, seasons’ changes footprint would be found in authors and artists’ works. Ahmad Shamloo and Forough Farrokhzad are famous contemporary poets who were remarkably, psychologically and emotionally affected by seasons and related elements. Thus the present paper aims to study the psychological effects of seasons on artistic works’ creation. It also enables us to survey Shamloo and Farrokhzad’s content analysis psychologically. Precise study of the mentioned works show that effect of seasons and related elements such as various colors, coldness and warmth have great manifestation on both poets’ creativity. Manuscript profile -
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114 - An Analysis on Interdiscourse conflicts in Hafiz's Poetries
Seyyed Hossein Jafari Saeed Zohrehvand Ali HeidariOne of the subjects which effects and plays a vital role in Hafiz's interpretation and is not paid attention too much is the conflicts in his words and poetries. These conflicts are researchable from two aspects: initially from couplets and single concepts and secondly MoreOne of the subjects which effects and plays a vital role in Hafiz's interpretation and is not paid attention too much is the conflicts in his words and poetries. These conflicts are researchable from two aspects: initially from couplets and single concepts and secondly from intertextuality point of view. The first group conflicts are the ones which are simple and is seen in many poets' works but the intertextual conflicts are of specific characteristics of Hafiz poetries. There are many intertextual conflicts in Hafiz poetry; some of them are critical – social, verbal and religious – ethical. The present article studies the origins of the mentioned conflicts as well as birth of a special discourse called love discourse which studies ideological conflict with rival. The method is discourse analysis. Manuscript profile -
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115 - A study on Imam Sajjad’s Personality in Farzadaq According to Gordon Allport's Viewpoint
Mansoureh Sadat Taleb Alhaq Fariborz Hosseinjanzadeh Mohammad JafariPraise is one of the poetic purposes by which poets introduce themselves and their beloved to the people to keep in memories. Farzadaq is one of the poets of the Umayyad era who has been known as a Shiite poet throughout history. He dedicated his ode in p MorePraise is one of the poetic purposes by which poets introduce themselves and their beloved to the people to keep in memories. Farzadaq is one of the poets of the Umayyad era who has been known as a Shiite poet throughout history. He dedicated his ode in praise of Imam Sajjad who was a contemporary with him and introduced Imam's character. Farzadagh's method in the mentioned ode is very close to Gordon Allport's theory in the field of psychology. Thus this paper decides to compare and contrast Farzadagh's personality style in Meymeh's ode with Gordon Allport's theory. Psychology as one of the humanities branches is subject to the relevant literature in many respects and the need for joint research between two categories is felt. In this article the author examines the ode's text of Meymeh by Farzadagh with a psychoanalytic critique approach which is known as the eulogy of Imam Sajjad in order to achieve the main purpose of the poet amongst all literary lexicons. Manuscript profile -
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116 - A Study and Critique of the Narrations of Adam’s Story with the Theme of Israʼiliyyat in the Interpretive Approach of the Monhaj Al Sadeqin
Mina Shamkhi Mohammad Javad NajafiNumerous Israʼiliyyat which had entered the field of Islamic culture found their way to commentaries by the beginning of compiling commentaries era and Shiite commentaries were not immune to this phenomenon, The first question in this article is what was the method of S MoreNumerous Israʼiliyyat which had entered the field of Islamic culture found their way to commentaries by the beginning of compiling commentaries era and Shiite commentaries were not immune to this phenomenon, The first question in this article is what was the method of Shiite commentators’ confrontation and its roots. It can be said that the approach of Shiite commentators to Israeli narrations has not been the same. The origins of the interpretive approach to accepting such narrations can be: one, avoiding examining the authenticity of narrations and the other avoiding semantic analysis and presenting them for definite narrative and rational reasons. The present study is a library method that has studied the mentioned issue based on Quran and hadiths with a qualitative approach and applying documentary and textual analysis methods. The Shiite commentary "Monhaj al-Sadeqin fi ilzam al-Makhlefin" was written by Mullah Fathullah Kashani and followed by commentary of Abu al-Futuh Razi, it is the best and most comprehensive Persian commentary ever written according to some scholars. In the above interpretation, the Israeli narrations are seen to be studied. Manuscript profile -
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117 - Validation of the Hadiths of the Virtues of Preserving the Quran in Shia Sources
zahra chenani mina shamkhi ghasem bostaniNumerous hadiths about the preservation of the Qur'an, the value and status of preservers, which have encouraging themes and motivate believers to memorize and recite the Qur'anic verses and act on it, have been found in the Shi'a narrative sources of infallible Shi'a. MoreNumerous hadiths about the preservation of the Qur'an, the value and status of preservers, which have encouraging themes and motivate believers to memorize and recite the Qur'anic verses and act on it, have been found in the Shi'a narrative sources of infallible Shi'a. These narratives are collected in most narrative and commentary societies. But the authenticity of these narrations and therefore the validity of their texts are not the same, and no general verdict can be made. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method, gathering information in a library-based manner, focusing solely on Shiite sources, focusing its study on the most important hadith societies and looking briefly at the history of this science and the developments it has gone through. , Has examined this, and shows that although some of the virtues of preserving the Qur'an are correct in content or in the authenticity of their document, this is not a reason for their correctness and relies solely on the document or text for correction. A news does not mean that it is correct. Whether or not the correct document is incorporated into the correct text may either imply unacceptable meaning or disagree with texts that have stronger truth implications. There were such problems in the hadiths studied that made them inaccurate and difficult to accept. Of course, although most of the hadiths of the virtues of preserving the Qur'an were weak, the Shi'a hadiths are legally bound to do so. Manuscript profile -
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118 - Examining the aesthetics of Al-Muzzammil and Al- Muddaththir surahs on the based of formalist critique
kaveh rahimi Hossein abavisaniFormalist criticism as the most prominent critical areas of the 20th century is one of new methods of criticism the main focus of which is the appearance of literary texts. This article is based on the school of formalism after examining the amount of literature the sur MoreFormalist criticism as the most prominent critical areas of the 20th century is one of new methods of criticism the main focus of which is the appearance of literary texts. This article is based on the school of formalism after examining the amount of literature the surahs are Al-Muzzammil and Al- Muddaththir And from the point of view of the principles of that criticism it seeks to diccover the beauty of the mentioned surahs and he is trying to provide a clearer view of the apparent wonders work and their effects in conveying meaning to the audienc. The importance of this essay is trying to prove that religious texts especially surahs Al-Muzzammil and Al- Muddaththir although they seek specific concepts but according to the school of formalism they are not devoid of literary beauties. This research has studied the form and content of Suras Muzzammil and Muddaththir descriptively- analytically based on the principles and foundations of the school of formalism And with the aim of discovering the formal components and explaining the degree of the verses and its role in conveying the content and influencing the Manuscript profile -
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119 - Multivalent and precise verses and experts in knowledge from Imam Ali's point of view
Reza Rostami Zadeh Majid KhazaieMultivalent and precise verses are among the most important issues in Quranic subjects which have always been a matter of dispute and argument by Islamic scientists and interpreters; almost twenty different ideas and views about the concept and evidence of Quranic multi MoreMultivalent and precise verses are among the most important issues in Quranic subjects which have always been a matter of dispute and argument by Islamic scientists and interpreters; almost twenty different ideas and views about the concept and evidence of Quranic multivalent and precise verses and the position of experts in knowledge have been offered: some of them can be criticized and some are similar or the same. The present article tries to study the background of the abovementioned subjects shortly and provide the Islamic scientists' as well as ImamAli's view about multivalent and precise verses. Manuscript profile -
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120 - A Critical Study of Orientalists’ Views on Distortion as Addition in the Holy Quran
Ebrahim Eghbal Farzad DehghaniDistortion is an issue that questions the originality and credibility of any book or mode of discourse. Attributing distortion to the Holy Quran has the same negative implications. One instance of the latest claims of distortion in the Holy Quran is that of addition, wh MoreDistortion is an issue that questions the originality and credibility of any book or mode of discourse. Attributing distortion to the Holy Quran has the same negative implications. One instance of the latest claims of distortion in the Holy Quran is that of addition, which is not so long standing, as older scholars had mainly discussed such claims as incompleteness and change. However, in the last two centuries, orientalists have spread this specific claim, referring to as much as ten verses. This claim is based on the orientalists’ understanding of the Holy Quran’s texture, style, and content, in addition to their dependence on some sources on Islamic tradition, exegesis, and history. These claims are readily refutable relying on the same sources that have inspired such assertions. The present article attempts to critically analyze half of these so-called theories, in order to reassert the undisputable infallibility of the Holy Quran. Manuscript profile -
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121 - Re-reading the hypothesis of proof with the hypothesis of the evolution of types and its relation with the approach of Holy Quran
Hamid RezaniaExplaining the relationship between science and religion has a particular importance to many thinkers; Although many of the controversies involve only Christianity, some of the scientific achievements have challenged the common beliefs of other religions. Like Darwin's MoreExplaining the relationship between science and religion has a particular importance to many thinkers; Although many of the controversies involve only Christianity, some of the scientific achievements have challenged the common beliefs of other religions. Like Darwin's claims about the creation of man who considers his origin not in the soil but in the humanoid animal, and almost interprets the process of creation in a completely different way, it can be considered a challenge to the heavenly religions. Unfortunately, so far, no comprehensive research has been conducted on the Qur'an's view of how living beings were created; To find out whether the Qur'an considers creation as repulsion or gradual and evolutionary? In this article, as appropriate, the hypothesis of the evolution of types and critique of the principles and conflicts between science and religion, which is thought to be Darwin's hypothesis and his followers, and the proposed solution to resolve the conflict based on the view of experts are discussed. The issue of conflict between science and religion with the emergence of Darwinism took different forms in which scholars have various reflections in it; in the meantime, the claim of this article is that the proof or non-proof of it cannot be attributed to the Qur'an with certainty. Manuscript profile -
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122 - Tafsir-al-Mizan and criteria of criticism
Seyed Reza Moosavi Meysam TaramTafsir-al-Mizan has been able to explain many ambiguities from the divine verses by use of' 'Qoran by Qoran commentary" and drawing out divine purposes by virtue of compatible verses and dedicate one of the most incomparable commentaries to the world of Islam.One of the MoreTafsir-al-Mizan has been able to explain many ambiguities from the divine verses by use of' 'Qoran by Qoran commentary" and drawing out divine purposes by virtue of compatible verses and dedicate one of the most incomparable commentaries to the world of Islam.One of the prominent features of " Alrnizan" is Allame Tabatabaei.s criticism methods in comparison to the commentary of the other commentators that in this article the writer has tried to investigate the criticism types by studying more than half of the book.Allame Tabatabaei has criticized the other cornmentator.s outlook and commentative traditions by use of criteria such as.incompatibility with the appearance of the verses.incompatibility with the top and bottom of theverses.use of verse order.use of syntax and etymology rules.use of history.recognizing the origin of the verses (from Mecca and Medina) and critisising absolutism of experimental science. In this text it has been mentioned to Allame.s view point in the case of "Qoran language" as the basic subject in the commentary and criticizing the other views and also to . 'the lack of reasonability of Qoran appearance" that I by mistake.t has been ascribed to all narrators. Manuscript profile -
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123 - Intertextuality of Poetries by Akhtal with Holy Quran
Hamid Motevallizadeh Naeini Reza Afkhami Aqda Rahmatollah Heidari Maneshintertextuality is one of the important topics in literary criticism, a theory in order to read the literary text more deeply and achieve its unspoken. According to this theory, any text, consciously or unconsciously, is the birth and re-reading of pre- or contemporary Moreintertextuality is one of the important topics in literary criticism, a theory in order to read the literary text more deeply and achieve its unspoken. According to this theory, any text, consciously or unconsciously, is the birth and re-reading of pre- or contemporary texts. The Holy Quran is one of the texts with which the poems of many poets have been linked; One of these poets is the famous poet of the Umayyad era, who has used Qur'anic interpretations and concepts in his poems in a very artistic and creative way and has made his poems extremely attractive and effective. The present study aims to explain the types of Quranic intertextual examples by Akhtal by analytical – descriptive method to analyze the types of intertextual relationships in the poems extracted from him with the Quran. Review of Akhtal poems prove that sometimes he uses the content or meaning of a verse or verses from the Holy Quran as his source of inspiration, and sometimes he uses Quranic verses in the structure of sentences and music of verses, and sometimes he refers to Quranic stories to his literary work as an attribute of holiness and permanence. Manuscript profile -
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124 - Analysis and Criticize of Dr. Soha’s Theory on Doubt of Discrimination of Women in Understanding Verse 32 of Nisa Surah
Hasan Khalili Sadra Alipoor Reza Mirzaee Maleki Yousef Moqaddasithe word "discrimination" has always been considered by groups of people in society, the feelings of discriminators have struggled with discrimination and inequality in various ways. The issue of gender discrimination has been a focus of concern in the past and has inte Morethe word "discrimination" has always been considered by groups of people in society, the feelings of discriminators have struggled with discrimination and inequality in various ways. The issue of gender discrimination has been a focus of concern in the past and has intensified with the growth of feminist schools over the past decades. In the past few years, a person nicknamed Dr. Soha, by writing the book "Critique of the Qur'an" and publishing it in real and virtual websites, has created suspicions that all kinds of discrimination, including discrimination against women, are allowed in the Qur'an. The focus of this article is the Qur'anic response to the "suspicion of discrimination against women" which Soha attributed to the Qur'an based on verse 32 of Nisa Surah. This article, which uses the method of content analysis and organized library studies, while responding to this suspicion, has concluded that the suspicions created by Soha, has fundamental forms and the verses of the Qur'an have fought against all forms of discrimination and injustice and explained just programs for humanity, especially in social and family relations. Manuscript profile -
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125 - Seeing moon in the current era
sedighe Mosadegh sedghiDeterm ining the first day of lunar months is all important thing to do specially tor performing religious duties.So determining the first day of' 'shavwa" has the great importance in comparison to the other months due to being dubious about do.ng two obligatory and for MoreDeterm ining the first day of lunar months is all important thing to do specially tor performing religious duties.So determining the first day of' 'shavwa" has the great importance in comparison to the other months due to being dubious about do.ng two obligatory and forbidden things-fasting on the last day of Ramadan and breaking: it on the first day of Shavwal.Determining the first day ofShavwal is one of the religious subjects and it is the duty of followers of that rei igion but due to being unable to investigate personally in this field.they usually refer to their religious authorities The jurists and astronomers have constantly attempted in the field of determining the first day of Shavwal Regarding the credit that lmamye jurisprudence has given to the meditative method and referring to the experts in all fields.v.e can nut neglect the importance of jurisprudence and astronomy cooperation on determining the first day of Shavwal. l ndeed.astronorners opinions can be :11 the service of religious authorities to lessen the probability of error.The current research is tr) ing to pace "long with these two sciences while offering solutions trorn jurisprudence and astronomy science. Manuscript profile -
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126 - Meta-poetry in Contemporary Arabic Poetry
hosein taktabar Rewaa MaawnaThis article aims to show that the poet is the son of his environment, and his tools and poetic themes must stem from that environment, whether he likes it or not. Our goal is to study the civilizational development and its impact on the poet's thought and the impact of MoreThis article aims to show that the poet is the son of his environment, and his tools and poetic themes must stem from that environment, whether he likes it or not. Our goal is to study the civilizational development and its impact on the poet's thought and the impact of social, political and economic life, that most of the poetry was speaking about the life lived by the poet and the extent of its impact on the poet and society in general.We also note that the study of concepts, terms and meanings has dominated a wide area in Arab and non-Arab criticism, and each group is interested in presenting the juice of their thought about a specific meaning.In this article, we relied on the thematic, semantic and semiotic approach, on a careful consideration of the deep, not superficial, transformations taking place in Arabic poetry, which can be included in the section of modernity. Poetry and how to choose poetic tools and how to use themThis thesis is distinguished from others in that it dealt with metacharism by addressing Arab poets from several countries and different social conditions, cultures and religions that had not previously been collected in similar previous studies.The findings of this thesis in studying several fields of poets of the modern era by renewing the language in the light of a new experience and a new understanding of the poet's life and experience. Manuscript profile -
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127 - The development of children's literature in the three decades following the Islamic revolution based on historical criticism
Maryam Alkhatib Ali Asghar BabasalarThe Literature, in its development journey, is subject to historical, social and cultural conditions, and children's and adolescent literature in Iran is no exception. After the Islamic Revolution, children's literature expanded and became more popular. More attention w MoreThe Literature, in its development journey, is subject to historical, social and cultural conditions, and children's and adolescent literature in Iran is no exception. After the Islamic Revolution, children's literature expanded and became more popular. More attention was given to criticism of children's literature. The historical criticism or Biocritical is considered one of the important theories in literary criticism because any literary work is linked to historic conditions. Therefore, we aim to analyze the works of five authors of this literature during the three decades that followed the Islamic Revolution. This is based on the opinions of major critics who adopted this method of criticism, such as Ditchz, Guerin, Emami, Zarin Kobb, etc. Based on the descriptive-analytical approach, we show the impact of historical events on the development of children's literature in the first three decades that followed the revolution. The results show that historical events and special circumstances have affected the writers' lives, and this influence was reflected in the text and content of their stories. The Revolution and war affected the first decade stories. The second decade's stories reflected the economic and social issues left by the war. The third-decade stories turned to a world more specialized in childhood literature. This world is characterized by creativity, beauty, imagination, and learning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - Critical Discourse Analysis of Chicago by Alaa Aswani based on Norman Fairclough's theory
ولی بهاروند نعیم عموری پروین خلیلیThe critical discourse analysis is one of the new trends examining the social dimensions of discourse. In this approach, discourse is examined in the context of the social situation contained in the text. One of its pioneers is Norman Fairclough, whose interest in criti MoreThe critical discourse analysis is one of the new trends examining the social dimensions of discourse. In this approach, discourse is examined in the context of the social situation contained in the text. One of its pioneers is Norman Fairclough, whose interest in critical discourse analysis is related to language and society. This approach is based on three levels: description, Interpretation and explanation. Chicago novel is one of the most famous modern Egyptian ones by Alaa al-Aswani, which discusses Egyptian issues in a premodern context. In this article, we examine the critical analysis of Alaa al-Aswani's novel "Chicago" based on three levels of Norman Fairclough's theory in a descriptive-analytical manner. The results show that words and structures such as; pronouns and adverbs,and the type of news and composition sentences play an important role in the novel's discourse and events. The level of Interpretation, the context of the discourse and the type of ideology in the text show us that Aswani criticizes colonial countries such as the United States and the dictatorial regime of Egypt, and points out that Egypt is the center of a great civilization. The author reflects on the level of domination and ideology in the text, and the most important ideology in this novel is the critique of US intervention in the Middle East and Egypt, as well as the dictatorial regime of Hosni Mubarak supported by the United States. He also discusses other issues such as; Westernization of intellectuals, racism, dictatorship, poverty, and authoritarianism . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - A Research on Al Jedariyah Ode by Mahmoud Darvish Stylistic from Russian Formalism Point of View
Rasool Balawi Alireza SheikhianiStylistic is a branch of modern linguistic which surveys and analyzes the literary styles and technical methods. Formalism school is one of important modern approaches in stylistics. Russian formalisms believe that only the style (frame) can determine the meaning and th MoreStylistic is a branch of modern linguistic which surveys and analyzes the literary styles and technical methods. Formalism school is one of important modern approaches in stylistics. Russian formalisms believe that only the style (frame) can determine the meaning and the concept of the context. Mahmoud Darvish – Palestinian poet – is one of the poets who worked in modernism style. He could present his thoughts and concepts in an attractive and gorgeous structure. This article studies Al Jedariyah ode which presents frame and content simultaneously. The present paper attempts to depict the vocal and verbal criteria of the mentioned ode in descriptive – analytical method from Russian formalisms point of view. The most important outcome of the survey is that the stated ode presents itself in the most beautiful frame and format. Darvish was trying to develop the formalism style and that's why various rhythms and rhymes could be found in his ode. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - An Analysis on Taha Hussein’s Discourse in his “With Abu al-ʿAla in his Prison” Book
Narjes Tohidifar Saeed AsadiDiscourse is the most important humanistic interpretation of relationship between himself and the world. Egyptian Taha Hussein enjoys various methods of discourse in his works pleasantly which is manifested in his book titled “With Abu al-ʿAla in his Prison” MoreDiscourse is the most important humanistic interpretation of relationship between himself and the world. Egyptian Taha Hussein enjoys various methods of discourse in his works pleasantly which is manifested in his book titled “With Abu al-ʿAla in his Prison” specifically. The subject of the mentioned book is literary criticism but the author does not continue in accordance with the subject; he tries to enter Abu al-ʿAla’s prison and understand his situation deeply. Taha enjoys the melodious addressing method as well as psychological criticism which motivated readers’ emotions and encourages them to keep on reading on the other hand. The present research attempts to survey the discourse application quality and its various methods in the abovementioned book with descriptive – analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - A Study on Chicago Novel by Alaa Al-Aswany Based on Big Reality Theory by György Lukács
Mahmoud Reza Tavakkoli Mohammadi Mohammad Ali AzarshabNumerous ideas and theories on literature have been studied in contemporary era. Many theorists of this field believe in the relationship between literature and other sciences specifically social sciences, psychologies and political sciences. György Lukács w MoreNumerous ideas and theories on literature have been studied in contemporary era. Many theorists of this field believe in the relationship between literature and other sciences specifically social sciences, psychologies and political sciences. György Lukács was affected by Marxist ideas and thoughts of Karl Marx and propounded literature’s social criticism. According to this theory in the studying process, the attention shouldn’t be paid exclusively from its literary viewpoint, but also the critic of the literary work should study the literary work in order to discover the relationship between literature and society. Lukács’s theory is based on form and content criticism and he determines some criteria for it: social content, sample, reality and cause and effect relation. Lukács called reality in his theory “Big Reality” in this field and some characteristics proposed for it: actual reality or victory of reality, critical reality and literature publicity. The present research which is based on descriptive – analytical method, intends to study “Chicago” novel by Alaa Al-Aswany – contemporary Egyptian author – based on Lukács’s “Big Reality” theory and describe his success. The results show Al-Aswany could study some social issues relating Egyptian intellectuals who live abroad (Egypt); but he interferes his own viewpoints and ideologies and kept aloof of what Lukács calls “Big Reality”. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Jabra and Short Story
Hussein Shams Abadi Mohammad JahanbinThe present article studies the short stories by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra the Iraqi writer who was born in Palestine. He is among the neo-writers of Arabic literature concerning poetry, translation, criticism and novel. His collection “Ergh and other Stories” is MoreThe present article studies the short stories by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra the Iraqi writer who was born in Palestine. He is among the neo-writers of Arabic literature concerning poetry, translation, criticism and novel. His collection “Ergh and other Stories” is one of his first experiences in story writing. His stories seem to be an introduction or a conclusion to his novel which was inspired by romantic literature and mixes romanticism, realism and symbolism. Jabra writes from the breadth of his imagination until reality is revealed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Comparative Study on Critical Realism in French and Arabic Contemporary Novels
Peyman Salehi Malek Abdi Parvin Khalili Afsaneh JarastCritical realism school which explains and expresses the fact of a society was initially manifested in France. Since this school mostly manifested in novels in one hand and Naguib Mahfouz – founder of Egypt modern novelist – and Romain Rolland – famous MoreCritical realism school which explains and expresses the fact of a society was initially manifested in France. Since this school mostly manifested in novels in one hand and Naguib Mahfouz – founder of Egypt modern novelist – and Romain Rolland – famous French writer – had critical realism method in fictional literature on the other hand, the present paper studies the critical realism process in "Palace Walk" by Naguib Mahfouz and "Pierre et Luce" by Romain Rolland in descriptive – analytical method. Both are the novels based on France and Egypt's events during 1914 to 1919 – years of World War I. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Critical Study of Orientalists Roles in Rejecting Arabic Language's Diacritics
Ahmad Pasha Zanous Vahid MirzaeiDiacritics are the most significant and the oldest features of Arabic language which allocates great part of lingual and syntactic researches and not only has not remained hidden but also has been studied and surveyed which has been resulted in presenting various ideas. MoreDiacritics are the most significant and the oldest features of Arabic language which allocates great part of lingual and syntactic researches and not only has not remained hidden but also has been studied and surveyed which has been resulted in presenting various ideas. Some orientalists ignore diacritics in Arabic language. Another group agree the originality of diacritics in the mentioned language. Thus the present article studies the Arabic orientalists' ideas who ignored diacritics and continues by expressing moderate orientalists and contemporary linguists. All efforts to ignore diacritics have been failed. Basic researches in this field show that orientalists' idea is this regard is invalid and Arabic language owns diacritics aspect. The method is descriptive – analytical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - A Study on hope and Dissappointment in "ذاکرة الجسد" Novel by Ahlem Mosteghanemi based on Social Criticism
Reza Nazemian Reza Jalili Gilandeh"ذاکرة الجسد" is a realistic novel in a way the author is affected by Algerian society in writing it, the present article decides to study hope and disappointment elements by emphasizing social criticism in the mentioned novel. Thus it tries to discover the relationship More"ذاکرة الجسد" is a realistic novel in a way the author is affected by Algerian society in writing it, the present article decides to study hope and disappointment elements by emphasizing social criticism in the mentioned novel. Thus it tries to discover the relationship between the society and literature and to find out the effect of literature on Algerian society. Disappointment manifests in three frameworks in the novel: failure in love, inappropriate political and social conditions and cultural poverty in a way that the author criticizes cultural and social conditions as well as unfair division of income in Algeria. On the other hand “Khlid Bin Toubal” the main character of the novel prefers inattention to bad and disappointing news while his inattention makes him disappointed completely and finds out Algeria’s problems and challenges after his country’s dependence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Features of Passive Critics in Arabic Literature
Ali Sayadani Mohammad Saleh Sharif Asgari Mehdi ShafaeiMost of the researches do not differentiate between intuitive critic and passive one – in the field of features, applications and methods. This critical school is called emotional or passive critics which emphasizes aesthetics. Thus sensitivity is not the only app MoreMost of the researches do not differentiate between intuitive critic and passive one – in the field of features, applications and methods. This critical school is called emotional or passive critics which emphasizes aesthetics. Thus sensitivity is not the only appliance to wisdom but is a mean to inspire happiness or unhappiness feeling. Consequently the passive (critical) school is the result of action and reaction between art and sensation. The most important feature is responding the reader’s dreams, feelings and emotions. The present article is to study the passive critical features in the Arabic Literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Literary Criticism in the Abbasid Era
Mohammad Bagher AlhosseiniThe Abbasid Era has been the period of florescence of the Islamic culture and civilization. Literature was of great contention in this era.The present article studies the relationship between translation and literary criticism which resulted in changes in the basic theo MoreThe Abbasid Era has been the period of florescence of the Islamic culture and civilization. Literature was of great contention in this era.The present article studies the relationship between translation and literary criticism which resulted in changes in the basic theories of literary criticism by critics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Critical Criteria in Seven Elements of Poetries (Comparative Analysis)
Mohammad Etemadi Rahim Ansari PourSince the expressed ideas in poetry creation and the image forms in reader's mind are not enough to rise up the poetry to the highest point, western critics consider seven features and facts for poetries which then entered Arabic critics; thus the artistic aspect could MoreSince the expressed ideas in poetry creation and the image forms in reader's mind are not enough to rise up the poetry to the highest point, western critics consider seven features and facts for poetries which then entered Arabic critics; thus the artistic aspect could be manifested in the best way. Obviously these features are different in each poem and poet's taste; while they are different from person to person or even from one society to another. The mentioned features stand beside seven elements which are language of poetry, artistic experience, poetic emotion, effort's level, complexity degree of poetry, music and form balance and the application of these features determine the goodness of a poem. The method of the present paper is analytical – descriptive. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Local Policy in Bahar and al-Rosafi poetry
Moosa Bayat Seyyed Fazlollah Mir GhaderiPoets and scholars played a great role in enlightening people and making them familiar with Mashroote Revolution and the political events related to Capitalism. Muhammad Taghi Bahar and Ma’roof Rosafi are two poets who were committed to their land and nation. Both MorePoets and scholars played a great role in enlightening people and making them familiar with Mashroote Revolution and the political events related to Capitalism. Muhammad Taghi Bahar and Ma’roof Rosafi are two poets who were committed to their land and nation. Both became the members of parliament and both were Journalists and did their best in defending their nation and opposing Capitalism and Colonialism. The present article initially reviews two poets’ lives, their political activities, and then a comparative study on their literature and poetry which were in the field of parliament and law. They have criticized the politicians, ministers and rulers clearly and had no fear in their criticism. The paper is based on the American school. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Classicism and Renaissance; Challenges and Achievements
Sadat Ashkevar Seyed SoleymanClassicism is the first literary school that emerged in Europe after the great scientific movement in the 16th century A.D. and tried to revive the old literature of Greece and Latin considering the technical and humanistic themes in that era. Literary societi MoreClassicism is the first literary school that emerged in Europe after the great scientific movement in the 16th century A.D. and tried to revive the old literature of Greece and Latin considering the technical and humanistic themes in that era. Literary societies like Divan and Apolo in the east and the society of writers and Andolosian group in the west in opposition to the classicism of Baroodi, Shoughi, Manfalooti, and others to make literature and poetry independent, and relying on the internal coherence, experience, poetic image and nature centered. such views revolved the mentalities towards poetry and literature greatly that the emergence of literary schools like romanticism, symbolism, realism and the emergence of new poetry in all its types were of its results. Manuscript profile -
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141 - A Goldmannian Structural Study of Al-Hayy al-LatiniNovel
Hamed Sedghi Abdollah Hoseini Ansar SalimiNezhadThe present article studies the different aspects of Paris in the Lebanese novel in general and in Suhayl Idris’s Al-Hayy al-Latini in particular as a sample. This study examines the protagonist and al-Idrisi’s views of Paris as a beautiful western city and MoreThe present article studies the different aspects of Paris in the Lebanese novel in general and in Suhayl Idris’s Al-Hayy al-Latini in particular as a sample. This study examines the protagonist and al-Idrisi’s views of Paris as a beautiful western city and as one of the symbols of civilization and culture in modern Arabic literature. Whether the world is considered to be a psychological model or the symbol of a collective wholeor even a behavioralexample, all these concepts rely in their different forms on the necessity of analyzing man’s behavior and outcome based on a holistic view.This article attempts to apply the Romanian Lucien Goldmann’s views of external and foreign worlds to Suhail Idris’s views in Al-Hayy al-Latini. In sum, it could be concluded that Idris in this novel belongs to progressive socialism and reflects rebellion and insurgence through the protagonist all through the novel. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - A Study on Critical Realism Manifestation in Resistance Poetries by Majid Al-Barghouthi
Katayoun Fallahi Masoud Bavan Pouri Parvin KhaliliRealism is in fact the real life drama of human society and surveying the existing facts and issues. In the present world, most of poets and authors of realism – critical school have studied colonialist countries such as the United States and Zionist Regime to exp MoreRealism is in fact the real life drama of human society and surveying the existing facts and issues. In the present world, most of poets and authors of realism – critical school have studied colonialist countries such as the United States and Zionist Regime to express their despoilment which caused to create valuable artistic and literary works. The mentioned issue became more remarkable in Arabic contemporary literature after Palestine concern and has affected many contemporary poets. One of those contemporary poets was Majid Al-Barghouthi who was familiar with western language and culture and critical realism manifests in his works notably. He was fan of Islamic nation and government which were oppressed by the United States and Zionist Regime. The present paper intends to study the manifestation of social – critical realism in resistance poetry with descriptive – analytical method. The results show that he surveyed the political, historical, social and cultural aspects of Palestine's poverty, prisoners and homeless' pain and suffer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Cultural criticism of Nizar Qabbani based on Abdullah Mohammed Alghazami method
Waleed saedi nasabCultural Criticism is one of the new – emerged schools amongst the post – structuralism schools. This school was born in 1964 and initially by the Birmingham group but its spread goes back to 1991. The present paper attempts to introduce this school as MoreCultural Criticism is one of the new – emerged schools amongst the post – structuralism schools. This school was born in 1964 and initially by the Birmingham group but its spread goes back to 1991. The present paper attempts to introduce this school as well as studying it from one of the outstanding critics' point of view - Abdullah Mohammed Alghazami – and criticizing some of Nizar Qabbani's works. Manuscript profile -
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144 - Literary Criticism: Preference and Comparison
Meysam TaromDue to the existence of different criticism criteria in different eras, the critics have applied different and sometimes opposing methods in literary criticism. The present article studies the popular methods of literary criticism and the evolution of one special method MoreDue to the existence of different criticism criteria in different eras, the critics have applied different and sometimes opposing methods in literary criticism. The present article studies the popular methods of literary criticism and the evolution of one special method which has been called preference in some era and comparison in some other era. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Studying Critics in Taha Hussein works
Marziyeh Kohandel jahromi Gholamreza karimifardTaha Hussein played a vital role in cultural life of Egypt. He had studied the political, cultural and mental issues by new view and logical approach. Taha Hussein had close relationship with his contemporary literates and his aim was to modify many aspects of Egyptian MoreTaha Hussein played a vital role in cultural life of Egypt. He had studied the political, cultural and mental issues by new view and logical approach. Taha Hussein had close relationship with his contemporary literates and his aim was to modify many aspects of Egyptian lives. Studying his life shows that his scientific activities have been started by literary criticism of modern critical views which caused a modern critical school in Arabic literature. The present paper attempts to survey critic and its position in his works of art. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Sociology Applications of “Cloudy Years” and “The Grapes of Wrath” Emphasizing Formative Criticism
Leila Soltani Abdolhossein Farzad Amirhossein MahoziFormative and structuralism criticism approach by Lucien Goldmann (1913-1970) is contemporary anthropocentric issues. This theory tries to discover hidden predominant rules on all human relations. The main aim of Goldmann by criticism is achieving work’s ideology MoreFormative and structuralism criticism approach by Lucien Goldmann (1913-1970) is contemporary anthropocentric issues. This theory tries to discover hidden predominant rules on all human relations. The main aim of Goldmann by criticism is achieving work’s ideology and it’s relation with a specific social group. “The Grapes of Wrath” novel by John Steinbeck criticizes injustice and inequality in America’s labor society and economic crisis and depression. The mentioned novel owns many similarities with “Cloudy Years” novel by Darvishian which has precise viewpoint to poor classes in Reza Khaan era focusing labor literature and sociological damages in order to reform poor people’s lives. The main difference between “Cloudy Years” and “The Grapes of Wrath” is the complete description of problematic characters’ lives which is not in “The Grapes of Wrath” and just part of their lives are brought. Thus “Cloudy Years” is an expressive document of the proletariat life in delicate era of pre Islamic revolution battle. “Cloudy Years” expresses long and hazardous path of needy people and the way they become informed; since the heroes of “The Grapes of Wrath” are at the beginning of their class understanding. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Mythical Beinamatni in Amal Danghal,s poem
Hosien Mirzaie Seyed Ebrahim Arman‘’Beinamatni’’ is one of the subjects which was known by the name of ‘’Tazmin’’. This new concept was offererd Julia Kristipha .She took this concept from the concept of polyphony which the Russian critic and thi More‘’Beinamatni’’ is one of the subjects which was known by the name of ‘’Tazmin’’. This new concept was offererd Julia Kristipha .She took this concept from the concept of polyphony which the Russian critic and thinker, Michael Bachtin, observed it. Eventually Beinamatni becamed widespread and as a new critical phenomenon was taken into consideration and was spread about in the literature of Europe. Following the publicity of this new literal phenomenon in the West,Arabian literary men also observed it after getting more familiar with the literature of Europe. If we observe the origin of this new critical subject in Arabic literature, we will find out this subject is a new term of the old literal and critical phenomenon. Amal Danghal is one of the literary men who enjoys this critical subject a lot. Beinamatni in the poem of Amal Danghal is cliché and influencial element.For he enjoys mythical Beinamatni and explains the realities of his time.This research considers the subject of Beinamatni, the mythical Beinamatni and its usage in the poem of Amal Danghal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Concept of Security in Theory (Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism, Criticism)
shahram askari hesn Ebrahim Anoosheh niloofarsadat emraniAbstract The present research aims to analyze the concept of security in Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism and Critical theories over the past time periods and the process of traditional theories development hitherto. Thinkers and politicians in particular conjecture MoreAbstract The present research aims to analyze the concept of security in Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism and Critical theories over the past time periods and the process of traditional theories development hitherto. Thinkers and politicians in particular conjecture strongly that the traditional concept of security is the purpose of the states, first and foremost, for their protection and survival in utmost self-help. The approach towards the element of security exists in the form of traditional assumptions of international relations steeped in military nature, military equipment and the dominant pessimistic perception. Thereupon achievement of absolute security has been prevailed among traditional theories, but the researcher believes that as the time goes by, Liberalism dominates and then subjectivist approaches develop, therefore the fixed meaning of security defined in terms of traditions and Realism no longer exists. Thus the concept of security undergoes changes when redefined. Meanwhile, its scope of meaning has been broadened in the form of different new concepts. By investigating the topics and opinions of the above four approaches thinkers as well as the data and the findings, this study aims to answer the following question, “To what extent has the concept of security undergone changes in the course of development of these four approaches? The provisional answer indicates that security in these approaches encompassing different ontology and epistemology methodologies in the course of time includes a variety of subject areas from new subjects with different interpretations. Manuscript profile -
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149 - Revolutionary Seminary (Hawzeh), Maintaining the Islamic Republic of Iran Regime
مسعود پورفردUndoubtedly, seminaries have stood by and are standing by the Islamic regimes as to their inherent features and main function; role of religious reference authorities, seminary scholars and clerics has been an avant-garde and forerunning role in the past century, partic MoreUndoubtedly, seminaries have stood by and are standing by the Islamic regimes as to their inherent features and main function; role of religious reference authorities, seminary scholars and clerics has been an avant-garde and forerunning role in the past century, particularly in the Islamic Revolution. Following the idea of the supreme leader about seminaries being revolutionary, this paper seeks to explore the factors of maintaining revolutionary morale beside function of maintaining, supporting and constructively criticizing the Islamic regime of Iran. For the supreme leader, “relation of clergymen with the Islamic regime is that of support and advice”. Naturally, this requires functional and revolutionary discourse to stop the perilous campaigns leading to anti-revolution state of seminaries in a well-conceived and acceptable process and revolutionary morale that is transcendentally originated from political thought of Imam Khomeini and the supreme leader is elucidated. Because this paper deals with revolutionary seminary and the issue of maintaining regime, basic alternatives for monitoring and supporting the Islamic Republic of Iran regime have been taken into account in three components of culture, economics and politics by means of analytic-descriptive methodology; totally, six major features of the revolutionary seminary including updated Islamic culture, promulgation of interaction and discourse, anti-destitution morale, morale of solving public livelihood and economic problems, systemic creativity and thinking in politics and finally promotion of competitively political partnership have been discussed. Of course, in each point of discussion, firstly, characteristics of revolutionary seminary, secondly, supervisory role and aftermaths and positive-negative effect of such features have been referred to. Manuscript profile -
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150 - Saadi’s Cultural Discourse in his Ideology Towards Ancient Iran’s Culture
Leyla Miri Asghar DadbehSaadi and his thoughts have always been the focus of critics. One of the aspects of criticism that can acquaint the audience with the thoughts and sources of Saadi's thinking is the cultural-oriented criticism which is based on the cultural components used in the texts MoreSaadi and his thoughts have always been the focus of critics. One of the aspects of criticism that can acquaint the audience with the thoughts and sources of Saadi's thinking is the cultural-oriented criticism which is based on the cultural components used in the texts according to the date of composition of the literary work. In Saadi's literary works, three intellectual sources can be found, all of which being powerful and effective. The first is the origins of ancient Iran and Saadi's attention to pre-Islamic Iranian culture, the second is the progress of Islamic wisdom that the great theologians and sages of the Islamic world such as Imam Mohammad Ghazali influenced Saadi. His third thought can be considered as the progress of Iranian mysticism, which is aimed at softening the ascetic ether and creating a poetic ether in dealing with doctrinal topics and beliefs. Saadi was greatly influenced by Ferdowsi in his pre-Islamic Iranian ideas. In this research, we have shown how Saadi used the symbols of ancient Iran in his works and how he could create a new discourse in praise of the wisdom and glory of pre-Islamic Iran at a time which historical attention to the mirrors and personalities of ancient Iran was considered a kind of blasphemy. This research relying on the principles of cultural criticism, seeks to understand why among the poets and artists before the seventh century, Saadi paid the most attention to Ferdowsi. Manuscript profile -
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151 - Examining the Stylistic Features of the Novel "Roots in the Depths" with a Critical Stylistics Approach
mahboobe besmelThis research seeks to analyze the novel "Roots in the Depths" from the perspective of critical stylistics and to answer the question of how one can achieve the hidden ideology of text using specific stylistic components. In this article, the novel was considered based MoreThis research seeks to analyze the novel "Roots in the Depths" from the perspective of critical stylistics and to answer the question of how one can achieve the hidden ideology of text using specific stylistic components. In this article, the novel was considered based on the characteristics of critical stylistics. The aim of this study is to reach an in-depth interpretation of the work. Because, from the perspective of critical stylistics, it is easier to reach the hidden manifestations of ideology, domination, power, and prevailing discourse of the novel, and to reflect on how language reproduces these social concepts. The novel "Roots in the Deep" deals with the warriors and veterans’ issues. Shafi's - a war veteran - resistance as a representative of the national (religious) discourse against life difficulties and local and traditional laws and his hopefulness shows the failure of local discourse and its being bobtailed and, conversely, the authority, being promising and continuity of the national (religious) discourse over time. The present article is organized by descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
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152 - A Critical Analysis of the Record and Exegesis of Some couplets from Shahnameh
mahmoud rezaei dasht arzhaneh MohammadHosein Karami Shahla AmoozegarFerdowsi's Shahnameh (The Book of Kings) is the greatest and the most valuable Iranian national epic. Despite its simple-looking appearance, the epic has a great and complicated depth so that, far all the ongoing glosses and reports of the scholars of Shahnameh, there i MoreFerdowsi's Shahnameh (The Book of Kings) is the greatest and the most valuable Iranian national epic. Despite its simple-looking appearance, the epic has a great and complicated depth so that, far all the ongoing glosses and reports of the scholars of Shahnameh, there is no unanimous consent on many of its couplets. In this study subsequent to analyzing some of the couplets in the version edited by Jalal Khaleghi Motlagh and recounting the perspectives of the scholars of the epic, it was revealed that the record of some couplets is far from clear. This ambiguity emanates from either lack of attention to the context or from the wrong or unambiguous record of a word or phrase in the couplets. Thus in we explored critically how some couplets have been recorded and, based on numerous pieces of evidence, a more appropriate spelling was suggested. So after critically analyzing the reports of some couplets and representing the incongruities, we have sought to present a more proper interpretation by drawing on clues within and outside the text of the work. Manuscript profile -
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153 - Analysis of the archetype of the hero’s journey in the “Gol and Nowruz” according to the Joseph Campbell approach
Mohammad Pashaei Mehtarloo Ebrahim Eghbali Rashid AsadiIn the book “The Hero with a Thousand Faces”, Joseph Campbell introduces the hero’s journey archetype by examining various mythical stories in all over the world. He believes that in all stories, the hero’s journey follows a constant paradigm. In MoreIn the book “The Hero with a Thousand Faces”, Joseph Campbell introduces the hero’s journey archetype by examining various mythical stories in all over the world. He believes that in all stories, the hero’s journey follows a constant paradigm. In this research, this paradigm is investigated besides other archetypes including shadow, old wise man, anima and other mythical symbols in the book “Gol and Nowruz”. Examining this verse based on the Joseph Campbell approach is a new reading of this lyrical narrative. Although, Nowruz’ journey is done apparently to reach the beloved, in fact, it is considered a religious journey. Nowruz gets marry to Gol, as a Christian girl, by converting her to Islam after reaching her and returns to his country by uncovering the veil of ignorance. This journey introduces the hero as a universal figure, so that the society accepts him eagerly. He owes his immortality to the values that grants them to the society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - Studying the skills of critical thinking, self-awareness, empathy, decision making and communication in the stories by Farhad Hassanzadeh
Jahangir Safari Sajad NajafibehzadiThe thinking skills of self-awareness, empathy, decision-making and communication play an important role in the lives of children and adolescents. Child and adolescent writers can enhance these skills in children through the world of fiction and novels. Kids need to lea MoreThe thinking skills of self-awareness, empathy, decision-making and communication play an important role in the lives of children and adolescents. Child and adolescent writers can enhance these skills in children through the world of fiction and novels. Kids need to learn some skills to enter the community and life. Skills that prepare children to face life's challenges and problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the skills of self-awareness, decision-making, empathy and critical thinking in fiction works by Farhad Hassanzadeh. The research method is qualitative and quantitative analysis of the content of the works. The results of this study showed that among the skills studied, empathy and self-awareness skills had the most application among other skills. Among the components of self-awareness skills, the component of recognizing weaknesses and strengths and among the components of empathy skill, components of respect for others and friendliness have the most application. Another point is the lack of attention to components such as tolerance of individuals and attention to their values, critical thinking, and recognition of rights and responsibilities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - A review of self-criticism in Saadi's works
Mohammad Amin Rajbi Reza Sadeghi Shahpar Shahrooz Jamaliself Criticism is the tendency to self-evaluate in which a writer, whether a writer or a poet, evaluates his attitude, personality, and even his work. In literary point of view, self-criticism helps the poet to present his work in a more desirable way and to add to its Moreself Criticism is the tendency to self-evaluate in which a writer, whether a writer or a poet, evaluates his attitude, personality, and even his work. In literary point of view, self-criticism helps the poet to present his work in a more desirable way and to add to its richness; because self-criticism provides the owner with a better insight into possible and necessary changes as well as the achievements of the work. In this article, we intend to examine self-criticism in Saadi's works. For this purpose, in the first part, we will have a brief look at criticism and self-criticism, and in the second part, poems by Saadi are criticized and analyzed based on this method. In this analysis, it is examined what kind of motivations Saadi uses. How spontaneity and other motivations are crystallized in Saadi's works. This research has been done by descriptive analysis and based on library studies and the results show that Both types of self-criticism are seen in Saadi's works. Emotions and feelings, expressing literary skills and expressing Saadi's incapacity and inability with his language, are the most important components of Saadi's spontaneity in self-criticism and human factors and external environment are the causes of his other self-motivation in his critique. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - Investigating the Characteristics and Forms of Femininity or Feminine Dialect in Jaleh Ghaem Maghami's Poetry
Maryam BeyckFeminine dialect, feminine writing, and feminine style, or in general the feminist movement is a self-conscious movement that seeks to persuade women to emancipate themselves from the domination of the male-dominated intellectual and linguistic system of society and ask MoreFeminine dialect, feminine writing, and feminine style, or in general the feminist movement is a self-conscious movement that seeks to persuade women to emancipate themselves from the domination of the male-dominated intellectual and linguistic system of society and asks them to liberate themselves and their desires, and explore their hopes and aspirations as an active part of human society. Jaleh Ghaem Maghami is considered by most researchers to be one of the founders of women's literature. Her poems are full of feminine perspective and mentality, and even the anonymous rendition of her poems, would immediately attract the reader’s attention to its female authority. Jaleh's emphasis on her gender in her poetry reflects her efforts to introduce femalehood to society and to change social representation of women. The emergence of the constitutional movement caused a great change in the minds of Iranians. This event revealed its impact in two ways. First, it led to the improvement of literacy, and the necessity of a literature that was accessible to all and that its themes were relevant to the lives of the masses. Second, the extensive connection with the West became more prominent due to the emphasis on the themes of freedom, homeland, nationality, and political and social criticism of poetry and literature. In this research, the author has tried to identify the signs in Jaleh’s Divan in a descriptive-analytical way and with a library method, which distinguishes her female poems from male poems and refers to those works as a distinct female writing style. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - The Analysis of Shafii Kadkanii’s Poetry in the Light of Critical Aesthetics of Frankfurt School
Arezoo Hoseinpor Kamran Pashaei Fakhrei Parvaneh AdelzadehPersian contemporary literature is unique in the history of Iranian literature cosidering its deep social and political views and the diversity of its anthropological approach. The writers and poets of this era along with the other members of society criticesed th MorePersian contemporary literature is unique in the history of Iranian literature cosidering its deep social and political views and the diversity of its anthropological approach. The writers and poets of this era along with the other members of society criticesed the ugly aspects of society, and literature, which had been unable to criticise due to social hierachies prior to that time, was acting like a weapon to gain freedom as an efficient tool to express political and social criticisim. M. Reza Shafi Kadkani is an eminent contemporary poet and has mixed Nimaii poem with a social commitment and critical view. Critical theory has become more scientific and concentrated with the advent of Frankfurt school. The present study aims to analyse the poems of Shafi Kadkani based on the theory of Critical aesthetics of Frankfurt School. The approach, taken by Shafii, toward the quality of the link between art and society, is critical. According to Frankfurt school, this approach is quite observable in the genuine modern art. In accorandance with this appraoch, the modern art, needles to be inferiorized to depict the social realities and trapped in the extremist entertainment, denies the status qua indirectly. Based on the results, in the poems of Shafii , the interrelation of critical art to society appears in the best possible way. Criticisim utilizing certain ways such as naturalism, symbolism, certain critical contexts and ..etc is salient in his art. In addition to these critical concepts in his poems, it has given an ability to criticize his poems politically as well as socially. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Linguistic Study of Three Beginnings in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh
Seyedeh Maryam Mousavi Thurollah Nourozi Davoodkhani Ali Mohammad Moazzeni Nasrullah ZirakThe knowledge of modern linguistics and the collation of literary texts, which linguists refer to as "critical discourse from the point of view of semantic semiotics", is the science in which the collator of writing seeks a deep understanding of the various layers of th MoreThe knowledge of modern linguistics and the collation of literary texts, which linguists refer to as "critical discourse from the point of view of semantic semiotics", is the science in which the collator of writing seeks a deep understanding of the various layers of thought and the atmosphere of composition. The texts go beyond the sentences and the context of the speech according to the artistic position and its position is linguistically explored and reveals the metatextual vision of the writer or the songwriter.Therefore, the author of the present research explores the hidden message in the linguistic layers of the three beginnings in the most precious epic masterpiece of the Persian language, Shahnameh with the following titles: "In the name of God" , the tragic poems "Rostam and Sohrab" and "Rostam and Esfandiar" in a descriptive-analytical method to explore the critical discourse. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - Sociological Criticism of the Short Story Collection Scattered Memories by Goli Taraghi
Mansooreh Bagheri Mazraeh Abdol Reza Modarres ZadehThe sociological criticism of literature is a scientific discipline which initially tries to extract social issues through the literary works by focusing on the content. The contemporary Hungarian thinker, George Lukacs, made major changes in this discipline. In L MoreThe sociological criticism of literature is a scientific discipline which initially tries to extract social issues through the literary works by focusing on the content. The contemporary Hungarian thinker, George Lukacs, made major changes in this discipline. In Lucien Goldmann's genetic structuralism approach, based on Lukacs’s views, the aesthetic techniques of the text in parallel with it’s content are studied and the overall structure of the story and the structures of society that story developed in, correspond to each other. With regard to the fact that intended research field of the present research is social novel, this article is going to deal with the short story in a descriptive-analytical way with genetic structuralism approach and by the case of study of Scattered Memories by Goli Taraghi, and seeks to explore how society is represented in the imaginary world of a short story collection. The results show that although none of the stories happened at the same time, this book approximately is in line with the events of Iran milieu after the revolution and after the war, in content and form. Moreover, by expressing the consequences of prejudice in the first decade of the revolution and the consequences of modernity in the second decade, it implicitly, invites the audience to pluralism and to avoid luxury. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Analysis of Symbolic Characters in Oppositions Based on Sociological Criticism in Hafez's Poetry
Seyyed Mahmoud Seyed SadeghiDisagreeing means inconsistency and expression of words and sentences that are signs of dissatisfaction. If the opposition is rooted in socio-political anomalies, then the "opposition" is someone who takes on the role of fighting injustice and social corruption, especia MoreDisagreeing means inconsistency and expression of words and sentences that are signs of dissatisfaction. If the opposition is rooted in socio-political anomalies, then the "opposition" is someone who takes on the role of fighting injustice and social corruption, especially among powerful groups in society, and using the opportunities that exist in the hand of power. Due to his criticism of social condition, Hafez is deemed amongst the poets of disagreement who utilizes symbolic words to take side with ethico-social norms. In his social, anti-readings he challenges the religious hypocrites who are corrupted. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze symbolic characters as one of the characteristics of intellectual style in opposition to social readings of Hafez's poetry, which has been done using a descriptive-analytical method. The result of this research shows that Hafez has been able to show one of his critical tricks in opposing the existing government by employing various personalities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - Nostalgia and intellectuals’ Complaints from the System of the Existence in the Mirror of Persian Literature
Mozhde ShafieOne of the signs of nostalgia and resentment of scholars and rationalists about the system or the order of existence of their time is their complaints reflected in the mirror of literature. Criticism of lack of an appropriate social status proper to one's knowledge and MoreOne of the signs of nostalgia and resentment of scholars and rationalists about the system or the order of existence of their time is their complaints reflected in the mirror of literature. Criticism of lack of an appropriate social status proper to one's knowledge and art, nostalgia for poverty, lack of freedom of speech and action to express scientific and philosophical views, ignorance of citizens, etc., whose speech is constantly accompanied by projections such as attributing difficulties to the sky, rooted in Zarwani culture and is referred to as Destiny, implying the the will of God Almighty. Almost nobody admires the corruption, hypocrisy and coercion that dominates these poets’ social milieu. Therefore, occasionally the rationalists fail to grasp order and discipline in the universe. Some wise people have examined the issue through the lens of wisdom and philosophy, and some from the perspective of religion and mysticism. It is a pity that the role of men of power and statesmen is less well-addressed regarding these shortcomings. Some have called it the religion of the sea and others have labelled it as the law of whirlwind. The author of this article tries to study (descriptive-analytical) some of the annoyances of the artists and to point out their origins. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - A Formalistic Analysis of Three Sonnets of Shams
Jaleh Akhtaryar Azar Fatemeh Emami Maryam ArjmandRussian formalism is one of the most influential approaches of literary criticism that examines literature from a linguistic perspective. The formalist approach often looks at the forms of literary texts and believes that it is the literary forms that carries meaning an MoreRussian formalism is one of the most influential approaches of literary criticism that examines literature from a linguistic perspective. The formalist approach often looks at the forms of literary texts and believes that it is the literary forms that carries meaning and meaning is nothing but the connections between the formal components of the word.In this article, the researcher has studied three lyrics of Rumi from the perspective of Russian formalism based on the theory of Jacobsen and Grammon in a descriptive-analytical method. It is worth mentioning that Rumi has created tones in the lyrics through repeated words, symmetry, imagery, metaphor, expression, pauses, emphasis and etc., which interact with the emotional dimension of the work. The role of structural art, which is one of the principles of formalism, has an aesthetic aspect in Rumi's lyrics and has led to innovation in the construction and form of verses in order to become richer and more artistic through harmony, de-familiarization, anomaly, metaphorical and figurative images. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - A Critique of the Short Story "General Amnesty" by Bozorg Alavi in the Light of Sociological Theory of Emile Durkheim's Punishment
Leila Khayatan Farzaneh Yousef Ghanbari Nasim Khajehzadeh Masoud KheradmandpourBozorg Alavi is one of the greatest contemporary novelists who has played a significant role in the development of short stories in contemporary literature. In all his stories, he has critically addressed various issues of society. One of Alavi’s short stories is MoreBozorg Alavi is one of the greatest contemporary novelists who has played a significant role in the development of short stories in contemporary literature. In all his stories, he has critically addressed various issues of society. One of Alavi’s short stories is the story of “general amnesty”. In this story, the author depicts the social realities and changes of that time. In this research, an attempt has been made to adapt the issues criticized in this story to Durkheim's sociological theory of punishment. Emile Durkheim thinks about punishment that punishment has the function of integrating society. In his view, when a crime occurs, the values and morals of society are violated. As a result, society feels threatened and reacts. Punishment is the emotional and natural reaction of society to the defect of collective values. In this research, the author intends to study the short story "General Amnesty" by Bozorg Alavi based on Durkheim's sociological theory of punishment in an analytical-descriptive and library method. The results show that although punishments change over time their origins will not change. From this point of view, the change of punishments is, in a way, the adaptation of the punishment to the collective conscience of the time. In fact, as society changes, so does punishment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - Sociology of Hafiz’s Ghazals with an Emphasis on the Critical Discourse
Farhad Tahmasbi -
Open Access Article
165 - Mythological criticism of the novels Heavenly Kingdom and Yakolya and Her Loneliness
Fateme Heydari Saman Khani EsfandabadPsychology as a science indicates that the suppressed wishes of a writer and his daily unfulfilled dreams could be realized in his works, but these works are narrated through symbols and motifs as well as myths. The restructured myths, however, find new meanings due to MorePsychology as a science indicates that the suppressed wishes of a writer and his daily unfulfilled dreams could be realized in his works, but these works are narrated through symbols and motifs as well as myths. The restructured myths, however, find new meanings due to the time they are used, and so reflect different themes and interpretation of life. In this way they bear an intellectual aura. Each generation receives and interprets the myths in accordance with his needs, motivations and ideological beliefs. The post-coup (August, 19th, 1953) generation of writers deal mostly with themes of war, suffering, sin and death, indicating that the individuals or the society experiences a significant crisis of being. In stories of Heavenly Kingdom and Yakolya and Her Loneliness the recurring theme of death wipes out the pleasant and delightful living of characters. Bahram Sadeqi and Taqi Modarressi substitute, in a surrealistic style, the usual with the unusual, and make the strange and supernatural consequences familiar. Weir and bizarre events appear quite conventional and customary in their illusory world. Believing in individualism and the then social suppression drives the intellectual writers of these two stories refer to the burden of a difficult life derived from specific socio-historical conditions as mythical pains of human beings. Archetypal approach on the background of mythological criticism has a literary work interpreted as a prototype or archetype, and this research studies the above-mentioned stories via an archetypal approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Critical Realism in Simin Daneshvar’s Sovashoun
Fateme Mohseni -
Open Access Article
167 - Study of Humor in the Works of Ali Akbar Dehkhoda
Iraj Mehraki Somayeh Beidaqi -
Open Access Article
168 - Rhyme and Anadiplosis
Ali Hossein Razani -
Open Access Article
169 - A sociological look at Kaleem Kashani's poetry based on developmental criticism
Farhad Tahmasebi Mojtaba DastjerdiThis article has been written with the aim of formative critique of Kaleem Kashani's poems. Essen is a method of critique of Goldman's special method in the sociology of literature, which is also known as literary sociology. Parallel to the social context of the poet's MoreThis article has been written with the aim of formative critique of Kaleem Kashani's poems. Essen is a method of critique of Goldman's special method in the sociology of literature, which is also known as literary sociology. Parallel to the social context of the poet's contemporary society, the study and relationship of each of them with what can be seen in that society as a social problem has been explained and explained. One of these issues is the change of the official religion of the country from Sunni to Shiite. Economic prosperity and individualism can be mentioned. Traces of which can not be seen in historical and social books related to the Safavid era, such as the decline of social trust and the formation of social distance are in this category. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - A Brief View through Critical Discourse Analysis on T.S. Eliot’s Thoughts in ″Burnt Norton ″ Karaj Azad University Branc
Fazel Asadi Amjad Hassan Mansourkiaee -
Open Access Article
171 - Critical Study of Stylistics in Fariba Vafi’s A Secret in the Allies
Mehri TalkhabiThis article is to study Fariba Vafi’s novel of A secret in the Alleys, applying a critical stylistics approach in order to find an answer for the fundamental question of “how the covert ideology and discourse behind the lines of the novel can be reveal by m MoreThis article is to study Fariba Vafi’s novel of A secret in the Alleys, applying a critical stylistics approach in order to find an answer for the fundamental question of “how the covert ideology and discourse behind the lines of the novel can be reveal by means of examining its stylistics?” The research was conducted via a layer stylistic approach, i.e. at first, the outer layer and situational context, and then the narrative and textual layers have been examined. The purpose of this descriptive-analytical study is to show the interpretation and deep understanding of the novel; because, from the perspective of critical stylistics, the covert ideology, authority, power, and discourse prevailing the story can be better understood. It also can lead the readers to find out how the language reproduces those social implications. At the end, this article concludes that, the contrasting characters and discourses, as well as the negative aspect of the language used in the narration, could be the manifestations of the stylistics that lead the reader to discover the ideology behind the lines of the novel – which is here the suppression of women in a patriarchal system and their passive reaction toward it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Analysis of Ashura`s sonnets in Jame-Daran
Katauon Habibi koobra nodehi Ashura event is a great epic in human history. The poets always have explained the different aspects of these event and have impressed their sensations about it. One of these poets in persian literature is Saeed Biabanaki from contemporary period. In More Ashura event is a great epic in human history. The poets always have explained the different aspects of these event and have impressed their sensations about it. One of these poets in persian literature is Saeed Biabanaki from contemporary period. In this study, his sonnets about Ashura have been investigated in terms of artistic techniques based on " Jamedaran " book. Studying this anthology indicated that poet have illustrated some concepts such as Imam Hossein's wronged, martyrdom and thirst using imager factors; while symbolism and metaphor are topsides. In this study the sonnets of this poet about Ashura have been investigated based on Jamedaran book. Assessments of this book show that Biabanaki have dedicated most of his poem to Aba'abdollah anh his companions innocence and martyrdom. The most outstanding of Ashura's sonnet themes in Jamedaran book are about Aba'abdollah which these themes are based on historical events. The poet have presented the wisely analysis of Ashura event using arctic tricks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - A social criticism of Ali Ashraf Darvishian’s novel titled ‘‘Cloudy Years”
abdolhossin farzad saba Pejmanfar -
Open Access Article
174 - Study and Analysis of Socio-criticism in Aṭṭār Nīšābūrī’s Moṣībat-nāma Based on B. F. Skinner’s Approach
Maryam Elahizadeh Abdolmajid MohagheghiCo-existence and sympathy with the public is one of the most illuminated aspects of Iranian-Islamic mysticism. The outstanding mystics of Iran considered their blessedness to be dependent on the whole human beings’ health and expressed their desires and ideals nee MoreCo-existence and sympathy with the public is one of the most illuminated aspects of Iranian-Islamic mysticism. The outstanding mystics of Iran considered their blessedness to be dependent on the whole human beings’ health and expressed their desires and ideals needed to reach their own intended utopia through direct and indirect commentaries. Aṭṭār Nīšābūrīas one of these great mystics is a prominent figure in socio-political criticism. His couplets are replete with allegorical, caustic and dauntless criticism aimed at rulers and other groups of society. The analysis and typology of Aṭṭār’s criticism and discovering his intentions of using criticism are explored in the present research. The researchers believe that the time whenAṭṭār lived had been to a large degree turbulent and disordered, and that he, in writing Moṣībat-nāma (Book of Travail), had sought to criticize the ruling class, the greedy and worldly-minded, the religious dogmatists, and the hypocrite. The researchers have referred to B. F. Skinner’s hermeneutic approach in order to test their assumptions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - Sociological analysis of Del Koor's novel by Isma'il Fasih
saman khani esfand abad Mah NazariThe sociology of literature is the study of literary texts from a sociological point of view that illustrates the relationship between literature and social elements. In fact, this type of analysis examines the interplay between literature and society. A different readi MoreThe sociology of literature is the study of literary texts from a sociological point of view that illustrates the relationship between literature and social elements. In fact, this type of analysis examines the interplay between literature and society. A different reading of literary work is a two-way process between author and reader. It is important because literary traditions seek for absolutism of meaning, a one-dimensional view that the modern man does not tolerate, and in some way disgusts the reader. But critiques based on sociology as a new analysis make the reader's mind link to different aspects of the text's aesthetics. To this end, the novel by Isma’il Fasih Del Koor, which covers various prominent periods of Iranian history, including the years of Pahlavi rule and the constitutional revolution(Enghelabe Mashrouteh), has been critiqued sociologically to illustrate the relation of literature to the environment and social classes of that era. In this study, we first outline the theories of critique of sociology of literature and categorize sociological components from Goldmann, Lukacs, Bakhtin, and Escarpit's viewpoints and then apply them to the context of the author's intended community so that we can understand the life style of people, classes Different societies, especially the weak and low-income classes, their occupations, women's social status and their deprivation, historical issues, social infrastructure, lack of health, prevalence of diseases and famines, use of traditional medicine in lieu of up-to-date treatments, social injuries , Poverty, Prostitution, Rape, Violence, Usury, Acid Spraying, Religious Beliefs, Popular Beliefs Yeah, we better understand the superstitions of that era and ... It should be noted that this research has been done by "descriptive - analytical" method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - Criticism of Literary Critics
ahmad zakeri Saman Khani EsfandabadCriticism based on semantics and admission of meaning multiplicity results in a link between the reader’s mind and diverse aspects of a text aesthetics; this correct understanding of a text induces a reader to read more and enjoy more. More reading also is a two-w MoreCriticism based on semantics and admission of meaning multiplicity results in a link between the reader’s mind and diverse aspects of a text aesthetics; this correct understanding of a text induces a reader to read more and enjoy more. More reading also is a two-way process between the author and the reader whose result is a society with an elevated culture that thinks correctly and admits criticism. Contrary to this new attitude, literary traditions look for meaning absoluteness, a one-dimensional view that modern human doesn’t tolerate it, and if this kind of criticisms and literary texts become popular, a reader becomes reluctant, and passive. Then, the reader seeks, through learning criticism stages and complying with its scientific frameworks, to read more works and enjoy aesthetic and literary pleasure. As the reader encounters with emotional conflicts and lack of a healthy criticism tone, he will search for simpler and quicker ways for enjoying and entertainment and this is a major failure for a culture and art of a nation. In deconstruction school, certain tasks have been determined for reader and author that result in dynamics of literary works production and reading and inattention toward them will result in nothing but the fall of a literary and art society. This article attempts analytically to identify causes of reluctance to read literary works through a literary criticism approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - The Method of Discourse Analysis in Sohrab Sepehri’s Poetry
Mahdi Sharifian -
Open Access Article
178 - The Attitude of the Son from the Father (Rustam and Zal in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh) from the Viewpoint of the Ancient Criticism of the Pattern
Bahareh yazdanian amiri mahmoud tavoosi Amir Hoseyn MahoziIn the ancient critique, a model based on what the Swiss psychologist Carl Gusta Yong. For example, the old wisdom, itself, Anima and Animus, a shadow that introduces several examples for its variants. In my mythological culture, Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the most significa MoreIn the ancient critique, a model based on what the Swiss psychologist Carl Gusta Yong. For example, the old wisdom, itself, Anima and Animus, a shadow that introduces several examples for its variants. In my mythological culture, Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the most significant written work for the introduction of mythology, and as a result of inquiring into various aspects of it, is based on the opinions of the scholars in all sciences. This article focuses on the extent and the reasons for the effect of Zal on Rostam, as well as on the influence of Rostam on his father, in view of his mythological origin in the mythological history of Persian literature based on Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, from the viewpoint of the ancient critique of the pattern. The old patterns of wisdom, shadows, and self are more effective than other examples in father and son. There is no particular maximum in this regard, although significant research has been done on mythology, ancient patterns, and shahnameh. Research methodology is library based on content analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - Cases of Keeping Silent of Female Characters in Persian Literature: A Survey
Ataollah Koupal -
Open Access Article
180 - Analyzing feminism and of the novel "Heart of Steel" by Moniro Ravanipour based on Yung's individuality psychoanalytic criticism
fereshteh naseri We achieve pure contents and elements by a deep attitude and survey among contemporary Persian literature novels which they contain a wide spectrum of various relationships and occasions due to having unique fiction components. Among them, the novel "Heart of Stee More We achieve pure contents and elements by a deep attitude and survey among contemporary Persian literature novels which they contain a wide spectrum of various relationships and occasions due to having unique fiction components. Among them, the novel "Heart of Steel" by Moniro Ravanipour includes unique features in order to be analyzed based on the theorists' viewpoint due to having faminism and social occasions and to undermine the women's hidden layers of mind psychologically. Hence, we decided to survey and analyze the proud myth personality in the novel "Heart of Steel" as the main personality of the novel based on Yung's psychoanalytic criticism in the present research, in order to comprehend what arrangements Ravanipour has utilized in her word structure and in processing the fiction personality and how much her word has been able to achieve the absolute individuality by utilizing conscious and unconscious elements and also unique symbols such as: dictator, horseman, Orange tree, the doll old woman and old daughters, and etc., to create unity among multiple dimensions of personality so that it can be surveyed and criticized based on Freud's psychoanalytic viewpoint. Manuscript profile -
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181 - Intertextuality Criticism of Two Literary Works: Bustan and Qabousnameh
Fatemeh EmamiBased on the intertextuality approach, in the field of literature, a new text is not formed as it is considered as an intertextuality of the texts before it. The theory of intertextuality is concerned with the relationship between the texts; a relationship recurrent in MoreBased on the intertextuality approach, in the field of literature, a new text is not formed as it is considered as an intertextuality of the texts before it. The theory of intertextuality is concerned with the relationship between the texts; a relationship recurrent in literary works. The theorists in this field, such as Kristeva and Barthes, argue that there is no pure text and all the texts have already existed , and only the narrator is different. This article seeks to study and analyze The Bustan of Saadi and Qabousnameh of Onsor al-Ma’ali in order to explain the commonalities and recurrent elements of these two significant literary works and stress the point that, according to the theory of intertextuality that states that no text is original, in terms of content. Hence The Bustan of Saadi is a reflection of the texts before itself, including Qabousnameh of Onsor al-Ma’ali, which is the aim of this research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Investigation on Hot Tearing Susceptibility of A201 Aluminum Alloy in Different Ingate Velocities and Molds
M. H Ayandeh A. A Kashi M. Ghambarian H. Karimi A. Mootabha A. Khoyini E.M. Boushehri -
Open Access Article
183 - Investigation on the Simultaneous Effects of Zn Additions and Critical Ingate Velocity on the Hot Tearing Susceptibility of A356 and A206 Aluminum Alloys
M. Ghambarian S.M.A. Boutorabi F. Shahri -
Open Access Article
184 - The role of political and social discourses in holy defense genre
Milad Nourian Ramsheh Houreyeh Dehghan ShadThis research is about the effect that the change of governments and the change of political discourses, has had an effect on the cinematic works of the holy defense genre? From the beginning of the war until now, different governments have come to power with different MoreThis research is about the effect that the change of governments and the change of political discourses, has had an effect on the cinematic works of the holy defense genre? From the beginning of the war until now, different governments have come to power with different views, each of which has had a specific discourse. The discourses that each had their own point of view on political, cultural, social and economic issues. In fact, the diversity of governments' views on these issues has had a direct impact on their view of war, as evidenced by the holy defense films of each period. Ebrahim Hatamikia, as one of the filmmakers of the holy defense genre, has studied the various dimensions of war in his works since the beginning of the war and seeks the relationship of the state with the phenomenon of war and holy defense. In this research, we want to understand what effect politics has had on the works of holy defense genre and to what extent have these films been influenced by the circumstances of each political period? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - Weed management in cold season food legumes (chickpeas (Cice arietinumr L.) and lentils (Lens culinaris L.)) in Iran: challenges, findings and future approaches.
Ebrahi Izedi Darbandi Rahim Bakhsh Mohammad Nezadand Seyyed Karim MousaviAmong pulses, chickpea and lentil have important characteristics such as resistance to drought and tolerance to cold dtress; It is very important and in terms of cultivated area in Iran, they rank first and third respectively. Since thet are weak competitors with weeds, MoreAmong pulses, chickpea and lentil have important characteristics such as resistance to drought and tolerance to cold dtress; It is very important and in terms of cultivated area in Iran, they rank first and third respectively. Since thet are weak competitors with weeds, especially in the early stages of growth, weeds are one of the serious problems in their production and yield gap. So their damage has been reported more than 90%. Therefore, weed control is one of the most important programs in chickpea and lentil management. In this regard, the review of the researchs conducted in order to adopt a suitable approach for weed management and control, can play an important role in reducing yield gap and provide a perspective for future researches in Iran. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the research conducted in weed control of chickpea and lentil in Iran. According to the reports, Iran's chickpea and lentil fields are infected with a wide range of broad and narrow leaf weeds, especially from the plant families Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae and Poaceae. Considering the critical period of weed control in lentil and chickpea in Iran (30 to 60 days after planting), their control (mechanical, agronomical and chemical) in this period is necessary to obtain an acceptable yield. The most important limitation in the entezari planting of chickpea and lentil weeds are weeds, which due to the decrease in rainfall in the Iran and the importance of changing the growing season from spring to autumn, it is necessary to pay attention to the control of weeds in this planting system. Considering the existence of grass killer herbicides in the Iran, chemical control of grassy weeds in chickpea and lentil is less difficult, and for chemical control of broad leaf weeds, pyridite, trifluralin, fumsafen, isoxaflotel and piroxasulfone and the mixture of sulfentrazone + flumioxazin herbicides have been reported to be acceptable in chickpea and pendimetalin for lentil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - Feminist Criticism of Simin Daneshvar's Novels: 'Wander Island' and 'Wander Cameleer'
Azaheh Poursaddami Ebrahim Arman Maryam Amir ArjmandThe women presence in the process of social movements have been alwaysan important event. One of the manifestations of these social movements is the activities of novelist women in different societies of the modern and non-modern worlds. SiminDaneshvar is one of the pio MoreThe women presence in the process of social movements have been alwaysan important event. One of the manifestations of these social movements is the activities of novelist women in different societies of the modern and non-modern worlds. SiminDaneshvar is one of the pioneers of Iranian storytellers who dealt too much with women problems in her writings. In this article the researchers try to depict Daneshvar's feminist tendencies and the causes of such tendencies in her selectet novels. The research deals with the problem by use of descriptive-analytic method. The results of the research show that the writer by writing in feminist framework reflects her painful view of masculinistsociety, and at the same time is in search of her lost identity and to find a way to scape from mistake beliefs about the gender and her inner wanders. In fact, she uses feminism as a bridge to discover her ultra-feminist abilities. This research in its new findings seems to be a novel research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - Multiple Beginnings and its Relation to the Novel in the Story of “Endama Tashikh al-Zeab” by Jamal Naji
Reza Nazemian Majid BayatiThe beginning of the novel is the gateway to its world. So this may cause some novelists to stop writing their own novels; because starting a novel is one of the most difficult things about writing a story. The beginning of a story can guide the reader into its world, i MoreThe beginning of the novel is the gateway to its world. So this may cause some novelists to stop writing their own novels; because starting a novel is one of the most difficult things about writing a story. The beginning of a story can guide the reader into its world, if it is engaging and encouraging. So the first scene of the story can play a huge role in encouraging the reader and communicating with the text; because the beginning of the story is the bridge between the novelist and the reader. This research intends to examine the beginning of the novel based on its initial scene and it focuses on the techniques that the novelist used in the beginning of his novel. Although research on the beginning of the novel has had a prominent place in contemporary research on the novel, this field requires more effort to show the importance of the novel's beginning and to pay attention to its constitutive elements. The beginning of the novel “Endama Tashikh al-Zeab” has special potentials that draw our attention to it. The importance of this research is that it attempts to pay attention to the beginning of the story and its elements and examine the extent of connection of novel's beginning with the novel itself as an interconnected system and a text in the structural perspective. Therefore, this study deals with the first scene of the novel and draws attention to the relationship between the novel and its beginning. The results of this study show that the narrator has used techniques in this novel that those techniques have overcome on the modern novel and he has put the characters at tipping point of his attention to show a world full of contradictions. The narrator uses a polyphonic technique in this novel to avoid the traditional monotony. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - Reading the novel afsāna al-Nedāhat (The Myth of Nedāha) of Ahmed Khaled Tawfiq with the emphasis on Goldman's genetic structuralist Criticism
Reza Mirzaei Alireza SheikhiSocial criticism is an attempt to highlight the relationship between society and literature, and creating a mutual ties between them. Ahmed Khaled Tawfiq is one of the pioneers of horror literature in Arabic. He wrote in 1990s a huge collection in horror genre. This col MoreSocial criticism is an attempt to highlight the relationship between society and literature, and creating a mutual ties between them. Ahmed Khaled Tawfiq is one of the pioneers of horror literature in Arabic. He wrote in 1990s a huge collection in horror genre. This collection called the "Supernatural", was helpful to his famous. From a social view point, Tawfiq dealt in supernatural series and especially in Afsana al-nadaha, with some of the issues of the Egyptian rural society in the last century. This article tries to reveal social aspects of the novel Afsana al-nadaha, within a descriptive-analytical method and relies on Lucien Goldman's genetic structuralist criticism. In this novel Ahmad Tawfiq Khalid examines the secrets of Egyptians backwardness and their encounter with new sciences in their progress periods and believes that the most important social problems in Egyptian rural society concerns poverty, superstitions and lack of education. The writer believes that the reform in rural society will be achieved through the education of people. Tawfiq expresses social pains and tries to inform his addressees of social consequences of superstitions and concerns related to the encounter of the society with the rapid advances in sciences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - A Semiotic Study of the Ode Kalimāt li al-Vatan (Words for fatherland) by Tawfiq Ziād on Peirce Theory
Ali Pirani Abdollah Hosseini Hossein Abavisani Habibeh ZareiThe poems of Tawfiq Ziād are blended with signs and symbols that multiplied the charism of resistance poems, and their emotional feeling have influences on the addressees. The signs in Tawfiq’s poems are accompanied by the images of fatherland love that can convey MoreThe poems of Tawfiq Ziād are blended with signs and symbols that multiplied the charism of resistance poems, and their emotional feeling have influences on the addressees. The signs in Tawfiq’s poems are accompanied by the images of fatherland love that can convey the main message of the poem. Applying Peirce's semiotic model in the criticism of resistance poems in addition to analysis and decoding these poems, can be effective in understanding the thoughts of this great poet. So, the present article tries to analyze in an analytic-descriptive method the characteristics of the ode Kalimāt li al-Vatan (Words for fatherland) by Tawfiq Ziād from semiotic approach based on Pierce theory that is on the triad of icon, index and symbol basis. This article intends to make clear that what sort of aesthetic signs are used by Tawfiq Ziād, the contemporary Palestinian poet, and how he used aesthetic signs to influence the addressees, as well as to reveal how we can reach hidden aspects of the poet's thoughts in using signs and codes in the light of semiotic, interpretative and semantic criticisms. This article shows that Pierce semiotic theory is an appropriate pattern for research in modern poems and is more powerful than the traditional rhetorics in terms of interpretation. Furthermore, due to the nature and type of resistance poems that are composed in the atmosphere of tyranny and suffocation, their signs are implicit and mysterious. In this ode the symbolic signs are more than iconic signs and indces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
190 - Comparative analysis of a sonnet from ʽĀlemi of Dārābjerd with a sonnet from Saʽdī based on formalistic criticism
Azam Bazgiralvar Mahmood Tavoosi Maryam Amirarjmand Fatemeh EmamiExploring literary texts and critiques of such works has been always a subject of literary criticism. Formalism that from now on referred to as 'new criticism' emerged in 20 century. The literary texts analysis in this school was done solely through form and structure b MoreExploring literary texts and critiques of such works has been always a subject of literary criticism. Formalism that from now on referred to as 'new criticism' emerged in 20 century. The literary texts analysis in this school was done solely through form and structure based on linguistics. The authors of this paper intend to study and present a sonnet of Sa'adi (deceased in ah 690) as well as a sonnet of Mirza Sohrab of Darabjerdi with the pen name of (deceased in ah 975), from formalist criticism viewpoint in an analytic-descriptive method. After studying both sonnets and sources associated with formalist criticism, they concluded that the vocabulary used with negative connotation, music (exterior, lateral, and internal) as well as rhetorical figures and figures of speech in the two texts has significant role in conveying the meaning and content proposed by Sa'adi and of Darabjerd considered Sa'adi's style and language in his sonnets and has been successful in inducing his intended meaning of distress (hozn and andooh) from the sepration (hijrān), that is well influenced from the form and structure of Sa'adi's sonnets. Manuscript profile -
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191 - A Jungian Archetypal Criticism of 'adrakha al-nessian' (Overtaken by Oblivion) by Sana al-Sha'lān
Samaneh Moosapoor Yusef Hadi pour Sayyed Ebrahim ArmanArchetypal criticism of Jung is one of the most important contemporary literary criticisms. Archetypes were first presented by Carl Gustav Jung, with reliance on the research in the fields of psychology, anthropology, religion, and history of civilizations. Jung defines MoreArchetypal criticism of Jung is one of the most important contemporary literary criticisms. Archetypes were first presented by Carl Gustav Jung, with reliance on the research in the fields of psychology, anthropology, religion, and history of civilizations. Jung defines archetypes as the universal mental images existing within the individual and collective sub-conscience and named their representations as the myth. The novel 'adrakha al-nessian' (Overtaken by Oblivion) is written using postmodern techniques and includes literary techniques such as: stream of consciousness, impressionism, and traveling in time. This novel narrates the story of a young red hair and red face girl, who has been raised in a nursery from the very beginning. As the story progresses, she faces many problems and, in the end, the author depicts her at the age of 60. By reading this story, we notice the obvious presence of many psychological aspects. Al-Sha'lan's works have always been included within the list of best literary works in both national and international ceremonies, and we can also witness the existence of archetypes within this novel. This paper, using the descriptive-analytic method and the psychological criticism approach, tends to examine the archetypes effective in the mentioned novel. As the results demonstrate, archetypes such as: Anima, the old sage, and self, have affected the flow of occurrences in this novel, helping to create the proper form and theme of narration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - The Problem of Identity Crisis in the Post-Colonial Criticism: Clarifying the Constituents of Identity Crisis in the Narrative Analysis
Boshra Jazayerirad Faramarz Mirzaei Khalil Parvini Hadi Nazari MonazamIdentity and identity crisis is the basis of post-colonial critique deals with ego-other polemics or colonized-colonialist confrontation and its consequences on the colonized identity crisis. Identity and dependency are introduced widely in a post-colonial novel and sto MoreIdentity and identity crisis is the basis of post-colonial critique deals with ego-other polemics or colonized-colonialist confrontation and its consequences on the colonized identity crisis. Identity and dependency are introduced widely in a post-colonial novel and story writers raised repeatedly the consequences of east-west confrontations on post-colonial identity in their works, because communicate with 'other' awakes the sense of dependency to identity in individuals and leads them to an independent and distinct identity. The 'other' from eastern perspective is the colonialist west that tries constantly to destroy their identities. The contemporary Arab novel dealt greatly with the ideals and issues of the society including the identity. So, it deserves to mention that the identity crisis and its reflections in the modern story writing which is caused by east-west confrontations. Thus, considering the importance of the 'identity crisis' in post-colonial criticism and the frequency of its introduction in Arabic stories, the present study relied on the components of post-colonial criticism, descriptive-analytic method, as well as application of deduction, accuracy and comparative reading intended to present new indicators to the analysis and reading identity crisis in novels. The indicators consist of six components: self-abasement complex; westernization; schizophrenia; castration anxiety; alienation backwardness and violence. By application of these components and examining the amount of each one in the story, understanding the identity crisis becomes easier and more accurate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - cash of Ode “Andalusian wounds of Iraq” Based on Lacla and Mouffe Approach
پرویز احمدزاده هوچ Ali Sayadani Abdolahad Gheibi Atefeh RahmaniCritical Discourse Analysis (CDA) plays an important part in finding insights into a discourse. CDA runs a contentious examination of texts and plays a significant part in expression of textual implications and connotations. It helps going over the formalistic gloss of MoreCritical Discourse Analysis (CDA) plays an important part in finding insights into a discourse. CDA runs a contentious examination of texts and plays a significant part in expression of textual implications and connotations. It helps going over the formalistic gloss of the text which poses barriers to capturing its true sense. It helps discover underlying discourse and latent layers of meanings. CDA differs from discourse analysis in terms of its methodology of examination. It is not pure examination of text or discourse within the textual framework. Boshra albostani, a renowned contemporary Iraqi poetess with a prominent poetic status. The distinctive linguistic structures of her poems have captured the attention of researchers. Employing Laclau and Mouffe approach, this research attempts to examine Al Bostani’s Ode of “Andalusian wounds of Iraq”. As one of her notable works, this ode signals a civilizational attitude as it was composed during years of Iraq’s occupation. The theme of resistance is the centralsignifier of this work while betrayal and handing the keys to the country to outsiders form other signifiers around which other secondary signifiers are articulated. Chain of Equivalence takes shape to breaks the discourse of others. In an ideological foray, it attempts to unveil the actual, consistence identity of the other party. Here, the poet relies on an inspiring, dynamic poetic language to enchantingly portray the exposition of the actual identity of the other party. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - Representation of Adler's inferiority complex in the main character of Eylul's novel entitled "birds of September"
Zahra Farid Saeedeh Farid Farzaneh RahmanianPsychological criticism is considered as a new filed in which critic analyzes and investigate the hidden angles and psychological signs present in the characters in a literary work based on the principles of psychological theories in order to prepare the text for better MorePsychological criticism is considered as a new filed in which critic analyzes and investigate the hidden angles and psychological signs present in the characters in a literary work based on the principles of psychological theories in order to prepare the text for better analysis. The present study intends to analyze the personality of “Mena”- the narrator and protagonist present in a novel called “The Birds of September” written by Emili Nasrallah- a prominent Lebanese Writer. The novel narrates the failure and rejection of women of the Lebanese rural community including Mena and feeling inferiority, anonymity, and loneliness among them. Based on the Descriptive-Analytical method and within Adler's Individual psychological framework, this research aims to study the main feature of this theory, namely “Inferiority Complex”- and what reasons made her Mena's personality as well as the reflection of this feeling in her behaviors and compensation mechanism. Findings suggest that social environment and strict customs especially the dominant view of the father, the failure of love, and poverty have caused a feeling of inferiority in Mena. To overcome such feelings, she resorts to imaginary and incorrect methods such as using imagination and escaping from the reality of society and family which finally result in regretting, disappointing, and experiencing a sense of anonymity Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
195 - Content and Statistical Analysis of Articles in the Quarterly Rays of Criticism in Arabic and Persian from the First Volume to 23
Mahin Hajizadeh Masoud Bavan Pouri Maryam DaryanavardAs articles and other scientific products are growing at an accelerating process in Iran and the world, there is an urgent need for standards to evaluate and compare scientific publications. This will be achieved through scientific assessment, Science that benefits from MoreAs articles and other scientific products are growing at an accelerating process in Iran and the world, there is an urgent need for standards to evaluate and compare scientific publications. This will be achieved through scientific assessment, Science that benefits from information analysis. The academic Quarterly of Rays of Criticism in Arabic and Persian is considered as one of the most important journals in the field of Arabic language and literature in Iran which has been published in 27 volumes. This Quarterly has published 179 articles from 345 writers with distinguished university degrees and 44 universities and educational institutions. The subject of 45 articles, which means 25/13percent ison Persian literature and this contradicts the purpose of the Quarterly, which relied on Persian literature to identify it to Arab countries.This study focused on a statistical and analytical study of the number of authors of articles and their degrees and the extent of cooperation between them and the centers and institutions which cooperate in the quarterly. In this study, descriptive statistics method has been used. It means, Average,frequency and percentage are calculated, then the results are presented in charts and graphs.The research instrument is a statistical survey using SPSS version 16. The following results are obtained:50 articles were written individually, 129 articles were written jointly, Which 91 of these joint articles were written by the authors from the same university and 38 articles written by the authors from different universities.HadiNazari has the most articles with 7 papers. Half of the articles are devoted to criticism and analysis of texts. 34 articles were written by the editorial board with an average of 18/9, which is acceptable. Manuscript profile -
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196 - A Comparison of Woman's Position in "Vays & Ramin" and "Bijan & Manijeh" Poems from Feminist Viewpoint
Esmaeel Hakemi Raziyeh Zavarian Finding a way into the woman's world and investigating on her personality and temperament has always attracted the attention of scientists, philosophers and scholars in each era. Understanding woman's role and position in the human's complementary process r More Finding a way into the woman's world and investigating on her personality and temperament has always attracted the attention of scientists, philosophers and scholars in each era. Understanding woman's role and position in the human's complementary process requires continuous investigations and researches to clarify the ambiguities and problems that have led to prejudices about her and have introduced her as "Eternally Guilty". In the ancient Iran, we see wise and smart women that not only do not get angry with contempt, and indifference, but also they have shown such a reaction that has shocked all political, cultural, legal and social structures governing the society. Vays is one of those women. The goal of this study is to present her real personality and determination by which she could resist against the destiny that had been determined for her by others. Efforts are made in this paper to address woman's position in the ancient Iran by considering two poems, namely "Vays & Ramin" by "Fakhredin As'ad Gorgani" and "Bijan & Manijeh" by "Ferdowsi" and to investigate the main characters of the poems, i.e., "Vays" and "Manijeh" in order to compare woman's role from feminist viewpoint by considering the setting of the two stories which goes back to Ashkanid era. Research method is of library type. The subjects were collected by referring to the resources and were described through analysis and reasoning. Manuscript profile -
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197 - Characteristics of Female Sonneteers during Andalus Era in the Light of Modern Psychological Criticism
Abbas Eqbali Faezeh Pasandi Abundance of skillful Poetesses in ode writing is one of the features of literature history during Andulus era. Hence, a great deal of Andalusian poems appertain to poetesses; The poems are of features like delicacy, accuracy, elegance and development. This is cl More Abundance of skillful Poetesses in ode writing is one of the features of literature history during Andulus era. Hence, a great deal of Andalusian poems appertain to poetesses; The poems are of features like delicacy, accuracy, elegance and development. This is clear that the basic characteristics of such poetic experience is derived from poetess's skill in representing ancient meanings with a modern method that differs from dominant meanings in traditional poems. Also nature of Andalusian land has led the poetess to use its clear and sensible elements in her poem. When the poetess sonnetizes, she clarifies her captivation and all great meanings which is considered as a female's nature. In addition, she intensively wishes in her poetic experience to make her poem distinct and different from others, far from her rivals' eyes and just with her own delight and enthusiasm. The present article introduces sonnets of Andalusian poetesses as a mirror of their psychological attitudes as well as including textual features derived from imagination which has in fact psychological origin based on modern psychological criticism in addition to studying Andalusian women's poetic approach with emphasis on poetesses like Bothayneh Bint AlMutamid, Zeynab Almerieh, Qamar Jarieh Ibrahim, Uom Al'ala Albint Yousuf, Veladeh Albint Almostakfi. This study also clarifies that poems of Andalusian poetesses with chastely love have psychological characteristics like pain of Love, nostalgia, lack of will, Nirvana, masochism. In contrast, permissible lyric poems are with features like sexuality, affront and precision. Manuscript profile -
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198 - Intertextual analysis of the tale "the porter with girls" in the Qajar Manuscript of Thousand and One Nights, based on the Bertrand WestphalGeocriticism
mohammad parsanasab mohammad ali rajabi bahador bagheri nafiseh alsadat abdolbaghaeeThe theory of intertextuality is one of the major discoveries of the twentieth century that investigates the network connection between the texts, and so far has proceeded the new approaches in human science and specially literature and art through various methods by ma MoreThe theory of intertextuality is one of the major discoveries of the twentieth century that investigates the network connection between the texts, and so far has proceeded the new approaches in human science and specially literature and art through various methods by many researchers. In Geocriticism of Bertrand Westphal in the Post-structuralism period, as one of the important approaches of this pervasive knowledge, intertextuality deals with the importance of space, place and geography in literary-artistic works. Until now, the role of geography hasn't grown to such an extent in the formation of knowledge. Sann'y-al-Molk's Qajar Manuscript of Thousand and One Nights in Golestan palace is considered as one of the unique illustrated versions in the world which has a special intertextual position in pre-text conversations and images. This version is also in interaction with theoretical and methodological principles of Bertrand Westphal that has an important irony and interdisciplinary position in geocriticism. By considering this approach and selecting seven interwoven tales of "the porter with girls" which have been portrayed with fifteen images of pictorial narratives of Sann'y al-Molk in the mentioned version, as well as analyzing the position of intertextuality in different periods of its emergence, the present article analyses this literary-artistic work in the field of geocriticism of Westphal. Writers have paid attention to the analytical-descriptive approach and its application in analyzing the text and the figures. Qajar's Manuscript of Thousand and One Nights of Sann'y al-Molk is a polyphonic work with a human-cultural boundless geography which has been talking to us with the two layers of text and figure. Manuscript profile -
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199 - The Analysis of the Concept of Poetry from Rafeyi and Oghad’s Viewpoints
Hamed Sedghi Hamed Fashi Analysis of critical views to figure out poem’s meaning usually ignites critical disagreements and numerous discussions because, mostly, in any juncture by any poet and textual critic, a special definition is produced. On the&n More Analysis of critical views to figure out poem’s meaning usually ignites critical disagreements and numerous discussions because, mostly, in any juncture by any poet and textual critic, a special definition is produced. On the other hand, a poem is the heart of art with spiritual quality that this quality will link it to human spirit and so any artist, as a human, has his own spirit. So this would cause that anyone, depending on his spiritual manner gives a different definition than others over poem. The other dimension of this feature is poem’s multilateral aspect because human spirit isn’t a one- dimensional phenomenon. Therefore, whatever linked to spirit can’t be one dimensional and lately leads to complication and hardens the normative logical definition of poem. Thus many contemporaneous literary men try to give a definition based on their experience by contemplating on their own poetic observation. We have chosen two poets who are authoritative at criticism as well ,to give a deep, new and different definition of poetry. In this research we aim to practice by analyzing two Arab critics views concerning each poem's definition, context of poetry, with giving public sight about this artistic phenomenon, with a special analysis of critics' books with thematic analysis of Rafeyi and Oghad’s verse and prose literature, to make a new design for poem’s definition by pivoting their opinion, and judging their literary controversy in artistic dimension as far as we can. According to research, a poem is a phenomenon including innate, divine, sensible sentiment, efficient notion, musical words, in both critics' opinion. Manuscript profile -
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200 - Analysis of Contemporary Critics’ Viewpoints Concerning Abounovas and his Khamriat
Sayyed Mohmmad Hosseini Yousef Hadipoor NehzomiAbounovas is of unique character who has always stimulates old and new critics to battle against each other as far as each person makes a character for him based on their understanding and special orientation instead of discovering his true character. To rec MoreAbounovas is of unique character who has always stimulates old and new critics to battle against each other as far as each person makes a character for him based on their understanding and special orientation instead of discovering his true character. To recognize his real character ,however, his biography must be reread and to have a correct and real conclusion we have to refer to reliable sources and to avoid psychological analyses that are understood based on appearance of his Khamriat (poems describing wine) since poetry of a poet is not necessarily his personal biography. The present study aims to criticize in detail views of contemporary critics because many of them have tried against all scientific, literary and historical standards to deem Abounovas’ Khamriat as his autobiography ,creating a strange character called Abounovas according to their interpretation of Khamriat, a character who is mostly impossible in reality, specifically a scholar such as Abounavas. . Manuscript profile -
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201 - A Sociological Criticism of the Novel Curse of the Land by Jalal Al-e- Ahmad
Ali Ganjian Rezvan JamshidianSociology of literature has relation with sociology on the one hand and and the literature on the other hand. Delving into the relation between literature and society forms basis of socialogical criticism of the literature. This approach focuses mainly on the stru MoreSociology of literature has relation with sociology on the one hand and and the literature on the other hand. Delving into the relation between literature and society forms basis of socialogical criticism of the literature. This approach focuses mainly on the structure and content of literary work and its relationship with society and interactions of literature, society and reflection of social issues through author's intellectual, belief and social views are investigated in a literary work. This article is to criticize and study the novel Curse of the Land by Jalal Al-e-Ahmad from sociological perspective. The theme of the novel is consequences of Land Reform Law and enterance of technology into Iranian villages. The author portrays properly status of different groups of rural community in this work after enforcing Land Reform Law and losing traditions and invasion of modernism. He expresses political and social issues from position of a social critic and makes interaction between society and the novel by artistic expression. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - Criticism and Study of theTwo Colors Red and Green in Poems of Nazik Al-Malaika
Ali Piranishal Zohre Naemi Khadije Hashemi The color is the most striking element in forming sensory images of old and contemporary poets. Poets have used colorful words to objectify poetic images and to discover and explain the relationship between poetic images. Indeed Nazik Al-Malaika use More The color is the most striking element in forming sensory images of old and contemporary poets. Poets have used colorful words to objectify poetic images and to discover and explain the relationship between poetic images. Indeed Nazik Al-Malaika uses different colors to interpret thoughts, emotions and feelings. Due to the importance and beauties of red and green in the poems of Nazik Al-Malaika, this article studies and criticizes these colors and their implications in his poems. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic and statistically based. Colors represented her emotions, grieves and joys ;However in some delicate cases, she has taken advantage of non-genuine position of colors and converted one color to another one as an element of beauty and induction of political and social concepts.. The poet’s great attention to colors, different meanings, symbolic implications and their beauties show that she has had an intelligent look at the moments of life and the nature around her. She was impressed by events, social and political changes and the selection of red shows his interior desire toward effort and implies referents like love, liberty and modesty . The selection of green after red is a symbol of hope, life and desire and fulfillment of desires. Manuscript profile -
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203 - Abdolhosein Zarinkoob and His Critical Point of Views
Tayebe BaratiContemporary literary circle has grown so vast that there is no way to cover it all at one instance. Discussions about all literary methods in fields such as poetry, essay, journalism, drama, and fiction are of critical issues. Introducing literary scholars in the field MoreContemporary literary circle has grown so vast that there is no way to cover it all at one instance. Discussions about all literary methods in fields such as poetry, essay, journalism, drama, and fiction are of critical issues. Introducing literary scholars in the field of literature and offering their point of view and uncovering their notions may provide valuable insight toward these methods, identifying right and wrong. Of these scholars who has a significant role in literature and criticism, and has valuable point of views about literary works in different age of Persian literature the name Abdolhosein Zarinkoob is no doubt the first to recall. His profound knowledge of English, Arabic, and French languages emancipated Persian literary criticism from restrictions and limitations which led subjective criticism into an objective one, and paved the way for contemporary literary criticism. Some of his perspectives are presented in this paper Manuscript profile -
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204 - The Analysis of Nirfana in the Sonnet "Afif" (Chaste) Based on Modern Psychological Criticism with a Case Study of Aboobakr Mohammad Davood Esfahani
Roohollah Sayyadinejad Faezeh PasandiSonnet "Afif" found existence during Abbasid period, in spite of presence of Sufi poets and on top of them Mohammad Davood Esfahani known as Zaheri who went beyond physical sensation and lived with a pure and holy love. This sonnet was the result of unaffected Islamic e MoreSonnet "Afif" found existence during Abbasid period, in spite of presence of Sufi poets and on top of them Mohammad Davood Esfahani known as Zaheri who went beyond physical sensation and lived with a pure and holy love. This sonnet was the result of unaffected Islamic education in which religious teachings immingled with human spirit which resulted in chastity and virtue. Among most important features of this sonnet is "Nirfana" which had great influence on Arabic poetry progress because it created a distinct poetic purpose and in addition to maintaining classic poetic methods it was influenced by Islamic civilization and other cultures of that time. The aim of this study is to reveal some characteristics of spiritual nurturing being common among Buda, Sufi and importance of mystic life and its position in these two religions and to discover scientific methods and tools to accommodate it with keeping away from sensual desires and moving toward divine essence as well as investigating Nirfana's thought in the sonnet "Afif". Death, pain, lack of will, inner tension, and masochism are some of its most important elements. Therefore, exact investigating of this poet's poems will reveal its technical value and chaste approach in studying this distinct poetic aspect. Manuscript profile -
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205 - Divan Literary Society: The Growth of Literature and Criticism in Twentieth Century
Seyed Soleiman AshkvarThrough a detailed investigation in the contemporary Arabic literature during 20th century it can be inferred that literature and art has developed remarkably towards innovation and away from imitation. It is natural that this lunge has not occurred overnight. In fact, MoreThrough a detailed investigation in the contemporary Arabic literature during 20th century it can be inferred that literature and art has developed remarkably towards innovation and away from imitation. It is natural that this lunge has not occurred overnight. In fact, in literature no change is feasible without the proper and sufficient background. These backgrounds provide the new tendencies and dimensions in literary arena. Among these the impact of Divan literary society as followers of some special schools is undeniable. As the pioneer of inventiveness and novelty Divan literary society has achieved vehement thoughts such as horizontal and vertical cohesion of the poem, personal poetic experiences ,poetic formalism, freedom of interpretation, the originality of conscience,etc through a comprehensive analysis and speculations on contemporary western literature as well as the pure Arabic literature. The Society paved the way for the emergence of new literature regardless of some failure at the outset and opened up a new literature, incomparable to the past. On the road to success, some other literary societies in West and East cooperated to wear the tattered coat of imitation off the weary body of literature and poetry. Manuscript profile -
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206 - The Criticism of the Explanations of the Muallaqat (synchronized study
Somayeh Hasan Alian sayyedmohammadreza IbnorrasoolConsidering the importance of Muallaqat in Arabic literature, as well as its importance in the various sciences of language , literature, grammar and also containing many of the Jahelliah words a great number of commentators paid attention MoreConsidering the importance of Muallaqat in Arabic literature, as well as its importance in the various sciences of language , literature, grammar and also containing many of the Jahelliah words a great number of commentators paid attention to them. In the present study, it is intended to study the critical method of commentators in their explanations of the Muallaqat, descriptive - analytical method being employed. The results of the study reveals that commentators paid attention to criticism although it isn’t much. And their critical views are focused on technical levels (Dictionary, phonetics, syntax, rhetoric) and semantic level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
207 - Critical- Analytical Study ofMarounAbboud's views about Abbas Mahmoud Al-Aqqad's poems
Jamal TalebiAbbas Mahmoud AL-Aqqad is considered as one of illustriouspersonalities of Arab world in contemporary era. He is said to be of great works in social, political, religious and literary areas and does not ignore to compose poem and has published about ten poetic divans. T MoreAbbas Mahmoud AL-Aqqad is considered as one of illustriouspersonalities of Arab world in contemporary era. He is said to be of great works in social, political, religious and literary areas and does not ignore to compose poem and has published about ten poetic divans. There are hot critical views about his poetry and the critics are divided into three groupspros and cons and moderate. Famous Lebanese critic,Maroon Abboud, is the toughest opponent of his poetry and heridicules and criticizes his poems in a harsh way. Studying the poetry of Abbas Mahmoud Al-Aqqad,it is clear that Abboud's views are far from scientific spirit and constructive criticism;they are in restraints of categoriesbeing dominant in criticism of Arab world in twentieth century. In studying the poetry Aqqad says “I do not compare him with Naji, Abushadi, Taha, Seirafi, Khafif, Bashar Fars,SalehJaudat,ZakiMobarak and anyone who has engaged in composing poetry in Egypt. All of them even ZakiMobarakare better than him.” Accordingly, it is necessary for us to study and criticize Abboud'sopinionsand thoughts fairly and impartially and to showreal face of Aqqad'spoetry especially in "al-Karwan gift", "vahyAl-Arba'aeen" and "AberSl-Sabil" distinguished in terms of innovation, subject orientation, unity and integration of the ode. The main finding of this study is that in many cases Abbouddoes notobservefair judgment and is influenced by personal and group interests althoughin some cases his criticism is fair and right. This is due to the fact that competition among critics in Arab world, particularly in Egypt and Lebanon in the twentieth century led the criticism towards bigotry and away from true scientific spirit Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
208 - The Impact of the West on the Contemporary Arab Literary Criticism
Hassan Majidi Mohammad AhmadniaTranslation is of the most striking manifestations of contemporary Arabic literature.This phenomenon in contemporary Western criticism of the discussions that influenced this effect is due to communication and connection with the Arab literature and West. & MoreTranslation is of the most striking manifestations of contemporary Arabic literature.This phenomenon in contemporary Western criticism of the discussions that influenced this effect is due to communication and connection with the Arab literature and West. Contemporaneous cash and cash schools, especially schools Divan Court are external factors affecting research. But the important point is that despite all these effects a society is required that is dynamic culture. Americas since time is not on the cash flows, Arab heritage did not forget the new methods of cash from their roots and the old nobility was not isolated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - A Criticism on Style Deviation Theorists
Mohammad Hadi Moradi Majid Ghasemi The term “stylistics” has started with the emergence of linguistic research at the first decades of twentieth century. Charles Bally (1865-1947), is the founder of modern stylistics in the French School, and is a substitute for Sau More The term “stylistics” has started with the emergence of linguistic research at the first decades of twentieth century. Charles Bally (1865-1947), is the founder of modern stylistics in the French School, and is a substitute for Saussure at the Linguistics Department of University of Geneva. Stylistics is a sort of criticism process that reveals the aesthetic bases of literary works. One of the most prominent kinds of stylistics is deviation; it is some kinds of variety and alteration which enhances text’s value. Deviation is a technique of communicating between creator and recipient, because this technique reveals the capability of creator in using the hidden part of language to convey the message to the recipient with its all stylistic value. So style deviates from the norm to reveal the objectives that normal language is not able to convey. But some theorists believe that the style is nothing more than deviation. This article tries to criticize this opinion by using examples from poetry and holy Quran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - Investigation and Interpretation of Sohrab Sepehri's Hasht-ketab(Eight-Volumes) in the Light of Mathematics
Javad Qorbani Alireza Iranbakhsh Existence of words and concepts of basic sciences including mathematics, geology, biology, chemistry and physics in the poetry causes many form and conceptual rises and falls for which further investigation and criticism are necessary. Science always accompanies More Existence of words and concepts of basic sciences including mathematics, geology, biology, chemistry and physics in the poetry causes many form and conceptual rises and falls for which further investigation and criticism are necessary. Science always accompanies with accuracy and science introduction into poetic and literary area will also involve it in accuracy and give it more depth. Sometimes it helps having right understanding of poetry and sometimes hides and codifies it and makes its understanding more difficult. Mathematics is considered as one of basic sciences and penetration of its words and concepts in poetry area causes some evolutions in its content, form and understanding rate which is investigable. This research aims to investigate relation between mathematics and literature and influence of mathematics entering poetry considering Hasht Behesht by Sohrab Sepehri and also influence of this science on understanding rate of poetry in addition to extracting all mathematical words and concepts from Sepehri’s poems. For authors, introduction of mathematical concepts and words into Sepehri’s poetry has been very effective and in most cases it has played an important role like creating brevity, imagination and imagery and giving accuracy to the poetry. Although entrance of these words has sometimes increased poetic richness and made its concept deeper and more influencing, it has caused complexity of poetic understanding such that if this possible complexity and constraint removes, understanding and comprehension of the poetry will be more productive. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - Structural Criticism of Allama Seyed Mohammad Hossein Fadlallah Poems with Emphasis on Several Poetic Odes in Fi darub Alsab'aein Divan
Sayyed Mohammad Mirhosseini Elham MaryamiThe work Fi Darub Alsab'aein by Sayyed Mohammad Hossein Fadl- allah has dedidated a superiority and importance to itself applying classic and new odes with a mystical and emotional language for visiting God and a deep thinking about what has been obtained during the lif MoreThe work Fi Darub Alsab'aein by Sayyed Mohammad Hossein Fadl- allah has dedidated a superiority and importance to itself applying classic and new odes with a mystical and emotional language for visiting God and a deep thinking about what has been obtained during the life. What has worked in transferring the poet's message is form and structure of the odes. Structuralism is an effort to discover new signs and to understand inner relations of the work. In this study we aim to investigate existing bases related to structuralist criticism in several odes of the Divan in addition to offering a description of Allama's life, his poetic talent and introducing the Divan. For this reason we focus on two linguistic layers of the poem; outside layer is same poetic rhythm and rhyme, phonetic, verbal and synthactic structures and median layer is poetic images, sign and symble which have been explained with examples. In this study, we try to consider a kind of union between structure and content of the work and to offer a more accurate understanding and perception of its poems and their messages. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - A Sociological Analysis of Naguib Mahfouz's Works with a Close look at The Novel Children of Gebelawi( Owlade Haratana)
Abdol Ghasem Torabi Seyyed Hossein SeyediThe formation and creation of every work of art is influenced by social milieu. The sociological criticism is an attempt to reveal the relationship between society and literature. The science of sociology started during nineteenth century and great authors such as MoreThe formation and creation of every work of art is influenced by social milieu. The sociological criticism is an attempt to reveal the relationship between society and literature. The science of sociology started during nineteenth century and great authors such as Madame de Stael, Hippolyte Taine, and great philosophers and thinkers such as Marx, and Hegel developed it more comprehensively. Undoubtedly novels and stories are influenced by social conditions and the society is also influenced by these works. Thus there is a mutual relationship between a literary work and society. Naguib Mahfouz is one of the authors who has paid attention to different social aspects. This paper which approaches his works based on sociological criticism –with a close look at Children of Gebelawi- tries to deal with social problems and shows that his works have affected the improvement of the Egyptian society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
213 - The Social Criticism of Literature (Birth and Evolution)
Azade montazeri Mohammad Khaghani Mansoureh ZarkoubCertainly there is a strong relationship between literature and society and this is what the ancient philosophers and scientists have repeatedly referred to in the theories such as Theory of "Mimesis" and theory of "Reflection" and other ideas.The sociology of lit MoreCertainly there is a strong relationship between literature and society and this is what the ancient philosophers and scientists have repeatedly referred to in the theories such as Theory of "Mimesis" and theory of "Reflection" and other ideas.The sociology of literature is one of the main ways in literary studies founded by Marxist dialectic. This study is an attempt to explain the social critique of the literature on descriptive analytical methods and to attribute the thoughts and opinions that have been raised in relation to literature and society. After investigating the theory of "Mimesis", Marxist dialectic theory will be discussed and finally, Lukacs and his followers' theory will be studied due to the fact that there is no contradiction between the sociology of literature and personal literary creations since investigating of literal works without concerning its social context is impossible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
214 - The"Beshriia" Ode and its Verse Persian Translation from Musical Point of View
Mohammad Rahimi Narges GanjiThe "Beshr ibn Avana"s poetry called "Beshriia ode" has been translated to Persian poetry by the contemporary Iranian poet "Mohammad Hossein Shahriar". And he has tried to communicate all aspects of the text into the target language. One of the most im MoreThe "Beshr ibn Avana"s poetry called "Beshriia ode" has been translated to Persian poetry by the contemporary Iranian poet "Mohammad Hossein Shahriar". And he has tried to communicate all aspects of the text into the target language. One of the most important aspects of the poetry is the Music lyrics that we see "Shahriar" transmitted it beautifully. This study tries to make a comparison between translation and the original text.The most important finding of this research is to show that the Music lyrics in two Persian and Arabic poetry helped poets to express thoughts in the best way, as sometimes we see that music and lyrical space suit in the best form sometimes accompanied with saga and pride. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
215 - Analyzing critical parables in Farrokhi's and Forough poems with the approach of social influences
Hosein Mehrabibardar mohammadali sharifiyan rajab fakhraeiyanCritical parables are one of the last tools of elite thinkers and poets to protest against the atmosphere of suffocation and suffocation prevailing in the society. The importance of this research is to know that in a society reform is formed in the real sense and growth MoreCritical parables are one of the last tools of elite thinkers and poets to protest against the atmosphere of suffocation and suffocation prevailing in the society. The importance of this research is to know that in a society reform is formed in the real sense and growth and perfection are realized, that critiques based on reasoning from the intellectual class become common. The purpose of this research is to examine Farrokhi's allegorical-critical poems along with similar examples from the Holy Quran, Nahj al-Balagha and great poets, especially with a descriptive-analytical method based on library sources, and the critical view of Farrokhi in his allegorical poems according to the prevailing conditions. to be analyzed in the bowl of social literature on its own time. No background was found on the topic of critical parables of Farrokhi poems. The method of research was extracting allegorical-critical poems in Divan and analyzing them. The question is whether the allegorical criticisms of Farrokhi had an impact on the social developments of that time or not? He sees no other way than to express the facts in the form of plain and sometimes allegorical, metaphorical and ironic prose. Because he has tried the path of evangelism and gossip before, like all the freedom fighters of history, he knows the hard end, but he believes that he keeps the light of awareness on, and because his choice is a conscious courage, even if his life is on the line, he conveys his words and his message. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - Analysis of critical allegories in the story of "Ganeh Ganehai Zard" with political issues and social effects in order to enlighten the audience
Maryam Alizadeh Kamran Pashaei Fakhri Parvane AdelzadeCritical fiction is one of the most obvious fields in which social issues and problems are well represented. In some social periods, writers could not easily express their opinions due to the political suffocation of the society, they used indirect methods of expression MoreCritical fiction is one of the most obvious fields in which social issues and problems are well represented. In some social periods, writers could not easily express their opinions due to the political suffocation of the society, they used indirect methods of expression such as critical allegories to express their opinions, thoughts and criticisms. Since the examination of critical parables is necessary to show thoughts and criticisms of the political, social and historical situation of the society in order to enlighten the audience, the purpose of the research is to examine the actions and critical allegorical behaviors in the story of "Ganeh Ganehai Zard" with a political approach and social influences in order to enlighten the audience. In this article, we intend to mention some examples based on political, historical and social allegory from the text of the story and examine the social harm caused by it and answer the question that; What is the effect of critical allegorical actions and behaviors with a political, social and historical approach in the story of "Ganeh Ganehai Zard" in the direction of enlightening the audience? The data collection method of this research was done in a library manner and has a descriptive-analytical approach. The results of the research show that the author has portrayed the political and social effects of dictatorial, dictatorial and colonial actions and behaviors and the resulting social harms to enlighten the audience with critical parables. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - An Educational-Psychological Investigation of the King and the Bondmaid Story in Masnavi Ma’navi based on the Structural Model
Abolfazl Ghanizadeh Majid Sarmadi Fatemeh Koupa Ali MohammadzadehStory is the representation of human life where the reader attempts to find his or her whereabouts, to reach it, and to flee from it. Story has a rich number of codes and once they are unfolded, their interpretation would be of great significance for interpreting human MoreStory is the representation of human life where the reader attempts to find his or her whereabouts, to reach it, and to flee from it. Story has a rich number of codes and once they are unfolded, their interpretation would be of great significance for interpreting human life. Once any embedded code is taught, its richness is extended. In this article we try to encode the story of the King and the Bondmaid of Masnavi Ma’navi. Our objective is to reveal the form and content of the story taking the structural model as well as pursuing an educational goal. It is argued that the description of the different scenes of the story, and a closer look at the bitter and yet sweet psychological taste of the story will indisputably add something to the readers’ impression and insight. In general, this study is new in its approach and we hope to provide a novel, satisfying article for scholars and researchers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - Allegorical anecdotes in the poems of Akhavan Saleh, Based on discourse analysis theories
leila galavi Mostafa Salari Behrouz RomianiOne of the eldest and at the same time, the most effective literary device, is expressing a subject through allegorical exemplum. In this method by using a simile structure, the poet tries to present an inner meaning in his mind, while it is actually the tenor, througho MoreOne of the eldest and at the same time, the most effective literary device, is expressing a subject through allegorical exemplum. In this method by using a simile structure, the poet tries to present an inner meaning in his mind, while it is actually the tenor, throughout a story, which is actually the vehicle of the simile structure. In the present survey which is an essential one, the data is obtained through library studies and then they are analyzed throughout a descriptive method, based on discourse analysis, specially, the critical discourse analysis theory by Norman Fairclough, the reasons and the manner of Mehdi Akhavan Sales, a contemporary Persian poet, allegorical exemplum usage in his poetry is discussed. Akhavan, whose contents of his poems are mostly based on the social affairs of his time, uses allegorical exemplum for different reasons, such as: increasing the effects on his readers, as well as saving himself from the political- social dangerous impacts of such poems. In so many of his poems which consist of allegorical exemplum, the vehicles of vast detailed simile structures are affairs such as: poverty, loneliness, honour, oppression, and the valuable culture of Iran, while the tenors are allegorical exemplum, with different subjects, settings, and characters. Finding the tenor out of the vehicle through a systematic targeted method based on the Fairclough’s theory which has three phases, is completely possible and the processes can be offered to interpret other allegorical exemplum in other poet’s works, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
219 - Sheikh Bahaei and His Art of Poetry in the "Attraction of Word's Music"
Abbass KaymaneshIn this Article, the author is about to present a summary of the life and works of Sheikh Bahaei and to evaluate the fabulous poem and Bahaei (i.e. valuable) words of him in the scale of word's music and art of versification of a jurisprudent poet who obtained the posit MoreIn this Article, the author is about to present a summary of the life and works of Sheikh Bahaei and to evaluate the fabulous poem and Bahaei (i.e. valuable) words of him in the scale of word's music and art of versification of a jurisprudent poet who obtained the position and title of Sheikh-al-Eslam (i.e. Elder of Islam) in the Court of Abbas Safavy, the King, and in the realm of terminology and combination of them with the music frets and in the Mirror of Fantasy and creation of colorful concepts by him in prosody swing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
220 - Thermodynamic Analysis of a Modified Two-Stage Trans-Critical CO2 Refrigeration Cycle with Multi Inter-Cooling System
Ahmad Reza Rahmati Ali Gheibi -
Open Access Article
221 - Analysis of Off-road Performance for a Tracked Vehicle
MohamadReza Elhami -
Open Access Article
222 - The Effectiveness of Compassion Focused Therapy on Depression and Self Criticism of Female University Students
maryam shariati najmeh Hamid Esmaeel Hashemi ShaykhShabani Kiumars beshlideh Ali MarashiThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of compassion-based therapy on depression and self criticism of female students. This study employed a semi-experimental method and used a pre-test, post-test and follow up design with experimental and control groups. MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of compassion-based therapy on depression and self criticism of female students. This study employed a semi-experimental method and used a pre-test, post-test and follow up design with experimental and control groups. The population included all female students of university of Farhangian in Ahvaz in 2014 (1393-94s.c.). From among 200 students who were registered to participate in the study, 40 students who had received one standard deviation above the mean in the test of depression, were selected randomly and assigned in the experimental (20 students) and control (students) groups. The tools of this study were Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, et al, 1996) and Levels of Self-Criticism Scale (Thompson, 2004). The experimental group received 8 sessions of the compassion-based therapy. The analysis of covariance showed that compassion-based therapy decreased students’ depression and self criticism (internalizing self-criticism and comparative self-criticism). (P<0.0001). These results significantly persisted after follow-up period. It was then concluded that compassion-based therapy can be used by psychologist as a new and effective method to decrease depression and female students’ self-criticism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - The effect of cognitive distortion on self-criticism mediated by personality traits in the students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran
dariush mehrafzoon nemat sotodeh asl Shahrokh Makound HosseiniThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive distortion on self-criticism mediated by personality traits in students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran. The method of this research is correlation and its statistical population is the students of Is MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive distortion on self-criticism mediated by personality traits in students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran. The method of this research is correlation and its statistical population is the students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran in 1399. The research sample was 350 people who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data collection tools were self-critical questionnaires, cognitive distortion and personality traits. The method of data analysis is structural equation modeling. The results showed that the model has an acceptable fit with the data. The results also showed that personality traits and cognitive distortion significantly predict self-criticism. Cognitive distortion has a significant direct effect on self-critical prediction. The indirect effect of cognitive distortion on self-criticism is mediated by positive and significant personality traits. Also, the subscales of extroversion, agreement, openness and conscientiousness have a significant negative effect on self-criticism and neuroticism has a significant positive effect on self-criticism. According to the results obtained in this study, it can be used to reduce self-criticism by reducing cognitive distortions. Manuscript profile -
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224 - Predicting parenting styles based on educational motivation and critical thinking mediated by hardiness in second grade female students
parnian rezazadeh mahbobeh aslami Soroush AlimardaniThe aim of this study was to predict parenting styles based on educational motivation and critical thinking with respect to the mediating role of hardiness. The research method was applied research and its implementation method was descriptive (non-experimental) and the MoreThe aim of this study was to predict parenting styles based on educational motivation and critical thinking with respect to the mediating role of hardiness. The research method was applied research and its implementation method was descriptive (non-experimental) and the research design was relational - Correlation and mediator analysis. The statistical population of this study was female primary school students in KARAJ (district 4) in 2017, from which 400 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Research data were collected through these ways: parenting style questionnaire (Baumrind, 1971), educational motivation questionnaire (Harter, 1980), Ricketts critical thinking orientation questionnaire (Ricketts, 2003) and Ahvaz Hardiness Inventory, (2000). In order to test the hypotheses and analyze the data, multiple regression and SOBEL test were used. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between dictatorial, authoritarian and negligent parenting styles with students' educational motivation and critical thinking (P = 0.001). Also, educational motivation and critical thinking were able to predict parenting styles due to their hardiness. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
225 - The effect of critical thinking skills training on improvement of creativity, academic self-efficacy, and psychological well-being among first-year high-school girls
Atefeh Saedi Mohammad Ali Zarei Maryam NasiriThe main objective of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of critical thinking skills training on improving creativity, academic self-efficacy and psychological well-being of students in Ahvaz. The study was conducted on a quasi-experimental basis with th MoreThe main objective of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of critical thinking skills training on improving creativity, academic self-efficacy and psychological well-being of students in Ahvaz. The study was conducted on a quasi-experimental basis with the control group. The research statistical population included all female first-year high-school students of Ahvaz city.By purposive sampling, 30 students were selected as study sample and randomly assigned into two equal groups of experimental and control. Research instruments included the Abedi Creativity Questionnaire (Abedi, 2003), the Murises Educational Self-Efficacy Scale (Murises, 2001), and the Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale (Ryff, 1989). To analyze the data, inferential statistical methods were used such as univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and SPSS statistical software (Version 25). The findings showed that the applied intervention increased the levels of creativity, academic self-efficacy and psychological well-being of students. Therefore, the intervention of critical thinking skills training to help female students is effective and recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
226 - Shylock’s Speech in The Merchant of Venice: Critical Discourse Analysis
Hamada Dawood Nimer A. A. Abuzahra Mohammed Farrah -
Open Access Article
227 - The Comparative Effect of Portfolio Assessment and Peer-Assessment on EFL Learners' Critical Thinking and Speaking Achievement
Behdokht Mall-Amiri Haleh Askarzadeh -
Open Access Article
228 - Male and Female Social Actor Representation in Four Corners 4: A Critical Discourse Perspective
Ali Roohani -
Open Access Article
229 - The Effect of Critical Thinking Skills on Reading English Novels
Ashraf Haji Maibodi -
Open Access Article
230 - Using Convergent and Divergent Tasks through Critical Thinking in Writing Classes
Hamid Marashi Rahil Akbar-Hosseini -
Open Access Article
231 - Impact of Critical Thinking Instruction Through Argument Mapping Techniques on Iranian Male and Female EFL Learners’ Critical Thinking Ability and Reading Skill
Mohammad Ali Esfandiari Ehsan Rezvani Bahram Hadian -
Open Access Article
232 - Shedding Light on Ecological Critical Language Awareness Construct: A Questionnaire Development and Validation Study in the Iranian EFL Context
Ghazaleh Cheraghpour Samvati Parviz Maftoon Mojgan Rashtchi -
Open Access Article
233 - Professionalism as a Predictor of Reflective Teaching and Criticality of EFL Teachers
َAdel Dastgoshadeh Kaveh Jalilzadeh -
Open Access Article
234 - Critical theory impact on the curriculum studies theorizing
Sirus Mansoori Mohammad Hasan Karimi Majid Kowsary Meimanat Abedini BaltorkCritical theory in recent decades have been affected field of education and curriculum studies that its results are emergence of terms and theories such as the reproduction theory, resistance theory and hidden curriculum that used frequently in educational texts. The ge MoreCritical theory in recent decades have been affected field of education and curriculum studies that its results are emergence of terms and theories such as the reproduction theory, resistance theory and hidden curriculum that used frequently in educational texts. The general idea of critical theorists that generally are Neo-Marxist is based on conflict between the dominant and the dominated in education. This paper has examined at analysis approach, both study of critical theory, and also theories derived from the field of curriculum studies. In addition, given the criticisms and then its application to curriculum. Theories and key concepts derived from critical theory are including the reproduction theory, resistance theory and hidden curriculum which are discussed in this article. Reproduction theory is following this idea that educational system and the curriculum by providing specific conditions to reproduce the existing culture and is in domination hands. Hidden curriculum refers to the fact that in the context of the school curriculum, but conscious, students push gives to the ruling system. Resistance theory that the human factor at this point important is believed that Students and down stairs in the school curriculum is resistant to existence curriculum. Finally, the paper looks at the application of some elements of the curriculum based on critical theory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
235 - Effect of Critical Thinking, Problem Solving and Meta-Cognitive on Students' Self-Directed Learning
محمد علی نادی مریم گردانشکن محسن گلپرورThis study aimed to assess effects of training critical thinking, problem solving and meta-cognitive on students' self- directed learning. Fifty undergraduate student of Islamic Azad university of Khorasgan were selected randomly and then they divided randomly into ex MoreThis study aimed to assess effects of training critical thinking, problem solving and meta-cognitive on students' self- directed learning. Fifty undergraduate student of Islamic Azad university of Khorasgan were selected randomly and then they divided randomly into experimental and control groups. Test group were trained about critical thinking, problem solving and meta-cognitive in 6 sessions. Fischer et al' scale (2001) was used as an instrument for measuring self- directed learning before and after training. Data analysis was done using analysis of covariance. Research findings indicated a significant impact of teaching critical thinking, problem solving and meta-cognitive on the total scores of self- directed learning and its components (self-management, desire for learning, and self control). According to the data analysis, training critical thinking, problem solving and meta-cognitive will increase total score of self- directed learning and its components (self-management, desire for learning, and self control). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
236 - The Effect of Research-Based Teaching Method on Critical Thinking of Students of Master Degree in Educational Planning at Azad University of Sari
Mohammad Mahbobeh Jafari Rostami, Mohammad Hajizad Seyedeh Mahbobeh Jafari RostamiThe main goal of this research is to study the effects of the research-oriented teaching method on critical thinking of graduated students in educational planning at sari-based Islamic Azad University. The present survey is semi experimental in term of data collection a MoreThe main goal of this research is to study the effects of the research-oriented teaching method on critical thinking of graduated students in educational planning at sari-based Islamic Azad University. The present survey is semi experimental in term of data collection and applied in term of the goal. The statistical community includes all educational planning graduated students of Sari-based Islamic Azad University as 210 ones. The sampling method is simple random. In the present study, the standard test questionnaire of California Form B critical thinking skills (CCTST-B)(1990) (1990)have been employed. In order to determine the content and formal validity, the study questionnaires have been presented to some field-related exports, masters, guides and advisors to be reviewed that all of them confirmed the questionnaires’ validity to be used for the study. To further guarantee their reliability, 30 questionnaires have been executed before the final run randomly and their alpha-Cronbach has been estimated at 0.78 level. It should be noted that the course of advanced teaching method in the weekly program of Azad University of Sari was held one day a week and Wednesdays. In the first session, the implementation of critical thinking questionnaire Form B and Comic creativity was completed as a pre-test in both experimental and control classes. During the implementation period, the teaching-driven teaching with emphasis on the use of the teaching method of exploration as an independent variable, the researcher was fully associated with the professor and was present in the test class and when faced with the problem, he provided the necessary guidance, then at the end of the eighth session, the same questionnaires were completed as a post-test in both experimental and control classes. Research-based teaching has influenced the variable "critical thinking". Also, teaching-driven research among critical thinking components (interpretive skills, assessment skills, inferential skills, deductive skills, and inductive skills) did not only affect the component of interpretive skills and affected other components. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
237 - Investigation of the compatibility of claims in rival curriculum theories for democratic citizenship based on a Schwabean perspective
محمود مهر محمدیThis essay is predicated on the assumption that pursuing the goal of democratic citizenship is acceptable within an Islamic view of education. To justify this claim the appeal, among other evidences, is made to the analysis of the term of Islamic Republic coined by the MoreThis essay is predicated on the assumption that pursuing the goal of democratic citizenship is acceptable within an Islamic view of education. To justify this claim the appeal, among other evidences, is made to the analysis of the term of Islamic Republic coined by the founder of this political system. The bulk of the paper, then, focuses on three rival curriculum theories with the common ideal of democracy as the preferred social order. The three theories are rational humanism, critical and progressivism. To assess the viability of the common claim to democracy and nurturing the quality of democratic citizenship, the author has suggested the criteria of deliberation derived from Schwab’s practical perspective. The scrutiny that followed based on this novel criteria led to the conclusion that progressivism fares more adequate than the other two theories Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
238 - Reflection on the barriers to critical thinking in the curriculum of secondary education
وحیده علی پور مریم سیف نراقی عزت اله نادری علی شریعتمداریThe aim of this study is to investigate the factors that hinder critical thinking in the Iran high school curriculum. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were exploited in this research. In the qualitative part, curriculum development experts participated MoreThe aim of this study is to investigate the factors that hinder critical thinking in the Iran high school curriculum. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were exploited in this research. In the qualitative part, curriculum development experts participated through the deep interviews. 18 experts (educationalists) were chosen as the cases for study through biased sampling. For the quantitative episode, 97 curriculum development experts and 375 high school teachers in Tehran completed a questionnaire developed by the researchers. The qualitative results were concluded to a total of 27 primary concepts and seven main issues. The quantitative results were revealed that developing critical thinking in high school associated with some barriers, such as low attention paid to the skills of analysis, synthesis, ambiguity tolerance, risk taking, and accepting the opponent views. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
239 - The Comparative study of Three Current Views on Critical Thinking and their educational implication: based on the Richard Paul, Robert Ennis and Bertrand Russellâ s point of view
fatemeh vojdani mahdi sajadiCritical thinking is an important part of education and should be considered in all parts of curriculum in all levels. The essence and the nature of critical thinking, its chief principals and its reinforcing plans are what going to be studied in this essay, using a des MoreCritical thinking is an important part of education and should be considered in all parts of curriculum in all levels. The essence and the nature of critical thinking, its chief principals and its reinforcing plans are what going to be studied in this essay, using a descriptive-analytical and comparative method.The results show that these three approaches toward critical thinking are not in the same way, especially Russell’s viewpoint which is more different. Specifically, critical thinking has been discussed by Paul and Ennis, and both have purposed exact plans for its practicality and integrating it to the educational curriculum. Their approach, also, have a lot in common with psychological approach, too. But Russell’s viewpoint is of theoretical and philosophical one. He explained and justified critical thinking from a humanistic viewpoint. Regardless of these differences, applying critical thinking both in believes and actions of the teachers is the vary point with which they are, all, agreed. They believe that these points not only should be thought but also should be put into practice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
240 - Investigation of tendency toward critical thinking in secondary school teachers and its role on their teaching style
MORTEZA KARAMI MALIHE RAJAEI MARZIEH NAMKHAHRecently, studying on critical thinking disposition and its related factors as one of the teacher’s professional competences has attracted many education experts. The present study investigated the trend of critical thinking in high school teachers and its role in MoreRecently, studying on critical thinking disposition and its related factors as one of the teacher’s professional competences has attracted many education experts. The present study investigated the trend of critical thinking in high school teachers and its role in their preferred teaching style. The study was descriptive and correlation. The study population included all of 4115 female high school teachers in the city of Mashhad in 2012-2013 academic year. Kukran formula and cluster random sampling of 110 teachers were selected. Research tools were the questionnaire of teaching style (Mousa Poor, 1998) and critical thinking disposition criteria of Ricketts (2003). The findings from this study showed a significant meaning (r = 0.48, p < 0.001) and teachers tendency toward active teaching style was more than passive and the overall critical thinking disposition of teachers was desirable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
241 - Examining critical thinking in University graduate students
parvaneh valavi somayeh bagherpour javad shahsavariThe purpose of recent article was to consider the critical thinking situation between graduate students. The population of this descriptive-survey research included 900 MA. graduate students in Shahid Chamran University in Ahvaz (2012-2013) that have passed their course MoreThe purpose of recent article was to consider the critical thinking situation between graduate students. The population of this descriptive-survey research included 900 MA. graduate students in Shahid Chamran University in Ahvaz (2012-2013) that have passed their courses. 172 students were selected as a sample by random stratified sampling (Morgan sampling chart). The research instruments were California questionnaire of form B and the data analysis method included two parts: descriptive and inference statistics. The independent t test method and one-way variance analysis were used in the inference statistics by using SPSS 19. The research findings showed that the critical thinking skills between students were low. The evaluation skill mean in the educational science and psychology group and analysis skill and inference skill mean in the technical and engineering group were higher than other groups. The low level skills of the critical thinking in graduate students showed that higher education did not act well in curriculum and educational methods and teaching for training critic and thoughtful students. If higher education wants to train the people with careful, identical, rational, critical mind, it should revise its educational domain Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
242 - Explaining and analyzing the sixth grade literature book in the critical analysis frame of discourse
محمدحسن کریمی شهرزاد شاه سنی فهیمه کشاورزی رضا ناصری جهرمیThe critical investigation of textbooks gave a person this ability to notice the hidden points more and better and recognize the author’s real meaning and purpose. The general purpose of this research was to consider and analyze discourse components of the sixth g MoreThe critical investigation of textbooks gave a person this ability to notice the hidden points more and better and recognize the author’s real meaning and purpose. The general purpose of this research was to consider and analyze discourse components of the sixth grade literature book on the basis of the analysis pattern of critical discourse. The type of this descriptive research was quantitative. The population was the sixth grade literature book in 2012-2013 and the sample is the same population on the basis of criterion sampling. The books content was analyzed by using Van loon pattern. The results showed the expression components were pictured more than omission components and hidden expression. Therefore the authors used poems and stories in order to affect more because the sixth grade literature books want to influence on children through poems, parables, learning stories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
243 - The relationship between critical thinking and meta cognition with Learning Styles and Academic Success in students of Islamic Azad University Branch Ahvaz
sahar safarzadehThe aim of the present study was to investigate The relationship between critical thinking and meta cognition with learning styles and academic success in students of Islamic Azad University Branch Ahvaz. The sample of research included 400 subjects(200 boy and 200 girl MoreThe aim of the present study was to investigate The relationship between critical thinking and meta cognition with learning styles and academic success in students of Islamic Azad University Branch Ahvaz. The sample of research included 400 subjects(200 boy and 200 girls) who were selected based on stratified random sampling. For the measurement of the variable, California critical thinking disposition inventory (CCTST), State metacognitin invertory (ESM) and Learning style inventory (LSI) were used. The research was canonic correlation and data analysis by canonical correlation revealed: there were relations between critical thinking and meta cognition with learning styles and academic success all of students. The results also revealed that: there is the strongestcor relation between Absorptive learning style Spiritual Intelligencefrom first setofvariables(independent) and meta cognition from second setofvariables(dependent). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
244 - An Analysis on the Critical Theory of Education and Its Implications for the Curriculum
رحمت اله خسروی سید مهدی سجادیAccording to the critical theory, education is seen as an inseparable factor from human and social evolution. This theory considers school, curriculum, teaching and learning as factors and activities which go beyond mere academic affairs and have political, economic, so MoreAccording to the critical theory, education is seen as an inseparable factor from human and social evolution. This theory considers school, curriculum, teaching and learning as factors and activities which go beyond mere academic affairs and have political, economic, social and educational implications. In this regard, the present study attempts to analyze the critical theory of education and its implications for the curriculum. In this study, "Speculative Essay" is used as research method and "Review of Documentation" is used as a tool for information gathering. According to the research purpose, topics such as philosophical foundations of critical theory of education, the education process in this theory, critical theory implications for the curriculum and the criticisms related to it have been surveyed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
245 - Surveying the Effect of Educational Applications of Information and Communication Technology on the Critical Thinking and Attitude of the First Grade High School Girl Students from District 4 in Tehran
roghayeh Agh arkakli nosh afarin safari hossein hafezi kan kowtThis study aims to survey the effect of the educational applications of information and communication technology on the critical thinking and attitude of the first grade high school girl students. The population includes all of the first grade girl high school students MoreThis study aims to survey the effect of the educational applications of information and communication technology on the critical thinking and attitude of the first grade high school girl students. The population includes all of the first grade girl high school students in district 4 of Tehran in the academic years 2008-2009. Sample size was 69, 35 of whom were from Hooshmand school of Shahid Dr. Sadeghi (experimental group) and 34 students from Hadaf school (control group), which were selected by the usage of convenient sampling. This study was performed through the quasi-experimental pre and post design and the control group. In contrast, the control group received no training. For data collection, California (form B) critical thinking and attitude towards information and communication technology questionnaire which has suitable To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (MANOVA) were utilized with SPSS18. The findings show that information and communication technology has a significant effect on the critical thinking of the first grade high school girl students in aggregation and in detail, criteria such as analysis, evaluation and inference are effective. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
246 - The Impact of Web-Based Learning with a Problem-Solving Approach on Reflective Thinking Development in English Language Students of Islamic Azad University of Ardabil
یوسف نامور عزتالله نادری علی شریعتمداری مریم سیف نراقیThis study aimed to assess the impact of web-based learning (weblog) with a problem-solving approach on reflective thinking development in English language students of Islamic Azad University of Ardabil. Reflective thinking questionnaire designed by Kember et al. (199 MoreThis study aimed to assess the impact of web-based learning (weblog) with a problem-solving approach on reflective thinking development in English language students of Islamic Azad University of Ardabil. Reflective thinking questionnaire designed by Kember et al. (1999) based on mezirow theory (1991) was used for data gathering. A pre-test and post –test was conducted for both experimental (N=15) and control groups (N=15) who were selected by cluster sampling method. Results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups concerning understanding, reflection and critical thinking (t-test, a=0.05). Therefore, this study confirmed the positive effect of web-based learning on student's reflective thinking development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
247 - Stories for âphilosophy for kidsâ program based on critical thinking
javad farzanfar a.akbar ajamPresent research has done by using content analysis in intellectual type of stories to show how philosophy for kids can achive its main goals, fostering critical thinking, in the stories which are in children's literature. As much as possible, the researcher tried t MorePresent research has done by using content analysis in intellectual type of stories to show how philosophy for kids can achive its main goals, fostering critical thinking, in the stories which are in children's literature. As much as possible, the researcher tried to choose well-known stories for audiences and acceptable for critics, experts and writers of kids and teenagers literature and the movement of teaching philosophy for Children. For example Morteza Khosro nejad, Yahya Ghaedi’s ideas have been used and to improve the philosophic level of stories, Mir Abdelhosien Naghib zadeh’s idea has been used too. Purposive sampling is used for sample size. Studing stories stopped when researcher found out the repetitive points. The texts of stories were the analysis unit. The findings showed that the stories have the potential of developing critical thinking in their readers adequately and beautifully. Therefore, studying and discussing these stories by kids and teenagers can help the program of “philosophy for kids” and reaching better results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
248 - The relationship between learning styles and Inquiry Spirit of Isfahan undergraduate students
masoome heidarpoor mohammadreza nili ahmadabadi mohammadhosein yarmohammadianThe present research was done to consider the relationship between learning styles and inquiry spirit of Isfahan undergraduate students. The method of this research was descriptive-survey. The statistical population of this research included 9183 college students of Isf MoreThe present research was done to consider the relationship between learning styles and inquiry spirit of Isfahan undergraduate students. The method of this research was descriptive-survey. The statistical population of this research included 9183 college students of Isfahan University that 376 students were selected by the random stratified random sampling method. To collect data, two kinds of questionnaires were used: Kolb learning style questionnaire (1984) and research made questionnaire of inquiry spirit. The content and face validity of the questionnaires was confirmed experts. The questionnaires reliabilities were determined for each of the learning styles components by Cronbach's alpha. The descriptive and inference statistics were used to analyze. The results showed there is a meaningful relationship between learning styles and in inquiry spirit. The Mann Whitney u test results showed there is not a meaningful difference between the students’ inquiry spirit for separating sex. Kruskal Wallis test results showed there is a difference between the students’ inquiry spirit in different majors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
249 - The Relationship Between Teachers' Instruction Procedures and Job Burnout
Azizeh Chalak Parviz Birjandi S. Esmail Hosseini Ahmad Reza Jafari Dehkordi Omid Tabatabaei Sondos Mansouri Amir Farzad Ashouri Mansour Koosha Sahar Najarzadegan Ahmad Reza Lotfi MohammadAli Nadi Mohsen Salimian Fakhri Shatalebi Nader Soleimani Mansoor Tavakoli Omid Tabatabaei Hossein Bagheri Hossein Heidari Tabrizi Zahra Fotovatnia GholamReza Akbari Behrouz Nouri Samani Safura Masaeli GholamReza Zareie Naser Abasszadeh Narges SaeedianThe purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between teacher instruction procedure and job burnout. The participants in this study were 140 teachers (males=87,females=53) at secondary schools in Garmsar. Two instruments were used to collect data. The teacher MoreThe purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between teacher instruction procedure and job burnout. The participants in this study were 140 teachers (males=87,females=53) at secondary schools in Garmsar. Two instruments were used to collect data. The teachers' instruction procedure was measured by the use of a researcher made questionnaire (with three dimensions of instruction as direct, semi‐direct and indirect). The job burnout (namely: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and decreased professional efficacy) was measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The data were analyzed using the Pearson product‐moment correlation technique, Chi‐Square test and regression. The major findings were as follows: 1) A signiicant relationship between total teachers' nstruction procedure and total burnout. 2) A positive relationship between teachers' direct instruction procedure and job burnout. 3) A Negative relationship between teachers' indirect instruction procedure and job burnout. 4) No significant relationship between teachers' semi‐direct instruction procedure and job burnout. 5) A positive relationship was found between teachers' direct instruction procedure with each three dimensions of job burnout (Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment). 6) A signiicantly negative relationship was found separate between teachers' direct instruction with each dimension of job burnout. 7) There was no relationship between teachers' semi‐direct instruction procedure with each three dimensions of job burnout. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
250 - Content Analysis
محمدتقی محمودیThis study investigated pictures and content of social sciences textbook' in first, second & third grades of secondary school in the academic year of 1388-89 (2010-2011) in Iran. It aimed to identify present citizenship educational approaches in textbooks which are tran MoreThis study investigated pictures and content of social sciences textbook' in first, second & third grades of secondary school in the academic year of 1388-89 (2010-2011) in Iran. It aimed to identify present citizenship educational approaches in textbooks which are transferred to pupils through hidden & formal curriculum. The overall aim of investigating these approaches is to define "good citizen". integrated different views (rule –oriented, participatory & critical citizens) was used for analyzing citizenship educational approaches.. Their characterisitics are as follows: (a) rule- oriented citizen: active, law-obedient, responsible. (b) Participatory citizen: interested in participating in social activities, and cooperating in society development (c) critical citizen: critical of political, economic & social structures, interested in social justice with a motivation for social change. Social sciences textbook were used as tools. description criteria is citizenship education and the unit of registration is paragraph. analysis of textbooks reveals that most content (45/5%) is dedicated to the education of rule–oriented citizens. Then there are participatory (36/06%) and critical citizens (18/44%) respectively. There is 119 pictures in books, which 65% is in the first year, 53% in second year and 32% in the third year textbook. justice and equality is one of considered issue for educating about critical citizens. Results show that 53 percent of pictures in the first year , 1/8% in second year and 8/7% in the third year have female symbols. Lack of emphasizing techniques for understanding picture message is one of critici Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
251 - Content Analysis of Sixth Grade Social Studies Text Book Based on the Elements of the Fundamental Reform Document of Education
alireza ghasemizad fatemeh asadollahiPresent research has done by using content analysis in intellectual type of stories to show how philosophy for kids can achive its main goals, fostering critical thinking, in the stories which are in children's literature. As much as possible, the researcher tried t MorePresent research has done by using content analysis in intellectual type of stories to show how philosophy for kids can achive its main goals, fostering critical thinking, in the stories which are in children's literature. As much as possible, the researcher tried to choose well-known stories for audiences and acceptable for critics, experts and writers of kids and teenagers literature and the movement of teaching philosophy for Children. For example Morteza Khosro nejad, Yahya Ghaedi’s ideas have been used and to improve the philosophic level of stories, Mir Abdelhosien Naghib zadeh’s idea has been used too. Purposive sampling is used for sample size. Studing stories stopped when researcher found out the repetitive points. The texts of stories were the analysis unit. The findings showed that the stories have the potential of developing critical thinking in their readers adequately and beautifully. Therefore, studying and discussing these stories by kids and teenagers can help the program of “philosophy for kids” and reaching better results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
252 - The relationship between teaching methods and fostering the scientific attitude of the primary girl students in Tehran
farshide fathi hafshejany Mahboube Arefi Kourosh fathi vajargahThis study aims at investigating the relationship between teaching methods and fostering the scientific attitude in the primary girl students in four regions (north, south, east, and west) of Tehran in academic year 2009-2010. 20 teachers and 20 classes were selected fr MoreThis study aims at investigating the relationship between teaching methods and fostering the scientific attitude in the primary girl students in four regions (north, south, east, and west) of Tehran in academic year 2009-2010. 20 teachers and 20 classes were selected from among all these schools by multi-stage cluster sampling. The data were collected through researcher-made questionnaire, observation checklist, documents and the file of class activities and were analyzed by Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Friedman test, Binomial test and Spearman Correlation Coefficient. The findings revealed a significant correlation between collaborative, creative, question and answer, group discussion and experimental methods and the element of Creativity; the role playing methods and the elements of curiosity; and the teaching method and all three elements. The most commonly used methods were memorization and rehearsal, lecture, explanatory, expositive, and computer-aided method and the least commonly used ones were problem-solving and question and answer, collaborative, role-playing and thematic unit. The students under study were on average in terms of curiosity and at an unpleasant condition in terms of creativity and critical thinking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
253 - Examine the philosophical foundations of evaluation epistemology in education in post modern age
Ghader Faraghi Mohsen Farmahini FarahaniThe philosophical foundations of evaluation epistemology in education in post modern age were examined in this study by four approaches (the construction oriented approach – Hermeneutics approach - Critical (Collaborative) approach and integration approach). The m MoreThe philosophical foundations of evaluation epistemology in education in post modern age were examined in this study by four approaches (the construction oriented approach – Hermeneutics approach - Critical (Collaborative) approach and integration approach). The methodology of this study was documentary analysis. In order to answer to study’s questions, data gathered using appropriate forms, and analyzed by 5 traditional approaches. According to the thesis questions the main results are: post modern evaluation epistemology is based on critical and collaborative methods combined with qualitative and quantitative approaches. The result of this study is: the evaluation of this age should be combinatorial so that: all aspect of epistemology in the field of evaluation should be considered, all positive points of evaluation method should be considered, all racial, regional, cultural and personal difference should be considered with emphasis on current needs and goals, emotional and motivational and belief of learner should be considered because it will be driving factor for learning – teaching approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
254 - Designing a critical thinking training model and its effectiveness on critical thinking skills of sixth grade elementary students
hadi sajedi rad jafar jahani maryam shafiee sarvestani mahdi mohammadiThe purpose of this study was to design a model for teaching critical thinking and its effectiveness on critical thinking skills of sixth grade elementary students in Khorasan Razavi province. The research method is mixed, ie first it was quantitative and then qualitati MoreThe purpose of this study was to design a model for teaching critical thinking and its effectiveness on critical thinking skills of sixth grade elementary students in Khorasan Razavi province. The research method is mixed, ie first it was quantitative and then qualitative. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included all sixth grade male students in Khorasan Razavi province in the academic year 2018-2019, which using a quasi-experimental design (pre-test, post-test with control group) among sixth grade students in Khorasan Razavi province (75 people) were selected as a statistical sample. The California Critical Thinking Scale was used to examine the variables of research and data collection. In this study, Cronbach's alpha was used to calculate the reliability coefficient. Accordingly, for this questionnaire, the validity coefficient was 0.81 and the reliability coefficient was 0.84. Descriptive statistics (mean, mean, etc.) and inferential statistics (one-sample T, analysis of variance) were used to analyze the data. Data analysis was performed using SPSS21 software. In the qualitative part of the study, it was phenomenological. The study population and sample included individuals who were purposefully studied in the quantitative section and the sample size was determined based on theoretical saturation. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Goba and Linkon criteria were used to validate the data. Data analysis was performed using Corbin and Strauss method in which data are divided into three levels: open, axial and selective. In the qualitative part of the research results led to the design of a model that included seven dimensions (analysis and evaluation, critical thinking, creativity, life skills, critical thinking, self-esteem and learning). And it becomes students' critical thinking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
255 - Investigation of the Status of critical thinking in storical Literature of reading textbooks in elementary period
halime mesri edris islami kamal afaniThe aim of this research is investigation of critical thinking position in fiction literature of reading textbooks in Elementary course. To achieve this goal, content analysis method has been used. The results show in fiction literature of reading textbooks of the first MoreThe aim of this research is investigation of critical thinking position in fiction literature of reading textbooks in Elementary course. To achieve this goal, content analysis method has been used. The results show in fiction literature of reading textbooks of the first elementary grade no reference has been made to the components of critical thinking, in fiction literature of reading textbooks of the second elementary grade, the most frequent components of the art of thinking about their thinking and the correct judgment (based on the criterion), in fiction literature of reading textbooks of the third elementary grade, the most frequent components of curiosity of thought and correct judgment (based on criterion), in fiction literature of reading textbooks of the fourth elementary grade, the most frequent component of curiosity of thought, in fiction literature of reading textbooks of the fifth elementary grade, the most frequent components of defining and clarifying the problem and in fiction literature of reading textbooks of the sixth elementary grade, the most frequent components of reasoning and correct judgment (based on criterion) have been belonged. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
256 - The Inadequacies and Challenges of the Critical Curriculum of Henry Giroux in the Logical Encounter with the Philosophical Foundations of Islamic Education
najmeh ahmadabadi hassan najafi Hamid Ahmadi HedayatThis study aims to analytical-documentary method to identify the inadequacies and challenges of the critical curriculum of Henry Giroux from the perspective of the philosophical foundations of Islamic education. The research was qualitative in terms of the nature of the MoreThis study aims to analytical-documentary method to identify the inadequacies and challenges of the critical curriculum of Henry Giroux from the perspective of the philosophical foundations of Islamic education. The research was qualitative in terms of the nature of the data and in terms of the type of analytical-documentary research method. The research sample in Giro's critical curriculum, books and articles published by Giroux during the years 1979 to 2018 and in the foundations of Islamic education were original researches in this field that were purposefully selected and analyzed by qualitative content analysis method. In this research, Giroux most important ideas in the essential elements of the curriculum, including goals (raising a democratic and Liberating citizen, hearing and paying attention to other voices, abandoning elitism and paying attention to public culture, eliminating racial discrimination and defending the rights of the oppressed, and Different groups of society, creation of a democratic and egalitarian society), content (attention to social and cultural conditions, relativity of knowledge and knowledge, reliance on social values, consideration of contexts, institutions and social structures), teaching-learning methods (discourse-oriented) and Evaluation (observation, interview, reporting, research, self-evaluation, narration) was analyzed. Despite the strengths of Giroux critical curriculum, including the emphasis on educational justice and attention to marginalized groups, in this perspective, there are also inconsistencies and challenges that are criticized in the system of philosophy of Islamic education. One of these criticisms can be the lack of goals based on metaphysical assumptions, the neglect of different areas of education in targeting (high emphasis on political goals), relativism in content, extreme pluralism in content (lack of attention to unity Slowness in the instruments of cognition, pure discourse in teaching methods, ignoring teacher's authoritarianism in teaching, the difficulty of interpreting the results in the evaluation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
257 - Determining Indicators and Process Pattern of Critical Thinking in Teaching and Learning
Mohsen Torkzadeh Bahram Barzegar Fakhteh MahiniThe aim of this study was to determine the indicators of critical thinking in teaching and learning in Iran based on Grounded Theory with a systematic approach attributed to Strauss and Corbin and paradigm logic. The scope of this research includes all literature and th MoreThe aim of this study was to determine the indicators of critical thinking in teaching and learning in Iran based on Grounded Theory with a systematic approach attributed to Strauss and Corbin and paradigm logic. The scope of this research includes all literature and theories related to teaching critical thinking in accounting. To collect the required data, research literature, the technique of semi-structured interviewing of famous teachers in top universities and the method of snowball sampling were used. Data analysis was performed based on three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. Findings were categorized into six general categories with 41 concepts/themes and 212 final identifiers. Finally, the initial theory of the executive model of the critical thinking process model in teaching and learning of accounting students was developed as a conceptual paradigm model. Because the ability to think critically is an important consequence of education, there is a need for further research and continuous development of reliable and validated tools to measure students' critical thinking in order to conduct educational strategies that effectively facilitate critical thinking among students. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
258 - The effect of spiritual Masnavi stories on the development of critical thinking skills of high school students
Kobra Zarei Sefiddari Vahideh Alipour sohila hossenpourschool students in District 3 of Karaj in the academic year of 1996-97. To conduct the research in the same conditions, both pretest groups were performed using the Watson-Glaser (1994) Critical Thinking Questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed by content validity by Moreschool students in District 3 of Karaj in the academic year of 1996-97. To conduct the research in the same conditions, both pretest groups were performed using the Watson-Glaser (1994) Critical Thinking Questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed by content validity by experts and reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.87. The training package (Masnavi Manavi stories) was presented to the experimental group in 16 sessions of 90 minutes in 8 weeks, while during this period the control group did not receive any intervention. After the training sessions on the experimental group, both groups underwent post-test under the same conditions. Univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data using SPSS25 software. After adjusting the pre-test scores, the difference between the experimental and control groups in the critical thinking variable was significant at the alpha level of 0.01; The adjusted mean of the experimental group (33.95) was higher than the adjusted mean of the control group (25.07). The results showed that teaching Masnavi spiritual stories in the development of critical thinking and its components (inference (sig = 0.83), identification of assumptions (sig = 0.47), inference (sig = 0.64), interpretation (sig = 0.71) and evaluation (sig = 0.28) ) Was effective. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
259 - The Effectiveness of Teaching Self-Regulatory Learning Strategies on Self-efficacy and Critical Thinking in Secondary School Students in District 6 of Tehran.
morteza samiee zafarghandi Marzieh Nemati Masoome AlizadeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of self-regulation learning strategies on self-efficacy and critical thinking. The research was a semi-experimental design with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of the stud MoreThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of self-regulation learning strategies on self-efficacy and critical thinking. The research was a semi-experimental design with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of the study was Jami Novin nonprofit high school students in Tehran's 6th district based on purposeful sampling. A sample of 80 high school students of Jami girls were selected based on random sampling method and divided into two groups: experimental and control (each group 40 people). Before the implementation of the educational program, both the control and experimental groups before the beginning of the test were first evaluated using Critical Thinking Questionnaire (Rickets, 2003) and Self-efficacy Scale (Maurice, 2001). After that, the control group received 8 sessions of training on self-regulation learning strategies. But the experimental group did not receive any training. After this stage, again, both groups were evaluated using questionnaires and the data were collected. In order to check the normality of the data, homogeneity of variances, homogeneity of regression slope and Levin test, use and data with the 20th edition SPSS software and covariance analysis test were analyzed. Results showed that training self-regulation strategies has a significant effect on self-efficacy and critical thinking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
260 - Study of land use change and its effect on erosion in Nir city using GIS and RS (Case study: Nir county)
sayyad asghari saraskanroud Leila Aghayary Elnaz PirouziDue to human activities and natural phenomena, the face of the earth is always undergoing change. Therefore, for the optimal management of the natural areas, awareness of the land use ratio is a necessity. Soil erosion is one of the environmental disasters that annihila MoreDue to human activities and natural phenomena, the face of the earth is always undergoing change. Therefore, for the optimal management of the natural areas, awareness of the land use ratio is a necessity. Soil erosion is one of the environmental disasters that annihilates thousands of soil, crops each year, and land use change is one of the important factors in erosion. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the land use change trend in Nair, Ardabil province, and its effect on erosion using GIS and RS in order to carry out the research, images from 2000 and 2016, OLI and TIRS sensors, Landsat 8 were used and land use map was prepared using a controlled classification method. The erosion zonation map was performed using landuse maps and factors such as slope, lithology, distance from the road, distance from the waterway, precipitation and soil using Critical Weighing and Weighted Linear Combination (WLC). The results showed that the highest amount of area in 2000 was related to dry land farming with 442.38 km2 and semi-condensing pastures with an area of 347.39 km2. In 2016, the highest area of use of rangelands density, and then the use of semi-metamorphic rangelands are 478.76 and 458.5 km2, respectively. According to the erosion zoning plan of 2000, 17.25% and 25.55%, respectively, according to the 2016 erosion zonation, 12.44% and 26.51% of the city area are located in two high risk and high risk categories. Mostly, high risk and high-risk areas are located in both dry land and aquaculture fields at both time periods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
261 - Assessment of desertification status in Sefiddasht-Boroujen (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province) watershed using MEDALUS model
Fatemeh Nafar Ataollah Ebrahimi Ali Asghar NaghipourBackground and Objective The degradation of resources in many parts of the world is a serious threat to humanity due to its growing trend. Desertification, which is one of the manifestations of this degradation, has affected most countries and has been introduced as the MoreBackground and Objective The degradation of resources in many parts of the world is a serious threat to humanity due to its growing trend. Desertification, which is one of the manifestations of this degradation, has affected most countries and has been introduced as the third challenge of the 21st century after the two challenges of climate change and freshwater scarcity. Desertification is the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid, and semi-humid areas. This situation is caused by a series of important processes, the most important of which are the two factors of human activity and climate change. Several methods have been developed to determine the process of desertification, one of which is widely used, the Medalus method. Assessing the status of desertification processes (land degradation) in a village, region or country is important because it provides the opportunity to make informed decisions about the financial dimension and the amount of investment needed to control it. Considering the development of the desertification phenomenon in the Sefiddasht-Borujen region and the need to pay attention to the importance of the results of this destructive phenomenon in the future. The purpose of this study is to evaluate desertification using the Madalus model in the Sefiddasht-Borujen watershed with an area of 92565 hectares, located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.Materials and Methods Land use changes were investigated and detected using the distance measurement model. For this purpose, the images of 1998, 2009, and 2018 were used. The amount of changes during this period was determined, and the points where the most changes occurred were selected. Then using these points, in the Medalus model, the factors affecting desertification and its current situation were considered. Then, the effective parameters in desertification were studied in these points separately and the Medalus model was implemented in them. According to the Medalus method, effective factors in the desertification of the region were identified and each factor including climate, vegetation, soil, groundwater, and management and policy was considered as a criterion. Then, the characteristics of the mentioned criteria that were effective in the desertification of this region were considered as indicators. After each indicator received weight in relation to its impact on desertification and by evaluating them, their impact of them on the desertification process was determined. Finally, using the indicators of these criteria, the criteria map and finally, the desertification map were obtained from their geometric mean n order to study the climate criteria, three indices of rainfall, direction, and drought index were considered. The study of the climate was evaluated from 3 sample points in the meteorological and water weight stations of the province, which are harvested as points. To evaluate the soil condition, some physical and chemical properties such as soil texture, acidity, electrical conductivity, and the amount of organic matter were selected. To determine the soil properties, the first 170 sampling points were identified in the study area, and from 0 to 20 cm soil level, sampling was performed and transferred to the laboratory.Results and Discussion The results showed a score of climatic criteria calculated at 1.80 was determined in two classes and had the most role in desertification in the region. The score of management and policy, vegetation, and soil criteria respectively were calculated at 1.76, 1.71, and 1.55 and was determined into two classes severe and very severe. Also, water criteria were calculated at 1.33 and were determined in the middle class. Based on the Medalus model, the current desertification score was estimated to be 1.63. According to this map, the desertification situation of the region was divided into two classes, severe and very severe. Finally, it was calculated that 56% of this area is faced with severe and 44% of it very severe desertification. The result showed that the northern part of the study area is highly vulnerable, while the southern part of the region is less vulnerable to desertification. However, this region has high desertification intensity. The foretold sensitivity of this region to the phenomenon of desertification was consistent. In this model, climate, soil, vegetation, groundwater, management, and policy criteria were selected. According to the results, climate, management, policy, vegetation, soil, and groundwater criteria, respectively, had the greatest impact on desertification of this region due to the low precipitation, drought in recent years, illegal excavation of wells, and uncontrolled extractions more than the capacity of groundwater aquifers in Sefiddasht has caused the drying of most wells in this area. Also, the drying of Dehno Wetland is another reason for the intensity of desertification in the study area.Conclusion According to the obtained results, the phenomenon of desertification in this region is accelerating and would cause a destructive consequence. The study area, according to the proposed definition of desertification, has both natural and human desertification conditions. Natural factors such as unfavorable climatic conditions such as lack of rainfall, successive droughts, limited water resources, on the one hand, and destructive human factors such as traditional agricultural system, overgrazing, overexploitation of groundwater, conversion of pastures to land Agriculture, industries, mines and facilities, destruction of vegetation and shrubs, on the other hand, have led to the destruction of pastures and natural resources and accelerated desertification in the region. Evidence shows that in this region water table is lower than in other areas and as a consequence desertification is accelerated. Among the ways to deal with desertification in the region, it is possible to use the pastures and pastures in principle, according to their capacity at the right time, to permanently enclose the region under biological and mechanical desertification activities, proper exploitation of groundwater and prevents land use change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
262 - Mythological Analysis and Criticism of the Mystical Poems of Faghir Basir Al-Din Shirazi (Case Study of Vahid Nameh) Based on a Post-environmental Approach in Art
Roham Amirpour Amraee Mohamad Reza Sharif Zadeh Abolfazl Davoudi Roknabadi Pezhman DadkhahStatement of question: One crucial aspect of contemporary art analysis lies in the widespread adoption of environmental criticism. This approach consistently seeks to identify historical connections between the appearances of nature and art, contributing to their mutual MoreStatement of question: One crucial aspect of contemporary art analysis lies in the widespread adoption of environmental criticism. This approach consistently seeks to identify historical connections between the appearances of nature and art, contributing to their mutual enhancement. For instance, consider a poem by the poet Basir al-Din Shirazi that describes a province in Iran with a once distinctive vegetation cover, now diminished. Through this method, we can ascertain the contemporary adaptations and discern that the reduction of a particular element (such as a pine tree) may be linked to the increased occurrence of floods in the region. However, this study aims to delve deeper, fostering a more profound understanding of our ecological impact. Purpose: Beyond environmental correlations, this research endeavors to introduce a new creative dimension to the realm of art. It explores a specific sub-part, employing an alternative approach to the literature and mystical conduct of Zahabiyeh. Research method: This study employs a descriptive-analytical method, combining qualitative and practical information gathered from both library and field resources. Conclusion: Finally, our research reveals that, despite a human-centered epistemological focus, our understanding of mythology and its symbolism is integral. This comprehension serves as the key to connecting and applying previously acquired knowledge, contributing to a more concrete understanding. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
263 - Position Of Recognition and Ways to Achieve in the Eyes Of Mullasadra According to the Book Titled Kasrul Asnaam-e-Jahelliah
Ali Ein Aliloo Jabbar MoradiA group of theologians disbelieve in wisdom to be a trustworthy instrument to achieve the desired perfection and exploring different aspects of existence. For using reason and causal evidences, they resort to love and recognition and take these two precious stones that MoreA group of theologians disbelieve in wisdom to be a trustworthy instrument to achieve the desired perfection and exploring different aspects of existence. For using reason and causal evidences, they resort to love and recognition and take these two precious stones that are stemmed from the polished and pleasant heart coming from the life ascetics as their guests. Those theologians who picked out love for wisdom are called mystic. Using the ladder of heart and the two wings of love and recognition, mystics step up to approach the divinity and achieve their real felicity and desired perfection. Mysticism is also misused just like any other ways. Pro mysticism persons have written books and articles to show the true image of the excellent thought under the façade of suspicion and distractions so as to introduce a balanced and non-extremistic way. Mullasadra is an advocate and wayfarer of the mystic journey who wrote the book “Kasrul Asnaam-e-Jahelliah” to reveal the true principles of mysticism and declare the distractors wrong methods. This paper tries to explore the thoughts of this mysticaccordingly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
264 - Philosophical and Mystical Analysis Of Necessity and Possibility in Selected Lyricsby Beedel Dehlavi
Leili Abbassi Montazeri Hossein ArianOne of the essential characteristics of literature, apart from the mental and spiritual rejoice, includes the fundamental and general principles of various sciences and interdisciplinary issues as a whole. In this regard, the philosophical debates such as the reality an MoreOne of the essential characteristics of literature, apart from the mental and spiritual rejoice, includes the fundamental and general principles of various sciences and interdisciplinary issues as a whole. In this regard, the philosophical debates such as the reality and origin of the world and heavens, continuity and cause, as well as the genesis and creation of creatures and created ones and the like, is of utmost importance within the past and present words of orators and composers. Especially once these issues are investigated mystically and metaphysically in a way that their relationship with the special worldview of mystics and Sufis is analyzed. Beedel Dehnavi is one of the few poets who have achieved his own style in poetry through the combination of philosophical foundations as well as mystical and educational mysticism, thereby his own remarks deserves reflection and scrutiny. He has supposed poetry to be the reflection of philosophy and philosophical consideration, and despite the mystics' ideas over the inability of words to convey meaning, he has well been able to draw the picture the realities in the form of difficult and rare Indian style metaphors and terminologies. This paper tries to analyze and study over the existence and non-existence philosophical and mystical roots within ten selected lyrics out of his own Divan-e-Ghazaliyat (Anthology of Lyrics). In fact, it is tries to analyze the special and exclusive worldview in combination with the two topics of philosophy and mysticism, especially involving necessity and possibility Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
265 - A Comparative Study of Moulavi’serfani -Critical Mysticism based on Critical Aesthetics of ‘Frankfort School’A case study of the story ‘Lion and forest animals’ in Masnavi, First Book
Aboulfazl Ghanizadeh Hosein ArianFrankfort school is a philosophical, intellectual source founded by German intellectuals in 20th century with a socio-critical approach. The aesthetic theory tends to be the most principal drive of this school. Unlike the proponents of the theory- the submission method MoreFrankfort school is a philosophical, intellectual source founded by German intellectuals in 20th century with a socio-critical approach. The aesthetic theory tends to be the most principal drive of this school. Unlike the proponents of the theory- the submission method of two sociology schools: (a) old traditional (Madam Duvstal and Hippolyte Taine) who just focused on social issues in the literature, and (b) newer traditional (George Koumaj and Lucien Goldman) who could not surpass the social interests and the structure of social unit- the thinkers of Frankfort school believe in the informativeness, independence, logical and revolutionary nature of art and try to evaluate the originality of an artistic work based on theses insights. This paper deals with four above-mentioned concepts, i.e. the critical aspect of art, the ideological nature of art (political component), revolutionary approach, and the independence nature of artistic work. Analysin the story of ‘Lion and forest animals’ of Moulavi, it was revealed that-unlike the surface layer in which most scholars of Masnavi deal with- in the underlying layers of the this story, there resides a special revolutionary, critical and mystical style. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
266 - Investigation of Hypocritical Sufis in Jami's Haft Owrang using Functional Attitude Theory in Social Psychology
Faranak Jahanbakhsh Masroureh Mokhtari Askar SalahiAttitudes are relatively stable assessments of various phenomena in the social world in people's minds. Functional Attitude Theory examines the inner motivations of human beings, the cause of attitudes and their role and function in creating social behaviors. In Haft Ow MoreAttitudes are relatively stable assessments of various phenomena in the social world in people's minds. Functional Attitude Theory examines the inner motivations of human beings, the cause of attitudes and their role and function in creating social behaviors. In Haft Owrang poetry, the poet's use of allegory and the narrative format, in most cases, has contributed greatly to the emergence of Jami's views on individual, interpersonal and social issues. The present article has studied the subject of "Hypocritical Sufis" from the perspective of analyzing their personality and behavior based on Functional Attitude Theory using analytical-descriptive method. The result of the research shows that the attitude of different social classes towards the phenomenon of hypocrisy and its manifestation in the Jami’s age as "Hypocritical Sufis" can be classified into two "profit-seeking" and "value-seeking" functions. Also, the role of political and cultural conditions, traditions and customs of society, as well as the function of mysticism can be considered in this field. Despite the relative stability of Jami's view, the study of the contradiction in attitude as "cognitive inconsistency" is also important in Jami's Haft Owrang, where the poet has implemented the two approaches of "attitude justification" and "following destinism" in this component. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
267 - The “Other” in Attar’s Tazkirat al-Awliya
Mohammad Reza Haji Agha BabaeiOne of the important aspects of studying any narrative text is the presence of other (non-main) influential characters and factors in the text, collectively referred to as the Other. The concept of the Other is broad and includes human characters and non-human elements MoreOne of the important aspects of studying any narrative text is the presence of other (non-main) influential characters and factors in the text, collectively referred to as the Other. The concept of the Other is broad and includes human characters and non-human elements such as nature or supernatural issues. Attar's Tazkirat al-Awliya is one of the most prominent mystical texts in which the biographies of mystics and their experiences and virtues are presented. Studying this book from the point of view of the concept of the Other, we realize that an āref (mystic) is confronted with various factors in his mystical journey, and this is what leads to the mystic's existential transcendence and a better understanding of his "self". In the book, the Other appears in the form of God, other mystics, ordinary people, Satan and the mystic's own ego, animals, and objects, each of which, in a special way, seeks to inform the mystic or inform others of his position. From this point of view, what we understand in the study of Tazkirat al-Awliya that although the Other stands in opposition to the mystic’s self, we do not witness any conflict between the mystic and the Other; rather, all these confrontational relationships make the mystic aware of his position, and the Other assumes a guiding function. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
268 - Bidel Dehlavi’s View on Hypocrisy and Hypocritical Characters
Akramssadat Borghaei Sabet Abdoreza Modarreszadeh Asghar DadbehBidel Dehlavi is influenced by the mystical teachings of Sheikh Nizamuddin Aoliya and for this reason he pays attention to religion and mysticism in his poetry, and his poems are full of moral and human concepts and values. In addition as a free poet and critic, he has MoreBidel Dehlavi is influenced by the mystical teachings of Sheikh Nizamuddin Aoliya and for this reason he pays attention to religion and mysticism in his poetry, and his poems are full of moral and human concepts and values. In addition as a free poet and critic, he has criticized the behavior of believers and by criticizing that behavior which has been called hypocrisy. He tried to discover the religious truth and life through a free thought and those who have used religion as means of hypocrisy. They have used hypocrisy and have kept people busy and the market for there is hot and in the eyes of the people it is popular and sometimes not acceptable to expose their demagogues and more importantly in terms of the foundation of thought and understanding of existence his words a religious world and he looked at the world through the lens of religion and religions understanding and gave meaning to life and his words can open a spiritual path for man who is a prisoner of material and machine civilization in this age the way to get a head is love mysticism and moral virtues. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
269 - Investigating the Components of Discourse of Social Agents in Attar’s Tazkerat al-Owliya Based on the Mystical Role of Fazil bin Ayyaz and The Emphasis on Van Leeuwen's Model
Fereshteh NaseriAmong the works of mystical literature, Tazkerat al-Owliya, as one of the valuable works of Attar Neyshabouri to deal with the situations, thoughts and speeches of mystics and Sufi elders allocates a wide range of social relations. Attar's emphasis on this issue causes MoreAmong the works of mystical literature, Tazkerat al-Owliya, as one of the valuable works of Attar Neyshabouri to deal with the situations, thoughts and speeches of mystics and Sufi elders allocates a wide range of social relations. Attar's emphasis on this issue causes social agents to display their work in different ways. These representations are purposeful and in order to instill Attar's mystical ideology on the audience. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the discourse of Fazil bin Ayyaz based on Van Leeuwen's model and to examine the representation of social agents in it. Since Attar in this story seeks to transcend knowledge and show the spiritual status of Fazil by fading the discourse system of the thief and the ruler and also highlighting the discourse system of the mystic; Therefore, the analysis of Fazil's discourse as a discourse arising from the social strata of mystics at that time reveals new results. Therefore, in the present study, we decided to express the relationship between activations and passivations of social agents, to find out how Attar, in a stylistic creativity, familiarize the audience with the names of individuals, groups, places and times that social agents have an active role in it and what measures have been taken to determine the role and activation of social agents regarding the action of Fazil ibn Ayyaz and to make passive about the action of his followers, especially Harun al-Rasheed. This issue will be conducted with a literary and mystical analysis approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
270 - Formalist criticism of a mystical lyric by Rumi
fatemeh moradiRumi's poems have a special place as one of the main pillars of Persian poetry, and their importance is not hidden from anyoneSo far, much research has been done about Shams's sonnets, but the examination of these sonnets, with a formalistic view, can reveal other dimen MoreRumi's poems have a special place as one of the main pillars of Persian poetry, and their importance is not hidden from anyoneSo far, much research has been done about Shams's sonnets, but the examination of these sonnets, with a formalistic view, can reveal other dimensions of these poems.In formalist criticism, the form of the work is the basis of aesthetic analysis to reach the meaning hidden in the work, meaning that the creator of the work does not even intend.One of the beautiful sonnets of Sham's Divan is a sonnet with the message "O heart, what have you thought of for the excuse of those faults" which has been tried in this research to depict a corner of the beauty and elegance of this sonnet. The beauty that is hidden in the appearance of speech and syntactic composition and the arrangement and the music of words, has given the sonnet a unique depth and richness Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
271 - تأثیر نظارت بالینی بر تمایلات تفکر انتقادی معلمان زبان انگلیسی و پیشرفت کلی زبان آموزان
Nasim Mehrabian Hadi Salehi Omid Tabatabaei Hossein Vahid Dastjerdiاگرچه تحقیقات در مورد نظارت بالینی و تفکر انتقادی معلمان توسط بسیاری از محققان به طور جداگانه انجام شده است، ادغام آن ها در یک مطالعه یکپارچه، به ویژه در زمینه انگلیسی به عنوان یک زبان خارجی بسیار ضروری بوده است. مطالعه حاضر تلاشی برای پی بردن به تأثیرات نظارت بالینی بر Moreاگرچه تحقیقات در مورد نظارت بالینی و تفکر انتقادی معلمان توسط بسیاری از محققان به طور جداگانه انجام شده است، ادغام آن ها در یک مطالعه یکپارچه، به ویژه در زمینه انگلیسی به عنوان یک زبان خارجی بسیار ضروری بوده است. مطالعه حاضر تلاشی برای پی بردن به تأثیرات نظارت بالینی بر تمایلات تفکر انتقادی معلمان زبان انگلیسی و پیشرفت کلی زبان آموزان بود. پژوهش حاضر شامل دو گروه شرکتکننده بود: 60 معلم و 66 دانش آموز که به روش نمونهگیری در دسترس انتخاب و به دو گروه آزمایشی تقسیم شدند. نظارت بالینی برای معلمان گروه آزمایش در سه دوره کنفرانس برنامه ریزی ، مشاهده کلاس درس و کنفرانس بازخورد انجام شد. آن دسته از فراگیرانی که معلمان آن ها در نظارت بالینی شرکت کرده بودند، گروه آزمایش و بقیه گروه کنترل بودند که به معلمان آن ها برنامه آموزشی معلم ارائه نشد. داده ها از طریق مقیاس تمایل به تفکر انتقادی و پیش آزمون و پس آزمون فراگیران جمع آوری شد. با اجرای آنالیز واریانس یکطرفه (ANOVA یکطرفه) و آزمونهای t نمونههای مستقل، نظارت بالینی به طور قابلتوجهی بر گرایشهای تفکر انتقادی معلمان زبان انگلیسی مؤثر بود و منجر به بهبود قابل توجه زبانآموزان نیز شد. یافتهها حاکی از الزام اجرای نظارت بالینی به عنوان یک برنامه آموزش معلمان مؤثر و آگاهکننده است تا به معلمان کمک کند تا نقاط قوت و ضعف خود را بررسی کنند و در تدریس عملی به خود تنظیمی قابل توجهی دست یابند. Manuscript profile -
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272 - تحلیل گفتمان سیاسی انتقادی سخنان وزیر امور خارجه ایران در پنجاه و هشتمین کنفرانس امنیتی مونیخ
Afsaneh Rahimi Tehrani Azizeh Chalakتحلیل گفتمان انتقادی، تحلیل ایدئولوژی و قدرت است که بر دستیابی به معنای پنهان فراتر از متن تأکید می کند و اینکه چگونه گویندگان/نویسندگان از قدرت گفتمان برای جلب توجه خوانندگان/شنوندگان استفاده می کنند. پژوهش حاضر یک مطالعه توصیفی غیرتجربی بود که در سال 2022 انجام شد و ب Moreتحلیل گفتمان انتقادی، تحلیل ایدئولوژی و قدرت است که بر دستیابی به معنای پنهان فراتر از متن تأکید می کند و اینکه چگونه گویندگان/نویسندگان از قدرت گفتمان برای جلب توجه خوانندگان/شنوندگان استفاده می کنند. پژوهش حاضر یک مطالعه توصیفی غیرتجربی بود که در سال 2022 انجام شد و به بررسی ویژگیهای برجسته زبانی سخنان سیاسی وزیر امور خارجه ایران در پنجاه و هشتمین کنفرانس امنیتی مونیخ پرداخته است. هدف، دستیابی به نگرشها و ایدئولوژیهای سیاسی وی بود. از مدل تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی فرکلاف برای بررسی سه تاکتیک تحلیلی مرتبط و سه بعد گفتمان استفاده شد. داده ها از ویدئوی این کنفرانس انتخاب شده و واژه های انتخابی توسط این فرد ، ضمایر شخصی و جمع «من وما» و افعال کمکی استفاده شده مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. یافته ها نشان داد که کلمات «جمهوری اسلامی ایران، دولت، ایران و روابط» پرکاربردترین واژه ها برای نشان دادن ایدئولوژی وی نسبت به ملتش بوده است. ضمیر «ما» بیشتر از «من» برای ایجاد تصویری مثبت برای کشور مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. او با آگاهی از تفاوت بین معانی منتقل شده از طریق این دو ضمیر، ترجیح داد برای جلوگیری از قرار گرفتن در معرض سرزنش ها، از خودنمایی یا صحبت در مورد خود به عنوان یک فرد اجتناب کند. همچنین فعل کمکی will بیشتر از بقیه برای بیان عقیده و خواسته هاوادب در گفتارش استفاده شده است. این مطالعه می تواند پیامدهایی برای دست اندرکاران این حوزه در افزایش تفکر انتقادی و افزایش آگاهی از یادگیری و تولید زبان سیاسی مناسب داشته باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
273 - رابطه بین توانایی تفکر انتقادی و استراتژی های درک شنیداری: تمرکز بر زبان آموزان پیشرفته
Azar Bagheri Masoudzadeاین مطالعه تلاشی برای بررسی رابطه بین راهبردهای درک شنیداری دانشجویان پیشرفته EFL و توانایی تفکر انتقادی آنها بود. بدین منظور 75 زبان آموز ایرانی زبان انگلیسی از هر دو جنس به عنوان افراد مورد مطالعه انتخاب شدند. همه آنها دانش آموزان پیشرفته بودند که بر اساس نمونه گیری خ Moreاین مطالعه تلاشی برای بررسی رابطه بین راهبردهای درک شنیداری دانشجویان پیشرفته EFL و توانایی تفکر انتقادی آنها بود. بدین منظور 75 زبان آموز ایرانی زبان انگلیسی از هر دو جنس به عنوان افراد مورد مطالعه انتخاب شدند. همه آنها دانش آموزان پیشرفته بودند که بر اساس نمونه گیری خوشه ای انتخاب شدند. ابزار مورد استفاده، دو پرسشنامه مرتبط، پرسشنامه تفکر انتقادی (CTQ) و پرسشنامه راهبردهای درک شنیداری (LCSQ) بود. در روز اول، محقق دستورالعمل این نظرسنجی را به وضوح توضیح داد و به شرکت کنندگان برای ارزیابی راهبردهای به کار گرفته شده توسط آنها، CTQ ارائه شد. در روز دوم، LCSQ بین آنها توزیع شد. شرکت کنندگان باید به تمام سوالات در زمان محدود پاسخ می دادند. خوشبختانه هیچ یک از دانشجویان در فرآیند جمع آوری داده ها غایب نبودند و این عامل باعث افزایش پایایی نتایج می شود. یافته های این مطالعه نشان داد که بین راهبردهای درک شنیداری دانش آموزان پیشرفته EFL و توانایی تفکر انتقادی آنها رابطه معناداری وجود دارد. نتایج می تواند قابل توجه باشد زیرا شناسایی راهبردهایی که دانش آموزان به کار می گیرند، به آنها کمک می کند تا بر مشکلاتی که ممکن است در مهارت های زبانی مختلف با آن مواجه شوند غلبه کنند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
274 - Vibration and Stability Analysis of Composite Tube Conveying Fluid Flow Equipped with Piezoelectric Ring
M Nazarzadeh Ansarodi H Biglari M.R Saviz -
Open Access Article
275 - The Buckling of Non-Homogeneous Truncated Conical Shells under a Lateral Pressure and Resting on a Winkler Foundation
A.H Sofiyev A Valiyev P Ozyigit -
Open Access Article
276 - Influence of Notch Depth-to-Width Ratios on J-Integral and Critical Failure Load of Single-Edge Notched Tensile Aluminium 8011 Alloy Specimens
C.S Sumesh P.J Arun Narayanan -
Open Access Article
277 - Torsional Stability of Cylindrical Shells with Functionally Graded Middle Layer on the Winkler Elastic Foundation
A.H Sofiyev S Adiguzel -
Open Access Article
278 - Influence of Rotation on Vibration Behavior of a Functionally Graded Moderately Thick Cylindrical Nanoshell Considering Initial Hoop Tension
H Safarpour M.M Barooti M Ghadiri -
Open Access Article
279 - Engineering Critical Assessments of Marine Pipelines with 3D Surface Cracks Considering Weld Mismatch
S.M.H Sharifi M Kaveh H Saeidi Googarchin -
Open Access Article
280 - Vibration Analysis of Carotid Arteries Conveying Non-Newtonian Blood Flow Surrounding by Tissues
A.H Ghorbanpour Arani A Rastgoo A. Ghorbanpour Arani R Kolahchi -
Open Access Article
281 - Critical discourse in independent images of Ebtehaj's poetry based on the characteristics of Norman Fairclough
mohammad shahbadizadeh leila kobari ghotbi javad mehraban ghezelhesarCritical discourse is a theoretical linguistics and critiques whose principles and components are issues of power and are characterized by different discourses with specific characteristics that address and examine the two aspects of the form and meaning of the text. De MoreCritical discourse is a theoretical linguistics and critiques whose principles and components are issues of power and are characterized by different discourses with specific characteristics that address and examine the two aspects of the form and meaning of the text. Descriptive-analytical We have evaluated and analyzed critical discourse in independent poetic images of Ebtehaj based on the view of Norman Fairclough. The results of this researcher are at the level of description, use of language, use of rhetorical aspects and secondary meanings of call and interrogation and dominance of vocabulary which indicates protest, conflict, sorrow and compassion. It is prominent in Ebtehaj's poems. At the level of interpretation and from the perspective of intertextuality, Ebtehaj's poems in the form of explicit and implicit intertextuality are influenced by classical poets (especially Hafez and Rumi). At the level of explanation, one can also achieve the hegemony of the idea of protest and emphasis on change and otherness in Ebtehaj's poems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
282 - A critical study of simple writing of poetry Aeas the tically (Possible and Impossible)
mohsen izadyarThe trend of simple writing of poetry in the decade of 1380 was a reaction to that of 1370 focusing mainlyom complicity and difficulties and ignoring the audience. Thus, the poets of this trend tried to be for away from complexities to attract more audience to poetry. T MoreThe trend of simple writing of poetry in the decade of 1380 was a reaction to that of 1370 focusing mainlyom complicity and difficulties and ignoring the audience. Thus, the poets of this trend tried to be for away from complexities to attract more audience to poetry. The present article tries to study this trend while using the Structural and content approaches. The result is that this poetic trend is devoid of poetical aesthetics, though it attempts to attract the addressees. However, the choice of addressee can't be a proper criterion for the preference of poetical or artistic works. On the other hand, this modernist trend has had no benefit for the poetry and Persian literature or it hasn't developed the aesthetic and linguistic capacity of the poetry. Moreover, this poetical trend can't be considered as the continuation of the poetic simple writing in the past eras in Persian poetry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
283 - Towards a Scale for Developing EFL Materials based on the principles of Critical Pedagogy
Elham Tabatabaei Mohammad Bavali Leila AkbarpourThis study aimed at designing a scale for developing EFL materials based on the principles of Critical Pedagogy. In so doing, a qualitative thematic analysis method was used. The participants of this study consisted of 20 (10 males and 10 females) EFL experts with more MoreThis study aimed at designing a scale for developing EFL materials based on the principles of Critical Pedagogy. In so doing, a qualitative thematic analysis method was used. The participants of this study consisted of 20 (10 males and 10 females) EFL experts with more than 15 years of teaching EFL at the university level with at least one published paper on critical pedagogy and materials development, who were selected through purposive sampling from different states and Azad universities in Iran. To collect the data, a semi-structured interview was implemented. The existing literature on critical pedagogy and different materials development models was reviewed so that through merging the interview and literature review data, the recurrent categories can be identified and converted into the items of the intended scale. To analyze the data, thematic analysis was used. The following main themes were revealed as the main themes for CP-based EFL materials development: Defining CP-based objectives, developing CP-based content, encouraging CP-based teaching methods, encouraging CP-based evaluation procedures, and defining CP-based roles for teachers and students. Based on the extracted themes, a scale was developed into six categories. The developed scale consisted of 50 items in a five-point Likert range from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree. The findings have some implications for EFL teachers, learners, curriculum planners, and researchers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
284 - A Comparative Study of the Effect of Explicit and Implicit Pronunciation Instruction on Critical Thinking and Listening Comprehension of English Language Learners
Mohammad Darijani Mehry Haddad Narafshan Leila Anjomshoa -
Open Access Article
285 - The Effect of the Duration of Weed Interference and Weed Control on Yield and Yield Components of Corn (Zea mays L.) as a Second Crop after Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) in Moghan
Saber Aley Saeed Vazan Hossein Mousavinia Farid Golzardi Behnam CharbandTo investigate the effect of the duration of weed interference and Weed control on yield and yield components of corn as a second crop after rapeseed, an experiment was conducted in Moghan during 2010. the type of design was completely randomized block with 14 treatment MoreTo investigate the effect of the duration of weed interference and Weed control on yield and yield components of corn as a second crop after rapeseed, an experiment was conducted in Moghan during 2010. the type of design was completely randomized block with 14 treatments and 4 replications per treatment. There were two series of treatments in order of weed interference at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after corn emergence, and the second series, weed control up to the above stages plus weedy check and weed free throughout growing season. The results showed that the beginning of critical period of weed control (CPWC) was based on 5% and 10% accepted yield loss (AYL), from 1 to 3 days after crop emergence, respectively. The end of the CPWC varied from 5% AYL to 10% AYL/was equates to 67 and 52 days after corn emergence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
286 - The Effet of Weed Infested and Weed Checkon on Growth Properties and Yeild of Corn (Zeamays L.)
Ali Asghar Chitband Seyed Omid Rashidi Saeed Jahedipour Ali Mohhamad Mansouji Iraj AminiWeed management systemis a successful approach to reduce weed control cost and gain an acceptable economic performance. Therefore, this study was carried out based on randomized complete block design with four replications in Agro-industry field Dashtenaz Sari, during 2 MoreWeed management systemis a successful approach to reduce weed control cost and gain an acceptable economic performance. Therefore, this study was carried out based on randomized complete block design with four replications in Agro-industry field Dashtenaz Sari, during 2010 to evaluate the effect of weed control and its interference on corn growth properties. Treatments including weed free and weedy check(infested)along with free weed and weedy infestedat 3, 6, 10, 14 were applied with leafy stage tasseling.Logestic non-liner equation was used for critical period of weeds control at start and end of the time.The result showed that most dominant weeds were velvetleaf (Abutilon thophrasti) and pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus).The interference period did not have significant effect on dry weight and height of weeds; whereas, The control period has significant effect on density of weeds.The interference and control periods did not show significant effect on corn height; whereas, a significant relationship was observed with stem diameter, dry weight, ear length, ear diameter, ear weight, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, thousand kernel weight and corn yield. Weed interference compared to weed free showed reduction instem diameter, dry weight, ear length, ear diameter, ear weight, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, thousand kernel weights and corn yield. Critical period of weeds was estimated between38-65 days after corn planting or 392-804 GDD (7-8 leaf stage) stage to tasseling at 5% levels reduce seed yield, and at 10% levels reduce seed yield, critical period was estimatedbetween 48-55 days after corn plantingor 534-653 GDD. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
287 - Foregrounding in Akhavan-Sales’ Poetry
hamid samsaam nazanin sheykh zadehMehdi Akhavan-Sales is no doubt one of the most eminent poets of the post-Nima era. His poetry, in the words of most scholars in the Iranian contemporary literature, is a poetical and artistic blend of the Persian traditional poetry and the neo-Nimaic poetry. Akhavan-Sa MoreMehdi Akhavan-Sales is no doubt one of the most eminent poets of the post-Nima era. His poetry, in the words of most scholars in the Iranian contemporary literature, is a poetical and artistic blend of the Persian traditional poetry and the neo-Nimaic poetry. Akhavan-Sales is the epitome of the generation of poets who are not only committed to the society and its developments but also whose poetry enjoys a unique literary enrichment. He is, indeed, a poet who both minds the literary form and attends closely to the content of his poem. Therefore, many have tried to discover and study the various aspects of Akhavan-Sales’ literature by reading his poetry over and over. Literary criticism, which is considered to be an important field of the modern literature, comprises multiple areas. One is foregrounding, which acts as one form of reading literary works. Foregrounding is the employment of language elements in a manner in which the mode of expression draws attention and is unconventional and non-automatic, rather than automatic. This definition gives a general description of the literary criticism style. In the word of the scholars, foregrounding is realised in two ways: deviation and extra-regularity. Akhavan-Sales’ poetry is replete with both deviation and extra-regularity. Deviation normally includes the levels of phonology, lexis, syntax, and semantics; extra-regularity usually deals with the novel words. In this type of foregrounding, we impose some norms on the conventional language. The reader of this article will get familiar with some of the reasons for Akhavan’s greatness and the secret of his poem’s impressiveness. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
288 - A Look at Attar’s Critical Approach
batool fakhr eslam Attar’s dynamic mysticism is not inconsiderate of man’s destiny. Attar, in his poems, has a special critical attitude and criticizes the society, the rulers, and the evil and satanic features that endanger the human identity. The present research foc More Attar’s dynamic mysticism is not inconsiderate of man’s destiny. Attar, in his poems, has a special critical attitude and criticizes the society, the rulers, and the evil and satanic features that endanger the human identity. The present research focuses on Attar’s most important critical views in political, social, and cultural areas in a descriptive-analytic way. Compared to other mystics, Attar seems to have paid more attention to social weaknesses and criticized them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
289 - Psychology of language and the linguistic of psyche in the story of Rostam and Sohrab
reza ashraf'zadeh ali Roohbakhsh mobasseryEvery Literary work formed in the language field and Languageincludes a system of many different concepts. In fact, a literary work isformed in a text, but it's concepts are resulted from an action out of text.in the text, on the one side deals with man's mind and on th MoreEvery Literary work formed in the language field and Languageincludes a system of many different concepts. In fact, a literary work isformed in a text, but it's concepts are resulted from an action out of text.in the text, on the one side deals with man's mind and on the other sidedeals with the external world. Sometimes, the words are associated withone's mind and form his unconscious mind. Unconsciousness is the basisof psychology and linguistic and in a word, it is the basis of thephilosophy of aesthetics. This point for making clear the unconsciousnessand finding that it is the result of action and reaction of mind andlanguage.Because of this reason, linguistic based on psychology has animportant role in making known a literary work to the society and to theauthors as well.The most important achievement of this research is, identifying andcriticizing of linguistic mistakes in "Rostam and Sohrab" and ponderingthe poet's sincere believes and his social disappointment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
290 - Ranking of Banks’ Risk Reporting Using Data Envelopment Analysis
Azar Moslemi Zahra Pourzamani Azita Jahanshad -
Open Access Article
291 - A CRITIC-based improved version for multiple criteria ABC inventory classification
Amir Mohamadghasemi -
Open Access Article
292 - Model Evaluation and Ranking of How to Optimize the Transport of Container Shipping Companies Using TOPSIS Technique
Hamed Shakerian Morteza Rahmanee Nikooei -
Open Access Article
293 - New Trends in Critical Regionalism through the Lens of Tzonis and Lefaivre
Elahe Zoghi Hoseini Darab Diba Hamed Kamelnia Mostafa Mokhtabad -
Open Access Article
294 - Examining the Model of Relationship Between Professors' Support for Autonomy and Parental Psychological Control with Critical Thinking through Mediation of Academic Stress Among Female Students
Karim Sevari Fatemeh FarzadiThe purpose of this research was to test the model of relationship between professors' autonomy support and parental psychological control with critical thinking through the mediation of academic stress of female students. The statistical population was all female stude MoreThe purpose of this research was to test the model of relationship between professors' autonomy support and parental psychological control with critical thinking through the mediation of academic stress of female students. The statistical population was all female students of psychology, educational sciences and counseling at University of Khuzestan province Payam Noor. The research sample subsumed 480 subjects who were selected voluntarily. The research design was correlational. to collect data Belmont, Skinner, Welborn, and Connell's (1988) Teachers' Autonomy Support; Barber's (1996) Parental Psychological Control; Sevari Academic Stress (2019) and Critical Thinking by Wang et al. (2019) questionnaires were implemented. After modifying the proposed model, the findings related to direct relationships showed a negative relationship between professors' support for autonomy and academic stress; positive relationship between parental psychological control and academic stress; There was a negative relationship between parental psychological control and critical thinking, and a significant positive relationship between professors' support for autonomy and critical thinking, but the relationship between academic stress and critical thinking was not significant. The results related to indirect hypotheses showed that the relationship between professors' support of students' autonomy and critical thinking through academic stress and the relationship between parental psychological control and critical thinking through academic stress was significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
295 - The Relationship of Mindfulness, Moral- Cultural Foundations and Critical Thinking with Hopefulness and Perception of God in Married Women
Narjes Beat Sayyah Rezvan HomaeiThe purpose of this study was to determine the canonical relationship of mindfulness, moral-cultural foundation and critical thinking with hopefulness and perception of God in married women. The research population included all married female students of Ahvaz Universit MoreThe purpose of this study was to determine the canonical relationship of mindfulness, moral-cultural foundation and critical thinking with hopefulness and perception of God in married women. The research population included all married female students of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences whom 180 subjects were selected by purposive sampling method as sample. The research method was descriptive and correlational type. To collect data Snyder et al. Hopefulness Questionnaire (1991), Lawrence Gods Perception Questionnaire (1997), Braun & Ryan's Mindfulness Questionnaire (2003), Haidt & Graham (2007) Moral Foundation Questionnaire and Ricketts Critical Thinking Questionnaire (2003) were implemented. For analyzing the data Pearson correlation coefficient and canonical correlation were applied. Results of the study showed that between the predictive variables (mindfulness, moral- cultural foundation and critical thinking) and the criterion variables (hopefulness and perception of God) were two significant canonical functions that equal to 0/644 and 0/293 (p<0/05). The results of the canonical correlation analysis also, revealed that in the set of predictive variables the mindfulness was the strongest predictor. In the set of criterion variables, hopefulness had more predictive power. So, considering the predictive role of mindfulness, moral- cultural foundation and critical thinking in prediction of hopefulness and perception of God, it could be concluded that through focusing on predictive variable s, hopefulness and perception of God would be increased in married woman students. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
296 - The Critical Analysis of Dominant Discourse in Jalal Al-Ahmad’s Zan-e-Ziadi Story
Fereshteh Aliani Firooz Fazeli Bahar HoushyarThe aim of present study was the critical analysis of dominant discourse in Jalal Al-Ahmad’s Zan-e-Ziadi story by using Norman Fairclough’s approach. The studied universe was Zan-e-Ziadi stories collection with the same title by Jalal Al-Ahmad. The research MoreThe aim of present study was the critical analysis of dominant discourse in Jalal Al-Ahmad’s Zan-e-Ziadi story by using Norman Fairclough’s approach. The studied universe was Zan-e-Ziadi stories collection with the same title by Jalal Al-Ahmad. The research sample included power signs and socio-historical issues of Zan-e-Ziadi story. The design of the research was qualitative and studied by descriptive-analytic method on three levels namely, description, explanation, and analysis. The results of the study in this work of Al-Ahmad indicated that the powerful presence of authoritative and patriarchal discourse in the story and simultaneously in the society of the writer own time and even in the thoughts of the writer himself. As a result, the presence of men gender superiority culture and the persistence of domination and submissiveness had led to women marginalization and passiveness. The important point revealed by the story critical discourse analysis was that the tyrannical mentality was more responsible for the institutionalization of that culture more than tyrannical power. Hence in such a system the story main character (protagonist) was the victim of her own undeveloped thought, passiveness, accepting domination discourse, and institutionalizing it in her more than being defeated by the power and decision of men of her family. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
297 - Critique and Plot Analysis of the Novel "Soiree of Hyenas" by Masoumeh Afrashi
Shahin GhasemiThe aim of the present study was to criticize the plot and type of narrative in a novel called "Soiree of the Hyenas" by "Masoumeh Afrashi" based on new models of structuralism and narratology. The research design was descriptive-analytical. In the descriptive part, dat MoreThe aim of the present study was to criticize the plot and type of narrative in a novel called "Soiree of the Hyenas" by "Masoumeh Afrashi" based on new models of structuralism and narratology. The research design was descriptive-analytical. In the descriptive part, data was obtained through documents and librarary and in the analytical part, the “soiree of hyenas” novel was studied. First, a brief history of structuralism and narratology in fiction was introduced and then two models of communication (linking and breaking) in plot structure were discussed. The results of critique and analysis of the plot structure and type of narrative in the novel based on research theories showed that a similar pattern could be drawn for it, because a value (ultimate goal) called human responsibility fulfilment and defending Islam and the homeland was observed. Also, the "sender" was not always a character, but sometimes an inner feeling and force played the role of a character that arised from religious beliefs, and no worldly reward or external character was involved in this and the sender's force was impersonal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
298 - A Feminist Critical Approach to the Sonnets of Simin Behbahani
ساره TarbiatFeminism has been a social movement that, like other developing schools in the West, first took shape in arts and literature, and it then contributed to the social and political issues through literary works. Therefore the concentration on the role of women has turned i MoreFeminism has been a social movement that, like other developing schools in the West, first took shape in arts and literature, and it then contributed to the social and political issues through literary works. Therefore the concentration on the role of women has turned into one of the most serious subjects in the contemporary poetry. Within this context a sonneteer like Simin Behbahani emerged in the contemporary literature and changed the attitude of the society towards women, and depicted women in a way that it had never been noticed in the preceding Persian sonnets. The most important works Behbahani has done is that she has presented women in a way that they would talk for themselves and gain the power of expression.Thus an attempt is made in this article by the author to analyze few important sonnets of the above-mentioned poet in order to display women’s role in the social life. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
299 - Adaptation of Lacan Psychoanalytic Approach on Unconscious Features of Ruling Women in Nezami Ganjaei Tales
منوچهر Tashakori S. S. SalehiThe psychoanalytical writings of Jacques Lacan offer a new possibility to critics for theorizing the social and political unconscious of literary texts. By rewriting Freud's Oedipus process through linguistic terms, Lacan recognizes three orders in the psychic growth of MoreThe psychoanalytical writings of Jacques Lacan offer a new possibility to critics for theorizing the social and political unconscious of literary texts. By rewriting Freud's Oedipus process through linguistic terms, Lacan recognizes three orders in the psychic growth of the subject. The first order is the” real”, which does not need language because of its wholeness, unity, and its unavailability. The “imaginary” order is the second order with its illusion of wholeness and unity. The third order, after construction of law and civilization by the father, forces the child to enter the pre-established “symbolic” order, which is the territory of signified. Nezami Ganjaei, the poet, in his imagination world, would think about adventures which can be considered in breaking down the case psychological growth procedure. In this article we have tried to review tow stories from Nezami as an example of Nezami's reflection by using Lacani's topics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
300 - The Relationship between Critical Thinking and Meta Cognition with Academic Success in Female Students of Ahvaz Islamic Azad University
Sahar Safarzadeh Fatemeh Sadat MarashianThe aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between critical thinking and meta cognition with academic success in female students of Ahvaz Islamic Azad University. The sample included 200 subjects who were selected based on stratified random samplin MoreThe aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between critical thinking and meta cognition with academic success in female students of Ahvaz Islamic Azad University. The sample included 200 subjects who were selected based on stratified random sampling. To measure the variables California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTST), State Meta-cognition Inventory (ESM) and Academic Success were used. To analyze the data Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariable regression (p≤ 0.0001) were employed as statistical methods. The results revealed that there was significant relationship between critical thinking and Meta cognition with academic success. The regression output also indicated that critical thinking and Meta cognition were well predictive to academic success. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
301 - Identification and Ranking of Critical Success Factors for the Implementation of Sustainable Supply Chain Management Using Dematel-ANP Hybrid Approach in the Automobile Industry of Iran
Mahmood Yahyazadehfar seyed Javad Alavi TabariThere are multiple problems of social, economic and environmental have led to organizations towards the use of sustainable supply chain management and on the one hand, globalization has made successful implementation of sustainable supply chain management always a conce MoreThere are multiple problems of social, economic and environmental have led to organizations towards the use of sustainable supply chain management and on the one hand, globalization has made successful implementation of sustainable supply chain management always a concern for managers, especially in the automobile industry. As a result, due to the need for the use of sustainable supply chain management in organizations, it is essential to achieve a successful and efficient sustainable supply chain management. In this regard, this study aims to detect critical factors that are effective in the successful implementation of sustainable supply chain management in the automobile industry by review the literature and using experts' viewpoints and Fuzzy Delphi method, as well as by using DANP, it determines the importance and ranking of these factors in the implementation of sustainable supply chain management. Research results determined 25 critical factors for the successful implementation of sustainable supply chain management in the automobile industry that of these, the top management commitment and support, strategic planning and long-term vision and environmental auditing for suppliers, were identified as the most important factors, respectively and cross-function integration as the least important. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
302 - Pattern of production resilience in critical shocks (sanction); A qualitative study based on grounded theory
MEHDI NAZARI hasan mehrmanesh Jala Haghighat monfaredAlthough there is general agreement on the effect of sanctions on production, so far no model has been proposed for production that meets the conditions of the sanctions. In this research, a model of production resilience in critical shocks was presented. The approach o MoreAlthough there is general agreement on the effect of sanctions on production, so far no model has been proposed for production that meets the conditions of the sanctions. In this research, a model of production resilience in critical shocks was presented. The approach of this research is qualitative and in terms of practical and developmental purpose and in terms of method, descriptive-exploratory and data theory. In accordance with the data theory method of the foundation, semi-structured interviews were conducted with production experts (studied by Saipa Automotive Group) and continued until the theoretical saturation based on the snowball technique. After counting 1131 key phrases, 841 first level code, 165 second level code and 79 concepts in open coding stage, 37 categories in axial coding and finally paradigm model in selective coding stage were obtained. The results of the research include causal, contextual, intervening conditions and consequences, specific and most important strategies for acting on factors such as placing the vision of resistance economy in the position of strategy, production appropriate to regional-provincial ecology, implementation of internalization instead of outsourcing, changing intellectual paradigms. Internalization and extraversion, the establishment of a training center for jihadi leaders and the establishment of a center for the accumulation of technical-industrial knowledge in the country are considered as the most important factors in creating resilience. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
303 - The Impact of Knowledge Management on Organizational Performance: A Balanced Scorecard Approach
Changiz Valmohammadi Mohsen Ahmadi Mohsen Seyed AliakbarThis study aims to present a holistic approach regarding an evaluation of knowledge management (KM) practices on organizational performance of the subsidiary firms of Iran National Petrochemical Company (INPC). In this study balanced scorecard approach (BSC) has been em MoreThis study aims to present a holistic approach regarding an evaluation of knowledge management (KM) practices on organizational performance of the subsidiary firms of Iran National Petrochemical Company (INPC). In this study balanced scorecard approach (BSC) has been employed and the research hypotheses were raised based on the four perspectives of this approach, namely customer, growth and learning, internal processes, and financial. By literature, critical success factors (CSFs) of KM and organizational performance along with their items were identified in the framework of BSC’s perspectives. Based on these constructs and their items an instrument was designed and distributed among managers and employees of the surveyed organizations. Reliability of the instrument was calculated by Chronbach’s alpha for the two sections of the instrument i.e. KM practices and organizational performance. Also, using factor analysis the construct validity of the questionnaire was approved. Finally, based on the hypotheses of the study and using structural equation modeling the impacts of KM practices on organizational performance were investigated. The results revealed that KM practices positively and significantly (though weak) impact overall organizational performance.This impact is significant only regarding growth and learning dimension and on the other dimensions is insignificant. Also, as the customer and financial constructs were loaded on one factor based on the entity of their indicators we considered these two constructs as stakeholders construct. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
304 - Designing a Conceptual Model for Buffer Management in Critical Chain Project Management in Oil & Gas Projects
Behnam Feizabadi Mahmoud Alborzi Abbas Tolouee Ahmad MakoyiThis paper aims to determine factors influencing on the buffer sizing based on Project Risks, which are usually subjective and qualitative. Because of the subjective feature, they can’t be calculated accurately and they are responsible for the project delays. In a MoreThis paper aims to determine factors influencing on the buffer sizing based on Project Risks, which are usually subjective and qualitative. Because of the subjective feature, they can’t be calculated accurately and they are responsible for the project delays. In addition, because projects may enter a time of shortage, as well as inadequate resources, estimated time duration prolongs which in turn increases the project costs. On the other side, offering a conceptual model, this investigation aims to identify risks relationships and interactions. Fundamental and related risks were defined in the proposed model which is based on a conceptual model. The model also can be used to better buffer sizing and improve time duration and cost estimations. Interpretative Structural Modelling was used to develop the conceptual modeling and 27 experts in Oil and Gas Mega Projects were interviewed to gather the needed data to provide the model. Based on the conceptual model and simultaneous analysis, the problems caused by the complexity and low recognition of the technical issues of the project are the main factor that put managers and contractors in a situation to increase the level of buffers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
305 - Providing a Method to Buffer Sizing Determination in Critical Chain of Project Scheduling (Case study: Suliran Co.)
Mohammad Mehdi Tavagho Hamedani Ahmad MakouieA critical chain is a novel approach in the domain of project management which has been developed to eliminate projects’ unfavorable impacts and their reasons. Also, it is used to increase resources performance and to utilize restrictions of project system. To sec MoreA critical chain is a novel approach in the domain of project management which has been developed to eliminate projects’ unfavorable impacts and their reasons. Also, it is used to increase resources performance and to utilize restrictions of project system. To secure project against probable disturbances time buffers were installed in different areas based on this approach. Thus, tensions of uncritical activities were kept to be transferred to critical chain and tensions of critical chain activities were prevented as well to be transmitted to project delivery time. In the present paper, a method to determine buffers size in the domain of critical chain was presented. The method fortified with such main characteristics as applying experts’ ideas throughout the work steps, as well as the simple implementing process. Even though the concepts proposed in this method are close to “Pert” method, the distribution function of activities time probability in the method was obtained according to experts’ ideas. Finally, the critical chain was conducted for designing, constructing, and installing of a steel structure in Suliran Company to assess the suggested method. Buffers size were estimated using two recognized methods in pieces of literature, Cut and Paste (C&P) method, Root Square Error (RSE) method, and the proposed method. Comparing with two mentioned methods, the presented method, as obtained results display, generates buffers with more protection against project's probable delays. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
306 - Identification and Design of the Model of Critical Factors Realizing the Green Supply Chain of the Automotive Industry
Hossein Rahimi elahe taheriThe purpose of the present research is to "identify and design a model of critical factors for the realization of the green supply chain of automotive industry".In this research, by studying the literature, the factors affecting the emergence of the supply chain were id MoreThe purpose of the present research is to "identify and design a model of critical factors for the realization of the green supply chain of automotive industry".In this research, by studying the literature, the factors affecting the emergence of the supply chain were identified and then, in the quantitative phase, using the field research, the main goal of the research was realized. In order to identify the critical factors of the green supply chain of the automotive industry and the importance of each of the factors, a questionnaire consisting of 33 questions was given and 100 employees of the automotive synchronous company who were selected by random sampling were given. Data were analyzed using statistical analysis and t-test. The results showed that all four main components of green supply chain management include supply chain management, product recycling, organizational interaction, and life cycle management, and the underlying indicators of these factors in the automotive industry, and all of these factors are green in the supply chain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
307 - Identifying and Prioritizing of the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) of Knowledge Management by Using SAW & FAHP
Elmira Rahimi Majid Bagherzadeh KhajehIn the knowledge-based age, knowledge is regarded as a competitive advantage which should be managed in a proper manner for an accurate use. The first step to implement a system is to identify the key factors. During designation and implementation of knowledge managemen MoreIn the knowledge-based age, knowledge is regarded as a competitive advantage which should be managed in a proper manner for an accurate use. The first step to implement a system is to identify the key factors. During designation and implementation of knowledge management, a series of factors exist which play a more vital role and they lead to facilitation and acceleration of the implementation process of the system by focusing on the main axes. This research is conducted in order to identify and prioritize the critical success factors (CSFs) of knowledge management. The statistical population consisted of managers and experts of Tabriz Oil Refinery which is equal to 30 persons. As the statistical population number is limited, there is no need for sampling and the whole population was surveyed. For data collection, two questionnaires were employed, the reliability and validity of questionnaires were assessed by experts’ reviews, opinions, and Cronbach test. For identifying the factors effective on the success of knowledge management T-test was performed. According to the findings and results, four critical success factors were identified, including management practices, organization efforts and development, information technology and supply and adoption rate. With regard to the simple Additive Weighting Method (SAW), the ranking of afore-mentioned factors are as follows: management practices, organizational efforts, supply, and adoption rate and IT. And with regard to the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP), the ranking of these factors are as follows: management practices, organizational efforts, IT and supply, and adoption rate. In addition to the importance of knowledge management, we can refer to the identification of gaps in organization's knowledge, higher productivity of human capital; provide more value-added goods, the satisfaction of customers and employees, strengthening competitive position. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
308 - A Survey on the Risk Management in Water Transmission Projects (Case Study: Kurdistan Regional Water Company)
Azad Enayati Heirsh Soltanpanah Alireza Qari QuranDelay is defined as a different time between anticipated time and real time to complete the project. The aim of this study was to identify delay risk factors in water lines and offer an outline solution in the projects to reduce the delay time. For this purpose, a delay MoreDelay is defined as a different time between anticipated time and real time to complete the project. The aim of this study was to identify delay risk factors in water lines and offer an outline solution in the projects to reduce the delay time. For this purpose, a delayed case was studied in Kurdistan intubation in order to identify and prioritizing delayed projects criteria while they are identified and extracted. Delays factors are determined and prioritized in the six-step methodology and analytic hierarchy process based on five factors including employee, consultant, contractor, independent of tubing and other external factors. Analysing the data, the results helped to identify and measure the effects of each of the identified risks on project objectives (time, cost, quality). The results showed that the most important key risks affecting the project's main objectives are as follows: poor planning is done by the contractor of the project, the quality of financial risks, including inflation and risks, the loss of channels drilling and loss of redrilling. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
309 - Identify and Prioritizing the Critical Success Factor of the New Product Development with Fuzzy Inference System
Saeid Jafari Khanshir Reza Radfar Reza Hosnavi Reza AzarafzaNew product development (NPD) as modern approach applied for facing to environmental changes and is necessary to enter and remain (or survive) in the competitive environment and achieve competitive advantages. Firms according to identify the critical success factors (CS MoreNew product development (NPD) as modern approach applied for facing to environmental changes and is necessary to enter and remain (or survive) in the competitive environment and achieve competitive advantages. Firms according to identify the critical success factors (CSF) of NPD and obtain the profitable results from this factor, can achieve competitive advantages. Researchers analysis CSFs of NPD in 35 years and concluded that managing of the new product is the more important factor. The important of NPD in complex and product system (CoPS) is highlighted. The firm can assess the process whit CSF’s and improve the process and achieve the effectiveness of activities. Studying the relevant article and literature reviews, 40 factors influencing the success of NPD has identified in this paper. Applying fuzzy inference system (FIS) and studying some aerospace project as NPD projects that is relevant with CoPS, in the next step, input variety (the level of activity of factor in NPD projects and the level of project success from the viewpoint) and indicator (cost, time and quality of NPD’s product) are analyzed. The MATLAB software and SAJENO model of FIS were applied for analyzing data. As result, the selected CSF’s with brainstorming is categorized into in 3 groups: development team abilities, organizational resources and organizational process and 20 factors as CSF of NPD identified and prioritized. Thus, focusing in these factors, managers can achieve the competitive advantages. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
310 - Identifying Six Sigma Critical Success Factors to Reduce Variability of Processes (Case study: Dairy Industry)
Behzad Ghasemi Roghayeh Gharehpoor Niloofar Kavoli HaghighiNowadays, the variability of processes is the most important reason for increasing costs and reducing efficiency and product quality, and companies are always trying to remove it. The purpose of this research is to identify Critical Success Factors (CSFs) of reducing th MoreNowadays, the variability of processes is the most important reason for increasing costs and reducing efficiency and product quality, and companies are always trying to remove it. The purpose of this research is to identify Critical Success Factors (CSFs) of reducing the variability of processes with Six Sigma approach in the dairy industry. The statistical population of this research is dairy companies that managers and experts of production and quality control units of these companies as the statistical analysis unit were selected. Initially, through an in-depth review of past studies, the effective components on reducing the variability of processes were determined and then using exploratory factor analysis technique, the CSFs of reducing the variability of processes with Six Sigma approach were identified. Finally, using Bartlett's test, equality of variance was tested for the identified CSFs. The obtained results showed that eight CSFs of reducing variability of processes with Six Sigma approach were identified in dairy industry, which include: "Managing variability of processes", "nature of project team", "nature of project", "engagement and commitment of senior management" "communication with Customers and Suppliers," "Cultural Change," "Employee Learning," "Data and Information Management." Also, the research results showed that the effect of each of the CSFs on the reduction of processes variability is different. The result of this research can be used by decision-makers and managers of manufacturing companies to improve processes and productivity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
311 - Impact and Effectiveness of Soft Skills on Critical Thinking and Innovative Behavior of School Principals (With DEMATEL Methodological Approach)
fardin teimorzadeh habibeh najafiHaving innovative behavior and critical thinking among managers are two essential and vital elements to promote the effectiveness of the organization and its productivity. Objective: This study was conducted with the aim of finding the influence and effectiveness of sof MoreHaving innovative behavior and critical thinking among managers are two essential and vital elements to promote the effectiveness of the organization and its productivity. Objective: This study was conducted with the aim of finding the influence and effectiveness of soft skills on critical thinking and innovative behavior of school principals. This is an applied-developmental research and from a methodological point of view, it is descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the study includes all 260 school principals in districts 1 and 3 of Tabriz city in 2020, among which the sample size was estimated to be 84 people through Cochran's formula. The research tool includes a researcher-made questionnaire specifically designed for the DEMATEL method. Data analysis was performed using DEMATEL method. The results showed that the most influential factor is creativity and problem solving and the critical thinking variable is in the second place of influence. In terms of the intensity of impact, the components of soft skills are creativity and problem solving, lifelong learning, teamwork, professional ethics and communication, respectively, which have had the most impact. The most influential variable is innovative behavior. Also, among the influential components of soft skills, lifelong learning is the most important factor that has had a great impact on innovative behavior. Lifelong learning is like a driving force that, if properly used, can accelerate innovative behavior, professional ethics, communication and even teamwork and promote school principals in today's high-risk world. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
312 - An explanatory test of political behavior with hypocritical behavior based on spirituality and strategic thinking of High School Teachers
omid safari nima shahidi samaneh panahiIntroduction: The main purpose of this research was to test the explanation of political behavior with hypocritical behavior based on spirituality and strategic thinking among secondary school teachers in Mamsani city.research methodology: The research method was a corr MoreIntroduction: The main purpose of this research was to test the explanation of political behavior with hypocritical behavior based on spirituality and strategic thinking among secondary school teachers in Mamsani city.research methodology: The research method was a correlational descriptive research in terms of nature and content. The statistical population of this research was all 284 secondary school teachers in Mamasani city. To determine the sample size, 165 people were selected from Morgan's table. The sampling method in this research was a simple random one. In this research, Danaei-fard & et al.'s Hypocritical Behavior Questionnaire (2013), Dobrin Political Behavior Questionnaire (1978), Hall Edwards Spirituality Questionnaire (1986) and Goldman Strategic Thinking Questionnaire (2005) were used to collect information. Pearson correlation test, regression analysis and path analysis were used to analyze the data. SPSS21 and PLS statistical softwares were used to perform these analyses.Findings: The findings of this research indicated that there is a significant relationship between political behaviors and hypocritical behaviors through spirituality among secondary school teachers in Mamasani city. Also, there is a significant relationship between political behaviors and hypocritical behaviors through strategic thinking among secondary school teachers in Mamsani city. And finally, it was determined that the conceptual model of political behaviors with hypocritical behaviors through spirituality and strategic thinking among teachers of the second secondary level of Mamasani city has a good fit.Conclusion: Therefore, considering the appropriateness of the current research model, it is appropriate to use this model for efficiency and effectiveness as much as possible in the target community, and those in charge should pay special attention to the research variables. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
313 - The Effectiveness of Problem-Solving Teaching Method on Critical Thinking and Academic Performance of Sixth Grade Student
Somayeh Ebrahimi-dolar Abbas GholtashIntroduction: The aim of this study was to explain the effect of problem-solving teaching methods on critical thinking and academic performance of sixth grade students in Birjand city.Research Methodology: This research was conducted as an intervention study with a pre- MoreIntroduction: The aim of this study was to explain the effect of problem-solving teaching methods on critical thinking and academic performance of sixth grade students in Birjand city.Research Methodology: This research was conducted as an intervention study with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population was the sixth grade students of Birjand city in the academic year 2021-2022 and the samples were selected by random double-stage cluster sampling and they were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Using the problem-solving teaching method, the science course was taught and the control group was trained as usual. Before and after applying the independent variable, pre-test and post-test were taken from the students. The Pham & Taylor (1999) Student Performance Questionnaire was used to assess students' academic performance, and the California Critical Thinking Orientation Questionnaire (Facion, 1992) was used to assess students' critical thinking. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical studies and Shapiro-Wilk statistical tests (to check normality), Levene's test (to check the homogeneity of variances) and univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance through SPSS software version 23.Findings: The results indicate that problem-solving education has a significant effect on students' critical thinking and academic performance (p<0.05). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
314 - Designing a teaching model based on developing critical thinking in high schools
Alimohammad Siahiatabaki Fatemeh SiahiatabakiIntroduction: One of the necessary skills in a world that is constantly changing is the ability to think, especially critical thinking. The aim of the current research was to investigate and present the significant approaches in the teaching area based on the developmen MoreIntroduction: One of the necessary skills in a world that is constantly changing is the ability to think, especially critical thinking. The aim of the current research was to investigate and present the significant approaches in the teaching area based on the development of critical thinking and to design a teaching model based on the development of critical thinking in high schools. Research methodology: In this qualitative research, qualitative content analysis method of inductive categorization system was used. The research field (statistical population) included available written and digital resources related to critical thinking, and sampling was done in a purposeful method, and the data collection tool was note-taking from all available written and digital sources. Data analysis was done through thematic coding in three stages of open coding (477 codes), axial coding (80 codes) and selective coding (20 codes). Then the codes were categorized and the final components were extracted. Findings: The most important approaches in teaching based on the development of critical thinking include problem solving, group discussion, using the questioning technique, students being active, oral presentation and continuous assessment of students. The proposed teaching model includes three sections: before the interaction, during the interaction and after the interaction. Conclusion: Determining the proposed approaches in teaching critical thinking and designing a teaching model based on the development of critical thinking and teachers' familiarity with them can become the basis for their use in high schools and increase students' critical thinking skills. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
315 - The Relationship between perception of social interaction and Learning cognitive Styles to critical thinking in Female High School Students
rezvan homaei Fakhralssadat Fatemi ArdestaniThe aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between of perception of social interactions and learning cognitive styles to critical thinking in female high school students in Ahvaz. The study was from descriptive and correlational type. A sample incl MoreThe aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between of perception of social interactions and learning cognitive styles to critical thinking in female high school students in Ahvaz. The study was from descriptive and correlational type. A sample including 250 female high school students were selected. Subjects were tested by the Gela’s Patterns of Social Interaction Inventory (1994), the Kolb Cognitive Learning Style Inventory (1985) and the RickettsCritical Thinking Inventory (2003). To analyze data of the Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression were used as statistical methods. The results of Pearson correlation showed that there were significant and positive correlations between of perception of social interactions including positive thoughts to critical thinking (0/35) and there was a significant and negative correlation between learning cognitive styles of reflective observation with critical thinking (0/16). But, perception of social interactions in the field of negative thoughts (-0/08), and learning cognitive styles of concrete experience (0/05), abstract conceptualization (0/07), and active experimentation (0/06) had not significant correlation with critical thinking. Regression analysis showed that negative thoughts (reversely), positive thoughts, had multiple relationships to critical thinking and explained 16% of the variance of critical thinking. Also, results showed that positive thoughts and negative thoughts (reversely) were the strongest predictors of critical thinking respectively (P<0.05). So, finding indicate that increasing the perception of social interactions in the field of positive and negative thoughts in promoting critical thinking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
316 - An Investigation on Shamloo’s Poems using Critical Aesthetics
fariba mirzamohammadnia mohamadali gozashti aliyeh yuseffamIt can be claimed that Critical Aesthetics is the most important achievement gained from the Frankfort School. As critical Aestheticians believe, noble art should be able to free itself from homogeneity and similarity induced by dominant governments. It should, also, be MoreIt can be claimed that Critical Aesthetics is the most important achievement gained from the Frankfort School. As critical Aestheticians believe, noble art should be able to free itself from homogeneity and similarity induced by dominant governments. It should, also, be able to actualize free meaning creation in a world where the origin of meaning is being devastated. In the present article, the art of Shamloo was investigated descriptively and analytically, from the stated perspective. The process followed was extracting case examples from the original text and analyzing them according to the theory. Since his poems are in close relationship with local texture of society, the study necessitates accessing sociological perspectives, as well. In this article, Shamloo’s versatile views toward prevalent semantic norms and the deficiencies of the modern society in this regard are categorized under different headings. His most frequent semantic norm breaking occurs in the domain of conventional ideological beliefs, binary contradictions, and the manifestation of the modern society. Here, Shamloo’s explicit objections target the values dominating the modern society. This way, his coherent thought construct is pictured behind his poems to help the reader to discover the ideology of his work and picture the poet’s world view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
317 - Feminism in the collection of "The Tent of Night" by Mohammad Sadeq Chubak
najmah hashemi Ali Reza Shabanloo Abdul Hussein FarzadFeminism as a social movement, on the one hand, is rooted in the new Western perspective on man and man's definition, on the other hand, invasion of the honor, dignity and rights of women after the Renaissance, especially in the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries. Iran' MoreFeminism as a social movement, on the one hand, is rooted in the new Western perspective on man and man's definition, on the other hand, invasion of the honor, dignity and rights of women after the Renaissance, especially in the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries. Iran's relationship with the Western world and their familiarity with the different cultural and social status of women in Europe and the United States, and the creation of intellectual views on women, provided the most important areas for the formation of the feminism in Iran. The authors of the course in search for uncover the fact that the situation of women in society was something different from that of the European women, and the image of the life and position of European and Western women was more like a dream than reality. Mohammad SadeghChubak, as the writer of that time, instead of paying attention to the world of extreme or slow-moving idealist feminists, spoke to the realities of society and depicted the real status of women. Women of his stories are women of an intellectually educated, or they are not sensitive posts and positions, but are real and belo women to the middle and lower middle class of society, who often have to live in a lord's house to provide their own living needs, or in a dressing room Stuffs and Dead saltines houses and brothels make up for a small amount of income every tricks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
318 - Parvin Etesami’s Poetry: A Cognitive Reading and Critical Discourse Analysis
mohammad irani Naser MalekiWords and their relations have always been a considerable point among the critics especially those who are specialized in the cognitive poetics. This branch of literary studies is, more than anything, concerned with the similarities and relativities between things and t MoreWords and their relations have always been a considerable point among the critics especially those who are specialized in the cognitive poetics. This branch of literary studies is, more than anything, concerned with the similarities and relativities between things and to re-acknowledge their super-structure patterns. Naturally, this is attainable only by analyzing the literary texts. Analysis of the texts itself is also inter-connected with speech act of the author or the poet, and the inductive act among readers. Perceptions of these concepts can be found in two ways of speech and epilogue that each causes other’s line of actions. Hence, it can be asserted that every literary text is an objective re-exposing of discourse analyses which are available in every society. The researchers of the present study, assuming that the above assumptions are exemplified in Parvin Etesami’s poems, seek to examine the cognitive poetics and discourse analysis in some of her poetic vocations. The researchers of this article try to show the instances of cognitive poetics and discourse analysis in Parvin Etesami’s poems. The findings of the study show how the textual structure of language can show the hidden power relation and its misuse, hegemony, and social inequality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
319 - Psychoanalytical criticism of “ermiya novle” one of the Holy defence stories according to jacqes lacan theory
hesam ziaeeErmiya is one of the subjective and complicated Holy defense novels. In this novel, the main character (Ermiya) is in conflict with the post war world and the condition of the city after his returning from war front. This is the point that can be analyzed according to J MoreErmiya is one of the subjective and complicated Holy defense novels. In this novel, the main character (Ermiya) is in conflict with the post war world and the condition of the city after his returning from war front. This is the point that can be analyzed according to Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalysis theory. Lacan divided the psyche of man to Imaginary order and Symbolic order. Imaginary order is related to the first year of lifetime and Symbolic order is about the time when the child begin to learn language and his/her contact with symbols and social norms.Ermiya is like people who can’t deal with contents of Symbolic order and they prefer to be in Imaginary order and unconsciousness. This research aims to study Ermiya’s character according to Jacques Lacan’s theory. Experiencing psychosis, stream of consciousness and sectional traveling between Imaginary order and Symbolic order are the outcomes of not being compatible with Symbolic order. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
320 - Comparing the cognitive style of Jami and Ghazali's letters in the political context of critical discourse analysis
susan fotouhi tekantapeAbstract : The main topic of this research is a combination between stylistic of letters of Jami and Ghazzali with the approach of critical discourse analysis. The letters of mystics and great scientists are major historical sources which, in addition to enclosing a lot MoreAbstract : The main topic of this research is a combination between stylistic of letters of Jami and Ghazzali with the approach of critical discourse analysis. The letters of mystics and great scientists are major historical sources which, in addition to enclosing a lot of political, social and cultural information of the past, they show the relationships between the writers and authorities and different social classes. In this research we are trying to investigate the stylistic features of Jami and Ghazzali in three levels of description, annotation and explanation based on 3_dimentional model of Norman Fairclough in order to answer this questions that each one used which discourse and language strategy to communicate with others in political subjects? Which common and different points are exist in stylistic and language features of their letters? What role does discourse play in letters? The metod of this study is analytical-descriptive and our results showed that the ruling discourse on the letters of Jami is gnostic which, centered on divine love and ruling discourse on the letters of Ghazzali are ascetic which, centered on futurism. Each of them manipulate a discriminate discourse in letters to save authority against government ; but in fact the relationship of Jami's authority is via alignment with power of governors, on the other hand Ghazzalis's authority is via standing against the government apparatus and by this method could control the authority and invited them to adminstrative of justice and supporting people. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
321 - Asylum as a protest; an analysis of the novel No Friend but the Mountains from the Perspective of Critical Aesthetic Theory
hamid moradi osman hedayatAbstractLiterature has always been part of the ideological struggle and the struggle against power structures. With the advent of the Frankfurt School, the issue of criticism and the negative view of the present of human society took on a more serious and coherent dimen MoreAbstractLiterature has always been part of the ideological struggle and the struggle against power structures. With the advent of the Frankfurt School, the issue of criticism and the negative view of the present of human society took on a more serious and coherent dimension. The achievement of the Frankfurt School is the "theory of critical aesthetics", which considers the original art to be independent and to reject and change the existing situation. The novel "No Friendship except Mountain" is based on a kind of critical realism that challenges power structures. The purpose of this study is to read the situation of immigration and asylum using Behrouz Buchani's novel "No Friend except the Mountain". Immigration and Asylum is a pretext for criticizing the current situation in liberal-democratic countries, which tries to narrate the situation of "Manus" prison by using the method of expression and protest tone and the use of symbols and metaphors. This challenges the emergence of new forms of capitalism and colonialism that manifest themselves in the refugee subject and refugee status. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
322 - Critique of Jung's Old Model in the Story of the King and the Essence of Ur
azadeh ebrahimipour moslem nadalizadeArchetypes are common images in the human subconscious memory and conscience that show the common manifestations of that period in each era, and recognizing their changes and transformations can increase our view of deep cultural, moral and religious currents in histori MoreArchetypes are common images in the human subconscious memory and conscience that show the common manifestations of that period in each era, and recognizing their changes and transformations can increase our view of deep cultural, moral and religious currents in historical periods. In his works, Jung mentions several archetypes, and considers each of them individually and in general connection as one of the most meaningful manifestations of the collective psyche ﻲ psycheﺗoh; It is one of the intertextual conditions of education and fluency. The most important reason is that. Editing is made clearer to the reader bﻳ,'s study of Jung's archetype by the famous Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung ﺑﺎ in a story from the sixth book of Masnavi There is a direct connection between psychology and Masnavi. Archetypes are common images in the human subconscious memory and conscience that show the common manifestations of that period in each era, and recognizing their changes and transformations can increase our view of deep cultural, moral and religious currents in historical periods. In his works, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
323 - An Analysis into Homay's journey to China in Homay and Homayoun poems by Khaju Kermani based on the ancient theory of the "The Hero's journey" by Joseph Campbell
Parvane fereydooni morteza razaghpoorArt and literature have a special place in Campbell's mythology, which is one of the most important study objects. Single myth is one of the mythological methods in the field of literature and art, both in the field of creation and in the field of understanding. Critics MoreArt and literature have a special place in Campbell's mythology, which is one of the most important study objects. Single myth is one of the mythological methods in the field of literature and art, both in the field of creation and in the field of understanding. Critics turn to a single myth to understand the works created in this way. Campbell has been more involved with literature than any other art. The ancient model of Hero's Journey by Campbell is written on three general lines of narrative- separation, arrival, and return, along with seventeen sub-categories, which ultimately pave the way for the hero's psychological development.The present study is a analytic-comparative study that was conducted in the statistical population of Homay and Homayoun poems, and analyzed Homay's journey to China based on Joseph Campbell's "Hero's Journey" theory. And the result of the study indicates that at the end of the journey, the hero has reached a psychological development and self-knowledge and gained identity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
324 - Psychological Analysis of Olduz Storytelling Characters and Crows Relying on Freud, Jung and Adler Theory
fereshte ahmadi yuosef nikrouzThe works of children's literature in poetry and prose like the literary works of adults can be studied and studied from various aspects. Children's stories in narrative are usually simple and easy to understand, but the infrastructure can be full of psychological and i MoreThe works of children's literature in poetry and prose like the literary works of adults can be studied and studied from various aspects. Children's stories in narrative are usually simple and easy to understand, but the infrastructure can be full of psychological and interpretable points in the field of psychology. Children's literature is a good platform for indirect discussion of psychological issues; Because the subconscious addresses the child and prepares him to face the outside world by substituting positive and negative psychological issues. Psychological critique is one of the branches that can provide many clues to understand and solve the problems of a work, along with other methods of critique. in this article first, an introduction about the position of psychological critique and the presentation of experts' opinions in this regard were presented, then the scientific background of research and research has been done. The following is a summary of the story of the oldoz and the crows; And after explaining Freud, Jung, and Adler, we have separately critiqued the psychological analysis of the characters in the story. The results of this study show that Freud's views such as defense mechanisms, Jung archetypes and concepts of the inferiority complex are crystallized in the characters of the story according to Adler's theory. This critique suggests that there is a capacity for psychological critique in the depths of children's stories, especially in the story in question, and that this type of critique can be used to understand the depths of their personalities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
325 - An Archetypal Reading of Forough Farrokhzad's "The Wind Will Take Us Away" from the Perspective of Northrop Frye
Seyed Reza EbrahimiIn his Anatomy of Criticism, Northrop Frye argues that the mythical mode is the most abstract and stylized of all literary modes. Frye uses the seasons in his archetypal schema, aligning each season with a literary genre. He argues that a hero's life mimics the cycle of MoreIn his Anatomy of Criticism, Northrop Frye argues that the mythical mode is the most abstract and stylized of all literary modes. Frye uses the seasons in his archetypal schema, aligning each season with a literary genre. He argues that a hero's life mimics the cycle of the yearly seasons, with comedy aligning with spring, romance with summer, tragedy with autumn, and satire with winter. Critics consider Forough Farrokhzad's "Another Birth" collection to be the manifestation of her intellectual and poetic evolution cycle, endowed with a profound look and thought about the myth of creation. One of the notable poems in this collection is "The Wind Will Take Us Away". Using Northrop Frye's Archetypal criticism, this study aims to investigate the transformation in the vision and thought that the poem presents in the archetypes expressed with the concepts of the seasons. The findings show that the subject of the poem, passing through the love myth and romance of her life and entering the field of the winter myth, achieves understanding, awareness, and new experiences, making a thoughtful expression of the concept of love. This transformation can be found in the transformation of the concept of love, which passes from a physical, transitory concept associated with destruction and coldness, to a heavenly and eternal sphere that is comforting, warm, and life-giving. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
326 - Satirical Content in Mohammad Ali Afrashte’s Work
Aida Parspour Esmat KhoeiniMohammad Ali Afrashteh (1909–1960) is one of the poineers in Gilan poetry and social satire in the form of the famous persian poetry and simple prose. He has been defending labors so he considers one of the greatest candidates of labouring literature. Art of Afras MoreMohammad Ali Afrashteh (1909–1960) is one of the poineers in Gilan poetry and social satire in the form of the famous persian poetry and simple prose. He has been defending labors so he considers one of the greatest candidates of labouring literature. Art of Afrashteh is that while making other people laugh, encourage them to think about their own rights too. Chalangar newspaper which has been published for two years and a half since (1951), is the result of his literary life and somehow reflects his beliefs and thoughts. Most of Afrashteh´s writings have been published in this newspaper. The content of Afrashteh´s writings is the criticize of social and political suituation which has been shown in the form of poetry, story, play and has been show by satire language.He has seen big problems in Iran society which can destroy and reteocede Iran society. As a result, he as a patriot and revolutionary person will reflect the problems in his writings in a simple language and based on his political views will find a solution for the care of their pains. This writing included different way of social, economical, cultural, political and moral criticizing by the analysis of Mohammad Ali Afrashteh´series of writings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
327 - Critical Analaysis On Poems Ahmad Shamlou
Farzad Balal Gholamhosein Gholamhoseinzadeh Ghodratolah TaheriTill now, many researches in the forms of papers and books in the field of investigation and analysis of Ahmad Shamlou's poems have been written. In the present research, in the meanwhile by showing the historical path of written researches and investigation of their fo MoreTill now, many researches in the forms of papers and books in the field of investigation and analysis of Ahmad Shamlou's poems have been written. In the present research, in the meanwhile by showing the historical path of written researches and investigation of their formation sources, it was going to criticize and analyze the construction and contents of the written books and the eminent papers which have been combined in this field. The research method in this thesis is descriptive-analytical. The conducted investigations show that with formation of the Shamlou's style of poetry and his attention towards social and human issues, more researches have been formed in the field of poet's poems; so that within 1375-1385 it has a peak. Also, the obtained results show that from total of 303 papers which have the subject of investigation and analysis of the poet's poem have been written, 9 percents in the press, 8 percents in the research-scientific journals and 83 percents in scientific (review-propagational) have been published and distributed, also within the written papers, the research-scientific papers have a special importance and credit in comparison with the papers which have been published in the press and scientific journals (review-propagational), which among the most important reasons of this, explicit and clear language of writers in the mentioned papers, the mentioned issue-based researches, staying away from general statement and exact saying of details in this sort of papres can be mentioned. Among the researches which have been written in the form of book, "Travel Through Fog" written by Taghi Pournamdarian, "Amirzadeye Kashiha" written by Parvin Salajeghe, "Finger and Moon" written by Ain.Pashaei and "Poem of our Age" written by Mohammad Hoghoghi have special importance and credit and are popular among readers; this has caused many re-publication of the mentioned books in various eras. the reasons of importance and credit of the mentioned works can be summarized: 1-fluent and clear of writers in subjects and issues; 2-hesitate from general statement and exact saying of details; 3-illuminating of dimensions and various angles of construction and content of poet's poem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
328 - Comparative Study of Characterization and Theme in Missing Slouch and The Grapes of Wrath
Sayed Reza EbrahimiEconomical predicaments have always been a suitable basis for social changes and transformations. Literary authors who have not recognized themselves apart from people and society‟s progress for change have tried to record the social events and serve their duty as a so MoreEconomical predicaments have always been a suitable basis for social changes and transformations. Literary authors who have not recognized themselves apart from people and society‟s progress for change have tried to record the social events and serve their duty as a social writer. The important point in studying the relationship between literature and society is similarities in which different authors from different cultures have responded the same reaction to the similar social upheavals. White Revolution in Iran, for example, and its unsuccessful results has been depicted by Mahmud Dollatabadi, famous Iranian novelist. He shows a realistic literary account of this social-economical change to reflect its unsuccessful consequences in his novel Missing Slouch. On the other hand, John Steinbeck, well-known American novelist and literature noble prize winner, has written a novel in a very critical period of American history called The Great Depression. His novel is one the best literary record of this social-economical process. Social, economical and political similarities of these two events, White Revolution and The Great Depression, prove the similar way of thinking and approaching among writers to mirror the hidden realities of their society. Also, it proves the collective unconscious of human beings in dealing with ups and downs. This paper aims at, first, studying the common social and political origins of above mentioned events. Second, the common themes and characterization in Missing Slouch and The Grapes of Wrath are studied from Marxist point of view to prove the similarities found in two novels resulted from the common viewpoint and collective unconscious of the writers. The paper focuses on appreciating common themes, similarities in creating and developing the characters, changes in traditional structure of social unions to show the role of literature in recording and illustrating social processes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
329 - Parvin Etesami’s Poetry: A Cognitive Reading and Critical Discourse Analysis
mohammad irani naser malakiWords and their relations have always been a considerable point among the critics especially those who are specialized in the cognitive poetics. This branch of literary studies is, more than anything, concerned with the similarities and relativities between things and t MoreWords and their relations have always been a considerable point among the critics especially those who are specialized in the cognitive poetics. This branch of literary studies is, more than anything, concerned with the similarities and relativities between things and to re-acknowledge their super-structure patterns. Naturally, this is attainable only by analyzing the literary texts. Analysis of the texts itself is also inter-connected with speech act of the author or the poet, and the inductive act among readers. Perceptions of these concepts can be found in two ways of speech and epilogue that each causes other’s line of actions. Hence, it can be asserted that every literary text is an objective re-exposing of discourse analyses which are available in every society. The researchers of the present study, assuming that the above assumptions are exemplified in Parvin Etesami’s poems, seek to examine the cognitive poetics and discourse analysis in some of her poetic vocations. The researchers of this article try to show the instances of cognitive poetics and discourse analysis in Parvin Etesami’s poems. The findings of the study show how the textual structure of language can show the hidden power relation and its misuse, hegemony, and social inequality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
330 - Social Criticism in Attar's Musibat Nama
Farah Sarbaz BarazandehThe purpose of this paper is to survey social criticism in Attar's Musibat Nama and to evaluate historical and social damages in the sixth and seventh centuries and social criticism of that period in Attar's major book, Musibat Nama. Farid ad din Mohammad ebne Ebrahim N MoreThe purpose of this paper is to survey social criticism in Attar's Musibat Nama and to evaluate historical and social damages in the sixth and seventh centuries and social criticism of that period in Attar's major book, Musibat Nama. Farid ad din Mohammad ebne Ebrahim Nishapuri, top Iranian mystic and critic, is still considered by literary scholars after seven centuries. People of all time involved social issues such as damages, disorders, disturbances and depravities. These issues have not been hidden from Attar's view and he has addressed them in Musibat Nama. Attar has used satire which is a social and critical view to express social abnormalities and to aware people of its consequences. He was trying to preserve the culture and national identity of Iran by expressing dominant values of society. He knew himself from the ordinary people and was speaking in the form of anecdotes which is understandable to various classes of society. Study of Attar's work from this view helps dynamics of society in terms of sympathy and awareness of people. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
331 - A Sociological Criticism on “Safar” (Traveling) Novel
Jamal Adhami Parviz Jahangiri Chenor DidariThe present article offers a sociological criticism on “Safar” novel. The sociological criticism as an important approach in sociology of literature , studies interaction between novel and society, as well as, the effect of them on ea MoreThe present article offers a sociological criticism on “Safar” novel. The sociological criticism as an important approach in sociology of literature , studies interaction between novel and society, as well as, the effect of them on each other. First persian novels since constitutionalism era to the contemporary period, there has been a specific connection between structure and content of Persian novel and Iranian society. With more complex dominant relationship in Iranian society including social, political and cultural spheres, structure of Persian, structure of Persian novel has oriented to a critical realism. In the “safar” novel , as a literary work that is result of transition period changes, the author by choosing the life of an ordinary family in suburb area, shows tragic dimensions of this social class influenced by those transformations. So in this study firstly we are going to refer to dominant theories on sociological criticism and give an theoretical explanation on society changes based on “safar” novel based on documentary method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
332 - Evaluating the Views and Ideas of Hakim Nasir Khusraw Qbadyany about Poetry, Speech and Eloquence
Sharare Elhami Reza Borzoei Mitra OzayriOne of the bases to evaluate the syncretism of scholars who used their own initiative and innate talent to particular expansion and innovation in the style of Persian poetry is considering the views and opinions of such scholars in the subject of the dignity and venera MoreOne of the bases to evaluate the syncretism of scholars who used their own initiative and innate talent to particular expansion and innovation in the style of Persian poetry is considering the views and opinions of such scholars in the subject of the dignity and venerability of speech and eloquence. Such scholars present their views and opinions in their syncretism and works in the subject. This can provide new view and more and better understanding with their thoughts and works based on the literary criticism in their era. It is because the scholar descriptions about poesy and perfect speech and the definitions introduced for the compare the speech and eloquence along with their recommendations and guidance declares the criteria to make comparison between perfect speech and poor one and also to recognize capable poet. In fact, this actuality indicates the principal norms of criticism in Persian literary and approves that in spite of some claims; literary criticism has primeval background and Persian poems used to criticism long ago and this was an advantage of Persian literary. Hakim Nasir Khusraw Qbadyany is one of the well-known orators with a individual style of Persian poetry who has been able to create a new movement and a great development of Persian poetry, by relying on the strength of his poetic and authoritative talent and based on a new view at the subject of language and its relation to human and existence, achieved foremost changes in cognitive and literary structure to create poets and orators. He created a special style of poetry to look at poetry altitude and the objective of eloquence that famous poets such as Sanai, Nizami, Rumi and Attar continued his style to make progress on the status of oratory. This study aimed to evaluate the ideas and beliefs of Nasir Khusraw at the subjects of poet, speech, poesy and eloquence in term of explanations, descriptions and his recommendations in these regards in different point of views and to introduce the principal norms of literary criticism in his opinion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
333 - Structure analysis of plot of Tahmuroth story
Jahangir safari amir fathiNarrative is the best method for report real in series of events. In the ready research the plot of Tahmuroth story (from Shahname-Ferdosi) as a member of incorporator, was analysis by the view point of some structuralists. In this story, first the stable situation is i MoreNarrative is the best method for report real in series of events. In the ready research the plot of Tahmuroth story (from Shahname-Ferdosi) as a member of incorporator, was analysis by the view point of some structuralists. In this story, first the stable situation is in working. In the days of Tahmuroth king ship, the tranquility envelop all around the country. Afterwards the happen mishap and this primary situation changes to undesirable. Tahmuroth started to righteous and courtesy and since bureau saw the complete calm of people, ill temper persuaded them to in refusal of his precept and discharge him of majesty. After Tahmuroth known their plans, the war happened and the bureau failed. Afterwards after that the hero get at to his target, a stable situation create. This condition happens in this story one time. The target of election this subject is adaptation this theoris on this kind of literary(story). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
334 - Structurally Criticism of Parvin E'tesami’s Poem
Mohammad Amir Obeydinia Taher LawzheIn order to investigate and analyze a literary work, one should consider the whole work's components and phenomena in its totality to reach the destination as well as getting familiar with content and message it conveys. The fact why a literary work forms depends on thi MoreIn order to investigate and analyze a literary work, one should consider the whole work's components and phenomena in its totality to reach the destination as well as getting familiar with content and message it conveys. The fact why a literary work forms depends on this important factor that, basically, what kinds of meanings exist in the text and secondly what the relationship among different components are. We also take this issue into consideration that how readers can understand the text meaning that is, reader must be able to explain the quality of meaning comprehension of the text. However, it is clear how structuralism deals with literary texts. It analyzes the literary message based on form and structure which consists of both meaning and form and so as to access it one should begin with the analysis of voice and morpheme to end with the investigation of general structure. This kind of criticism for recognizing one valuable literary work is of much importance, so basically writers of this essay intend to investigate the laws related to structural criticism in Parvin E'tesami's poem, the great contemporary poet, to know whether the poet has had the power and capability to reach the aim of conveying the message to addressees. In present text the research procedure is library based. We deal with Parvin's odes, considering two very important issues in structural criticism, e.g. structural infringement and semiology. We want to know which special message can be understood among Parvin's odes that are apparently various and different with the same meanings. With this in mind our understandings of her poems can be more exact, besides we deeply become aware of the capability of the great poet in composing her pure poems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
335 - Social Criticism in Saeb'/poetry
Layla Hashemian Fariba RashidiThe policy and the way of dealing with people and the society affain is one of the abssessions of the poets the importance of the subject has Cased the poets to pay attention to this subject in their works. Sa'di in Gulestan and Bustan, Onsor Al-Ma'ili in Ghabosnameh an MoreThe policy and the way of dealing with people and the society affain is one of the abssessions of the poets the importance of the subject has Cased the poets to pay attention to this subject in their works. Sa'di in Gulestan and Bustan, Onsor Al-Ma'ili in Ghabosnameh and zein Ali-AbedinMaraghei in EbrahimBeiy'sTravelayue have mentioned som part of of the rulers'policy in the form of social novels. Sa'eb is one of the biggest writed of the India style in the loth century (A.H.) His themes in sonnets using have made him one of the biggest literary higures in Iran. He had a s// close attention to the political and social conditions of his age. He has critized the politizations and given thern some pecces of advice this article presents some examples concering his social and political criticisms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
336 - Sayyid Qutb and Persian poetry (Reflecting his appreciations regarding Hafez and Khayyam's poetry)
Marziyeh nadafi Seyed ahmad hoseyni kazeroni Shams alhajeyeh ardalani Davood yahyaeiSayyid Qutb is one of the prominent figures of the twentieth century. He is considered as a religious and political intellectual, and his views regarding literature and poetry is subject to consideration. Studying Hafez and Khayyam poetry, he has critically studied thei MoreSayyid Qutb is one of the prominent figures of the twentieth century. He is considered as a religious and political intellectual, and his views regarding literature and poetry is subject to consideration. Studying Hafez and Khayyam poetry, he has critically studied their poem and believes that these two Persian literary figures can be classified among mystical poets. Hafez, in general, is poet with great wit and humor mixed whit romantic ideas and occult knowledge, and Khayyam, according to him, is a grieved Sufi and poet searching for the lost truth failing to find a ray of light in darkness. Sayyid Qutb's appraisals on the one hand indicates the degree of familiarity with the Iran's literature and culture and, on the other hand, reveals his detailed studies concerning the great poets of Iran. This paper aims at considering his critical appraisals and appreciation regarding two Iranian poets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
337 - Sayyid Qutb and Persian poetry (Reflecting his appreciations regarding Hafez and Khayyam's poetry)
Faroogh NematiSayyid Qutb is one of the prominent figures of the twentieth century. He is considered as a religious and political intellectual, and his views regarding literature and poetry is subject to consideration. Studying Hafez and Khayyam poetry, he has critically studied thei MoreSayyid Qutb is one of the prominent figures of the twentieth century. He is considered as a religious and political intellectual, and his views regarding literature and poetry is subject to consideration. Studying Hafez and Khayyam poetry, he has critically studied their poem and believes that these two Persian literary figures can be classified among mystical poets. Hafez, in general, is poet with great wit and humor mixed whit romantic ideas and occult knowledge, and Khayyam, according to him, is a grieved Sufi and poet searching for the lost truth failing to find a ray of light in darkness. Sayyid Qutb's appraisals on the one hand indicates the degree of familiarity with the Iran's literature and culture and, on the other hand, reveals his detailed studies concerning the great poets of Iran. This paper aims at considering his critical appraisals and appreciation regarding two Iranian poets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
338 - An Analysis on “Malakoot” Story by Bahram Sadeghi based on Psychoanalytic Approach
Roghayeh Hashemie Taghi PournamdarianPsychoanalytic theory refers to the definition and dynamics of personality development which underlie and guide psychoanalytic in the field of literary criticism. First laid out by Sigm MorePsychoanalytic theory refers to the definition and dynamics of personality development which underlie and guide psychoanalytic in the field of literary criticism. First laid out by Sigmund Freud, this approach has used literary works as good examples of explaining psychological teachings. Freud declared literary text as the symptom of writer’s disorder providing the ability of psychoanalytical review. Freud’s views were so influential that some of literary schools of that time, including surrealism, increasingly considered themselves debtors of psychoanalytical thoughts, in artistic approach. Bahram Sadeghi’s story titled Malakut is a surrealistic and psychological story analyzed on the basis of psychology of characters. Two of the strong elements of the story are the concepts of death and thinking. The concept of death which is considered as an opponent element with eternity gives a meaning to the actions and behavior of characters. This paper reviews the history of classic psychology and its connection with literature, generalities and definitions through the looking glass of Freud’s psychoanalyst views, summery of the story and analysis of characters as potential selves of the author himself. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
339 - A Book Review and Critical Study on Bahr al-Ferasat
Nayer Vafaei Ali Mohammad Sajjadi Jalil Tajlil Esmaeil HakemiValaBahr al- Ferasat book is one of the valuable and unknown literary works of Obeid Allah KhishkiCheshti whom is one of the Persian Arifs and Language writers from Indian subcontinent in eleventh Century of Hijri. This book is one of his prose literary works w MoreBahr al- Ferasat book is one of the valuable and unknown literary works of Obeid Allah KhishkiCheshti whom is one of the Persian Arifs and Language writers from Indian subcontinent in eleventh Century of Hijri. This book is one of his prose literary works which explains and interpret poems of KhajehShirazi .The manuscript of this work is edited by the writer of this article thus with the perusals done on this manuscript, we tried to inspect the advantages and disadvantages of that, so this investigation is aimed to inspect in content Criticism way with this aim the first privileges and beauties with showing evidence from the text of the book, mentioned and then defects that. In all things wherever is necessary we explained other details existed in Divan of Hafiz. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
340 - The status of inaugural dissertation of Kant in his critical philosophy
Hossein Houshangi Kant's philosophy consists of two pre-critical (until 1770) and critical stages. Inaugural dissertation written in 1770 shows Kant in the middle of his flight. Essentially, in the history of philosophy the passage times is very important because it can us knew phi More Kant's philosophy consists of two pre-critical (until 1770) and critical stages. Inaugural dissertation written in 1770 shows Kant in the middle of his flight. Essentially, in the history of philosophy the passage times is very important because it can us knew philosophical issues in their origination and formation period. It also helps us to know more about the solutions and innovations as well as terminology of certain philosophy. In his dissertation Kant makes a distinction between sensibility and reason and allocated phenomenal knowledge to the sensibility and nominal one to the reason. He also recognized the great part played by time and space as forms of perception. A while the quality of correspondence of rational concepts with non-sensual objects attracted his attention. Confronting this issue he confined the rational concepts to the phenomenal world but to the effects of Hume, s critiques about causality, application of those concepts on phenomenal world also is being questioned and thereby ground is paved for introducing the prior doctrine in critical era of Kant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
341 - "Justification" or "Refutation" a Stady the Role of experience in Experimental Science
Mohammad hossein GanjiDistinguishing empirical knowledge from non-empirical knowledge is one of the important issues of epistemology.The criterion for distinguishing "science" from non-empirical knowledge actually goes back to determining the role of experience in science. The traditional an MoreDistinguishing empirical knowledge from non-empirical knowledge is one of the important issues of epistemology.The criterion for distinguishing "science" from non-empirical knowledge actually goes back to determining the role of experience in science. The traditional and inductive view considers the role of experience to confirm scientific statements.From this point of view, a scientific theorem is a theorem that can be confirmed and finally proved by an experimental method. The famous philosopher of science, Karl Popper, at the beginning of the 20th century, proposed the criterion of "falsifiability" as a criterion for distinguishing "science" from other types of knowledge.In the present article, the author tries to reveal the epistemological result of his opinion by referring to some of the criticisms that have been made to Popper's theory, that in experimental science, neither definite proof nor definite refutation is possible. This important point is an emphasis on the hypothetical nature of experimental science. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
342 - An Examination of Sayyied Ahmad Khomeini's Views and Ranjnameh based on critical discourse Analysis
mansour Anbarmoo Fatemeh tabatabaieSeyyed Ahmad Mostafavi Khomeini (1946-1995) is the son of Imam Khomeini, as one of the important political activists before and after the Islamic Revolution. Although he is well known as one of the first-hand sources of contemporary political historiography due his pres MoreSeyyed Ahmad Mostafavi Khomeini (1946-1995) is the son of Imam Khomeini, as one of the important political activists before and after the Islamic Revolution. Although he is well known as one of the first-hand sources of contemporary political historiography due his presence and activity during the struggle and exile and Imam's leadership, in research,, his opinions and political life are rarely mentioned. Administration Imam's Beit (house) during the exile, struggles, and establishment of the Islamic revolution, developments related to the imposed war, issues related to the dismissal of the deputy leadership and the writing of the Ranjnameh are among the turning points of his life. The issue of this research is why Ahmad Khomeini wrote the Ranjnameh. In the present study, an attempt is made to explain the text of Ranjnameh as one of the most important political letters in the history of contemporary Iran, using the approach of analyzing the critical discourse of Norman Fairclough and the role of Ahmad in the developments of the first decade of the Islamic Revolution. Using this approach, the base is processed and checked in the index. The findings of the research show Ahmad Khomeini, considering the political and social situation of Iran in the 1980s and variables such as Imam Khomeini's illness and the changes in power relations in the 1960s, tried to create a new political and religious meaning in the field by compiling the manifesto. In line with political identification, the reproduction of the ideological beliefs of the Islamic Revolution, the consolidation and organization of the public consent for the selection of the new successor of the leadership and the persuasion of the public opinion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
343 - Individual and social negative effects of presence public and media in court hearings from critics' view of public trial
Morteza Rasteh Ali GhorbaniStudy of views presented in relation to public justice system shows fact that despite the fact that the publicity of the trial in international standards and the domestic laws of most countries it is one of the most basic components of fair proceedings and in a way one MoreStudy of views presented in relation to public justice system shows fact that despite the fact that the publicity of the trial in international standards and the domestic laws of most countries it is one of the most basic components of fair proceedings and in a way one of the most important guarantees It is considered, but critics of public trials are opinion that Individual and social negative effects of presence of people and media in the court are also numerous and cause that there are still concerns regarding establishment of a fair hearing. In this regard, topics such as distortion of accused's defence right; Damage to dignity of victims certain crimes; Negative impact on some intuition; Negative effect on judge and weakening of his authority; Denying the principle of innocence due to prejudice and labeling; and also, Degradation of the criminal justice system, As a theoretical basis need to exclude people and media from attending court hearings has attracted attention of critics of the public justice system. This research, with a descriptive-analytical approach and use of library method, describes the position each of these issues from the perspective of critics of public trial. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
344 - Critical search for corporate control methods in Parent firms
Parinaz Arabzadeh Hamed Rahmani Ali MohtashamiAlthough the expansion of parent firms is of great importance to economic development and their central role in the administration of diverse businesses and value creation is undeniable, one of the main concerns of these firms and managers of subsidiaries is how to esta MoreAlthough the expansion of parent firms is of great importance to economic development and their central role in the administration of diverse businesses and value creation is undeniable, one of the main concerns of these firms and managers of subsidiaries is how to establish relationships or in other words corporate control. Parent firms can control the entire business process of subsidiaries, and this control can be introduced in the form of three styles of strategic planning, financial control and strategic control, which is commonly known as parent control in theoretical literature. However, the complexity of environmental conditions and increasing uncertainties will not allow the adoption of a fixed control style to meet the goals of the parent firms. Therefore, creating an interactive and scenario -based control system is recommended for subsidiaries for long-term survival. In this article, by reviewing the literature on parent firms control and a critical view of the popular methods and styles of controlling subsidiary companies, a new method with an emphasis on participation, interaction and internalization of strategic decisions is presented to cover the current shortcomings and offer a more effective control of firms in changing environments. In the current study, the different categories of parent firms along with their configuration and managerial styles under different conditions, the proportion of characteristics, size, diversity and value -making practices are explained and compared. This review article can be effective for corporate control and can open a new horizon for future researchers to analyze the different styles of parent firms under uncertainty. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
345 - Developing a Structural Equation Model of Factors Affecting tend to Critical Thinking of Teachers of Karaj Education Dept., District 4.
Kamran Mohammad Khani Amir Hosrin MohammadDavidi Maryam Farokh Nia Background: This study aimed to design a structural equation model of effective factors on the teachers' tendency toward critical thinking. Method: Research statistical population consisted of teachers of district 4 of K More Background: This study aimed to design a structural equation model of effective factors on the teachers' tendency toward critical thinking. Method: Research statistical population consisted of teachers of district 4 of Karaj. Considering that how and what extent the influence of this factors can be done with using structural equation and analyzing of factors. Methods, in terms of descriptive data collection approach, are the kind of measurement and objective. The instrument used in this study is standard questionnaires tended to critical thinking Ricketts, questionnaires for the measuring of ethical leadership is Dahoogh, and to meeting of spiritual intelligence has been applied Heldberent questionnaire and organizational learning based on Nife model, the final question was 57 and 375 samples were randomly selected that sample size is according to category relative formula based on Morgan table. Content reliability of questionnaire was confirmed by experts and other to analyze the data was used Pearson correlation and LISREL software and structural equation modeling. Findings: The result showed that the extent of the tendency critical thinking, emotional, intelligence, ethical leadership and teachers' organizational learning were higher than average value. There was a significant positive correlation between effective factors to critical thinking involving moral leadership, spiritual intelligence and organizational learning. Result: As a result of the factors that could affect critical thinking, ethical leadership, and organizational learning were spiritual intelligence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
346 - The effect training of assertiveness program on critical thinking (creativity, development, commitment) second grade girl first school students in the of khorramabad city
Ezatolah ghadampour لیلا یوسف وند پروانه رادمهرAim: The aim of the present study was to examine effect training of assertiveness program on critical thinking (creativity, development, commitment) second grade girl first school students in the of khorramabad city. Method: The study method of sup-experimental with de MoreAim: The aim of the present study was to examine effect training of assertiveness program on critical thinking (creativity, development, commitment) second grade girl first school students in the of khorramabad city. Method: The study method of sup-experimental with design pre-test - post-test and follow-up with the control group. The study population included all high school girl students in second grade Khorramabad city area on public schools in the academic year 1394-95. Sample size of 44 Person (of Person 22 experiment group and Person 22 control group) using multi-stage random cluster were selected. In this study measuring tool, questionnaire critical thinking ricketts (2003). The experimental group was assertiveness program training, after the training Meetings, from both the experimental and control groups post-test and again two months later, both groups were followed up. With of using SPSS - 19 and descriptive and descriptive and inferential test run such as of multivariate analyzes were done. findings :The results study showed that assertiveness program training (cognitive and meta- cognitive) the effect generally critical thinking (P<0/001) and of its sub - components, on development and commitment (P<0/001) but had no effect in component creativity. While the results was preserved in the follow up Phase. Conclusion: Assertiveness program training is to increase students' critical thinking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
347 - Study the effects of Inquiry-based Instruction on critical thinking in science class
Mosayeb Yar Mohammadi vasel Behnaz Noshadi Hamid Reza Maghami Arash BahramiPurpose: Critical thinking requires that change the thought ,exploring and postulate of students. So the purpose of this research is that Study the effects of Inquiry-based Instruction on critical thinking of students. Method: Research method was quasi-experimental with MorePurpose: Critical thinking requires that change the thought ,exploring and postulate of students. So the purpose of this research is that Study the effects of Inquiry-based Instruction on critical thinking of students. Method: Research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with an experimental group and a control group. The population of this study consisted of all girl students in fifth grade in hamedan city in 2014. Available sampling method was used in this study, 30 students were selected as subjects of research and perch 15 subjects in the control group and 15 subjects in the experimental group by random sampling. The instrument used in this study was California critical thinking questionnaire. The Inquiry-based Instruction was presented by the investigator in 20 sessions of 45 minutes for experimental group. Research data were analyzed by using covariance analysis. Findings: The findings showed that there was significant difference between level of critical thinking of experimental group and control group in pretest and posttest. So Inquiry-based Instruction in science class had a positive effect on students’ critical thinking. Conclusions: The results showed that Inquiry-based Instruction reiforce critical thinking of students in science class, so to the teachers of this lesson is recommended that attention to role of teaching to Inquiry-based Instruction to enhance their critical thinking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
348 - Designing Educational model of questioning for Social Studies and investigating the efficiency of the model an understanding concepts and critical thinking
Saeid Mahmoodi bardezardi Eskandar Fathiazar Firooz Mahmoodi Rahim BadriGoal: The present study aims to design Educational model of questioning for Social Studies and to validate its efficiency in conceptual understanding and critical thinking of students grade six of primary school in educational year 95-96. Method: This research is a comb MoreGoal: The present study aims to design Educational model of questioning for Social Studies and to validate its efficiency in conceptual understanding and critical thinking of students grade six of primary school in educational year 95-96. Method: This research is a combinational one and consists of two parts: the first part is allocated to designing an appropriate model of questioning for Social Studies and the second part is related to validating the efficiency of this model in conceptual understanding and critical thinking. In qualitative section synthesis research is used to design models and in quantitative section which aims to test the efficiency of the designed model on scientific concept understanding and critical thinking of student in grade six of primary school, using and experiment we randomly chose 50 male students and divided them experimental group and control group. In order to compare critical thinking and scientific concept understanding of these two groups, Kernels test of critical thinking was used both in pre – test and post - test. The collected data were analyzed using co – variance analytical test. Results:The results in qualitative section led to designing a model with seven dimensions (fundamentals, principals, techniques, procedures, stages, questions, objective, and evaluation). The results in quantitative section indicated that the designed model improved critical thinking and understanding concepts in experiment group. Manuscript profile -
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349 - The effectiveness of critical thinking teaching on attitude to creativity and intellectual vitality Lorestan University of medical sciences students
Ezattolah Ghadampour Leila Amirian Sajad KkhodaeiAim: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of critical thinking training on the creativity and mental vitality Lorestan University of Medical Sciences students in the academic year of 2017-2018. Method: A semi-experimental research was carried out MoreAim: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of critical thinking training on the creativity and mental vitality Lorestan University of Medical Sciences students in the academic year of 2017-2018. Method: A semi-experimental research was carried out in the form of pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population included all male and female students of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. The research sample consisted of 40 students who were selected through purposeful sampling and were randomly assigned to either control or experimental groups of 20 subjects. For measuring attitude toward creativity, before and after the implementation of critical thinking training, Shiferan's attitude to creativity test (2003) and mental health aversion were used from Ryan and Frederick (1997). Critical thinking training for the experimental group received 10 sessions of 90 minutes, and after the course, two groups were subjected to post-test. During this period, no training was performed for the control group. Covariance test was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that teaching critical thinking enhances creativity and intellectual vitality were students (F=6/97, p<0/003). Conclusion: Thus, according to the teaching of critical thinking in creativity and vitality subjective necessity of holding periods are research and training centers in this area is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
350 - Impact of Managerial Entrepreneurial Characteristics on Innovative Behavior and Critical Thinking (Case Study: Islamic Azad University Incubator Center of Technology Units)
Reza Yadegari Ebrahim Abbasi Majid Ashrafi Freydon AzmaObjective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the relation between the entrepreneurial personality traits of managers and the innovative behavior of the organization through critical thinking of managers in growth centers and technology units of Islamic Aza MoreObjective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the relation between the entrepreneurial personality traits of managers and the innovative behavior of the organization through critical thinking of managers in growth centers and technology units of Islamic Azad University using descriptive and correlational method at the level of organizational analysis. Methods: The statistical population of the managers of knowledge-based companies is the active base of these centers in 2018, of which 270 were reported. The sample size was calculated using 155 Morgan table and returned to 145 questionnaires. The Personality Characteristics Questionnaire of Entrepreneurs (2008), Ritz Thinking (2009) and Johnson's Innovative Behavior (2010) have been used to collect information. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (23 version) for structural equation modeling of PLS axis and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, Pearson correlation coefficient, simple and multiple regression, and structural equation modeling. Results: Results showed that with increasing critical thinking of managers, their entrepreneurial personality traits and innovative behavior increased. Also, the results indicated that there is a significant relationship between the entrepreneurial personality traits of managers and the organizational behavior through critical thinking of managers. Conclusion: The managers of the companies have tried to be more creative and use their knowledge and skills in new ways to achieve valuable results and to be aware of the complexities of the real issues; they are critical, and for reasoning and prediction positions that require reasoning are prepared so innovative behavior and entrepreneurial personality traits have increased in them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
351 - The Effect of Robotic Structures Teaching on Critical Thinking, Creativity and Learning of Mathematical in Tehran Junior High School studnts
Monireh sadat Sajadi Morteza Shahmoradi Mahtab SalimiPurpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of teaching robotic structures on critical thinking and creativity and mathematic learning of Junior High School studnts. Method: The present study was a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttes MorePurpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of teaching robotic structures on critical thinking and creativity and mathematic learning of Junior High School studnts. Method: The present study was a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of this study includes all Tehran Junior High School studnts in 6th district of Tehran in the academic year 1396-1397. Using multistage cluster sampling, 40 subjects were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. To collect information, Torrance Creativity Questionnaire (1992), California Critical Thinking (1990) and mathematical lesson test were used to measure students' learning. Before the training, the questionnaires were completed by two groups of experimental and control groups. Then, in the experimental group, robotic structures were trained for 12 sessions. After completing the training, both groups were tested. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (single-variable covariance analysis). Findings: education with robotic structures has a significant effect on the creativity dimensions of initiative, flexibility and expansion of Junior High School studnts and on the dimensions of evaluation, inference and deductive reasoning of 'critical thinking as well as thehas effect on students' mathematic learning. The training of robotic structures does not have a significant effect on the fluidity of creativity and in the dimensions of the analytic and deductive reasoning of critical thinking. Conclusion: education with robotic structures has effect on creativity, critical thinking and mathematic learning of Junior High School studnts and increases creativity, critical thinking, and improving their mathematical learning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
352 - Investigating the relationship between self-awareness and creativity and critical thinking of sixth grade elementary school female students in Pishva
Fariba Hoseina Esmaeil Saedi poraim: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-awareness and creativity and critical thinking in sixth grade elementary school female students in Pishva.Method: The research was applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of the t Moreaim: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-awareness and creativity and critical thinking in sixth grade elementary school female students in Pishva.Method: The research was applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of the type of research and descriptive-survey method. statistical population consisted of 391 students in sixth grade elementary school girls in Pishva that 193 students were selected as a sample by cluster random sampling method. Cooper's self-awareness, Abedi's creativity and California critical thinking questionnaires were provided to students. After collecting the questionnaires, the data were analyzed by correlation method and SPSS software.Results: The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between self-awareness and creativity and critical thinking in sixth grade elementary school girls in Pishva and also there is a positive and significant relationship between creativity and critical thinking.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be said that high levels of self-awareness are directly related to high levels of creativity and critical thinking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
353 - Investigating the effect of critical thinking on creative self-concept with the mediating role of openness to diversity and challenge (case study: employees of Payam Noor University, Isfahan province)
Maysam Chekin Hamed Fazeli Kebria farshid aslani Mohsen AslaniObjective: The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of critical thinking on creative self-concept with the mediating role of openness to diversity and challenge at Payam Noor University in Isfahan province.Method: The research method was descr MoreObjective: The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of critical thinking on creative self-concept with the mediating role of openness to diversity and challenge at Payam Noor University in Isfahan province.Method: The research method was descriptive-survey and applied. The statistical population of the research was made up of all the employees of Payam Noor University of Isfahan province, and at the time of the research (year 1401), their number was 900. The sample size was 270 people using the Karjesi and Morgan table and was selected completely randomly. The tools used were Bravo et al.'s critical thinking tendency scale, Kaufman and Bauer's creative self-concept questionnaire, and Bowman's openness to challenge and diversity scale. Data analysis was done using SPSS and Smart PLS software.Results: The results obtained from this research showed that critical thinking has a positive and significant effect on both creative self-concept and openness to diversity and challenge. Also, the mediating role of openness to diversity and challenge among the influence of critical thinking on creative self-concept was proven. Therefore, the final results indicated a positive and significant effect of critical thinking on creative self-concept with the mediating role of openness to diversity and challenges in the employees of Payam Noor University, Isfahan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
354 - Effectiveness of TRIZ Program on Problem Solving skills with an emphasis on the Mediating roles of Critical Thinking and School Belonging
Narges Bahrami Seyed Ali Hosseini almadani Saeed Motovali Fateme KhoieiniBackground: Problem-solving is a valuable skill that can be improved by using a creative problem-solving training program(TRIZ). This concept can have positive academic and non-academic consequences for students and prepare them to face various challenges and problems. MoreBackground: Problem-solving is a valuable skill that can be improved by using a creative problem-solving training program(TRIZ). This concept can have positive academic and non-academic consequences for students and prepare them to face various challenges and problems. Objective: The main aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the TRIZ program on problem-solving skills with an emphasis on the mediating roles of critical thinking and school belonging. Method: The research design was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test and control group with a follow-up period in which 30 students were selected by the convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. The statistical population of the study included all sixth-grade elementary school girls in District 5 of Tehran in the academic year of 2019-2020. In three phases of pre-test, posttest, and follow-up, the groups answered Ricketts' critical thinking questionnaire, Cassidy-Long Problem-Solving Questionnaire, and students' sense of connectedness with school of Brew, Beatty, and Watt (2004). To analyze the data, the Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes Model was used in the form of partial least squares. Results: The results showed that the TRIZ program could promote critical thinking and school belonging directly as well as problem-solving skills indirectly. In sum, in the experimental model and follow-up model, path coefficients were identified as significant. The conceptual model of post-test research could explain 51% of the variance of school belonging, 41% of critical thinking variance as well as 56% of problem-solving skills. Conclusion: These results indicate the importance and the impact of the TRIZ program in an educational environment that helps teachers for using it in an effective way in order to promote problem-solving skills, critical thinking and school Belonging Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
355 - The effect of applied drama on creativity and critical thinking of fourth grade students in Tehran
Zahra Hasanzadeh chaijani Hamidreza Maghami Mohammad reza Nili ahmadabadi Aَrash Abrazi bakhshayeshThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of applied drama teaching methods on creativity and critical thinking among students. The present study is a quantitative type and its method is quasi-experimental and the pre-test-post-test design of one group was use MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of applied drama teaching methods on creativity and critical thinking among students. The present study is a quantitative type and its method is quasi-experimental and the pre-test-post-test design of one group was used. Palestine 2 and will eventually be replaced by the experimental and control groups. The data collection tool in this study was a questionnaire. Torrance creativity and Critical thinking of Fashion test was used to measure creativity. The method of teaching applied drama was performed during 10 training sessions. The collected data were analyzed using statistical method of dependent groups. Findings showed that the method of teaching drama has a positive and significant effect on students' creativity. The results showed that the drama teaching method had a positive and significant effect on students' critical thinking. The results showed that the method of teaching applied drama has an effect on the components of creativity and critical thinking among students. As a result, teachers and educators should try to promote students' creativity and critical thinking by using applied drama teaching methods and providing appropriate educational models Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
356 - The Role of Organizational Culture in Organizational Citizenship Behavior Mediated by the Tendency to Critical Thinking of Secondary School Teachers in District 1 of Khorramabad
Moslem Ghobadiyan Asghar Nazarpourian Hafez Padervand Hosien AbbasiObjective: The aim of this study was the role of organizational culture in organizational citizenship behavior mediated by the tendency to critical thinking. The research method is descriptive correlation. The statistical population included all secondary school teacher MoreObjective: The aim of this study was the role of organizational culture in organizational citizenship behavior mediated by the tendency to critical thinking. The research method is descriptive correlation. The statistical population included all secondary school teachers in district one of Khorramabad city in the academic year 1399-400. 265 people (147 females, 118 males) were selected as the research sample by relative stratified random sampling. Data were collected using the Denison (2000) Organizational Culture Questionnaire, Farah and Oregon (1997) Organizational Citizenship Behavior Questionnaire, and Ricketts (2003). Pearson correlation coefficient, structural equation model and good fit indices were used to analyze the research data and bootstrap method was used to investigate the indirect relationships of the paths. Findings: The findings of this study showed that the hypothetical model of organizational citizenship behavior based on organizational culture mediated by the tendency to critical thinking of secondary school teachers in district one of Khorramabad city is worthy of the data. The results of structural equation model showed that organizational culture has a direct effect on organizational citizenship behavior and tendency to critical thinking (p <0/01); Also, the path coefficient β from the tendency to critical thinking to organizational citizenship behavior is statistically significant (p <0/01).Indirect results of the paths showed that organizational culture does not have an indirect effect on organizational citizenship behavior through the mediation of the tendency to critical thinking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
357 - The role of creativity in the prediction of critical thinking and happiness
A. Allah Karami Kh. Aliabadi Background: One of the unique features of human is thinking power. Since creativity as the ability of the human mind plays a major role in human problem solving and innovation, examine various aspects of it is research priority in the contemporary world. Objectiv More Background: One of the unique features of human is thinking power. Since creativity as the ability of the human mind plays a major role in human problem solving and innovation, examine various aspects of it is research priority in the contemporary world. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of creativity and its components in predicting students' critical thinking and happiness in the grade three students of Ghods town in the academic year of 1391-92. Method: To select sample, two-stage cluster method was used so that 110 students were selected. The questionnaires to collect data were Abedi Creativity, California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST), and Oxford Happiness. For data analysis, Pearson correlation and multiple regression were used. Result(s): The findings Indicated a significant positive correlation between creativity and critical thinking and happiness respectively. Multiple regression showed Fluency, Elaboration, and Originality are significant predictors for critical thinking. But, Flexibility is not a significant prediction for critical thinking and all the components of creativity are significant predictors for happiness. Conclusion: Creativity and its components are predictors of critical thinking and happiness. Due to the nature of creativity that can be taught, special attention should be paid to it in the scientific and educational policies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
358 - A Study on the Efficacy of a Combination of Critical Thinking and Critical Thinking on Self-Directed Learning among High-School Students in Qom
Jacethe Salibi Fahimeh Hassani Beheshteh Niusha Background: Meeting the twenty-first century challenges with its environmental, social and economic pressures, has a complex requires creative, innovative, energetic, adaptable, motivated youth with having confidence and skills as to develop purposefully th More Background: Meeting the twenty-first century challenges with its environmental, social and economic pressures, has a complex requires creative, innovative, energetic, adaptable, motivated youth with having confidence and skills as to develop purposefully their critical thinking and creativity. Purpose: This article explains the efficacy of a combination of critical thinking and creative thinking, self-directed learning on high-school girls in Qom. Method: The study was a pilot pretest - posttest control group with a sample group of some 105 people chosen in a cluster random sample group in terms of age, gender, baseline, career score of scholastic aptitude cloning were carried out after conducting the pretest questionnaire with self-directed learning Fischer and colleagues (2001) randomly divided into control and experimental groups of 25 subjects, respectively. Data obtained from scoring the analysis of covariance (Ancova) and multivariate analysis of covariance (Mancova) were analyzed. Results: Data analysis showed that teaching critical thinking and creative combination of self-directed learning and all its components (willingness to learn, self-management and self-control) has a significant impact. Conclusion: With the integration of critical thinking and creative thinking, willingness to learn, self-control and self-management students increased, thus motivating the use of learning strategies, the spirit of self-reliance and achievement of students over a semester. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
359 - The Effects of Bono’s Six Hats Technique on Students’ Critical Thinking and Creativity
Eskandar Fat’hi Azar Rahim Badri Gargari Ghafour Ahrari Background: Critical thinking, critical disposition and creativity skills are regarded to be as important output of any educational system. The rapid changes of todays' world in all aspects of life, information explosion and lack of thinking skills e.g. critical More Background: Critical thinking, critical disposition and creativity skills are regarded to be as important output of any educational system. The rapid changes of todays' world in all aspects of life, information explosion and lack of thinking skills e.g. critical thinking and creativity in students to cope with future problems have emphasized the crucial of these skills. Purpose:This study intended to help students to develop their mental skills by de Bono’s six thinking hats technique. This technique covers every topics and problems from different points and dimensions. Six colorful hats e.g. positive, negative, affection, creative, impartial, and control specifies six points of view. Method:Pre–post, test control group design was applied to gain these aims. California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI) - Farsi Version- and Abedi’s Creativity test were used to examine the effects. Since the groups were intact (school classes), Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) for total scores of scales and their subscales were carried out after the intervention. Result(s): The results show significant difference (higher) of disposition in experimental group, but no significant difference in creativity among the groups. Conclusion: The direct instruction of thinking skills by six thinking hats technique can boost student's critical thinking disposition, but not creativity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
360 - The role of conflict resolution strategies and critical thinking in prediction puberty period mental health of girl students
Morteza Tarkhan Nazanin Fahimi Aim: The purpose of this research was to predict conflict resolution strategies and critical thinking in the puberty period mental health of girl students. Method: The research method in this study was a 'correlation' type. Statistical population of this More Aim: The purpose of this research was to predict conflict resolution strategies and critical thinking in the puberty period mental health of girl students. Method: The research method in this study was a 'correlation' type. Statistical population of this research was all girl high school students of Tonekabon city that as between those 150 people were selected by simple randomization. The research instruments are questionnaires consisting of critical thinking skills test-cutest California & weeks Conflict Resolution strategies questionnaires (CRQ) and Kumar mental health checklist (MHC). The collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients and analysis of multiple regression analysis with the stepwise method and SPSS software were performed. Findings: The calculated determination coefficient (R2) showed that each of the strategies of conflict resolution explains the part of the puberty period of mental health. So that view conflict as natural and positive 14.36 percent, open up options for Mutual gain 8.68 percent, make mutual-benefit agreements 6.22 percent, note needs not wants 5.07 percent, clarify perception 3.12 percent, Step-by-step targeting up to 2.87%, focus on the future first and then learn from the past 2.45 percent, extra consideration 1.85 percent, Atmosphere 1.62 percent, Open up options for mutual gain 1.50 percent, critical thinking 5.12 percent and totaling 52.86 percent was explained common variance of mental health of Students. Conclusion: The purpose of this research in the encouragement of other investigation findings showed that correct application of conflict resolution strategies and critical thinking have a basic role in providing puberty period mental health of girl students. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
361 - A Comparative Study of Experiential Learning Cycle in Human and Nonhuman Environments: Critical Thinking, Reading Comprehension, and Vocabulary Development
Somayeh Sahebalzamani Amin Naeimi Mehry Haddad NarafshanEducational experts posit that technology-based experiences can augment students’ academic performance and foster their critical thinking ability. In this study, the efficacy of human-mediated and non-human-mediated environments was compared in terms of Kolb’s experient MoreEducational experts posit that technology-based experiences can augment students’ academic performance and foster their critical thinking ability. In this study, the efficacy of human-mediated and non-human-mediated environments was compared in terms of Kolb’s experiential learning cycle, concerning the critical thinking, reading comprehension, and vocabulary development of young English language learners. Over a period of four months, two groups of 60 learners (30 in each group) were exposed to mediation via two modalities: teacher-made and computer-made mediators. Pre-tests and post-tests were deployed to gauge learners’ progress in critical thinking, reading comprehension, and vocabulary development. The findings evinced those learners who received technology-mediated instruction outperformed the teacher-mediated group in terms of critical thinking, vocabulary development, and reading comprehension. It is evident that learners who interacted with a computer mediator trumped those who interacted with a human-made mediator, i.e., the teacher. This could be attributed to the alluring features of non-human mediators (technology), which are evidently more compelling than their human Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
362 - Comparative Analysis Hmsanyhay novel "The Blind Owl" and the novel "Zorba has Greek»
Asieh Zabihnia Emran Literary fictions of different nations can be very similar to each other in terms of both subject matter and themes, and structure and narrative style. No doubt, those works which have successfully gained the attention of their audience and have been fundamental More Literary fictions of different nations can be very similar to each other in terms of both subject matter and themes, and structure and narrative style. No doubt, those works which have successfully gained the attention of their audience and have been fundamental in creating literary movements, in line with the intellectual and social changes of their societies, can play a significant role in establishing dialogical interaction among literary works of various nations. Zorba the Greek (1946), the famous novel by Nikos Kazantzakis (1883-1957) and the Blind Owl by Sadegh Hedayat are in fact among these literary works. Given the significance of these two novels in the Greek and Persian Literature, the distinctive structural and thematic similarities between the two works and also the considerable acclamation earned by the writers and their academic and scholarly readers in the two countries, attempts have been made in this paper to examine these two works through a comparative analytical approach. Results of the analysis suggest that the two novels are substantially similar in terms of their Khayyami narrative style, critical and pessimistic view toward life, strong tendency to solitude and death and narrative and structural aspects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
363 - Methodological Analysis of “Analysis of critical review of the history of Arabic literature” book written By seyyed Hossein seyyedi.
davood ahmadi Writing in relation to the history of literature has evolved over time. These changes have led to a variety of books on the history of literature as well as a variety of interpretations of these books. The aim of this study is to analyze the critical study of the More Writing in relation to the history of literature has evolved over time. These changes have led to a variety of books on the history of literature as well as a variety of interpretations of these books. The aim of this study is to analyze the critical study of the Arabic literary history book and compare this book with similar books. The reason for writing the seyedi's book, ask question and criticize the history of Arabic language and literature, but it seems that the aim of the author is expressions of concepts and literature definitions, presentation of theories of literature history, expression of literature history and methods of history of literature. The pattern of the books contents is very similar to “In the history of literature concepts and methods” by Hossein AL Vad, “Philosophy of orintalism and the effects of contemporary Arabic literature” by Ahmad smaeel lovich and“ Methods of literary research” by Feisal shokri.The results of this research show that compiled Arabic books were more mature than seyedi's book and seyedi's book has been the quoted of the books which mentioned above.The method of this article is based on descriptive_ Analytical and library method,then compare the effect of this research with similar researches with comparison and mach method Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
364 - Personality psychology Components Based on Jung’s View in Anecdotes of Saadi’s Bustan
mahmoud sadeghzadeh Leyla Dehghan BanadakiBustan is the whole body of the ethical, humane, and idealistic society of Saadi, in which he describes human social behaviors. By providing practical strategies for improvement of human behaviors and relationships, he addresses many problems and mental and emotional co MoreBustan is the whole body of the ethical, humane, and idealistic society of Saadi, in which he describes human social behaviors. By providing practical strategies for improvement of human behaviors and relationships, he addresses many problems and mental and emotional conflicts of the people of the society at that time and even the present time. He has taken the advantage of the effective tool of anecdote and used the characters as the most important factors in forming the anecdotes in order to deliver his ethical and humane messages. The goal of psychology is also recognition of the aspects of human character as well as presentation of strategies for his more growth and self-awareness. In this study, we have criticized the behaviors of the characters of Bustan’s anecdotes in a descriptive, analytical, and quantitative way according to Jung’s theory of personality psychology. We have first identified the compatible and investigable anecdotes based on Jung’s view on personality psychology; then, the components of personality psychology of the main characters in those anecdotes have been analyzed, investigated, and assessed in chapters, respectively; and the results are shown in the form of table and graph. According to the investigations, among the nineteen investigable anecdotes based on Jung’s view on the personality psychology, the components of introverted personality type with eight anecdotes and about 42% were more frequent than other views of Jung. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
365 - Critical Discourse Analysis in Ain al-Qudat Tamhidat Based on Norman Clough Theory
Mehdi Nosrati Habibullah J adid al-Islam Ahmad Reza Kikhai Farzaneh Ain al-Qudat Hamedani with the full name of Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Ali Mianji Hamedani (525-492 AH) is one of the most famous mystics who has left various works in the fields of mysticism, philosophy and religion in Persian and Arabic. Preparations is one of hi More Ain al-Qudat Hamedani with the full name of Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Ali Mianji Hamedani (525-492 AH) is one of the most famous mystics who has left various works in the fields of mysticism, philosophy and religion in Persian and Arabic. Preparations is one of his most important Persian works, which, in addition to its importance in mysticism, is noteworthy in terms of poetic prose. Hamedani has written this work with the aim of preventing the followers and seekers from going astray from the right path of mysticism and Sufism. Disciples and seekers are not written, but are a continuation of a discourse that was formed a century ago with the initiative of mystics such as Bayazid Bastami and Hossein Mansour Hallaj in opposition to the ruling discourse; A point that seems to have not been viewed from this perspective so far. Therefore, in this research, the author has tried to reveal the intellectual system of the same Ain al-Qudat in opposition to the prevailing politics in a descriptive-analytical manner, relying on the theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis and Norman Colafe's theory, and with library tools. The result of the research indicates that the preparations are a purely religious and ideological work to legitimize mystical ideas, which seeks to strengthen the counter-discourse of militant mysticism against the ideas of the ruling power with quasi-ideological and ideological centrality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
366 - Comparative Study of the Prosody System in Persian and English Languages
meysam ebrahimi Dr.hasan delbari Marziye Rahmati Inthe cognitive system of a poem, some features are based on the essence of the poem, such as the key element of emotion, and some are related to the knowledge of the poem, such as Meter, melody, rhyme, and imagination. The science of prosody is one of the litera More Inthe cognitive system of a poem, some features are based on the essence of the poem, such as the key element of emotion, and some are related to the knowledge of the poem, such as Meter, melody, rhyme, and imagination. The science of prosody is one of the literary sciences that talks about how to create Meter and its types, as well as the special techniques of poetry. The main body of this research consists of a description of the prosodic system in Persian and English languages in which a comparative study of prosody science in Persian and English languages has been studied by library method and case study based on the American school of comparative literature. These two languages are similar in some idiomatic definitions such as Meter, pronouns and fragmentation, and some poetic powers in the pronouns of the two languages can be equated with different names, but in terms of their differences, the subject of pronouns in Persian must be regularly and accurately considered. And its awkwardness in English, the type of weight of the poem in two languages (quantitative Persian extension and continuous multiplicative English), the existence of three short, long and long syllables in Persian and two accented and unstressed syllables in English, especially the difference in the illustrated pattern of these syllables, number He pointed out the branching Meters and the more melodious Persian Meters than the English Meters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
367 - Critical Study and Analysis of the principles of Surrealism in Comparison With Anecdotes Junaid Baghdadi withEmphasis on the Memoirs of Attar's Tazkereh al-Awliya
Nasser Amir Mohammadi Nemat Esfahani Omran Hamid Tabasi Surrealism is a school founded by Andre Burton and his associates in the early twentieth century after World War I, causing murder, chaos, destruction and absurdism. Looking at the school of Surrealism and Islamic-Iranian mysticism, we find that the surrealist asp More Surrealism is a school founded by Andre Burton and his associates in the early twentieth century after World War I, causing murder, chaos, destruction and absurdism. Looking at the school of Surrealism and Islamic-Iranian mysticism, we find that the surrealist aspects and aspects did not appear after the founding of this school, but had a history in the oldest religious and mythological texts and in Iranian mysticism, especially Sufi and especially mystical literature. , But with fundamental differences, has existed. In mystical texts, especially memoirs, anecdotes have a narrative, imaginative and mental format; In such a way that they present surprising and astonishing events in a realistic context. For this reason, these anecdotes, due to their subconscious and dreamy form, correspond to the principles and foundations of surrealism, and also the surrealists emphasize the liberation from reason to reach the highest point of existence with the aim of the mystical path of mystics in which all multiplicities are united. Become, mistakenly considered one; Therefore, in the present descriptive-analytical method, an attempt is made to briefly apply the various surrealist elements and components in Junaid Baghdadi's anecdotes with emphasis on Attar's memoirs, and at the end, a brief critique and analysis of surreal metamaterial thinking And Farangar's thinking in Iranian mysticism should be presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
368 - Psychological Analysis of Farhad and Shirin Poem by Vahshi Bafghi Using Freudian Defense Mechanisms
sattar abdollahpour Arash Moshfaghi GHOLAMHOSEIN javanmardDefense Mechanisms constitute the most important components of Freudian Psychoanalytical Theory. For Freud, all people strive to realize their wishes, which if they fail to, they will sustain mental pressure and use defense mechanisms to encounter their mental pressures MoreDefense Mechanisms constitute the most important components of Freudian Psychoanalytical Theory. For Freud, all people strive to realize their wishes, which if they fail to, they will sustain mental pressure and use defense mechanisms to encounter their mental pressures. The Farhad and Shirin Divan poetry by Vahshi Bafghi has an immense capacity to investigate Freudian defense mechanisms and can be examined from a psychological angle. This descriptive-analytical research concerns with a psychological analysis of the Farhad and Shirin Divan poetry by Vahshi Bafghi using Freudian defense mechanisms, answering the question “Which defense mechanisms are used by the characters of this divan to reduce and overcome mental harms? Findings suggest that these characters, like other people of the society, resort to defense mechanisms, especially fantasy and projection by the time of failure and distress, in order to overcome anxieties and reduce their internal turmoil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
369 - Analysis of the main characters in the Candide novel by Voltaire based on the theory of Abraham Maslow
Hadiseh Adhami sayadmahaleh Hamideh Adhami sayadmahaleh Fictional characters are repetitions of real characters and based on the characterizations of the novelist, the story information more documentary than information that people show up. Special needs of the characters create instability, and humans in a particula More Fictional characters are repetitions of real characters and based on the characterizations of the novelist, the story information more documentary than information that people show up. Special needs of the characters create instability, and humans in a particular environment embody many of their own rules and inner angles. Stories have also become the subjective reflections of particular human lives, so they can be based on psychology theories of all fictional characters and human characters in particular. One of these theories is the humanist psychologist Abraham Maslow. The hierarchical needs of the Maslow encompasses his ideas and can be based on the theory of human beings and explain with it. Candide is the most famous novel of Voltaire that can be analysed by the theory of Abraham Maslow. Based on the results of this study, we can see that in all the characters, including candid, Cunégonde Pangloss, Old Lady, Martin and Cacambo; overcome psychological needs and then belongingness and love needs. Because of the problems and corruption of the Voltaire time society the most characters around candide were initially not qualified to cultivate their hidden talents to flourish; so the heroes of this novel are often introverted, isolated, psychotic and defeated. They spent a lot of time and have worked hard to achieve their full potentials and self-actualization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
370 - Studying the anecdote: “Roman Merchant’s son and the city of dumbs” written in “Hasht Behesht (Eight Heavens)” by Amir Khosro Dehlavi based on Joseph Campbell’s “The hero’s journey” myth pattern
mahbobeh poraga Dr.ramin sadeginejad Dr.maryam mohammadzadeh Joseph Campbell, American mythologist, according to the viewpoints of Gustave Young, has dealt with hero’s journeys in different cultures and has proposed a pattern for such journeys in his book entitled: “multi-thousand facet hero”. This patter More Joseph Campbell, American mythologist, according to the viewpoints of Gustave Young, has dealt with hero’s journeys in different cultures and has proposed a pattern for such journeys in his book entitled: “multi-thousand facet hero”. This pattern has many sufficiency elements to analyze literary works. The book “Hasht Behesht (Eight Heavens)” by Amir Khosro Dehlavi is one of the works that can be compared with the pattern proposed by Joseph Campbell. The present research has dealt with investigating the anecdote: “Roman Merchant’s son and the city of dumbs” in a book written by Amir Khosro Dehlavi called “Hasht Behesht (Eight Heavens)”. The results showed that there has been a complete correspondence between all elements in this story and the pattern posed by Joseph Campbell except the two elements of “meeting the God or the lady or return to childhood joys” mentioned before the stepping of the hero in “tests’ roads”, reported in introduction and the step: “receipt of help from outside” before the stage called: “passing through the threshold level of heavenly life into the normal world” in the return part which are presented by Campbell as a probable period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
371 - Sialkooti Mel Varasteh's critical views on informing Al-Saadin about Sirajuddin Arezoo's views
Shahla Mahmoodian kobra nodehi hasanali abbaspoor esfedenSialkoti Mel Varasteh is one of the Persian poets and writers of the subcontinent in the twelfth century AH. Informed Al-Saadin is one of the pious works on the subject of rhetoric. In this work, he has expressed the relevant points in detail and his accuracy and detail MoreSialkoti Mel Varasteh is one of the Persian poets and writers of the subcontinent in the twelfth century AH. Informed Al-Saadin is one of the pious works on the subject of rhetoric. In this work, he has expressed the relevant points in detail and his accuracy and detail in writing Al-Saadin is remarkable and important. In this work, he has referred to rhetorical books and the opinions of contemporary and earlier thinkers and has provided opinions about them as for or against. One of the people who is mentioned a lot in this work is Sirajuddin Arezoo. Arezoo has been a literary critic and has works criticizing the poems of others. Of course, it has also been criticized by some people. Varasteh always calls him good and with titles such as Siraj Al-Muhaqiqin and Siraj Al-Mudaqiqin; In some cases, however, he وی rejects his views.. In this article, we will look at some examples. The independence of opinion, وسی extensive knowledge and extensive pious study , is clearly evident in his critical views on the rhetorical works before him, as well as in the views of great thinkers such as Sirajuddin Arezoo. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
372 - Effect of Advertising Literacy Education on Children's Critical Thinking in Facing Commercial Messages
Somayeh Kiarrsi Seyed Foad Ebrahimi -
Open Access Article
373 - An investigation into three different techniques to raise critical cultural awareness
Leila Amiri Kordestani Massood Yazdanimoghaddam Parviz MaftoonThis study attempted to explore to what extent each of the three techniques of culture narratives, culture capsules and culture training activities significantly affect the critical cultural awareness of Iranian EFL learners by comparing their means from pretest to post MoreThis study attempted to explore to what extent each of the three techniques of culture narratives, culture capsules and culture training activities significantly affect the critical cultural awareness of Iranian EFL learners by comparing their means from pretest to post-test questionnaire after ten-session treatment. Furthermore, it investigated whether there are any differences in the effectiveness of these techniques. Regarding the participants, the testing group was 154 undergraduate English language translation students, including both male and female students, forming three experimental groups. This investigation used the quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design. The sampling method was convenience sampling. The homogeneity test and a pre-post critical cultural awareness questionnaire were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed through Repeated Measures ANOVA and Simple Effect Analysis. Based on the obtained results, there were significant differences between the pretest and the post-test, which means that by applying the techniques mentioned above, the critical cultural awareness of learners increased. Also, there were significant differences between the three groups’ overall means on pre-post critical cultural awareness questionnaires. Considering the three groups, culture narratives, culture capsule and culture training activities, the former outperforms the others. Furthermore, between culture training activities and culture capsule groups, the culture training activities group performed better than the culture capsule group. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
374 - Critical velocity analysis of Fluid-containing Pipe with Non-Classical Boundary Conditions
shahrokh shams Sajad Jangravicalculating the critical velocity of fluid-containing pipes is an important issue in engineering. For this purpose, the critical velocity of fluid-containing pipes with Non-classical boundary conditions is investigated. The equation of motion is based on the Euler-Berno Morecalculating the critical velocity of fluid-containing pipes is an important issue in engineering. For this purpose, the critical velocity of fluid-containing pipes with Non-classical boundary conditions is investigated. The equation of motion is based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam model. Non-classical boundary conditions include conditions such as Translational springs, torsional springs, concentrated mass and dampers. In order to calculate the critical velocity the frequency equation is solved numerically. when real part of frequency equation reaches zero, the critical velocity in the pipe appears and the system becomes unstable.influence of various parameters including spring hardness and concentrated mass on critical velocity is investigated and comparative diagrams of different spring hardnesses and concentrated mass are drawn. The results show that the critical velocity in the Translational double-ended state is higher than the torsional spring-concentrated mass and torsional springconcentrated mass boundary condition . The results also indicate a significant decrease in the frequency in the non-classical boundary condition compare to classical boundary condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
375 - Numerical study of the critical heat flux in the nucleate boiling of hybrid nanofluids
Alireza Khalili Mohammad Hassan Nobakhti morteza khayatDue to the growing need of industries to improve heat transfer methods, the nucleate boiling region is of special interest to researchers because fluid boiling makes it possible to achieve higher heat fluxes than processes that are based only on non-boiling convection h MoreDue to the growing need of industries to improve heat transfer methods, the nucleate boiling region is of special interest to researchers because fluid boiling makes it possible to achieve higher heat fluxes than processes that are based only on non-boiling convection heat transfer. In addition, the change of working fluid in boiling heat transfer systems from pure fluid to nanofluid improves the heat transfer characteristics and thus allows the transfer of higher heat flux at lower temperatures. At the critical heat flux point, where the heat flux is maximum, it is important to secure the boiling surface and protect it from overheating. The purpose of this study is to numerically simulate the pool boiling of a water-based hybrid nanofluid containing 30% multi-walled carbon nanotubes and 70% titanium oxide with a volumetric concentration of 0.5% on a polished copper circular surface and to investigate the heat transfer characteristics, especially the critical heat flux point. For this purpose, the boiling process of pure deionized water was first simulated by ANSYS-Fluent software and the results were compared with experimental data. According to the observed acceptable agreement, the mentioned water-based hybrid nanofluid, as boiling working fluid is numerically simulated by changing the density of nucleation sites and its heat transfer and heat flux characteristics are obtained. The results show that the critical heat flux for pure deionized water was occurred at 24.4 °C and is about 1.1 MW per square meter, while the critical heat flux for the hybrid nanofluid was occurred at 13 °C and is about 1 MW per square meter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
376 - Methodology of theme analysis in determining metrics and indicators of criticality of urban infrastructures based on intrinsic value
Gholam reza hossein ali beyki abbas akbarpour nik ghalb rashti seyed azim hosseini hamid Reza abasian jahromiIntroduction of the research: The countries of the world that are on the path of progress pay special attention to infrastructures in national dimensions in order to maintain their performance and capabilities. Maintaining the performance and effective management of inf MoreIntroduction of the research: The countries of the world that are on the path of progress pay special attention to infrastructures in national dimensions in order to maintain their performance and capabilities. Maintaining the performance and effective management of infrastructures with regard to limited resources requires a comprehensive model for prioritizing critical infrastructures.The purpose of the research: to determine indicators and measures of criticality based on the intrinsic value of infrastructuresResearch method: Thematic analysis method was used to answer the research question. In this method, by reviewing documents and scientific articles, prominent themes were extracted. The validation method of this research is interpretive validity. Final approval was done by presenting the results to five experts.Findings: Based on the research findings, 61 initial codes were created. Due to the large number of codes, similar items were reduced to 11 themes based on conceptual affinity. Based on these themes, vital indicators were presented in the form of 9 main relationships.Conclusion: The research results showed that the most important indicators include; The amount of investment, non-dependence on other countries in providing essential goods, gross domestic product, fair access to life facilities, sufficient access to clean water, access to health services, preservation and sustainability of resources (water, soil and air), usefulness of infrastructure in support and the production of military equipment that can be used to assess infrastructure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
377 - Analysis of indicators of evaluation of importance and life of infrastructure: grounded theory approach
Gholam reza hossein ali beykiAbstractInfrastructure is defined as one of the basic foundations in today's societies, so that the life of human societies and environmental satisfaction depends to some extent on the safe and reliable operation of infrastructure. At the same time, securing and protect MoreAbstractInfrastructure is defined as one of the basic foundations in today's societies, so that the life of human societies and environmental satisfaction depends to some extent on the safe and reliable operation of infrastructure. At the same time, securing and protecting all assets and infrastructure in the right conditions and the subject of influential factors for governments or sector employers in terms of resources and facilities, is challenging. . Therefore, important infrastructures and assets should be identified, classified and classified based on indicators and functions. The main purpose of this research is to identify and enumerate the indicators of the vitality of infrastructure and assets. This research has done a content analysis in order to determine the criticality of infrastructure by a comprehensive study and qualitative research method of foundation data derived from Strauss and Corbin (1998) theory. Data were collected through interviews, library studies and documentation by surveying existing texts and sources. The sample size for interviews with experts in the use of theoretical saturation was finalized and the strategic theory of the foundation including open, personality and selective coding and the model for determining this theory for model development are presented. The findings turned into the identification of causal, contextual, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences, and the paradigm model of index coding as indicators of the criticality of infrastructure. The results of studies and studies have led to the identification of 26 indicators in the form of 5 main groups. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
378 - Analyzing the Intellectual Evolutions of Architectural Design during the Pahlavi Era
Samaneh Soltanzadeh Masoud Yousefi Tazakor Iman Raeisi Mostafa Kiani -
Open Access Article
379 - Intertextual Relationships in the Contemporary Architecture of Iran During 1961-1977
Maziar Ghaseminia Hossein Soltanzadeh -
Open Access Article
380 - Evaluation of the Humanity Research Paradigms based on Analysis of Human – Environment Interaction
Reza Sameh -
Open Access Article
381 - The Relationship between basic psychological needs and self-Knowledge with preferred teaching style by mediation role of critical thinking skills of primary school teachers
samira pasbar maryam sameriTarget of research was to Study Relationship between basic psychological needs and self-Knowledge with preferred teaching style by mediation role of critical thinking skills in primary school teachers in Urmia. The research was correlational. The population was primary MoreTarget of research was to Study Relationship between basic psychological needs and self-Knowledge with preferred teaching style by mediation role of critical thinking skills in primary school teachers in Urmia. The research was correlational. The population was primary school teachers In area 1 of Urmia education in the academic year of 2016-2017 (1570 persons). A sample of randomly stratified by gender, with 310 Morgan table was set. Data were collected using questionnaires, Basic psychological needs (Guardia, Deci and Ryan, 2000), Self-consistency (Ghorbani, Watson and Hargys, 2008), Preferred teaching style (Mousapour, 1998) and Short form of critical thinking skills (Watson and Glaser, 1980) obtained and with software SPSS, and with Pearson correlation test and Sobel test were analyzed. Results showed Basic psychological needs with preferred teaching style negative relationship; Self-Knowledge with preferred teaching style positive relationship have but Basic psychological needs, Self-Knowledge and the preferred teaching style with Critical thinking skills, there was no relationship. Among Basic psychological needs and Self-Knowledge with preferred teaching style by mediation Critical thinking skills there was no relationship. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
382 - Develop of Critical Thinking based on the Content Analysis of Attar's Mantegh-Altir
Faramarz Muhammadipouya Sina Torkashvand sohrab mohammadipouyaPresent study was aimed at identifying critical thinking evidences in Attar,s Mantegh-Altir by making use of qualitative and conceptual analysis. Critical thinking was analyzed and its elements were identified through theoretical study and then critical thinking evidenc MorePresent study was aimed at identifying critical thinking evidences in Attar,s Mantegh-Altir by making use of qualitative and conceptual analysis. Critical thinking was analyzed and its elements were identified through theoretical study and then critical thinking evidences of Attar's Mantegh-Altir were analyzed by content analysis. To do so, all poem of Attar's Mantegh-Altir were studied and those with meanings related to critical thinking elements were identified and analyzed regarding two positions of each sentence, namely the address of each poem, and its related background. Findings of the study led to identifying nine elements for critical thinking (inquiring spirit, judgment with criteria, reasoning, analysis, impartiality, Methodism, objectivism, truth seeking, and flexibility), then for each element some evidences were extracted from Attar's Mantegh-Altir. Results indicate that Attar's Mantegh-Altir firmly emphasizes on all aspects of critical thinking, especially on inquiring spirit, truth seeking and judgment with criteria. So mystical texts could be useful in the development of critical thinking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
383 - Evaluating and Analizing the content of hadiyehay Aseman in Elementary period, on The basis of critical Thinking skils.
حسین کریمیان FAEZEH NATEGY MOHAMMAD SAIFIAbstract : The goal is to evaluate and analize the content of hadiyehay Aseman on The basis of lipmen critical thinking in (analizing , compounding , evaluating and explaining ) level. The method is descriptive – Analgtic from The kind of content analgsis. The st MoreAbstract : The goal is to evaluate and analize the content of hadiyehay Aseman on The basis of lipmen critical thinking in (analizing , compounding , evaluating and explaining ) level. The method is descriptive – Analgtic from The kind of content analgsis. The statistical society is The hole content of hadiyehay Asemani,s book that contains all of The books in second and sixth educational period which all of the books are chosen as a sample . The tool of data collecting is The researcher – made checklist on The basis of lipmen yualification with special apparent admissibility . The data collected of mentioned books shown : 1- There is a difference between attendant rate of books in educational ranks to critical thinking on different levels. 2- The level of analizing in critical skils between all books is lesser than desirable extent . 3- The combined skill in hadiyehay Aseman,s critical thinking skils is lesser ihan expectation . 4- The level of evaluating related to critical thinking skils in all of the books of elementary period,s hadigehay aseman is lesser than desirable extent . 5- The explaining,s skil of critical thinking skils in hadiyehay aseman elementary period (unless) is further than skils but it is letter than expectation . 6- Totallg, The attendance scale of hadigehag Aseman books with critical thinking is in low level . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
384 - The study effectiveness of media literacy education on the critical thinking skills of students
فاطمه کرمانشاهی فریبا عزالدین mehdi badaliBecause in today's world the media are a key element in human societies, media literacy education is considered one of the basic requirements for the citizens. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of media literacy education on the critical thinki MoreBecause in today's world the media are a key element in human societies, media literacy education is considered one of the basic requirements for the citizens. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of media literacy education on the critical thinking skills of students. In this study, quasi-experimental and pretest-posttest design with control group was used. The study population in all the First base high school students of Tehran city. Use random sampling of the population, was a school, secondary school, two classes in first grade that one of these classes were randomly assigned as the experimental group and the control group formed another class. Methods This was a first for both groups (experimental and control) pretest California Critical Thinking was done, then the lesson plan 8 meeting teaching media literacy for the experimental group was the control group, no training could not be applied immediately after the training media literacy for testing, test critical thinking skills for both groups and eventually using covariance and semi-structured interviews was conducted to analyze the data. The results showed that the use of teaching media literacy on the critical thinking skills and 4 after it (analysis, evaluation, inference and inductive reasoning) than the deductive reasoning has a significant positive impact and can develop essential skills in students be. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
385 - The role of creative thinking, analytical thinking and critical thinking in predicting the academic achievement of secondary school students
Amir Vashani Faranak Mosavi Yahya SalariThe main objective of this study was to determine the contribution of creative thinking, analytical thinking and critical thinking to predict the academic achievement changes of secondary school students. This study is a descriptive-correlational research. The populatio MoreThe main objective of this study was to determine the contribution of creative thinking, analytical thinking and critical thinking to predict the academic achievement changes of secondary school students. This study is a descriptive-correlational research. The population used for this study consist of 1681 secondary school students in theoretical branch in the sity of Sonqor in the year 2016. The sample consisted of 530 students selected through stratified random sampling and Krejcy and Morgan tables (1970) was used to estimate sample size. The instruments used in this study were: Rickets's critical thinking scale (2003) and Peter Honey's Creative Thinking and analytical thinking translated by Yousefi and et al (1384). The instruments were validated by experts and the reliability of the instruments was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation Coefficient, the comparisons of independent sample t-test and multiple regression analysis.Findings revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between the critical thinking and creative thinking with academic achievement, and there is a significant negative relationship between the analytic thinking and academic achievement. Critical thinking and creative thinking with = 0.531 and = 0.272, respectively, were the positive and signficant predictors of academic achievement. There was a statistically significant difference between critical thinking, creative thinking and analytical thinking of male and female students. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
386 - The effectiveness of parent management training on mother-child relationships and self- criticism mothers of children with intellectual disability
سمیه تکلوی Mehdi JahangiriThe aim of study was to investigate the effectiveness of parent management training program on mother-child relationships and self- criticism mothers of children with intellectual disability. This study is a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test in two g MoreThe aim of study was to investigate the effectiveness of parent management training program on mother-child relationships and self- criticism mothers of children with intellectual disability. This study is a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test in two groups (experimental and control) respectively. The population consisted of all mothers of children with intellectual disability (care centers and special schools) Pars Abad city in 1395 that 30 individuals were selected by convenience sampling method and were replaced in two experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. Parent-Child Relationship Scale and levels of self- criticism were used to collect data. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 60-minute of parent management training and a control group remained with no intervention. The data analysis was performed by MANOVA. . The hypothesis of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of parent management training program on mother-child relationships and self- criticism mothers of children with intellectual disability. Results showed that parent management training programs enhance the mother-child relationship and its components and reduce self-criticism and its components in mothers of children with intellectual disability. As a result, it can be stated, parent management training program can be an efficient method to improve mother-child relationships and self-criticism decline in mothers of children with intellectual disability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
387 - Teachers' Professional Qualifications from a Critical Approach with Emphasis on Paulo Freire's Views
ebrahem ebrahem mohammad Hossein Hedari seyed Hashem GolestaniThis article aims to analyze teachers' professional qualifications from a critical approach with emphasis on Paulo Freire's views. This study was conducted using the qualitative approach and the transcendental analysis method. Its sample consists of documents, texts and MoreThis article aims to analyze teachers' professional qualifications from a critical approach with emphasis on Paulo Freire's views. This study was conducted using the qualitative approach and the transcendental analysis method. Its sample consists of documents, texts and related resources collected through theoretical sampling of all available texts as full census. Findings show that Freire considers different roles for liberatory teachers, such as "questioning", "raising awareness", "liberation" and "transformation". Moreover, teachers' professional qualifications, based on Freire's views can be divided into three domains, including the cognitive domain (historical knowledge, knowledge of the teaching/learning process, ability to design a native curriculum, understanding of the political identity of knowledge, and ability to create consciousness); the psychomotor domain (ability to use teaching methods, creating the critical ability in learners, interacting with learners; and the affective attitude (lifelong teaching, having humility, restoring human dignity, enhancing learners' hope for liberation, and respect for ethnic, cultural, and religious differences). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
388 - The effectiveness of aesthetic education on critical thinking and creative teaching of Farhangian University of student teachers
ali ebrahiminia Firoozeh zangene motlagh hamid Jafarian yasar Mozhgan Mohammadi Naeen Mohammadi NaeenIThis study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of aesthetic-cognitive training on critical thinking and creative teaching of Farhangian University students and teachers in the academic year 2020-2021. The research method was quasi-experimental in a pre-test and post- MoreThis study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of aesthetic-cognitive training on critical thinking and creative teaching of Farhangian University students and teachers in the academic year 2020-2021. The research method was quasi-experimental in a pre-test and post-test design and was performed as a case study on 60 students of educational sciences of Qom Farhangian University who were randomly selected in clusters. A 90-minute session was taught based on the constructivist approach (E5). Measurement tools included two standard questionnaires, California Critical Thinking (1994) and Chaoyang Creative Teaching (2005). The reliability of the California Critical Thinking Questionnaire in this study was 0.91 and the reliability of the Chaoyang Creative Teaching Questionnaire was 0.89. Multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS software version 25 was used for data analysis. The results showed that the educational package of aesthetic education has been significantly (with 99% confidence) effective in improving the critical thinking and creative teaching of students and teachers. Therefore, based on the results of the present study, aesthetic education can be considered as an appropriate and effective strategy to improve critical thinking and creative teaching of students and teachers of Farhangian University. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
389 - curriculum model peresnt of intellectual Skills(critical thinking and crative thinking ) for undergraduate curriculum palnning specialise view
masoud ysefzadeh the aim of in this study, curriculum model peresnt of intellectual Skills for undergraduate research has been done. in this is research from type of field researchs statistical community of curriculum palnning specialise (54) , the number o More the aim of in this study, curriculum model peresnt of intellectual Skills for undergraduate research has been done. in this is research from type of field researchs statistical community of curriculum palnning specialise (54) , the number of samples based on Morgan Table (48) ,method of simple random sampling and data collection tool by from the made researcher.This research including is the following six questions: 1- in intellectual skills curriculum to which one of aims of the cognitive domain should be attention? 2 - in intellectual skills curriculum objectives to which one of aims of the emotional domain should be considered ? 3 –in intellectualskills curriculum to which content organizing in Vertical should be considered ? 4 - in intellectual skills curriculum to which content organizing in horizontal should be considered? 5 - in intellectual skills curriculum to which methods of teaching should be considered? 6 -in intellectual skills curriculum which evaluation practices should be considered? The results show that from the viewpoint of curriculum planning experts the cognitive area should be considered on the purposes(knowledge ,conception, application, analysis, compound and evaluation),the emotional area purposes( attention,answer,evaluation ,values organization and value crystallization on personality),the content organization on horizontal dimension (making parallel of fields, interfiled, extrafield),the content organization on vertical dimension (making parallel of fields,interfiled,extrafield),the teaching method(problem solving method, group lecture, questioning and answering, exploratory and performing) and the evaluation instruments (written and oral examinations, the reports related to the projects, the observation of behavior in class, group-evaluation and self- evaluation)for the design of intellectual skills curriculum. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
390 - Evaluating and Analizing the content of hadiyehay Aseman in Elementary period, on The basis of critical Thinking skils.
hossin karimian faeze nadeghi mohamad seyfiThe goal is to evaluate and analize the content of hadiyehay Aseman on The basis of lipmen critical thinking in (analizing , compounding , evaluating and explaining ) level. The method is descriptive – Analgtic from The kind of content analgsis. The statisti MoreThe goal is to evaluate and analize the content of hadiyehay Aseman on The basis of lipmen critical thinking in (analizing , compounding , evaluating and explaining ) level. The method is descriptive – Analgtic from The kind of content analgsis. The statistical society is The hole content of hadiyehay Asemani,s book that contains all of The books in second and sixth educational period which all of the books are chosen as a sample . The tool of data collecting is The researcher – made checklist on The basis of lipmen yualification with special apparent admissibility . The data collected of mentioned books shown : 1- There is a difference between attendant rate of books in educational ranks to critical thinking on different levels. 2- The level of analizing in critical skils between all books is lesser than desirable extent . 3- The combined skill in hadiyehay Aseman,s critical thinking skils is lesser ihan expectation . 4- The level of evaluating related to critical thinking skils in all of the books of elementary period,s hadigehay aseman is lesser than desirable extent . 5- The explaining,s skil of critical thinking skils in hadiyehay aseman elementary period (unless) is further than skils but it is letter than expectation . 6- Totallg, The attendance scale of hadigehag Aseman books with critical thinking is in low level . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
391 - Develop of Critical Thinking based on the Content Analysis of Attar's Mantegh-Altir
faramarz mohamadi poya sina torkashvand sohrab mohamadi poyaPresent study was aimed at identifying critical thinking evidences in Attar'sMantegh-Altirby making use of qualitative and conceptual analysis. Critical thinking was analyzed and its elements were identified through theoretical study and then critical thinking evidences MorePresent study was aimed at identifying critical thinking evidences in Attar'sMantegh-Altirby making use of qualitative and conceptual analysis. Critical thinking was analyzed and its elements were identified through theoretical study and then critical thinking evidences of Attar's Mantegh-Altirwere analyzed by content analysis. To do so, all poem of Attar's Mantegh-Altirwere studied and those with meanings related to critical thinking elements were identified and analyzed regarding two positions of each sentence, namely the address of each poem, and its related background. Findings of the study led to identifying nine elements for critical thinking (inquiring spirit, judgment with criteria, reasoning, analysis, impartiality, Methodism, objectivism, truth seeking, and flexibility), then for each element some evidences were extracted from Attar's Mantegh-Altir. Results indicate that Attar's Mantegh-Altirfirmly emphasizes on all aspects of critical thinking, especially on inquiring spirit, truth seeking and judgment with criteria. So mystical texts could be useful in the development of critical thinking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
392 - An investigation of the relationship between critical thinking and self-esteem in students of Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch
فریده HashemiannejhadResearch shows that critical thinking skills account for a significanpart of variance in mental hygiene. This fact has been given dueattention by international organizations such UNESCO and UNICEFIn response to the demands of modern life and labor market, this studyaims MoreResearch shows that critical thinking skills account for a significanpart of variance in mental hygiene. This fact has been given dueattention by international organizations such UNESCO and UNICEFIn response to the demands of modern life and labor market, this studyaims at investigating the relationship between critical thinking andself-esteem in university students. It is a descriptive correlationaresearch. The research population includes 300 students of IslamicAzad University, Mashhad Branch, studying in four departments. Theresearch instruments are Watson Glazer’s critical thinkingquestionnaire and Copper Smith’s measure of self-esteem. One-wayregression, multiple-variable regression, coefficient of determinationand Mann-Whitney U-test were applied to analyze the data. Theresults show that there is a positive and significant relationshipbetween critical thinking and self-esteem(0.160). Coefficient odetermination in multiple-variable regression is 0.047. Self-esteemaccount for 4.7 percent of critical thinking. Academic self-esteem playa more significant role in the variance of critical thinking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
393 - The influence of Land ownership system on Scientific and Cultural Developments in Timurid Period
fatemeh alsadat firoozi abdolrasool emadi alireza mansouriThe influence of Land ownership system on Scientific and Cultural Developments in Timurid Period Scientific and cultural developments in Timurid period cannot be merely explained by some Timurid rulers' ambitiousof science. Our claim in this paper is that the land owner MoreThe influence of Land ownership system on Scientific and Cultural Developments in Timurid Period Scientific and cultural developments in Timurid period cannot be merely explained by some Timurid rulers' ambitiousof science. Our claim in this paper is that the land ownership and tax system in this period, known as soyurghal, though invented and used for the political and economic purpose, had some unpredictable consequences, one of which was to provide a supportive ground for cultural and scientific institutions. Scientific and cultural developments in Timurid period cannot be merely explained by some Timurid rulers' ambitiousof science. Our claim in this paper is that the land ownership and tax system in this period, known as soyurghal, though invented and used for the political and economic purpose, had some unpredictable consequences, one of which was to provide a supportive ground for cultural and scientific institutions. Keywords: Science of Timurid period, Soyurghal, Economy of Timurid period, Critical Rationalism Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
394 - Genealogy and historiographic explanation of the fall of Baghdad in Persian historiographical works up to the 10th century
Maryam Nazaralhooey Mahboubeh SharafiThe fall of the Abbasid caliphate is one of the important events of the 7th century AD, which had various reflections in written historical sources. Each of the historians have narrated the event based on their perspective on history. In order to understand the historia MoreThe fall of the Abbasid caliphate is one of the important events of the 7th century AD, which had various reflections in written historical sources. Each of the historians have narrated the event based on their perspective on history. In order to understand the historians' approach to the fall of Baghdad, this research tries to analyze the historians' perspective by using the historical method, based on the comparative approach, in three indicators of social, causal, critical and providential approaches. For this purpose, by identifying the most important works of Persian historiography in the period from 656 to 907 AD, we will study and compare the narratives and approaches of historians regarding the fall of Baghdad. The findings show that some narrators have a political and providential approach to the event, and their historiography is a continuation of traditional Iranian Islamic historiography. Some others, with a causal approach to history, with a social and causal, critical approach, criticized the political and social performance of the Caliph and those around him, and held them responsible for the incident. Their historiography method seems to be a step towards analytical historiography. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
395 - The historical course of critical knowledge in Europe
Bahman ModiriAt the same time as the philosophical and literary campaigns in ancient Greece, the rhetoricians of the western civilization basin paid attention to critical knowledge and evaluated and judged the content and message of the poems and writings of writers. Three famous ph MoreAt the same time as the philosophical and literary campaigns in ancient Greece, the rhetoricians of the western civilization basin paid attention to critical knowledge and evaluated and judged the content and message of the poems and writings of writers. Three famous philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, by analyzing poetry and speech criticism, made the issues of literary criticism a rule, and gradually, the art of criticism found a privileged place in European literature. This article, with a descriptive-analytical approach, aims to reflect on the flow of theorizing in the field of criticism in a passing perspective and illustrate the development and excellence of the knowledge of criticism in the history of Western literature. The result of the research shows that criticism began with philosophy and the questioning of Greek philosophers became an indicator for the evaluation of literary texts to the point where in the period of infancy, classical texts were also criticized and with such thinking and legacy, new schools of criticism emerged. Schools that are based on the combination of the most constructive and enlightened opinions and with their various manifestations introduce literature as a systematic and independent knowledge Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
396 - The Historian’s Activism in the Narration of Historical EventsThe Critical Insight of Nazim Al-Islam Kermani and Mehdi Malekzadeh in the Historiography of the Constitutional Event
golamreza vafaee mehr محبوبه sh aliakbar khedrizadehThe dated critical insight is one of the main elements of historiography and historian which is very clear in modern Iranian historiographyAlthough there has been more or less in the historiography of ancient historians, but. The present article seeks to assess the his MoreThe dated critical insight is one of the main elements of historiography and historian which is very clear in modern Iranian historiographyAlthough there has been more or less in the historiography of ancient historians, but. The present article seeks to assess the historiography of Nazem-Al-Islam Kermani and Mehdi Malekzadeh in the constitutional event with the aforementioned insight that is using the historical method. to understand the aim of study, we should answer the following question : What effect did the critical insight of the aforementioned historians have on their historical method in reflecting the constitutional event and the later developments ? The results of this research show that the above-mentioned historians are trying to move themselves far from one-sided historiography in two extends, first: criticism of the Qajar governors and rulers due to their inefficiency in the administration of the country and second: the mass of the people as the driving engine of the changes in the society. Analyze and explain the factors of the emergence of the constitution and the developments after it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
397 - The Role of Chabahar Port in the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran
ghasem arbabi Rahmat Hajimineh Yaser KahrazehToday, the role of ports as the most pervasive route of trade transit is of great importance in the foreign policy relations of countries in the world of politics, and Iran is no exception. Accordingly, this study was conducted with the aim of evaluating and analyzing t MoreToday, the role of ports as the most pervasive route of trade transit is of great importance in the foreign policy relations of countries in the world of politics, and Iran is no exception. Accordingly, this study was conducted with the aim of evaluating and analyzing the capacities and impact of Chabahar port in adopting Iran's political approaches in the region and the international system It also explains the opportunities and challenges ahead from a critical geopolitical perspective. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting library information is by emphasizing and citing political and commercial reports and documents. The findings of this study indicate that one of the most basic criteria of regional and international political relations of Iran regarding countries such as Pakistan, India, China and Afghanistan is explained based on the development policies of Chabahar port. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
398 - Investigating the Effect of Critical Thinking with the Approach of Political Behavior and Public Policies of the Government on the Promotion of Organizational Health in State-Owned Banks
avazallah sarfaraz Caramallah Danshfard abdolkhalegh gholamiThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of critical thinking on promoting office health. In the qualitative part, the Delphi method was used and in the quantitative part, structural equation modeling was used. In the Delphi approach, the opinions of 12 he MoreThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of critical thinking on promoting office health. In the qualitative part, the Delphi method was used and in the quantitative part, structural equation modeling was used. In the Delphi approach, the opinions of 12 heads of different branches of Melli Bank and Sepah Shahr in Isfahan were collected through interviews and after analysis, 33 variables in the form of 6 main categories of search and facts, free-thinking, analysis, systematization, trust in His ability and curiosity to improve the administrative health system were determined. All structures have the necessary validity and reliability as well as all 6 main variables are effective in promoting the health of the administrative system. Finally, it can be said that organizational managers should consider the six variables obtained in this study as variables that can improve administrative health in state-owned banks in Isfahan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
399 - The Effects of Concept Mapping and Critical Thinking Test Strategies on EFL Iranian Learners' Reading Comprehension
Ata Maleki Zeynab Chegini -
Open Access Article
400 - The Relationship Between Vocabulary Recall and Critical Thinking
Reihaneh Sheikhy Behdani Mojgan Rashtchi -
Open Access Article
401 - Investigating Hortatory Force in The EFL Reading Passages
Bardia Fallah -
Open Access Article
402 - Impact of Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP) on EFL Learners' Writing Achievement and Critical Thinking
Hadi Salehi Sara Karimi -
Open Access Article
403 - An Improved Token-Based and Starvation Free Distributed Mutual Exclusion Algorithm
Om-Kolsoom Shahryari Ali Broumandnia -
Open Access Article
404 - Exploring the Traits and Behaviors of Spiritual Followers Using Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference Systems
Syyad Mehdi Alvani Golamreza Memarzadeh Tehran Mahmood Alborzi Hosein KazemiWith the entry of spirituality in the research of organizations and management, a considerable improvement has occurred. For a long time, spirituality excluded from surveying, but increasing research showed that it related to and integrated a lot of results in individua MoreWith the entry of spirituality in the research of organizations and management, a considerable improvement has occurred. For a long time, spirituality excluded from surveying, but increasing research showed that it related to and integrated a lot of results in individual, organizational and society levels. Recent studies in the realm of spirituality and spiritual leadership, only paid attention to spiritual leader and spiritual workplace, and ignored the roles of followers in leadership equation. This paper, with a developmental approach, and after using experts' opinions, aims to identify the traits and behaviors of spiritual followers and explore the roles of them in the leadership effectiveness. After analyzing data, using adaptive neural fuzzy inference systems, the results show that followers' virtue, critical thinking, active engagement, self-awareness and altruism have a significance role in exploring leadership effectiveness and the roles of followers' maturity and self-esteem, in leadership effectiveness, are not significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
405 - Determination of Criticality Indexes in the Remanufacturing Process: A GERT-based Simulation Approach
Elham Babaei Abdollah Aghaie Mojtaba Hajian heidary -
Open Access Article
406 - A New Analysis of Critical Paths in Mega Projects with Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Activities by Considering Time, Cost, Risk, Quality, and Safety Factors
Yahya Dorfeshan Seyed Meysam Mousavi Behnam Vahdani -
Open Access Article
407 - Critical success factors for implementation of quality improvement initiative
Mohamad Ikbar Abdul Wahab Faris Hakim Mazlan Mohd Amran Mohd Daril Khairanum Subari Mazlan Awang Khairul Anuar Mohd Ali Nohman Khan -
Open Access Article
408 - Numerical Investigation of the Limit Equilibrium Method in Tunnel Stability Using Finite Element (FEM)
Semko Arefpanah Alireza Sharafi -
Open Access Article
409 - Structural Drift Corresponding to the Critical Excitations
Mohammad Hosein Soltani Seyed Hooman Ghasemi -
Open Access Article
410 - Evaluate the critical thinking skills of faculty members of Islamic Azad Universities in the province
mohammad salehi Mohammad HajizadThe purpose of this study was to investigate critical thinking skills of faculty members of Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran province. Methods This study is a description of the type of survey, population research faculty members of Islamic Azad Universities in the p MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate critical thinking skills of faculty members of Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran province. Methods This study is a description of the type of survey, population research faculty members of Islamic Azad Universities in the province is Number 1750 people.A sample table of Morgan 320 farmers were selected randomly. Demographic questionnaire, 34 questions about the reliability of critical thinking Kaliforniya in stages by Islami (0/77) Bigdeli (0/73) Asgari (0/68) and in this study, Cronbach's alpha (0/79) were obtained.Descriptive and inferential statistical methods in two parts (T Analysis of Variance) was conducted.The result showed that the critical faculty is the acceptable level of critical thinking skills among different educational groups and no significant differences between male and female faculty members there. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
411 - Evaluate the critical thinking skills of faculty members of Islamic Azad Universities in the province
Mohammad Salehi Mohammad SalehiThe purpose of this study was to investigate critical thinking skills of faculty members of Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran province. Methods This study is a description of the type of survey, population research faculty members of Islamic Azad Universities in the p MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate critical thinking skills of faculty members of Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran province. Methods This study is a description of the type of survey, population research faculty members of Islamic Azad Universities in the province is Number 1750 people.A sample table of Morgan 320 farmers were selected randomly. Demographic questionnaire, 34 questions about the reliability of critical thinking Kaliforniya in stages by Islami (0/77) Bigdeli (0/73) Asgari (0/68) and in this study, Cronbach's alpha (0/79) were obtained.Descriptive and inferential statistical methods in two parts (T Analysis of Variance) was conducted.The result showed that the critical faculty is the acceptable level of critical thinking skills among different educational groups and no significant differences between male and female faculty members there. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
412 - Critical Period of Weed Control of Corn (Zea mays L.) Second Cropping at Moghan Region
Saber Aley Ghorban Didehbaz Moghanlo Farid GolzardiMoghan region, North West of Iran, is one of the important producers of the corn in the country. To determine the critical period of weed control in corn as second crop in this region, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete blocks design with four replic MoreMoghan region, North West of Iran, is one of the important producers of the corn in the country. To determine the critical period of weed control in corn as second crop in this region, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete blocks design with four replications during 2010 in the Parsabad Moghan climatic conditions. Two methods of weed control treatments were used. In the first method, weeds controlled at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after corn emergence. (DAE), and then weeds were allowed to grow until harvest and in the second method of weed control, weeds were allowed to grow during 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 DAE, and then the plots were kept free of weeds until harvest. The regression was used to determine the relationship between yield and different control periods and weed interference. The results showed that periods of weed- free and weed- infested plot affected differently the dry weight and number of weeds in all treatments. Generally the results showed that critical period of weeds control in corn (AYL) based on growing degree days (GDD) after sowing considering 5% acceptable yield loss, it is necessary to control weeds in a period between 1-67 days after planting or 90-1051 growing degree days and period of weeds control in corn (AYL) based on growing degree days (GDD) after sowing by considering 10% acceptable yield loss, weed control is necessary between 3-52 days after planting or 132- 844 growing degree day. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
413 - Political and economic institutions and their impact on economic development with emphasizing on historical institutionalims
Farhad Azizi Mohammad bagher Beheshti Mohammad SalmadizadehCountries face with different historical critical junctures through their historical countries.. One of the most important critical junctures in the contemporary history of Iran is the removal of Reza Shah from power and substituting of Mohammad Reza Shah.by foreign for MoreCountries face with different historical critical junctures through their historical countries.. One of the most important critical junctures in the contemporary history of Iran is the removal of Reza Shah from power and substituting of Mohammad Reza Shah.by foreign forces. After the overthrowing of Reza Shah, however, power was distributed among various factors, the interventions of foreign forces and political chaos marginalized the path of economic development. The main objective of this historical-economic research, refers to the role of governments and superiors as well as the underdeveloped of Iran. The result shows while the existence of a powerful parliament eventually led to the nationalization of the oil industry, due to political and social chaos, economic development did not occur. In addition, during 1940s by the decrease of the power of the parliament against the prime minister’s authority, an exclusive institutional change took place and took into account as a legacy for the shah rule. Through this institutional change, the shah was able to protect the prime minister’s legacy well and by increasing monopolized economic resources kept the power for himself and his relatives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
414 - Discourse analysis: with the emphasis on critical discourse as a method of qualitative research.
Samad Kalantari Mohammad Abaszade Mosa Sadati Rana Pour Mohammad Nayer MohammadpourDiscourse analysis, is an interdisciplinary approach that has its roots in linguistics. The term is used by “Zlykhrys" for the first time. The main goal of discourse analysis is to find the new technique in the study of texts, media, culture, science, politics, an MoreDiscourse analysis, is an interdisciplinary approach that has its roots in linguistics. The term is used by “Zlykhrys" for the first time. The main goal of discourse analysis is to find the new technique in the study of texts, media, culture, science, politics, and society. The approach of critical discourse analysis is developmental of discourse analysis in linguistic studies which from individual and methodological points of view has upgraded the discourse analysis from description of texts to explanation level. In critical discourse analysis, the critique of ideology and power is considered more than the other types of discourse analysis. This article has sought the introduction of critical discourse analysis and the well-known theorists in this field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
415 - Study of Critical thinking skill of Students of Rehabilitation in the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (2012-13)
Hamid Sabzi Khoshnami Zeynab Abazari Golamreza Ghaed Amini Davood GhasemzadehToday, most experts believe that critical thinking provides understanding and knowledge assessment for learners, and it is vital for working decision makings, clinical judgment, professional success and effective participation in community activities. Regarding the prac MoreToday, most experts believe that critical thinking provides understanding and knowledge assessment for learners, and it is vital for working decision makings, clinical judgment, professional success and effective participation in community activities. Regarding the practicality of the rehabilitation graduates functions; this study was conducted to study critical thinking skills in students of University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences. The research method is correlation, and 221 students were selected by using multi-stage random sampling and critical thinking test was given. For data analysis of the descriptive tests, the Independent T-test, r Pearson Reliability and One-way ANOVA were used. The results of ANOVA showed that there is no significant difference between the mean score of students ' critical thinking skills in terms of the total score and each of the subscales, (F=.698; p=0.594). There is a significant difference in the total score of critical thinking among students of different academic levels, (F=4.87; p=0.009). Also, there is no significant difference between mean of critical thinking (and its subscales) of the students and each of the variables of age, sex and location. The relationship between educational level and marital status and critical thinking skills is significant (p=0.01). The students' total score of critical thinking is in moderate to good, and in terms of their subscales is in lower moderate. In other words, students' critical thinking is not in good condition so appropriate revision of curricula and teaching critical thinking workshops can be effective for students in solving this challenge. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
416 - Critical hermeneutics; A framework for analyzing detente in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran
ALI KAVEH Alireza RezaeiOne of the methods of foreign policy analysis of the Islamic Republic of Iran is to explain the central strategies on the basis of which many actions and reactions of foreign policy can be understood and examined. The strategy of detente in the foreign policy of the Isl MoreOne of the methods of foreign policy analysis of the Islamic Republic of Iran is to explain the central strategies on the basis of which many actions and reactions of foreign policy can be understood and examined. The strategy of detente in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1989 to 2005 and also from 2013 until now, is one of these strategies with different titles such as "interactive developmentalist" policy and "interaction-oriented moderation" as important. The most foreign policy strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in those periods is considered. Therefore, the way of recognizing and theoretically explaining this strategy can help us to understand Iran's foreign policy more than before. In this article, we seek to explain the concern that de-escalation in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran can be analyzed on the basis of what theoretical approach? Our findings suggest that the critical hermeneutic approach based on communicative action can be used as a useful theoretical framework for the study of detente in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this article, with descriptive-analytical method, de-tensioning in Iranian foreign policy based on critical hermeneutics focusing on topics such as communicative rationality and Habermas theory of communicative action, Hashemi Rafsanjani pragmatic discourse, Khatami discourse based on communicative rationality and ethics, discourse diplomacy , And the spiritual discourse of moderation and constructive interaction with the world, etc. are discussed in this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
417 - The Ratio of Alienation and Utopia in the Frankfurt Critical School
Garineh Keshishyan Siraki Hamed MehraliThe Frankfurt School, by observing the human condition in the twentieth century, considers the existing society as completely devoid of rationality and its components as an obstacle to human liberation, thus making it clear that this truth-free construction has created MoreThe Frankfurt School, by observing the human condition in the twentieth century, considers the existing society as completely devoid of rationality and its components as an obstacle to human liberation, thus making it clear that this truth-free construction has created a crisis rooted in the foundations of the modern West. The fundamental question of the research is what crisis does the Frankfurt School identify in modern society and what solution does it offer to get out of it? The research hypothesis explains that the Frankfurters studied the crisis of "alienation" by studying modernity, and made statements such as mechanism, technology, instrumental reason, the culture industry, impossible art, media, capitalism, scientism, positivism, bureaucracy, and various ideologies. No exclusion-they knew the causes of the crisis. Cases that can be considered in two categories of higher causes and causal causes (causes that are both born and the cause of alienation). Their opinion leads minus the characteristics of the existing society and is worthy of dialectical cognition, that is, rational and extremely free societies. Technology is placed in its main dignity, that is, instrumentality, so that through this, man can get out of the state of objectification and become one with his original nature. Also, in the forthcoming research, Thomas Spragen’s Crisis Theory, the theoretical framework and the basis of discussion have been established. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
418 - Woman and Culture Industry in Iran; Empowerment or Submissiveness?
ShakibaSadat Hashemian ُSaeed Gazerani AliAsghar DavoudiGender discrimination and inequality caused by domination over women is a prevalent global phenomenon, and has made them face the limitation of equal access to opportunities, facilities, sources of power and influence in different societies. One of the main solutions of MoreGender discrimination and inequality caused by domination over women is a prevalent global phenomenon, and has made them face the limitation of equal access to opportunities, facilities, sources of power and influence in different societies. One of the main solutions of international institutions for this problem is the women's empowerment policy. This policy has also been taken into consideration in Iran and policies and plans have been made by the relevant authorities. However, objective evidence shows that the situation of women is not much favorable. According to the World Economic Forum, in 2019, Iran was ranked 148 among 153 countries in terms of gender discrimination. The aim of this research is to identify the reasons for acceptance of male domination, by women in Iran. To conduct the research, the available quantitative and qualitative data were collected, and to test the hypothesis, the "critical analysis" method was used. The theoretical approach of the article is also based on the principles and concepts of critical theory. The findings of the research show that women's submissiveness is in part formed as a result of the influence of cultural-educational elements. Therefore, as long as the educational system, the media and scientific, cultural and religious platforms that have a general audience, reproduce, justify and promote attitudes, beliefs, and relations based on legitimizing inequality and discrimination, we will see no meaningful change in the status of women in society. Manuscript profile -
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419 - Contradiction Between Religion and Modernity in the Thinking of Secular Intellectuals of Constitutional Revolution Era: Comparison of Akhoundzadeh with Malkam khan
Saeed Gazrani Reza AminiIn Qajar era and on the eve of the constitutional revolution, we see extensive communications between Iran and the West on the one hand, and emergence of a new social group challenging the clergy, on the other hand. This group consisted of intellectuals who had an impor MoreIn Qajar era and on the eve of the constitutional revolution, we see extensive communications between Iran and the West on the one hand, and emergence of a new social group challenging the clergy, on the other hand. This group consisted of intellectuals who had an important role in introduction of reform thoughts and promoting constitutional revolution in Iranian society. In this article, modernity and its historical background will be reviewed firstly, and then, the standpoints of two prominent secular intellectuals of the time - Mirza FathAli Akhoundzadeh and Mirza Malkam khan Nazemoldowleh - towards modernity and religion will be analyzed. Manuscript profile -
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420 - کلاس زبان مفید: مطالعه کیفی با استفاده از تکنیک حادثه بحرانی
پویا درود مسعود ذوقی هانیه دواتگری اصلیک کلاس درس زبان موثر یک محیط چند وجهی و پیچیده است که ابعاد مختلفی را در بر می گیرد و درتحقیق دانشگاهی باهمیت به سزایی دارد. اطلاعات کافی در مورد تجارب و تصورات زبان آموزان در مورد کلاس های آموزشی سازنده زبان انگلیسی در دسترس نیست. این تحقیق بر درک چگونگی احساس و تجربه Moreیک کلاس درس زبان موثر یک محیط چند وجهی و پیچیده است که ابعاد مختلفی را در بر می گیرد و درتحقیق دانشگاهی باهمیت به سزایی دارد. اطلاعات کافی در مورد تجارب و تصورات زبان آموزان در مورد کلاس های آموزشی سازنده زبان انگلیسی در دسترس نیست. این تحقیق بر درک چگونگی احساس و تجربه یادگیری موثر در کلاس درس دانش جویان ایرانی که در حال یادگیری زبان انگلیسی به عنوان یک زبان خارجی هستند، متمرکز شده است. مطالعه حاضر بر اساس یک مطالعه پدیدارشناختی است که در آن ادراک شرکت کنندگان در مورد یادگیری موثر در کلاس مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. این تحقیق از روش مصاحبه حادثه بحرانی برای جمعآوری اطلاعات از 30 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد با تجربه گستردگی یادگیری انگلیسی استفاده کرد که به نظر میرسید قادر به ارائه بینشهای ارزشمند در مورد موضوع بودند. لذا شرکت کنندگان به روش نمونه گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. فرآیند تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها به شناسایی موضوعات مهم 1) توجه به نظرات فراگیران 2) انتقال مطالب 3) اشتیاق به تدریس 4) شایستگی مربیان 5) محیط یادگیری و 6) فرآیند یادگیری منجر شده است. یافته های مطالعه حاضر منجر به ارائه توصیه هایی برای محققان در حوزه یادگیری زبان شده است. Manuscript profile -
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421 - توانایی تفکر انتقادی و عملکرد درک مطلب دانشجویان مقطع کارشناسی زبان انگلیسی
رضا واثقی راضیه صدوقی وصال آیات -
Open Access Article
422 - تاثیر آموزش تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی بر خواندن و درک مطلب زبان آموزان ایرانی
غلامرضا عباسیان نرجس ملائیتحقیق حاضر به منظور بررسی تاثیر آموزش مستقیم بعضی از تکنیک های تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی بر خواندن و درک مطلب زبان آموزان ایرانی صورت گرفته است. در این راستا تلاش شده است تا هر گونه تغییر مثبت در توانایی زبان آموزان در درک معنای ضمنی متن خوانشی سنجیده شود. ضمنا، هرگونه Moreتحقیق حاضر به منظور بررسی تاثیر آموزش مستقیم بعضی از تکنیک های تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی بر خواندن و درک مطلب زبان آموزان ایرانی صورت گرفته است. در این راستا تلاش شده است تا هر گونه تغییر مثبت در توانایی زبان آموزان در درک معنای ضمنی متن خوانشی سنجیده شود. ضمنا، هرگونه تغییردرنقطه نظرات زبان آموزان در خصوص شیوه یادگیری زبان انگلیسی پس از آموزش مهارت خوانش انتقادی از طریق تکنیک های تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی نیز مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. بدین منظور دو مقاله خبری از منابع آنلاین در نظر گرفته شد. جامعه آماری شامل 60 دانشجوی دوره کارشناسی رشته حقوق بودند که بطور تصادفی به دو گروه 30 نفره تقسیم شدند. از گروه آزمایشی خواسته شده بود درک خود را از هر متن در قالب یک مقاله بنویسند. آنها همچنین باید به پرسشنامه ای معطوف به بررسی تغییر نگرش یا انگیزه آنها نسبت به یادگیری زبان انگلیسی پاسخ می دادند. نتایج حاکی از آن بود که گروه آزمایشی پس از آموزش خواندن از طریق تکنیک های تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی بهتر از گروه کنترل شده عمل کردند. انگیزه آنها نیز نسبت به یادگیری زبان انگلیسی پس از آشنایی با حوزه تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی افزایش یافت. Manuscript profile -
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423 - تحلیل نقادانه گفتمان سیاسی : بررسی چند نمونه ازسخنرانی های نخبگان سیاسی در زبان انگلیسی
بیوک بهنام لاله مقتدیمطالعه حاضرسعی دارد چگونگی کاربرد زبان توسط نخبگان سیاسی در تکوین قدرت را بررسی کند. مقاله با مرور اجمالی بر تحلیل نقادانه گفتمان آغاز می شود و سپس با معرفی مجموعه ای شامل هشت نخبه سیاسی بنام های: مالکوم ایکس - جوزف استالین - نوام چامسکی - ولادیمر لنین - مارتین لوتر کین Moreمطالعه حاضرسعی دارد چگونگی کاربرد زبان توسط نخبگان سیاسی در تکوین قدرت را بررسی کند. مقاله با مرور اجمالی بر تحلیل نقادانه گفتمان آغاز می شود و سپس با معرفی مجموعه ای شامل هشت نخبه سیاسی بنام های: مالکوم ایکس - جوزف استالین - نوام چامسکی - ولادیمر لنین - مارتین لوتر کینگ - وینستون چرچیل - ج. اف. کندی و آدولف هیتلرادامه یافته و سپس سخنرانیها ی نخبگان سیاسی یاد شده با در نظر گرفتن صنایع بدیعی به کار گرفته شده مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار می گیرند. سپس داده ها از دیدگاه تحلیل نقادانه گفتمان با استفاده از تئوری سه بعدی مطالعه گفتمان (توصیف - توضیح - تفسیر)- تئوری پیشنهادی نورمن فرکلاف ( 1989)- و تئوری تحلیل نقادانه بافت - پیشنهادی ون دایک( 2004)- مورد کاوش قرار می گیرند. در این تحقیق صتایع بدیعی به شش دسته مهم: قیاس ، گرامر، معنا ، تکرار ، جمله/عبارت معترضه و (فن) بلاغت تقسیم شده اند. نتایج تحلیل آشکار کرد که علیرغم تفاوتها در نوع صنایع بدیعی استفاده شده توسط نخبگان سیاسی انتخاب شده ، الگوی جالب و چشمگیری در گفتمان تمامی افراد انتخاب شده مشترک است و آن عبارت است از استفاده از صنایع گرامر - تکرار و (فن) بلاغت. امید است که این تحقیق دستاوردهای آموزشی ارزشمندی را برای آموزش زبان خارجی در کشور عزیزمان به ارمغان آورد. Manuscript profile -
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424 - آیا مهارت های تفکر انتقادی موجب موفقیت در تدریس زبان می شود؟ مطالعه موردی معلمان ایرانی زبان انگلیسی بر اساس جنسیت و مقطع تحصیلی آنها
حمید اشرف هانیه گرمابی مهری بختیاری فیندریاین تحقیق برای بررسی اینکه آیا بین تفکر انتقادی معلمان زبان انگلیسی و موفقیت در تدریس رابطه معناداری وجوددارد یا خیر انجام شده است. برای این منظور، از 113 معلم زن و مرد زبان انگلیسی در ایران خواسته شد پرسشنامهواتسون گلاسر را تکمیل کنند. علاوه بر این، از دانش آموزان این Moreاین تحقیق برای بررسی اینکه آیا بین تفکر انتقادی معلمان زبان انگلیسی و موفقیت در تدریس رابطه معناداری وجوددارد یا خیر انجام شده است. برای این منظور، از 113 معلم زن و مرد زبان انگلیسی در ایران خواسته شد پرسشنامهواتسون گلاسر را تکمیل کنند. علاوه بر این، از دانش آموزان این معلمان خواسته شد تا به سوالات پرسشنامهویژگی های مدرسان موفق در تدریس زبان خارجی پاسخ دهند. تجزیه و تحلیل آماری داده ها نشان داد که بینتفکر انتقادی معلمان زبان انگلیسی و موفقیتشان در تدریس رابطه معناداری وجود دارد. علاوه بر این، یافته ها نشانداد که تفاوت معناداری بین معلمان زن و مرد در ارتباط با تفکر انتقادی آنها وجود دارد، و اینکه معلمان دارای مدرکلیسانس با معلمان دارای مدرک فوق دیپلم از لحاظ تفکر انتقادی متفاوت هستند. به طور خاص، معلمان مرد دارایمدرک لیسانس بیشترین بهره از تفکر انتقادی را دارا بودند. Manuscript profile -
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425 - بسوی ارائه تعریف عملیاتی از تفکر نقادانه
پرویز بیرجندی محمدباقر باقری پرویز مفتونین مقاله با پیشنهاد تعریفی عملی و بروز از تفکر نقادانه زمینه لازم برای ارائه تعریفی عملیاتی از این انگاره پیچیده را فراهم می آورد. پس از بررسی دقیق تعریفها والگوهای پیشنهاد شده توسط صاحب نظران این رشته، مشخصه های اصلی این مفهوم گسترده شناسایی و دسته بندی گردید وتعریفی ع Moreین مقاله با پیشنهاد تعریفی عملی و بروز از تفکر نقادانه زمینه لازم برای ارائه تعریفی عملیاتی از این انگاره پیچیده را فراهم می آورد. پس از بررسی دقیق تعریفها والگوهای پیشنهاد شده توسط صاحب نظران این رشته، مشخصه های اصلی این مفهوم گسترده شناسایی و دسته بندی گردید وتعریفی عملی مطابق با توصیفگرهای اصلی بدست آمده پیشنهاد شد.این تعریف دارای سه مولفه اصلی است که عبارتند از: تجزیه و تحلیل ذهن، ارزیابی داده ها و تفکردرآموزش. سپس عناصرتشکیل دهنده هر یک ازاین سه مولفه شناسایی و دسته بندی شد به گونه ای که پیچیدگی موجود دراین انگاره را بتوان درقالب یک الگو به تصویر کشید. دراین مقاله عناصر سازنده تفکر نقادانه به گونه ای صورت بندی شده است که بتوان تعریفی عملیاتی از آن ارائه کرد. دو دلیل اصلی برای انجام این پژوهش وجود داشت. نخست اینکه انگاره تفکر نقادانه درطول زمان رشد کرده وبه صورت مفهومی چند لایه درآمده که مجموعه ای از توانایی های ذهنی و خصلت های فکری را در بر می گیرد. دوم اینکه علیرغم به رسمیت شناخته شدن نقش بی بدیل تفکر نقادانه در آموزش، از قابلیت های آن برای رسیدن به اهداف آموزشی بهره لازم برده نمی شود. Manuscript profile -
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426 - بکارگیری آموزش مبتنی بر سخن کاوی نقادانه بر پیچیدگی ساختاری، صحت و روانی نگارش زبان آموزان
حمید مرعشی اعظم چیذریهدف از این مطالعه، بررسی تأثیر آموزش مبتنی بر سخن کاوی نقادانه بر پیچیدگی ساختاری، صحت و روانی نگارش زبان آموزان انگلیسی بود. بدین منظور، 60 زبان آموز سطح متوسط از میان 100 زبان آموز بر اساس نحوه پاسخگویی خود به یک آزمون نمونه پایلوت شده PET انتخاب شدند و به صورت تصادفی Moreهدف از این مطالعه، بررسی تأثیر آموزش مبتنی بر سخن کاوی نقادانه بر پیچیدگی ساختاری، صحت و روانی نگارش زبان آموزان انگلیسی بود. بدین منظور، 60 زبان آموز سطح متوسط از میان 100 زبان آموز بر اساس نحوه پاسخگویی خود به یک آزمون نمونه پایلوت شده PET انتخاب شدند و به صورت تصادفی به 2 گروه آزمایشی و کنترل متشکل از 30 زبان آموز در هر گروه تقسیم شدند. هر 2 گروه تحت یک میزان آموزش در طی 17 جلسه قرار گرفنتد و گروه آزمایشی آموزش مبتنی بر سخن کاوی نقادانه را تجربه کردند. در پایان، هر 2 گروه در پس آزمون یکسان شرکت کردند و میانگینهای آنان از طریق آنالیز چندمتغیره واریانس مقایسه گردید و نتیجه آن که هر 3 فرضیه رد شدند و ثابت شد که پیچیدگی ساختاری، صحت و روانی نگارش زبان آموزان گروه آزمایشی به میزان معناداری بهتر از گروه کنترل بود. Manuscript profile -
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427 - بررسی ادراک معلم زبان انگلیسی زبان ایرانی از آگاهی فرهنگی انتقادی
مصطفی غفّاری داوود کوهی مرتضی اصل رسولیاین پژوهش تلاشی برای بررسی ادراک معلمان ایرانی دوره متوسطه از آگاهی فرهنگی انتقادی بود (CCA). شرکت کنندگان در این پژوهش 307 نفر از معلمان دبیرستان های مختلف شهر قزوین بودند. تمامی شرکت کنندگان پرسشنامه آگاهی فرهنگی انتقادی را تکمیل کردند. سپس دادهها وارد نرمافزار SPSS Moreاین پژوهش تلاشی برای بررسی ادراک معلمان ایرانی دوره متوسطه از آگاهی فرهنگی انتقادی بود (CCA). شرکت کنندگان در این پژوهش 307 نفر از معلمان دبیرستان های مختلف شهر قزوین بودند. تمامی شرکت کنندگان پرسشنامه آگاهی فرهنگی انتقادی را تکمیل کردند. سپس دادهها وارد نرمافزار SPSS شده و تحت آنالیز مؤلفههای اصلی قرار گرفتند. سه عامل استخراج و به عنوان آگاهی فرهنگی انتقادی در برنامههای آموزش زبان انگلیسی ، آگاهی فرهنگی انتقادی در مواد و کتابهای درسی آموزش زبان انگلیسی و آگاهی فرهنگی انتقادی در اصطلاح عمومی نامگذاری شدند که پاسخ های شرکت کنندگان بر اساس عوامل مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که ادراک آگاهی انتقادی معلمان نسبت به کتب درسی و مواد آموزشی زبان انگلیسی بالاترین عامل است. نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل گویهها نشان داد که معلمان نشان میدهند که همه فرهنگها باید در کتابها و مواد آموزشی زبان انگلیسی از وضعیت یکسانی برخوردار باشند. نتیجه گیری شد که آگاهی فرهنگی معلمان در خصوص ادغام فرهنگ با جریان اصلی تدریس باید افزایش یابد و در کلاس های خود به فرهنگ توجه بیشتری داشته باشند. یکی از کاربردهای مهم برای زبان انگلیسی به عنوان معلمان یادگیری زبان خارجی و همچنین طراحان برنامه درسی این است که یک برنامه درسی بین فرهنگی می تواند زبان آموزان را قادر سازد تا درک بهتری از مطالب مورد نظر داشته باشند. Manuscript profile -
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428 - ارزیابی سطح تفسیری فرکلاف از طریق معیار نیکی: یک نمونه ایرانی
علی منصوری نژادمطالعه حاضر تلاشی ارزیابی برای بررسی کاربرد روشهای تفسیر ارائه شده توسط فرکلاف (1989) در تحلیل انتقادی متون فارسی بود. ارزیابی بر اساس معیار نیکی ، چارچوب القا تحلیلی (AI) ایجاد شده توسط سیلورمن (1993) انجام شد. با این کار ، ما به تفسیر سخنرانی افتتاحیه رئیس جمهور ایران Moreمطالعه حاضر تلاشی ارزیابی برای بررسی کاربرد روشهای تفسیر ارائه شده توسط فرکلاف (1989) در تحلیل انتقادی متون فارسی بود. ارزیابی بر اساس معیار نیکی ، چارچوب القا تحلیلی (AI) ایجاد شده توسط سیلورمن (1993) انجام شد. با این کار ، ما به تفسیر سخنرانی افتتاحیه رئیس جمهور ایران ، دکتر روحانی در مجمع عمومی سازمان ملل متحد در نیویورک در سال 2013 پرداختیم. تفسیر مطابق با مدل تفسیر فرکلاف با توجه به نظریه القا تحلیلی انجام شد چارچوب نتیجه مطالعه از عملی بودن مدل کلی تفسیر در زمینه ایرانی حمایت کرد. با این حال ، با توجه به زمینه خاص جامعه شناختی ایرانی ، در این تحقیق همچنین پیشنهادهایی با توجه به تفسیر انسجام محلی و ساختار متن در بخش پایین مدل و همچنین شرایط موقعیتی و زمینه بینا متنی در بخش بالا ارائه شده است. Manuscript profile -
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429 - بررسی تاثیر به کاربردن آنالیز نقادانه نیازهای زبان آموزان ایرانی سطح متوسط بر ارتقای سطح مهارت گفتاری آنها
سارا ظفری حسین حیدری تبریزی عزیزه چالاکدر سراسر جهان انگلیسی به عنوان زبان خارجی و یا زبان دوم تدریس میشود. در سیستم اموزشی ایران نیز به عنوان زبان خارجی تدریس میشود. با این وجود، همیشه این موضوع مطرح بوده است که برنامه های زبان انگلیسی به عنوان زبان خارجی بدون انجام یک تجزیه و تحلیل نقادانه از نقطه نظر دانش Moreدر سراسر جهان انگلیسی به عنوان زبان خارجی و یا زبان دوم تدریس میشود. در سیستم اموزشی ایران نیز به عنوان زبان خارجی تدریس میشود. با این وجود، همیشه این موضوع مطرح بوده است که برنامه های زبان انگلیسی به عنوان زبان خارجی بدون انجام یک تجزیه و تحلیل نقادانه از نقطه نظر دانش اموزان برنامه ریزی شده است.تحقیق پیش رو به تاثیربررسی انجام آنالیز نقادانه نیازهای دانش آموزان در پیشرفت مهارت گفتاری آنها پرداخت. بدین منظور 128 زبان آموز سطح متوسط ایرانی از سه آموزشگاه خصوصی زبان انتخاب شده و به دو گروه ازمایشی و گروه کنترل تقسیم شدند. ضروریات، نیازها و فقدان های دانش اموزان از طریق یک پرسشنامه و مصاحبه نیمه ساختاری مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. بر طبق نتایج امار استنباطی بیشترین میانگین متعلق به ضروریات پس از ان به فقدان ها و سپس نیازهای دانش اموزان بود. برخلاف گروه آزمایش، گروه کنترل به صورت برنامه درسی از پیش تعیین شده ی تحت آموزش قرار گرفته اند. نتایج آزمون تی نمونه های مستقل حاکی از آن بود که در پس آزمون مهارت های گفتاری شرکت کنندگان در گروه آزمایش تفاوت عمده ای با گروه کنترل داشت. Manuscript profile -
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430 - ملاقات مجدد با راهبردهای ارتباطی: نگاهی فراتر از رویکردهای تعاملی و روانشناختی
Vahid Rahmani Doqaruni حسین نجاریراهبردهای ارتباطی در زبان دوم به صورت سنتی از دو منظر تعاملی و روانشناختی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته­اند. با این وجود، این مقاله بر آن است تا رویکردی انتقادی به جایگاه این دو دیدگاه رایج در رشته یادگیری زبان دوم داشته باشد. به همین جهت، گستره اهمیت راهبردهای ارتباطی از ط Moreراهبردهای ارتباطی در زبان دوم به صورت سنتی از دو منظر تعاملی و روانشناختی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته­اند. با این وجود، این مقاله بر آن است تا رویکردی انتقادی به جایگاه این دو دیدگاه رایج در رشته یادگیری زبان دوم داشته باشد. به همین جهت، گستره اهمیت راهبردهای ارتباطی از طریق بررسی دیگر جنبه­های مهم زبان در محیط زبان دوم که یا بر راهبردهای ارتباطی تاثیر می­گذارند و یا مورد تاثیر قرار می­گیرند بسط و توسعه می­یابد. این بسط و گسترش بر سه موضوع استوار است: اول، استفاده فراوان از راهبردهای ارتباطی در گفتار معلمان غیر بومی زبان انگلیسی در محیط کلاسی مورد توجه قرار می­گیرد. دوم، نقش نادیده گرفته شده راهبردهای ارتباطی گفتمان محور در مطالعات گذشته برجسته می­شود. سوم، رابطه خاص راهبردهای ارتباطی با کارکرد توجه کردن فرضیه برون­داد مورد بررسی قرار می­گیرد. هدف نهایی از به چالش کشیدن نظرات و مفاهیم موجود و همچنین بررسی انتقادی فرضیات نظری، بازسازی مفهوم راهبردهای ارتباطی در مطالعات یادگیری زبان دوم است Manuscript profile -
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431 - تحلیل انتقادی بصری نمادهای جنسیت در مواد درسی آموزش زبان انگلیسی از دیدگاه چند بعدی
توران آهور پردیس زعفرانیدراین تحقیق محتوایی با بکارگیری دیدگاه چند بعدی و تحلیل انتقادی بصری نماد های جنسیتی در سری کتابهای تاپ ناچ که از پرکاربردترین کتابهای آموزش زبان انگلیسی در ایران میباشند، مورد بررسی قرارگرفته است. برای این منظورشش تصویر از این کتاب ها انتخاب شده و از لحاظ ح Moreدراین تحقیق محتوایی با بکارگیری دیدگاه چند بعدی و تحلیل انتقادی بصری نماد های جنسیتی در سری کتابهای تاپ ناچ که از پرکاربردترین کتابهای آموزش زبان انگلیسی در ایران میباشند، مورد بررسی قرارگرفته است. برای این منظورشش تصویر از این کتاب ها انتخاب شده و از لحاظ حالت های معنایی "بازنمادی"، "تعاملی" و "ترکیب بندی" مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته اند. نتایج حاصله نشان داد که هیچ گونه پیش بینی قالبی و کلیشه ای در مورد جنسیت وجود ندارد و هر دو جنس مذکر و مونث عاملان اجتماعی در وضعیت برابری نشان داده شده اند. تحلیل انتقادی تصاویردر این تحقیق می تواند برای برنامه ریزان مواد آموزشی و نیزمسئولین انتخاب کتب آموزشی بطور کلی و کتب آموزش زبان انگلیسی بطور خاص اهمیت داشته باشد Manuscript profile -
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432 - تدوین و روایی سازی پرسشنامه ارزشیابی بکارگیری سخن کاوی نقادانه میان معلمین زبان
حمید مرعشی ندا احمدیتحقیق حاضر پژوهشی برای بررسی کاربرد سخن کاوی نقادانه توسط معلمین زبان انگلیسی در ایران در حین تدریس زبان است. بدین منظور، بعد از مطالعه منابع موجود در این زمینه پرسشنامه ای متشکل از 27 سوال طراحی شده و بین 120 نفر از معلمین زبان انگلیسی در چند آموزشگاه زبان در تهران پخش Moreتحقیق حاضر پژوهشی برای بررسی کاربرد سخن کاوی نقادانه توسط معلمین زبان انگلیسی در ایران در حین تدریس زبان است. بدین منظور، بعد از مطالعه منابع موجود در این زمینه پرسشنامه ای متشکل از 27 سوال طراحی شده و بین 120 نفر از معلمین زبان انگلیسی در چند آموزشگاه زبان در تهران پخش شد. بدین ترتیب در طی فرایند آماری مشخص، ابتدا پایایی پرسشنامه محاسبه شده و سپس روایی ساختاری آن از طریق تحلیل فاکتور مشخص شد. متعاقب محاسبات روایی، مقایسات درون گروهی (با توجه به عوامل جمعیتی جنسیت، سن و تحصیلات) انجام شد و نحوه پاسخگویی زیرگروههای مختلف نمونه 120 نفری بررسی گشت. پیامدهای کاربرد چنین ابزاری میان معلمین زبان انگلیسی و همچنین پیشنهاداتی برای مطالعات بعدی در مقاله بحث شده اند. Manuscript profile -
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433 - ارتباط بین تفکر نقادانه زبان آموزان زن و مرد ایرانی با ِیادگیری مستقل آنها
Nasser Ghafoori ناصر غفورییکی از اهداف اصلی برنامه آموزشی در قرن اخیر توسعه استدلال منطقی و یادگیری مستقل در کودکان بوده است. این کار به منظور آن انجام می شود که به آنها تعلیم داده شود که چطور در اجتماع یک فرد فعال و پویا باشند. پژوهش حاضر سعی می کند تا ارتباط توانایی استدلال انتقادی و یادگیری م Moreیکی از اهداف اصلی برنامه آموزشی در قرن اخیر توسعه استدلال منطقی و یادگیری مستقل در کودکان بوده است. این کار به منظور آن انجام می شود که به آنها تعلیم داده شود که چطور در اجتماع یک فرد فعال و پویا باشند. پژوهش حاضر سعی می کند تا ارتباط توانایی استدلال انتقادی و یادگیری مستقل زبان آموزان انگلیسی ایرانی مونث و مذکر را بسنجد. جهت نیل به این هدف، محقق از تست های مهارت انگلیسی، پرسشنامه استدلال منطقی و پرسشنامه یادگیری مستقل استفاده کرده است. این مطالعه در دو مرحله انجام گرفته است. در مرحله اول یک تست مهارت انگلیسی از 242 دانش آموز کلاس سوم دبیرستان از شهرستان ارومیه به آمد. از میان این تعداد 162 نفر به عنوان یک گروه با توانایی مهارت انگلیسی مهارت انگلیسی مشابه انتخاب شدند. در مرحله بعدی از آنها یک تست استدلال منطقی و یک تست یادگیری مستقل به عمل آمد. در پایان نتایج 144 نفر( چون عده ای پرسشنامه استدلال منطقی را کامل نکرده بودند) مورد بررسی و تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. ضریب همبستگی پیرسون نشان داد بین توانایی تفکر منتقدانه و یادگیری غیروابسته زبان آموزان انگلیسی ایرانی مونث و مذکر ارتباط معناداری وجود دارد. نتایج بدست آمده از این تحقیق می تواند کاربردهای مهمی در برنامه آموزشی برای معلمان، دانش آموزان و طراحان مواد درسی داشته باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
434 - راهکار خواندن انتقادی تطبیقی و تاٌثیر آن بر مهارت نوشتاری زبان آموزان ایرانی
مژگان رشتچی محمد آقاجان زادههدف از انجام این پژوهش بررسی تاٌثیر راهکار خواندن انتقادی تطبیقی بر مهارت نوشتاری زبان آموزان ایرانی است. به همین منظور شصت زبان آموز دختر و پسر بین سنین 19 تا 27 به طور تصادفی به دو گروه شاهد و تجربی تقسیم شدند. اعضای گروه تجربی متن هایی را که از نظر موضوع شبیه ب Moreهدف از انجام این پژوهش بررسی تاٌثیر راهکار خواندن انتقادی تطبیقی بر مهارت نوشتاری زبان آموزان ایرانی است. به همین منظور شصت زبان آموز دختر و پسر بین سنین 19 تا 27 به طور تصادفی به دو گروه شاهد و تجربی تقسیم شدند. اعضای گروه تجربی متن هایی را که از نظر موضوع شبیه به هم بودند خواندند و مقایسه کردند، در حالی که گروه شاهد مهارت خواندن را به شیوه متداول تمرین کردند، یعنی متن ها را خواندند و به سوالات درک مطلب پاسخ دادند. نتایج حاصل از بررسی آماری نشان داد خواندن انتقادی تطبیقی بر توانایی نوشتاری زبان آموزان در گروه تجربی تاٌثیر معنادار دارد. مقایسه ی مهارت خواندن دو گروه نشان داد تفاوت معناداری بین توانایی خواندن دو گروه وجود ندارد. به عبارت دیگر خواندن انتقادی تطبیقی روشی موٌثر برای بهبود توانایی نوشتاری است ولی مزیتی بر روش های معمول خواندن ندارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
435 - ارتباط هوش هیجانی و خواندن نقادانه فراگیران زبان خارجی
مهناز سعیدی ماندانا یوسفی در این مقاله توانایی خواندن نقادانه و بهره ی هوش هیجانی فراگیران زبان خارجی (انگلیسی) مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است تا هر گونه رابطه ی احتمالی بین آنها مشخص گردد. نتایج نشان می دهند که رابطه ی معنی داری بین توانایی خواندن نقادانه و بهره هوش هیجانی فراگیران وجود دارد More در این مقاله توانایی خواندن نقادانه و بهره ی هوش هیجانی فراگیران زبان خارجی (انگلیسی) مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است تا هر گونه رابطه ی احتمالی بین آنها مشخص گردد. نتایج نشان می دهند که رابطه ی معنی داری بین توانایی خواندن نقادانه و بهره هوش هیجانی فراگیران وجود دارد ولی هیچ تفاوت معنی داری بین توانایی خواندن نقادانه و بهره هوش هیجانی فراگیران مونث و مذکروجود ندارد. هم چنین نتایج حاکی از آنند که فقط مقیاس های درون فردی و کنترل پریشانی هوش هیجانی می توانند به عنوان عوامل پیش بینی کننده ی نمرات خواندن نقادانه در نظر گرفته شوند. یافته های این تحقیق پیشنهاد می کنند که اگر آموزش در نظر دارد مهارت فراگیران را در تفکر نقادانه و تحلیل مسئله که از جمله مهارت های اساسی در موقعیت های آموزشی و زندگی افراد می باشد ،وسعت بخشد ،ضروری است که در جهت کنترل رفتار و احساسات فراگیران برنامه ریزی و اقدام شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
436 - رابطه تفکر نقادانه , خود کارآمدی و پنداشت مدرسان از تدریس اثر بخش زبان انگلیسی
نسیم شنگر فام ندا رهنما رودپشتیپژوهش حاضر، در وهله اول، تلاشی در جهت بررسی رابطه میان تفکر نقادانه، خودکارآمدی و پنداشت تدریس اثربخش مدرسان زبان انگلیسی است. بعلاوه محققان تلاش نمودند تا بیازمایند که کدامیک از متغییرها (تفکر نقادانه یا خودکارآمدی) پیش بینی کننده بهتری برای تدریس اثربخش هستند. ب Moreپژوهش حاضر، در وهله اول، تلاشی در جهت بررسی رابطه میان تفکر نقادانه، خودکارآمدی و پنداشت تدریس اثربخش مدرسان زبان انگلیسی است. بعلاوه محققان تلاش نمودند تا بیازمایند که کدامیک از متغییرها (تفکر نقادانه یا خودکارآمدی) پیش بینی کننده بهتری برای تدریس اثربخش هستند. به منظور نیل به این هدف، میزان توانایی تفکر نقادانه 143 نفر از مدرسان زبان انگلیسی بوسیله پرسشنامه تفکر نقادانه Honey (2000) بدست آمد. همچنین، احساس خودکارآمدی آنان با استفاده از مقیاس احساس خودکارآمدی مدرس Tschannen-Morgan & Hoy (2001) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. علاوه بر این، پنداشت آنان از تدریس اثربخش توسط پرسشنامه تدریس اثربخش Bell (2005) تعیین گردید. نتایج بدست آمده حاکی از این بود که به لحاظ آماری رابطه معناداری میان تفکر نقادانه و احساس خودکارآمدی مدرسان با پنداشت تدریس اثربخش ایشان وجود دارد. با این وجود، تنها دو مؤلفه تفکر نقادانه با عناوین تحلیل و سنجش، با پنداشت تدریس اثربخش رابطه معنادار داشتند. همچنین، مؤلفه های تفکر نقادانه رابطه معناداری با مؤلفه های پنداشت اثربخش داشتند. افزون بر این، نمایان شد که رابطه معنادار مثبتی میان تمامی مؤلفه های خودکارآمدی و پنداشت تدریس اثربخش به طور کلی و مؤلفه های آن وجود دارد. در پایان تجزیه و تحلیل رگرسیون نشان داد که احساس خودکارآمدی، پیش بینی کننده بهتری در مقایسه با تفکر نقادانه برای پنداشت تدریس اثربخش مدرسان است، هرچند که تفاوت چندان قابل ملاحظه نبود. این تحقیق، فواید ضمنی ای را برای آماده سازی و آموزش مدرسان زبان انگلیسی دارا می باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
437 - تهیه پرسشنامه انتقادی برای ارزیابی کتاب های آموزش زبان
سیاوش زکائی شعبان نجفی کریمی فرزانه نوری حکیم زاده افسانهارزیابی کتاب نقش به سزایی در کلاس های زبان انگلیسی دارد. انتخاب کتاب های مناسب منجر به نگرانی برای برنامه ها و موسسه های آموزشی زبان شده است. بنابراین، تهیه یک پرسش نامه هدفمند برای برسی کتاب های زبان انگلیسی از منظر انتقادی بسیار مهم است. برای این هدف 44 سوال پس Moreارزیابی کتاب نقش به سزایی در کلاس های زبان انگلیسی دارد. انتخاب کتاب های مناسب منجر به نگرانی برای برنامه ها و موسسه های آموزشی زبان شده است. بنابراین، تهیه یک پرسش نامه هدفمند برای برسی کتاب های زبان انگلیسی از منظر انتقادی بسیار مهم است. برای این هدف 44 سوال پس از مطالعات جامع در حوزه انتقادی زبانشناسی کاربردی و نظرهای کارشناسان این حوزه به دست آمد که توسط 326 معلم و محقق در رشته آموزش زبان انگلیسی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. سپس فرایند آماری تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی فاکتور 10 جز در راستای سوالات مشخص کرد. همچنین تعداد 6 سوال به دلیل نتیجه کدگذاری هم پایه در تحلیل آماری فاکتور ها از پرسش نامه اصلی خارج شدند. برای بررسی های عمیق تردر زمینه روایی پرسشنامه، تحلیل نسبی اثباتی فاکتور موردآزمایش قرار گرفت که نتیجه های آن از لحاظ آماری معنا دار نبوده اند. نتایج این تحقیق نقش مهمی در ارزیابی ایدئولوژیکی کتاب های آموزش زبان انگلیسی در ایران دارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
438 - The Examination of Formalization of Assignment with the Approach of Al-Orwato Al-Wousqa Point of View
Seyyed Ali Jabar Golbaghi Masouleh Abbas Ali Soltani Mohammad Taghi FakhlaeiThe written literature of the Shiite jurisprudence shows that some jurisprudential conducts are disputable among scholars of jurisprudence with regard to formidable uses of assignment for various commercial and economical transactions in the contemporary world. The famo MoreThe written literature of the Shiite jurisprudence shows that some jurisprudential conducts are disputable among scholars of jurisprudence with regard to formidable uses of assignment for various commercial and economical transactions in the contemporary world. The famous scholars of jurisprudence know that assignment is a contract including proposal and acceptance while others consider it as a unilateral right. This article deals with the criteria and criticism of these two points of view and clarifies that assignment meets the capacity of being contract based on transactors' will to be utilized as a proposal and acceptance or unilateral right. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
439 - Effect of the solvent types and extraction conditions on the quality and antimicrobial characteristics of Paeonia officinalis L. extract
Zahra Yaghobi koupaei Hajar AbbasiPaeonia officinalis L. is one of the species of the Paeoniaceae family. Its root has different effective compounds e.g., polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins, and monoterpenes. It shows biological activities such as antibacterial, anti-oxidative, relaxing and MorePaeonia officinalis L. is one of the species of the Paeoniaceae family. Its root has different effective compounds e.g., polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins, and monoterpenes. It shows biological activities such as antibacterial, anti-oxidative, relaxing and anti-pain properties. This study evaluated the effect of three solvents, ethanol/water, water, and water/ethanol/hexane on extracting the active ingredients. These solvents were applied by the methods of immersion, immersion with ultrasonic waves, and the use of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide with auxiliary solvents. The efficiency, qualitative characteristics (pH, polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant properties) and antimicrobial properties of the extracts were evaluated by the well-diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium and Candida albicans. Also, the MIC and MBC of the extracts on the activity of these organisms were determined. The results showed that the independent variables significantly affect the quantity and quality of the produced extracts (P ≤ 0.05). Using the water/ethanol, and the immersion method in combination with ultrasonic waves, the highest extract efficiency (17.66± 0.34), of the phenolic compounds (33.5±0.65) and antioxidant property (76±1.44) was obtained. The diameter of the inhibition zone for E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans in the vicinity of this sample was more than others. Meanwhile, the inhibition zone of S. Typhimurium was larger in the presence of watery extract using the immersion method. The quantity and quality of the extract using supercritical fluid was lower than others. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
440 - Comparative Study of Critical Thinking Skills of Ph. D. Students in Different Fields of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch
Kobra Namvaran Germi Sadegh Maleki Avarsin Elmira Khan GaldiCritical thinking, as one of the types of human thinking, is necessary for people at higher education levels. Past studies have reported the extent of critical thinking of students of different university levels low. This research aimed to compare the critical thinking MoreCritical thinking, as one of the types of human thinking, is necessary for people at higher education levels. Past studies have reported the extent of critical thinking of students of different university levels low. This research aimed to compare the critical thinking of Ph.D. students in different fields. The research method was causal-comparative. The statistical population was 1210 Ph.D. students in different fields at Tabriz Islamic Azad University. The sample size was estimated 212 people by Cochran's method. The sampling method was multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected through form B of the California Critical Thinking Skills Test and were analyzed using t-mean comparison and analysis of variance tests. Based on the findings, the mean score of critical thinking of Ph.D. students in the Tabriz branch is 18.81± 5.36. The critical thinking score was highest in the humanities faculty, 19.81±5.54, and it was lowest in the technical-engineering faculty, 17.04±5.19. The mean score of critical thinking in the Agriculture Faculty was lower than the Humanities faculty and higher than the Technical Faculty, 18.25±5.36. There was no significant difference between students of different fields in critical thinking, inference, and induction. However, there was a significant difference in analysis, evaluation, and induction components. Although younger students had more powerful analyses power and older students had more powerful inference power, there were no significant differences between the age groups of students in critical thinking. There were significant differences between men’s and women’s critical thinking, analysis, evaluation, and deduction skills. Women’s critical thinking, analysis, evaluation, and deduction skills were better than men’s. It is better to organize workshops on critical thinking skills for students (with priority for technical-engineering faculty) and ways to strengthen it for university professors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
441 - The effect of TRIZ instruction on creative thinking, critical thinking, scientific thinking, and self efficacy of students of humanities at the Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch, under different intellectual biorhythms
Rana Saken Azari Kianoush Hashemian Hassan Pasha SharifiThe study aimed to determine the effect of TRIZ (theory of Inventive problem solving) instruction on the creative thinking, scientific thinking, critical thinking and self-efficacy of students under different biorhythms. For this purpose, a sample of 120 female students MoreThe study aimed to determine the effect of TRIZ (theory of Inventive problem solving) instruction on the creative thinking, scientific thinking, critical thinking and self-efficacy of students under different biorhythms. For this purpose, a sample of 120 female students of Humanities at the Islamic Azad University of Tabriz were randomly selected from among volunteers. Due to decrease in sample size, 116 students participated in the study in six groups including experimental groups 1 and 2, control groups 1 and 2, and placebo groups 1 and 2. The study was a quasi-experimental research with pre-test post-test control group design. The independent variable of the study was TRIZ instruction, the moderate variable was intellectual biorhythm and the dependent variables were creative thinking, critical thinking, scientific thinking, and self-efficacy. The data was gathered through California critical thinking skills questionnaire (1997), Abedi`s (1373) creativity test, Scherer etal.`s (1982) general self-efficacy scale, and Liang etal.`s (2006) scientific thinking questionnaire. The data were analyzed by conducting univariate and multivariate covariance analyses. The results indicated thatteaching TRIZ under high condition of intellectual biorhythm increases creative thinking, critical thinking, scientific thinking and self-efficacy of the students. In other words, while teaching TRIZ leads to an increase in various aspects of thinking and self-efficacy, different Biorhythms (positive or negative) would moderate the results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
442 - An investigation of the teachers’ perception from critical thinking
Morteza razavian shad Khalil soltan QoraiThe goal of this research was to investigate the teachers’ perception of critical thinking. The research method was qualitative with interpretative phenomenology approach. To this aim semi-systematical interview was done with 24 teachers from Tehran tenth region. MoreThe goal of this research was to investigate the teachers’ perception of critical thinking. The research method was qualitative with interpretative phenomenology approach. To this aim semi-systematical interview was done with 24 teachers from Tehran tenth region. The teachers presented their views about critical thinking. Gathered data from these interviews were analyzed through Smith phenomenological approach. Four themes were obtained from interviews that can determine teachers’ perception of critical thinking. They included: 1.Critical thinking definition. 2.prerequisites of instruction critical thinking. 3.Critical thinking teaching methods. 4.The outcome of using critical thinking. The findings of the research present a clear picture of teachers’ perception about critical thinking. Since the teachers’ perception about the prerequisites of instruction for critical thinking and critical thinking methods were not appropriate, it seems necessary for teachers to be acquainted with these issues. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
443 - A study of life skills assessment among first grade high school students
Fariba Karimi Saeideh FekriThe purpose of the study was to determine high-school first grander students' life-skills in Takab Township. The research method was descriptive survey. The statistical included all the first grade students which added up to 1270 people, out of which 100 people was chos MoreThe purpose of the study was to determine high-school first grander students' life-skills in Takab Township. The research method was descriptive survey. The statistical included all the first grade students which added up to 1270 people, out of which 100 people was chosen as the sample size. The sampling method was random stage sampling. To gather the data the life skills standard questionnaire which included problem solving, empathy, creative thinking, decision making, coping with emotions and stress, critical Hinking, effective communication, self-awareness, interpersonal relationship. The face and content validity was confirmed by experts and according to cronbach’s alpha coefficient , the questionnaire’s reliability was 0.85.Data analysis was accomplished in two levels of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.(T test for a single mean, t test for independent). Findings showed that First-grade students’ enjoyment in decision making skill, problem solving, critical thinking and interpersonal relationship was average and in other skills was less than average. Student’s highest level of enjoyment was in critical thinking skill and their lowest level of enjoyment was in creative thinking skill. There is a significant difference between male and female students in Effective Communication skill and the average scores of girls were more than boys. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
444 - The Effect of Teaching Critical Thinking Skills on Iranian Advanced EFL Learners' Motivation
Parvaneh Rajati Nasrin Hadidi Tamjid Saeedeh AhangariCritical thinking, being one of the many skills teachers should teach, might be of great advantage to learners in improving their motivation. The present study was an attempt to probe the effect of teaching critical thinking skills on the Iranian advanced EFL learners' MoreCritical thinking, being one of the many skills teachers should teach, might be of great advantage to learners in improving their motivation. The present study was an attempt to probe the effect of teaching critical thinking skills on the Iranian advanced EFL learners' motivation. The study was carried out at Simin language center in Tabriz. From among 60 initial participants, 42 were selected based on the results of TOEFL Proficiency test. Then, the selected participants were randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group, each consisting of 21 participants. A motivation questionnaire, adopted from Salimi (2000), including 36 items on a 5- point Likert Scale, was administered at the beginning of the study to the students in both experimental and control groups in order to evaluate their motivation. Subsequently, the Watson and Glaser (1980) critical thinking appraisal, comprising 80 items on five subtests, representing critical thinking sub skills, were instructed to the 21 students in the experimental group.. The sub skills of critical thinking included skills such as inference, recognition of assumptions, deduction, interpretation, and evaluation of arguments. The instructional treatment took 10 sessions twice a week for advanced students. In each session, 20 minutes were devoted to the treatment. The traditional instruction was conducted in the control group. Analyzing the motivation scores, attained through independent samples t-test at the end of the treatment, and showed that teaching critical thinking skills had significant effect on enhancing the participantsʼ motivation. The obtained results have some implications for teachers. Through applying critical thinking skills in their classes, teachers can help their students enhance their motivation, and thus, improve their learning Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
445 - Factors hindering critical thinking within the Iranian High Schools’ Curriculum
Vahideh Alipour Maryam Seif Narghi Ezzatollah Naderi Ali ShariatmadariIran The quantitative results indicate that developing critical thinking in high school faces some barriers such as: low attention paid to the skills of analysis, synthesis, ambiguity tolerance, risk taking, and accepting the opponent views and etc.Iran The quantitative results indicate that developing critical thinking in high school faces some barriers such as: low attention paid to the skills of analysis, synthesis, ambiguity tolerance, risk taking, and accepting the opponent views and etc. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
446 - The Effect of Codification of General Policies for Service-Educational Benefit Organizations
Hamed Jafar Zanjani Hassan AkbariSome of the well-known or developing countries have distinguished status in the field of higher education in international competition. Most of the service-education institutes were pioneers in the past, but they are no longer very famous. Many of the experts in the sci MoreSome of the well-known or developing countries have distinguished status in the field of higher education in international competition. Most of the service-education institutes were pioneers in the past, but they are no longer very famous. Many of the experts in the science of management and planning, such as Fred R. David and Hangar believe that the solution to organizational challenges should be found in concepts such as goals, policy, mission and strategic policies of an institute. Planning is a process that has specified inter-connected stages for producing a coherent output in the format of a system of decisions. According to this definition, temporary and non-continuous decisions and policy-makings to lead the organization through the present and future time are not considered planning. Most plannings, based on the rational approach, have the following format: ideals and goals-projects and procedures-required resources. In models such as Brisson's Model, Hill's, BCG Model, and GE Model…, first of all, the ideals and goals of the organization are explained; then, the necessary projects and procedures are specified; and finally, the required resources are provided. Changes in the environmental conditions, policies, approaches, perspectives, structures, systems, etc. are the factors that can affect the ideals and goals of planning and ultimately changes the program. These conditions led to the thought that in planning, it should be possible to change the course of movement according to the changes, and to adopt a new route of action. With regard to the this approach, it will be possible to make organized decisions in order to attain strategic goals and to perform actions that will shape the nature of the organization, the type of the activities, and the reason for performing those activities by the organization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
447 - The Role of Critical Sociological Thinking on Young Iranian Advanced EFL Learners' Ingenuity of English Conversation
Maryam Kaviani Sahar Mahdavi -
Open Access Article
448 - The Effect of Critical Thinking on Reading and Writing Skills of Islamic Azad University Students in Third Area
Ali Asghar Razavi Fatemeh Noshinfard Fahimeh BabolHavaeji Sedigheh Mohammad Esmaeil -
Open Access Article
449 - Sociological Influence of Critical and Social Pedagogy on Young Learners' English Education
Maryam Kaviani Mokarameh Hamidi -
Open Access Article
450 - Sociological Explanation of Critical Thinking as an Effective Way of Teaching English Reading Skill among Young Iranian EFL Pre-Intermediate Learners
Maryam Kaviani Davood Mashhadi Heidar -
Open Access Article
451 - Proposing a Conceptual Model of Critical Success Factors in Lean Production Using Interpretive Structural Modeling and Fuzzy MICMAC Analysis
Mazdak Khodadadi Karimvand Hadi Shirouyehzad Farhad Hosseinzadeh LotfiSince companies are inclined to implement lean production, researchers have proposed a number of fundamental success factors to facilitate the implementation of this production approach. This study analyzes the critical success factors (CSFs) in lean production extr MoreSince companies are inclined to implement lean production, researchers have proposed a number of fundamental success factors to facilitate the implementation of this production approach. This study analyzes the critical success factors (CSFs) in lean production extracted from 14 review studies. The interpretive structural modeling approach is utilized to analyze the impact of these critical success factors on one another. The aim is to enhance insights into lean production and facilitate informed decision-making. In this article, a seven-tiered model is presented. According to the conceptual model of success factors in lean production, leadership is positioned at the base of the model and serves as the origin for other factors. It should be regarded as the foremost critical success factor in lean production. When establishing lean production systems, organizations and senior managers should focus on higher levels and critical success factors that underlie the model. Subsequently, nonfuzzy and fuzzy driving and dependence power analyses were conducted that the fuzzy matrix cross-reference multiplication applied to a classification (MICMAC) analysis provides deeper insights into the analysis of driving and dependence power. The fuzzy matrix cross-reference multiplication applied to a classification analysis helped identify some key factors that are highly effective for successfully implementing lean manufacturing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
452 - Examination the concept of archetype and its reflection in architecture
Elnaz BehnoudJung's psychoanalytic criticism and archetypal concepts as an interdisciplinary knowledge, with the knowledge that he created in the lower layers of the psyche, has presented new readings and works of art. Currently, archetype criticism is expanding and expanding in res MoreJung's psychoanalytic criticism and archetypal concepts as an interdisciplinary knowledge, with the knowledge that he created in the lower layers of the psyche, has presented new readings and works of art. Currently, archetype criticism is expanding and expanding in researches in the fields of humanities, art and architecture.With the growth and expansion of interdisciplinary activities, many different approaches and types have been proposed. One of these approaches is the archetype criticism approach, which has attracted the attention of researchers in the field of architecture in recent years. Architectural structures, as the first types of art, in addition to cultural features, contain information, knowledge and even memories related to previous generations, and part of their function is to transfer data and accumulate their inner selves to future generations. Therefore, the influence of the mind and psychological processes on the creation of a work of art is undeniable. There are always new things to discover and interpret in architectural works. Therefore, the influence of the mind and psychological processes on the creation of a work of art is undeniable. There are always new things to discover and interpret in architectural works. In the current research, based on interdisciplinary knowledge between architecture and psychology, archetypes are re-read from diverse, deep and internal angles. The purpose of this article is to answer the question of how to understand the reweaving of an accepted value in the subject of psychoanalysis in the architectural structure. Based on the nature of the research, this research has been written in a qualitative method using written sources. This research tries to discover their traces in architecture by studying archetypes and based on this, it identifies and introduces approaches that can be expanded. The research results show that architecture has two thresholds; First, the structural, industrial and material reality, and the second, the abstract, semantic, mental and spiritual dimension, is a suitable field for the symbolic reflection of archetypes. The investigation of Iranian architecture has often included stylistic, technical, historical criticisms or deciphering visual symbols based on the knowledge of symbology and religious culture, which are mostly based on self-centeredness. Therefore, the void of psychoanalytic critiques in architecture is evident. The interdisciplinary approach, with the aim of achieving fundamental concepts in architecture, provides new aspects beyond the general perspective of the researches that have been done so far with a psychoanalytical reading. The investigation of the historical architecture of Iran has often included stylistic, technical, historical criticisms or decoding of visual symbols based on the knowledge of symbology and religious culture, which are mostly based on self-centeredness. Therefore, the void of psychoanalytic criticism in Iranian architecture is evident. It is hoped that this interdisciplinary approach, with the aim of achieving fundamental concepts in Iranian architecture, will provide new aspects beyond the general perspective of the researches that have been done so far with a psychoanalytical reading.It is hoped that this interdisciplinary approach, with the aim of achieving fundamental concepts in Iranian architecture, will provide new aspects beyond the general perspective of the researches that have been done so far with a psychoanalytical reading. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
453 - Classification, Prioritization, Intrinsic Value, Critical Infrastructure, Assets, Indices, Best-Worst.
Gholam reza hossein ali beyki Abbas Akbarpoor Nikghalb Rashti Seyed Azim Hosseini Hamidreza Abbasian JahromiToday, the growth and development of societies in economic, social, political, public health and security dimensions depends on the performance of critical infrastructure. Infrastructure management and management is one of the most important concerns in this field to en MoreToday, the growth and development of societies in economic, social, political, public health and security dimensions depends on the performance of critical infrastructure. Infrastructure management and management is one of the most important concerns in this field to ensure their proper performance and sustainability against the risks ahead. Securing and safeguarding critical infrastructure and key assets against all risks, factors and adverse conditions is one of the most challenging issues for governments due to limited financial resources. One way to overcome these limitations is to prioritize and classify infrastructure. Proper determination of priorities, using measurable indicators, in addition to distinguishing critical assets and infrastructure from non-critical ones, leads to optimal resource management and increases the effectiveness of measures to protect critical infrastructure. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate and validate the indicators of the vitality of critical infrastructure and determine the weight of each indicator by the best-worst method. The results of studies performed on 26 initial indicators and the validity and reliability of the indicators led to the final confirmation of 24 indicators. Weighting of indicators was done according to the best-worst method (BWM). Based on calculations based on the opinions of selected experts, the index "Number of population at risk" with a weight of 8.5%, "Independence and territorial integrity" with a weight of 7.8% and "Defense capability" with a weight of 7.8%, respectively, have the highest weight and importance. Are assigned among the indicators. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
454 - Explanation of Critical Urban Theories in Analyzing the Effects of Capital Accumulation on the Spatial Structure of Cities (Case Study: Tehran Metropolis)
Pouyan Mozaheb Saeid Piri Hamid Reza Sabaghi Ali reza EstelajiSince the 1970s, with the turn of industrial-production capitalism to financial capitalism under the process of globalization and in sync with neoliberal approaches, global cities have witnessed the influx of capital to accumulate and reproduce it in their spaces.This m MoreSince the 1970s, with the turn of industrial-production capitalism to financial capitalism under the process of globalization and in sync with neoliberal approaches, global cities have witnessed the influx of capital to accumulate and reproduce it in their spaces.This movement of capital from the production sector to space has caused the spatial structure of cities to undergo extensive changes in their spatial, physical, economic, social and environmental dimensions. The consequences of privatization and commercialization of the public spaces of cities in order to reproduce as much capital as possible and space competition and polarization of space can be considered as the result of applying such attitudes. In contrast to this prevailing thinking, urban critical theories have been formed based on the fundamental criticism of these approaches and the explanation of the root causes of problems and the consequences of these approaches on urban spaces. This research, with a fundamental approach and a descriptive, analytical method, and using documentary and library studies through qualitative analysis from the perspective of critical urban theories, explains the spatial structure of Tehran and the effects of capital rule on its spaces. And in the process of spatial data analysis, it uses a spatial model (GIS). The findings of this research show that the metropolis of Tehran, both in terms of urban development plans and urban management policies, has been significantly affected by these capital-oriented approaches. And it has faced challenges such as profit-oriented urban management, polarization of the physical and social structures of the 22 districts of the city, commodification of housing, exchange of land and real estate in the open market, change of use and privatization of space. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
455 - Analyzing the Character of Female in Sendbad nameh, Samak-e-Ayar and Bakhtiar Nameh on the Basis of Feminist Criticism
Farzad RostamiThe poets and men of letters have long been concerned with “woman” and its characteristics. Many narrators and authors have discussed this issue considering its different existential aspects. The works such as Samak-e-Ayar, Bakhtiar name and Sendbad nameh ar MoreThe poets and men of letters have long been concerned with “woman” and its characteristics. Many narrators and authors have discussed this issue considering its different existential aspects. The works such as Samak-e-Ayar, Bakhtiar name and Sendbad nameh are the works in lyric literature which are written in prose and have analyzed “woman” as a character in tales. The present analytic – descriptive paper studied and compared “woman” in the aforementioned folk tales. The result showcased a positive attitude towards “woman” in Samak-e-Ayar because of enjoying Iranian Cultural themes. Secondly, Bakhtiar name contained more reasonable and positive instances. Finally, Sendbad nameh had a more negative attitude because of being shadowed by Hindu culture and tradition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
456 - vahshiye bafghi Psychoanalytical criticism sharhe parishani
Kayomarth khanbabazadeIn his work “sharh-e- parishani”, VahshiyeBafghi explains his amorous relationship with his beloved. According to Freud’s Unconsciousness Theory, the poet ‘unconsciously’ elicits words and sentences unwittingly From his ‘unconscious&r MoreIn his work “sharh-e- parishani”, VahshiyeBafghi explains his amorous relationship with his beloved. According to Freud’s Unconsciousness Theory, the poet ‘unconsciously’ elicits words and sentences unwittingly From his ‘unconscious’ or ‘Id’ which reveals both his ‘Id’ and ‘inner self’ to us. However, the poet tries to control his ‘unconsciousness’ completelyand conceal the reality of his ‘inner self’.As Freud has told,in this way he sends his desires to his ‘unconsciousness’ and pays for being civilized. Following this track, the poet sometimes justifies his sliptonguesthrough alluding to an old and sacred story. Vahshi’s efforts i.e. the conflict between ‘consciousness’ and ‘unconsciousness’ has led to an internal conflict in his poem which continues up to the end of the poem, and the poet is not able to release himself from this conflict and cannot come to a conclusion absolutely. That is why he pours out his heart to the beloved in order to soften his heart and come to terms with him. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
457 - An Inquiry to the Meaning of a Verse of Hafez
Mehdi Tadayyon Seyed Ali Mahmoudi Lahijaniحافظ اگر سجدة تو کرد مکن عیب کافر عشق ای صنم گناه نداردThis verse is one of the verses that seem complex and ambiguous in terms of meaning. Many commentators misinterpreted the meaning of the verse, which rooted in the lack of observation of the exact meaning of the com Moreحافظ اگر سجدة تو کرد مکن عیب کافر عشق ای صنم گناه نداردThis verse is one of the verses that seem complex and ambiguous in terms of meaning. Many commentators misinterpreted the meaning of the verse, which rooted in the lack of observation of the exact meaning of the composition "unbeliever to love", which has caused most commentators have referred to the general meaning of the verse and they did not interpret the key phrases. Therefore, most of the descriptions of this verse are not based on correct logic and reasoning, and some commentators have repeated the same mistakes of their predecessors. Accordingly, this question is raised that what is the meaning of this verse based on the prevailing thought of Hafez's sonnets? This article is focused on reviewing the critiques of the verse and their critique. Based on the meaning of the combination of "unbeliever to love" in Persian literature, it can be seen that the beloved blamed Hafiz for prostrating to others than god, and in response, Hafiz considered the infidel of love innocent of any sin and error; Because this mistake and sin arise by the lover. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
458 - The Textual Criticism of the Storyology of King Jamshid
Hasan Zolfaghari seyede Ziba BehroozOne of the popular Persian folk tales in the Qajar era is Malek Jamshid, Asef Spell and Crystal Bath, which is the last remaining Persian mythological tradition by Naqib al-Malak. It is one of the rare folk tales that the author has. The author of this book and Amir Ars MoreOne of the popular Persian folk tales in the Qajar era is Malek Jamshid, Asef Spell and Crystal Bath, which is the last remaining Persian mythological tradition by Naqib al-Malak. It is one of the rare folk tales that the author has. The author of this book and Amir Arsalan are the same, but Malek Jamshid has been less known due to Amir Arsalan's fame. The difference between these two books is due to the audiences; Malik Jamshid's audience is general but that of Amir Arsalan is specific. This study aims to familiarize the literary people with this less known story, its literary and social dimensions, and textology of it. Therefore, while introducing the story and its narrator, Mohammad Ali Shirazi, known as Naqib al-Mamalik, and introducing the manuscripts editions and making a report of the story, we try to deal with this work from three perspectives: first, linguistic and literary aspects; second, the narrative aspects and themes of the story, and third, the social aspects. Examining the literary and social dimensions of the story, in addition to revealing some aspects of life in the Qajar era, manifests the thoughts and ideas of people of that era and their tastes and entertainments. The purpose of this article is, thus, to introduce one of the Iranians’ fictional legacies in an era very close to the constitution and literary developments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
459 - Aesthetic Analysis of the Kalidar by Mahmoud Dolatabadi from the Perspective of a New Criticism
Elham FatahiThe study of the nature of beauty in various fields is the subject of "aesthetic" knowledge, which includes philosophy of beauty, beauty psychology, philosophy of art and art criticism. From an aesthetic point of view, it can be said that the main function of beauty is MoreThe study of the nature of beauty in various fields is the subject of "aesthetic" knowledge, which includes philosophy of beauty, beauty psychology, philosophy of art and art criticism. From an aesthetic point of view, it can be said that the main function of beauty is to create emotional harmony between man, nature and society. According to modern literary criticism, the only work in which the function of aesthetics - which proves that literature is an art - predominates - is a literary work. Discovering and adapting these new aesthetic features to Kalidar's novel will lead to understanding and receiving the artistic richness and discovering the literary institution of this work. The abundance of images, the organization of spoken music and repetitive human themes, the literary level of this novel is closer to the artistic standards of this literary theory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
460 - Ranked of Cluster Development Critical Success Factor (CSF) in Iran Industrial Cluster
A. Riahi -
Open Access Article
461 - Dissimilar DP780/DP980 Resistance Spot Welded joints: Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Critical Diameter
Bahman Valizadeh Mehdi Mansouri -
Open Access Article
462 - Effect of Post-Weld Intercritical Annealing on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of a Gas Tungsten Arc Welded DP700 Steel
Hamid Ashrafi Sayyed Erfan Aghili -
Open Access Article
463 - Channel bed unsteady analysis using critical shear stress and critical unit discharge (Case Study: Rivers Galali, Kurdistan)
میلاد رستمی Mohammad Mehdi HosainzadeOne of the key issues of erosion and stability of the river is the beginning the movement of sediment particles. Flow that will start moving particle, called the critical flow. The initial move threshold sediment particles has been investigated in several different meth MoreOne of the key issues of erosion and stability of the river is the beginning the movement of sediment particles. Flow that will start moving particle, called the critical flow. The initial move threshold sediment particles has been investigated in several different methods, most important of which are the average critical velocity, critical shear stress and critical unit discharge. To investigate the stability of the Galali river bed sediments in the according to river conditions used the critical shear stress and critical unit discharge methods. To determine initial move threshold sediment particles in the bed of the river were two cross-section of the river, two cross-section conditions were assessed. After that, the critical shear stress and critical unit discharge for four particle size D16, D50, D84 and D95 in each cross-section was calculated, and showed that in cross-section (1,2) in the bankfull discharge conditions all particles with sizes D16, D50, D84 and D95 begin to moving, and so in the bankfull discharge, sediment conditions will generally change. In cross-section (3) particles with a diameter D95 and the more it will be remain stable in the river bed, and other smaller particles of this size are starting to move. Due to further slope of the bed and width less active channel in the cross-section (1,2) has caused that all particles are unstable. Finally, the results from both methods were highly concordant, and this confirms that the use of these methods for stabilizes studies and sediment yield of river are appropriate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
464 - River floor instability analysis using critical shear stress and discharge critical unit (Galali river case study, Qorve, Kurdistan)
Mohammad Mehdi Hoseinzadeh Milad RostamiOne of the key issues of erosion and stability of the river is the beginning the movement of sediment particles. River sediment yield caused water turbidity, nutrients and pollution problems of water, buried in the water diversion facilities as well as filling the water MoreOne of the key issues of erosion and stability of the river is the beginning the movement of sediment particles. River sediment yield caused water turbidity, nutrients and pollution problems of water, buried in the water diversion facilities as well as filling the water storage lakes. Flow that will start moving particle, called the critical flow. The initial move threshold sediment particles has been investigated in several different methods, most important of which are the average critical velocity, critical shear stress and critical unit discharge. To investigate the stability of the Galali river bed sediments in the city of Qorveh, according to river conditions used the critical shear stress and critical unit discharge methods. To determine initial move threshold sediment particles in the bed of the river were two cross-section of the river, two cross-section conditions were assessed. After that, the critical shear stress and critical unit discharge for four particle size D16, D50, D84 and D95 in each cross-section was calculated, and showed that in cross-section (1,2) in the bankfull discharge conditions all particles with sizes D16, D50, D84 and D95 begin to moving, and so in the bankfull discharge, sediment conditions will generally change. In cross-section (3) particles with a diameter D95 and the more it will be remain stable in the river bed, and other smaller particles of this size are starting to move. Due to further slope of the bed and width less active channel in the cross-section (1,2) has caused that all particles are unstable. Finally, the results from both methods were highly concordant, and this confirms that the use of these methods for stabilizes studies and sediment yield of river are appropriate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
465 - Effects of supercritical fluid and distillation extraction methods on the yield, antioxidant and antifungal activities of Artemisia persica Boiss essential oil
Parvin Ramak Vahid Karimian Asghar SepahvandIn this study, aerial parts of Artemisia persica in blooming satage were collected from Noor Abad Research Farm (Lorestan province, Iran) in the summer of 2017. Essential oils of plants were extracted by water distillation and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method MoreIn this study, aerial parts of Artemisia persica in blooming satage were collected from Noor Abad Research Farm (Lorestan province, Iran) in the summer of 2017. Essential oils of plants were extracted by water distillation and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods and were analyzed by using GC/MS device. Antifungal properties of essential oils were evaluated on Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes strains by broth microdilution method. Antioxidant activity of the essential oils was also evaluated by two free radical scavenging tests, viz. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS). Essential oil yields were 1.7% and 1.7-5.7% in water distillation and SFE methods, respectively. Major compounds identified in the SFE method were Davanone (29%), lacintafuran H (18.1%), C-artedoglacia oxide (8.5%), and neurodevnet (7.6%). Davanone (22%), lacintaphoran G (7.1%), and D-artedoglacia oxide (6%) were the predominant compounds detected in water distillation method. The essential oil extracted by water distillation had the highest antifungal effects on E. floccosum and T. montagrophytes strains with MFC and MIC of 32 µg/mL. Water extracted essential oil presented the highest free radical scavenging capacity in DPPH and ABTS tests with IC50 values of 20.32 and 14.23 μg/ml, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
466 - Evaluation of Urban Regeneration Scenarios in old Urban Fabrics (A Case of the Eighth District of Tabriz)
seyamak safori basher beygbabaee parviz noorozyBased on the findings of this study, out of the 27 identified factors that contribute to fabric regeneration in Tabriz's Eighth District, nine factors were selected as critical drivers for screening. Among the scenarios, strong scenarios were selected as desirable ones. MoreBased on the findings of this study, out of the 27 identified factors that contribute to fabric regeneration in Tabriz's Eighth District, nine factors were selected as critical drivers for screening. Among the scenarios, strong scenarios were selected as desirable ones. Among the strong scenarios, the first, second, third, and fourth ones were identified as the most favorable scenarios due to the high degree of utility. The results show that improvement of indices: managerial factors, tourism development, restoration of monuments and traffic management are necessary for the recreation of Tabriz's Eighth District because these indices are on the verge of becoming a crisis and thus the continuation of this process impedes favorable regeneration in the Tabriz’s Eighth District. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
467 - Investigation of Physical Effects on Nanoparticle Size in Aerosol Solvent Extraction System
Li Tian Tian Kim Row -
Open Access Article
468 - Hydrogen rich gas production via nano-catalytic gasification of bagasse in supercritical water
Ahmad Tavassoli Masoumeh Ghalbi Ahangari -
Open Access Article
469 - Production of Hydrogen and Synthesis gas via Cu-Ni/Al2O3 catalyzed gasification of bagasse in supercritical water media
Reza Mehrani Ahmad Tavasoli Mohammad Barati Ali Karimi Masoumeh Ghalbi Ahangari -
Open Access Article
470 - Critical Cultural Awareness in Iranian ELT Coursrbooksd: Coursebook Realizations and Ideals
Mostafa Ghaffari داوود کوهی مرتضی اصل رسولی -
Open Access Article
471 - تأثیر ترکیبی تفکر انتقادی و ارزی ابی پوی ا بر بهبود عملکرد نوشتاری زبان آموزان ایرانی: تمرکز بر آموزش راهبردهای نوشتاری
Raheleh Taheri Hossein Vahid Dastjerdi Omid Tabatabaei Hadi Salehiاین تحقیق با هدف بررسی تأثیرترکیبی تفکر انتقادی و ارزیابی پویا بر افزایش عملکرد نوشتاری زبان آموزان ایرانی زبان انگلیسی، به ویژه با تمرکز بر آموزش راهبردهای نوشتاری انجام شد. ما 80 شرکتکننده در سطح متوسط را از میان حدود 200 زبانآموز در یک موسسه معتبر (گویش) انتخاب کرد Moreاین تحقیق با هدف بررسی تأثیرترکیبی تفکر انتقادی و ارزیابی پویا بر افزایش عملکرد نوشتاری زبان آموزان ایرانی زبان انگلیسی، به ویژه با تمرکز بر آموزش راهبردهای نوشتاری انجام شد. ما 80 شرکتکننده در سطح متوسط را از میان حدود 200 زبانآموز در یک موسسه معتبر (گویش) انتخاب کردیم. این شرکت کنندگان به طور مساوی به دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل تقسیم شدند. گروه آزمایش (EG) راهبردهای نوشتاری را با به کارگیری اصول تفکر انتقادی و ارزیابی پویا دریافت کردند. گروه کنترل (CG) راهبردهای نوشتاری را از طریق روش های سنتی بدون دریافت تفکر انتقادی یا اصول ارزیابی پویا دریافت کردند. دو گروه تحت یک پیش آزمون نوشتاری برای ارزیابی مهارت های نوشتاری اولیه خود قرار گرفتند و پس از درمان برای سنجش میزان پیشرفت نوشتاری خود، با استفاده از معیارهای ارزشیابی مشابه با معیارهای پیش آزمون، در پس آزمون شرکت کردند. سپس از ابزارهای آماری مناسب برای سنجش پیشرفت نوشتاری شرکت کنندگان در نتیجه روش های آموزشی استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که ادغام ارزیابی پویا و استراتژی های تفکر انتقادی به طور قابل توجهی مهارت های ارتباطی نوشتاری شرکت کنندگان را بهبود می بخشد. این یافته ها برای مدرسان زبان انگلیسی، طراحان برنامه درسی و توسعه دهندگان مواد نویدبخش است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
472 - مدل ساز ی معادلات ساختار ی رابطه بین ذهنی زبان آموزان و ویژگی ها ی فرد ی: مورد خودکارآمد ی ، خودمختار ی ، تفکر انتقادی
Samira Soltani Fariba Rahimi Esfahani Sajad Shafieeاین مطالعه با هدف بررسی تعدادی از اهداف انجام شد: بررسی کرد که آیا خودکارآمدی ، استقلال یادگیرنده ، و تفکر انتقادی نقش مهمی در پیشبی نیذهنی ت زبان زبان آموزان EFL دارند یا خیر. همچنین روابط مستقیم و غیرمستقیم بین تمامی متغیرهای فوق را مورد بررسی قرار داد. برای دستیابیبه Moreاین مطالعه با هدف بررسی تعدادی از اهداف انجام شد: بررسی کرد که آیا خودکارآمدی ، استقلال یادگیرنده ، و تفکر انتقادی نقش مهمی در پیشبی نیذهنی ت زبان زبان آموزان EFL دارند یا خیر. همچنین روابط مستقیم و غیرمستقیم بین تمامی متغیرهای فوق را مورد بررسی قرار داد. برای دستیابیبه این اهداف، از طرح پیمایش همبستگی استفاده شد. پرسشنامه های نظرسنجی )پرسشنامه راهبردهای انگ یزشی برای یادگیری (MSLQ) ،پرسشنامه خودمختاری یادگیرنده ، آزمون مهارت های تفکر انتقادی کالیفرنی ا (CCTST) و پرسشنامه ذهنی ت ها ی زبانی (LMI) بر روی بیش از700 زبان آموز زبان انگلیسی متوسطه مرد و زن که از طریق نمونه گیری آسان انتخاب شده بودند، اجرا شد. موسسات زبان در اصفهان، ایران وداده های مورد نیاز جمع آوری و با روش تحلیل مسیر در محیط SmartPLS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفت. این یافته پیامدهای مفیدیبرای معلمان زبان دارد. ذهنیتها ی رشد باید برای اجرای صح یح مداخلات ذهنی توسط آنها گرفته شود و مدلسازی شود تا فراگیران بتوانندظرفیتهای انعطافپذ یر خود را به عنوان بازتابی از تلاشهای خود درک کنند. یادگیرنده ای که به موفقی ت آنها در زندگی کمک می کند.یادگیرندگانی که برا ی افزای ش خودکارآمدی تحت مداخله ذهن یت رشد قرار میگیرند ، از موفقیت تحص یلی بی شتر و تعهد به یادگیری بهره خواهند برد .کلمات کلید ی: تفکر انتقادی. ذهنی ت زبانی ؛ خودمختاری یادگیرنده ؛ خودکارآمد ی Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
473 - Teaching Critical Thinking through a Dialogic Approach: The infusion model
Zahra Kheradmand Saadi Naser Rashidi -
Open Access Article
474 - The Effect of Teaching Critical Thinking Strategies on Students’ Academic Writing, Critical Thinking Ability, and Critical Thinking Dispositions
Ali Taghinezhad Mohammad Javad Riasati Fatemeh Behjat -
Open Access Article
475 - The Role of Critical Thinking Orientation on the Learners’ Use of Communicative Strategies
Ramin Asadi Jamnani Davood Mashhadi Heidar -
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476 - The Impact of Implementing Critical Appraisal on EFL Teachers’ Data Analysis Knowledge
Alireza Zaker Mania Nosratinia Parviz Birjandi Massood Yazdani Moghaddam -
Open Access Article
477 - The Representation of Social Actors in Top Notch Textbook Series: A critical discourse analysis perspective
Safoura Davari Mohammad Raouf Moini -
Open Access Article
478 - Relationship between Teaching Experience, Academic Qualifications and In-service Training Courses: The case of Iranian EFL teachers' use of critical thinking-based teaching strategies
DOR: 20.1001.1.23223898.2021.9.37.6.4
Masoud Azizi Abarghoui Saeed Ketabi Mohsen Shahrokhi -
Open Access Article
479 - Reacting to “Failure and Triumph” among Iranian Soccer Coaches: A CDA outlook of the sports media language
Marzieh Nezakat-Alhossaini Hossein Vahid Dastjerdi -
Open Access Article
480 - Effects of Critical Pedagogy on Iranian Upper-intermediate EFL Learners’ Writing Quantity and Quality
Zhila Zabihi Ahmad Ameri-Golestan -
Open Access Article
481 - The Effect of Critical Thinking and Brainstorming as Pre-Writing Stage Activities on EFL Pre-Intermediate Learners’ Expository Writing
Elham Namani Bahman Gorjian -
Open Access Article
482 - Representation of Ideological Assumptions in Iranian EFL Textbooks with Reference to Critical Pedagogy and Critical Metaphor Analysis
DOR: 20.1001.1.23223898.2021.9.36.12.8
Samaneh Mehdipoor Hossein Vahid Dastjerdi Omid Tabatabaei Hadi Salehi -
Open Access Article
483 - Predictive Power of Test-taking Strategies, Critical Thinking, and Self-efficacy in Accounting for Female Iranian Ph.D. Students’ Language Proficiency: The Case of EPT
Fariba Rahimi Esfahani -
Open Access Article
484 - Metaphoric Language Use in a Sample of Modern Political Discourse on Iran-West Relations
Somayyeh Jafarnezhad Bahloul Salmani Hossein Sadegh Oghli -
Open Access Article
485 - Impact of STAD model of Cooperative Learning on Iranian EFL Learners’ Critical Thinking and Motivation
Abolhassan Nazari Omid Tabatabaei Mohammad Ali Heidari Shahreza -
Open Access Article
486 - Heat Transfer Analysis and Estimation of CHF in Vertical Channel
K. Dolati Asl E. ‎ Abedini‎ Y. Bakhshan‎ A. Mohammadi Karachi‎ R. Hamidi Jahromi -
Open Access Article
487 - Content analysis of “Religion and Life” curriculum in the high school program in Iran in terms of the emphasis on creativity, critical thinking, and self-assertiveness in students
Solmaz Khademi -
Open Access Article
488 - The Effectiveness of Teaching Through Concept Maps on Critical Thinking and Academic Self-Concept
Hosein Aflakifard Mohammad Ghalenoei -
Open Access Article
489 - Examining Aburiyeh's method in the analysis of Abu Hurairah's narrations.
mosa mosazadeh feyzollAh akbari dastak tahmine parsayi mohammad-hossein tavanaie sarh dineCriticism and refinement of the Hadith of Sir Nasara can be considered as one of the most important hadith research efforts of foreign scholars throughout the history of the Islamic tradition. And since he is the narrator of a large part of the hadith books of Sunnis, A MoreCriticism and refinement of the Hadith of Sir Nasara can be considered as one of the most important hadith research efforts of foreign scholars throughout the history of the Islamic tradition. And since he is the narrator of a large part of the hadith books of Sunnis, Abu Hurairah, who, according to the scholars of the science of men and hadith, narrated more than all the companions of the Prophet , To prove with historical evidence Abu Hurairah was not like other Companions, both in terms of being ahead in Islam and his motivation for believing in the Prophet and following the goals of the Prophet after his death, in order to acknowledge the conclusion he has reached that the role Abu Hurairah is falsifying the hadith.Mahmoud Aburiah is one of the contemporary Egyptian hadith scholars who authored the book "Muhammadi tradition in the passage of history" and "Abu Huraira Sheikh Al-Madirah" while examining the cognitive history of Islamic hadith of a number of its narrators, he did a documentary and textual criticism of Abu Huraira's traditions and using the criteria such as matching the hadiths with the Qur'an and the Sunnah, the non-contradiction of the hadiths with reason, and what has been proven by science has emphasized the fakeness of some of his hadiths. Based on this, this article tries to describe and analyze the data Hadith scholar to analyze and scientifically evaluate the position of Abu Hurairah and his narrations in the scale of criticism of Mahmoud Aburiah. Manuscript profile -
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490 - Anti-colonialism of Bakhtiaries With Emphasize Poem of "Rasurrection of Masjedsoleyman" By Darab Afsar Bakhtiari
Shabnam Hatampour Bita BabayeeradDiscovering oil in 1908 and establishing first oil well of the Middle East in the homeland of Bakhtiaries, Masjed Soleyman, have influenced that area and paved the ground for the British colonial presence in this area. Although native Bakhtiari wanderers early worked as MoreDiscovering oil in 1908 and establishing first oil well of the Middle East in the homeland of Bakhtiaries, Masjed Soleyman, have influenced that area and paved the ground for the British colonial presence in this area. Although native Bakhtiari wanderers early worked as the work forces in the oil facilities, they soon understand intelligently that they were seized for the colonialists' goals. The sense of oil ownership of their homeland, patriotism, and their disloyalty to the Pahlavie's government strengthen their distrust to the imperialists. This paper has considered anti-colonialism aspects in dialectical poem of Masjed Soleyman Resurrection, the most popular poem between Bakhtiaries, with sociological viewpoint. The result of this paper is as follows: Speech of the presence of colonialism and using oil of their ancestral land. Speech of the injustice of employers in deal with natives. Declaration of the lost generation. Declaration of the Pahlavi government. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
491 - Explanations and analysis of local poems seyyed mohammad seyyed
maryam taherzadehSeyyed Mohammad Seyyed was a capable poet of Behbahan, his Persian poetries are mentioned with a serious tone in the book, "seyyed`s knapsack" and his humorous poems are in Behbahani's dialect compiled in a book called "seyyed`s words". This book of "seyyed`s words" amo MoreSeyyed Mohammad Seyyed was a capable poet of Behbahan, his Persian poetries are mentioned with a serious tone in the book, "seyyed`s knapsack" and his humorous poems are in Behbahani's dialect compiled in a book called "seyyed`s words". This book of "seyyed`s words" among the people of Behbahan has a privileged position. The poet in this book addressed the problems of the people and the city of Behbahan considering the local dialect and its satire language. Some of poetic themes of this book aren't limited to the Behbahan community in general and public affairs in this research. Several poems were selected from this book and after reading and analyzing their contents, these poems are examined from the viewpoint of social critiques. Based on the classification of research methods, this research was conducted using content analysis and library method. In the final section, conclusions and researcher's views are presented. Manuscript profile -
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492 - A Method for Ranking, Assessment and Evaluation of Sustainability Factors in Project
Abolfazl Hesampour Mehrdad Nikbakht Hadi Shirouyehzad -
Open Access Article
493 - Optimal Operation of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Based on 100% Renewable Energy for Supplying Cryptocurrency Mining Farm and Critical Loads in Off-Grid and Grid-Tied States
Reza HemmatiThis research proposes a novel method for utilizing renewable energies in electric vehicle charging stations. In the proposed method, the required energy for charging the electric vehicles, the needed energy for supplying the cryptocurrency mining farm as well as the en MoreThis research proposes a novel method for utilizing renewable energies in electric vehicle charging stations. In the proposed method, the required energy for charging the electric vehicles, the needed energy for supplying the cryptocurrency mining farm as well as the energy for supplying the critical loads of the upstream grid are afforded by 100% renewable resources, and the electric vehicle parking station (i.e., charging station) receives no energy from the utility grid. In this model, the uncertainty of renewable energies and the mismatch between generation and demand are resolved by optimal charging-discharging of electric vehicles. While the utility grid is available, the electric vehicles are fully charged, the cryptocurrency mining farm continues operation at full capacity, and excess renewable energy is sent to the upstream grid to supply the critical loads. The critical loads are supplied from two directions of the grid and parking station. During an outage or blackout of the utility grid, the critical loads are fully supplied by an electric vehicle parking station. In this situation, the cryptocurrency miners are modeled as a responsive load. In the off-grid operation, the proposed planning manages the energy of cryptocurrency miners as well as the charging-discharging pattern of electric vehicles for reaching two objectives of fully charging all the electric vehicles and fully supplying the critical loads. If there is any surplus of energy, it is used to run the cryptocurrency miners. In the proposed model, since no energy is received from the utility grid, the issues related to cryptocurrency mining are inconsequential. The objective function of the proposed method is to minimize the number of discharge cycles on electric vehicles to avoid battery degradation. The problem is formulated as mixed integer linear programming and solved by GAMS software. The wind and solar energy uncertainty are incorporated in the model and an optimal charging-discharging pattern is designed for electric vehicles to confirm feasible operation under all energy variations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
494 - The Role of Critical Thinking in the Undergraduate Translation Training Programs
Rana Soleimani Garmroudi Mostafa Naghipoor -
Open Access Article
495 - The Role of the Ghulāt (Extremists) in the Formation of Sab’at Aḥruf Traditions
Mohammad Etrat DoustOne of the specialized topics in the field of Quranic sciences and is the theory of the multiple revelation of the Holy Quran based on the Sab'at Aḥruf traditions (which claim that the Quran was revealed in seven different readings). Apart from the necessity to identify MoreOne of the specialized topics in the field of Quranic sciences and is the theory of the multiple revelation of the Holy Quran based on the Sab'at Aḥruf traditions (which claim that the Quran was revealed in seven different readings). Apart from the necessity to identify the context on which they were issued from the Prophet (peace be upon him), what is of great importance and has caused a great deal of controversy among the Shiite scholars, is the fact that such traditions also exist in Shia works which support this theory, There are some traditions with the same concept coming from Imam Sādiq and Imam Bāqir. Since these narrations seem to contradict the other narrations of Imams about the Qur'an and that it was reveled in a single reading, and considering the fact that such traditions provide the basis for the belief in the distortion of the Qur'an among the Shiites, this study attempts to, by using both criticism and Sandy analysis and considering the historical discourse prevailing in the era of Imams Sādiqain (AS), reveal the reasons for issuing these narratives and their relationship with the socio-religious currents of the early days of Islam and explain a new view to understand such narrations. Considering the activities of the Extremists, their motivation for discussing the Qur'anic controversy, and how Aḥl al-Bayt (AS) was exposed to these false ideas, are among the topics discussed in this article. Manuscript profile -
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496 - The Archetypal Analysis of Yusuf's Dream Based on Semitic Symbols and Myths
zahra mohagheghianOne of the most important analytical areas in the study of the literary text of the Holy Qur'an is Archetypal analysis that interprets and explains the contents and concepts of this sacred text in relation to the psychological and cultural structures of its audience. Th MoreOne of the most important analytical areas in the study of the literary text of the Holy Qur'an is Archetypal analysis that interprets and explains the contents and concepts of this sacred text in relation to the psychological and cultural structures of its audience. This approach has been mostly influenced by Karl Gustav Jung's theories of the collective unconscious and archetypes, and is regarded as one of the most important approaches in contemporary literary criticism. The purpose of this study is to explore the dream of Yusuf (AS) with the help of this approach and discuss its archetypal angles. The main question in this study is whether the dream of Yusuf (AS) can be studied from the perspective of analytical psychology and the archetypal critique approach, as mentioned in the Qur'an or not; and whether it can be Interpreted and understood why they have been used or not. It is probable that the prostration of the sun and the moon and the stars have been derived from the central core of archeology that can be seen in mythology. If so, what this verse recounts, though it is a dream, reveals the collective spiritual truth of the people of the time of Yusuf (AS). Manuscript profile -
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497 - Distortion in the Narration of "Taqtuluhu al-Fi'ah al-Bāghiyah" (He will be killed by the rebel group) by Ṣahih al-Bukhāri
Jalal Rezayi Tiji seyed Mohsen MusaviThere are several motives for distorting the hadith in the religious sources of Sunni Muslims, and one of them is to eliminate the slips and mistakes of the companions of the Messenger of God (PBUH) and the disputes between them. In Ṣahih Bukhāri, there is a hadith in w MoreThere are several motives for distorting the hadith in the religious sources of Sunni Muslims, and one of them is to eliminate the slips and mistakes of the companions of the Messenger of God (PBUH) and the disputes between them. In Ṣahih Bukhāri, there is a hadith in which the Messenger of God (PBUH) uttered a sentence about ‘Ammār ibn Yāsir and prophesied his future with the phrase "Taqtuluhu al-Fi'atu al-Bāghiya" (He will be killed by a rebellious group) according to this prediction, ‘Ammār ibn Yāsir would be martyred by a rebellious group. This phrase does not appear in some printed versions of Ṣahih Bukhāri today. This article seeks to answer the questions that, first of all, whether the phrase in question existed in the text of the narration of Ṣahih Bukhāri from the very beginning or not? And secondly, is there a reason to prove the distortion of the phrase in some versions? According to the studies, this phrase was removed from the text of the hadith by Bukhāri, and later it was included in the text of the book in some versions. Manuscript profile -
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498 - 'A'isha and Traditions of the Companions: The First External Criticism of Hadith
yahya Mirhoseini kamal sahraei ArdakaniAisha, the wife of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), is known as one of the most important transmitters of Hadith in terms of quantity, due to her long life with the Holy Prophet (PBUH), her great influence among the companions, and the meeting of many of her followers. In addit MoreAisha, the wife of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), is known as one of the most important transmitters of Hadith in terms of quantity, due to her long life with the Holy Prophet (PBUH), her great influence among the companions, and the meeting of many of her followers. In addition to narration, she also played a role in understanding and criticizing Hadith; To the extent that she was considered one of the serious critics of narrations. Aisha, who introduced herself as one of the most knowledgeable in the tradition of the Prophet (PBUH), also dealt with the pathology of narrations. Some of these refinements are related to the identity and totality of the Hadiths, which are called external criticism in textual criticism. This descriptive study deals with her efforts in this field; The one that was later categorized in the science of Hadith with the term Ja'l wa Waḍ' (forgery), and was also included in the discussions of the ‘Ilal al-Hadith (problems of Hadiths). Criticisms can be expressed in this classification: confronting the entry of Arab superstitions, confronting the myths of neighboring regions, confronting false citations, correcting narrations about religious rulings, as well as opposing narrations that could weaken the position of women in society. The result of the article, in addition to showing the role of Aisha in the critique of Hadith and her verbal and practical confrontation with the narrations that some of the companions quoted inappropriately from her point of view, can show the first rules in the field of Hadith criticism. Manuscript profile -
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499 - Analysis of Common Rules in the Methods of Criticizing the Hadith of Muslims and the Methods of Dating the Hadiths of Orientalists
marjan shiri nosrat nilsazHadith is considered by Muslims as one of the most important sources of religious teachings and rules of Sharia, and the validity of the Hadith means that it is correctly attributed to its main speaker, Muslims have examined the authenticity of the Hadiths, not determin MoreHadith is considered by Muslims as one of the most important sources of religious teachings and rules of Sharia, and the validity of the Hadith means that it is correctly attributed to its main speaker, Muslims have examined the authenticity of the Hadiths, not determined the date of their origin. However, correcting or falsifying a Hadith is implicitly related to the issue of time. Counting correctly means accepting the issuance at the time of main speaker, but there are two possibilities in ruling that the narration is fake: being made by a person at the time of the main speaker; Forgery at a later time. Western scholars consider Hadith as a historical source and the important issue for them is to determine the temporal and spatial origin of Hadiths, they have invented methods for this purpose that have evolved over time.This study with the view that what evidence of attention to the issue of time and geographical origin of the narrations in the methods of critique of Muslim Hadith can be found by analyzing a part of the Hadith heritage has concluded that some rules and points considered by scholars and Muslim narrators share the rules and points that orientalists have used in various ways of dating. Among these cases. examining the writings and different methods of a Hadith, paying attention to the common narrator. Manuscript profile -
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500 - Methodology of Allāmah Sayyed Mortezā ‘Askari in the Historical Critique of Narrations
fatemeh kasraee Majid maaref Maliha al-Sadat Seyyed Reza DulabiContemporary thinker Sayyed Mortizā ‘Askari, realizing the dangerous harms that the forged hadiths have inflicted on Islam, tried to understand and purify the narrations in various fields such as Sira, Rijal, theology and Quranic sciences. Among the criteria which MoreContemporary thinker Sayyed Mortizā ‘Askari, realizing the dangerous harms that the forged hadiths have inflicted on Islam, tried to understand and purify the narrations in various fields such as Sira, Rijal, theology and Quranic sciences. Among the criteria which the contemporary hadith researchers determine for evaluating hadith authenticity, he benefited greatly from the element of reliable history. Through an analytical study of history and with a clear religious insight into the narrations, he revealed the truths that had been hidden from the eyes of many scholars and responded to many questions posed by orientalists and opponents. Reflecting on his works, it is obtained that his method was based on the isnad and content of hadiths. In his method of external criticism; discovering the degree of honesty and truth-seeking of the historian, restoring the narrator's credibility in addition to studying the chain of narrators, validating the book, were the elements which he considered, and in his way of internal critique; consolidation of the text, ensuring the accuracy of the narration, forming the family of the hadith, recognizing the meaning of the words in the narration and paying attention to the evolution of meanings and sectarian prejudices, were taken into account. Manuscript profile -
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501 - Historical Trend of Writing "al-Mowzuat" Books in Shiite Hadith: A Case Study of the Validation of AbuHurayrah Hadiths in the Scale of Criticism of Sharafuddin al-Āmilī
Feyzollah Akbari DastakTradition, as the second brilliant source of Islamic theology during its existance, has always been exposed to serious and dangerous harms and threats, the main root of which should be its various and effective and unique capacities and functions in explaining and moder MoreTradition, as the second brilliant source of Islamic theology during its existance, has always been exposed to serious and dangerous harms and threats, the main root of which should be its various and effective and unique capacities and functions in explaining and modernizing the basic knowledge of Islam in the fields of insight, value, and action. According to history, the approach of the phenomenon of fabricating and forging hadiths should be considered as one of the most important and damaging harms to the body of Islamic hadiths, in which some people, intentionally and with the motive of distorting and intentionally damaging religious foundations, fabricate hadith. The hadith scholars of the two Islamic sects, in different periods, by defining several methods and criteria, criticized and refined the documents and texts of the narrations, and extracted and purified the hadiths of the subject on their agenda, including Allama Sheikh Sharafuddin Ameli, who wrote the book. Abu Hurayrah, with a scholarly, innovative and non-biased approach, and has criticized the Isnads and texts of a number of selected Abu Hurayrah narrations by applying the seven criteria of Quran, Sunnah, authentic hadiths, intellect, history, science and natural laws as well as the problems within the text, He has proved the falsity of all of his narrations. The present article seeks to explain the methods and criteria of Allama Sharafuddin Ameli in criticizing the hadiths of Abu Hurayrah in the above-mentioned book. Manuscript profile -
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502 - Validation of Hadith Sources Using the Thematic Analysis Method (A Case study of the Book Kifāyatul Athar)
Mohammad Etrat Doost sayed Mostafa GahariThe Prophet’s (pbuh) Hadiths are one of the valuable sources in explaining the basics of Islam and its true interpretation. In the meantime, the hadiths that were issued in expressing the virtues and position of the Ahl al-Bayt (as) have a special value and positi MoreThe Prophet’s (pbuh) Hadiths are one of the valuable sources in explaining the basics of Islam and its true interpretation. In the meantime, the hadiths that were issued in expressing the virtues and position of the Ahl al-Bayt (as) have a special value and position, and it is necessary to study and examine them more carefully. A major part of these hadiths is collected in the book "Kifāyatul Athar of the Texts of the Twelve imams" written by Khazāz Rāzi, which unfortunately has been neglected throughout the history of Islam, and some even consider its hadiths to be weak. In this article, in order to validate the text and content of the hadiths of this book, using the thematic analysis method, we have tried to extract the themes and categories of the hadiths of this book and explain the network of their themes. The results of the research indicate the extraction of 575 basic themes from the 125 hadiths quoted in this book, which can be classified into five categories of organizing themes and two overarching themes: "explaining the general position of the Ahl al-Bayt (as)" and "introducing prominent imams". In the first part, the name, number and general characteristics of Ahl al-Bayt (as) are introduced; in the second part, some characteristics of prominent Imams such as: Imam Ali, Imam Hassan, Imam Hussain, Imam Mahdi and Lady Fatimah Zahrā (Peace be upon them) has been introduced, that the report of these cases is stated in the article. Manuscript profile -
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503 - The Evaluation of Hawting’s Methodological Viewpoints within the Domain of the Historical Literary Criticism of the Qur’ān
Hasan Rezaee Haftadur mohammad dargahzade safar nasirianNowadays, the precise and principled understanding of the orientalists’ viewpoints and their research methods in studying the Qur’ān as well as the scientific criticism of these viewpoints based on robust religious and intellectual principles are undeniable MoreNowadays, the precise and principled understanding of the orientalists’ viewpoints and their research methods in studying the Qur’ān as well as the scientific criticism of these viewpoints based on robust religious and intellectual principles are undeniable necessities. Literary criticism is a critical method that has been applied by the orientalists to the qur’ānic studies. One of the scholars that has used this method – of course via an intertextual approach – to study the qur’ānic verses is Gerald Hawting, the British Qur’ān researcher. Hawting’s literary criticisms against the Qur’ān are in three directions, namely the appearance of the Qur’ān in a sectarian atmosphere, the dialectical nature of the qur’ānic verses, and the temporal lateness of the Qur’ān compared to its audience. These three dimensions can be rejected based on the intellectual and narrative reasons, as follows. First, the mere connection of the Islamic world with the monotheistic religions that had appeared before it is not a reason for the effectiveness of those religions on the appearance of the Qur’ān. Moreover, unlike other sacred Scriptures, the Qur’ān does not have a human nature and its text involves various types of miraculous qualities such as eloquence, sublimity of meaning, and freedom from any disagreement in expression. All these wonders derive from its divine and non-human nature. ... Manuscript profile -
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504 - An introduction to the knowledge of stratification of hadith texts: typology, contexts and methods
mohaddeseh ghaderi ahmad zarezardini yahya MirhoseiniResearchers in the field of hadith, along with traditional methods, need new and more accurate methods to recover authentic hadith texts and find distortions and additions in hadiths. One of these methods is the layering of texts. In recent decades, this method has been MoreResearchers in the field of hadith, along with traditional methods, need new and more accurate methods to recover authentic hadith texts and find distortions and additions in hadiths. One of these methods is the layering of texts. In recent decades, this method has been looked at more seriously. But the void of stratification in the field of hadith sciences is very noticeable. Therefore, the present essay deals with the typology and investigation of the reasons for the emergence of different layers on narrative texts. The current research deals with the rereading of narrative texts in the form of stratification with a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research indicate that various reasons, such as the mixed description of the text, the fact that it has two authors, assembling, create multi-layeredness in the texts, and paying attention to the time, language, place and style of expression that governs the text in identifying different layers. can be useful. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
505 - Analysis of vital factors affecting trust after use and its effect on citizens' intention to continuously use electronic services in Tehran laboratories
Gholamreza solimani Mahnaz bahramikiaThe purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of analysis of vital factors affecting trust after use and its effect on citizens' intention to continuously use electronic services. The research method is descriptive in order to investigate how the variables h MoreThe purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of analysis of vital factors affecting trust after use and its effect on citizens' intention to continuously use electronic services. The research method is descriptive in order to investigate how the variables have a cause and effect effect, and in terms of purpose, it is of an applied type. The necessary information for the research was obtained through the study of theoretical foundations and a questionnaire of 140 people, which was randomly distributed among the referents and users of electronic services of Massoud Laboratory in 1401. Structural equation modeling using PLS technique has been used to analyze the data. The results of the data analysis showed that the clients' understanding of the quality of information, services and security and privacy has a positive and significant effect on their trust after use; The trust of visitors to the laboratory will have a positive effect on the trust in the laboratory after using it. The trust after using the laboratory will have a positive effect on the perceived usefulness and satisfaction of the clients, and the perceived usefulness and satisfaction have a positive effect on the intention of continuous use of the clients; But the results showed that the clients' understanding of the quality of the system and the clients' trust in the Internet do not affect their trust in the laboratory after using it, and the trust after using the laboratory does not affect their intention to continue using it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
506 - Futures Studies of Gas Industry in Iran based on Fuzzy MCDM Methods and Critical Uncertainty Approach
Mohammad Reza Fathi Abolfazl Khosravi Somayeh Razi Moheb Saraj Amirhossein Behrooz -
Open Access Article
507 - Criticism of the article "Planet and Star" by Paolo Konitch
ali tardastAbstract: The scientific references of the Holy Quran have long been of interest to Muslim and non-Muslim Quran scholars, especially Orientalists. It seems that their extensive studies are based on scientific assumptions that have not yet been fully confirmed. In the a MoreAbstract: The scientific references of the Holy Quran have long been of interest to Muslim and non-Muslim Quran scholars, especially Orientalists. It seems that their extensive studies are based on scientific assumptions that have not yet been fully confirmed. In the article "Stars and Planets" by Paulo Konitch, he mentioned several verses about stars and planets and the seven heavens, but on the other hand, alienation from Scientific issues and lack of proper understanding of the appearance of the verses and ignoring linguistics and words in the interpretation and explanation of the verses have led to wrong conclusions. With the use of interpretive knowledge and the evolution of the precise tools of experimental and definitive science, the secrets of the divine verses and their wonders are revealed, and a correct insight and understanding of the verses of the Holy Qur'an emerges. In this article, an attempt has been made to criticize this orientalist's point of view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
508 - Comparing the Effectiveness of Computer Games with Traditional Iranian Games on Critical Thinking of Students with Mathematical Disability
مهسا ساداتی بالادهی Beheshte Niosha Mahnaz AstekiObjective: Given that learning disabilities are the most important poor academic performance and traditional teaching methods are no longer responsive to current and future educational needs, the purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of computer MoreObjective: Given that learning disabilities are the most important poor academic performance and traditional teaching methods are no longer responsive to current and future educational needs, the purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of computer games with traditional Iranian games on the critical thinking of students with mathematical disabilities. Materials and Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of the present study included all fourth to sixth grade students in Tehran between the ages of 10 and 12 years who had mathematical disabilities in the academic year 96-97. For this purpose, 30 subjects were selected by purposive sampling method and then divided into 3 groups (control group, traditional games experimental group and computer games experimental group). Research tools were the revised Wexler children's intelligence test WISC-R (1949) and the KeyMath mathematical test (1976) for initial screening and the Cornell X Critical Thinking Questionnaire (1985) for the main review. Data analysis was performed using MANOVA and SPSS-24 software. Results: Based on the results, both traditional Iranian and computer games were effective in improving students' critical thinking. It is one of the traditional Iranian games (p <0.01). Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study, it was observed that the strategic computer game was very attractive to the participants and this could be one of the reasons for the success of this program. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
509 - A Survey of the Status of Smart Schools based on Standards and Comparison of its Students Academic Performance and Critical Thinking with Public Schools
Maryam Heidari Mojdeh Vaziri Fariba AdliThe present study aimed to investigate the status of smart schools based on standards and to compare its performance with that of public schools. The study method was descriptive survey. The statistical population included all girl secondary schools in city of Yazd. Two MoreThe present study aimed to investigate the status of smart schools based on standards and to compare its performance with that of public schools. The study method was descriptive survey. The statistical population included all girl secondary schools in city of Yazd. Two public high schools were selected via cluster sampling, and two smart schools were selected via census method. Instruments included smart schools evaluation check list (observation) to examine the present status of the schools, critical thinking skills test, and third grade average to measure academic achievements of the students. SPSS software was used for data analysis, and descriptive and inferential statistics (t test) were used to test the research questions. The findings showed that the current status of smart schools was in low level with respect to teaching-learning content, ICT infrastructure, trained teachers and computer communication with the schools. Only with respect to principals' use of computers it was in accepted level. Also, there was not a significant difference between smart school students' performance and that of the public school students in critical thinking but in academic achievement there was significant difference. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
510 - A Comparison of Impact of Blended Learning with Traditional Instruction on Critical Thinking and Happiness in Students
Azad Allah Karami Esmaeil Zaraei ZavarakiThe purpose of this study was to compare the impact of blended learning with traditional instruction on critical thinking and happiness in third grade students in Qods township. The research method was a semi-experimental. The statistical population included all the thi MoreThe purpose of this study was to compare the impact of blended learning with traditional instruction on critical thinking and happiness in third grade students in Qods township. The research method was a semi-experimental. The statistical population included all the third grade secondary school students in Qods town studying in 2012. The statistical sample was selected via available sampling method. Thus one school was selected since it was equipped with the necessary facilities for implementing blended learning. Two classes of third grade in this school were chosen as experimental and control groups. The tools used in this study were California Critical Thinking Test and Oxford Happiness Test. Both groups were given a pretest, and at the end of the semester a posttest was performed. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics including Covariance analysis test. The findings showed that blended learning was more effective in increasing students' critical thinking and happiness compared with traditional instruction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
511 - The Relationship between Self-Regulated Learning Strategies, Critical Thinking Tendency and Students Readiness to Participate in E-Learning Courses
Ezatallah Ghadampour Peyman Kamkar Hoshang Garavand Sajad JamshidikiaOne of the factors that can cause success or failure in using e-learning is students' readiness to participate in e-learning courses. Among the factors that could be effective in readiness of students to participate such e-learning courses are self-regulated learning st MoreOne of the factors that can cause success or failure in using e-learning is students' readiness to participate in e-learning courses. Among the factors that could be effective in readiness of students to participate such e-learning courses are self-regulated learning strategies and tendency to critical thinking. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the role of self-regulated learning strategies and tendency to critical thinking in students' readiness to participate in e-learning courses. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all students of Kharazmi University in 2013. Using random sampling method, 250 individuals were selected as sample. To collect the data, the Ricketts' tendency to critical thinking and self-regulated learning strategies questionnaires, as well as students' readiness to participate in e-learning scale were used. Descriptive (mean, standard deviation) and inferential (correlation, regression and independent t tests) statistics were used for data analysis. The results showed that the correlation of self-regulated learning strategies with students' readiness to participate in e-learning was 0.23 (R2= 0.05) and of critical thinking with students' readiness to participate in e-learning courses is 0.24 (R2= 0.07). So students' readiness to participate in e-learning courses can be predicted through self-regulated learning strategies and tendency to critical thinking. Results of t test showed that there was no significant difference between male and female, as well as graduate and undergraduate students in terms of readiness to participate in e-learning courses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
512 - The Relationship between Students' Information Technology Literacy and their Critical Thinking
Saeid Saffarian Hamedani Alireza Alipoor Azin Azimi AshrafiThe main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between information technology literacy and critical thinking skills of graduate students. Adopting a descriptive survey, the statistical population of the study included graduate students of Islamic A MoreThe main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between information technology literacy and critical thinking skills of graduate students. Adopting a descriptive survey, the statistical population of the study included graduate students of Islamic Azad University of Sari Branch. Using Krejcie and Morgan table, 331 were randomly selected. The research instruments were researcher-made information technology literacy questionnaire and critical thinking questionnaire, the validities of which were confirmed by the experts in the field of educational sciences. The reliabilities for the given questionnaires were estimated through Chronbach's alpha coefficient by distributing the questionnaires among a group of 30 participants, the result of which was 0.93 for IT literacy questionnaire and 0.80 for critical thinking skills. Regarding the establishment of parametric statistics, the Pearson correlation was used to analyze the data. The results of the study showed that there was no relationship between IT literacy and critical thinking skills (creativity, maturity and commitment) among higher education students. It means that IT literacy was not a reason for the existence of critical thinking, perhaps the best time for improving the thinking power among people through using information technology is before their entrance to higher education. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
513 - Identifying the Critical Success Factors in the academic E-Learning Centers (Qualitative Study)
Abasalt Khorasani Farnoush A'lami Shirzad RazavizadehUnderstanding of the components and factors affecting success on e-learning helps the decision-makers adopt a suitable policy for investment in effective factors and re-design or omit non effective ones. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to identify the critica MoreUnderstanding of the components and factors affecting success on e-learning helps the decision-makers adopt a suitable policy for investment in effective factors and re-design or omit non effective ones. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to identify the critical success factors in the academic e-learning centers. The present study is developmental regarding to the objective, and qualitative concerning data collection. The sample includes 10 main experts having management, research and teaching experiences in the domain of E-learning. The participants were selected through purposive sampling. To identify the factors, semi-structured interview was used as the data collection instrument. Then, the collected data was analyzed through open codifying and axial codifying based on content-analysis. The critical success factors of academic e-learning centers, based on the ideas of the participants, were found to be 7 factors: learner, instructor, technology, management, pedagogy, evaluation, and outdoor beneficiary, which should have 47 features to reach success. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
514 - Identifying, explaining and Prioritizing critical success factors in the quality of electronic learning of Azad University from the perspective of professors and students
pejman salehi seyfollah fazlollahi Ali akbar KhoshgoftarIn this research, we have tried to identify and explain the critical success factors in the quality of electronic learning of the Azad University. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of the study, we have studied the comparison between the views of professors and st MoreIn this research, we have tried to identify and explain the critical success factors in the quality of electronic learning of the Azad University. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of the study, we have studied the comparison between the views of professors and students about the critical success factors in the e-learning quality of Azad University. Also, in the library section of this research, studies have been conducted to identify the factors affecting the quality of e-learning from the perspective of the various stakeholders. Based on previous research and a survey of e-learning experts, a questionnaire was developed by researchers and among statistical samples Research was distributed. Also, some of the items of the questionnaire were designed in order to obtain opinions and obtain solutions. The statistical sample was asked to prioritize the importance of each critical factor in the success of electronic learning in Azad University. The important point in analyzing the research data of the researchers was that the direction of the research process was to identify and assess the significance of the amount of and the significance of each factor and the variance associated with it. The main finding of the present study is that the viewpoints of faculty members and students about the critical success factors of e-learning quality vary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
515 - Comparison of the Effect of Electronic Learning on Critical Thinking, Creativity and Academic Achievement in Secondary High School Students in Empirical Sciences
abolfazel abbasi hasan shareiat ALIAKBAR SARBAZHOSINIThe purpose of this study was to compare the effect of e-learning on creativity, tendency to critical thinking and academic achievement in Secondary School Student in e-schools based on e-learning and ordinary schools in district 4 of Qom in the academic year 1396 to 13 MoreThe purpose of this study was to compare the effect of e-learning on creativity, tendency to critical thinking and academic achievement in Secondary School Student in e-schools based on e-learning and ordinary schools in district 4 of Qom in the academic year 1396 to 1395. The tools of this research include the Thinking Risk Inventory (CTDI) questionnaire and the Torrance test is used to measure creativity. The method of this study was to determine the causal-comparative type and to test the hypotheses, the t-test was used. The results of the research indicated that the mean scores of the components of creativity among students of schools with e-learning as compared to knowledge There was a significant difference between students in ordinary schools and there was no significant difference between the mean scores of critical thinking components of students in electronic schools compared to ordinary school students, but there was a significant difference between the mean scores of academic achievement in two types of schools. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
516 - پیشرفت های اخیر در زمینه روش های استخراج ترکیب های گیاهی
بهزاد ذوالفقاری افسانه یکدانهمقدمه و هدف: فن­آوری­های جدید و مختلفی شامل عصاره گیری همراه با امواج فراصوت، عصاره­گیری همراه با امواج مایکروویو و عصاره گیری همراه با مایع فوق بحرانی به منظور استخراج ترکیبات از گیاهان گسترش یافته­اند. این فن­آوری­ها به منظور کاهش دادن مدت زمان Moreمقدمه و هدف: فن­آوری­های جدید و مختلفی شامل عصاره گیری همراه با امواج فراصوت، عصاره­گیری همراه با امواج مایکروویو و عصاره گیری همراه با مایع فوق بحرانی به منظور استخراج ترکیبات از گیاهان گسترش یافته­اند. این فن­آوری­ها به منظور کاهش دادن مدت زمان عصاره گیری، کاهش میزان حلال مصرفی، افزایش بازده استخراج و تقویت کیفیت عصاره حاصله گسترش یافته اند. در این مقاله به معرفی و مقایسه روش سوکسله و روش­های جایگزین و نوین مورد استفاده در داروسازی پرداخته شده است. برای به­دست آوردن بهترین و موثرترین عصاره، توجه به مواردی از جمله خصوصیات ماده گیاهی، انتخاب حلال مناسب و دقت در مراحل عصاره­گیری ضروری بوده و باید در نظر داشت که بازده بالا در عصاره حاصله به معنای بازده بالای ترکیب مورد نظر در عصاره نمی­باشد.توصیه کاربردی: در روش عصاره­گیری با استفاده از امواج فراصوت نفوذ حلال به بافت گیاهی به خوبی صورت می­گیرد و در مقایسه با سایر روش­ها این روش از کارآیی و سرعت بالاتری برخوردار است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
517 - Analysis and Critique of Obama’s Foreign Policy
Hossein KarimifardAbstract After Obama came into power as president, there has been a shift in the United States foreign policy orientation. While during George Bush unilateralism and emphasis on achieving security and interest through hardware method was on the agenda, Obama based his MoreAbstract After Obama came into power as president, there has been a shift in the United States foreign policy orientation. While during George Bush unilateralism and emphasis on achieving security and interest through hardware method was on the agenda, Obama based his foreign policy on multilateralism, soft power, public diplomacy, democracy and international norms. The present article first summarily examines Obama’s foreign policy then the criticism to his foreign policy in the Middle East and Ukraine crisis are reviewed. The article by relying on specialized articles on the United States foreign policy and by analytical explanative method wants to prove the hypothesis that the critics blame Obama for backing out, isolationism, weakening the position of the United States in world affairs and losing the position of leadership. The critics are also of the view that the United States has lost her self-confidence and is not in a position to take firm stand for supporting her allies. For this reason the United States allies have lost their faith in her position as a world leader. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
518 - Morality and Politics from Critical Theory Point of View
Jamil Hassan poor Manoochehr DehyadegariThroughout the exuberant and bustling history of human's life, we had never been in such a desprate need for developing a better understanding of virtue, politics and norms as well as paying need to moral principles, these all have turned out to be one of the much debat MoreThroughout the exuberant and bustling history of human's life, we had never been in such a desprate need for developing a better understanding of virtue, politics and norms as well as paying need to moral principles, these all have turned out to be one of the much debated and controversial issues in our hectic era. Science and technology have triumphed over all different aspects of mankind. Consequently the major principles of spirituality and morality are greatly influenced by mundane, terrestrial upheavals. Technology and Modernity which is highly known as communication and information epoch had eliminated political borders and consequestly it had exposed all nations, peoples and countries, to a sort of cultural attack which can lead to culture trauma, the offspring can be viewed as a crisis as well as a change in decriminalizing legalizing politics in the century. The notion of "criticism" is a metaphor for pathology which aims at criticizing the modernity, known as a phenomenon devoid of moralities. This concept sides up with a guide for human's action The ultimate goal is to restore, resurrect its actual benefits and views. Scholars like "Adorno, Horkheimer, Marcuse ,Habermas, Hana Ahrenet Eric From" are well known founders of the Theory in the th century. They made an attempt to criticize positivist human Sciences. The aim of this essay is to study the role of morality and polities and their relationship from the point of view of the critical theory. It also criticizes modernity, a phenomenon that has emerged as a cosequence of scientific transformations. In this research, the co-relational method in used. The major question asked is about the relationship between morality and polities from the point of view of the critical theory. In general, it is concluded that there is consensus among theorists of critical theory concerning the interaction between morality and polities, believing that brutalities and disasters are direct consequences of separation of morality and politics. In the view of critical theorists, it seems that modernism on the one hand, has brought alout development and prosperity, but on the other hand has considered instrumental rationality as the source of most misfortunes causing distraction of morality and constraining individual freedom in politics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
519 - An Explanation of the Relations between Iran and USA in Imam Khomeini’s Foreign Policy Discourse
Rahim Afsharian Seyed Asadolah AthariAbstract: The political orientation of states determines the quality of their relationship. Foreign policy is basically an outcome of the identity theories and their actors cannot act efficiently and in a sustained manner unless they achieve a unified theory and ideolo MoreAbstract: The political orientation of states determines the quality of their relationship. Foreign policy is basically an outcome of the identity theories and their actors cannot act efficiently and in a sustained manner unless they achieve a unified theory and ideology. Imam Khomeini considered “Islam” as a different entity so that “others” can be identified in his political identity and perception. Language and ideology emphasizes on justification, production and reproduction of hegemony and unequal power relationship and consider the aim of criticism paying attention to most profound aspect of power in society through exposing the hypocrisy of language. Critical discourse analysis from philosophical point of view is based on social constructivism which by emphasis on human factor reduces the reality to human structure. The aim of critical analysis is to show ideological belief and values which has reflected itself as common sense. Everyone knows that the United States has the role of “hostile” and “other” in Imam Khomeini’s discourse and this role remains until America does not change her behavioral pattern. In response to this question “What are the conditions for normalization of relations between the two countries in Imam Khomeini’s discourse?” factors like “mutual respect” and “change of confrontationist and hostile policy” are recognized. The article by a descriptive method based on library material examines Islamic ideas of Imam Khomeini, his critical discourse analysis in foreign policy and then tests the article’s hypothesis, to prove the general principles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
520 - مقایسه معلمان ایرانی زبان انگلیسی در مدارس دولتی و آموزشگاههای زبان: تمرکز بر تفکر انتقادی و جنیست
مونس معصومی زاده شیما قبادیتفکر انتقادی، به عنوان مهارت بنیادی در جهان کنونی ما در سال های اخیر تمرکز بسیاری را به خود جلب کرده است . با بررسی نوشته ها می توان دریافت که عامل ضروری مانند جنسیت در نوشته های مربوط به تفکر انتقادی نادیده گرفته شده است. مطالعه حاضر ماهیت تفکر انتقادی در بین معلمان زب Moreتفکر انتقادی، به عنوان مهارت بنیادی در جهان کنونی ما در سال های اخیر تمرکز بسیاری را به خود جلب کرده است . با بررسی نوشته ها می توان دریافت که عامل ضروری مانند جنسیت در نوشته های مربوط به تفکر انتقادی نادیده گرفته شده است. مطالعه حاضر ماهیت تفکر انتقادی در بین معلمان زبان انگلیسی ایرانی و ارتباط آن با جنسیت در بخش های عمومی و خصوصی را بررسی کرده است. برای نیل به این هدف، 153 معلم ( 57 مرد و 96 زن) بر طبق نمونه گیری از 20 آموزشگاه زبان و 20 مدرسه عمومی در اصفهان در جهت مشارکت در این مطالعه انتخاب شده اند. از شرکت کنندگان در خواست شده تا پرسشنامه 80 آیتم تفکر انتقادی از واتسون را پاسخ بدهند. یافته ها حاکی از آن است که میزان ضعیفی از تفکر انتقادی در بین معلمان وجود دارد، همچنین معلمان زن و مرد ایرانی زبان انگلیسی تفاوت قابل توجهی در میزان تفکر انتقادی ندارند . علاوه بر این نتایج نشان داد بخش خصوصی زمینه بهتری را برای گسترش تفکر انتقادی در بین معلمان زبان انگلیسی فراهم کرده است. استدلالهای این مطالعه مورد بحث قرار گرفته اند . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
521 - بررسی کتب زبان عمومی دانشگا ههای ایران از نظرانگیزش تفکر انتقادی
مریم عزیزیهدف از تحقیق حاضر ارزیابی کتاب های زبان انگلیسی عمومی تدریس شده در دانشگاههای ایران است. به منظور انجام این تحقیق ، سوالات درک مطلب 10 کتاب زبان عمومی مورد ارزیابی قرارگرفت. پس از انتخاب کتاب ها سوالات درک مطلب هر درس از هر کتاب بر اساس مدل تفکر انتقادی (Fac Moreهدف از تحقیق حاضر ارزیابی کتاب های زبان انگلیسی عمومی تدریس شده در دانشگاههای ایران است. به منظور انجام این تحقیق ، سوالات درک مطلب 10 کتاب زبان عمومی مورد ارزیابی قرارگرفت. پس از انتخاب کتاب ها سوالات درک مطلب هر درس از هر کتاب بر اساس مدل تفکر انتقادی (Facione, 2011) که دارای 6 فاکتور است، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و پس از تجزیه وتحلیل داده ها، درصد حضور هر فاکتور انتقادی از مدل منتخب ، در هرکتاب به طور مجزا محاسبه شد. نتایج به دست آمده از این تحقیق مقدار حضور فاکتورهای انتقادی مدل مورد نظر را در 10 کتاب منتخب آشکار ساخت. علاوه بر این یافته های این مطالعه نشان می دهد که نباید انتظار پرورش دانش آموزانی دارای تفکر انتقادی توسط این کتاب ها را داشت. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
522 - تاثیر ایدئولوژی بر ارائه وترجمه اخبار سیاسی در روزنامه های فارسی زبان در ایران و روزنامه های انگلیسی زبان در غرب
سعید تاکی سعیده عمیدتحقیق حاضر به بررسی میزان تاثیر گرایشات ایدئولوژیک بر راهبردهای تولید اخبار سیاسی می پردازد. بعلاوه، سعی بر آن بوده تا باورهای ایدئولوژیک پنهان در متون مبدا و مقصد را نیز کشف و ارائه نماید. بدین منظور موضوع بحث برانگیز "برنامه هسته ای ایران" انتخاب شد و داده های مورد نی Moreتحقیق حاضر به بررسی میزان تاثیر گرایشات ایدئولوژیک بر راهبردهای تولید اخبار سیاسی می پردازد. بعلاوه، سعی بر آن بوده تا باورهای ایدئولوژیک پنهان در متون مبدا و مقصد را نیز کشف و ارائه نماید. بدین منظور موضوع بحث برانگیز "برنامه هسته ای ایران" انتخاب شد و داده های مورد نیاز از متن "اظهارنامه تهران" و "سخنرانی رئیس جمهور وقت ایران" که در روزنامه های فارسی زبان ایران و انگلیسی زبان غرب چاپ شده بود گرداوری شد. سپس ویژگیهای معنایی و نحوی متون فارسی و انگلیسی بر اساس مدل هاج و کرس (1996) مورد مقایسه و بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج آزمون خی نشان می دهد که تفاوت معنا داری بین متون فارسی و انگلیسی از نظر گرایشات ایدئولوژیک وجود دارد. Manuscript profile -
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523 - آیا آموزش زبان ارتباطی واقعا کارایی دارد؟ بررسی انتقادی
زهرا معصوم پناه محمد رضا طالبی نژادهنگامی که از معلمان درمورد روش تدریس آنها در کلاس های درس میپرسیم، بیشترانها ادعا می کنند که ازروش " آموزش زبان ارتباطی " ( CLT) استفاده میکنند. حتی با وجود تغییر توجه از اصرار بر دوره" روشهای تدریس" به دوره "پس از روشهای تدریس"، CLT سیطره خود را در آموزش زبان از دست ند Moreهنگامی که از معلمان درمورد روش تدریس آنها در کلاس های درس میپرسیم، بیشترانها ادعا می کنند که ازروش " آموزش زبان ارتباطی " ( CLT) استفاده میکنند. حتی با وجود تغییر توجه از اصرار بر دوره" روشهای تدریس" به دوره "پس از روشهای تدریس"، CLT سیطره خود را در آموزش زبان از دست نداده است . با این حال، بسیاری از معلمان نه از چنین ادعایی دست برمیدارند و نه نقادانه فکر می کنند که چرا این کار را انجام میدهند. بنابراین، در این مقاله تلاش شده تا یک ارزیابی انتقادی از "روش تدریس زبان ارتباطی CLT" بعمل آید. برای این کار،ابتدا یک بررسی کوتاه در مورد ادعاهای اساسی، اصول ، موانع و مشکلات اجرای CLT به ویژه درمحیط انگلیسی بعنوان یک زبان خارجه انجام می شود. سپس، یک چارچوب، که در آن تلاش شده کاستی های مدل های موجود رفع شود، جهت نقد روش های تدریس زبان ارائه شده است. در نهایت، مدل ارائه شده، عملا با تمرکز بر CLT اجرا ، و ادعاها و اصول CLT با توجه به یافته ها و منابع و تحقیقات موجود آزمایش میشود. استدلال این است که CLT به زبان آموزان کمک می کند تاخودکار وبا اعتماد به نفس عمل کنند؛ یادگیری معنی داررا درآنها تقویت میکند, انگیزه درونی را توسعه میدهد,کمک میکند از تعداد زیادی استراتژی استفاده کنند, و از "خود"شان دفاع کنند، فرهنگ، آگاهی سیاسی و اجتماعی و مراحل توسعه زبان در CLT مهم است. به یادگیرندگان اجازه ابتکار می دهد و به احتمال زیاد زبان بعنوان یک واسطه است تا یک وسیله. با این حال، چندین مشکل در CLT وجود دارد. مهم ترین آنها در ارتباط با عملی بودن، یک جانبه بودن ، و عدم انعطاف پذیری روش است . علاوه بر این، معلمان قربانیان درمانده ایدئولوژیهایی فرض میشوند که برآنها تحمیل میشوند و نقش آنها در فرایند تدریس / یادگیری نادیده گرفته میشود. Manuscript profile -
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524 - سوالات درک مطلب در کتب درس زبان انگلیسی در دبیرستانهای ایران: دیدگاه تفکر انتقادی
زهرا شارقی مجتبی مطلبی کیا -
Open Access Article
525 - Gender Representation in ELT Materials: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Top Notch
Saeed Taki Atefeh Shahbazi -
Open Access Article
526 - بررسی گفتمان مراسم خواستگاری از دیدگاه گفتمان شناسی انتقادی
غلام رضا زارعی الهام صدریبرخلاف فرهنگ های غربی، در فرهنگ ایران درخواست ازدواج در یک گردهمایی رسمی خانوادگی و طی مذاکراتی بین خانواده های زوج آینده صورت می گیرد. فاکتورهای پنهانی وجود دارند که این مذاکرات را کنترل می کنند. کلمات و رفتارهای افراد در جلسات خواستگاری می تواند منابع نامرئی سلطه در پ Moreبرخلاف فرهنگ های غربی، در فرهنگ ایران درخواست ازدواج در یک گردهمایی رسمی خانوادگی و طی مذاکراتی بین خانواده های زوج آینده صورت می گیرد. فاکتورهای پنهانی وجود دارند که این مذاکرات را کنترل می کنند. کلمات و رفتارهای افراد در جلسات خواستگاری می تواند منابع نامرئی سلطه در پس این مذاکرات را بازنمایی کند. با در نظر گرفتن تعریف گفتمان به عنوان هرگونه رفتار نمادین معنادار، تحقیق حاضر قصد دارد به کاوش لایه های عمیق مبادلات گفتمانی در جلسات خواستگاری بپردازد و منابع مهم فرهنگی-اجتماعی سلطه را در این سنت باستانی ایرانی مورد بررسی قرار دهد. داده های حاصله از مشاهده ی جلسات خواستگاری از طریق آنالیز مضمونی وبا استفاده از بینش های برگرفته ازرویکرد تحلیل انتقادی گفتمان، بررسی شد. یافته ها حاکی از آن است که مبادلات گفتمانی در خواستگاری برتری سنتی خانواده و والدین بر فرزندان را بازنمایی می کند و هم چنین روابط مبتنی بر تمایز جنسیتی در زندگی اجتماعی ایران را باز تولید می نماید. به علاوه، مشخص گردید که جستجوی حیثیت اجتماعی و رعایت هنجارهای مذهبی دو منبع سلطه ی دیگرهستند که نقش تجویزی در گفتمان خواستگاری دارند. Manuscript profile -
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527 - Supercritical water impregnation of CuO nanoparticles on silica-support as new catalyst
Seyed Javad Ahmadi Morteza Hosseinpour Mohammad Outokesh -
Open Access Article
528 - Explaining the dialectic of space and the concept of the right to the city from the perspective of critical urban theories
Pouyan Mozaheb Saeid Piri Hamid Reza Sabaghi Alireza EstelajiUrban spaces cannot be considered only as a natural structure in the framework of the historical growth and development of cities. Rather, these spaces are always organized and reproduced through various factors such as capital, politics, ideology and society. This is d MoreUrban spaces cannot be considered only as a natural structure in the framework of the historical growth and development of cities. Rather, these spaces are always organized and reproduced through various factors such as capital, politics, ideology and society. This is despite the fact that today, due to the dominance of capital-oriented policies on urban spaces, the social dimensions of space production have been neglected. In such a city, the rights of citizens in influencing the spaces of daily life have been marginalized. In contrast to this common thinking, critical urban theories have been formed based on the fundamental criticism of these approaches and the disclosure of the main factors that exclude citizens from urban spaces. Therefore, this article, with a fundamental approach and by adopting a descriptive-analytical method and by using qualitative and critical analyzes based on critical urban theories, by explaining the spatial dialectic in relation to the effects of politics, capital and society in the production of space, tries to reveal the roots of the deprivation of the contemporary urban society. By applying the concept of the right to the city, we argue that strategies based on the social will of city residents can be presented against these attitudes governing the urban space, and we also believe that urban praxis as a social action will play an effective role in the urban space by responding to the demands of an urban society in order to achieve the social benefits of citizens. Manuscript profile -
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529 - اولویتبندی عوامل مؤثر بر مسئولیت اجتماعی شرکتها در صنعت هواپیمایی ایران با روشهای CRITIC و COPRAS
مهدی فدایی حامد غیب دوستامروزه مسئولیت اجتماعی شرکتی (CSR) نقش مهمی در صنعت هواپیمایی دارد. هدف مقاله حاضر اولویت بندی عوامل مؤثر بر مسئولیت اجتماعی شرکتی (CSR) در صنعت هواپیمایی است. مطالعه حاضر با اولویت بندی عوامل موثر بر مسئولیت اجتماعی صنعت هواپیمایی ایران با استفاده از روش های (CRITIC) و Moreامروزه مسئولیت اجتماعی شرکتی (CSR) نقش مهمی در صنعت هواپیمایی دارد. هدف مقاله حاضر اولویت بندی عوامل مؤثر بر مسئولیت اجتماعی شرکتی (CSR) در صنعت هواپیمایی است. مطالعه حاضر با اولویت بندی عوامل موثر بر مسئولیت اجتماعی صنعت هواپیمایی ایران با استفاده از روش های (CRITIC) و (COPRAS) برای یافتن بهترین ایرلاین از بین پنج شرکت هواپیمایی ایران در سال 2021 انجام شد. معیار استفاده در حال حاضر پژوهشی که شامل 15 زیرمعیار است، نتایج نشان میدهد که مصرف انرژی بیشترین تأثیر را در بین عوامل تأثیرگذار دارد و شرکت هواپیمایی 3 رتبه اول را کسب کرده است. مطالعه حاضر به مدیران خطوط هوایی کمک می کند تا عملکرد CSR را با عوامل تأثیرگذار در صنعت هواپیمایی بهبود بخشند. Manuscript profile -
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530 - Criticism of Jung Sharaf
vahid barzegarJung Sharaf is a collection containing the poems of poets from the 5th century to the end of the 10th century, written by Abd al-Rahman bin Sharaf. This collection can be divided into several parts, firstly, the sonnets written by poets of the 9th and especially the 10t MoreJung Sharaf is a collection containing the poems of poets from the 5th century to the end of the 10th century, written by Abd al-Rahman bin Sharaf. This collection can be divided into several parts, firstly, the sonnets written by poets of the 9th and especially the 10th century. Another part of this collection includes Jami's sonnets, which have been included in the edition in a special way due to the scribe's attention to Jami, and the final part contains the poem of Yusuf and Zulikhai Jami. The importance of this war lies in the choices of the writer, who has the poetic taste of the 10th century people in his heart, the existence of poets that we do not know about, examples of special poems, including a poem with an Indian line, and examples of this kind have added to the importance of the topic. . In this research, we try to examine this war from the point of view of stylistics and literary criticism and to analyze the writer's perspective in the selection of poems. Manuscript profile -
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531 - The Sociological Criticism of a Collection "Koorsorkhi by Alieh Ataei"
Mansooreh Bagheri Mazrae Farzaneh HeydariThis research is trying to review the anthology named Koorsorkhi written by Alieh Ataei based on sociological criticism and genetic structuralism method. Lucien Goldman ,the theorist in this field, founded the method of genetic structuralism based on George Lukac’ MoreThis research is trying to review the anthology named Koorsorkhi written by Alieh Ataei based on sociological criticism and genetic structuralism method. Lucien Goldman ,the theorist in this field, founded the method of genetic structuralism based on George Lukac’s views in sociology of literature.In this critical approach, the structure and content of the literary work is studied in relation to the structures of the society that story developed in. Alieh Ataei is an Iranian- Afghan writer who published Koorsorkhi. This book is driven from her life which can be the representative of Afghan immigrants’ life.The method in this research is descriptive- analytical and the results show that the auther , more than anything else, has discussed the identity crisis of Afghan immigrants She blamesas eastern and western powers and the passivity of Afghan men for the endless problems of Afghanestan. Manuscript profile -
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532 - A window of social criticism in the poems of Vahshi bafghi
Mahdi SadeghiVahshibafighi is one of poets of the Safavid era, who is especially important because of his special style of rhetoric and realism. In this essay, with the aim of social criticism of Bafaghi's poems, descriptive, analytical and testimonial methods are discussed in his p MoreVahshibafighi is one of poets of the Safavid era, who is especially important because of his special style of rhetoric and realism. In this essay, with the aim of social criticism of Bafaghi's poems, descriptive, analytical and testimonial methods are discussed in his poetry. Although the savage is full of love and romance in his poems, at the same time, he talks about various topics such as: "pain and suffering caused by the disordered state of society, social poverty, the situation of different classes, the effects of the environment and climate on him, the state of social phenomena , is clearly visible. By examining the poems of Bahweh, one can get to know the attitude of Safavid rulers towards different classes, the view of Bahweh and society towards these rulers, the prevalence of honesty or hypocrisy in the society, the atmosphere and political atmosphere that prevailed in that period. Manuscript profile -
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533 - Narrative grammar in the story of Dej Bahman based on the theory of Algirdas Grimas
Mahboobeh Zamani Boroojeni asghar RezapoorianNarrative research is one of the methods of literary criticism that researchers in the field of literature have been busy with. One of the methods of analyzing narrative texts is Grimas' narrative theory entitled "narrative grammar". By using this narrative pattern, it MoreNarrative research is one of the methods of literary criticism that researchers in the field of literature have been busy with. One of the methods of analyzing narrative texts is Grimas' narrative theory entitled "narrative grammar". By using this narrative pattern, it is possible to analyze the types of stories and measure the compatibility or non-compatibility of the stories with Grimas's narrative theory and find the elements in the text. The story of Bahman fortress is one of the magical stories of Shahnameh. In this article, which is taken from the author's doctorate thesis entitled "narrative grammar in the magical stories of the Shahnameh based on the theory of Algirdas Grimas", the researcher intends to criticize this story based on the narrative theory of Algirdas Grimas with the help of the findings of the said thesis. Measure the grimace with it. Manuscript profile -
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534 - Comparing and contrasting on "like a thirsty pot" poem (An analysis based on New Criticism)
Hojjatollah RabieiThis article seeks to use the proposed new critique method to study the poetry of " sabue teshne ...The Thirsty cebu" by Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, while explaining some of the key words and components underlined by the new critique, such as "tension" , "Subject" and "aironi MoreThis article seeks to use the proposed new critique method to study the poetry of " sabue teshne ...The Thirsty cebu" by Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, while explaining some of the key words and components underlined by the new critique, such as "tension" , "Subject" and "aironi ", to use them as an applied critique of this poem. Aiming to this , by reading precisely the poetry and examining the contradictions and inconsistencies and referring them to the main line of the poem, how the effect is configured. In this process, the audience is introduced step-by-step through a practical action critique from the perspective of new critique. The result of this research is that the components of the work are organized in harmony with each other and with the internal unity, and beyond the contradictions, poetry is the integrity and unity of organism. Manuscript profile -
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535 - Analyzing the theory of "social interest" in Forough Farrokhzad's poems based on Alfred Adler's individualistic psychology
Khadijeh Fooladi Applying scientific-literary theories in criticizing literary texts and reading them is a method that is very popular and used in research recently due to its solid and analyzable method and style. Psychological theories have a special and More Applying scientific-literary theories in criticizing literary texts and reading them is a method that is very popular and used in research recently due to its solid and analyzable method and style. Psychological theories have a special and valuable place among different fields that can be discussed around literary texts. Individualistic psychology was founded by Alfred Adler and one of the theories in this individualistic psychology is the theory of social interest. In this article, which is done in a descriptive-analytical way based on document analysis and the method of library studies, the poems of Forough Farrokhzad are analyzed and investigated based on the theory of social interest based on Adler's individualistic psychology. The results of the research show that the social interest in Forough Farrokhzad's poems is very strong in paying attention to his fellow men, especially women. The component of despair and loneliness in his poems makes it possible to consider him as an isolated personality type. Forough is a poet whose desired perfection is to reach a world where his fellows, especially the women of the society, are in safety and peace. In general, it can be said that the social interest in the existence of Forough is summarized in the effort to create better conditions for their fellows, especially women. Manuscript profile -
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536 - Literary value (a suggestion in critic)
majid dadfar amin yaghoobiThe current essay is an effort to proffer a critical method based on concrete and measurable criterion. Formalists believe that literary language is a peculiar sort of language that is fore grounded by formal elements. Accordingly, it seems that all elements of this lan MoreThe current essay is an effort to proffer a critical method based on concrete and measurable criterion. Formalists believe that literary language is a peculiar sort of language that is fore grounded by formal elements. Accordingly, it seems that all elements of this language are recognizable and descriptive. To determine the literariness of a text, initially its formal elements must be designated and ascertained. Then, concerning the alienation of these elements to atomized language, literary value of each element is stipulated in comparison with the others. Subsequently, the total literary levels of the applied elements in the text must be considered as a measure to delimitate literary level of the whole text. Besides the mentioned cases, this critical method suggests subjective and measurable strategies to study a text in three fields: consistency, creativity and variance. Deliberately proposing the text literary value in a sentence or verse, by referential sentences, this method contemplates and ponders these factors: consistency, creativity and variance. Manuscript profile -
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537 - An analytical look at Mohtsham Kashani's poetry with a satirical approach and social criticism
Azadeh FadakarThe fluidity of humor is such that without taking into account the time, place, cultural and linguistic conditions, it cannot be assumed as a single and fixed element. In Persian literature, due to the lack of attention of the writers and poets of the past to compile th MoreThe fluidity of humor is such that without taking into account the time, place, cultural and linguistic conditions, it cannot be assumed as a single and fixed element. In Persian literature, due to the lack of attention of the writers and poets of the past to compile the basics of humor and disregard for today's interpretation. According to scientific theorizing about humor, the principles and approaches of humor can only be understood and mapped by studying their works. From the oldest Persian literary texts to today, depending on the conditions that were said before, many pieces of literary works can be classified as humor. In this article, Mohtsham's humor has been looked at with an analytical view, and thoughtful results have been obtained from the poetry of this religious poet. The research method in this article is descriptive analysis. Manuscript profile -
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538 - Formalistic criticism on Arash the Archer Anthology of Siavash kasraie
masoomeh mohammadiOne of the methods for review of literary texts is formalistic glance to worksliterature. this way, Meanwhile, close delaminating on the components andelements of the text, relying on frequency and connections between literary figureor form components are checked. The a MoreOne of the methods for review of literary texts is formalistic glance to worksliterature. this way, Meanwhile, close delaminating on the components andelements of the text, relying on frequency and connections between literary figureor form components are checked. The authors of this paper a briefintroduction contains information about the life and poetry of Siavash kasraie, byformalistic looking, while reviewing elements of Arash the Archer text, try inthree major fields : A - aspects of language, b - rhetorical aspects and (c) - anarrative poem the coordination or lack of coordination among its componentstheir system. This long poem is important from different aspects of language,grammatical, stylistic, morphological, syntactic, semantic, musical, rhetorical,literary, political, social, and show its values, requires a careful examination of allaspects such as the way of author, have adopted. Manuscript profile -
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539 - The morphology of the desert text of Dr. Ali Shariati
Fazlollah Rezaei Arardani Gholamreza Hatefi ArdakaniThe book "Desert" is one of the "literary-lyrical" and introverted works of Aye Shariati. In writing "Desert" based on the fluid flow of the mind, he has tried to appear as a literary and artistic text. Descriptiveness, sentimentality, and the use of literary works, inc MoreThe book "Desert" is one of the "literary-lyrical" and introverted works of Aye Shariati. In writing "Desert" based on the fluid flow of the mind, he has tried to appear as a literary and artistic text. Descriptiveness, sentimentality, and the use of literary works, including similes, metaphors, and guarantees, are the predominant features of the text of the Desert.This literary research, with the aim of educating teachers, is the ninth lesson of Persian book 3, the twelfth grade of the second theoretical middle school, entitled Kavir, has been the focus of research and has studied that lesson in three areas: "linguistic, literary and intellectual". . The research method is descriptive along with the analysis of research findings. In addition, by examining the linguistic and literary elements and their arrangement and order, in various fields, such as historiography, lexicography, grammar and grammar, slang, lexicography, word-writing, word-writing, word-writing Has been paid. Manuscript profile -
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540 - Some points in poetry criticism
Amin YaghoobiWhat causes the formation of the poem is the form; Form industries and how they are used at the level of language show the level of its literacy. But the form alone does not guarantee the durability of the works. The present study aims to provide some points related to MoreWhat causes the formation of the poem is the form; Form industries and how they are used at the level of language show the level of its literacy. But the form alone does not guarantee the durability of the works. The present study aims to provide some points related to poetry criticism. This research is based on the fact that in criticizing the works, one should pay attention to important issues such as: sound and uniform language, lack of stylistic anxiety, the way of using formal industries and fairness in criticism. It should also be noted that not every work can be criticized. There are many works that do not get the privilege of criticism. Therefore, to criticize a work, a minimum level should be considered. It should also be kept in mind that the mere use of literary arts does not create art. Manuscript profile -
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541 - Morphology of the short story Yad fi al-Qabar by Ghassan Kanfani based on the theory of Vladimir Propp
Ezzat Mollaebrahimi Parastoo Bahmani AlvaresThe story can play an influential role in conveying various political, social, cultural, economic concepts. Contemplation in stories and accuracy in the sequence of events in it helps the audience to better understand its concepts. Examining the narrative structure of t MoreThe story can play an influential role in conveying various political, social, cultural, economic concepts. Contemplation in stories and accuracy in the sequence of events in it helps the audience to better understand its concepts. Examining the narrative structure of the short story will reveal the hidden relationships in its infrastructure and reveal the structure and form of the story better. One of the prominent methods of examining fictional texts is the analysis of the structure of stories from the morphological point of view of Vladimir Propp - a famous Russian anthropologist and linguist. Although Propp has defined certain functions for fairy tales, this model can be adapted to other types of stories. What, Propp's systematic mind was constantly seeking to structure the stories and put them in a certain framework. The current research aims to evaluate and analyze and explain the short story. Manuscript profile -
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542 - Technical Term Network and Its Applications in Textual and Manuscript Studies Case-Study: Examining Arithmetic Sources in the Islamic Era (from 11th to 18th centuries AD)
Fatima SaadatmandTechnical Term Network (TTN) is an innovative method to find similarities among texts by matching technical and scientific terms used in them. This model, inspired by and built based on the semantic network of linguistics, is effective in finding the primary sources of MoreTechnical Term Network (TTN) is an innovative method to find similarities among texts by matching technical and scientific terms used in them. This model, inspired by and built based on the semantic network of linguistics, is effective in finding the primary sources of a book and recognizing the identity of an unknown text. The treatises of mathematics and especially arithmetic ones are very similar to each other due to their logical structure; this issue sometimes causes faults in identifying the title and author of the work, especially if the copy is acephalous, i.e. missing the beginning of the text, mistaking some original Persian texts for translations, or confusing works with similar content in cataloging manuscripts in such a way. In many cases, the mentioned inaccuracies have been repeated by the researchers who rely on the information of the indexes. This research aims to introduce a new method in the classification of texts and manuscripts, especially arithmetic sources in the Islamic period (5th-13th centuries AH/11th-18th centuries AD), in order to take a novel approach by means of a targeted search instead of adapting the total content of the texts, to criticize their sources and recognize their identities. Manuscript profile -
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543 - .Survey of Pedagogical theories for Children in One Story of Bustan Based on Russell’s views
AbasAli Vafayi Mehrdad Akbari Gandomani MehdiReza Kamali BanianiAnalytical philosophy of pedagogy deals with explaining thought structures by logical and linguistic analysis. Most of analytic philosophers believe that the clarification of philosophical propositions through concept analyses can be effective in pedagogical issues in c MoreAnalytical philosophy of pedagogy deals with explaining thought structures by logical and linguistic analysis. Most of analytic philosophers believe that the clarification of philosophical propositions through concept analyses can be effective in pedagogical issues in children. Bertrand Russell (1872-1967) had a great role in pedagogical issues of children. Since Sa’di has focused on pedagogical issues, too, we study the story of “clan of thieves” by keeping an eye on Russell and Sa’di. We conclude that they have some consensuses as well as some differences. This essay explains their distinctive views. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
544 - Analysis of the archetypes of "shadow and wise old man" in Ziauddin Nakhshabi's Tuti Name
Zakiyyeh Dastmard محمود حیدری Alireza ShanazariTuti Namah is a lyrical allegorical prose work by Ziauddin Nakhshabi the mystic of the 8th century AH, who migrated from Khorasan to India. This story is told in the style of "One Thousand and One Nights" and with the story-within-a-story method. Since the main theme of MoreTuti Namah is a lyrical allegorical prose work by Ziauddin Nakhshabi the mystic of the 8th century AH, who migrated from Khorasan to India. This story is told in the style of "One Thousand and One Nights" and with the story-within-a-story method. Since the main theme of many of these works is the conflict between good and evil, happiness and misery, and the author in these stories is looking for a moral result for the audience, it is assumed that these characteristics are on the one hand with the teachings of Muslim mystics and The austerities and worships that they impose on the rebellious soul in their mystic behavior and on the other hand, are consistent with the archetypes of the shadow and the wise old man in the eyes of Jung. The upcoming research is based on qualitative content analysis and with a psychoanalytical criticism approach, in order to prove this hypothesis and answer these questions, how the folk stories of Tutı Nameh can be adapted to the two mentioned archetypes and how these archetypes in the completion of the collective unconscious process and reaching perfection effective? The result indicates that these archetypes are clearly evident in the arguments between Parrot and Khojasteh. Khojasteh's insistence on sexual pleasure and the parrot's warning to her are a manifestation of the relationship between the ego and the reassured soul, which can be analyzed with the archetypes of "shadow" and "wise .... Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
545 - A Study on three lytics of Sanaee based on Formalistic criticism with emphasis on Grammont and Jakobson opinions
Mahmoud Bashiri tahereh khagehgiriFormalistic criticism is an approach which was in progress in Russia in 1915 – 1930. This field of literary criticism study literature from the point of view of linguistics . In this approach , a literary work is considered to be a linguistical subject . The from MoreFormalistic criticism is an approach which was in progress in Russia in 1915 – 1930. This field of literary criticism study literature from the point of view of linguistics . In this approach , a literary work is considered to be a linguistical subject . The from and shape of literary work is the base for aesthetic analysis and the only way for reaching to the hidden meanings . Some theorists of this approach are Roman Jakobson Boris Aknolem and Victor skolofsky . They were association members of linguistics at that time . The purpose of this research is to study three lyrics of Sanaee based on this approach with emphasis on Grammont and Jakobson opinions. The results show that by using a forma listic approach the hidden meanings of a literary work is accessible without knowing the structure of the society, historical issues or even the psycholigical charater of the writer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
546 - Analysis of cognitive skills in Razavi's novel Wake me up based on Lipman's critical thinking
Parisa Ahmadi Khalil BaygzadeNovels derived from Islamic culture have appeared in Persian literature with the aim of processing aspects of educational teachings and types of skills of thinking types, which can be used in social research and with their help, more aspects of human existential philoso MoreNovels derived from Islamic culture have appeared in Persian literature with the aim of processing aspects of educational teachings and types of skills of thinking types, which can be used in social research and with their help, more aspects of human existential philosophy and types of thinking can be achieved. Razavi's novel "Wake me up" by Fariba Kalhor based on the character of Imam Reza (AS) is based on moral dos and don'ts and cognitive teachings that include critical thinking skills such as self-correction, self-correction, correct judgment and the influence and interpretation of the context of the text. The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the critical thinking skills in Razavi's novel "Wake me up" based on Lipman's critical thinking with a descriptive-analytical approach. The achievement of the research is the achievement of critical thinking skills that can lead the audience to a correct understanding of the text by expressing logical arguments, having flexibility in dealing with new methods and relying on unconventional conditions. The metacognition of the text is due to the questioning of the audience's thinking, which has brought him to a knowledge beyond ordinary knowledge. Angles of correct judgments can be seen in the text of the novel, which is Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
547 - Introducing and criticizing some of Sufi's didactic and educational methods up to the sixth century
احمد امین اعظم سیامک دستجردیRealization of the law and the way of reaching the truth without the guidance of someone who has gone this way is not possible. Some Sufi masters who have reached this status or are somewhat close to it because they have taken the responsibility for educating others. Fo MoreRealization of the law and the way of reaching the truth without the guidance of someone who has gone this way is not possible. Some Sufi masters who have reached this status or are somewhat close to it because they have taken the responsibility for educating others. For this purpose they have used various educational and training practices. This study is in the response to the question of what these educational methods are and how they have used. After introducing some of the educational methods of Sufi masters with regard to prose mystical sources up to the sixth century, some anecdotes associated with each method have discussed and they have been criticized. It should be noted that few researches have been done related to this issue. It can be concluded that despite differences in teaching methods of Sufi masters, there had been same training patterns among them such as: question and answers, punishment, traveling and expelling from the spiritual environment, paying attention to positive behavior of other great men in different schools, lack of attention to their bad behavior, etc….. Paying attention to the capacity of disciples and ultimately the motivation and desire to learn are also of remarkable points in Sufi teachings. Posing these issues as a small part of Sufi's educational situation is one of the significant moral and educational fields. Apart from the issue of presenting a teaching history it can be considered as a recommendation to custodians of the current education community. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
548 - The act of ending in the story with a didactic literature approach
Ali Mohammadi arezo BaharvandGenerally speaking, the narrative action of a story is determined through two states of beginning and ending. Although these two elements play important roles in the subjects of modern writing story, in articles and speeches related to farsi writing story nearly no atte MoreGenerally speaking, the narrative action of a story is determined through two states of beginning and ending. Although these two elements play important roles in the subjects of modern writing story, in articles and speeches related to farsi writing story nearly no attention has been paid to them. In Farsi writing story we see too much negligence concerning story enduing in comparison to story beginning. The act of ending in different fields of arts ranging from cinema music, painting, and archetecture to story and poetry have been the center of attention for an artist. However, in the field of the theories of criticism the term of ending isn't an old one. In farsi speeches and articles specially in the field of story and narration you won't find any independence article about ending. However, among global articles especially in the field of literature the subject of ending is among the frequently used ones in literary criticism. Many prose and verse masterpieces of farsi literature have didactic aspects that is, the main aim of story teller is to express the result, therefore there is a logical relation between the story and the result taken from it. In the present article, the envestigation of ending in the classic narration (story, anecdot fable) and modern story and its relationship with the story plot have been examined. The attempt in this article is to investigate the historical course of this element and its semantic evolution from critics' point of view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
549 - Different aspects of social criticism in Seyfodin Mohammad Farghani's Divan
zahra dorry zaynab hadiSeyfodin Mohammad is considered to be on of the political and social poet in Mongol period.Since he is a poet and learned person, and away from courtier and materials belongings,he had investigated and criticized not only ethical- social abnormalites in the societ MoreSeyfodin Mohammad is considered to be on of the political and social poet in Mongol period.Since he is a poet and learned person, and away from courtier and materials belongings,he had investigated and criticized not only ethical- social abnormalites in the society but also political issues,Moreover,by harsh and biting tune and boldness and bravery which is appreciatable, He carefully examined the behavior of all elasses of people from governer to dervish . In this paper, different dimensions of social criticism of Farghani has been investigated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
550 - Content analysis of Nafsat-al-Masdur
محمد حکیم آذرThe main subject of the present study is morality and moral issues in Nasavi’s Nafsat-al- Masdur. Attempts have been made to touch on moral themes and origins of theoretical aspects of moral-educational teachings of Zeydari Nasavi, and to recognise the writer&rsqu MoreThe main subject of the present study is morality and moral issues in Nasavi’s Nafsat-al- Masdur. Attempts have been made to touch on moral themes and origins of theoretical aspects of moral-educational teachings of Zeydari Nasavi, and to recognise the writer’s viewpoint towards issues such as justice, bravery, honesty, trusteeship, fear, hypocrisy, and lie. The relationship between Nasavi’s moral theory, which has quenched with The Qur’an and Islamic tradition like many other writers and his contemporary literary scholars, and the situation with which the writer is dealt the Mongolian invasion has been sought for in this study. The results show that Nasavi, in reporting his own personal affairs has functioned as a reporter of historic events at the Mongolian era unintentionally and has evolved the literary type of autobiography from a personal level to the human level. He has mourned for the death of virtue and praised for those little shades of good deeds by a few of his contemporaries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
551 - Warning Instruction of Sa’di inBustanthrough Critical Discourse Analysis ofFairclough
Mehdi Norooz Farangis FarhoodThe present study seeks to confirm the assumption that Sa’di is trying to implement the ideology of warning instruction. In the meantime, he sees audience so passive that ethics could be taught by warnings about the negative consequences of behaviors. To justify t MoreThe present study seeks to confirm the assumption that Sa’di is trying to implement the ideology of warning instruction. In the meantime, he sees audience so passive that ethics could be taught by warnings about the negative consequences of behaviors. To justify this, he uses some artistry and to offer a blend of his poem sand Quranic verses and Hadiths to increase the impact of his words. Considering the cultural space of the Iran, as well as historical and social issues of that day, he offers his trainings and advices by means of warning to the audiences; and against the passive mood of the people of his time, he preaches from an authority position with the support of religion and Cultural popularity. To prove this, by an approach of critical discourse analysis of Fairclough, we review the odes of Sa’di in Bustan. Discourse analysis is done in three levels of description, interpretation and explanation and a scrutiny of verbal choices of Sa’di and an explanation of the social conditions of that period is given Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
552 - Investigating the Themes of Social Ethics in the Poems Romi's Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi
Kolsom Tabkhkar Hasan Kiadeh Mohsen Izadyar Shahrokh HekmatRumi is one of the poets living in the Mongol period; a period in which people's social morality and their intellectual and cultural foundations declined. The collapse of social morality and human values in the conquered lands created a spirit of submission among the MoreRumi is one of the poets living in the Mongol period; a period in which people's social morality and their intellectual and cultural foundations declined. The collapse of social morality and human values in the conquered lands created a spirit of submission among the masses. However, in their work, some great Persian-speaking thinkers and poets, paid attention to anti-oppression tendencies and consequently human and social values. Considering the dominant atmosphere of their time, they found a special way to fight against moral and social vices in the society, the unorganized socio-political situation, and the injustices of the rulers. Wherever he has the opportunity, Rumi has also criticized various people in the society, including officials and the common people and their reprehensible behavior in Masnavi. In this research, the authors examined the themes of social ethics in Rumi's poems through investigating them. The results of the research show that he is moderate and has not gone too far in this regard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
553 - Voting Algorithm Based on Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System for Fault Tolerant Systems
Masoumeh Pourhasan Abbas Karimi -
Open Access Article
554 - An Efficient Three-Stage Yield Optimization Technique for Analog Circuits Using Evolutionary Algorithms
Abbas Yaseri Mohammad Hossein Maghami Mehdi Radmehr -
Open Access Article
555 - A Full Adder Cell Based on MOSFET Technology to apply in Arithmetic circuits
Mokhtar Mohammadi Ghanatghestani Fatemeh Mohammadi Ghanatghestani -
Open Access Article
556 - Evaluate and Leveling Sensitive Sites Indexes in the Planning of Passive Defenses of Country Villages (Case Study: Border Villages of Ardebil Province)
Lotfallah Maleki Bahram Imani Ghasem Fathi Delavar MasoumiPassive defense means reducing vulnerability during a crisis, without using military action, and is using of unmilitary active and managical and technical. Live and Sustainable vocation and human activities depend on security in all dimensions of any society, natural an MorePassive defense means reducing vulnerability during a crisis, without using military action, and is using of unmilitary active and managical and technical. Live and Sustainable vocation and human activities depend on security in all dimensions of any society, natural and human hazards, always threaten the life, and urban and village infrastructures. Particularly in the village border of country is serious injuries probable in extreme environments Crisis times are like war. Therefore, rural protection is vital for reducing the potential damage caused by the dangers of war with method of passive defense. By reviewing the subject literature based on the natural hazard model - geographical location - human risks and demographic - geographical location - natural hazards models 16 sub-criteria were identified in terms of four main factors. These factors and sub-criteria were ranked by survey of 60 experts, university professors and experts with use of the fuzzy hierarchy process analysis. During the review of existing literature it became clear that, given the novelty of the subject, no internal or external study identified this number of criteria. The results of the research show that when considering the factors affecting the critical location in the planning of non-operational defenses of the border villages of Ardebil province, the factors of natural, human, demographic and human hazards should be considered respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
557 - Assessing and analyzing the vulnerability of urban fabrics from the perspective of passive defense with emphasis on distribution pattern of vital land uses (Case Study: Mahabad City)
Mostafa Mirabadi Sadegh BesharatifarIntroduction: One of the principles of passive defense which needs to be paid attention when utilized in critical and sensitive uses is the distribution and deployment of such uses, therefore is to keep and observe appropriate distances and boundaries and also the proxi MoreIntroduction: One of the principles of passive defense which needs to be paid attention when utilized in critical and sensitive uses is the distribution and deployment of such uses, therefore is to keep and observe appropriate distances and boundaries and also the proximity to other significant uses. Purpose of the research: Explaining the distribution pattern of vital land uses and identifying vulnerable urban tissues is the main purpose of this study.Methodology: The presented study has been done with descriptive-analytical methodology for the city of Mahabad (2020). The used data in the study are quantitative (shape files) and in order to measure the density of the distribution of the uses and also their distribution pattern in Mahabad (which are the aims of the study), ArcGIS software’s spatial statistics techniques have been used intensely.Geographical area of research: The study area of this research is the city of Mahabad, which is located in the south of West Azerbaijan province.Findings and Discussion: The results show that the distribution pattern of the critical faculties is a clustered pattern in a way that the most of these facilities are observed in the central and western parts of the city. Also, the geometric and geographical center is located in the central part and extends northeast to southwest. In other words, the deployment of support and management centers in the central part and major military centers in the western part of the city has caused such a distribution pattern. Therefore the tissues located in these parts have the most vulnerability. In addition, the results from the calculations of the radius of vulnerabilities of critical land uses revealed the fact that 78 thousand people, roughly equal to %53 of the total population and also 887 hectares, equal to %37 of the total area of the city are located in the vulnerability zone center (Elliptical Standard Deviation). This zone which includes the central neighborhoods and the initial and worn out core of the city has a high density of population comparing to the other urban neighborhoods, hence comprises a large part of the urban population. Conclusion: The issue of vulnerability and safety against accidents and military conflicts in the city of Mahabad is very serious. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
558 - Study of social and cultural factors related to the tendency of female students to critical thinking with emphasis on cultural capital
jamileh Fehresti Mansour HaghighatianThis research was conducted with the aim of investigating the tendency of students of female students of Farhangian University in the city of Bondar Abbas to critical thinking with an emphasis on cultural capital. The dependent variable is the tendency to critical think MoreThis research was conducted with the aim of investigating the tendency of students of female students of Farhangian University in the city of Bondar Abbas to critical thinking with an emphasis on cultural capital. The dependent variable is the tendency to critical thinking and independent variables, age, field of study, years of university education, socio-economic base, trust in the content of social networks and cultural capital. The statistical population of this study is all female students of the University of Cultural Sciences in Bandar Abbas who were studying at the center of Fatemeh Al-Zahra campus in Bandar Abbas. 405 students of the sample of 120 people were selected and tested according to Morgan's table. The instrument for measuring the Critical Thinking Questionnaire (2003) and the Bourdieu Cultural Capital Questionnaire. The results of statistical analysis by using the SPSS software showed that students scored a moderate score from the tendency toward critical thinking. The research hypotheses were measured using Eta and Pearson correlation coefficients. Based on the results of the research, there is a weak correlation between the variables, age, years of university education and the tendency to think critically. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that independent variables such as age, socioeconomic status, predictive basis of critical thinking were not studied in the studied population. Among the independent variables of the variables of cultural capital and objective capital as one of the components of cultural capital, a positive predictor of critical thinking was the tendency toward critical thinking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
559 - مروری انتقادی بر نظریه های رفتار زیست محیطی پایدار
امیرحسین پیرمرادی فرحناز رستمی عبدالحمید پاپ زنتصمیم گیری در مورد چگونگی تولید محصولات کشاورزی به دلیل پیچیدگی ماهیت تعامل بین فرآیندهای طبیعی و انسانی، به عنوان رکن اصلی سیستم های کشاورزی ، پیچیده تر می شود. پیش بینی رفتار سیستم های کشاورزی در مورد مسائل پایداری بسیار مهم است. از آنجا که کشاورزی یک فعالیت انسانی اس Moreتصمیم گیری در مورد چگونگی تولید محصولات کشاورزی به دلیل پیچیدگی ماهیت تعامل بین فرآیندهای طبیعی و انسانی، به عنوان رکن اصلی سیستم های کشاورزی ، پیچیده تر می شود. پیش بینی رفتار سیستم های کشاورزی در مورد مسائل پایداری بسیار مهم است. از آنجا که کشاورزی یک فعالیت انسانی است و به بازیگران اصلی آن وابسته است ، رفتار کشاورزان باید بررسی شود، تا مشخص شود که تا چه حد فعالیت های آنها با اصول کشاورزی پایدار سازگار است. این مطالعه بر اساس روش تحقیق اسنادی است که با استفاده از یک مرور سیستماتیک ادبیات انجام شده است. بنابراین ، هدف اصلی در این مقاله بررسی و تجزیه و تحلیل نظریه های رفتار حامی محیط زیست از نظر نقاط قوت و ضعف آنها در طی یک بازه زمانی از 1975-2016 بوده است. نقاط قوت و ضعف هر نظریه پس از معرفی هر نظریه به ویژه با جزئیات در جدول (1) شرح داده شد. از سوی دیگر ، مقایسه بین نظریه ها بر اساس هفت شاخص در جدول (2) نشان داده شده است. حدود 14 نظریه برای دستیابی به نظریه های تصمیم گیری مبتنی بر عامل که شامل بازخورد سیستم است، بررسی شده است. نتایج نشان داد که نظریه های تلفیقی مبتنی بر عامل، مناسب تر و کامل تر از سایر نظریه های شناسایی شده برای مطالعه و پیش بینی رفتار کشاورزان تشخیص داده شده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
560 - دستیابی به اجماع برای مسائل روش شناختی در تکنیک دلفی
زهرا گودرزی عنایت عباسی همایون فرهادیاندلفی یک روش قدرتمند است که به دنبال پاسخ به سوالات مناسب است. هدف از این مقاله ارائه یک بازبینی کلی از روش دلفی به عنوان یک روش تحقیق است. این مقاله با بررسی 41 مورد مطالعات مجله آموزش کشاورزی در سالهای 1981 تا 2013 و 2 مطالعه مجله علم و صنعت کشاورزی، شایستگی علمی روش د Moreدلفی یک روش قدرتمند است که به دنبال پاسخ به سوالات مناسب است. هدف از این مقاله ارائه یک بازبینی کلی از روش دلفی به عنوان یک روش تحقیق است. این مقاله با بررسی 41 مورد مطالعات مجله آموزش کشاورزی در سالهای 1981 تا 2013 و 2 مطالعه مجله علم و صنعت کشاورزی، شایستگی علمی روش دلفی را مورد بررسی قرار می دهد. نتایج نشان داد که اجماع کلی در مورد استفاده از شاخص ها در دورهای (راندهای) مختلف روش دلفی وجود ندارد، اما توجه به فراوانی استفاده از این شاخص ها در مطالعات مختلف، تعداد کارشناسان پانل بین 10 تا 20 نفر، استفاده از روش نمونه گیری هدفمند برای انتخاب اعضای پانل، استفاده از دلفی با سه دور(راند)، طراحی یک سوال در دور (راند) اول، استفاده از شاخص های انحراف معیار و میانگین برای گذر از دور (راند) دوم به دور سوم و سطح اجماع 70 درصد در حال حاضر برای دستیابی به اجماع متخصص در دور سوم پیشنهاد شد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
561 - Effectiveness of Crop Advisory Services in Aurangabad District of Maharashtra in India
Bhaskar Pant Alpa Rathi Anshul RathiThe project was undertaken to study the evaluation of effectiveness of crop advisory services and suggested measures for filling the gap in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra in India. The survey was carried out in 2010. The data was collected with the help of a specifi MoreThe project was undertaken to study the evaluation of effectiveness of crop advisory services and suggested measures for filling the gap in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra in India. The survey was carried out in 2010. The data was collected with the help of a specifically designed and pre-tested questionnaire. The project carried out in catchment area of advisory services has given substantial insight on the current status of different dimensions of advisory services running in Aurangabad and also recommends strategies to make advisory services accessible to all. The farmer’s willingness to pay assumes a key role in determining the success of a cost-recovery strategy. During the study it was interesting to note that of all the 115 respondents 46.67% agreed that their critical need was supply of inputs followed by credit purchase on which the advisory services provider should focus. The dissemination channels were not utilized properly. The results of correlation study indicate that the recommendations by the advisory services and the results after advise have a positive correlation with increase in yield showing the effectiveness of these crop advisory services. The results of multivariate regression indicated that the cropping and harvesting method, credit access, input supply linkage, insurance, age, education and interaction with other farmers have the main role in showing the variations of attitude to adoption of the advisory services. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
562 - Analysis of the roles of strategic human resource management in knowledge-based companies of the country and identifying its critical points
Omid Ali Niknam ali tayyebi rahani Nader Sheikhul Islam Jamshid Salehi SedkianiContext and purpose: Less attention has been paid to the role of human resources as a strategic partner in the country's organizations and the existing harms in strategic management roles. The purpose of this research is to analyze the roles of strategic human resource MoreContext and purpose: Less attention has been paid to the role of human resources as a strategic partner in the country's organizations and the existing harms in strategic management roles. The purpose of this research is to analyze the roles of strategic human resource management in the knowledge-based companies of the country and to identify the critical points of these roles.Research method: This exploratory-applied research was done in a mixed way. In the qualitative section, a group of 15 experts familiar with the subject were consulted. The quantitative part included 230 experts and human resource managers in knowledge-based companies in the country. Also, average analysis method and importance-severity matrix formation were used to identify vulnerable points.Findings: In this research, after studying the existing models and using the existing literature, 16 roles of strategic human resources management were identified and confirmed by experts. Then, the most important critical point in achieving the roles of strategic human resource management was defined as human resource retention.Conclusion: Considering that the issue of maintaining human resources is one of the critical points and basic challenges of knowledge-based companies in playing a strategic role, the need to maintain efficient and committed human resources is of great importance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
563 - A Review of the Evolutionary Process of Sustainable Development Models with a Critical Approach
Hassan MoghimIn general, conceptual models are used to express and depict the concept of sustainability, and in recent years, various models have been presented by researchers and analysts in this field to express and show the concept of sustainable development. In this research, wh MoreIn general, conceptual models are used to express and depict the concept of sustainability, and in recent years, various models have been presented by researchers and analysts in this field to express and show the concept of sustainable development. In this research, which is a type of review and library research, an attempt has been made to examine and analyze the evolutionary process of sustainable development models and the contents expressed around sustainable development models. For this purpose, a number of more than 50 articles in the theoretical field of sustainable development and its models were examined and explored, among which 39 best articles based on content and content were used as sources and references. By expressing the evolution of sustainable development models over time, this research has presented a single collection in the form of a review article with a critical approach including capabilities, capacities, strengths and weaknesses of sustainable development models that have been proposed at the global level. The results of this research show that the lack of independence of the three dimensions, ignoring the time dimension, and paying less attention to the environmental dimension are among the main problems of the existing models. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
564 - A DMAIC approach for process capability improvement an engine crankshaft manufacturing process
G. V. S. S. Sharma P. Srinivasa Rao -
Open Access Article
565 - Analysis of critical drivers affecting implementation of agent technology in a manufacturing system
Om Ji Shukla Abhijeet Joshi Gunjan Soni Rajesh Kumar -
Open Access Article
566 - Prioritizing critical success factors for reverse logistics implementation using fuzzy-TOPSIS methodology
Saurabh Agrawal Rajesh K. Singh Qasim Murtaza -
Open Access Article
567 - Process capability improvement through DMAIC for aluminum alloy wheel machining
G. V. S . S. Sharma P. Srinivasa Rao B. Surendra Babu -
Open Access Article
568 - A new heuristic method based on CPM in SALBP
M Fathi A Jahan M.K Ariffin N Ismail -
Open Access Article
569 - Maintenance management decision model for preventive maintenance strategy on production equipment
R Ahmad S Kamaruddin I Azid I Almanar -
Open Access Article
570 - Analysis of the relationship between the understanding of the dimensions of the nature of science and the tendency to think critically among the students of Tabriz city
Narges Pourtaleb Sakine Pourtaleb Zeinab Shahri Behnaz MousavianAlenjaghObjective: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between understanding the nature of science and its dimensions with the tendency to critical thinking among students in Tabriz in 1398.Methodology: The present study is analytical-correlational. The stat MoreObjective: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between understanding the nature of science and its dimensions with the tendency to critical thinking among students in Tabriz in 1398.Methodology: The present study is analytical-correlational. The statistical sample consisted of 262 mathematics and experimental students in Tabriz who were selected by cluster sampling. Data collection tools were two critical questionnaires of Ritex (2003) and the questionnaire of the nature of science، Roba and Anderson (1978).Results: Data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The research findings showed that there is no significant difference between students of mathematics and experimental departments in terms of critical thinking and the nature of science. Also، Pearson correlation test showed: among the components of the dimensions of the nature of science and its relationship with critical thinking، three components (commitment، creativity and integration) have a significant relationship with critical thinking; But the other 3 components (recommendation، simplicity and measurement) do not have a significant relationship.Conclusion: The result of the regression analysis also showed that out of 6 components of the dimensions of scientific nature، only the component of creativity explains about 5% of the variance of critical thinking. Considering the findings of this study، planners and officials in their educational programs should pay more attention to critical thinking skills and understanding the nature of science Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
571 - Critical Discourse Analysis of the Political Novel, “Unsecured Existence”
Mostafa Gorji Hassan Abniki -
Open Access Article
572 - A Critical Reading of Neoliberalism from the Perspective of David Harvey
Seyed Ebrahim Alavi جلال درخشه hasan majidiBy discrediting the Keynesian versions, it gave way to return to the fundamental principles of liberalism and spurred economists who wanted to revive liberalism. Friedrich von Hayek played a special role in this way. Milton Friedman, the American economist of the Chicag MoreBy discrediting the Keynesian versions, it gave way to return to the fundamental principles of liberalism and spurred economists who wanted to revive liberalism. Friedrich von Hayek played a special role in this way. Milton Friedman, the American economist of the Chicago school, accompanied Hayek on this path. Unlike Keynes, both of them believed in reducing the role of the government in the economy and evaluated the market-oriented economy as the only way to achieve political and economic freedom. After some time, neoliberalism inspired by the theories of Hayek and Friedman was criticized by the opponents. As the critics of economic globalization see neoliberalism as responsible for the creation of a world that has brought a minority to fabulous wealth and has plunged a large part of human society into misery; And they think that neoliberalism shows itself all over the world with components such as the difficulty of living, the intensification of the class gap, the intensification of exploitation, etc. trends such as the class division of education and the deprivation of many people from health. As one of the most prominent critics of neoliberalism, David Harvey tried to show the important differences between liberal and neoliberal policies. He introduces neoliberalism as a deviant path to free employers, governments, and capitalists from the constraints on which liberalism was formed. Harvey emphasizes that neoliberalism is a political project that was keyed by the capitalist class in the late 60s and early 70s to curb the power of the working class, at a time when it felt strongly threatened by this class both politically and economically. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
573 - A New Approach to Public Policy Studies Relying on the Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis Studies the State as a Discourse
Mostafa Entezari Heravi Mojtaba Maghsoodi -
Open Access Article
574 - Analysis of Ahmadinejad Government's Foreign Policy According to the Critical Theory of International Relations
Mohammad Ali Tavana Tooraj Rahmani Hamed Eslami -
Open Access Article
575 - Presenting a Perception Model of Policy Making in Iran Education, by Fourmulating Educational Policies Based on Critical Sociological Thinking Approach
Ali Falakpour Garineh keshishyan -
Open Access Article
576 - A Critical Review on the Reproduction of Dominance and Gender Discrimination Relations in the Textbooks of Iran's Educational System
ShakibaSadat Hashemian Saeed Gazerani AliAsghar Davoudi -
Open Access Article
577 - Study of Political Behaviors and Hypocritical Behaviors through Spirituality
fatemeh hoseni omid safari hadis ghasemyan aslThe main purpose of this research was to test the conceptual model between political behaviors and hypocritical behaviors with the mediation of spirituality in secondary school teachers of Mamsani city. In terms of nature and content, the research method was a correlati MoreThe main purpose of this research was to test the conceptual model between political behaviors and hypocritical behaviors with the mediation of spirituality in secondary school teachers of Mamsani city. In terms of nature and content, the research method was a correlational descriptive research. The statistical population of this research was all 284 secondary school teachers in Mamsani city, of which 284 were selected as a sample using Morgan's table and simple random sampling method. The tools of data collection were standard questionnaires of hypocritical behaviors (Danaei Fard et al.; 2013), Dobrin's political behaviors (1978) and Hall Edwards spirituality (1986). Inferential statistical methods of Pearson's correlation coefficient, regression analysis and path analysis were used in SPSS21 and PLS statistical software. The results of this research showed that there is a significant relationship between political behaviors and hypocritical behaviors through spirituality and the results of the research show He said that the conceptual model of political behaviors with hypocritical behaviors through spirituality and strategic thinking has a suitable fit. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
578 - Providing a conceptual model for identifying Critical Success Factors(CSFs) affecting Financial Information System user’s attitude(Case Study: Iranian Central Oil Fields Company)
Ehsan AbediDue to the increasing importance of Financial Information Systems and the critical actions taken by companies in order to offer electronic financial services in Iran and also according to the increasing number of companies using Financial Information Systems services, i MoreDue to the increasing importance of Financial Information Systems and the critical actions taken by companies in order to offer electronic financial services in Iran and also according to the increasing number of companies using Financial Information Systems services, it is essential for managers to understand users better. Only through this comprehension they are able to develop strategies and tactics to attract and sustain their users. In this study we have investigated the influential factors in Financial Information System user’s attitude. Electronic questionnaires were applied for data gathering through a case study of Iranian Central Oil Fields Company users. According to research findings and conclusions it is suggested to apply different marketing strategies for different age groups, provide users with the opportunity of using financial services electronically and achieving good experiences, and present information and training focusing on Financial Information Systems benefits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
579 - Seismic Reliability Evaluation of the Jacket Structure of an Offshore Platform Based on Nonlinear Time History Analyses
M Hosseini S Karimiyan -
Open Access Article
580 - Investigating the Influence of Filter Uniformity Coefficient and Effective Pore Size on Critical Hydraulic Gradient and Maximum Erosion of Dispersive and Non-dispersive Samples
J Bazargan H.R Eskandari -
Open Access Article
581 - Environmental History as a Model of Eco-Criticism in Gregory’s The Other Boleyn Girl and Virgin Earth
Atieh Rafati Saeed Yazdani (Corresponding author) Fatemeh AzizmohammadiEco criticism is the study of the relations between the physical environment and literature. It involves an earth-centered approach to literary studies. The subject of eco criticism takes between nature and culture, explicitly the cultural artefacts of language and lite MoreEco criticism is the study of the relations between the physical environment and literature. It involves an earth-centered approach to literary studies. The subject of eco criticism takes between nature and culture, explicitly the cultural artefacts of language and literature. . As Hughes (2009) debates, even though eco-criticism has become a field in literary theory and in the extensive landscape of environmental history and cultural ecology, it could benefit from an enhanced frame work. Environmental History is relevant to numerous things, the history of the mutual relations between human race and remnants of nature. Cultural Ecology, on the other hand, is based on the interaction between man, culture and environment. It describes the roots of peculiar cultural type which characterize specific cultural space. This research attempts to analysis the Philippa Gregory’s The Red Queen based on the features of environmental history and cultural ecology as an eco-criticism hybrid model. In her novel, Gregory tries to define the true history and surrounding of Margaret Beaufort’s life who became the mother of the first Tudor’s king (Henry VII). First, with the reference to the features of environmental history and cultural ecology a model of analysis will be structured. Then, the analysis of Gregory’s novel based on these features will be indicated. Finally, the results of the analysis will be discussed to confirm how it can be implied as a novel’s approach to literary theory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
582 - کارکرد زبان استعاری در شکل دادن به متون سیاسی بر اساس چارچوب کووسس: دیدگاه CDA
Somayeh Jafarnezhad Bahloul Salmani Hossein Sadegh Oghliاین مطالعه با هدف بررسی نقش زبان مجازی در شکلدهی متون سیاسی بر اساس چارچوب مدرن پیشنهادی کووکسس انجام شد. مجموعه پژوهش شامل 30 هزار کلمه است که به عنوان نمونه متن انتخاب شده تا منبع حوزه مفهومی مورد استفاده را مشاهده کند. این مقاله از طریق نمونهگیری تصادفی سیستماتیک ا Moreاین مطالعه با هدف بررسی نقش زبان مجازی در شکلدهی متون سیاسی بر اساس چارچوب مدرن پیشنهادی کووکسس انجام شد. مجموعه پژوهش شامل 30 هزار کلمه است که به عنوان نمونه متن انتخاب شده تا منبع حوزه مفهومی مورد استفاده را مشاهده کند. این مقاله از طریق نمونهگیری تصادفی سیستماتیک از مقالات مختلف سرمقاله مجلات سیاسی غرب در رابطه با روابط ایران و غرب در دوره زمانی 2019-2010 تهیه شده است. تحلیل استعاره انتقادی (CMA) برای مشخص کردن الگوها در مقالات سیاسی مورد استفاده قرار گرفت، که معمولاً از تحقیقات قبلی توسط شخصیتهای معتبر در تحلیل استعارهای انتقادی و سیاسی پشتیبانی میکرد که استعارهها برای شکلدهی به تفکر سیاسی، کمک به اقناع سیاسی، و در جهت دادن به شرایط و مدلهای شناختی استفاده میشوند. برای شکل دادن به تعبیر ملت به عنوان یک شخص یا استعاره بدن. در نهایت، این مطالعه از یافتههای متنی استعارههای مفهومی مورد استفاده پشتیبانی میکند. یافتههای این مطالعه، مفاهیم متعددی را برای تحقیقات آینده در اختیار کلاسهای درس زبان انگلیسی قرار میدهد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
583 - تأثیر آموزش راهبردی گفتار کنش های درخواست و عذرخواهی بر رشد زبان آموزان ایرانی زبان انگلیسی «عملکرد عمل گرایانه و تفکر انتقادی»
Parisa Bazaei بهرام مولایی Massood Yazdanimoghaddamاز آنجایی که درخواست در شرایط نابرابری رخ می دهد، گوینده باید همیشه اصول ادب را بدون توجه به موضوع درخواست خود رعایت کند. این پژوهش به بررسی تأثیر آموزش راهبردی کنش های گفتاری درخواست و عذرخواهی بر رشد عملکرد عملگرایانه و تفکر انتقادی زبان آموزان ایرانی پرداخته است. بر Moreاز آنجایی که درخواست در شرایط نابرابری رخ می دهد، گوینده باید همیشه اصول ادب را بدون توجه به موضوع درخواست خود رعایت کند. این پژوهش به بررسی تأثیر آموزش راهبردی کنش های گفتاری درخواست و عذرخواهی بر رشد عملکرد عملگرایانه و تفکر انتقادی زبان آموزان ایرانی پرداخته است. بر اساس ماهیت درمان، تصمیم گرفته شد شرکتکنندگانی انتخاب شوند که قبل از مطالعه به اندازه کافی در انستیتوی زبان قرار نگرفته بودند. برای این منظور، قبل از انجام یک آزمون انگلیسی آکسفورد (OPT)، انتظار میرفت افرادی که امتیازشان بین یک انحراف استاندارد (+1SD) بالاتر از میانگین و یک انحراف استاندارد (-1SD) زیر میانگین قرار میگیرد، به عنوان برش انتخاب شوند. معیار در نهایت، 80 نفر از 114 زبان آموز ایرانی مرد و زن انگلیسی از شش کلاس زبان در سطح متوسط انتخاب شدند. سپس به طور تصادفی به دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل (20 مرد و 20 زن برای هر گروه) تقسیم شدند. یک طرح ترکیبی استفاده شد. داده های کیفی جمع آوری شده از طریق مصاحبه برای مثلث بندی داده های کمی جمع آوری شده استفاده شد. دادهها توسط دو ارزیاب آموزشدیده متخصص در زبانشناسی کاربردی برای شناسایی اثربخشی آموزش استراتژی کنشهای گفتاری درخواستی و عذرخواهی تجزیه و تحلیل شد. داده ها در نرم افزار SPSS کلید خوردند. 22. یافتهها نشان داد که آموزش استراتژی عمل گفتاری درخواستی بر رشد عملکرد عملگرایانه زبان آموزان ایرانی تأثیر مثبت و معناداری دارد. بین تفکر انتقادی و عملکرد عملگرایانه رابطه معناداری یافت شد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
584 - اثرمفهوم سازی و تحلیل متن به عنوان راهکارهای تفکر انتقادی بر درک مطلب فراگیرندگان ایرانی زبان انگلیسی سطح متوسط با لحاظ جنسیت: الگوی تفکر انتقادی الدر و پل
سرور پروین نژاد Valeh Valipour رامین رحیمینقش راهکارهای مختلف تفکر انتقادی در خواندن متن منجر به مطالعات قابل توجهی شده است. این مطالعه ترکیبی با هدف بررسی تأثیرات راهکارهای تحلیل و مفهومسازی تفکر انتقادی پیشنهاد شده توسط الدر و پل (2009)، بر مهارتهای درک مطلب، و همچنین بررسی ادراک زبانآموزان زبان انگلیسی در Moreنقش راهکارهای مختلف تفکر انتقادی در خواندن متن منجر به مطالعات قابل توجهی شده است. این مطالعه ترکیبی با هدف بررسی تأثیرات راهکارهای تحلیل و مفهومسازی تفکر انتقادی پیشنهاد شده توسط الدر و پل (2009)، بر مهارتهای درک مطلب، و همچنین بررسی ادراک زبانآموزان زبان انگلیسی در سطح متوسط با توجه به جنسیت انجام شده است. بدین منظور 60 زبان آموز مونث ومذکر در محدوده سنی 25 تا 38 سال از مجموع 120 زبان آموز با استفاده از آزمون کمبریج C2 (CPE) در مؤسسه پویندگان چالوس انتخاب شدند. سپس بهطور تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایشی برای استفاده از راهکار مفهومسازی، دو گروه آزمایشی برای اجرای راهکار تحلیل متن و دو گروه شاهد برای دریافت روش مرسوم آموزش درک مطلب در مؤسسه قرار گرفتند. سپس آزمون استعداد تحصیلی (SAT) به عنوان پیش آزمون قبل از آموزش هشت هفته ای اجرا شد. پس از استفاده از شیوه های پیشنهادی، پسآزمون همراه با مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته با 12 فراگیر منتخب اجرا شد. داده های کمی با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه و آزمون تی جفتی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که اجرای متغیر مستقل تأثیر معنیداری بر بهبود درک مطلب داشتند. نتایج کیفی همچنین نشان داد که فراگیران دیدگاه های مثبتی نسبت به آموزش راهکارهای تفکر انتقادی اتخاذ کردند. با این حال، جنسیت نقش مهمی در استفاده از راهکارهای تفکر انتقادی در درک مطلب نداشت. پیامدهای مطالعه در پایان مقاله مورد بحث قرار گرفت. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
585 - Manipulation of Ideology in Translation of Political Texts: A Criti-cal Discourse Analysis Perspective
Mohammad Hossein Keshavarz Leila Alimadadi Zonoozi -
Open Access Article
586 - Critical Thinking Ability and Vocabulary Learning Strategy Use: The Case of EFL Learners in an ESL Context
Noushin Boroushaki Ng Lee-Luan -
Open Access Article
587 - Manipulation As an Ideological Tool in the Persian Translations of Ervand Abrahamian’s The Coup: A Multimodal CDA Approach
Mehdi Bazyar Zahra Soltani Hossein Talebzadeh -
Open Access Article
588 - Prediction of English Language Proficiency Level Using Multiple Intelligences Theory and Critical Thinking Skills
Zahra Shahrabi Sayyed Mohammad Alavi -
Open Access Article
589 - Concept Revision of Age, Motivation, and Error Correction in Second Language Learning
Hamid Beyrami -
Open Access Article
590 - The Role of Metaphorical Language in the Critical Discourse Analysis of Western Political Texts
Ali Akbar Farahani Zohreh Adeli Jam -
Open Access Article
591 - Does teaching critical thinking affect students’ L2 attitudes?
Mansoor Fahim Hossein Askari -
Open Access Article
592 - The Relation between Critical Thinking and Translation Quality
Ahmad Mohseni Adnan Satariyan -
Open Access Article
593 - Investigating the Relationship among Gender, Critical Thinking and Meta-Cognitive Awareness Listening Strategies
Bahram Mowlaie Azar Einy Samarein -
Open Access Article
594 - The Study of Ideological Manipulation in Persian Translations of Noam Chomsky’s Media Control Based on Farahzad’s Translation Criticism Model
Shokoufeh Amiri Abdollah Baradaran -
Open Access Article
595 - بررسی بازآفرینی و تاریخ گرایی نو از نظر ایدئولوژی آلتوسر در ترجمه های گلستان سعدی
Elham Ehterami امیر مرزبانهدف از این تحقیق مطالعه چهار ترجمه از کتاب گلستان سعدی در طی قرون 19 , 20 و 21 در انگلستان میباشد تا بتوان تاثیر ایدئولوژی غالب در انگلستان را بر ترجمه این اثر مهم بررسی کرد. این چهار ترجمه عبارتند از گلادوین (1806), برتون (1888), پلاتس (1904) و تکستون (2008) که بر اسا Moreهدف از این تحقیق مطالعه چهار ترجمه از کتاب گلستان سعدی در طی قرون 19 , 20 و 21 در انگلستان میباشد تا بتوان تاثیر ایدئولوژی غالب در انگلستان را بر ترجمه این اثر مهم بررسی کرد. این چهار ترجمه عبارتند از گلادوین (1806), برتون (1888), پلاتس (1904) و تکستون (2008) که بر اساس بازآفرینی و تاریخ گرایی نوین از نظر ایدئولوژی آلتوسر انجام شده است. این یک تحقیق کمی و کیفی می باشد که طی آن 30 حکایت از گلستان سعدی به روش هدفمند انتخاب و مورد تحقیق قرار گرفت. تمام موارد مورد نیاز از این چهار ترجمه استخراج و با کتاب اصلی مقایسه و سپس بر اساس فرمول کا اسکوئر مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج به دست آمده حاکی از این است که به طور کلی هیچ تفاوت معناداری بین ترجمه های مورد نظر وجود ندارد, اگر چه بیان این مطلب ضروری است که تفاوت های زیادی بین یکا یک موارد استخراج شده وجود دارد که خود می تواند دلیل محکمی بر وجود یک ایدئولوژی پنهان در ترجمه ها باشد. به این صورت که, تکستون در ترجمه خود از بیشترین موارد بازآفرینی استفاده کرده است و گلادوین از بیشترین ایدئولوژی آلتوسر. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
596 - Comedy, Context and Unsaid Meaning: A Case Study in Conversational Implicature
Saber Khakipour -
Open Access Article
597 - Investigating Ideological Manipulation in Subtitling Based on Farahzad’s CDA Model: A Case Study of The Salesman
Golnaz Borumad Mina Zandrahimi Zeinab Mahdavi -
Open Access Article
598 - Lexical Translation in Movies: A Comparative Analysis of Persian Dubs and Subtitles through CDA
Saber Noie Fariba Jafarpour -
Open Access Article
599 - Parody: Another Revision
Mohammad Reza Sadrian -
Open Access Article
600 - The Effect of the Translation Technologies on the Critical Thinking of the Students of the Translation Studies
Forouzan Dehbashi Sharif Fatemeh Salehi -
Open Access Article
601 - بررسی عملکرد اجتماعی ترجمه های فارسی "دختری که رهایش کردی" از طریق راهبردهای واژگان و دستوری مترجمان
Zeinab Zargari Ali Rabiپژوهش حاضر با هدف روشن کردن تفاوتهای عملکرد اجتماعی ترجمه های فارسی دختری که رهایش کردی نوشته ی جوجو مویز (2012) با متن اصلی به زبان انگلیسی بر اساس مدل ( Fairclough 1995) است. در همین راستا، از طریق تجزیه و تحلیل دقیق متون مبدا و مقصد، نمونه های انگلیسی عملکرد اجتماعی Moreپژوهش حاضر با هدف روشن کردن تفاوتهای عملکرد اجتماعی ترجمه های فارسی دختری که رهایش کردی نوشته ی جوجو مویز (2012) با متن اصلی به زبان انگلیسی بر اساس مدل ( Fairclough 1995) است. در همین راستا، از طریق تجزیه و تحلیل دقیق متون مبدا و مقصد، نمونه های انگلیسی عملکرد اجتماعی به همراه معادل فارسی آنها به عنوان تحقیق به منظور بررسی تفاوتهای بین ویژگیهای گرامری و لغوی عملکرد اجتماعی انتخاب شدند. عملکردهای اجتماعی انگلیسی و فارسی مطابق چارچوب( Fairclough 1995) مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که مترجمان با اعمال ایدئولوژی های خود از طریق اعمال گزینه های گرامری و واژگانی خود که منجر به دستکاری ایدئولوژیکی در ترجمه ها شده اند، عملکردهای اجتماعی متون مقصد را دستکاری می کنند. و همچنین نتایج نشان داد که خلق خودمختار بیشترین استراتژی مشاهده شده است که می توان آن را به عنوان گرایش مشترک مترجمان به توسل به خلق معادل آن تفسیر کرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
602 - Applying the Tensive Model to Ferdowsi's Rustam and Sohrab and Its Translation by Arnold
shiva olfat Kourosh Akef -
Open Access Article
603 - A Micro- and Macro-Level Descriptive-Analytical Study of Translation Criticism in Iran: Are We Moving within a Framework?
Mir Saeed Mousavi Razavi Morteza Gholami -
Open Access Article
604 - The Impact of Implementing Critical Appraisal on EFL Teachers' Quantitative Research Literacy
Alireza Zaker Mania Nosratinia Parviz Birjandi Massood Yazdanimoghaddam -
Open Access Article
605 - Dialogue or Power of Text Jāmi's Understanding of Ibn al-Fārid's Wine-Poems (Khamriyyat)
Seyyed Hossein Seyyedi Saeedeh MomayyeziAudience-centric views provide new approaches to the study of literary texts, especially old ones. Horizon and circumstances of a contemporary reader are different from those of an old text author. A reader will be able to study an old text well when considering differe MoreAudience-centric views provide new approaches to the study of literary texts, especially old ones. Horizon and circumstances of a contemporary reader are different from those of an old text author. A reader will be able to study an old text well when considering different interpretations of it. The main question of the present research is whether contextuality and individuality can influence one's perception of a subject. Affection and emotion are two major elements of wine-poems (khamriyyat) of Ibn al-Fārid. Abd ar-Rahmān Jāmi has addressed these two issues in Ibn al-Fārid's poetry and has revived his poetry. By using descriptive-analytical method, the essay tries to examine Jāmi's views on Ibn al-Fārid's poetry. Coherence is a characteristic of Ibn al-Fārid's poems. In his poems, we move from wine-drinking to eternal intoxication. To understand the concept of wine, one must study all of his poems. But in Jāmi's poetry, we cannot find this consistency, and every single bit of his poetry can be studied alone. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
606 - The Process of Individuation of Homāy in the Story of Homāy o Homāyun Based on Jungian Individuation Theory
Mortezā Bālār Hamidrezā Farzi Rostam AmāniNowadays, “archetypal criticism” or “mythical criticism” is one of the most important and the most widely used methods of contemporary literary criticism which studies the nature and characteristics of archetypes and their roles in literature. My MoreNowadays, “archetypal criticism” or “mythical criticism” is one of the most important and the most widely used methods of contemporary literary criticism which studies the nature and characteristics of archetypes and their roles in literature. Mythical criticism has originated in Jung's thoughts and generally, it is done by referring to his ideas. Based on the Jungian individuation theory, the present article tries to study the romance of Homāy o Homāyun by Khāju Kermāni. In this story, Homāy, the hero begins his journey to China to reach Homāyun (anima). The journey of the hero to China, as the base of the story, is a symbol of process of individuation and of his search for self-knowledge. By activation of anima and announcing the message of continuity and unity in the hero's conscious realm, the process of individuation of Homāy who is a young and inexperienced prince begins, and by guidance of the wise old man and eliminating difficulties and shadows and flexibility of persona, his conscious and unconscious are coordinated and finally, the process of individuation and self-knowledge achieves successfully. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
607 - The Comparative Study of a Story in Masnavi Manavi Based on Norman Fairclough's Approach
Zahrā IranmaneshMasnavi Manavi has benefited from the previous mystical and literary works. Based on Norman Fairclough's method of critical discourse analysis, in the present article, the story "how a certain Sheikh showed no grief at the death of his sons" from Masnavi Manavi, Persian MoreMasnavi Manavi has benefited from the previous mystical and literary works. Based on Norman Fairclough's method of critical discourse analysis, in the present article, the story "how a certain Sheikh showed no grief at the death of his sons" from Masnavi Manavi, Persian translation of Risāla Qushayriyya and Attār's Tazkirat-al-Auliyā are examined. In the three works, mystical status has been described. In the story of Masnavi Manavi, the dominant discourse is "the mystic who has united with God", in Risāla Qushayriyya, it is "the station of satisfaction" and in Tazkirat-al-Auliyā, it is "submission". In these anecdotes, the mystical concerns are prominent. So, these topics have been considered: certitude, spiritual power of holy man, real sympathy, attention to the Real (God), power and authority. By synthesizing the dominant discourses of mysticism, in the form of a pre-existing genre, Jalāl al-Din Rūmi, Attār Neishapouri, Abul-Ghāsem Qushairi have re-created a spiritual narrative. The three above mentioned works, as communicative events, are not just a reflection of their authors' thoughts, but they create a special discourse by criticizing materialistic practices and temporary and affluent affections. These works have succeeded in challenging mystical features and strengthening mystical discourse. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
608 - The Archetype of Death and Rebirth in the Works of Badi Saqour and Shafiei Kadkani: A Comparative Study
Gholāmrezā Pirouz Parināz BāgheriArchetypes are rooted in the depths of collective unconsciousness; some of them, beyond the geographical boundaries, are present in the minds of all men. The present article, by using analytical-comparative method, attempts to exmine "the archetype of death and rebirth" MoreArchetypes are rooted in the depths of collective unconsciousness; some of them, beyond the geographical boundaries, are present in the minds of all men. The present article, by using analytical-comparative method, attempts to exmine "the archetype of death and rebirth" in the poems let the Pigeon sleep by Syrian poet, Badi Saqour and in the Praise of Pigeons by M.R. Shafiei Kadkani. The issue of death and rebirth in these poems can be studied in three ways: a: The poet's focus is more on the subject of death. b: Death and rebirth occur in a balanced manner. c: More attention is paid to the subject of rebirth. The most important findings of this study are as follows: Many of the poems in these two collections are based on the balance between death and rebirth. In other his poems, Badi Saqour focuses more on death; but, Shafiei Kadkani emphasizes more on the issue of rebirth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
609 - Critical Discourse Analysis in the Story of “How Hamza Came to Battle without a Coat of Mail” Based on Norman Fairclough's Theory
Roghayeh Mousavi Alimohammad PoshtdārCritical discourse analysis is an approach that focuses on social, cultural and religious representations to interpret discourses and actions. Based on Norman Fairclough's theory, in the present article, the story of "How Hamza, may God be well-pleased with him, came to MoreCritical discourse analysis is an approach that focuses on social, cultural and religious representations to interpret discourses and actions. Based on Norman Fairclough's theory, in the present article, the story of "How Hamza, may God be well-pleased with him, came to battle without a coat of mail" form book 3 of Masnavi Manavi is described in three stages of description, interpretation and explanation. The purpose of the paper is to clarify the formal and semantic structure of the narrator's speech and the generator of discourse by using descriptive-analytical method. It is through this way that the dominance of the narrator over the audience as well as his discursive interaction in the form of preaching are known. The results show that Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, relying on Qur'an and the religious and moral teachings and using firm and emphasizing sentences, forms a special discourse that its deep-structure is "voluntary death and the worthlessness of worldly life". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
610 - The Masculinity of the Golden Calf; An Analysis Based on Archetypal Criticism
Zahrā Mohagheghiyān The story of the Golden calf is one of the most important stories of the Holy Quran which is also mentioned several times in the Torah. Along with many questions about the story, what is important is the reason for choosing the calf from a variety More The story of the Golden calf is one of the most important stories of the Holy Quran which is also mentioned several times in the Torah. Along with many questions about the story, what is important is the reason for choosing the calf from a variety of totemic animals. Why does Samiri choose a calf among all animals? Why is the calf represented as masculine in the Holy Quran? Basically, what is the purpose of telling the story and alluding to a male calf in the verses of the Holy Quran? By exploring the cultural beliefs of Mesopotamian and Semitic people, in the present article, first, the attempt is made to examine the features of calf in terms of its ritual and symbolic importance. Then, the semantic context of the Qur'anic verse referring to the gender of the calf is examined. The article uses archetypal criticism and Jungian ideas with an analytical and comparative approach to the Holy Quran and The Holy Scripture. Findings of the study indicate that the masculinity of the calf is a theme with a special meaning and is used as a rejection of some customs of the Age of Ignorance about the sanctity of natural objects. Since attention to gender did not play much role in the Abrahamic religions, so in later periods it was not raised. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
611 - The Story of Sheikh Sanān in Mantiq-ut-Tayr of Attār: A Mythical Criticism Based on the Theory of Rite of Passage
Masood Hasani Farhād Doroudgariān Ali Pedrām Mirzāei Ayoob Morādi"Rite of passage " refers to rituals such as birth, puberty, initiation, death, etc. in ancient societies that have a mythical structure. The theorists of ‘rite of passage’ believe that the mythical structure of these rituals follows a single pattern. By usi More"Rite of passage " refers to rituals such as birth, puberty, initiation, death, etc. in ancient societies that have a mythical structure. The theorists of ‘rite of passage’ believe that the mythical structure of these rituals follows a single pattern. By using analytical-descriptive method, the present article attempts to investigate the degree of conformity of the structure of ritual myths with the spiritual journey (Suluk) and behavior of Sheikh Sanān in Mantiq-ut-Tayr of Attār. Emphasizing the ritual nature of Sufism, the present study, while offering a psychoanalytic interpretation of each stage of Sheikh Sanan's mystical passage, shows that the narrative structure of the story is consistent with the four-stage model of theory of "rite of passage" (separation, crisis, transition and reincorporation). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
612 - Traditional Rituals of Sistan and Some of Their Mythological Themes: An Analysis
mohammad fatemimaneshRituals are an integral part of the culture and history of the people of Sistan, an Iranian tribe, which has been uniquely expressed through their religious, ethnic, and tribal beliefs. Based on the mythological, anthropological, historical, and psychological characteri MoreRituals are an integral part of the culture and history of the people of Sistan, an Iranian tribe, which has been uniquely expressed through their religious, ethnic, and tribal beliefs. Based on the mythological, anthropological, historical, and psychological characteristics of the Sistani people, their rituals set them apart from other Iranian tribes. Furthermore, these rituals have been depicted in the ancient tales of this region, serving as the foundation for various literary analyses. The purpose of this research is to explore the rituals portrayed in the stories of the people of Sistan and analyze their underlying themes using a descriptive-analytical approach, combined with the critical lens of myth criticism. Extensive studies confirm that Sistani narratives encompass a range of rituals, with notable examples including blood drinking, the myth of Oushidar, incestuous marriages, witchcraft, and mourning ceremonies. Many of these rituals originated from the ancient Iranian and Zoroastrian cultures, as well as the customs and practices of ancient tribes like the Scythians, eventually becoming deeply ingrained within the Sistan region's populace. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
613 - Touba and the Meaning of Night: A Mythical Criticism
Khadijeh Bahrāmi RahnemāMythological criticism is an effective tool for examining early ideas, historical events and human ideals throughout history, and through it can be traced the actions of ancient humans. Various areas can be explored, including mythical criticism, in Touba and the Meanin MoreMythological criticism is an effective tool for examining early ideas, historical events and human ideals throughout history, and through it can be traced the actions of ancient humans. Various areas can be explored, including mythical criticism, in Touba and the Meaning of Night, a novel by Shahrnush Parsipur. The aim of the present research is to study the components of mythical criticism in Touba and the Meaning of Night by using descriptive-analytical method. The results indicate that in the novel, there is a direct and significant relationship between women and the elements of nature, which has given direction and meaning to the mythological actions of women. For example, by using the symbolic and archetypal concept of water, it is possible to explain the placement of Munesan next to the fountainhead and Leila next to the pond, who, respectively, seek to achieve fertility and the process of individuation. We can also mention the influence of the Epic of Gilgamesh on Touba and the Meaning of Night; because Touba, like Gilgamesh, uses the archetype of journey to achieve self-examination and perfection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
614 - The Mythological Signs in Yet, madly Divānehvār
Naarges BāgheriMyths are always deeply connected with literature and can affect the form and structure of a literary work in addition to its meaning. Examining and analyzing the mythological relations of a literary text play an important role in explaining its meanings and concepts. B MoreMyths are always deeply connected with literature and can affect the form and structure of a literary work in addition to its meaning. Examining and analyzing the mythological relations of a literary text play an important role in explaining its meanings and concepts. By using analytical-descriptive method, the present study attempts to investigate the mythological signs of the novel Yet, Madly... by Shiva Arastooee. The study of the novel, based on a mythological reading, shows that form and content of it have been affected by the myths. The myth of Shiva is added to the novel to expand its concepts and to shape and drive the narrative forward. She appears as a woman who dances around the clock, adjusting the rhythm of the novel with her movements and deciding what story to tell at what time. Also, in the novel, various signs and symbols such as names (Shiva, the god of the three heads, ...), places (water reservoir, Pandora's box, Palmyra, ...) and concepts such as death and writing are presented as meaningful units of a mythical discourse. Manuscript profile -
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615 - Mythological Analysis of the Story of Bahram & Azadeh Based on Northrope Frye’s Theory of Mythos of Fall; The Case of Study: Enameled Ceramics of Ilkhanid Period
yaqub talebi Bahman namvar motlaghOne of the main approaches in contemporary literary criticism is the archetypal approach. Northrop Frye, The foremost theorist of archetypal criticism, argues that the mythological archetypes appear in a variety of literary texts and the corresponding genres for the fou MoreOne of the main approaches in contemporary literary criticism is the archetypal approach. Northrop Frye, The foremost theorist of archetypal criticism, argues that the mythological archetypes appear in a variety of literary texts and the corresponding genres for the four seasons are as follows: The mythos of spring: comedy; The mythos of summer: romance; The mythos of fall: tragedy; The mythos of winter: irony. Frye believes the tragedy focuses on a single hero who passes through the six phases - from innocence to falling - in his/her life and finally calm prevails in the atmosphere. The present article, by a descriptive and analytical approach, attempts to study the motifs of enameled ceramics of Ilkhanid period based on Northrope Frye’s theory of archetypal criticism. These motifs depict scenes from the story of Bahram & Azadeh (as narrated in Shāhnāmeh). The results show that the visual narrative of the story is based on the form of the mythos of fall and the genre of tragedy and convey a special political and social message to its audience. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
616 - The Analysis of Characters and Mythological Concepts in Symphony of the Dead
soheyla sheykhloo Hamidreza Ardestani rostami Ismail AzarOne of the components in Persian novels is the use of mythological-archetypal elements and themes. In the present article, by using a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt has been made to study the mythological components in Symphony of the Dead of Abbas MoreOne of the components in Persian novels is the use of mythological-archetypal elements and themes. In the present article, by using a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt has been made to study the mythological components in Symphony of the Dead of Abbas Maroufi. The author has deliberately used myths which indicates his awareness of the myths and symbols of Iran and the world, and religious, national and ethnic culture. The main theme of the novel is murder and fratricide, and is nurtured by the myth of Abel and Cain, but Maroufi has used various myths that can be divided into three categories: the myths of Shahnameh (Siyāvash, Iraj, Bijan and Manijeh etc.), mythical animals (phoenix, crow, wolf, butterfly, fish) and mythological concepts (creation, dualism, catharsis, mandala, plant animism, etc.). These concepts cover a very wide range of topics, so in the present article, only the concepts that have been less addressed in other studies are considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
617 - The Poem of Manley: An Analysis Based on Jung's Archetypal Criticism
nahid tirandaz abolalghasem esmaeil pour Abdolhosein FarzadThis research deals with the analysis of Manely, a long poem composed by Nima Yooshij, based on Jung's archetypal criticism. Archetypal (mythological) criticism is one of the new approaches in contemporary literary criticism, which engages the archetypes with a psycholo MoreThis research deals with the analysis of Manely, a long poem composed by Nima Yooshij, based on Jung's archetypal criticism. Archetypal (mythological) criticism is one of the new approaches in contemporary literary criticism, which engages the archetypes with a psychological perspective on myths and shows their role in literary works. On this basis, in contemporary literature (poetry), myth and archetype are somehow tied to psychology (based on the theory of Jung). In the poem, Manley refers to a mythological hero who, through an introspective journey, by passing from "ego" to "self", achieves "individuality", and by this transformation, he becomes distinguished from others. Also, Manely's actions can be adapted to some the stages of archetype of hero, including exploration and learning. In Manley, the archetypes of death and rebirth, the wise old man and water gain meaning in connection with the myth of the hero. The findings of the research show that Manley, the main character of the story, is a person who came from the lower class of the society and with the help of the wise old man, attains a true self-knowledge and returns to the society in harmony with nature. Manuscript profile -
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618 - The Genealogical Values of Vegetative Reason and the Growth of "Kin Plant" in Shānāmeh Based on Archetypal Criticism; The Case Study: The Myth of Siavash and Kei-Khosrow
pegah mahmoudi Nedā MounzaviThe approach of archetypal criticism, which has its foundation in anthropology, is interdisciplinary in nature. This method is particularly prominent in the study of epic works, such as Ferdowsi's Shānāmeh, due to the deep-rooted archetypes and mythological foundations MoreThe approach of archetypal criticism, which has its foundation in anthropology, is interdisciplinary in nature. This method is particularly prominent in the study of epic works, such as Ferdowsi's Shānāmeh, due to the deep-rooted archetypes and mythological foundations present in these texts. The collective unconscious plays a dominant role in great mythological and mystical works, as evidenced by the presence of motifs such as the repetition of cosmic processes, rituals, gods, and supernatural elements. As a result, these texts, and particularly Shānāmeh, are highly suitable for the analysis of archetypal elements. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the archetypal connection between plants and humans in myths, specifically focusing on the stories of Siavash and Kei-Khosrow. This research employs a descriptive-analytical method and utilizes Jung's critique of archetypes to analyze the archetypal and genealogical aspects of the vegetative reason. The findings of this research indicate that the "Kin plant" (coral plant or Erythrina corallodendron) that grows from Siavash's blood is a symbol of the archetype of human reason and plant descent of man, which is manifested in the existence of Kei-Khosrow. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
619 - Psychomythology in Dramatic Literature; A Case Study: Examining Bahram Beyzai's Mythological Views Based on Gilbert Durand's Mythological Criticism
behrouz avazpour Elham EbrahimiNaqani The present research aims to apply Gilbert Durand's mythological criticism to Bahram Beyzai's dramatic works, including playwrights and screenplays, in order to uncover the underlying mythological pattern. The task was accomplished by utilizing the method of mytho More The present research aims to apply Gilbert Durand's mythological criticism to Bahram Beyzai's dramatic works, including playwrights and screenplays, in order to uncover the underlying mythological pattern. The task was accomplished by utilizing the method of mythological analysis. It involved carefully studying the author's significant work, and identifying the principal sub-myth present in his works. In addition to analyzing the text and metatext (such as exploring the sub-myth present in other works by the author, studying his personal-professional life, and assessing his personal complex), a psychometric approach was employed to uncover his personal and extra-personal myth. The findings of the research indicate that the principal sub-myth in Beyzai's works revolves around several key themes: studying the past to shape the future, battling against oppression and ignorance that hinder the growth of the homeland's fertility, and being willing to sacrifice oneself if necessary to achieve this fertility. Furthermore, the priority of life over death and femininity as the source of life are significant aspects of this sub-myth. Beyzai's personal complex, described in the language of Jacques Lacan, involves a fixated state and difficulties transitioning from the imaginary to the symbolic realm. Lastly, his personal myth can be associated with the goddess Anahita. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
620 - Analysis of mythological beliefs in Sistani's stories and legends
mohammad fatemimaneshMythological beliefs are a set of views that have a lifetime throughout human history and are the source of many customs and traditions that modern humans have adjusted their interactions and relationships with others based on. These mythological beliefs, which are very MoreMythological beliefs are a set of views that have a lifetime throughout human history and are the source of many customs and traditions that modern humans have adjusted their interactions and relationships with others based on. These mythological beliefs, which are very important from an anthropological point of view, have been manifested in many sociological, artistic and literary fields, and one can easily find their signs among various human phenomena. Among the areas that are one of the main manifestations of mythological beliefs are native and local legends and stories; Elements that require serious attention due to their close relationship with myths; A problem that has been taken into consideration in this research and based on which the author has tried to analyze the mythological beliefs in Sistani's stories and legends by descriptive-analytical method. The results of this research show that beliefs such as belief in duality and conflict of opposites, sanctity of sleep and dreams, Farah Yazidi, belief in Utopia and sanctity of the bones of the dead are among the most important mythological beliefs in Sistani's stories and legends. They are the result of the unbreakable connection of the people of Sistan with the ancient culture of ancient Iran and also the Scythian culture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
621 - The Animus in Epic Myths: A "Mythological Criticism of Depth" Approach
بهروز اتونی According to Carl Gustav Jung, The Archetypal themes (like creation and death) and images (like mountain and numbers) are rooted in basic archetypes. The self, the shadow, the anima, the animus, and persona are the main archetypes. In "mythological criticism of More According to Carl Gustav Jung, The Archetypal themes (like creation and death) and images (like mountain and numbers) are rooted in basic archetypes. The self, the shadow, the anima, the animus, and persona are the main archetypes. In "mythological criticism of depth", it is necessary to use these archetypes for analyzing and decoding of myths. In literature and literary critical texts, they are not analyzed from mythological criticism point of view. The present article tries to study the function of one of these archetypes, namely the animus, in epic myths, especially Shāhnāmeh, from mythological criticism point of view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
622 - The Animus in Epic Myths: A "Mythological Criticism of Depth" Approach
Behroz AtoonīAccording to Carl Gustav Jung, The Archetypal themes (like creation and death) and archetypal images (such as mountain and numbers) originate from basic archetypes. The self, the shadow, the anima, the animus, and persona are the main archetypes. In "mythological critic MoreAccording to Carl Gustav Jung, The Archetypal themes (like creation and death) and archetypal images (such as mountain and numbers) originate from basic archetypes. The self, the shadow, the anima, the animus, and persona are the main archetypes. In "mythological criticism of depth", it is necessary to use these archetypes for analyzing and decoding of myths. In literature and literary critical texts, they are not analyzed from mythological criticism point of view. In the present article, the author tries to study the function of one of these archetypes, namely, the animus, in the epic myths, especially Shāhnāmeh, from mythological criticism point of view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
623 - Symbolism of Cave in the Works of Mowlānā Jalāl-al Din Balkhi
مریم حسینی A psychological study of Mowlānā Jalāl-al Din Balkhi's Ghazals (Odes) reveals the fact that some of these odes indicate the poet's great understanding of Conscious-and unconsciousness. Mowlānā's "Superego" gains life upon his visit with Shams-e Tabrizi. This vis More A psychological study of Mowlānā Jalāl-al Din Balkhi's Ghazals (Odes) reveals the fact that some of these odes indicate the poet's great understanding of Conscious-and unconsciousness. Mowlānā's "Superego" gains life upon his visit with Shams-e Tabrizi. This visit is the ignition for a series of poetic experiences. Using the psychological approach and the concept of "supergo", in the present article an attempt is made to show the symbol of cave in the works of Mowlānā Jalāl-al Din Balkhi, Persian poet and mystic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
624 - The Archetypes in the Works of Ghazaleh Alizadeh: A Critical Approach
نرگس باقری مصطفی موسوی راد The female characters in the stories of Ghazāleh Alizādeh have some common salient features that have been turned them into myths or quasi-myths. These features are as follows: having good and bad features of Satan and Angel, being simultaneously child and old, More The female characters in the stories of Ghazāleh Alizādeh have some common salient features that have been turned them into myths or quasi-myths. These features are as follows: having good and bad features of Satan and Angel, being simultaneously child and old, having magical female power as well as spiritual wisdom, and being symbol of spiritual inspiration. Since there is a close link between mythical and psychological criticism, hence both have impact on individual’s personality. On the other hand, the archetypes like instincts have an effect on human behavior and also contribute to the formation of personality. The present article, by considering these points, tries to analyze the features of female characters in Alizādeh’s works. The research shows that Alizādeh appeals to mythical symbols and creates one-sided images, exoteric and unknown characters, and shows an abnormal relation between dream and fact. Manuscript profile -
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625 - An Analysis of Archetype of Hero's Journey Based on Campbell’s & Jung’s Thoughts
Mohammad Tāheri Hamid Aghājāni Based on Carl Jung’s thoughts, Joseph John Campbell (1904 –1987), proposed the theme of “hero's journey” that opened a new horizon in archetypal literary criticism. Campell’s ideas in archetypal criticism can be used in comparing an More Based on Carl Jung’s thoughts, Joseph John Campbell (1904 –1987), proposed the theme of “hero's journey” that opened a new horizon in archetypal literary criticism. Campell’s ideas in archetypal criticism can be used in comparing and analyzing stories, especially archetypal epic ones. The seven labors of Rostam (Haft-Khane Rostam) in Shāhnāmeh can be studied from Campbell’s point of view. Rostam had to pass the seven labors (Haft-Khan) to save Iranian commanders upon his father’s command, Zal. In this journey, besides obtaining material and spiritual gifts, Rostam reaches self-discovery and spiritual perfection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
626 - Awareness of Death in the Story of Mattie and Grandpa
Narges Bāgheri Sharooz HamidiMattie and Grandpa, by Roberto Piumini, is a symbolic story for children with theme of death. When the main character of the story (Mattie) confronts with his grandpa's death, he begins a ritual journey in order to gain awareness of mysteries of death. In the journey, h MoreMattie and Grandpa, by Roberto Piumini, is a symbolic story for children with theme of death. When the main character of the story (Mattie) confronts with his grandpa's death, he begins a ritual journey in order to gain awareness of mysteries of death. In the journey, he finds his individuality, strengthens himself and discovers the rebirth. Based on analytical psychology and archetypal criticism, the present article tries to study his journey. In an emotional space, the symbolic system of the story uses symbols as psychic and dynamic energy with effective materials and child-like imagination. Decoding of the symbols shows that Mattie is a symbol of a hero, the grandpa as the wise old man, river represents life, and the left side of river as unconscious; where discovering the mystery of death means to be the goal the journey. The journey is done in a full day and this is supposed to be the symbol of perfection and perfect cycle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
627 - Archetypal Critique of Banu Goshasp Nama
Khadijeh Bahrāmi Rahnamā Mahmood TāvoosiOne of approaches in critique of literary texts is archetypal criticism that is rooted in depth-psychological criticism. Based on thoughts of Carl Gustav Jung, that approach studies the different kinds of archetypes that rest in unconscious. According to Jung, due to a MoreOne of approaches in critique of literary texts is archetypal criticism that is rooted in depth-psychological criticism. Based on thoughts of Carl Gustav Jung, that approach studies the different kinds of archetypes that rest in unconscious. According to Jung, due to a common and general experience, mythical themes are repeated in all generations. Banu Goshasp Nama, a Persian epic composed of 900 verses by an unknown poet from the 11th or 12th century, demonstrates different archetypes. Banu Goshasp is an ideal "mother archetype" that overcomes obstacles and realizes her individuality. By fighting with her inner shadows, hunting and battling with her Aniran suitors, she fulfills her personality and gains self-recognition. The present article is to criticize Banu Goshasp Nama from archetypal critique point of view, based on the thoughts of Jung and archetypes like shadow and mandala and process of individualizing. Manuscript profile -
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628 - Akhavan Sāles’ Ghesseh-ye Shahr-e Sangestan: An Archetypal Critical Approach
hamidreza farziArchetypal literary criticism is a type of critical theory that interprets a literary text by focusing on myths and archetypes. In this paper, based on archetypal literary criticism, the poem of Ghesseh-ye shahr-e sangestan (the tale of the petrified city), composed by MoreArchetypal literary criticism is a type of critical theory that interprets a literary text by focusing on myths and archetypes. In this paper, based on archetypal literary criticism, the poem of Ghesseh-ye shahr-e sangestan (the tale of the petrified city), composed by Mahdi Akhavan Sāles (1928-1990), is interpreted and analyzed. For this purpose, the archetypes of hero, death and birth, Pire Dana (wise old man), shadow, self, and archetypal symbols such as tree, cave, mountain, valley, spring, well, and the number seven are considered as main concepts. In this poem, the central archetype is “the hero-savior”, and the other archetypes are explained with respect to the main one. Also, other subjects were entertained at two phases; first, the behavior, departure, and salavation of the hero and second, the movement, separation and return in the poem. Manuscript profile -
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629 - The Mythical Analysis of Suvashun: the 1953 Iranian Coup D ' état
Mohammad Alijāni Hoseinalī Qobadī Saeed Bozorg BigdelīDuring the history, political and social events have always influenced myths. One of the most important contemporary events which has influenced political, social, cultural and literary structures of Iran is the 1953 coup d'état in the country. After the coup d'& MoreDuring the history, political and social events have always influenced myths. One of the most important contemporary events which has influenced political, social, cultural and literary structures of Iran is the 1953 coup d'état in the country. After the coup d'état, Iranian contemporary novelists, by avoiding direct expression, used an ambiguous, symbolic and mythical language for expressing social problems and informing the masses and intellectuals. Suvashun, written by Simin Dāneshvar (1921 –2012), is one of the most prominent Persian novels which by using national and religious myths, reflects the social and intellectual state of Iranian people after the 1953 coup. Dāneshvar recreates the mythical characters, narrations and situations and combines them with Islamic and Iranian ones. By using descriptive and analytic methods, based on mythical criticism, this article tries to study the reflection of myth in Suvashun. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
630 - Mythic Analysis of Dard-e Siāvash; Reconsideration of 1953 Iranian Coup d’état in the Light of Myths
Hoseinali Qobādi Saeed Bozorq Beiqdeli Mohammad AlijāniIn the passage of time, the myths influence and are influenced by the social and political events occurring at the present time. In the contemporary history of Iran, 1953 Iranian coup d’état as one the most impressive contemporary events inclined Iranian wr MoreIn the passage of time, the myths influence and are influenced by the social and political events occurring at the present time. In the contemporary history of Iran, 1953 Iranian coup d’état as one the most impressive contemporary events inclined Iranian writers and novelists to notice to myths that are reflection of unconscious of Iranian people after the coup. EsmāilFasih’s Dard-e Siāvash (The Pain of Siavash), as one of the prominent novel, points to prevailing tendency to myths in those days. Employing descriptive-analytical method and mythological criticism, the present article tries to consider the themes existing in mythical literature and the resonance of the myths in the novel. The research shows that based on his personality, social situation and intellectual climate, the writer recreates characters, narrations and mythic spaces relying upon the story of Siavash in Shāhnāmeh. Esmāil Fasih designates the time of death of the hero of the story, Siavash, on 19 August 1953 (28 Mordad). By doing so, the writer identifies the hero with Mosaddegh and refers to the role of hero-killing among Iranians. In other words, he generalizes the space of the story to the whole history of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
631 - Collaborative learnhng and critical thinking
Zahra HosseiniThe present research studied the effects of collaborative learning on critical thinking. An experimental and a witness group, each composed of 30 female mathematics students, were administered Critical Thinking Test (OCR, 2000). Next, the experimental group was taught a MoreThe present research studied the effects of collaborative learning on critical thinking. An experimental and a witness group, each composed of 30 female mathematics students, were administered Critical Thinking Test (OCR, 2000). Next, the experimental group was taught a course using the method of collaborative learning. The witness group was taught the same course using the method of lecturing. The results of MANCOVA showed that the experimental group outperformed the witness group in three subscales of critical thinking namely, critical analysis, credibility of evidence and critical evaluation. The way collaborative learning affects critical thinking skills is discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
632 - The extraction and identification of compounds in sea urchin (Echinodermata mathaei) with Supercritical Fluid Extraction
T. Naji M. Ghomi S. Bagheri ZiariThe existing compounds in a species of sea urchin (Echinodermata mathaei) were identified. The study area was in sub-tidal waters of Bandar- e - lengeh within the geographic east longitude 54° 53.312 and north latitude 26° 32.739. Random sampling took the full t MoreThe existing compounds in a species of sea urchin (Echinodermata mathaei) were identified. The study area was in sub-tidal waters of Bandar- e - lengeh within the geographic east longitude 54° 53.312 and north latitude 26° 32.739. Random sampling took the full tide by diver. In order to identify the components of this organism, five sea urchins with an average length of about 8.5±1 cm and a width of 7±1 cm and a weight of 66.680±10 grams were evaluated. After preparation, samples were extracted by supercritical fluid (Model Suprex MPS/225 Manufacturing Co. America Pittsburgh) and identified by gas chromatography (Model 5890 Manufacturing Co. Hewlett Packard) coupled with mass spectroscopy (Model 5970 Manufacturing Co. Hewlett Packard). Compounds identified in this sea urchin with SFE method under optimal conditions were: 2.85% n-Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 1.9% Octadecanoic acid, 3.03% Cyclo propanenonanoic acid, 77.4% Cholesterol, 6.45% Ergosta-5, 22-dien-3-ol, 5.15% Fucosterol. Among these compounds, fucosterol and n-Hexadecanoic acid had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties respectively. Also Ergosta-5; 22-dien-3-ol had the germination properties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
633 - Critical Discourse Analysis in the Poetry of Seyed Hassan Hosseini Safarnameh Khaizaran on Fairclough Discourse Analysis Theory
marzieh hosseini rokn abadi reza fahimi manijeh fallahiDiscourse is a type of language application in a specific field and the study of social and cultural developments affecting the language structure. According to Fairclough, discourse analysis is the integration of text and society with the structure of language. Discour MoreDiscourse is a type of language application in a specific field and the study of social and cultural developments affecting the language structure. According to Fairclough, discourse analysis is the integration of text and society with the structure of language. Discourses are different representations of social life that place social actors in different situations and represent social life in different ways to creatively create a regular world through everyday methods. The analysis of each discourse has three perspectives;Analyzing the forms and structures of syntax that represent the author's point of view, the use of literary arts that is a big step in the personalization of language, and the analysis of the nature of literary speech that is a great way of communication in the service of society. Hosseini connects the melodious words to the symbol of zeal and the anti-tyranny nation and removes the objective veils from this great event. In his Ashura poem "Safarnameh Khaizran", he depicts the oppressed martyrdom of Alamdar of Karbala with an epic and strong tone in the form of Nimai's poetry. The upcoming research with descriptive and Analytical metod looking for answer to this question that what is the use of language and discourse in this poem? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
634 - Feminist Critique in Eight Short Persian Stories
Pantea NabianThe author analyzed eight short Persian stories written by men writers on the basis of Josephine Donovan's Feminist theory to show the position and role of the women in these stories. Four stories were chosen among the works of Sadiq Hedayat and the other four stories w MoreThe author analyzed eight short Persian stories written by men writers on the basis of Josephine Donovan's Feminist theory to show the position and role of the women in these stories. Four stories were chosen among the works of Sadiq Hedayat and the other four stories were selected among the works of Al-ahmad. The author wants to illustrate that men as writers show women in cliche roles as objects, tools and dependent creatures not as a complete, independent women, in the world of males also investigates that there was not any humanitarian or supportive stance to display women, In the patriarchal world of these writers. Conclusions showed that both of the writers as influential Iranian writers in their cultural-social and traditional structures of their stories gave stereotypical roles to women and passive human-beings, playing secondary roles to satisfy patriarchal needs and requirements, and finally they passively give up in men’s world. Both of the theory and practice of the author were fully satisfied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
635 - Analysis of intertextual theory in the field of Arabic literary criticism, translations provided from it and introduction of elders in this Field
sajad arabi hamidreza gholamiThe concept of intertextuality was introduced in 1982 by Siza Qasim in an article called “Paradoxical view in contemporary Arabic stories” in the discourse of contemporary Arabic criticism. This theory was accom pained by different reactions from Arab MoreThe concept of intertextuality was introduced in 1982 by Siza Qasim in an article called “Paradoxical view in contemporary Arabic stories” in the discourse of contemporary Arabic criticism. This theory was accom pained by different reactions from Arab critics and they have provided different translation of it, and have different views and same have theorized about this and they raised view that had hot been raised in this field until then.In the present study, an attempt is made to study and analyze intertextual theory in the field of Arabic literary criticism by descriptive-analytical method, and to examine the most important efforts and works of authors in this field in the Arab world. The results show that the efforts of contemporary Arab critics on intertextuality have taken two trends so far which are: The first is to refer to the field of ancient criticism and adapt this theory to the critical heritage, and the second is to suffice with the new form of intertextual theory without referring to the ancient heritage of literary criticism.Contemporary Arab critics have made great strides in both practical and theoretical terms, Their efforts and achievements in this field and other new theories show this. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
636 - Marxist criticism with the analysis of Sawareh Ilkhanizadeh's poems
bahar kazemi jamal ahmadiMarxist is a form of literary criticism about the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist criticism, the basis of literature analysis is the historical conditions of the creator. Hence, for the Marxist crititic, knowing the historical backgro MoreMarxist is a form of literary criticism about the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist criticism, the basis of literature analysis is the historical conditions of the creator. Hence, for the Marxist crititic, knowing the historical background is highly important. occupation of Iran and the Kurdistan region after World War I A current dominates Kurdish literature, which influences many Kurdish writers and intellectuals under the influence of Marxism and Communism. Savare Ilkhanizadeh (1316-1354) is one of the prominent poets of contemporary Kurdish poetry in the 40s and 50s. Like many intellectuals of that time, he was influenced by the ideological currents of his time. According to the requirements of his time, Saware has chosen symbolic language for his poems. He tries to express his thoughts in a mysterious language. In this research, which was carried out by descriptive-analytical method, using library sources, it is tried to analyze the components of Marxist criticism in his poetry, while examining the symbolic language of his poems. The results indicate that the political and social conditions of Saware's time had an impact on his poems and these poems were a means of expressing his thoughts and ideology, which are Marxist-socialist thoughts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
637 - Environment in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry; From Familiarity and cohabitation to dissolution
Enayatollah Daraei Effat Najar NobariThe history of showing nature in Persian literature is as long as the history of literature. Since the 20th century, man's view of nature has changed, which led to the emergence of ecologism and, as a result, the formation of "Ecocriticism". In this criticism, the relat MoreThe history of showing nature in Persian literature is as long as the history of literature. Since the 20th century, man's view of nature has changed, which led to the emergence of ecologism and, as a result, the formation of "Ecocriticism". In this criticism, the relationship between literature and environment is examined. The purpose of this research is to investigate how nature is represented in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry; How are the pleasant or unpleasant phenomena of nature, as well as the gender-oriented representation of nature in her poetry? The research method is a combination of ecocriticism and rhetoric. The presence of nature is different in two periods of Forough's poetry. In the first period (captive, wall, rebellion), she looks at nature from the outside (in the form of similes and metaphors and rarely in animism and symbols). In the second period (Rebirth and let's believe the beginning of the cold season), nature is symbolic and alive. Forough identifies herself with nature and plants her hands in the garden. The pleasant natural phenomena in Forough's poetry indicate the lofty ideals of man; Like the sky and stars (superiority and awareness), birds (liberation and happiness), earth and plants (fertility and abundance), water and rain (purity and tenderness) and fire (love and passion). In her poetry, mud, rock, stone (indifference), night, snake, crow (reprehensible and talkative) and wind (death and inexistence) are represented in an unfavorable way. Forough reproduces the patriarchal historical and mythological culture. she represents the man like the sky, moon, sun and rain in a lofty, bright, warm, active, pure and purifying way; While the woman is shown as small, weak, receptive and polluted like a bird, earth, fields, dew, rocks and mud. Forough's poems are against the views of feminists. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
638 - Analyzing the anthropological roots of ecological criticism
mehdi khosravi Maryam Mahmoodi parisa davariFollowing the rise of modernism and the serious damages to nature as the habitat of humans and the danger of its destruction, researchers in the field of literature introduced ecological criticism as a new science. In this research, using anthropological theories, it is MoreFollowing the rise of modernism and the serious damages to nature as the habitat of humans and the danger of its destruction, researchers in the field of literature introduced ecological criticism as a new science. In this research, using anthropological theories, it is pointed out the explanation of the two great forces of fear and love in man, which shapes his positions in relation to life and death and determines his actions. Also, the difference in the approach towards nature in the days of matriarchy and patriarchy and the modern era has been investigated. In this article, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical way, an attempt has been made to investigate the root of damage to nature, which has caused the formation of ecological criticism. Components such as fear of nature, animism of nature, the existence and presence of matrilineal system, and finally modernity, each of which has determined the why and how of relationship and behavior at a particular time, and of course the role and relations of power in this influence and impression are also significant. The research results show Animistic thinking and maternal way of life lead to human efforts to criticize natureWith the decline of matriarchy, nature and women are equally degraded. The process of devaluing nature leads to abuse and destruction of the earth with the advent of modernism. Man, considers himself the measure and standard of morality and valuation and gives himself the right to benefit from all facilities and of course nature with It faces irreparable destruction Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
639 - Criticism of translations of Holy Quran ''Five Excited Translators: Ayati, Hadad Adel, Khorramshahi, Fooladvand and Makarem Shirazi + Author"
Mohammad Hassan TaqiyehThe translation of holy and religious texts, especially the Holy Qur'an, requires three pillars: a) language expertise; b) professionalism in translation; Undoubtedly, there is no standard language and prose, more translations are customized, more translators from the Q MoreThe translation of holy and religious texts, especially the Holy Qur'an, requires three pillars: a) language expertise; b) professionalism in translation; Undoubtedly, there is no standard language and prose, more translations are customized, more translators from the Qur'an than one-language or bilingual, borrowed from word to meaning, and dumb and inaudible, including the problems of translation of the Holy Quran. Certainly, the Holy Qur'an itself has no"ambiguity". If in the translation of other texts, such as literary and scientific texts, a mistake occurs, it is ultimately a mistake, but in the translation of religious texts, especially the Holy Qur'an, the subject is different. Revelation, direct connection with the beliefs of the religionists and the fact that the Quran has been different from other texts. In this research work, the researcher selected the translation of verses from the Holy Qur'an from five prominent Iranian translators: Ayati, Haddad Adil, Khoramshahi, Puladabad and Makarem Shirazi. He then translated his translation into the end of the translations for not only criticizing others. Meanwhile, a reminder of a translation for each of Mubarak's verses is to open the hands of the audience to the translation of a more fluent and eloquent version by offering different translations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
640 - Reviewing and Criticizing Three Contemporary Translations (a case study of Elahi Qumsheii, Fooladvand, Ayati)
Ibrahim Fallah Masoomeh Shamsi poorThis article entitled as reviewing and criticizing three contemporary translations, presents a case study of Surah Al-Naba` with the aim of trying to explain correct Quranic concepts from the source language to the target language as humanly, and also review its impact MoreThis article entitled as reviewing and criticizing three contemporary translations, presents a case study of Surah Al-Naba` with the aim of trying to explain correct Quranic concepts from the source language to the target language as humanly, and also review its impact in Quranic addressee. It uses a library method and lexical and interpretive resources to have more accurate and appropriate translation. Work method in this research is as follows, by using descriptive- analytical method and collecting data by phishing method and also with the aim of achieving a more accurate translation, it seeks to made an investigation in the technical-literary pathology of the three translations. Research results showed that in comparing three mentioned translations, the translation of Mr. Fooladvand has a better conformity and fluency with the sacred texts of Holy Quran than other translations and also seems more appropriate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
641 - Structuralism Critique and Content Analysis of Vali-e-Dasht-e-Bayazi poems
Latifeh Salama tbavilLiterature can be analyzed from different views and stylistic analysis of literary works is scientific approach in criticism. In this article the poems of Vali as a poet from Vasoukht school in tenth century has been analyzed based on structuralism. In this kind of crit MoreLiterature can be analyzed from different views and stylistic analysis of literary works is scientific approach in criticism. In this article the poems of Vali as a poet from Vasoukht school in tenth century has been analyzed based on structuralism. In this kind of criticism emphasizes on construction literary works and structuralism as a way in analysis. Putting up on the side lines the life of poet and author. In this research at the beginning has been pointed out the structuralism and then has been introduced poet and his poems in three levels: Phonetic , Lexical and Syntactic since recognition of poet’s thoughts without looking themes of his poets in impossible in the following has been reviewed his poets by content analysis method. The aim of this article is the recognition of his poetic style in expression of concepts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
642 - Elements of literary meta-criticism in the works of Sharif Mortazdha
Mohammad Amin Taghavi Fardoud Ali SaberiSayed Mortadha Alamolhoda was a Theologian, jurist, commentator, thinker on Islamic issues, literary man and a critic. He wrote various books about mentioned fields but he has not been studied from the prospective of literature as well as his other specialties. The only MoreSayed Mortadha Alamolhoda was a Theologian, jurist, commentator, thinker on Islamic issues, literary man and a critic. He wrote various books about mentioned fields but he has not been studied from the prospective of literature as well as his other specialties. The only works done about his literary works are a few books and articles. In this article, the author aimed to consider meta-criticism in his works by studying his literary and critical works. The issue of meta-criticism is one of those arguments which is expressed in the critical society just recently. by studying the collection of his works, we could come to understanding that Sayed Mortadha had written most of his literary critical notions in his three works of 'Amali', 'al-shahab', teyfol- khial'. He had promoted his knowledge by clarifying the critical notions, prevalent in his era, and also by means of theories of critical and literary theorists such as, "Jahiz", Ibn Qotaybah" "Amidi" and … . He also had proceeded to criticize some theories and critical notions of his time by using his other specialties; in other words he had used criticism of criticism or "meta-criticism" on those critical theories such as, vocab and conception, figures of speech, equilibrium and … and he had used his specific techniques in analyzing, studying and interpreting literary works. He had also sometimes theorized about critical issues and suggested a new style of criticism in criticizing literary works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
643 - Criticism of the translation of the book of stylistics
-- --This article examines and criticizes the translation of Paul Simpson's book on stylistics, which was translated into Persian by Nasrin Faqih Malek Marzban and published by Al-Zahra University. In this book, Simpson has looked at stylistics with a new approach. In this a MoreThis article examines and criticizes the translation of Paul Simpson's book on stylistics, which was translated into Persian by Nasrin Faqih Malek Marzban and published by Al-Zahra University. In this book, Simpson has looked at stylistics with a new approach. In this article, we examine the translation of the book from four perspectives: appearance and form, structure, content and language. In the external and formal criticism, we deal with the weight, volume and cut of the book, page layout, diagrams, font and letter size, binding and binding, paper and cover material, cover and back cover design, and in the structural criticism of the system special book classification; In the content criticism of the translation features and in the linguistic criticism, we examine the grammatical or editorial signs, the use of wrong verbs, prepositions and pronouns, double writing, recording of unusual forms of declaration. Content evaluation is more focused on checking the accuracy and correctness of translation and equivalent choices. The existence of editing and writing problems, weakness in equivalent options, double writing and in many cases lack of translation are the weak points of this book. The book of stylistics opens new intellectual horizons for Persian readers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
644 - Examining the letter Number 21 of Farahani's “Monshaat” Based on the Experimental Function of Language in the Role-Oriented Approach of Halidi
-- -- mohammadali gozashti -- --Critical Discourse Analysis emphasizes the principle that the language of literary texts, like other texts, serves communication and can be analyzed critically. In this article, Roger Fowler's theory in critical discourse analysis is selected and based on that, by looki MoreCritical Discourse Analysis emphasizes the principle that the language of literary texts, like other texts, serves communication and can be analyzed critically. In this article, Roger Fowler's theory in critical discourse analysis is selected and based on that, by looking at the context of the situation, the necessary knowledge has been obtained about the interaction in the text as well as the influence of the actors of the discourse. Also, the functions of the text have been studied from thought, interpersonal and textual perspectives.Theorists in the field of critical discourse analysis, including Norman Fairclough, Theon E. VanDyke, and Roger Fowler, have used Halliday's role theory as a tool for text analysis. This theory provides a tool for the researcher to find the ideology that governs the text and the ways that the speaker chooses to convey his thoughts, and it happens with the help of intellectual, interpersonal and textual roles at the level of language. The 21st letter of Monshath Qaim Maqam Farahani is a political letter written by Fath Ali-Shah Qajar to the Russian Tsar. Considering the cultural and political situation of the Qajar era and the social classifications regarding the position of the writer and the receiver, this letter is arranged from the lower position to the higher position, and among the communicative roles of language, the persuasive role of language prevails in its textual structure. According to the world view that governs the letter, the religious point of view is the most prominent manifestation and the main participant of the discourse in this letter of the king, whose way of naming shows the dominance of his power and ideology in this work. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
645 - Interpretive Approach to Sensitive Epistemological Elements in Iranian Developmental Developments
Behrouz Aghazadeh Hossein Abolhassan Tanhaei Alieh shekarbeagiExplanation has a pivotal role in science and scientific research, based on theoretical sociological imagination, in epistemological area A, and in the light of paradigmatic assumptions. One of the most important levels of developmental development that has been overloo MoreExplanation has a pivotal role in science and scientific research, based on theoretical sociological imagination, in epistemological area A, and in the light of paradigmatic assumptions. One of the most important levels of developmental development that has been overlooked in social and cultural research in Iran is the social epistemological levels that have been shaped by the research process steps. From the researcher-made breakdown of Iran's developmental issues into two theoretical and pragmatic levels, the present study has investigated its theoretical levels through a documentary, conceptual and logical approach, and through elemental analysis technique. Based on the results, one of the important steps at the theoretical level is the elemental separation of research components and elements. Based on exploratory studies, three types of important elements have been identified in epistemological studies of developmental developments: paradigmatic sensitive elements, epistemological sensitive elements, and historical sensitive elements. Since the research needed to be matched, it was necessary for the conceptualized elements to have a general, transactional character. Thus, in drawing on the conceptual model and paradigm of research, by referring to the semantic roots of concepts rather than to their paradigmatic and paradigmatic elements, the elements of humanity, secularity, liberality, rationality, and individuality, based on empirical evidence, Conceptualization is underway. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
646 - The Optimum Aim for Science in John Watkins's Philosophy of Science
Naser Afzalifar Ali HaghiThe pride of the scientific community from the earliest times, has repeatedly been mentioned about their research and their results because of their rationality. But why does the scientific community insist on claiming the rationality of its research? Does this insist o MoreThe pride of the scientific community from the earliest times, has repeatedly been mentioned about their research and their results because of their rationality. But why does the scientific community insist on claiming the rationality of its research? Does this insist on their research method? Or is there any significant advancement in science and technology and the problems of humanity and its justification?Scientific rationality is constructed from a set of conditions, claims, methods, and research purposes of the scientific community, which explains the nature and structure of scientific advances; as Newton-Smith states: "Each scientific rational model must at least two things Logically and substantiated; one is the goal of science and the other is the set of principles that we need to evaluate competing theories (Newton-Smith, 1981: 4)In this paper, we aim to provide an emphasis on scientific rationality by evaluating the science of science in John Watkins's philosophy of science, and providing an equitable basis for scientific excellence and providing the necessary conditions for achieving the optimal aim of science and the methods of selecting competing theories in John Watkins's philosophy of science Evaluated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
647 - A comparative study of the degree of adaptation and actions of the ideas of Ian Barbour's theory of "critical fact originality" with a methodical scientific interpretation centered on the view of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli
سید عبدالله اصفهانیScientific interpretation that experiences its perfection in the age of postmodernism, in addition to specific methodology and valid criteria, in proportion to the development of human knowledge, especially in the field of philosophy of science, needs to explain the act MoreScientific interpretation that experiences its perfection in the age of postmodernism, in addition to specific methodology and valid criteria, in proportion to the development of human knowledge, especially in the field of philosophy of science, needs to explain the actions of the most influential new views of philosophy of science on the principles and rules of this interpretation. Is.The achievement of the article, which is written in descriptive, analytical, critical and comparative methods, after critically examining Barbour's theory of "critical realism" with the focus on Ayatollah Javadi's views, explains the nature of his actions and the degree of compatibility of his theory with the principles and rules of scientific interpretation.Limiting the principle of causality to the phenomena of nature; The precedence of empirical knowledge over religious knowledge; Equality of methodology of science with religion; That no "final theory" can be considered the "ultimate truth" and that the ultimate truth of nothing can be understood; Skepticism and sophistry as a logical consequence of the "relativity of understanding"; These are views of Barbour that are inconsistent with the philosophy of religion and the foundations of the scientific interpretation of the Qur'an; However, his efforts to de-escalate the tension between science and religion, which paved the way for the unity of science and religion in the West, are compatible with the interests of religion and the Qur'anic teachings. The Qur'an is permissible to cite empirically convincing propositions to the Qur'an in the form of "probable citations." Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
648 - Rereading of javadi Amoli’s theory on religious science in the light of Allameh Tabatabaei’s thought
Mohammad Reza Asadi Seyyed Saeid LawasaniAyatollah Javadi Amoli’s theory on the religious knowledge is one of the most significant theories articulated in recent decades. Whether we agree or disagree with the elements of this theory entirely, it is inevitable for the scholars to analyze and speculate its MoreAyatollah Javadi Amoli’s theory on the religious knowledge is one of the most significant theories articulated in recent decades. Whether we agree or disagree with the elements of this theory entirely, it is inevitable for the scholars to analyze and speculate its contexts. This theory illustrates the shortcomings of modern sciences, specifying the pillars of religious knowledge. This theory is based on three principles: science unavoidably is bounded by the philosophical presuppositions; the sciences are separated from each other by their subjects; and the intellect is one of the resources of religion and of the religious sciences. The important thing which has been mostly neglected is that although this theory is new and creative, but his theory and principles are rooted in Allameh Tabatabai’s intellectual school. This article attempts to explain this issue and to illustrate how Allameh Tabatabai has influenced Ayatollah Javadi Amoli. At this article, three principles of the theory will be explained while its critics are deferred to another article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
649 - Philosophy for Children: the Growth of Analytical Thinking
مهران فرج الهی سیده مریم مصطفویThe present article tries to analyze a new approach to education and its related issues especially educating analytical thinking to children and adolescents which is included in the field of philosophical education for children. Improving the level of thinking is one of MoreThe present article tries to analyze a new approach to education and its related issues especially educating analytical thinking to children and adolescents which is included in the field of philosophical education for children. Improving the level of thinking is one of the most important issues in education inasmuch as one could properly distinguish between right and wrong and be able to think about what happens around his/her environment and analyze them correctly. This article firstly explains the reason why we choose "analytical thinking" rather than "critical thinking" and then mentions the elements of analytical thinking. Appling these elements (principles) could lead to an educational environment for cultivating analytical thinking that finally help children and adolescents to develop their power of thinking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
650 - Critics of the epistemology of future studies, emphasizing on the rationality of the strategic foresight
Moslem Shirvani Naghani Mohammad Rahim EivaziRapid changing, the enhance of uncertainty and the complicated environmental conditions in the present century led to avoiding taken-for-granted linear change in planning and decision-making in various parameters and tending to use futures studies in different levels an MoreRapid changing, the enhance of uncertainty and the complicated environmental conditions in the present century led to avoiding taken-for-granted linear change in planning and decision-making in various parameters and tending to use futures studies in different levels and areas instead. However, studies related to the future were always faced the cognitive challenges. In this study, the theory of Wendell Bell in cognitive futures studies, as one of the most famous theories in the area, was critically investigated. Then, the rationality of strategic foresight as a pragmatic approach to the future studies was analyzed. IN other words, the rationality of proposition that extracted from the future study by strategic foresight approach was investigated. Besides recognizing the most influential weaknesses of his theory, the findings of the research revealed that “the problem-solving”, “accuracy in predicting”, “balance between issues”, “simplicity”, “expansion”, and “compatibility” along with “being value-oriented” are criteria which introduce strategic foresight as a rational and wise approach which can significantly help long-term studies related to the future. Hence, to develop and apply the strategic foresight, the suggestions are provided for the academic researchers, industrial, and administered authorities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
651 - What is Kant’s Transcendental Philosophy and its scope
Habiballah Kazemkhani Masoud Omid Jalal PeykaniThe term “transcendental philosophy” is one of the most important and deep terms which Kant used to describe his philosophy. The present article, by adopting a descriptive-analytical method, has tried to examine and analyze this term, apart from its fa MoreThe term “transcendental philosophy” is one of the most important and deep terms which Kant used to describe his philosophy. The present article, by adopting a descriptive-analytical method, has tried to examine and analyze this term, apart from its fame and generality, and in this way, it identifies the content and its scope. when we examine and analyze Kant's definitions and descriptions of transcendental philosophy and we look at its main elements as well as the continuity between those elements, it follows that, firstly, the transcendental philosophy contains essential critic of pure reason in both its theoretical and practical aspects. That is, transcendental philosophy, contrary to what seems at first look, simultaneously refers to pure knowledge or theoretical philosophy such as Epistemology, metaphysics and ... as well as practical knowledge or practical philosophy such as religion, morals, law and so on. secondly, the reason why “transcendental philosophy” involves theoretical and practical realms, lies in a certain common basis between them, that is, a priori elements, especially synthetic a priori judgments. Thirdly, it embraces the formation of an architectonic system based on specific ideas and in accordance with the concepts and a priori principles. Manuscript profile -
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652 - Critical Realism, Dual Exit from Positivism and Hermeneutic
Akbar Ashrafi ALi Fallahi SayfoddinAbstract In contrast to natural science that have contain few methodological controversies, human science is dominated by unrewarding disputes among various and contrasting views; Affording rival answers by positivism and hermeneutics (as two main traditions in philoso MoreAbstract In contrast to natural science that have contain few methodological controversies, human science is dominated by unrewarding disputes among various and contrasting views; Affording rival answers by positivism and hermeneutics (as two main traditions in philosophy of social science) to the question that “to what extent can society be studied in the same way as nature?”, form the main dimension of these disputes. Positivists believe sciences are unified in their concordance with positivist principles, while hermeneutics has posited a cleavage in method between the natural and social sciences. Number of new traditions such as Critical Realism argues for Synthesis that overcomes this controversy. This paper attempts to explain critical realism as much as possible. So the main question to be dealt with in the present research is: could critical realism give a synthesis that brings together main aspects of positivism and hermeneutics? Here in order to give appropriate answer to this question we start this research by looking briefly at positivism and hermeneutics and then move on to outline accounts of critical realism especially its bonds with natural and social science. Key words: Critical realism, Structure, Agency, Depth ontology, Interaction, Transformational model of social action Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
653 - Explaining Russia's Foreign Policy Approaches toward Iran Nuclear Dossier from Critical Geopolitics Perspective
HAMED SHAHBAZI Ardeshir SanaeiThe present study seeks to answer the question from the perspective of Critical Geopolitics how Russia's approaches towards Iran's nuclear dossier can be explained as a permanent member of the Security Council, a signatory of the JCPOA, and of course a mediator. Practic MoreThe present study seeks to answer the question from the perspective of Critical Geopolitics how Russia's approaches towards Iran's nuclear dossier can be explained as a permanent member of the Security Council, a signatory of the JCPOA, and of course a mediator. Practical geopolitics, as one of the four research areas of critical geopolitics, will provide an answer to why Russia's foreign policy is pragmatic and "multivector". The findings of the study explain the oscillations of Russia's foreign policy towards Tehran with a focus on multivectorism, opportunism, and pragmatism, and while recognizing geopolitical and economic considerations in the foundations of Russia's foreign policy, it argues that these approaches still have limitations in explaining some aspects of Russia's foreign policy decisions and actions due to their materialistic foundations. In fact, Russia, with the role of a mediator, while trying to keep Iran in its orbit, also takes advantage of the nuclear dossier of Iran in regulating its relations with the West. The method of descriptive-analytical research and the method of data collection is library. In this regard, books, articles, documents, internet resources, and comments of experts and relevant authorities have been used to collect data. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
654 - Islamic Republic of Iran's Foreign Policy with the European Union in the Last Three Decades
Kamran Tarami Iraj MoradiAs a major political player on the global stage and a chief trading partner, the European Union (EU) has always occupied a prominent place in Islamic Iran's foreign relations. Bilateral ties, however, have always been strained fluctuating between bad and worse. This art MoreAs a major political player on the global stage and a chief trading partner, the European Union (EU) has always occupied a prominent place in Islamic Iran's foreign relations. Bilateral ties, however, have always been strained fluctuating between bad and worse. This article examines Iranian-EU relations since the revolution in Iran with the aim of identifying the factors in Iranian foreign policy that have contributed to estrangement and variations that have characterized Iran-EU ties. It argues that whenever the governments in Tehran have adopted a radical foreign policy, relations have deteriorated and at times when they have pursued a pragmatist line tensions have eased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
655 - Selection of Appropriate Estimation Methods of Range Conditions (Case Study: Kabirkooh Rangelands of Zagros, Iran)
Freidoon Soleimani Parviz Karami Nosrat Safaian -
Open Access Article
656 - The effectiveness of positive psychology training on perceived support and self-criticism in women heads of households
Fatemeh Torkashvand Fatemeh Sadat Zahedi Mahshid izadiThe purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of positive psychology training on perceived social support and self-criticism in women heads of households. Materials and methods: The method of this research is semi-experimental. The statistical popula MoreThe purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of positive psychology training on perceived social support and self-criticism in women heads of households. Materials and methods: The method of this research is semi-experimental. The statistical population of this research includes all female heads of households in District 6 of Mashhad city, whose number is equal to 250 people. The sample of the present study includes 30 women heads of households who were selected voluntarily and available and randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. The training group was trained and after the completion of the sessions and 2 months after the training, both groups answered the questionnaires. To measure the variables, Zimet et al.'s perceived social support questionnaires (1988) and Thompson and Zurov's (2004) self-criticism level scale have been used. Findings: The findings show that positive psychology training was effective on the perceived social support and self-criticism of female household heads (P<0.05). Discussion: From the findings of this research, it can be concluded that positive psychology training can reduce self-criticism and increase perceived social support in women, as a result, it can improve quality of life, life satisfaction, and mental and psychological well-being. increase in these people. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
657 - Sociological Analysis of Accounting Theories
Zahra Madahi Reza Gholami Jamkarani Majid Zakjirdat Hassan KheiriAbstract Due to the existence of various paradigms and theories in accounting and the lack of a clear classification of accounting theories, as well as the lack of a complete and well-defined framework of accounting theories in terms of sociological paradigms, we decid MoreAbstract Due to the existence of various paradigms and theories in accounting and the lack of a clear classification of accounting theories, as well as the lack of a complete and well-defined framework of accounting theories in terms of sociological paradigms, we decided to take accounting theories into a broader sociological context. Communicate them. To achieve this goal, we used the content analysis method. In this way, first, by examining sociological schools and theories, the three main paradigms of positivism, interpretative and criticism were identified and the components that were the characteristics of these paradigms were extracted and categorized from the themes, and then the outputs were approved by professors. Sociology and then accounting theories and various theories using the method of extracting books and texts and articles extracted and sociological components in the context of accounting theories are searched and analyzed and at the end of accounting theories according to The extracted themes and their analytical codes are classified and analyzed and interpreted based on the obtained results.The results of thematic analysis placed accounting theories in three main categories of sociological, positivist, interpretive and critical paradigms. According to the research results, most accounting theories are in the category of interpretive theories. This shows the effective role of people related to these theories, including accountants, managers and investors, etc. There is also the issue of paradigmatic sputum among some accounting theories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
658 - The effectiveness of positive psychology training on perceived and critical self-support in female-headed households
fatemeh torkashvand fatemehsadat zahedi Mahshid izadiThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of positive psychology training on perceived social and self-critical support in female-headed households. Materials and Methods: The method of this study is quasi-experimental. There are 250 of them. The sa MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of positive psychology training on perceived social and self-critical support in female-headed households. Materials and Methods: The method of this study is quasi-experimental. There are 250 of them. The sample of the present study includes 30 female-headed households who were selected voluntarily and available and were randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. The training group was trained and after the sessions and 2 months after training both groups. They answered the questionnaires. Perceived social support questionnaires of Zimet et al. (1988) and Thompson and Zoroff (2004) self-critical levels scale were used to measure the variables. Results: The results show that positive psychology training on perceived social support. And self-criticism of female-headed households was effective (P <0.05). Discussion: From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that positive psychology education can reduce self-criticism and increase perceived social support in women. The result can increase the quality of life, life satisfaction and mental and psychological well-being in these people. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
659 - Voltage Imbalance Compensation for Droop-Controlled Inverters in Islanded Microgrid
Amin Ranjabaran Mahmoud Ebadian Mohammad Sadegh Ghazizadeh -
Open Access Article
660 - Financial risk evaluation of investment companies in Tehran Stock Exchange with fuzzy decision-making method D-CRITIC and EDAS based on a new score function
Mehdi Aghabeigi Ekhtiar KhodadadiFinancial risk evaluation of companies is crucial to identify potential financial risks, provide a decision basis for senior chief financial officer, and prevent and reduce risk losses. In evaluating the financial risk of companies, the basic issue is related to uncerta MoreFinancial risk evaluation of companies is crucial to identify potential financial risks, provide a decision basis for senior chief financial officer, and prevent and reduce risk losses. In evaluating the financial risk of companies, the basic issue is related to uncertainty and inaccuracy. In this research, in order to evaluate the financial risks of companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange, we use group decision-making methods. The Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS), which is depicted by degrees of membership and non-membership, is a new and more effective tool for dealing with ambiguity. In this paper, a new Pythagorean fuzzy score function is presented to solve the comparison problem. In addition, we present composite weights that reflect both subjective and objective preferences. Then, the weight of the criteria and the correlation between the pair of criteria by D-CRITIC, and the prioritization of financial risk of companies by the EDAS method (Evaluation Based on Distance from Average Solution) based on the new score function are calculated. This method is very useful when we have conflicting criteria. Finally, we express the feasibility of the algorithm to evaluate the financial risk of four investment group with six criteria with the corresponding sensitivity analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
661 - Considering budget limits in the time-cost-quality trade-off problem And determination of the most economical combination of crashing the time of activities In Critical Path methods networks (CPM)
Ehsaneh Nazari nosratollah shadnoush Tahmoores SohrabiNowadays, one of the most important issues that projects-based companies need in order to better manage project portfolios and financial planning is managing project costs. In project cost management, using a set of techniques and principles for project and financial co MoreNowadays, one of the most important issues that projects-based companies need in order to better manage project portfolios and financial planning is managing project costs. In project cost management, using a set of techniques and principles for project and financial control, it is possible to examine the financial performance of each project in terms of its actual operating cost (actual cost) compared to the estimated cost for the work performed and the corrective solutions to reduce costs And put it under control.Since reducing the duration of activities by allocating more resources to each activity is possible but requires higher costs for the implementation of those activities, it should be noted that the hasty pursuit of activities can lead to a decrease in its quality level Therefore, in the process of compressing the time of activities, in addition to the cost index, the activity quality index should also be considered. In this paper, a mathematical model for project cost management based on the critical path method approach is presented. Considering a specific figure under the project budget ceiling, two goals are to minimize the total cost of the project (the classical model) and aim to maximize the quality of the activities, simultaneously. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
662 - Pattern design of data foundation of code of ethics for independent auditors based on a critical perspective in the view of professionals
Mohammad Karimabadi Zohreh Hajiha Hossein Jahangirnia Reza Gholami Jamkarani Abstract Introduction: The basis of many auditors' functions and activities in their behavior and values should be searched, that’s why attention to professional behavior and its consequences is the most basic research topics in organizational areas. The More Abstract Introduction: The basis of many auditors' functions and activities in their behavior and values should be searched, that’s why attention to professional behavior and its consequences is the most basic research topics in organizational areas. The aim of this research is Identifying pattern of Code of Ethics for Independent auditors based on a critical perspective in the view of professionals. Method: This research is mixed (qualitative-quantitative) that the qualitative part was conducted by the qualitative method of Grounded Theory. Seventeen elites of audit were selected by snowball sampling and Semi-structured interview were conducted to collect data. Data analysis method by Grounded theory was performed and 170 auditors in the quantitative section were selected as a statistical sample. Data analysis in the qualitative section to analyze qualitative data using documents and interview was performed by Grounded theory. In the quantitative section descriptive and inferential statistical methods and spss19 software were used. Findings: By doing open coding, axial and selective the central category of this research criteria and indicators of auditors' professional conduct was called and In the dimension of environmental factors economic and competitive indicators, In the dimension of organizational factors Indicators of corporate governance, organizational culture and ethical leadership, In the dimension of individual value factors Indicators of religious values and moral values, In the dimension of social factors social Responsibility Indicator, In the dimension of Individual factors the Indicators Honesty Accountant, Accountant Confidentiality and accountant neutrality were identified. Conclusion: The professional behavior of independent auditors in accounting is not a repulsive phenomenon, it requires the formation of some conditions and the implementation of some strategies; which leads to tangible consequences; which guides the person in making the right choice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
663 - Existence and multiplicity of positive solutions for a class of semilinear elliptic system with nonlinear boundary conditions
F. M. Yaghoobi J. Shamshiri -
Open Access Article
664 - A variational approach to quasilinear elliptic systems with critical Hardy-Sobolev and sign-changing function exponents
A. Akhavan -
Open Access Article
665 - On some curvature functionals over homogeneous Siklos space-times
A. Zaeim M. Jafari R. Kafimoosavi -
Open Access Article
666 - ON QUASILINEAR ELLIPTIC SYSTEMS INVOLVING MULTIPLE CRITICAL EXPONENTS
Nemat Nyamoradi Mohsen Shekarbaigi -
Open Access Article
667 - Characteristics of Critical Literacy Curriculum with Emergent Approach for the High School Students
Seyedeh Zahra Baghbanian , Mostafa Ghaderi Majid Ali AsgariThe aim of this research is to review of the characteristics of critical literacy curriculum within the approach of emergent curriculum for high school students from curriculum experts’ point of view. The research method was qualitative based on grounded theory. T MoreThe aim of this research is to review of the characteristics of critical literacy curriculum within the approach of emergent curriculum for high school students from curriculum experts’ point of view. The research method was qualitative based on grounded theory. The research population consisted of curriculum experts who were faculty members at state and private universities in Tehran. The sampling was purposeful which continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. A total of 13 individuals participated in this study. The research instrument was a semi-structured interview. The data analysis was based on open, axial and selective coding as prescribed by Strauss and Corbin. Findings indicated that the characteristics of the emergent approach like being non-linear, life-related, conscious and creative, practical and active corresponded with the critical literacy curriculum. As a result, the critical literacy curriculum based on the intellectual interactions of teachers and students, is a constructive approach to involve them in making decisions related to analysis of unfair power relations in economic, political, social and cultural structures for reform, so that it brings about spiritual construction by strengthening criticism and self-evaluation, and socially, transmission of cultural and national values by accepting and respecting the ideological, ethnic and racial differences of other nations, including peaceful coexistence Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
668 - A Comparative Study of Students’ Academic Progress based on the Type of Educational levels and Admitted Quota
mojtaba moazzami Majid EbrahimiHigher education has always faced problems and limitations in instruction and research and realization of its goals have greatly depended on students’ academic progress. Thus, the present study looked for a comparative study of students’ academic progress ba MoreHigher education has always faced problems and limitations in instruction and research and realization of its goals have greatly depended on students’ academic progress. Thus, the present study looked for a comparative study of students’ academic progress based on educational levels and admitted quota. To this end, a sample was drawn from the population of conditioned associate and bachelor students of the first semester in academic year 2018-2019 at Islamic Azad University, Roudehen Branch. Data collection instrument was the questionnaire of critical thinking which is known as writing test of critical thinking. In order to analyze the data, inferential statistics of t-test and analysis of variance were conducted via SPSS 25. The results indicated that teaching of critical thinking without the effect of quota and levels has a positive impact on critical thinking and academic progress. The findings provide evidence for the significant and independent role of critical thinking instruction in teaching, learning and academic progress of higher education students. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
669 - Evaluation of non-Linear regression models to predict jointing rate of wheat cultivars in response to temperature and Photoperiod
محمد حسن پناهی افشین سلطانی ابراهیم زینلی مهدی کلاته عربی علیرضا نه بندانیAccurate prediction of phenological development is important in the wheat)Triticum aestivum(. An important parameters on phenology can be suggest temperature and photoperiod. This study was conducted with 12 sowing dates to quantify response of jointing rate (JOR) to te MoreAccurate prediction of phenological development is important in the wheat)Triticum aestivum(. An important parameters on phenology can be suggest temperature and photoperiod. This study was conducted with 12 sowing dates to quantify response of jointing rate (JOR) to temperature and photoperiod in wheat cultivars. The regression models fitted to JOR against temperature were beta, dent-like and segmented function. Meanwhile, quadratic, negative exponential and segmented models fitted to JOR against photoperiod (these models were used as 9 combined models to describe JOR as a function of photothermal day). The results showed that beta- quaradic function was the best model to describe JOR as a function of both temperature and photoperiod. Using this function, the base, optimum and ceiling temperatures were estimated 4.5, 27.3 and 40 ₒC respectively. Critical photoperiod and photoperiod sensitivity coefficient were estimated 20.02 to 22.69 hour and 0.0109 to 0.0475 respectively. Also biological day for cultivars between emergence to jointing with the beta- quaratic function examin between 25.2 to 31.9 days.The results of this study can be used in crop simulation models. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
670 - Evaluation of yield, yield components and nitrate leaching in soybean cultivation affected by different types of fertilizers and weed interference
Mahmood Ramroudi Javad Mahmoudi Mehdi Dahmarde Mohammad GalaviAmong the several factors reducing plants yield, weed interference has great important. To investigate the effect of fertilizer types and weeds management on yield, yield components and nitrate leaching in soybean an experiment was conducted as split plots in randomized MoreAmong the several factors reducing plants yield, weed interference has great important. To investigate the effect of fertilizer types and weeds management on yield, yield components and nitrate leaching in soybean an experiment was conducted as split plots in randomized complete block design with three replications in Chalus city in summer of 2013 and 2014. Fertilizers types including chemical fertilizer, manure and nano-chelates spraying as the main plot and weed control in three levels including emergence to flowering, critical period of weed interference and no weeding were considered as sub-plots. The results showed that yield with weeding during the critical period as well as weeding until flowering was achieved in a statistical group and were significantly more than non-control treatment. The highest weeds dry weight was obtained in gweed infested treatment and increasing in weed control time caused their weight loss. Among the fertilizer treatments, the highest dry weed weight was observed by chemical fertilizer application. Maximum nitrate concentration at a soil depth of 80-100 cm were obtained by using chemical fertilizer. Weeds dry weight increased and the nitrate concentration decreased when the weeds control duration was reduced. In general, the results showed that weed control during the critical period increased the grain yield by increasing the yield components. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
671 - A numerical study of supercritical water oxidation of phenol
Majid Bazargan Maryam Akbari -
Open Access Article
672 - The Effect of Intercritical Annealing Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dual-Phase Cast Steel
Majid Abbasi Amene VahidianIn this research, a steel specimen with the new chemical compositions of 0.3 C, 2.5 Si, 1.8 Mn, and 0.5 Cr (wt. percent) was cast. Intercritical annealing (IA) heat treatment was performed at three temperatures(i.e., 825, 850, 875°C) on these samples in 26 minutes t MoreIn this research, a steel specimen with the new chemical compositions of 0.3 C, 2.5 Si, 1.8 Mn, and 0.5 Cr (wt. percent) was cast. Intercritical annealing (IA) heat treatment was performed at three temperatures(i.e., 825, 850, 875°C) on these samples in 26 minutes to achieve the dual-phase steel. To determine the effect of intercritical annealing (IA) temperature, optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) microstructures were studied, as well as mechanical properties via hardness, micro-hardness, and tensile testing. The results indicated that intercritical annealing temperature increased, martensite volume, hardness, and yield strength increased. Also, the tensile strength initially increased and then decreased. However, the sample intercritical annealed at 850°C showed maximum tensile strength (1532 MPa), and the sample intercritical annealed at 825°C showed maximum elongation (18.52 %), and strength–elongation balance (UTS×UE). This dual-phase steel showed two stages of hardening, with the increase of martensite, the slope of the second stage decreased, and the strain at the beginning of the second stage of hardening was transferred to lower strains. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
673 - Studying the Stories of " The Makhzanol Asrar " from Nezami Ganjavi with Incipient Structural Critical Approach by Lucien Goldmann
Fatemeh Hajati Bardmili Ziba EsmailiAbstract Lucien Goldmann introduces every literary work as a meaningful structure which is under the impact of its socio-economic problems in its own time. The true creator of a work is not an individual but the representative MoreAbstract Lucien Goldmann introduces every literary work as a meaningful structure which is under the impact of its socio-economic problems in its own time. The true creator of a work is not an individual but the representative of the social group which the creator is one of its creative member. The Makhzanol Asrar has three distinct parts, each of which has meaningful structure. This research studies the current problems of its time with library method and descriptive-analytic approach about Nezami's military stance on the contemporary problems.To attain this aim, we initially explain the fundamental implications of incipient criticism of Lucien Goldmann, later on the stories which are investigable are selected and in two-level process they are explained; that's, having grasped the internal structure of each story, the generality of the work together with the comprehensive foundations of the time of composing are connected with each other and adducing to the historical resources the results of the studies showed that the view point of mystic-protesting of social groups of military was deviated from the fundamental social reality of its time and chaotic situation from the feudalism in Iran in the era of the Saljuques ( injustice, cruelty, massacre , plunder and leading the policy toward religion ) has encompassed the soul of the stories of the Makhzanol Asrar like a halo. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
674 - Studying the Role of Warning Fantasies in Gaining the Identity and Critical Thinkingof Children with Emphasis on Bruno Bettelheim 's Ideas
Sayed Fahimah Ghayyum Nia Bijan Zahiri Nav Mohammad Reza Shad ManamanAbstract The warning fantasy is of the fantasies which presents the most fundamental problems of human society in an imaginative mold. This kind of fantasy gives information about one of the most important aspects of child's e MoreAbstract The warning fantasy is of the fantasies which presents the most fundamental problems of human society in an imaginative mold. This kind of fantasy gives information about one of the most important aspects of child's existence; that's, his own identity and the others in the layers of narrative story. We have investigated, in this article, the methods of finding the identity, critical thinking, and the recognition of oneself and the other in an analytic – descriptive way. We have concentrated on " children need the story " from Bruno Bettelheim to attain a better perception of the child and juvenile's mentality and mental structure. Our investigation showed that most studied fantasy stories emphasize on the preservation of the environment, altruism, finding identity as speculation. The writers of these works enumerate the difficulties and disasters of the story characters to their readers in an indirect way; and without pretending being teachers. They transfer their recommendations in a fantasy mold to their readers. On the other hand, the most significant type of thinking is the instructive thinking. The most important restitution of this kind of thinking is creativity which is an important phenomenon and valuable in the child development and must have a special stance in the life of a child. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
675 - A Comparative Study of Irony in the Works of Sanaei and Attar
Mohammad Ali Jahani Ghadi Reza Fahmi Abbas Ali Vafaei Malek Mohammad FarrokhzadAbstract Irony which has specialized lots of prose works to itself, is a part of critical literature; it is a protest to the wrong doings and disorganizations of the society. It is in fact the sense of accepting the responsibi MoreAbstract Irony which has specialized lots of prose works to itself, is a part of critical literature; it is a protest to the wrong doings and disorganizations of the society. It is in fact the sense of accepting the responsibility in the intelligent, sensitive and committed people. We are to study, in this research, the irony and its common themes and the crafts which Sanaei and Attar have used in their works, and show the subjects such as protest to poverty, hypocrisy, and pretence of suffis and snobs, selfishness in the mold of mysticism together with superstition and absurd ideas. Then we dealt with statistic analysis and the irony used in Sanaei and Attar's works and concluded that both mystic poets used irony as an important cultural and social device to increase the community's awareness and punish and cure the ignorant and naïve people with the magic of their maxim and savvy words. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
676 - An Analysis on the Anima Archetype in the Lyric Poem of "Mehr and Moshtari" from Assar Tabrizi
Vida Rekab Arash Moshfeghi Gholam Hossein JavanmardAbstract Dealing with the internal conditions of the characters and its symbols is of the important traits of the lyric poetry. This internality has close relationship with the archetypes posed in psychology which include anim MoreAbstract Dealing with the internal conditions of the characters and its symbols is of the important traits of the lyric poetry. This internality has close relationship with the archetypes posed in psychology which include anima and animus. Based on the Jung theory, the archetypes of anima are the portrayal of feministic morality and approach in masculine gender and by the experience of race throughout the history. This approach in its various forms, has manifested itself in the lyric poem of Mehr and Moshtari from Assar Tabrizi ( 8th c ). Mehr, as a beloved, has extensive function in the development of the story; but in some occasions her feministic morality has made her distinct from other characters. And also, Moshtary, with ambiguous behavior approaches much to feministic character. In this research, which has been done by descriptive-analytic method, by taking advantage of library technique, we have tried to study and analyze these phenomena. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
677 - Analysis of the Heterogeneous Image in the Novel " After the End " by Fariba Wafee
Fariba Rahimi Nasser Alizadeh Khayyat Arash MoshfaghiAbstract A feministic approach, first established in 1929 by British Virginia Woolf with " Her Own Room " book, has opened up a great discussion in the contemporary period, especially in the context of MoreAbstract A feministic approach, first established in 1929 by British Virginia Woolf with " Her Own Room " book, has opened up a great discussion in the contemporary period, especially in the context of political, ideological and social movements in the form of novels. The novelist's feministic ideas are mainly with a tendency to liberal belief that gender in the life of human beings, is a determining factor which shapes the social and economic status of individuals. Fariba Wafee, as a liberal female feminist in his works, especially the novel After the End, constantly speaks of imprisonments, nostalgia and ambiguity in her novel . It can be interpreted as the traditional woman's image . In this paper, having reviewed the novel of " After the End " its main features and the flow of feminism are laid out in the view of the critiques. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
678 - Pragmatic Critical Approach to Didactic Literature in Contrast with Ethics and Politics (based on the Kalileh and Demneh)
Rasool KazemzadehAbstract The Kalileh and Demneh, in comparison with other cooperative texts, has an important stance in the critical discussion of the day; and because of its didactic principles and numerous fictional molds and dialogues has MoreAbstract The Kalileh and Demneh, in comparison with other cooperative texts, has an important stance in the critical discussion of the day; and because of its didactic principles and numerous fictional molds and dialogues has appealed the critics' ideas to itself. Pragmatism is a view point which uses the practical results of ideas as a criterion of values and their correctness. We have tried in this essay by descriptive-analytic method, and by looking at the context of the Kalileh and Demneh as the main source of document, and referring to the daily critical discussions evaluate the lingual narrative of the story and avoid the segmentation of all sentences in having the final subsumption. What with superficial criticism, poses the negative characters of the story as anti-value, fades in contrast to " good and evil " and replaces itself with morality and value results. Kalileh and Demneh, in reality, talks about the social and ethical condition of his time and its teachings are somewhat adapted with machiavellism and pragmatism which has production like humanism . Studying the narrative structure of the stories shows that the substance of the story is the dominant speculation of the main idea of the fiction and although in the first view the sub-structure of the story is pragmatic, by looking at the atmosphere of the story and the dialogues dominating the layers of the fiction and conclusion we cannot attribute pragmatic or machiavellism to it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
679 - The Artistic Quality of Rhetorical Structures in the Newly Found Work from Fathollah Aref
Mohammad Reza Amir Khani Dehbalaee Ahmad Reza YalamehaAbstract The subject of this research is to study and evaluate the application of crafts of rhetorics and their criticism in the newly found work from Fathollah Aref, the poet of the 10th century and the composer of The Shahna MoreAbstract The subject of this research is to study and evaluate the application of crafts of rhetorics and their criticism in the newly found work from Fathollah Aref, the poet of the 10th century and the composer of The Shahnameh in the court of Soleiman Ghanuni. One of the specifications that distinguishes one literary work from the other is the kind of its utility from its rhetoric structure which are illustrated by the writer in different ways. Regarding the epic genre of this poetry, Aref tries to create his poetry in higher or the same rank of the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi. In the discussion of rhetorics, he sometimes succeeds and the other times fails. Aref's most significant craft in this work is the sensitive expression in the description of the scenes and the choice of similarity in a different atmosphere in a distich. Aref, by posing ironic expressions and in an unexpected manner , unveils his praised one (criticizes him) . Expression together with authority, and questioning in the excellency of the abstract of the book are of his outstanding and successful crafts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
680 - A Critical Discourse in the Story of " Abshooran " from Ali Darwishian Based on Norman Fair Clough's Theory
Azizeh Najafi Khodaverdi Abbas Zadeh leila adlparvarAbstract Norman Clough is on the thinkers who has posed the critical discourse theory to criticize the capitalistic society and recognize its cultural and social development in the literary context, specifically na MoreAbstract Norman Clough is on the thinkers who has posed the critical discourse theory to criticize the capitalistic society and recognize its cultural and social development in the literary context, specifically narrative literature. In the frame of this discourse, he emphasized on the relation of power and ideology in the three levels of description, interpretation and exposition. We have tried, in this paper, to deal with the story of Abshooran from Ali Darwishian with the library method and in the descriptive-analytical system, based on the theory of Norman Fair Clough. Darwishian has described the huggermugger situation caused by poverty in the poverty-stricken neighborhood – Abshooran. The results of the studying show: description, in the first level, in which he has used emotion and literary and at the same time negative and colloquial language, irony and short indicative sentences to explain his ideology: vocabulary which embody the meaning . In the level of interpretation, by creating presumptions in the similar situation and , the different spectra of discourse are tangible. In the level of exposition which includes the most important phenomena of poverty, aggression, ignorance, illiteracy, lying, vandalism, abusing the rights of the children, theosophy, superstition; and beside them the emotional crises, contrasting the poverty and capitalism, combat and surrender, all of which have put the atmosphere of the story in a gloomy state Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
681 - Psychoanalytical Criticism on the Propounded Features in the Bayhaghi History based on the new Psychological Schools of Freud, Rogers, Maslow, and Adler
Sara Mohammadi Arash MoshfaghiAbstract Bayhaghi's history is of the valuable and profitable works which its writer has used his whole craft to create a lasting source. Contracting ideas and thoughts of various characters have been used in it. Abulfazl Bayh MoreAbstract Bayhaghi's history is of the valuable and profitable works which its writer has used his whole craft to create a lasting source. Contracting ideas and thoughts of various characters have been used in it. Abulfazl Bayhaghi was a savant and sharp-witted man who had the acts and behaviors of the politicians under his scrutiny vision. Psychoanalytical criticism of literary texts is a new scientific approach among the literary and artistic works. The Bayhaghi history, with having different players who work with harmony, make possible this criticism and studying for this research which are beneficial in psychology of the characters in Bayhaghi's era in the period of the Ghaznawid's dominance by utilizing the modern psychologic science theories and the ideas of great people like Freud, Adler, Rogers, ans Maslow to find out the reason of some events and inefficiencies which led to the decline of the Ghaznavid kingdom. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
682 - The Sociological Criticism of the Short Story Collection of " The Acrid flavor of Persimmon from Zoya Pirzad
Mansoureh Bagheri Mazra'e Abdorreza Modarres Zadeh Fatemeh HaydariAbstract The book of " The Acrid Flavor of Persimmon " from Zoya Pirzad was published in 1376 and appealed profound attention. The purpose of this research is the sociological criticism of this work and studying and revealing MoreAbstract The book of " The Acrid Flavor of Persimmon " from Zoya Pirzad was published in 1376 and appealed profound attention. The purpose of this research is the sociological criticism of this work and studying and revealing of the imaginative stories of this collection. The sociological criticism of literature is one of the applied methods in the analysis of literary texts, especially the novel which studies the correspondence of social and aesthetical structure of the story. In criticizing of this work we based our activity on the tenets of Gyorgy Lukacs, the founder of this field and the incipient of structuralistic method of Lucian Goldman. The results attained through the analytical-descriptive method show that the main concern of Pirzad, in the illustration of woman's feature in society and peregrination of developmental root starts with consciousness and ends in transformation of her social stance. She, as a realistic writer, has been able to show the re-entering of modernity to Iran after world war II, The change of values, the gap between the generations, the increase of women's share in social activities and the transformation of Iranian society as a whole; the process which led to the basic alteration in the second half of the 70th. It is also emphasized that this type of criticism has its necessary methods to analyze and interpret the Persian short story. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
683 - Criticism of the archetype of the Hero in the story of Jamshid and Khorshid based on the View Point of Jung and Campbell
Behnaz Ali Mirzaee M. Jalaloddin Kazzaz iAbstract Joseph Campbell, based on Jung ideas and by introducing the archetype of the hero's travel, has opened a new door in the criticism of the archetype and showed that the hero's travel in the narrative works of different MoreAbstract Joseph Campbell, based on Jung ideas and by introducing the archetype of the hero's travel, has opened a new door in the criticism of the archetype and showed that the hero's travel in the narrative works of different people, follow the similar pattern.Campbell's pattern includes the three sections of departure, attainment and return. Therefore, the writers of this article want to investigate the story of Jamshid and Khorshid from Salman Savaji based on the archetype and unimyth of Campbell . Jamshid, with the response to a mysterious call, to understand himself and his internal anima and with the guidance of old wiseman sets off a difficult journey and traverses the hard stages and finally joins Khorshid and returns to China; and in this way brings prosperity to his homeland . Besides the remission of this world, Jamshid attains a kind of self awareness and this is the harmony with the speculation of " the archetype of the hero's travel ". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
684 - بررسی بار بحرانی کمانش ورق ترک دار به دو روش تجربی و عددی
دانیال شیخی محمدمهدی نجفی زاده علیرضا نظام آبادیفروپاشی در اثر کمانش یک پدیده ی کاملاً معمول در ورق های تحت فشار است. هنگامی که این سازه ها بر اثر گذر زمان دچار نقص هائی همچون خوردگی و ترک می گردد نسبت به وقوع این پدیده حساس می گردد و بار بحرانی آن به میزان قابل توجهی کاهش پیدا می کند. از این رو در این مقاله ورق هایی Moreفروپاشی در اثر کمانش یک پدیده ی کاملاً معمول در ورق های تحت فشار است. هنگامی که این سازه ها بر اثر گذر زمان دچار نقص هائی همچون خوردگی و ترک می گردد نسبت به وقوع این پدیده حساس می گردد و بار بحرانی آن به میزان قابل توجهی کاهش پیدا می کند. از این رو در این مقاله ورق هایی از جنس آلومینیوم Al 1200 با ترک هایی در قسمتی از ورق در نظر گرفته می شود. اثر زاویه ی ترک بر روی بار بحرانی کمانش به دو صورت آزمایشگاهی و تئوری محاسبه می شود. آزمایشها با استفاده از دستگاه STM-250 وتحلیل های تئوری با استفاده از نرم افزار آباکوس صورت می گیرد و در نهایت نتایج تئوری و آزمایشگاهی با یکدیگر مقایسه می شوند Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
685 - پیش بینی عمر خستگی نمونه های ناچ دار با استفاده از معیارهای خستگی چندمحوری
فیروز اسماعیلی گلدرق سجاد برزگر محمدی علیرضا بابائی امیر افکاردر این تحقیق، اثر شکل ناچ بر روی عمر خستگی نمونه­های ناچدار از جنس آلیاژ آلومینیوم 2024-T3 به صورت تجربی و همچنین با استفاده از تحلیل خستگی چندمحوری مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. بدین منظور، چهار نوع نمونه آزمایش با شکل ناچ مختلف تهیه گردیده و در دستگاه تس Moreدر این تحقیق، اثر شکل ناچ بر روی عمر خستگی نمونه­های ناچدار از جنس آلیاژ آلومینیوم 2024-T3 به صورت تجربی و همچنین با استفاده از تحلیل خستگی چندمحوری مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. بدین منظور، چهار نوع نمونه آزمایش با شکل ناچ مختلف تهیه گردیده و در دستگاه تست خستگی برای بارهای کششی مختلف آزمایش گردیدند. تستهای خستگی به صورت بار کنترل و در دستگاه سرو هیدرولیکAmsler HA250 با فرکانس 10 هرتز انجام گرفته است. علاوه بر بدست آوردن عمر نمونه­ها به روش تجربی، در قسمت عددی این تحقیق از کد اجزا محدود غیرخطی ANSYS برای بدست آوردن توزیع تنش و کرنش در نمونه­های مورد بررسی، در اثر اعمال بارگذاری کششی استفاده شده است. در نهایت برای پیش­بینی عمر خستگی نمونه­ها، از چندین معیار خستگی چندمحوری شامل معیارهایSWT، KBM، گلینکا، FS، کراسلند، VF و WY با استفاده از توزیع تنش و کرنش بدست آمده از تحلیل غیر خطی اجزا محدود استفاده گردیده است. نتایج بدست آمده از تحلیل خستگی چندمحوری مشخص کرد که از بین معیارهای استفاده شده در این تحقیق، معیار کراسلند بیشترین دقت را برای تمامی نمونه­ها دارا می­باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
686 - ارائه یک مدل کرنش پایه بهبود یافته برای محاسبه عمر خستگی چندمحوری فلزات
رحمتا... قاجار صفا پیمان جواد علیزاده کاکلرقطعات و سازههای مهندسی در بسیاری از موارد تحت بارگذاریهای سیکلی قرار گرفته و دچار خستگی چندمحوری میشوند. در زمینه محاسبه عمر خستگی در حالت چندمحوری، معیارها و مدلهای زیادی با قابلیتهای متفاوت ارائه شده­اند. انتخاب مدل برای محاسبه عمر خستگی چندمحوری با توجه به ج Moreقطعات و سازههای مهندسی در بسیاری از موارد تحت بارگذاریهای سیکلی قرار گرفته و دچار خستگی چندمحوری میشوند. در زمینه محاسبه عمر خستگی در حالت چندمحوری، معیارها و مدلهای زیادی با قابلیتهای متفاوت ارائه شده­اند. انتخاب مدل برای محاسبه عمر خستگی چندمحوری با توجه به جنس، نوع بارگذاری و شرایط عملکردی هر یک از سازههای مهندسی، یکی از چالشهای مطرح در فرایند محاسبه عمر است. در این مقاله، قابلیت چند معیار کرنش پایه مهم برای محاسبه عمر خستگی چندمحوری مورد بررسی، مقایسه و ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. سپس بر اساس شناخت مزیتها و ضعف‏های معیارهای مورد بررسی، یک معیار صفحه بحرانی بهبودیافته، مناسب برای انواع بارگذاری‏های متناسب و نامتناسب، شده است. برای این مطالعه از دادههای مربوط به آزمایش‏های واماندگی خستگی نمونههای فولادی NCM630 تحت بارگذاری‏های محوری-پیچشی استفاده شده است. این دادهها در قالب داده‏های مربوط به تنش، دامنه کرنش و عمر خستگی هستند. از قیاس نتایج تجربی و عمر محاسبه شده با استفاده از مدل بهبودیافته، قابلیت آن در تخمین عمر خستگی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
687 - تحلیل کمانش الاستیک پوستههای مرکب با سطح مقطع بیضی تحت بار فشاری محوری
منصور درویزه ابوالفضل درویزه رضا انصاری الهام کاظمیدر این مقاله به بررسی کمانش الاستیک پوستههای مرکب با سطح مقطع بیضی با چیدمان صفر و نود درجه که تحت بار محوری فشاری هستند، پرداخته می­شود. روش حل بر مبنای اجزا محدود، براساس تئوری تغییر شکل برشی مرتبه اول اتخاذ شده است. یک المان هشت گرهای برای به دست آوردن رف Moreدر این مقاله به بررسی کمانش الاستیک پوستههای مرکب با سطح مقطع بیضی با چیدمان صفر و نود درجه که تحت بار محوری فشاری هستند، پرداخته می­شود. روش حل بر مبنای اجزا محدود، براساس تئوری تغییر شکل برشی مرتبه اول اتخاذ شده است. یک المان هشت گرهای برای به دست آوردن رفتار الاستیکی پوسته بیضوی در نظر گرفته شده است. کرنشها بر اساس جابهجاییها در مختصات محلی پوسته به دقت محاسبه شده و کار انجام شده توسط بار اعمالی به سازه، در نظر گرفته شده است. معادلات تعادل با استفاده از حداقل کردن انرژی پتانسیل به دست آمدهاند و با استفاده از روش صفر کردن دترمینان ماتریس سیستم، حل شدهاند. اثر تغییر پارامتر سطح مقطع بیضی (نسبت شعاع بزرگ به شعاع کوچک بیضی) بر روی بار کمانش بحرانی پوسته استوانه بیضوی بررسی شده است. نتایج مؤید این مطلب است که تغییر در پارامتر سطح مقطع بیضی میتواند به طور محسوسی بار کمانش بحرانی را تغییر دهد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
688 - تحلیل واماندگی و آسیب خستگی یک میل موجگیر تحت آزمون خستگی
محمد شرعیات امیر گنجیدوستتئوریهای خستگی تا کنون بر روی نمونههای استوانهای تحت بارهای خمشی، کشش- فشاری یا پیچشی آزموده شدهاند. میدانهای تنش پدیده آمده در این نمونهها، عمدتاً یک یا دو بعدی بودهاند. میل موجگیر یا میله پادغلت، یکی از اجزای سیستم تعلیق خودرو است. میل موجگیر در عین داشتن مقط Moreتئوریهای خستگی تا کنون بر روی نمونههای استوانهای تحت بارهای خمشی، کشش- فشاری یا پیچشی آزموده شدهاند. میدانهای تنش پدیده آمده در این نمونهها، عمدتاً یک یا دو بعدی بودهاند. میل موجگیر یا میله پادغلت، یکی از اجزای سیستم تعلیق خودرو است. میل موجگیر در عین داشتن مقطع ساده دایرهای، به دلیل داشتن خمهای متعدد، متحمل میدان تنش سهبعدی است. این قطعه همواره تحت بارگذاری نوسانی خمشی و پیچشی قرار دارد و مهمترین عامل در شکست و تخریب آن پدیده خستگی است. در مقاله کنونی با استفاده از تحلیل اجزای محدود و کد کامپیوتری نوشته شده، به تحلیل خستگی و محاسبه میزان آسیب انباشته در این قطعه بر پایه تئوریهای معتبر اصلاح شده صفحه بحرانی، با قابلیت به کارگیری تنش چند محوره پرداخته شده و مقایسهای بین نتایج حاصل از این تئوریها با نتایج حاصل از کار تجربی و آزمون خستگی به کار گرفته شده صورت پذیرفته است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
689 - تحلیل کمانش پوسته استوانهای شیاردار تحت بار محوری
امین رحمت نژاد محمد مهدی نجفی زاده حمید محسنی منفرددر این مقاله کمانش پوسته­های استوانه­ای شیار دار تحت بار محوری به روش تئوری و آزمایشگاهی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. پوسته ها از جنس فولاد با استاندارد (USA/API – X42 5L)در نظر گرفته شده­اند که یکی از پرکاربرد ترین مواد استفاده شده در صنایع گاز، نفت و پ Moreدر این مقاله کمانش پوسته­های استوانه­ای شیار دار تحت بار محوری به روش تئوری و آزمایشگاهی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. پوسته ها از جنس فولاد با استاندارد (USA/API – X42 5L)در نظر گرفته شده­اند که یکی از پرکاربرد ترین مواد استفاده شده در صنایع گاز، نفت و پتروشیمی می باشند. اثر شیار مارپیچ برروی پوسته استوانه ای مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته است و در ادامه نتایج به دست آمده از نرم افزار Abaqusبا نتایج آزمایشگاهی مقایسه گردیده اند. جوابهای تئوری و آزمایشگاهی تطابق مناسبی را نشان می­دهند. لذا می توان از نتایج عددی مشروط به مدل سازی و تحلیل صحیح به خوبی استفاده کرد. همچنین مشخص شد که تعداد شیار بر روی بار بحرانی کمانش نقش مهمی دارد به طوری که با افزایش شیار بار بحرانی کمانش کاهش پیدا می­کند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
690 - بررسی تأثیر پارامترهای هندسی سازه های مشبک استوانه ای کامپوزیتی در رفتار کمانشی
علی لطیفی رستمی رضا اکبری آلاشتی امین کلاه دوزسازه­های کامپوزیتی مشبک به دلیل نسبت مقاومت به وزن بالا به صورت گسترده­ای در صنایع هوا- فضا مورد استفاده قرار می­گیرند. شبکه ریب­های تقویت­شده ویژگی اصلی در این سازه­ها است. با توجه به این ویژگی، نسبت مقاومت به وزن سازه به عنوان معیار طراحی در نظ Moreسازه­های کامپوزیتی مشبک به دلیل نسبت مقاومت به وزن بالا به صورت گسترده­ای در صنایع هوا- فضا مورد استفاده قرار می­گیرند. شبکه ریب­های تقویت­شده ویژگی اصلی در این سازه­ها است. با توجه به این ویژگی، نسبت مقاومت به وزن سازه به عنوان معیار طراحی در نظر گرفته می­شود. در این پژوهش پارامترهایی از قبیل مشخصات فیزیکی ماده، ضخامت پوسته، زاویه، ضخامت و تعداد ریب روی توزیع میدان تنش و بار کمانشی پوسته مورد بررسی قرار می­گیرد. برای بررسی این تغییرات، روش تحلیل المان محدود 3 بعدی و با استفاده از مدل صریح در نرم­افزار ANSYS صورت پذیرفته و نتایج حاصل با نتایج تست­های تجربی مقایسه می­شود. افزایش ضخامت پوسته خارجی 50 درصد افزایش استحکام سازه را در پی دارد و پارامتر بعدی که مؤثر است کاهش زاویه ریب است که افزایش 30 درصدی بارویژه را بوجود می آورد. هرچند تقویت کننده ها (ریب ها) نقش اصلی در تحمل بار را دارند اما افزایش تعداد آنها چون افزایش وزن سازه را بدنبال دارد به نسبت دو پارامتر قبلی تأثیر چشمگیری در افزایش استحکام سازه ندارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
691 - Developing a Resilience Model for SMEs in Crisis: A Mixed Method Approach
PEYMAN parvari Mahdieh Jalalpour Hosein Rahmanseresht Vahid NsehifarSmall and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in time of crisis and environmental challenges present resilience as a behavior with the aim of improving performance and coherence. The purpose of this study is to provide a model for resilience of small and medium enterprises MoreSmall and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in time of crisis and environmental challenges present resilience as a behavior with the aim of improving performance and coherence. The purpose of this study is to provide a model for resilience of small and medium enterprises in crisis situations. In this study, Covid-19 pandemic was considered as an example of crisis conditions. This study was conducted through a mixed approach. So, for data collection in the qualitative stage, semi-structured interviews were performed with 36 experts who have experience and knowledge in this field, and in the quantitative stage, a research questionnaire was distributed among 269 participants. Analysis of research data was performed by thematic analysis and structural equation modeling. The results identified the capabilities for resilience of SMEs in crisis situations, which consists of four levels: (1) Individual level includes individual empowerment and development of competencies, (2) The level of the organization, including marketing orientation, strategic orientation, preparation of infrastructure, strict financial system, reform of structures and processes and human resource management, (3) Industry level includes closer customer interactions, competitor monitoring and supplier management, (4) Institutional level, including public sector support and the establishment of supporting associations and community. The model obtained from this study shows that the creation of internal and external capacities and contexts leads to the continuation of SMEs in crisis situations and rapid response to adapt with emerging uncertainties and requirements. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
692 - Vision, a critical element of enterprise resource planning
mohsen rasoulianEnterprise resource planning systems as one of the tools that businesses use to seek competitive advantages in any organization, since the implementation of enterprise resource planning systems with high-risk, high cost and the implementation of the lengthy it is import MoreEnterprise resource planning systems as one of the tools that businesses use to seek competitive advantages in any organization, since the implementation of enterprise resource planning systems with high-risk, high cost and the implementation of the lengthy it is important and which are one of the more preferred. The purpose of this paper, after extraction of the key factors for the implementation of human resource planning initiatives and opinions of experts using analytic hierarchy to prioritize the expert choice of these factors with the help of software has been estimated. The results revealed that internal factors than external factors matter most. In addition, and through the internal factors such as senior management support, business outlook, culture, change management and project management factors are higher priorities. In this research, high light that vision is independent to employment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
693 - A Comparative Study of the Discourses of the Challenge of Tradition and Modernity in Iran and Turkey (Based on Famous Literary Novels)
zahra mahmodabadi saiid maadani YAGHOB MOSAVIThe main purpose of writing this article is a comparative study of the two novels of Kelidar and trilogy of Ince Memed (Ince Memed, My Hawk, They Burn the Thistles), The novel Kelidar and the trilogy of Ince Memed were written by Mahmoud Dolatabadi and Yashar Kamal at t MoreThe main purpose of writing this article is a comparative study of the two novels of Kelidar and trilogy of Ince Memed (Ince Memed, My Hawk, They Burn the Thistles), The novel Kelidar and the trilogy of Ince Memed were written by Mahmoud Dolatabadi and Yashar Kamal at the same time in Iran and Turkey. To achieve this goal, the question was raised that how are the effects of the modernization of rural society in Turkey and its consequences in the novel Ince Memed and the effects of modernization of rural society in Iran and its consequences in the novel Kelidar stated? To answer this question, based on the theoretical framework of tradition and modernity, based on Giddens's views, and with a qualitative method of critical discourse analysis, these two novels have been studied. In both novels, the landlord discourse is the dominant discourse. In both novels, we also encounter patriarchal discourse, both of which are among the traditional discourses. In Kelider's novel, we are confronted with the modern discourse of parties relying on the Tudeh Party. Reza Khan's reforms in Kelider's novel are more significant than Atatürk's reforms in Ince Memed trilogy, and the effects of modernization of society in Kelider's novel are more than the effects of modernization of society in Ince Memed trilogy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
694 - The Critical Study of "American English File" Book
kolsoum yasamini ferdos aghagolzadehThe present research deals with critical discourse analysis of "American English File" book. The purpose of this study was to examine discoursal factors, ideological and cultural attitudes and the way of their representations in the mentioned book. For this purpose, it MoreThe present research deals with critical discourse analysis of "American English File" book. The purpose of this study was to examine discoursal factors, ideological and cultural attitudes and the way of their representations in the mentioned book. For this purpose, it has selected two texts of the book and some pictures. Discursive structures of these two texts have been investigated according to van Dijk (1998) framework. Also Kress and van leeuwen (1996) theory is used for analyzing of pictures. The results show that the book is full of discoursal factors such as lexical items, syntactic, semantic and functional structures as well as social components such as situational context, participants, social structures, power and the cognitive components of mental and context models, values, attitude systems and socio – cultural knowledge. The authors have arranged the discourse of this book by these discursive, social and cognitive components in the form of discursive structures in such a way that contains their purposes and ideologies such as description and study of social issues in western societies. It also represents national Knowledge and cultural Knowledge with representation of capitalist system and racism attitude. As a whole, the soft transition of West social and cultural values in this book has been represented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
695 - Investigation Of The Requirement &Constraints Affecting Teleworking In Government Institutes; Case Study : Research Institutes of Minister of Roads and Urban Development
Farhad Ghaffari Ali Akbar Haddadi Harandi -
Open Access Article
696 - The political system and the question of Quranic point of view
Ali Mottaghi Mohammad Hadi Mahdavi Ali Fallahi Seifodin Ahmadreza TavakoliIn order to reduce the error of the brokers and improve the quality of the operation and improve the reliability coefficient in the good performing of tasks in various contemporary societies, the utility of supervision, review and accountability of brokers has been prov MoreIn order to reduce the error of the brokers and improve the quality of the operation and improve the reliability coefficient in the good performing of tasks in various contemporary societies, the utility of supervision, review and accountability of brokers has been proven. In this regard, the main question is why people have a right to oversee the functions of their government and their agents, and if they are criticized and protested, they will express it and change things. What is the point of view of the jurisprudence? The author of this research, by referring to some related sources, verses from the Quran, and narrations from the Infallibles (as) and thinkers ... and by citation and analysis, outlines how to monitor and review the performance of agents by the citizens, and to this It has been concluded that this method, if provided in accordance with jurisprudence, is called to bring more efficiency to the Islamic system. And can play a more important role in presenting the pattern of the Shi'a Islamic system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
697 - Analyzing the anthropological roots of ecological criticism
mehdi khosravi Maryam Mahmoodi Parisa ِDavariFollowing the emergence of modernism and the serious damages of the 20th and 21st century to nature as the habitat of humans and the danger of its destruction, researchers in the field of ecological criticism literature introduced it as a new science. An approach that d MoreFollowing the emergence of modernism and the serious damages of the 20th and 21st century to nature as the habitat of humans and the danger of its destruction, researchers in the field of ecological criticism literature introduced it as a new science. An approach that deals with the relationship between literature, art and nature and their mutual influence, so that maybe by focusing on this issue, considerations regarding the preservation and protection of the habitat by the human society can be considered. Although human action and behavior changes with the transformation of the social structure system and under the influence of the philosophy of looking at life, but what causes a friendly or competitive relationship with nature, becoming unique or superior to it, has roots in the human psyche that are more primitive and more fundamental than superstructures. In this article, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical way, an attempt has been made to investigate the root of damage to nature, which has caused the formation of ecological criticism. Components such as fear of nature, animism of nature, the existence and presence of the maternal descent system, and finally modernity, each of which has determined the limits, limits, why and how of the relationship and behavior at a specific time, and of course the role and relations of power in this influence and impression can also be is attention Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
698 - Thinking about death, in Qaiser Aminpour's poems
parisa salehiDeath can be considered the most important common issue among humans in all times, places and the only rival of life. Expressing the nature of death is a kind of representation of different people's attitude towards the nature of life. None of the poets have removed thi MoreDeath can be considered the most important common issue among humans in all times, places and the only rival of life. Expressing the nature of death is a kind of representation of different people's attitude towards the nature of life. None of the poets have removed this concern. Therefore, addressing the thoughts of writers and poets, in this regard, will be effective in better understanding and getting to know the intellectual and epistemological views of these poets. To achieve this goal, one should analyze the texts and poems of these poets. One of the methods of text analysis is critical discourse analysis. in which they discover the author's and poet's attitude towards his works. Since literature and society have a two-way relationship and the influence of contemporary poetry on society and the influence of contemporary literature in the formation of many socio-political developments has been proven. In this research, we aim to examine the influence of society on the poet's thought about death and its reflection in his works. Among the contemporary poets, Aminpour has expressed the important social and political issues of each period in his poetry explicitly and with appropriate tone, and this issue brings us into the realm of discourse analysis of his works. Accordingly, in this essay, by applying the level of explanation in the analysis of critical discourse, we seek to prove the ups and downs of the poet's death thoughts in his different poetic periods. It seems that his attitude towards death, which includes the outlook on life, has changed in different periods of his life. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
699 - The Effect of Explicit Strategy Training on EFL Learners’ Attitudes about Critical Thinking and Factors Affecting Its Successful Implementation
Parisa Bazaei Bahram Mowlaie Massood Yazdani MoghaddamThis study investigates the effect of strategy training on EFL learners’ attitudes regarding the concept and applicability of critical thinking in an educational context. To achieve this goal,80 EFL learners were selected using convenience sampling and homogenized based MoreThis study investigates the effect of strategy training on EFL learners’ attitudes regarding the concept and applicability of critical thinking in an educational context. To achieve this goal,80 EFL learners were selected using convenience sampling and homogenized based on the Oxford Placement Test.They completed a questionnaire adapted from Stupple et al.(2017) to assess their attitudes toward critical thinking,which served as the pre-test. Subsequently,the participants were divided into experimental and control groups.The experimental group underwent strategy training over10 sessions,during which various strategies were explained, and participants practiced using them to solve problems and exchange feedback.Additionally,they discussed the applicability and challenges associated with critical thinking in an educational context.The control group received mainstream instruction.After the treatment,both groups completed the same critical thinking questionnaire as the posttest.Furthermore,qualitative interviews were conducted with participants from the experimental group to gain an in-depth understanding. The data analysis revealed significant changes in the attitudes of the experimental group.Overall,this study follows a quasi-experimental explanatory sequential mixed-method design “In nature,the data analysis showed that,in general,the attitudes of the experimental group had changed significantly in the post-test compared to the control group.However,there was no significant difference in the attitude of the experimental and control groups regarding the applicability of strategy training for improving critical thinking and their ability to deploy critical thinking effectively.The results of the interviews and the comment section showed that teachers’ theoretical knowledge and willingness,EFL learners’ preparedness, and educational factors play important roles in the successful implementation of strategy training for developing critical thinking among EFL learners.” Manuscript profile -
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700 - A comparative study of critical thinking between deaf and normal student among high school grade second
Mohammadreza Norouzi Ferdos YadegariAbstract This study aimed to compare the critical thinking in normal and deaf students in high schools of Tehran .This method Ali - has been comparative study population consisted of all deaf students ( 130 ) and normal ( 17521 ) schools in Tehran that includes regions MoreAbstract This study aimed to compare the critical thinking in normal and deaf students in high schools of Tehran .This method Ali - has been comparative study population consisted of all deaf students ( 130 ) and normal ( 17521 ) schools in Tehran that includes regions ( 15,12,9,6,4,2 ) is. Select samples for all 130 deaf students and 376 students based on the normal muger, landeh using simple random sampling was selected. And to collect data in this study, a standard questionnaire was used. The results of questionnaires, using the SPSS statistical calculation t test was performed to determine Compare normal and deaf students. The methods used has been the Casual- comparison, And the statistical population included all deaf students (130) and normal students (17521) that includes regions (15, 12, 9, 6, 4, 2) in Tehran high schools. For selection Samples all 130 deaf students and 376 normal students based on Morgan Table. Was selected by simple random sampling. And to collect data in this study, and was used standard questionnaire. Descriptive findings indicated to 54.9 percent (278 students) boys and 45.1 percent of girl students (228 students). T-test results indicate that creativity and commitment as two components of critical thinking among normal and deaf students hasn’t significant difference. But maturity that the t-test scores equal to 34.2 and the significant level of .019. In other words, it can be said with 95% confidence that the difference between normal and deaf students is significant in terms of maturity. Also Whole critical thinking with test scores t=1.77 And the significant level of .07, Concluded that in normal and deaf students in critical thinking has little significant difference. Manuscript profile -
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701 - The Relationship between Learning Cognitive Approaches and Big Five Personality Factors with Critical Thinking Attitude of Students in Tabriz University
Khalil Soltanalgorraie Parvaneh AlaieAbstract: This descriptive research was accomplished to study relationship between learning cognitive approaches and big five personality factors with critical thinking attitude of students. 345 undergraduate students of Tabriz University who were studying in the spring MoreAbstract: This descriptive research was accomplished to study relationship between learning cognitive approaches and big five personality factors with critical thinking attitude of students. 345 undergraduate students of Tabriz University who were studying in the spring semester of 2009 were chosen by the multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Kolb Learning Style Inventory, NEO-PI Inventory (60 item), California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory were administered. ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Stepwise Multiple Regression statistical methods were used for analyzing data in SPSS 11.5 software. Abstract conceptualization cognitive approach (β=0.26) and three personality factors of Neuroticism (β=-0.74), Openness (β=1.03) and Conscientiousness (β=0.62) predicted 0.39 variance of critical thinking attitude (P<0.01). There were significant correlations between Extraversion (r=0.36), Openness (r=0.33), Conscientiousness (r=0.44), Agreeableness (r=0.30) and Neuroticism (r=-0.42) to critical thinking attitude (P<0.01). There were positive correlation between Neuroticism and concrete experience and reflective observation cognitive approaches (P<0.01, 0.05); This relationship was negative with active experimentation and abstract conceptualization cognitive approaches (P< 0.05). There was negative correlation between Extraversion and concrete experience (P<0.05); This relationship was positive with active experimentation approach (P< 0.01). There was negative correlation between Conscientiousness and reflective observation (p<0.05); This relationship was positive with active Experimentation (p<0.01). There was negative relation between Openness and active experimentation (P<0.05). Also, there was a relationship between learning styles and personality factors of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness (P< 0.01, 0.05). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
702 - Development and standardization of critical thinking skills assessment questionaire for elementary students
afshin adibmaneshThe purpose of this study is to constract and standardize students critical thinking skills assessment questionaire. The methodological approach that is used in this research mixed method and according to the purpose of the subject, the type of exploratory research is a MoreThe purpose of this study is to constract and standardize students critical thinking skills assessment questionaire. The methodological approach that is used in this research mixed method and according to the purpose of the subject, the type of exploratory research is a kind of tool development. This research is qualitative and quantitive quantization procedure. The combination data was quantitativey coupled to the data connection and weight was slightly higher than the stage. In the qualitative stage, for identifying the comonents of critical thinking and compiling tools from delphi technology and interviewing 6 experts. The small stage was a tool crated among 600, male and female student in kermanshah, who are studing at the fourth to sixth grade. To invistigat the factor structure of the questionare, we used r- software for exploratory factor analysis and lisrel 8.72 software is used for confirmatory factor analysis with random sample of 317people resulted in in seven factors that correlated with seven content factors and corrected 0/54 variance. The factor analysis the correlation between the factors, promax rotation was used. In the confirmatory factor analysis the exponetial estimation method was used with a population sample of of 283 people and a good fitness indexes were investigated. results of chi2 ratio on degree of freedom, RMSEA & SRMR accompanied with CFI & IFI point to good fit of model. In testing the psychometrics features, the amount of total chronbach alpha of 0.79 attained showing suitable validity. The test-retest cofficient of the questionare was 0/96 for 2 weeks, which shows the favorable reliability of questionnaire. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
703 - The Effectiveness of Teaching Based on Eisenkraft's Seven-Stage Learning Cycle Pattern on Improving Self-Esteem and Critical Thinking Skills of Students
alireza mohammadi nezhad ganji MAHTAB SALIMI shahla farhadi varmarz abadiThe aim of this study was to "Effectiveness of teaching based on the seven-step learning cycle model of Eisenkraft on improving self-efficacy and critical thinking skills of students in the Karaj district". The research method is applied and in terms of the semi-experim MoreThe aim of this study was to "Effectiveness of teaching based on the seven-step learning cycle model of Eisenkraft on improving self-efficacy and critical thinking skills of students in the Karaj district". The research method is applied and in terms of the semi-experimental method, with the implementation of pre-test and post-test with the control group . The statistical population is 1360 people. One of the schools was selected from one school, and from among the fifth-grade classes of that school was selected randomly. A 15-member class in the experimental group and a 15-member class in the control group. The sampling method in this research is a random cluster. In this research, library studies, educational package based on the Eisenkraft seven-step learning cycle model (2003), Morgan-Jinquez academic self-efficacy questionnaire (1999) and Rickets Critical Thinking Questionnaire (2003) were used.t validity of the questionnaires was reviewed and approved by the supervisors and counselors. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.82 and 0.87, respectively, after the distribution and collection of questionnaires using Cronbach's alpha. In descriptive statistics, use of tables, charts, frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation, and inferential statistics using SPSS software, linear regression, covariance, t-test and independent Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests for data analysis. It turned out The results showed that the teaching based on the seven-step learning cycle model of Eisenckraff is effective on improving the dimensions of self-efficacy skills (talent, texture and effort), and the dimensions of critical thinking skills (creativity, agility, and commitment) of students in the Karaj district. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
704 - The relationship between problem solving strategies and critical thinking is students of Railway Engineering faculty of Science and Technology University
roya sarvi Fatemeh Ahmadbeigi Mojtaba MoazzamiAbstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between problem-solving strategies and critical thinking in the students of School of Railway Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology in the academic year of 2018-2019. This is an appli MoreAbstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between problem-solving strategies and critical thinking in the students of School of Railway Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology in the academic year of 2018-2019. This is an applied research and descriptive correlational method is used in current survey. The statistical population of this research includes all the students of the School of Railway Engineering. The total number of students are 760, which according to the Morgan's table for sample size 260 people are selected by random sampling method. The data gathering tool was Cassidy and Lang's standard problem solving questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha of 0.86 and for critical thinking variable of Critical Thinking Questionnaire (Ahmad Beigi, 1397) in which the reliability of the research questionnaire for each component was reported using Cronbach's alpha coefficient greater than7%and the reliability of the questionnaire in the research for each of the components using Cronbach's alpha coefficient was reported 81%. Pearson Correlation Method was used to analyze the data. The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between problem solving strategies and critical thinking. Manuscript profile -
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705 - Analysis of the evolutionary path of a hero’s character in a romantic heroic tale from the viewpoint of psychological criticism based on the case study of the tale of Bizhan and Manizheh
masoumeh sadeghiAnalysis of the evolutionary path of a hero’s character in a romantic heroic tale from the viewpoint of psychological criticism based on the case study of the tale of Bizhan and Manizheh *Ma’someh Sadeghi Assistant Professor, Persian Literature, G MoreAnalysis of the evolutionary path of a hero’s character in a romantic heroic tale from the viewpoint of psychological criticism based on the case study of the tale of Bizhan and Manizheh *Ma’someh Sadeghi Assistant Professor, Persian Literature, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran Date of reception: 97/2/15 Date of acceptance: 98/6/12 Abstract In psychological criticism character is the main focus of the research. According to this approach, hero’s character in Bizhan and Manizheh which is a romantic tale is studied and analyzed in terms of psychological principles to prove the hypothesis that far from the romantic aspects, this genre of stories revolve around the journey the hero undertakes to reach his superior self or his ideal self. This research is based on the descriptive analytic method. Bizhan experiences the darkness of the unconscious by falling into a well, then feeling of guilt prepares the ground for his perfection; a path which begins with an exile in a dark well which is a symbol for the dark side of Bizhan’s self whose deliverance necessitates a procedure such as a psychological cure to transform the darkness of the within into the brightness which consciousness and freedom brings forth. As a result Bizhan himself together with Manizheh who is a symbol of his id, pays the price of his guilt with the most enduring tortures in order to gain his freedom. His final trial is a symbol of this advancement. * . sadeghi2002@yahoo.com Manuscript profile -
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706 - Dialogue and power relations in the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar
فرهاد کرمی Hassan HaidaryTale of Rostam and Esfandyar is an indicator of the inner conflict within the formal power structure and represents the manner in which resistance takes shape against the dominant power discourse. This conflict and involvement in the tale are posed by narrative, d MoreTale of Rostam and Esfandyar is an indicator of the inner conflict within the formal power structure and represents the manner in which resistance takes shape against the dominant power discourse. This conflict and involvement in the tale are posed by narrative, dialogue, conversational schemes and sometimes is presented in terms of certain rhetorical structures. This article deals with the study and analysis of conversation and dialogue as part of critical discourse analysis and further makes use of certain applied linguistic parameters in order to analyze the dialogue between two main characters of the tale that is Rostam and Esfandyar. This study shows that power relations in Iran’s court and political institutions enriches the language and the structure of the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar with ideological sense and rhetorical power discourse is seen to cast a shadow over the tale. Esfandyar is the representative of religious and political power and Rostam is the representative of national and heroic power who against his inmost wishes gets involved with an involuntary duel with Esfandyar. Power discourse causes language to function in a particular context and to create a specific rhetorical approach in a way that when this passes through the filter of Ferdowsi’s mind, new discourse system with a new identity is formed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
707 - Artistic and literary analysis of dream in the text and the painting of the tale “Tus sees Siavash in a dream” from the perspective of criticism of imagination devised by Gaston Bachelard
hamideh hormati Roya Rezapour MogaddamArtistic and literary analysis of dream in the text and the painting of the tale “Tus sees Siavash in a dream” from the perspective of criticism of imagination devised by Gaston Bachelard *Hamideh Hormati Assistant Professor, Persian Literature, Fa MoreArtistic and literary analysis of dream in the text and the painting of the tale “Tus sees Siavash in a dream” from the perspective of criticism of imagination devised by Gaston Bachelard *Hamideh Hormati Assistant Professor, Persian Literature, Faculty member, Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran **Roya Rezapour Moghadam Faculty member, Faculty of Islamic Art, Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran Date of reception: 96/8/27 Date of acceptance: 97/10/19 Abstract Gaston Bachelard, epistemologist, critic, philosopher, recognized as the prime structuralists of France had pioneered a new style of criticism based on the analysis and interpretation of artistic and literary images. Having based his criticism on the four elements, he believed a great deal in material imagination of the poet and its connection with the unconscious and phenomenological issues. From his epistemological perspective, dream and poetic imagination through the four elements and in terms of mythological archetypes for obvious and obscure reasons find material manifestations. In order to accept the literary role as well as invoking the feelings of the audience dreams appear with dual images. Analysis and interpretation of the material imagination and this duality respectively unravels the mystery of the text. The tale of “Tus sees Siavash in a dream” is one of the ten narratives in shahnameh which was painted beautifully in Shah Tahmasb’s Shahnameh as a unique example of portraying dream world of the poet be materialized in the Persian painting. This article is an attempt to represent the ancient connection between literature and art, painting in particular from the view point of material imagination using Bachelard’s ideas regarding poet’s imagination and its correspondence with the painting only to determine the standpoint of four elements in Ferdowsi’s imagination and how they found expression in terms of words and images, also to reveal to what extent they correspond with Bachelard’s criticism of imagination in poetry and painting. According to the findings it can be said that the poet and the painter had made use of Bachelard’s material imagination and dialectic duality in creation of their works. * . hormati@tabriziau.ac.ir ** . rezapour@tabrizau.ac.ir Manuscript profile -
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708 - A research on the manner Ferdowsi utilized sources based on the comparison between the tale of Homay and Dara in Shahnameh, Ghurar al- siyar, and Nihayat al-arab
hamed safiA research on the manner Ferdowsi utilized sources based on the comparison between the tale of Homay and Dara in Shahnameh, Ghurar al- siyar, and Nihayat al-arab *Hamed Safi PhD Graduate, Persian Literature, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran Date of MoreA research on the manner Ferdowsi utilized sources based on the comparison between the tale of Homay and Dara in Shahnameh, Ghurar al- siyar, and Nihayat al-arab *Hamed Safi PhD Graduate, Persian Literature, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran Date of reception: 97/1/20 Date of acceptance: 97/2/19 Abstract The final section of Bahman’s sovereignty in Shahnameh deals with Homay’s conception by his father Bahman. According to Ferdowsi’s narrative and in accordance with Pahlavi teachings Bahman unites with Homay makes her his successor and orders that the born child should be the future king. Sassan, Bahman’s son witnessing the event, leaves town and goes to Neyshabour, marries there and names his son Sassan too. Nihayat al-arab shares this narrative as well. According to Saalebi’s narrative also Bahman marries Homay who bears him a child. After Bahman’s death Homay assumes the throne. Comparing Ferdowsi’s narrative of this tale with the other two sources show that all three narratives have common source. On the other hand the difference in Shahnameh’s narrative with the other two texts goes back to the style of narration Ferdowsi adopts and the way he utilizes his sources. Based on this research Ferdowsi’s utilization of his source is a heterogeneous one. By combining two narratives, Ferdowsi narrates the tale in a way which is more dramatic and capturing. In fact Ferdowsi takes each event from a different source and in order to have a more coherent sequence of events he adds certain incidence to the tale. * . hamed 19s2003@yahoo.com Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
709 - Power Discourse according to Shahnameh narrative in the tale of Bahram Chubineh and Khosrow Parviz
mehdi Rezaei leila akbariAbstractThe story of Bahram Chubineh’s revolt against two great Sasanid kings that is Hormoz, and his son Khosrow Parviz is only an example of many instances where Ferdowsi speaks about the insatiable nature of man to satisfy his instinct to acquire power and his MoreAbstractThe story of Bahram Chubineh’s revolt against two great Sasanid kings that is Hormoz, and his son Khosrow Parviz is only an example of many instances where Ferdowsi speaks about the insatiable nature of man to satisfy his instinct to acquire power and his continuous struggle to gain ultimate power. The relationship of Bahram with Sasanid kings is among the longest interactions between the king and warrior, an example being the heated discussions between Bahram and Khosrow which covers a good part in Shahnameh. Delving into this discussion is an eligible manner in order to analyze the power struggle in the political court in Iran. The necessity to be connected with the kings’, nobles’, and warriors’ lineage on the one hand, and the need for national fame and popularity to gain the legitimate sovereignty, on the other hand, made the discourse between the two unique in Shahnameh especially that history confirms its correspondence. Apart from benefitting from certain pragmatic language elements, this article is concerned with the close interconnection of two special kinds of language that is power and ideology. Manuscript profile -
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710 - A Study on the The Great Faramarznameh Editing
Mahmoud Rezaei Dasht Arzhaneh fatemeh sadeghi ghodratollah rasmThe Great Faramarznameh is one of the most important heroic poems after the Shahnameh, which was written at the end of the fifth century AH based on the prose text of the same name, and the description of Faramarz's works is about the elder son of Rostam. The anonymous MoreThe Great Faramarznameh is one of the most important heroic poems after the Shahnameh, which was written at the end of the fifth century AH based on the prose text of the same name, and the description of Faramarz's works is about the elder son of Rostam. The anonymous poet of this poem has been able to compose the great Faramarznameh in 5442 verses in an epic style and with an epic tone, which is remarkable both linguistically and contains an important part of the epic narrations of the Rostam family. Mariolin van Zoutfen and Abolfazl Khatibi have made a worthy and wise correction of this work based on three manuscripts. In this paper, while introducing this scientific correction, an attempt has been made to provide suggested recordings about the some verses of this poem by resorting to in-text and extra-textual sources to remove some of the ambiguities of this work. Finally, for about 44 verses of this work, a suggested recording is provided. Manuscript profile -
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711 - The analysis of the metamorphosis of dragon in Garshasp’s adventures based on archetypal criticism
Hooshang Mohammadi afsharArchetypal criticism is one of the interdisciplinary approaches in contemporary literary criticism. Carl Jung sees literary heritage and common experiences in different cultures in the collective unconscious and believes the reason for the cultural similarities am MoreArchetypal criticism is one of the interdisciplinary approaches in contemporary literary criticism. Carl Jung sees literary heritage and common experiences in different cultures in the collective unconscious and believes the reason for the cultural similarities among nations lies in the common archetypes shared. The purpose of this type of criticism is the analysis and evaluation of literary works and ancient narratives should the work lend itself to this genre of criticism. The main purpose of metamorphosis is the presentation of symbols, and signs which intend to reveal the psychological states of man and seeks to explain and reveal ambiguous mysteries of the existence in mythologies via the archetypes. The purpose of this article is to analyze and evaluate all types of metamorphosis of monsters who are dragons in origin in Garshasp’s adventures. Among the antiheros with whom Garshasp, archetypal hero in Avesta fights only dragon like viragos metamorphosed as fairies or appalling monsters were investigated from the Jungian critical perspective employing library approach and descriptive analytic method. The results obtained show that these demonic creatures despite their differences in appearance are in fact regarded as the metamorphosis of the dragon within the hero, or the hero’s anima. Manuscript profile -
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712 - Archetypal criticism of Shahriar -nameh according to Jung’s Theory
abolghasem ghavam mozhgan hasanpoorArchetypal criticism is one of the remarkable approaches in literary criticism which deals with variety of archetypes in literary texts. Shahriar -nameh is counted among heroic epic texts after Shahnameh and deals with the destiny of Shahriar the son of Borzu.&nbs MoreArchetypal criticism is one of the remarkable approaches in literary criticism which deals with variety of archetypes in literary texts. Shahriar -nameh is counted among heroic epic texts after Shahnameh and deals with the destiny of Shahriar the son of Borzu. After close inspection of this work, outstanding archetypes are drawn out and analyzed according to Jung’s theory. In this epic the hero in order to attain individuality has to overcome obstacles. At first he fights his own shadow and starts a challenging journey. Along the way a wise man accompanies him to guide him through the dangerous path. Demonic forces such as demons and dragons which are the manifestations of shadow appear on the path whom Shahriar fights. Also he passes successfully from the haunting and fantastic places. Next, he encounters a beautiful enchanting mistress and a witch, manifestations of his own anima in the epic with whom he struggles. Sistan is regarded as the representative of stream consciousness from where Shahriar’s journey begins, then after experiencing individuality and perfection in the land of unconsciousness (India) he finally returns to his own family regaining his consciousness and in this way completes the loop of individuality connecting its end to the beginning. Manuscript profile -
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713 - Verse Styli sties in the th Century
Sayyed Ziaoddin SajjadiThis is the second part of Sayed Ziaodin sajjadi deceased proffessor's essay which the first part was published in the previous number of the magazine was about two poets of the th century, Anvari and Jamaladdin Esfahani. In this essay first we are going to survey t MoreThis is the second part of Sayed Ziaodin sajjadi deceased proffessor's essay which the first part was published in the previous number of the magazine was about two poets of the th century, Anvari and Jamaladdin Esfahani. In this essay first we are going to survey the most salient characteristics of Anvari's style in his elegy, lyric poems, quatrains, according to his taste in words and combination, poem's rhythme, rhyme and line, and also content of his poems and its main subjects. Jamaladdin Esfahani is introduced with literary ~ritics' point of views, innuences, elegy's style, rhythme, rhyme and line, rhetorical Figures that he applied and also the information that's found in his poetry, his lyrics and quatrains. Manuscript profile -
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714 - The analysis of the quality of the awakening of the hero within in character of Seyavash and Kay Khosrow based on the theory of Pearson- K. Marr
Mohammad Javad Assarian Sayyed Ali Ghasemzadeh Mohammad Hossein SardaghiWithout a doubt Shahnameh is a universal text whose humane ethical system goes far beyond the race and geographic barriers. Hence it is not surprising to see the rare capacity of Shahnameh to accommodate so many characters and to attribute world symbols and human MoreWithout a doubt Shahnameh is a universal text whose humane ethical system goes far beyond the race and geographic barriers. Hence it is not surprising to see the rare capacity of Shahnameh to accommodate so many characters and to attribute world symbols and human character archetypes to them. This research is based on the psychological and archetypal approach used by Carol S. Pearson and Hugh K. Marr in the theory of “Awakening the hero within” and Joseph Campbell’s theory in “The hero’s journey”. Descriptive analytic method was used to prove the above theories in life stories of Seyavash and Kay khosrow in Shahnameh. The result of this analysis seems to suggest that their lives begin with the archetype “orphan” becomes intrinsic in them despite the changes brought about in their characters and in their life condition, this archetype almost evolves symbolically with death in Siayvash. The outward and objective expression of this evolutionary transformation and awakening is manifested in Kay Khosrow in the form of “sage” archetype which leads to his awakening. Therefore the process of Ferdowsi’s characterization from Seyavash to Kay Khosrow both from the aspect of cycle of life and death ( Plant god and martyre in Seyavash’s being to fertility goddess and life in Kay Khosrow’s being) and the quality of the here’s journey are complementary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
715 - The criticism and study of the two archetypes of the anima and the animus in Banu Goshasp Nameh
Khadijeh Bahrami Rahnama Mahmud Tavousi Mehdi MahooziThe versified Banu Goshasp Nameh has its root in the collective unconsciousness of the Iranian nation. This work lends itself to the Jungian analytic psychological approach which is highly regarded in the literary criticism. The purpose of this research is to analyze an MoreThe versified Banu Goshasp Nameh has its root in the collective unconsciousness of the Iranian nation. This work lends itself to the Jungian analytic psychological approach which is highly regarded in the literary criticism. The purpose of this research is to analyze anima and animus in the psyche of the characters of the verse. These two factors have great impact upon the creation of events and happenings in the story and provide ample grounds for conflicts among the story characters. One comes across the anima in Faramarz, Shideh, Tamartash, Banu Goshasp’s Indian suitors and Iranian heroes. Animus archetype is found in Banu Goshasp. These two archetypes have motivated the story characters to do different actions. This article aims to study the factors in creating the anima and animus based on the Jung theories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
716 - Content Analysis and Criticism of Makhzan al-asrar
Khorshid NourouziMakhzan al-asrar is the first of the fifth treasures of Nezami Ganjavi whose enormous semantic ambiguities and sophistications challenged many scholars to comment and interpret its verses. In this article attempt is made to criticize and analyze the contents of co MoreMakhzan al-asrar is the first of the fifth treasures of Nezami Ganjavi whose enormous semantic ambiguities and sophistications challenged many scholars to comment and interpret its verses. In this article attempt is made to criticize and analyze the contents of commentaries written on this masterpiece. In addition to familiarizing the reader with the complex verses of this Masnavi, compiling and evaluating different shades of meanings explained by the commentators, correcting the errors made in the paraphrasing of some verses, selecting the most correct meaning of verses, and also recognizing the source of discord between commentators’ point of views reflected in their commentaries on Makhzan al-asrar are purposes of this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
717 - The Study of Paradoxical ideas in the poetry of Naser Khosrow
Batool Karbasi AmelParadox is a European term which has entered the Persian literary discussions in the contemporary period and it has been defined as paradoxicality and in two poetic and conceptual contexts can be studied. Mostly what is today comes under paradoxicality in Persian MoreParadox is a European term which has entered the Persian literary discussions in the contemporary period and it has been defined as paradoxicality and in two poetic and conceptual contexts can be studied. Mostly what is today comes under paradoxicality in Persian literature and poetry is the poetic context referred to as figures of thought and is considered as a literary device. However our concern in this article is not of this genre and it should be called merely paradox. We have criticized and assessed the paradoxes, conflicts of ideas, beliefs, and claims of poets in this article. Therefore discussions in this article are regarded within the domain of literary criticism, an area which is rarely appreciated in our literary research whereas more attention should be devoted to analysis, interpretation and evaluation of works of literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
718 - A search into the pathology of social classes in Ghaznavid and Seljuq era through the works of Naser Khosrou and Sana’i
Kobra NodehiNo doubt nations throughout the centuries have experienced many ups and downs according to their political, social, cultural and religious states. The holy Koran points to their decline as forth: “And when we wanted to destroy a nation, we command the MoreNo doubt nations throughout the centuries have experienced many ups and downs according to their political, social, cultural and religious states. The holy Koran points to their decline as forth: “And when we wanted to destroy a nation, we command the rich and pleasure seekers (when they disobeyed) and continued debauchery, the God’s absolute order was carried out on them, we shall destroy them” (Asra, 16). Having in mind the meaning of this verse, when a society becomes corrupted, corruption runs into all its classes and social relations and nothing is exempt from its raid. Under such conditions, insecurity emerges in all social institutions and instead of unity and cooperation they stand in opposition and in conflict with each other and certainly won’t have the desired function. It is exactly at this point that the existence of social critics and brilliant thinkers who by giving awareness to different classes of people, point to vices, corruptions and shortcomings in a society play an important role in influencing people at large to react against decadence, bad policies, oppression, and miseries. Criticism and analysis of social classes from Naser Khosrou’s and Sanai’s point of view as brilliant thinkers and critics is the purpose of this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
719 - Analysis of Approaches of Theory of Post-post Modernism Criminology
Vahid Zarei Sharif Maryam PoorbaghiPost-post Modernism Criminology or Trans Modernism Criminology surveys the effective factors in crime occurrence depends on the expanded theoretical subjects from Modernism Criminology meditation following Post Modernism Criminology with criticism from criminological ap MorePost-post Modernism Criminology or Trans Modernism Criminology surveys the effective factors in crime occurrence depends on the expanded theoretical subjects from Modernism Criminology meditation following Post Modernism Criminology with criticism from criminological approaches of Modernism and Post Modernism as the end of Modernism meditation. In this research, we follow to find the response of this question that how are the approaches of Post-post Modernism Movement of thought in dealing with the phenomena of crime, criminalization and discovering the causes of crime occurrence? even the answer to other question based on that whether Post-post Modernism Criminology in preventing from crime and correction of an offender besides criticism to Modernism and Post Modernism Criminology, access its critical objects? This research with analytical and descriptive method, has surveyed the old theories of criminologists and data of valid scientific internal and external law articles and has searched the obstacle criminalization, intentional crime, two-dimensional absolutism, objectivism, religionist, alienation and rationalism are principal factors of Post-post Modernism Criminology in contrast with essentialism, unaware mind of Trans Modern offender, rationalism, mentalism, nihilism, self-depended reason and formalism are fundamental elements of Modernism and Post Modernism Criminology, besides the comparative study of mentioned measures determines the relative success of Trans Modernism Criminology in achievement of critical purposes. Furthermore, the necessity of perception in approaches Post-post Modernism Criminology about solving legal vacuum and determining judges’ liberties in the status of legislation or interpretation of law, adjudicate or implementation of verdict in criminal courts that has dominant role in assumption of preventive or punitive dispositions in opposition with criminal phenomena. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
720 - The Mediating Role of Anger Rumination and Self-Criticism Rumination in Relationship between Disaffection and Marital Violence
Mona Kochaki Amirhendeh Ahmad Karbalayi Mehrdad SabetBecause of the detrimental consequences, marital violence should be attended and prevented through social, educational, and legal policies. Research has addressed disaffection as a factor for distress and turmoil in marital relationships. The aim of this study is to det MoreBecause of the detrimental consequences, marital violence should be attended and prevented through social, educational, and legal policies. Research has addressed disaffection as a factor for distress and turmoil in marital relationships. The aim of this study is to determine the mediation role of anger rumination and self-criticism rumination in the relationship between disaffection and marital violence. Therefore, in a descriptive correlational study, 250 residences in Tehran were selected through a multistage randomized sampling method and tested for conflict resolution tactics, marital disaffection, anger rumination, and self-criticism rumination. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling which displayed that disaffection with mediation of anger rumination can predict marital violence (Z= 2.037, β= 0.2626). However, disaffection with mediation of self-criticism rumination doesn’t predict marital violence (Z= 2.037, β= -0.0664). Results of the presented study signify that anger rumination motivates people to engage in violent behavior to regulate negative feelings resulted from disaffection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
721 - The comparative effect of direct corrective feedback and recast in a critical thinking setting on EFL learners’ reading comprehension
Mehrdad Rezaee Maryam Baghi Elaheh FaramarziThe aim of present study was to explore the comparative effect of direct corrective feedback and recast on EFL learners’ reading comprehension in a critical thinking (CT) context. Sixty female EFL learners were selected from a larger group of 85 learners through conveni MoreThe aim of present study was to explore the comparative effect of direct corrective feedback and recast on EFL learners’ reading comprehension in a critical thinking (CT) context. Sixty female EFL learners were selected from a larger group of 85 learners through convenience sampling and were given a Preliminary English Test (PET) to assess their proficiency levels. As the next step, the participants formed two random experimental groups. The reading comprehension abilities of both groups were measured before and after the treatment through administration of reading section of two separate versions of PET. Both groups received 12 sessions of the treatment. Two paired samples t-tests were utilized, both of which proved significant improvement for both groups from pretest to posttest. Then, the posttest scores of the two groups using an independent samples t-test were compared. Based on the results, the difference between the two groups turned out to be significant indicating superiority of the effect of the recast. This study can have important implications for the stakeholders in foreign language (FL) education. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
722 - A Qualitative Study on Iranian EFL Teachers’ Perceptions of Critical Pedagogy-Based Teacher Effectiveness
Shiva Ghorbani Shahram Afraz Neda Fatehi Rad Fazlolah SamimiOne of the significant factors in EFL learning is teacher effectiveness which is of high importance since teachers are really and directly engaged in language learning as the final aim of English classes. This study aimed at exploring Iranian EFL teachers’ perceptions o MoreOne of the significant factors in EFL learning is teacher effectiveness which is of high importance since teachers are really and directly engaged in language learning as the final aim of English classes. This study aimed at exploring Iranian EFL teachers’ perceptions of critical pedagogy-based teacher effectiveness. In so doing, a qualitative thematic analysis method was used. The participants included 20 male and female Iranian English teachers who were selected through purposive sampling. To collect the data, a semi-structured interview was used. According to the results, the following themes were extracted from the data: Paying Attention to Students’ Needs, Being Aware of Students’ Goals in English Learning, Friendly Relations with Students, Flexibility in Teaching/Assessment Methods, Making Classes Student-Centered, Cooperative Teaching, Facilitating Students’ Learning, Being Aware of the Last Achievements in the Field of TEFL, Generating Equal Opportunities for All Students in the Class, Teaching Students Problem Posing Skills, and Teaching Students Critical Thinking Skills. The findings have some implications for EFL teachers, learners, teacher education instructors and policymakers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
723 - A Comparative Study of Experiential Learning Cycle in Human and Nonhuman Environments: Critical Thinking, Reading Comprehension, and Vocabulary Development
somayeh sahebalzamani Amin Naeimi Mehry Haddad NarafshanEducational experts posit that technology-based experiences can augment students’ academic performance and foster their critical thinking ability. In this study, the efficacy of human-mediated and non-human-mediated environments was compared in terms of Kolb’s experient MoreEducational experts posit that technology-based experiences can augment students’ academic performance and foster their critical thinking ability. In this study, the efficacy of human-mediated and non-human-mediated environments was compared in terms of Kolb’s experiential learning cycle, concerning the critical thinking, reading comprehension, and vocabulary development of young English language learners. Over a period of four months, two groups of 60 learners (30 in each group) were exposed to mediation via two modalities: teacher-made and computer-made mediators. Pre-tests and post-tests were deployed to gauge learners’ progress in critical thinking, reading comprehension, and vocabulary development. The findings evinced those learners who received technology-mediated instruction outperformed the teacher-mediated group in terms of critical thinking, vocabulary development, and reading comprehension. It is evident that learners who interacted with a computer mediator trumped those who interacted with a human-made mediator, i.e., the teacher. This could be attributed to the alluring features of non-human mediators (technology), which are evidently more compelling than their human counterparts. Manuscript profile
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