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Open Access Article
1 - India, the Persian Gulf and the emergence of a superset
Arezoo AskaryIn recent years, India has tried to introduce itself as a world power and therefore has made various efforts to accept its position under this title to other actors. From the perspective of the theory of regional security complex, whenever a regional power projects its MoreIn recent years, India has tried to introduce itself as a world power and therefore has made various efforts to accept its position under this title to other actors. From the perspective of the theory of regional security complex, whenever a regional power projects its power to another security complex, it is actually trying to act as a great power. India, as a country that is part of the security complex of South Asia, has tried to project its power to the security complex of the Persian Gulf and therefore applies its own strategy in communicating with the countries of this region. According to the theory of regional security complex, In this situation and by merging two security sets, a super set is created. The main question of this research was, what effect will India's presence in the Persian Gulf have on the regional security complex of the Persian Gulf? Based on this question, the research hypothesis states that India's presence in the Persian Gulf leads to the creation of a super-complex due to the integration of the two security complexes of the Persian Gulf and South Asia. This research, using the content analysis method, examined the documents and statements contained in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of India and analyzed them based on the theory of the regional security complex. The findings of the research showed that India's presence in the security complex of the Persian Gulf is a result of the change in the paradigm of India's foreign policy during the Modi era and has led to the creation of a super-complex. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Place and Role of Urban Service Management in the Metropolitan Neighborhoods (Case Study: Ahvaz Urban Region Two)
Laleh KhajaviniaEvaluation and performance management is one of Special issues of human resources management that is highly strategic and might be considered as appropriate tool to improve the performance of employees and organizations. Sustainable urban development would be viewed in MoreEvaluation and performance management is one of Special issues of human resources management that is highly strategic and might be considered as appropriate tool to improve the performance of employees and organizations. Sustainable urban development would be viewed in a way as Performance management with their requirements and prerequisites as well as contributing in designing and implementation in the spatial organization of cities. The main goal of this research, Evaluation of the performance of urban services management at the level of the region is two metropolises of ahvaz. The statistical research population of the residents of ahvaz metropolis region 2 and the size of the studied sample were determined by using the cochran formula of 399 people. The sampling method was classified randomly. The method of this survey is using a questionnaire and for data analysis using average tests,t (variable two), Pearson's correlation and levene's and aniva has been used. The research results by the average test shown , The level of satisfaction of the citizens of the region two of ahvaz metropolis scored 2/69 points which indicates a lower than average level of satisfaction and lack of citizens' satisfaction with urban services management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The Evaluation of Traffic Congestion and Parking Services for Light Vehicles in the Central Area of Region 1 of Ahvaz Municipality
mohammadali firoozi Ali ZobeydeyNowadays, with the increasing development of cities and increasing traffic, crowding, pollution, etc., public parking spaces are considered one of the most important infrastructures of the transportation system. The shortage of parking space, especially in the central z MoreNowadays, with the increasing development of cities and increasing traffic, crowding, pollution, etc., public parking spaces are considered one of the most important infrastructures of the transportation system. The shortage of parking space, especially in the central zone of metropolises, can affect the traffic congestion and the quality of urban life. Therefore, the present research has addressed the condition of its parking spaces by investigating one of the important problems in the central district of ahvaz metropolis. This study is an applied research with a descriptive-analytical approach. It is also a survey research. The research population included 300 people and the sample size (169 people) was selected through the Cochran formula by directly referring to the selected parking lots. Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.833) has been calculated for the reliability of the questionnaire, which indicates the accuracy, reliability, and internal consistency of the results. Seven indicators: area capacity, availability of facilities, access status, security status, beauty status, entrance fee, and cleaning status were selected to evaluate the busy parking lots located in the study area and necessary analysis was done using shannon entropy. The results showed that Karun, Refah, Alireza, and Azadegan parking lots are ranked first second, and last with the final priority coefficients of 0.0574 and 0.0504, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Edge of magnetized electronegative plasma ion source in the presence of collisional adiabatic thermal positive ions
Kiomars Yasserian Morteza Aslaninejad -
Open Access Article
5 - A Survey On investigating psychological empowerment score and indentifing the effective factors on psychological empowerment (Case Study: Khorasan Regional Electricity Company)
Azar Kafashpor Neda shakooriThe purpose of this study is to investigate psychological empowerment score and to indentify and rank the effective factors on psychological empowerment in khorasan regional electricity company. The research is application and doing with quantitative and describe method MoreThe purpose of this study is to investigate psychological empowerment score and to indentify and rank the effective factors on psychological empowerment in khorasan regional electricity company. The research is application and doing with quantitative and describe methodsThe data were collected from 116 personnels of company.its validity was confirmed by the experts and elite universities and factor analyses and its reliability was approved via Cronbach’s alpha of 0.906. sampling is Stratified Sampling and tools Data Gathering is questionnaire.For examining the hypothesis T test, Friedman test, Bartlett's Test, Structural Equation Modeling has been used based on 9 hypothesis have been verified .The collected data were analyzed with SPSS software and lisrel software. The Results demonstrated that the rate of employee empowerment is more than average and structure empowerment , Empowering leadership , training, information sharing, reward, job characteristics, trust, psychological capital, self evaluation were place in first to ninth ranks , respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Investigating Relationship between Psychological Empowerment and Organizational Commitment (Case study: khorasan Region Electric Company)
Azar Kafashpor Neda ShakooriThis study aimed to determine relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational commitment among khorasan Region Electric Company. In this descriptive-correlative study, 116 personels working in mashhad company were selected to the study in summer 2015. MoreThis study aimed to determine relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational commitment among khorasan Region Electric Company. In this descriptive-correlative study, 116 personels working in mashhad company were selected to the study in summer 2015. The data collection tool included the “Sprietzer psychological empowerment questionnaire” and the “organizational commitment questionnaire of Allen and Meyer”. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were assessed through appropriate methods. its validity was confirmed by the experts and elite universities and factor analyses and its reliability was approved via Cronbach’s alpha of 0.90 for between psychological empowerment and 0.89 for organizational commitment. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, and linear regression method in the SPSS22. The correlation and linear regression tests indicated that psychological empowerment was statistically correlate with the organizational commitment of personels and could predicted it. Based on the findings of this study, psychological empowerment was a predictive factor for organizational commitment. Among the psychological empowerment of dimentions , meaning, self-determination, influence and competency have highest correlation with organizational commitment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Factors Affecting Organizational Indifference (Case study: Khorasan Regional Electricity Company)
Qolam abbas Shekary Leila Oliaee Malihe kheirkhah Reihaneh hashemzehiBackground – organizational Indifference is one of the problems that currently most governmental and non-governmental organizations deal with that its spread preventing among employees is a major matter for organizations' MoreBackground – organizational Indifference is one of the problems that currently most governmental and non-governmental organizations deal with that its spread preventing among employees is a major matter for organizations' managers. Purpose – This paper aims to identify and rank the factors affecting organizational Indifference among employees of Khorasan Regional Electricity Company (KREC). Methodology – The research method is exploratory mixed. The main instrument of the research s is a research-made questionnaire that its validity was achieved through Content. Also, according to the Cronbach's alpha obtained at 0.92, it could be concluded that the questionnaire's reliability is acceptable. Findings – Based on the findings, the factors effecting organizational Indifference were identified in 2 dimensions and 12 factors from the experts’ point of view. Also, the results showed that the lack of meritocracy, ambiguous goals, and indifference transfer to the workplace are the most important factors respectively from the managers ' point of view. Conclusion – The study will contribute to improve understanding on the key factors influencing organizational indifference, providing for a conceptual model useful for future investigations. Keywords_ Organizational Indifference, Khorasan Regional Electricity Company, Lack of Meritocracy Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Media Literacy and Awareness of the Social Network Damages
حسن مقدس زاده هاجر صفاهیهThe main objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between media literacy and awareness of the social network damages of Regional Information Center of Science and Technology (RICeST) and Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC). Due to the nature of MoreThe main objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between media literacy and awareness of the social network damages of Regional Information Center of Science and Technology (RICeST) and Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC). Due to the nature of the study descriptive- correlation survey method has been used. For data collection two researcher made questionnaire has been used. The populations of the study indicate all staffs of RICeST and ISC including 160 persons that based on simple random sampling and with use of Krejcie and Morgan table, 113 persons were selected as the sample population. Results showed that the media literacy skills of respondents has been higher than average. There is a positive and significant relationship between media literacy skills and their use of social networks. Also there is a positive and significant relationship between staff’s media literacy and their awareness of the social network damages (cultural, social, family and mental-individual). In today's digital and informational world, the ability of people to have access to new skills and new literacies, such as media literacy, is of particular importance. They need to learn these skills so that they can use the appropriate criteria to evaluate social networks and the news and information contained therein, and use accurate and effective information for their decisions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - an Integrated Method for Detailed Plans' Assessment : Case study, Region 6 of the Detailed Plan of Shiraz
Behnaz Aminzadeh سمیه رودکیAn Integrated Method for Detailed Plans’ assessments by using Plan process Result (PPR) and process Policy-plan/Program Implementation) PPIP) Case study: Region 6 of Shiraz Detailed Plan Detailed plan is the most guiding and systematic tool for implementation of a MoreAn Integrated Method for Detailed Plans’ assessments by using Plan process Result (PPR) and process Policy-plan/Program Implementation) PPIP) Case study: Region 6 of Shiraz Detailed Plan Detailed plan is the most guiding and systematic tool for implementation of a city master plan. Despite of its importance certain evaluation of its efficiency has rarely been done. In order to fulfill the objectives of a detailed plan, its success, strengths and weaknesses should be scientifically assessed. There is a gap between planning of a detailed plan and its execution, resulting from the missing link in the process of urban planning and the implementation of urban plans. Therefore, to achieve a dynamic continuous and flexible planning and minimize the gap, the evaluation of detailed plans before and during the process of its implementation is a necessary task for urban managers. This paper aims to assess the detailed plan of region 6 of shiraz by using an integrated method. By studying comprehensive methods for evaluating urban plans and reviewing the literature related to the different methods and techniques, a combination of the two methods of "Plan Process Result" and "Plan/Policy Implementation Program" are selected for assessment the efficiency of the mentioned case study. The next step was to introduce and select the suitable evaluation criteria according to the situation and the conditions of the detailed plan of Shiraz (region 6). The detailed plan of Shiraz was first prepared by one of the consulting urban planning firm in 1372 and revised in 1383. The main aim of this new plan in regard to region 6 was to reinforce and enhance the importance of the this region in the West of Shiraz. To do this , the objectives of improvements of physical, environmental and social and urban management based on public participation was considered To gather and analysis the data needed for the study, different techniques had been used such as content analysis of master and detailed plans related to the selected criteria, interview techniques and some field studies. Factor analysis and analyzing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (S.W.O.T) and AHP method are used for examination of the procedures. The results of the study shows that the conformity, internal and external consistency have gained high score in relation to other criteria such as connectivity, urban development direction, human and financial resources and user participation which the two latter have got the lowest scores. AHP method was selected for determining the weight of the criteria the scores are as below: conformity (./26), internal consistency ( ./38), connectivity (./.96), external consistency (./145), Urban development direction )./.43), human and financial resources and commitments ( ./.27) and public participation (./.41) . To reduce the deficiency of detailed plans, it is recommended to use social plans for a better public participation in urban planning. Also an systematic approach and providing strategic plans instead of physical plan are useful. Increasing financial resources and paying attention to local organization are the most important tools for managing the implementation of detailed plans. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Sustainable Pathology of Urban Neighborhoods with an Emphasis on Social Harms (Case Study: District 1 of Tehran City)
Zahra Fattahi Ali Shamai Ali MovahedThe social pathology of urban neighborhoods is very important in the sustainability of the city. This research studies the sustainable pathology of urban neighborhoods in Region 1 of Tehran city with an emphasis on social harms. The main objective of the social patholog MoreThe social pathology of urban neighborhoods is very important in the sustainability of the city. This research studies the sustainable pathology of urban neighborhoods in Region 1 of Tehran city with an emphasis on social harms. The main objective of the social pathology and its spatial distribution at the neighborhoods level is to plan and manage how to control and reduce the social harms and make sustainable neighborhood development. Employing an exploratory analysis method, the present study is an applied research. The data has been collected through documentary and field studies. For analyzing the data, Super Decisions software and various tools have been used in Geographical Information System (GIS). The study area is the neighborhoods of Region 1 of Tehran municipality and the level of analysis is its 26 neighborhoods. The statistical sample consists of 30 experts in the field of urban planning and engineering, and 372 inhabitants of the 26 neighborhoods. These participants have been selected using Cochran Formula and random sampling. The findings of the study show that the neighborhoods of Region 1 of Tehran municipality are encountering growing social harms. Common social harms in this region are divorce, runaway girls, beggary, drug addiction, and seasonal workers. In terms of spatial distribution, mostly squares are densely populated, e.g., Tajrish Square. Among the 26 existing neighborhoods, Evin (rank 1), Zafarranieh (rank 2), and Imamzadeh Qasem (rank 3) Neighborhoods have respectively the most amounts of social harms while Araj, Hekmat, Deszashib, and Mahmoudieh Neighborhoods have the least amount of social harms. Any appropriate social interventions and supportive measures require comprehensive studies and studies on opportunities and threats, the strengths and weaknesses, the nature and causes of injuries and social issues at a smaller level, namely, neighborhoods. According to the results of this study, effective preventive measures can be taken to improve the planning and optimal management of the city of Tehran in the municipality of Tehran, with the full knowledge of the existing damage and its type, and by achieving appropriate strategies to reduce the damage to the neighborhood system. In the area of a Tehran municipality, in order to help improve urban planning and management through the identification and elimination of existing damage, it is possible to develop and improve these areas of the region in terms of the quality of life of citizens and minimize the damage. In terms of the indices of urban development infrastructures and facilities, significant differences are also observed between the neighborhoods of this region using Fuzzy Method, e.g., Tajrish Neighborhood has the first rank in sustainable development due to the availability of facilities and access to offices and industries and several other development indices. Bagh-e-Ferdows Neighborhood has the second rank, while Golab Darre and Mahallati Neighborhoods are at the bottom of this ranking. According to the results of this study, it is possible to improve the planning and optimal urban management in a Tehran municipality region with full knowledge of existing damage and their type. They have taken effective preventive measures and appropriate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Regional Equilibrium Analysis Based on the Combined Indices of Core-Periphery Theory and Sustainable Tourism (Case Study: Khorasan-e-Razavi Province)
zeinab mirsondosi Behnaz aminzadehOne of the important issues in regional planning is the lack of attention to the inner strengths of the region and, therefore, its dependence on neighboring areas, while it itself has the power and capacity to be an environment for different activities such as tourism. MoreOne of the important issues in regional planning is the lack of attention to the inner strengths of the region and, therefore, its dependence on neighboring areas, while it itself has the power and capacity to be an environment for different activities such as tourism. Studies show little equilibrium in regional development in Iran in the last 50 years and this has created certain problems and issues for the spatial structure of cities and villages. The first step to face this problem is to evaluate a region according to its capacities and the way it benefits from them and then to provide a plan for enhancing or creating regional equilibrium, to help ordering the spatial structure of settlements in the region and to prevent some of the cities to grow unreasonably large. Sustainable tourism is a powerful tool for developing the regions and balancing them to an equilibrium point. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine how to use the sustainable tourism potential of a region in combination with the Core-Periphery planning theory for examining the region and, as a result, bringing it to a regional equilibrium. To this end, the conceptual model of this research and the indicators were developed using the meta-analysis method and then, they were rated using two methods of factor analysis and cluster analysis of Khorasan-e-Razavi province. The regional equilibrium is measured based on the sustainable tourism potential and is presented using the GIS software on the map of the province. The results of the research include providing a conceptual model for measuring regional equilibrium and paying attention to sustainable tourism potential. The research findings in the sample section show that Khorasan-e-Razavi Province does not have a sustainable balance for using the sustainable tourism potential of the province. Positioning Mashhad in the first place and 18 other cities at the lowest levels of tourism indicates an imbalance of the region which acts as a major factor in the collapse of the spatial order of the province on the one hand and causes the rapid and unpredictable growth of Mashhad on the other hand. In other words, tourism acts as an important factor in the collapse of the regional balance. Finally, in order to enhance tourism equilibrium in the province it is suggested that, first, all wealth gained for the province must be distributed in a balanced way, and second, development spread in the Core-Periphery theory is not sufficient on its own and the intervention of planners is also required. Therefore, through proper intervention and planning, planners can help to transfer tourism revenues from core to periphery to balance tourism development all over the province. So, the cities' rating and its spatial map provided in this paper are proper guides for finding the needs of the province by showing the parts in need of more consideration and those that are fertile and will flourish with a brief attention. Moreover, based on the results, some specific suggestions are put forward for enhancing the province equilibrium. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Smart Land-Use Analysis in Areas with Capability Development with Using the Model of Land Use Conflict Identification Strategy (LUCIS) (Case Study: 22nd. District of Tehran Metropolis)
Mojtaba Rafieian Negin Afshar Ali Akbar TaghvaeeIn recent ages, smart and flexible land use planning have mainly focused on guidance of urban development and prevention of irregular growth of cities, especially metropolitans with lack of monitoring and control during the process of land use planning that will l MoreIn recent ages, smart and flexible land use planning have mainly focused on guidance of urban development and prevention of irregular growth of cities, especially metropolitans with lack of monitoring and control during the process of land use planning that will lead to destroying a lot of lands with priority of conservation and agriculture. A glance at the procedure of changes in the past shows that the strategies and instruments of management and also of land use planning did not have enough and essential substantive and practical values. Therefore more efficient thoughts must be considered and used to adopt new management policies, simply because the patterns and relationships of land use have a significant influence on the vitality, character and all together the quality of a certain community. One of the suggested strategies for smart analysis of land use in zones with potential of development is using a model named LAND USE CONFLICT IDENTIFICATION STRATEGY (LUCIS) which has been used for the first time by the urban planning experts of Florida University in 9 regions of Florida State, during the last decade. In this study we have endeavored to follow the path of this research based on developed ideologies and methods. The Land-Use Conflict Identification Strategy, (LUCIS), is a goal-driven GIS model that produces a spatial representation of probable patterns of future land use. LUCIS identifies sensitive environmental factors that would be impacted by urban development, and conversely areas that are positive factors for conservation uses. LUCIS also identifies suitable and/or unsuitable lands for specific types of urban development potential or agricultural productivity. In this framework, to investigate the remedy of efficiency of this model, twenty second region of Tehran (Region 22 of Tehran) was chosen as the case study because of its distinguished characteristics and developing conditions. This region which is known as the west entrance of Tehran has been considered as a developing region due to its connections to the city limits in recent years and having natural resources such as northern mountains of the region as well as dry rivers which has been influenced by ungovernable urban development. The aim - according to application of theoretical content and methodology of LUCIS model –was achieving a scheme that is consistent with natural and artificial characteristics in this region with focus on creation of balance and coordination between the procedure of developing and conservation of natural resources. To consider analyzing the necessary informational layers, the results demonstrate that the residential zone makes a rather vast part of this region (over 25 percent) – using that distributed in the whole of this region especially between Chitgar Park and Vard Aavard Dry River. The most Comparative conflicts (with the rate of more than 25 percent) have happened between residential-conservational zones at the northern parts of the region and near the dry rivers with mixed used zones in the available urban fabric. According to this, intervention strategies have been compiled in different land-use planning scenarios and performed for elimination of conflicts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Globalization & Regionalism in Contemporary Architecture: Interaction or Mutuality
Qader Bayzidi Iraj Etesam Farah Habib Seyed Mostafa Mokhtabad AmreiA complicated, multilateral and unavoidable process, globalization semiconsciously covers growing temporal and spatial integration, dissemination of knowledge, ­ability to understand the others, strengthening intercultural interactions and integration of universal a MoreA complicated, multilateral and unavoidable process, globalization semiconsciously covers growing temporal and spatial integration, dissemination of knowledge, ­ability to understand the others, strengthening intercultural interactions and integration of universal and local affairs, and consequently, introduces further development into social arena in the postmodern era. On one hand, formation of a global village and growing mutual effects in the world of architecture have led to concerns over domination of universalism and homogeneity, losing the soul of the place and creating faults in local identities. On the other, regionalism in architecture centers on preserving special characteristics of space and showing dissimilarities, and prioritizes special regional identity over universal characteristics. Definition of regionalism covers a wide spectrum due to its diversity and the course of events in different approaches to this theory, but generally, it is claimed that ecological features, climate conditions, social and cultural conditions and local customs are among important features of regionalism. Regionalism is an approach to coordinating the influence of global civilization with special local features. In another words, since man is an heir and creator of global culture as well as possessing a regional culture, he has to quiver knowledge of the interaction between both of them. Supporters of such theory believe that architecture has to reflect the features of the self and be independent of an emotional view point of region, tradition and history. The present paper attempts to investigate the relationship between globalization and current regional based approaches in the field of contemporary architecture. The research method is descriptive-analytical by using content analysis technique. Economic arena, on one hand, faces universal and global supply of multinational companies, and deals with local demand, on the other. This emphasizes the need for designing products in line with special regional circumstances in order to attract consumers and establish a global-regional interaction. In politics, there is an alignment theory of globalization and regionalism that based on which regionalism moderates globalization and both enjoy a mutual relationship. In culture, contemporary world covers both universalization and homogeneity and localization and heterogeny. Globalization provides a bed for universalization of local culture and localization of global culture. Local cultural systems enjoy a complex relationship with global culture to have its privileges. The results show that on one hand, the multilateral nature of globalization indicates that it enjoys an alignment of homogenous and heterogeneous approaches in such a way that it recognizes variety, pluralism and heterogenic and prepares the ground for special cultural and architectural identities and values. On the other, having shifted from nativist approaches and emphasis on physical interpretations and stylistic, structural and aesthetic issues towards modern approaches and social, cultural issues, ecosystem and interpersonal relationships, regionalism aims at modifying traditional prejudiced thoughts, strengthening an interactional approach and creating variety as well as enjoying universal privileges (critical regionalism, interactional regionalism and bioregionalism). Therefore, there proves to be a mutual relationship between these phenomena. The coexistence between technology and cultural identity (place) in architecture leads to the formation of a type of hybrid architecture enjoying universal privileges and regional indices (global- local). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Multilevel governance of the metropolitan region: applying new regionalism approach (Case study: metropolitan region of Mashhad)
Mozaffar Sarrafi naser nejatiThe roots of many problems that cities nowadays face are the outside of their realm. In fact, different studies on cities and their suburbs in the entire world indicates that cooperation between central city and their suburbs are absolutely necessary to address these re MoreThe roots of many problems that cities nowadays face are the outside of their realm. In fact, different studies on cities and their suburbs in the entire world indicates that cooperation between central city and their suburbs are absolutely necessary to address these regional problems such as urban sprawl, unemployment, devastation of agriculture and open spaces, social injustice, and environmental injustice. Mashhad metropolitan is not an exception in this paradigm and faces with many and various problems such as urban sprawl, devastation of agriculture and open spaces which are originated at a higher level in the metropolitan region of Mashhad. The metropolitan region of Mashhad consists of four different and separate counties; Mashhad, Fariman, Chenaran and lastly Binalud. The regional management in metropolitan region of Mashhad is not well integrated and thus, manifested in the chaotic and somehow win-lose competitions within the aforementioned regions. New regionalism approach has the capability to reduce the rivalries and establishing collaborative milieu. For applying new regionalism, it is needed to apply multilevel governance approach in the regional scale. This article aims to study regional management system based on the new regionalism approach to address the problems of metropolitan region in Mashhad. Thus, firstly, the shortcomings of new regionalism and regional management methods are analyzed. After that, current regional management system of metropolitan region of Mashhad is carefully studied. Therefore, the best regional management method for covering the shortcomings in the metropolitan region of Mashhad is deliberated. Research review method is used and explained in the literature review of new regionalism and regional management. Also, in studying regional management system of metropolitan region of Mashhad, descriptive-analytical research method is used. The research method is based on analyzing secondary data and formal related documents about Mashhad’s spatial management system. In addition, the academic sources with regards to regional management and new regionalism have been reviewed neatly and carefully to provide the necessary theoretical framework for the problems. New Regionalism is an approach which recognizes certain regions that are capable of cooperation and integration among their intra-regional institutions in pursue of political, socio-economic, cultural, and environmental synergies. The best way for applying new regionalism is through governance. In fact governance is complement of new regionalism. New regionalism should be implemented step by step and carefully to ease the resistance to change as well as to give it sufficient time for tailoring the most appropriate institutional arrangement. Also, the most efficient way for cooperation between regional actors is multilevel governance which mostly is based on subsidiarity. Research findings suggests that multilevel governance system with the participation of all regional actors based on subsidiarity can be an effective regional management system of metropolitan region of Mashhad. For the metropolitan region of Mashhad two-level governance is recommended: the first level is in the territory of metropolitan region with participation of state, public and private sector and civil society. The second level is in the territory of the formerly introduced and aforementioned counties (Mashhad, Fariman, Chenaran and Binalud). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - An Integrated Method for Assessments of Detailed Plans by Using Plan Process Result (PPR) and Process Policy-Plan/Program Implementation (PPIP) (Case Study: Region 6 of Shiraz Detailed Plan)
Behnaz Aminzade Somayeh RoodakiDetailed plan is the most guiding and systematic tool for implementation of a city master plan. Despite of its importance certain evaluation of its efficiency has rarely been done. In order to fulfill the objectives of a detailed plan, its success, strengths and weaknes MoreDetailed plan is the most guiding and systematic tool for implementation of a city master plan. Despite of its importance certain evaluation of its efficiency has rarely been done. In order to fulfill the objectives of a detailed plan, its success, strengths and weaknesses should be scientifically assessed. There is a gap between planning of a detailed plan and its execution, resulting from the missing link in the process of urban planning and the implementation of urban plans. Therefore, to achieve a dynamic continuous and flexible planning and minimize the gap, the evaluation of detailed plans before and during the process of its implementation is a necessary task for urban managers. This paper aims to assess the detailed plan of region 6 of Shiraz by using an integrated method. By studying comprehensive methods for evaluating urban plans and reviewing the literature related to the different methods and techniques, a combination of the two methods of "Plan Process Result" and "Plan/Policy Implementation Program" are selected for assessment the efficiency of the mentioned case study. The next step was to introduce and select the suitable evaluation criteria according to the situation and the conditions of the detailed plan of region 6. The detailed plan of Shiraz was first prepared by one of the consulting urban planning firm in 1372 and revised in 1383. The main aim of this new plan with regard to region 6 was to enhance the importance of the region in the West of Shiraz. To do this, the objectives of improvements of physical, environmental, social and urban management based on public participation were considered To gather and analysis the data needed for the study, different techniques had been used such as content analysis of master and detailed plans related to the selected criteria, interview techniques and some field studies. Factor analysis and analyzing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (S.W.O.T) and also AHP method are used for examination of the procedures. The results of the study show that the conformity, internal and external consistency have gained high score in relation to other criteria such as connectivity, urban development direction, human and financial resources and user participation which the two latter have got the lowest scores. AHP method was selected for determining the weight of the criteria the scores are as below: conformity(./26), internal consistency (./38), connectivity (./.96), external consistency (./145), Urban development direction(./.43), human and financial resources and commitments ( ./.27) and public participation(./.41). To reduce the deficiency of detailed plans, it is recommended to use social plans for a better public participation in urban planning. Also a systematic approach and providing strategic plans instead of physical plant are useful. Increasing financial resources and paying attention to local organization are the most important tools for managing the implementation of detailed plans. The results In addition to examining the strengths and weaknesses of the preparation and implementation of the detailed plan, the process of urban detailed project evaluation suggests that it can be used in the evaluation of similar projects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Assessment of Thermal Comfort in Vernacular Buildings in the Cold and Mountainous Region (Case Study: Hamadan, Iran)
Farnoush Shams Azad Vahdaneh Fooladi -
Open Access Article
17 - Modern Architecture in Nigeria and It’s Trends in Historical Buildings (Failure of modernist in Conservation andRestoration of Historical Buildings)
Bilyaminu Musa -
Open Access Article
18 - An Investigation and Analysis of Context and Requirements of New Regionalism with Respect to Increasing Competitiveness and Creativity in Iran (Case Study: Qeshm Island)
Mozaffar Sarrafi Mohammad Hosein Sharifzadegan Naser Nejati -
Open Access Article
19 - A Comparative Study of vernacular Architecture Compatible with Mild and Humid Weather in Gilan's Western Plains (Case study: Gasht, Shalma and Gilandeh villages)
Hadiseh Kamran Kasmaie Khosro Daneshjou Seyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani -
Open Access Article
20 - An Investigation of Global-Regional Interactional Approach at the Prominent Works of Contemporary Iranian Architects
Qader Bayzidi Iraj Etesam Farah Habib Seyed Mostafa Mokhtabad Amrei -
Open Access Article
21 - Analysis of Educational Services Distribution and Accessibility as Education Quality Indicators: Evidence from Geospatial Analysis and Administrative Time Series Data (Case Study: Gambela City, Gambella Regional State, Ethiopia, East Africa)
Abraha Abraha -
Open Access Article
22 - A Comparative Study on Gardens of Isfahan and Shiraz From Sustainability View (Case Studies: Gardens of Hashtbehesht and Jahannama)
Honey Fadaie Seyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani -
Open Access Article
23 - A new symmetric two-step P-stable Obrechkoff method with 12 algebraic order for the numerical solution of second-order IVPs
ali shokri abbas-ali shokri Mohammad Mehdizadeh Khalsarei firoz pashaieA new two-step implicit P-stable Obrechkoff of twelfth algebraic order with vanished phase-lag and its first, second and third derivatives is constructed in this paper. The purpose of this paper is to develop an efficient algorithm for the approximate solution of the se MoreA new two-step implicit P-stable Obrechkoff of twelfth algebraic order with vanished phase-lag and its first, second and third derivatives is constructed in this paper. The purpose of this paper is to develop an efficient algorithm for the approximate solution of the second order iniitial value problems that have oscillatory or periodic solutions. This algorithm belongs in the category of the multistep and multiderivative methods. The advantage of the new methods in comparison with similar methods, in terms of efficiency, accuracy and stability, have been showed by the implementation of them in some important problems, including the undamped Duffing equation, etc. -------------- A new two-step implicit P-stable Obrechkoff of twelfth algebraic order with vanished phase-lag and its first, second and third derivatives is constructed in this paper. The purpose of this paper is to develop an efficient algorithm for the approximate solution of the second order iniitial value problems that have oscillatory or periodic solutions. This algorithm belongs in the category of the multistep and multiderivative methods. The advantage of the new methods in comparison with similar methods, in terms of efficiency, accuracy and stability, have been showed by the implementation of them in some important problems, including the undamped Duffing equation, etc. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Parametric Technology Display and Matemhtical Model Of Technology Spillover
H. RoohianIn this paper, parametric technology display and a mathematical model of technology spillover as a different approach based on the technology changes would be discussed. The recently action that will be accomplished through formation matrices of technological changes, m MoreIn this paper, parametric technology display and a mathematical model of technology spillover as a different approach based on the technology changes would be discussed. The recently action that will be accomplished through formation matrices of technological changes, measure of technology spillover and other concepts along with a variety of matrices types. Several examples are given and the result would be helpful in mathematics, management and technology fields. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Iran and the New Iraq: Challenges and Opportunities
کیهان BarzegarConsidering the developments taking place in Iraq andthe imminent installing of a new government in the country, theauthor, in this article, seeks to explore the opportunities andchallenges of the aforementioned situation to the Iranian nationalinterests. The main quest MoreConsidering the developments taking place in Iraq andthe imminent installing of a new government in the country, theauthor, in this article, seeks to explore the opportunities andchallenges of the aforementioned situation to the Iranian nationalinterests. The main question of the research involves that whatkind of government in Baghdad would secure the Iranian nationalinterests, as the fact that Iraq has persistently represented andwill be a strategic rival and a security threat to Iran. This articleis organized in three sections. In the first section, the authorexposes the Iranian general views toward the Arab world andIraq in particular. The second and third sections observe the constants in the Iranian-Iraqi relations and pays attention to thechallenges ahead. Finally, the author undertakes that Iran andthe new Iraq are able to divert their relations from the stage ofcontinued conflicts and threatening each other’s interests anddirect them toward a constructive rivalry and cooperation withinthe framework of common interests. This will largely depend onthe first step to be taken by the new Iraqi government. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - The effect of FDI on Economic Growththrough the Channel of Financial Development in the MENA region
مانی موتمنی فائزه آریانیThis study is to show that the financial development in the MENA region is animportant prerequisite for the impact of FDI on economic growth. For this purpose, thefinancial impact of FDI on economic growth for 15 countries in the region (Jordan,Algeria, United Arabic Em MoreThis study is to show that the financial development in the MENA region is animportant prerequisite for the impact of FDI on economic growth. For this purpose, thefinancial impact of FDI on economic growth for 15 countries in the region (Jordan,Algeria, United Arabic Emirates, Iran, Bahrain, Tunisia, Oman, Morocco, Egypt, Yemen,Turkey, Libya, Qatar Malta and Saudi Arabia) between 2001 and 2010 by the dynamicand static panel data models and generalized moments estimator (GMM) is evaluated.The results of this study show that, In the MENA region, the impact of FDI on economicgrowth through the development of financial markets is positive and significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - A Proposed Model For Cooperation Between The Bank Branches For Construction With Analytic Network Process And Zero One Goal Programming
ناصر حمیدی رضا کشاورز جهانی پروانه سموئیNowadays, customer satisfaction has been considered as the most significantsubject in value production by many organizations. Among these, banks can behighlighted in which customer attraction, attainment and improvement of customersatisfaction are the essential factors MoreNowadays, customer satisfaction has been considered as the most significantsubject in value production by many organizations. Among these, banks can behighlighted in which customer attraction, attainment and improvement of customersatisfaction are the essential factors of success in their competitive environments.Distribution method of branches is also an important issue which has considerableeffect on customer satisfaction. On the other hand, the resource shortage is asignificant concerns of customer oriented organizations which may occur on varioustimes and organizational structures. Relating to banks, it can be mentioned that theyhave continuously faced human and financial resource shortage for developing furtherbranches and providing distinctive services.This research deals with finding a desirable approach for selecting optimizedlocations of new branches for private banks to achieve customer satisfaction andmarket dominance in competition with their governmental counterparts. Meanwhile,the cooperation of various departments in private organizations will also beconsidered.In order to harmonize the dispersion of branches, this thesis was aimed to find newmethodology for future development of branches which can remarkably increase themarket share of private banks compared to the governmental section if used by allcomponents of private sector. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - The Effects of Government Expenditure on health care on Factor productivity : a regional approach
J. Pajoyan A. RaeispourThis paper examines the impact of government expenditures on public health and its subsequent economic changes in Iran. This study is using a panel data of 28 provinces in Iran from 1379-89 to recognize triggering changes in labor productivity. The results indicate tha MoreThis paper examines the impact of government expenditures on public health and its subsequent economic changes in Iran. This study is using a panel data of 28 provinces in Iran from 1379-89 to recognize triggering changes in labor productivity. The results indicate that government expenditure on wages and salaries; expenditures on consumables; drugs for health service; bandages and so on have positive and lasting effects on labor productivity. However, government investments for infrastructure such as building of a new hospital do not show any significant effect on labor productivity. It is surprising to realize that for the period of our study; only 6.3% of economic growth was due to capital expenditure whereas the effect of current expenditure was 20 fold higher. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - The Effects of Macro economic Variables on Life Insurance Demand (Case study: MENA Region (
کامبیز پیکارجو فرهاد غفاری فهیمه شاهانیIn developed countries a significant part of trade volume of insurance industry (over 50 percent) belong to the life insurance. The share of life insurance in insurance markets in developed countries, is considered as a degree of development in insurance industries in d MoreIn developed countries a significant part of trade volume of insurance industry (over 50 percent) belong to the life insurance. The share of life insurance in insurance markets in developed countries, is considered as a degree of development in insurance industries in different countries, therefore developing countries intended to review the factors that affect growth and development life insurance to be able to accelerate development and increase the input size of insurance sector of capital markets. This research assesses the effects of macro economic variables on the demand for life insurance in the selected countries by using panel data estimation method between 1999-2008. Results of this study show that all macro economic variables( inflation, interest rates, financial development, GDP per capital and employment) have significant effect on demand for life insurance in studied countries. It is obvious that financial development has minimum effect on purchasing life insurance in this countries, also there is no significant relationship between oil shock and the demand for life insurance in studied countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Investigating Iran's Performance in Improving Human Development Index
T. Torabi S. Tarighi M.R. Pakravan H. SoltaninejadThe Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators. Present study uses panel data for elaboration of Iran’s performance in improving human development index in MENA region. Our res MoreThe Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators. Present study uses panel data for elaboration of Iran’s performance in improving human development index in MENA region. Our results show that Iran’s success rate to improve its position is 88% and through more efficient allocation of resources the HDI index may improve from 0.702 to 0.837 Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - A Study on Regional Imbalances in Labor Market: A case study of Iran
شهریار نصابیانThis paper applies a vector autoregressive (VAR) approach to analyze factors emerging in the labor market adjustment process for 28 provinces over the period of 1365-1383[1]. It examines the effects of a region-specific employment shock, such as unemployment rate, parti MoreThis paper applies a vector autoregressive (VAR) approach to analyze factors emerging in the labor market adjustment process for 28 provinces over the period of 1365-1383[1]. It examines the effects of a region-specific employment shock, such as unemployment rate, participation rate, on labor market adjustment process. The impact of migration as a channeling factor into regional labor market adjustment process has also been examined. The findings reveal that the labor market shocks as well as inter- provincial migration have brought about adjustments in unemployment rates across different province. Considering the very slow nature of shock adjustment process in labor market, migration and labor movement deem to be less contingent with respect to other countries. This is partly due to fact that job seeking information centers not yet developed in these countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Regionalization of Development Plans in Iran: A Review of Status and Challenges
Ali Shakoori -
Open Access Article
33 - Emerging Patterns of Disparities in Industrialization in the state of West Bengal; A Macro-Economic Analysis with Case Study Research of Jessop India Limited
Sujata Mukhopadhyay -
Open Access Article
34 - Comparative study on Women’s Attitudes towards their Social Roles in Cities with High and Low Socio–Economic Development (A Case Study of Khuzestan Province, 2010)
Seifollah Seifollahi Mitra Zargar -
Open Access Article
35 - Determinants of High Income Customer Satisfaction: Case of Apartment Buyers in Tabriz
H. Vazifehdust H. EmariThis study examined the underlying dimensions of high income customer satisfaction in the apartment industry. For this purpose, researchers developed a model to identify which factors are influential in creating customer satisfaction. The second purpose was to assess sa MoreThis study examined the underlying dimensions of high income customer satisfaction in the apartment industry. For this purpose, researchers developed a model to identify which factors are influential in creating customer satisfaction. The second purpose was to assess satisfaction’s mediating effect in word of mouth building. This research is an applied research and its strategy is causal. The study employed structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis to investigate the causal relationships between quality, cost, and facilities with satisfaction. It specifically measured the way in which consumers’ perceptions of the dimensions of customer satisfaction affected the overall customer satisfaction evaluations. A standard questionnaire was used for collecting the data from a sample of high income customers of apartment industry in Iran. The results from a high income sample indicate that customer satisfaction influenced more by product quality and service quality than other constructs. In addition, the role of customer satisfaction as a mediating factor in the intention of word of mouth is rejected. Present research enriched customer satisfaction building in apartment industry by incorporating the environmental quality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Factors Influencing the Adoption of Biological Control of Rice stem borer (Chilo Suppressalis) in Talesh Region, Iran
S. A. Noorhosseini M. S. Allahyari M. S. Sabouri -
Open Access Article
37 - The four areas of the environment and the challenges of ownership and property rights
Masoud Mansour Iraj Hosseini Sadr Abadi Dariush KarimiAccording to the law of hunting and fishing, the law of protection and improvement of the environment, and the conventions and regulations of the IUCN, some parts of the country are classified as four environmental areas (national parks, national natural monuments, prot MoreAccording to the law of hunting and fishing, the law of protection and improvement of the environment, and the conventions and regulations of the IUCN, some parts of the country are classified as four environmental areas (national parks, national natural monuments, protected areas, and wildlife refuges). By the end of 2021, a total of 309 areas with 18.9 million hectares, equivalent to 11.5% of the country's area, have been approved as four areas, which can be considered in the field of public ownership (Anfal), government, private or a combination of them and be exploited with a specific use. While examining the effect of determining the four regions on the ownership and its documents, the ownership rights and exploitation, the adequacy or inadequacy of the existing regulations that need to be amended or supplemented to the system has been investigated. The relevant executives should follow up their approval process through the Islamic Council or the Board of Ministers, it is suggested as follows:- Adding two notes to articles 2 to 5 and one note to article 12 of the Executive Regulations of the Environmental Protection and Improvement Law.- Adding a note to Article 6 of the aforementioned law.- Adding a note to Article 9 of Hadnagar Law.- Amendment of Note 4, Article 31 of the Law on Protection and Exploitation of Forests and Ranges.The result shows that if these suggestions are applied, the ambiguities and challenges related to obtaining the ownership documents of natural resources located in the four regions and the system of its exploitation along with the problems between the two organizations of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources and Watershed Management regarding judicial and administrative measures, especially issues related to damages caused by public and construction projects in the mentioned areas, will be resolved Manuscript profile -
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38 - Evaluation of Prosperity Level of the 22 Regions of Tehran in Achievement to the Creative City
Reza Moafi mohsen ghadami mohammad mahdi mazaheriThe creative city is the center of innovation, creativity, and the transformation of ideas into wealth. Evaluation of 22 urban areas of Tehran and rank the indicators of creativity with 19 factors from the indicators of the creative city. The results of the research sho MoreThe creative city is the center of innovation, creativity, and the transformation of ideas into wealth. Evaluation of 22 urban areas of Tehran and rank the indicators of creativity with 19 factors from the indicators of the creative city. The results of the research show that, on the one hand, the increase and improvement of the criteria of the creative city has its effects on the movement of neighborhoods to the realization of the creative city, and on the other hand, the amount of this impact is very different, so that according to the network analysis model, the index of innovation benchmarks Showing 265/0 has the greatest impact on moving a neighborhood toward the creative neighborhood in Tehran. In the meantime, the number of science and technology centers, innovations and inventions play the most role in the realization of the creative area of Tehran; however, the factor of human capital, especially elites and students, social capital, social networking and cooperative networks, play a major role in realizing. In the final stage, quality of life is also effective in moving a neighborhood toward creative neighborhoods in the city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Relationship between Cultural intelligence with Manager’s Performance (case study: the Provincial television networks of Islamic Republic of Iran West Region)
Arman Ahmadizad SAIED SEDAGHATALLAH MOSAVI nadia shabrandBackground: In the current world, cultural intelligence is an essential tool for managers, cultural intelligence is known as an effective feature in a variety of cultures. Considering its importance in multicultural environments such as broadcastingthe aim of this study MoreBackground: In the current world, cultural intelligence is an essential tool for managers, cultural intelligence is known as an effective feature in a variety of cultures. Considering its importance in multicultural environments such as broadcastingthe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cultural intelligence with manager’s performance in the Provincial television networks of Islamic Republic of Iran broadcasting West Region. Methods: The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and in terms of gathering information and data is descriptive correlation which conducted periodically in 2015. The study is to assess the basic concepts, to measure cultural intelligence standard questionnaire stigma and Early (2003) and to evaluate the performance of managers' standardized questionnaire Paterson (1998), which are all based on the Liker Scale.The statistical community consisted of this study was 200 directors in the Provincial television networks of Islamic Republic of Iran West Region that were selected 132 of them were examined according to Morgan.Pearson correlation test was used in order to investigate the relationship between variables, furthermore, in order to measure the research model and test hypothesis using SPSS 22. Results: There was a positive and significant correlation between cultural intelligence and managers' performance with a correlation coefficient of 377% at 95%, between metacognitive and performance managers with a coefficient of correlation of 113% at 95%, between cognitive dimension and performance managers with a correlation coefficient of 0/377 At 95% level, there is a positive and significant relationship between the motivational dimension and the performance of managers with a correlation coefficient of 0.478 at 95% confidence level, between behavioral dimension and managers' performance with a correlation coefficient of 0.222 at 95% confidence level. Conclusion: The findings of the study showed a positive correlation between cultural intelligence and performance management in organization dimensions studied. The analytical results showed that among the motivational aspects of cultural intelligence 478/0 correlation coefficient has the highest impact on the performance of managers. Manuscript profile -
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40 - The relationship between organizational intelligence and performance management, Islamic Azad University, Region Eight
هادی رزقی شیرسوار حمید شفیع زاده مسلم باقی زادهIntroductionandObjective:Organizational intelligence as the capacity of an organization to mobilize its intelligence capabilities that have been available To achieve its mission, and its focus is defined. The main objective of this study was to investigate the relations MoreIntroductionandObjective:Organizational intelligence as the capacity of an organization to mobilize its intelligence capabilities that have been available To achieve its mission, and its focus is defined. The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between organizational intelligence and performance management, Islamic Azad University, Region 8. Methods:Research method is Descriptive research. The population is eight regional managers, Islamic Azad University, 345 Cochran were selected based on a formula. Tool used to measure the performance of organizational intelligence and university managers, self-evaluation questionnaire faqihi (1388), respectively. Results:The results of the Pearson correlation test shows, Organizational intelligence and performance management of all components of the full sample correlation there, But this is different between the different components. The correlation between the components of the organizational structure, morale, organizational learning and performance of information and communication technology managers with the highest correlation. Conclusion:It also shows the results of linear regression, the beta coefficient is positive enterprise eleven intelligence component. But the betas of the components are different from each other. The components of the organizational structure, organizational culture, knowledge management Highest Beta or the desire to change is the ability to predict the performance of managers. Manuscript profile -
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41 - Investigating the Social Factors Affecting the Social Happiness of Teachers (Case Study of Teachers in the 20th and 21st District of Tehran)
Alireza samiee esfahani samer poordaneshHappiness and vitality are one of the most important human needs and they can play a significant role in coping with problems and confronting pressures and promoting productivity. Considering the role and importance of teachers in the education and community of students MoreHappiness and vitality are one of the most important human needs and they can play a significant role in coping with problems and confronting pressures and promoting productivity. Considering the role and importance of teachers in the education and community of students, the aim of this article is to investigate the social happiness of Teachers in Tehran and identify the social factors affecting it. The statistical population included teachers from the 20th and 21st regions of Tehran, using a Cochran formula, a sample of 370 of them were selected for study. The research method was a survey and a tool for collecting required data Instrument research has a formal validity. The results of regression analysis and the relationship between variables show that in fact, the underlying factors as well as effective social factors such as alienation, income, religion, dimensions of social capital, life satisfaction, occupation, economic and social status have a significant relationship with the social vitality of the subjects studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Sociological Analysis of Tourism Impact on Regional Development (Case of Study: Rasht City, Gilan Province)
Hamid Aghajani Mostafa Azkia -
Open Access Article
43 - The Analysis of Social Relations in Sustainable Urban Space
Soroush Fathi -
Open Access Article
44 - The Analysis Geographical Spaces’ Inequality of Development among Iran’s Central Rural Regions
Massoud Mahdavi Yaghoub Zarei Mahdi Rahmanian Koushkaki Asma Rakhshani -
Open Access Article
45 - The role of ethnic groups in the social and economic development of border regions A study in southeastern Iran A Study in Southeast Iran
Heydar Lotfi Hossein MousazadehToday, regional equilibrium and the development of social and economic conditions of the border areas play a fundamental role in the national development of each country, so the development and expansion of facilities and resources in the border towns can play a fundame MoreToday, regional equilibrium and the development of social and economic conditions of the border areas play a fundamental role in the national development of each country, so the development and expansion of facilities and resources in the border towns can play a fundamental role in the strengthening of social and economic development and, ultimately, sustainable national development Have. To this end and in view of the importance of the subject, the present article aims to identify the status of the performance and development of urban areas of the Sistan and Baluchestan region with regard to the impact of ethnic variables and the boundary of the region. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytic and for measuring the performance of urban areas of the region, 20 indicators have been used. These indicators were in line with the six main socio-cultural, economic, infrastructural, sanitary-therapeutic, transportation and communication factors, and to analyze and analyze the cities of the province and their ranking, first, the entire indices were refined using the Vikor model. Then, the statistical tests were used to show the relationship between the variables of the research. The results show that in the provinces of Zahedan and Nimroz, the most developed cities in the province of Sistan and Baluchestan and Saravan, Khash are the most deprived cities in the province, and the boundaries of cities have been influential in their performance, and border and non-border cities Based on the total variables, the main components of the research are significant at an error level of less than 0.05. It was also found that in the study of the role of ethnic groups in the socio-economic development of the Baloch language cities, they have better conditions than the Zabuli languages in terms of characteristics. Manuscript profile -
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46 - The Evaluation of Identity Trilogy Dimensions (Regional, National and Global) among the Youth and its Role on the Cultural Development of East Azarbayijan Province
Mehrdad Navabakhsh Ahmadali Moghtaderzadeh Melki -
Open Access Article
47 - Regional parliaments as the missing link in the legislative system in Iran
abdolreza farajirad zahra pishghahi jafar hesarinegadLegislative system in the Islamic Republic of Iran follows a specific pattern due to the necessity of compliance with the rules of adopted legislation. In parallel parliament, there are also parliamentary oversight and decision-making such as the Guardian Council,, the MoreLegislative system in the Islamic Republic of Iran follows a specific pattern due to the necessity of compliance with the rules of adopted legislation. In parallel parliament, there are also parliamentary oversight and decision-making such as the Guardian Council,, the selection procedure for representatives of the specialized parliamentary commissions, lack of familiarity of the new representatives of the legislative process and the lack of facilities for monitoring the decisions of city council that the principles of the constitution is the duty of the Guardian Council and parliament, have caused that the legislative process is slow and does not have the necessary strength. take advantage of public participation in regional planning , appropriate use of local resources, guidance of national budgets to projects needed by the people, absorption and utilization of social capital and financial in order to implement sustainable development and monitor and refine them to bear the decisions of city council. And the terms of the tasks assigned to a role in order to overcome the current limitations of legislation and strengthening institutions in carrying out their duties properly Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Regionalization of Tourism Comfort Climate in Ilam Province via GIS technique
محمد جعفری غلام حسن جعفریIlam province, located in the west of Iran, owning natural, cultural attractions and capabilities on attracting tourists, but existing capabilities and potentials have not been used properly. In order to facilitate tourism, suitable times and places shall be determined MoreIlam province, located in the west of Iran, owning natural, cultural attractions and capabilities on attracting tourists, but existing capabilities and potentials have not been used properly. In order to facilitate tourism, suitable times and places shall be determined for tourists` presence in the region. One of crucial needs of tourists is considering regional status and suitable times of tourism. In this research, TCI regional tourism index as well as data from 5 synoptic stations of the province was used to evaluate tourism regional and regional tourism conditions of Ilam province. Thus, necessary statistics of seven regional parameters were exploited from 5 synoptic stations in a 14-year old period monthly. (1997-2010). A database was formed after statistics exploitation then, they were processed using TCI index. Then, suitable times and places for tourists appearance determined through moderating by GIS software, generating point data to surface ones and mixing the maps. The results of the research indicate that the province`s tourism index owns many varieties, i.e. north areas of the province bears suitable conditions in warm season of year while the condition changes in cold seasons but southern areas of the province have suitable status while north areas bear unsuitable conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Identifying Homogeneous Regions of Spatial Planning In Tehran Metropolitan Area using k-mean clustering
کرامت ا.. زیاری رامین قربانی ابراهیم فرهادی بهنام الماسیSpatial planning is the distribution and organization of activities in the area. In origin the space program, planning the physical structure and activity planning level. the first step in macro-level planning process to determine areas is planned as homogeneous units. MoreSpatial planning is the distribution and organization of activities in the area. In origin the space program, planning the physical structure and activity planning level. the first step in macro-level planning process to determine areas is planned as homogeneous units. the aim of this study was to determine homogeneous areas planned in Tehran with an emphasis on urban and rural planning system is in this metropolitan area. type of study is applied and the method is descriptive - analytical. in this paper to determine thehomogeneity regions of the 3 basic criteria: the built environment, socio-economic environment and the natural environment with the total of 22 indices (items) are used. planning for the homogeneous regions of k-mean clustering method is used. Clustering techniques include the use of multivariate data among groups or clusters of that, of course, on the basis of homogeneity among the objects are the same as those in the group are very similar. to perform clustering, layers (index) after processing, switching and computing environments Arc Gis software and Matlab, for 4 base area and homogeneous planning in the form of maps showing the boundaries of each of the zones identified and strategies were presented to each . Manuscript profile -
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50 - Analysis of the Effects of Economic Development Components on the Sustainable Security of the Border Region (Case study: Boralan border to Sardasht)
haval kharaziyan mohamad akhbari abdolreza farajiradEconomic development is one of the major approaches of countries to the border regions. These countries need to compensate for backwardness, escape from political, economic and cultural poverty, and to achieve a balanced and comprehensive development that can improve th MoreEconomic development is one of the major approaches of countries to the border regions. These countries need to compensate for backwardness, escape from political, economic and cultural poverty, and to achieve a balanced and comprehensive development that can improve the lives of inhabitants of the border regions. Proper understanding and optimal planning at the national and regional levels. Economic and security development in the border regions has a reciprocal effect, so that any action in the development research process There is a direct impact on security. Thus, regions with high development indicators have higher security coefficients than non-developed regions. Hence, the authors use a descriptive analytical method and use library studies and field studies to analyze the components Economic development on the sustainable security of the Boralan border region to Sardasht seeks to answer this question: What are the effective components of economic development on the sustainable security of the Boralan border region to Sardasht? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Structural Modeling of Independence Factors of Separatist Regions and Their Impact on Promotion of Movements
Delshad khezri zahra pishghahi Ezzatolla EzzatiAbstract The world’s political map has under gone many changes since 1648 when, under the Treaty of Westphalia, great European powers officially recognized each state’s sovereignty over its own territory. In the twenty-first century, geopolitical thoughts an MoreAbstract The world’s political map has under gone many changes since 1648 when, under the Treaty of Westphalia, great European powers officially recognized each state’s sovereignty over its own territory. In the twenty-first century, geopolitical thoughts and developments will be centered around ethnicities and nationalities, as we are already witnessing the growth of independence-seeking movements in separatist regions of different geopolitical areas. The present study aimed to investigate and propose an operational model for the factors influencing the independence of separatist regions and its impact on self-awareness and the rise of separatist movements. The present research was a descriptive-analytical survey in which the data were collected through desk and field studies and then were analyzed using path analysis in LISREL. The results showed that political 80/48, military-security 78/34, and territorial factors 74/62, geo-economics 60/07, geopolitics 55/12, geoculture 50/76, and hydro-politics 47/38, respectively, had the most significant relationship with the independence of separatist regions. There was also a significant relationship between the independence of such regions and self-awareness and the rise of separatist movements.The results of model fit indices, indicated that the proposed model was well fitted with the sample data and was closely related to theoretical assumptions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Explaining Regional Integration Pattern (Case: Southwest Asia)
samere yaghobi Ezzatollah ezzati Ebrahim rominaSouthwest Asia countries engage in many political, cultural, religious, economic and ideological challenges; these countries lack a comprehensive regional structure and, hence, are unable to take a step to resolve the created conflicts and challenges. Functions of a com MoreSouthwest Asia countries engage in many political, cultural, religious, economic and ideological challenges; these countries lack a comprehensive regional structure and, hence, are unable to take a step to resolve the created conflicts and challenges. Functions of a comprehensive regional structure aimed at resolving the conflicts and challenges in Southwest Asia is the main problem of this research. the required research data were collected using both the library and field methods. Descriptive-analytical and one sample t-test approaches were used for the library and field methods respectively. Based on the population of the research, the findings of the research indicate that factors such as the confrontation of the countries with natural hazards like ultrafine dust and environmental pollution, the formation of regional organizations such as the Islamic Conference, etc, the access of the most countries of the region to international waters, joint cooperation of Iran, Iraq and Turkey to counter the Kurdistan region's separatist actions, visa waiver and tariff cuts are the most important bases for achieving integration in Southwest Asia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Evaluating the effectiveness of social poverty on the urban environment persistence (optical environment) (Case study : Region number 8 of Ahvaz city)
saead amanpour maryam azadbakhtThe current study aims to recognize the effectiveness rate of social poverty on urban environment persistence that is theoretical-optical in nature, and regarding the study method it is descriptive-analysis. To gather the needed data, the questionnaire technique was use MoreThe current study aims to recognize the effectiveness rate of social poverty on urban environment persistence that is theoretical-optical in nature, and regarding the study method it is descriptive-analysis. To gather the needed data, the questionnaire technique was used in region number 8 of Ahvaz city. The case mass is confirmed 384 people using the Morgan table. To analyze the data, the SPSS software was used. The results showed that the sense of responsibility, social ethics, developing the education level and increasing the awareness of the citizens has effective impact on the living environment persistence but based on the results of this study the normalization coefficient does not affect the environment persistence. Also, for evaluating and prioritizing the effectiveness of social poverty on the environment persistence, the TOPSIS multi-variables deciding technique was applied. The results of the said technique showed that the sense of responsibility, the social ethics and the analphabet indexes had the most effect on the environment persistence with the priority coefficient amounts of 0.5763 , 0.5652, and 0.5033 respectively. And the unemployment and social normalization indexes had the least effect compared to the others with the amounts of 0.4957 and 0.4813 respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Assessment and Evaluation of Development Status in Kermanshah Province with Emphasis on Regionalism Policy
Ali purmirza Rebaz Ghorbaninejad aazam yousefi Rahim sarvarDue to the human, natural resources and geographical and political conditions of the border regions in the national development process today, local resource-based planning can be prioritized through a coordinated military plan. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the MoreDue to the human, natural resources and geographical and political conditions of the border regions in the national development process today, local resource-based planning can be prioritized through a coordinated military plan. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the economic, social, environmental and cultural indicators in order to achieve the important goals of sustainable development, in the form of regionalism policy, by modeling and providing appropriate solutions. In this study, the status of development in Kermanshah province was investigated with emphasis on regionalism policy. By studying and compiling120 questionnaires containing50questions, the impact of regionalism in different dimensions was studied from the perspective of managers of 5 Kermanshah border towns. Data analysis was done by SPSS.Wilcoxon test was used for statistical analysis of the difference between the status quo and the ideal condition. The results indicate that there are significant differences in the two dimensions between the status quo and the ideal condition.So it can be said that there is a significant gap between the status quo and the ideal conditions for development, and this difference is shown in all dimensions as maps (GIS). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Assessment of flood vulnerability in Makran region using ArcGIS software
Ali Khalili Arian OsroshNatural disasters, including floods, have been on the rise in the last two decades, especially in Asia and Iran, due to the rampant urban development that has accompanied the global warming crisis. This is extremely significant given the extensive human and financial da MoreNatural disasters, including floods, have been on the rise in the last two decades, especially in Asia and Iran, due to the rampant urban development that has accompanied the global warming crisis. This is extremely significant given the extensive human and financial damage it causes. Makran or Makuran, located on the southeastern coast of Iran, is a developing region that is of national strategic importance and has attracted the attention of global investors in recent years. As a result, assessing the vulnerability caused by floods in this area can be effective in reducing human costs, especially financial management before the accident and reducing the adverse effects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Iran's regionalism strategies in the Caucasus Against Russia based on game theory
mostafa hashemi Rebaz Ghorbaninejad Qiuomars Yazdanpanah Dero mohammad hassan namiThe profound geopolitical changes in the South Caucasus have had a significant impact on relations between Iran and the three republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. The Islamic Republic of Iran has expanded political-economic cooperation with the people of the re MoreThe profound geopolitical changes in the South Caucasus have had a significant impact on relations between Iran and the three republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. The Islamic Republic of Iran has expanded political-economic cooperation with the people of the region due to its historical relations and socio-cultural ties. The active presence of regional and trans-regional actors has had a direct impact on this relationship. This study seeks to select an effective strategy to achieve Iranian regionalism in the Caucasus against Russia and to design operational strategies using game theory. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and exploratory in nature, in which library and field methods including interviews with elites have been used to collect research data. the statistical population included a collection of political geography experts, officials of related organizations and relevant institutions who, in addition to collecting information, helped in other areas. In this study, an attempt is made to select an effective strategy to achieve Iranian regionalism in the Caucasus against Russia in this region. Then, the results of statistical analysis have been implemented in the form of game theory; Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Analysis of tourism development factors in Arasbaran region (case study Horand)
Ahmad Mehdi zadeh rahmat Mohammad zadeh Bashir BeygbabayThe tourism industry has extensive connections with the economic, social and other sectors. The Islamic Republic of Iran is in the top 10 countries in the world in terms of tourist attractions, but in terms of tourist attraction, not only among the countries of the worl MoreThe tourism industry has extensive connections with the economic, social and other sectors. The Islamic Republic of Iran is in the top 10 countries in the world in terms of tourist attractions, but in terms of tourist attraction, not only among the countries of the world but also among the Middle East countries does not have a worthy and desirable position. Development requires managerial, economic, social, institutional and structural development, which has unfortunately been neglected. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the social and economic components in the development of Horand tourism. This research is of an applied type considering that it will develop applied knowledge in a specific field. Since this research intends to describe the development of the tourism industry with a historical-cultural, climatic, geographical and socio-economic approach, it will be a survey. Sampling in this study is random and 385 people. Findings show that there is a significant relationship between climatic and geographical factors, social and economic factors, cultural and historical factors and tourism development in the Horand region. The results show that 28% of changes in tourism development are explained by changes in social and economic factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - The Analysis of Landscape Structure and Land Use Changes as an Ecological Approach to Acheive the Sustainable Regional Planning (case study: Latian Dam Watershed)
Banafsheh Shafie Homa Irani Behbahani Amir Hossein Javid Hassan Darabi Farhad Hosseinzadeh Lotfi,Landscape changes occur by natural trends or disturbing events. The current study evaluated the landscape structure changes of Latian Dam watershed by means of landscape metrics to achieve the ecological approach in order to formulate sustainable regional development an MoreLandscape changes occur by natural trends or disturbing events. The current study evaluated the landscape structure changes of Latian Dam watershed by means of landscape metrics to achieve the ecological approach in order to formulate sustainable regional development and planning for area of the study. Land use changes were identified using four time-series atmospherically-corrected surface reflectance Landsat images from 1987 to 2017.Then,7 metrics in landscape level and 8 metrics in class level were chosen to quantification the landscape structure by Fragstats 4.2 software, in order to analyze the landscape changes. The results and analysis show the increase in NP and IJI, and the decrease of AREA-MN which mean the fragmentation occurs in landscape level. The increase of AREA-MN and NP in built-area class shows the tendency to coarse grain structure (homogeneity), and the decrease of AREA-MN and increase of NP in vegetated area class, shows the tendency to fine grain structure (heterogeneity) in landscape level. These scientific findings of past, present and ability to estimate the future land use of the study area will assist planners and decision-makers to formulate environmental protection plans to conserve natural heritage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - The role of heat island in temperature change process of Tehran metropolitan area1
Sahar Mansouri shahriar khaledi Reza Borna Farideh AsadianThis study aims to investigate the role of heat island in the process of temperature changes in an urban area of Tehran during 2010 and 2018, equivalent to 1389 and 1397. To evaluate the changes, five points were identified on the map of region 1 and its eight regions. MoreThis study aims to investigate the role of heat island in the process of temperature changes in an urban area of Tehran during 2010 and 2018, equivalent to 1389 and 1397. To evaluate the changes, five points were identified on the map of region 1 and its eight regions. Then the middle month of each season from 2010 and 2018 was selected for review. Landsat 8 satellite data were used to analyze the heat island and the effects of urban construction on the intensification of this phenomenon. The maximum temperature data, normalized vegetation difference index, and ground surface temperature were extracted. This study shows that the level of vegetation in 2018 compared to 2010 has decreased sharply, so that it has caused temperature changes and also the creation of a heat island in recent years in the region. The increase in temperature in the morning and noon is observed in all selected months of the four seasons of the year. At the same time, the amount of increase in minimum temperatures was greater than the maximum temperatures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Geopolitical Conflicts of Regional and Trans-regional Powers in the Syrian Crisis and Its Impact on Regional Electricity of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Ali Rahimi ezzatolah ezzati masoud mahdavi hajilouyiThe evolution of the geopolitical environment of the Southwest Asian security environment since the September 11, 2001, events has forced regional and trans-regional powers to take different approaches to the crises in the region. Since Syria has been a gateway for Iran MoreThe evolution of the geopolitical environment of the Southwest Asian security environment since the September 11, 2001, events has forced regional and trans-regional powers to take different approaches to the crises in the region. Since Syria has been a gateway for Iran's entry into the Arab world for many years, the axis of Iran's resistance to the Mediterranean and so on has been central. Therefore, weakening Syria, in addition to weakening the axis of resistance, will result in a reduction of Iran's regional influence and power. The present study is a descriptive-analytical one and the main purpose of this paper is to analyze the regional power of Iran in the light of Syrian geopolitical conflicts. The results show that the geopolitical conflicts of the regional and trans-regional powers of Syria will have major effects on the regional power of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Evaluation of the participation of local communities in the development of tourism in the 22nd district of Tehran Municipality
mohsen souri yousef ali ziyari naser eghbaliNeglecting local communities in the activities of the tourism industry is considered a fundamental gap in participatory planning in order to achieve sustainable development of tourism. The model of community-oriented tourism development tries to fill a part of this basi MoreNeglecting local communities in the activities of the tourism industry is considered a fundamental gap in participatory planning in order to achieve sustainable development of tourism. The model of community-oriented tourism development tries to fill a part of this basic gap. The current research, focusing on the community-oriented tourism development model, has sought to determine the participation status of the local residents of Sareen in the field of sustainable tourism, as well as introducing the participatory approach as a strategy for the sustainable development of tourism in the study area. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, and two documentary and field methods have been used to explain and describe the topic. The purpose of this research was the relationship of social belonging and social participation with the development of sustainable tourism with the mediating role of perceived effects in the local community of Kashan. The participants were 120 people from the community of experts who used Scenario Wizad software in 8 scenarios between economic, social, institutional and environmental factors at the local level, all of which are scales of social belonging, social participation, perceived benefits and costs, and support. For the development of sustainable tourism, they have been examined for a better understanding. Finally, after the final analysis, a general summary of the presentation of the role of each factor has been determined.Keywords: participation, scenario wizard, region 22 Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Codification of of Regional Development Strategy (Case Study: Astara County)
hassan Atefi ebrahim roomina Rebaz GhorbaninejadAbstractIn this study, the authors try to formulate appropriate regional development strategies in the comprehensive development strategy of Astara city and neighboring regions as well as prioritize development strategies in this area, taking into consideration the stre MoreAbstractIn this study, the authors try to formulate appropriate regional development strategies in the comprehensive development strategy of Astara city and neighboring regions as well as prioritize development strategies in this area, taking into consideration the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. They have come to the fore and, using a descriptive-analytical approach, library studies and SWOT matrices have sought to develop a regional development strategy for the city of Astara.The findings of the study indicate that, given the internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external (opportunity and threat) scoring criteria, the strategies extracted from the SWOT matrix are in the offensive (SO) state and these strategies are: : Reduction of customs duties and removal of visas with the aim of facilitating trade and economic development of the border region, development of coastal tourism and medical tourism, expansion of geoeconomic relations with Caucasian countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - The Greater Tehran Megalopolis and Urban Management Challenges
Karim Hamdi Shahram Amir EntekhabiTehran megalopolis as the biggest urban capital of the MiddleEast was considered a small city in compare to ancient and famous cities of Iran up to two centuries ago which was located in northern margin of Ray and had a mild climate in southern slipe of Alborz, that pol MoreTehran megalopolis as the biggest urban capital of the MiddleEast was considered a small city in compare to ancient and famous cities of Iran up to two centuries ago which was located in northern margin of Ray and had a mild climate in southern slipe of Alborz, that political revolutions of the state from Safavieh era subscribed its communicational crossroads importance. Specially, from that point of view that this city was located in the centre and geographical core of direction of powerful tribes who were claiming for administration. So that finally, in beginning of Ghajarieh era, it was selected as the capital city and its importance increased day by day, and with entering to the new age after the parliamentary revolution and beginning of fast period of civilization in Iran, Tehran by passing through its natural and historical borders and attachment of surrounding towns and villages changed into a greater megalopolis that of course met many functional, physical and social-economical problems and difficulties of megalopolises of undeveloped countries. Problems such as unidentification, uncoordinated physical and spatial context of old and new districts of city, living environmental pollutions, living in suburbs, over centralization of official and non-official economic activities and therefore uncoordinated centralization of population in this city and so on, caused that population centers and margin cities of this megalopolis grew up and changed into population poles as the dormitory centers and hinterlands of Tehran that creation of Karaj urban pole in west of Tehran is the best example in this regard. Therefore, by concentration of population in other towns around Tehran, now we face an urban assemblage and region in area of Tehran Province, and formation of such structure in body of the country, Tehran Province has had its own consequences and needs a specific great political and administrational management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Role of Geo economy in 21th Century and Iran Political Perspective in Region and The world with a Military View
Mahmoud Hadizadeh Ezatolah EzatiNew age is an economy-centered one, under political formation and with the goal ofeconomic dominance, and at the same time, Military ability to fulfill an operation, whileconsidering saving of vital influence of economy and special focus on energy, New age, thatis calle MoreNew age is an economy-centered one, under political formation and with the goal ofeconomic dominance, and at the same time, Military ability to fulfill an operation, whileconsidering saving of vital influence of economy and special focus on energy, New age, thatis called area of "Geo economy" Thinking dominancy, is the result of deeper transformationsitself that is happening in "Geo polynomy", or the sphere of injuction. In this dissertation weexamine foreign policy of Iran with regard to today complicated world. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Research role of environment potential in rural planning Case study: central region of Mahabad city
Masoud Mahdavi Mohammad Amin MohyeddiniRegarding the developing processes of rural a sees. The analysis and theidentification of the current rural conditions and inspection of the facilities and theircircumstances in different aspects was important. And to help the rural planners toassign the developed targe MoreRegarding the developing processes of rural a sees. The analysis and theidentification of the current rural conditions and inspection of the facilities and theircircumstances in different aspects was important. And to help the rural planners toassign the developed targets to specify the diplomacy and the ways to establish them.So in this research the evaluation and assessment of environmental potential of thecentral region of the mahabad city is in consideration and for this purpose and to getthe answer of the main question of this thesis effective environmental factors to searchthe rural development. Are in consideration and analysis. This thesis in addition to thenatural facilities of concerned area and property scope of the area regarding thesefacilities and possibilities is also supposed to explain the position of these factors andtheir importance in rural development area. In spite of main goal of this thesis is todetermine the degree of the indigence of the environmental abilities in central ruraldeveloping area of mahabad city, the whole researches and studies accomplished inthis area, is in order to search the main goal of this thesis and the observer has initiallyanalyzed the remote position of the region on the basis of environment and then on thebasis of that has stepped up to search-out the main points of the research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - The role of rural cities in regional balancing Case Study: Town of Vahidieh in the City of Shahriar
Homaira Mahdibigy Masoud Mahdavi HajiloueePopulation concentration in developing countries has brought about numerousproblems in large cities. Among those problems we can mention populationcongestion, migration, housing deficiencies, unemployment, environmentaldegeneration, etc.Accordingly, regional and urban a MorePopulation concentration in developing countries has brought about numerousproblems in large cities. Among those problems we can mention populationcongestion, migration, housing deficiencies, unemployment, environmentaldegeneration, etc.Accordingly, regional and urban analysts have started paying attention to thedevelopment of small and medium size towns as an essential solution for dealing withthe imbalance originated from development of prime cities.In this study, we have assessed, analyzed and examined Vahidieh's urbanizationprocess as well as that of Shahriar area as a sample of Tehran Province towns andcities before and after this occurance. Variables studied are population, occupancy,educational-cultural facilities, political-administrational, telecommunications,commercial and service providing facilities. Analysis of the data acquired from thestudy through statistical models - entropy coefficient, elasticity coefficient, MorrisDevelopment Index, parabolic-sectional variation analysis model – has been assessedand evaluated. Results derived from statistical models show that the urbanizationprocess of Vahidieh has not had desirable effects in balancing distribution ofpopulation and establishment of settlements throughout the area, stabilization of thepopulation, prosperity of solar rural sections, and growth of agricultural sectiontherefore being unsuccessful in that regard. Despite the fact that at some period,growth of industrial section in the city of Shahriar and in Tehran has had positiveeffects on population growth due to low cost of housing for people who have mostlybeen service and industrial laborers.Ultimately, the overall results drawn from this study reveal that urbanization ofVahidieh has not had an effective role in the development process of rural outskirts.. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Expansion of Iranian geopolitics in Arabic Middle East with a model of expansion of Eastern Middle East
Ali Bakhtiyarpour Ezzatollah EzzatiThe present article emphasizes that Iran deserves to play an active role in establishment of a regional confederation and should do it because of its peculiar characteristics of form and nature of post-Revolutionary political system, geopolitics weight and dynamic polit MoreThe present article emphasizes that Iran deserves to play an active role in establishment of a regional confederation and should do it because of its peculiar characteristics of form and nature of post-Revolutionary political system, geopolitics weight and dynamic politician. However, presence of foreign powers and the conflict between their interests and those of Iran have created obstacle laying foundations for such other regional players as Saudi Arabia. While doctrine of Iranian foreign policy is sensitive to Muslim world's affairs because of its religious nature, dominant situation of the Persian Gulf which has imposed geopolitical pressure on Iran and that Iran can not be insensitive to Palestine conflict have led Iran to ensure its presence in East Mediterranean region. Iranian strong presence in that region originates from the energy that it gained from Revolution. With a deep look at Iranian structure can see a portrait of miniature Islamic world with a little shortage. If Iran takes Islam-wanting policy instead of Shiiat- wanting, reasonable ratio of presence of Arabs, Kurd, Blouchs and other ethnic groups should be seen in higher levels of authority and government. In foreign affairs, Egypt has come to be a key to open up new scenes. It seeks to play a different role among Arab countries of Middle East which renders impossible without Iranian help. Participation of Egypt assisted by Iran can result in balance of Saudi ideologies stances and pushing Iranians to their true status. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - The importance of Environmental Geopolitics in today's world
زهرا Pishgahifard عمران AlizadehThe advent of industrial revolution in Europe and Modern technology in human'slife led to many changes on the earth. These events which were along with the off takeand destruction of the natural resources all over the geographical regions of the globeled to deep changes MoreThe advent of industrial revolution in Europe and Modern technology in human'slife led to many changes on the earth. These events which were along with the off takeand destruction of the natural resources all over the geographical regions of the globeled to deep changes on the earth. These changes in half second 20th century which werealong with the destruction of ozone, vast extinction of vital species, strong destructionof herbaceous strong reduction of natural resources caused Environmental crises.From the beginning, governments reacted against these events like other crises.They tried to restrain from much Environmental crises in national, regional anduniversal term by international meeting, manifesto issuance and different convention.These crises were so deep and vast that in addition to governments, parties and Nongovernmentorganizations such as "Green peace parties" were made all over the world.Near the end 20th century they could control the governments in some of the industrialcountries with expanding their activities and national acceptability.The aim of this essay is explaining the concepts of Environmental geopolitics anddiscovering whether these environmental crises will change to conflicts and crisesamong the nations of a country, in region countries and finally the universal areas.Also how Geopolitics and Environmental researchers can suggest guidelines to thegovernments and Non- Government organization in order to restrain from changingEnvironmental crises to security crises.The results of the research show that Environmental crises and strong reduction ofnatural resources will be the source of many national and regional confects in thefuture. More relations, consideration, national, regional and universal conflicts basedon these crises will come to existence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - The Rural transition trend with consideration of Urban revenue in Iran
Azadeh Amiri Kazem JajarmiConnection between urban & rural area have been widely recognized as the maincause of economical, social and cultural changes. In spite of that, most of thedevelopment theories and practical procedures have emphasized the separates anddifferences between population MoreConnection between urban & rural area have been widely recognized as the maincause of economical, social and cultural changes. In spite of that, most of thedevelopment theories and practical procedures have emphasized the separates anddifferences between population and activities of rural and urban areas. While ruraldevelopment planners recognize rural areas separated from urban centers and asincluding only village and agricultural fields, urban planners tend to consider urbanissues more and do not pay much attention to rural agricultural and development. Inregional survey of third world / developing countries, different kinds of mutualrelation between city & village are studied , and jran which had a homogenous urbannet work in the past and whose cities and villages had balanced relation, is on of thesecountries but, the influence and dominance of global capitalism and the division oflobos in jran , disturbed this balance and caused an increase in the oil revenues of jranfrom 30s on , which inundated cities and urban areas with facilities and also the correcticons and adjustment in the fields, worsened the condition of rural areas and added totheir agricultural problems. The current paper studies the history and course ofchanges in the relation between city & village from ancient time to current date. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - The Importance (Significance) of Regionalism and its Role in Development
عبدارضا FarajizadehToday, the geographic factor of regional convergence has gained prominence in mostcountries of the word. Considering the globalization of the world economy and theneed for more economic and political convergence among countries of a region, thereis hardly any country in MoreToday, the geographic factor of regional convergence has gained prominence in mostcountries of the word. Considering the globalization of the world economy and theneed for more economic and political convergence among countries of a region, thereis hardly any country in the world that has not considered regional convergence in itsdevelopment plans.Countries located in a specific regional group can protect their interests eliminatetheir weaknesses and problems more easily.In Europe, regionalism has proven to be successful and many other areas of theworld are following its example. “Nafta” in North America, “Mercosur” in LatinAmerica, “Asean” in Southeast Asia, “SAARC” in South Asia, and a multitude ofother organizations all indicate countries’ interests in regionalism. Although in theregion of our country, there has been an organization for some time OPEC- it hasrarely met success since the member countries do not share common interests.With the recent events in the Persian Gulf during the past two years, commoninterests have arisen among the countries of this region-especially in the matter ofenergy. It seems that by reducing the former conflicts, if the necessary steps are takentowards economic and political convergence, regional and inter- regional co-operationwill be enhanced with organizations such as the world trade Organization in order toreach our goals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Review of operational and body changes procedure of the old texture of Tehran city: An Emphasis on Are 4 ،Region 11
اصغر Nazarian ابوالفضل Meshkini نرگس AhmadiFardRegion 11 of Theran city, as one of the twenty two regions of Tehran city, with thearea about 1200 ha and the population about 245000 person, is one of the importantcentral regions of tehran the great city. The current area of this region has been locatedon proximity of MoreRegion 11 of Theran city, as one of the twenty two regions of Tehran city, with thearea about 1200 ha and the population about 245000 person, is one of the importantcentral regions of tehran the great city. The current area of this region has been locatedon proximity of the historical core of tehran and some of its parts (the east ern parts) isa section of this core. As this regard, the region has many elements, residentalstructures and general spaces in regard of historical antiquity, with special agriculturaland historical values which it is important opter the region 12. The present study hasbeen focused on one of the four- areas (area 4) from the region 11 ،and it has beenreviewed the operational and body changes procedure of the region and the mentionedarea partiaulrely.The special characteristics of this area are the various usages and activities, thatinclude much important politics governmental centers, particular markets with overregionaand over-city operations ،the big industrial units, special usoges and specialhospitals. As well, it has been reviewed the role and eftects of the public investmentsand politics onto the operationa and body changes of the area. The reviews and studieshave been indicated that it has been provided the community changes theme as a resultof the emigration from the 1340’s, and it has been obliterated the body textures by theland cost reduction; but in recent decades, the region 11 has found the new roles aalong with the national planning, with the country inbestments in the great tehran ،andthe basic operational and body changes have been created in the are 4, along with thenational and regional activities. The research, as well as review of above changes, haveprovided som methods in the light of reduction of the regional and areal problems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Metropolitan region and its spatial organization: Case study, Tehran
اصغر NazarianThe increase of urban population and its post-effects is one of the currentproblems and difficulties of the people at the world, regional, or national scales. Therise of metropolitan of Tehran in our country has changed the urban order. Its spatialexpansion not only has MoreThe increase of urban population and its post-effects is one of the currentproblems and difficulties of the people at the world, regional, or national scales. Therise of metropolitan of Tehran in our country has changed the urban order. Its spatialexpansion not only has created new alleys, city divisions, and new towns, but alsochanged the small and old population centers of suburban villages into theconcentrated population poles. As a result, the unique spatial order established before1335 in Tehran and its suburb, were altered due to some economic, social, and politicalactivities and all the city and its periphery were developed to an enlarged spatialorganization. This process of changes created a new form of spatial organization whichis now called "urban region", "urban complex", or "urban system". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Estimating Flood potential of Zilaki and Firehrud drainage basins by emphasize on Geomorphologic characters by using SCS method
Mohammad reza Sarvati Ardavan BehzadFlood is amongphenomenon which bring about considerable damage each year.This has been attractedgreatly by hydrologists. The factors such as physiography,geomorphology and human factors can accelerate this phenomenon in basins. Forusing water source, flood management, d MoreFlood is amongphenomenon which bring about considerable damage each year.This has been attractedgreatly by hydrologists. The factors such as physiography,geomorphology and human factors can accelerate this phenomenon in basins. Forusing water source, flood management, damming, watershed management and themost basic hydrologic studies, peak discharge is important, so accuracy of studies andthe safeties’ level of the hydraulic structures and establishments are independent to it.In this research potential flood Zilaki and Firehrud drainage basins were studied byusing of SCS method and finally were compared together. So BasinHydrographdimensions calculated by using of 24 hour rainfall, time of concentration, CurveNumber, rainfall excess, time to peak and peak discharge.Then was designHydrograph for basins in 2,5,10,25,50,100 period time Results show, because ofphysiography of Firehrud basin, It has more ability for making flood than Zilaki basin. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Climate change in the Zagros region
Masoomeh ُSofi Bohloul AlijaniClimate change, especially global warming affect s every aspects of the environment, socialstructure, and food security. The zagros region due to its rugged nature and diverse climate isvery vulnerable to climate change such as temperature warming and rainfall decrease. MoreClimate change, especially global warming affect s every aspects of the environment, socialstructure, and food security. The zagros region due to its rugged nature and diverse climate isvery vulnerable to climate change such as temperature warming and rainfall decrease. In orderto unclose the signs of climate change in the Zagros region, the existing monthly rainfall, raindays, mean, low and high temperatures of 26 stations in the region were studied. Thesestations had data with different durations ranging from 17 to 55 years. The normality of thetime series were tested via lobly force, and their trend with Ljung-Box and Mankendal Tau.The degree and sign of the trend were tested by correlation coefficient.The results did not show any significant trend in the rainfall series. But the mean lowtemperature and daily temperature range showed significant trend. More than 90 percent ofthe stations showed significant increasing trend in the minimum temperature. While the dailyrange showed both increasing and decreasing trends. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Estimation and Analysis the mean flood discharge using the method of Regional flood Analysis in the area Kheirroud in nowshahr up to sardabrud in chalous
M.R Servati جمشید Jedari Kia BozorgmehrIn this research to control the floods in drainage basins (in the area kheirroud ofNowshahr to Sardabrud of Chalous), the mean of flood discharge with different returnperiods were estimated and analyzed using regional analysis method. To estimate andanalyze the floods, MoreIn this research to control the floods in drainage basins (in the area kheirroud ofNowshahr to Sardabrud of Chalous), the mean of flood discharge with different returnperiods were estimated and analyzed using regional analysis method. To estimate andanalyze the floods, at first the basic raw data of annual peak discharge for the gaugingstations in the region were collected, then missing data was filled and new statistics,generated. The 29-year periods for this case were selected. Then, point analysis wasdone by the use of different statistical distributions. After they were studied, LogPearson Type III distribution was selected as the region. Then, Homogenity Test wasdone by the use of Run Test method. Moreover, the area of drainage basins wasmeasured. After measuring the level of significance (in level of 0.05) between area ofdrainage basins and mean flood discharge, it’s linear equation was obtained and on thebasis of it, mean flood discharge with the different return periods in ungauged drainagebasins was estimated.The results of estimation and studies have shown that, chalous watershed(drainage basin) has the most meant flood discharge value among the six watersheds.Other watersheds are as follows: sardabrud, kheirroud, kurkursar, and mashalak,Kheirsar-neirang (gerdekal rud or shalerud). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - The analysis of suitable housing in Villagers opinion Case study: Central District Villages of Kermanshah Township
Nowzar GhanbariHousing, like food and clothing is one of the basic needs of human being. Therefore, human being since his creation has been thinking about satisfying this need. In villages, housing should have specific characteristics due to the productive nature of villages. The pur MoreHousing, like food and clothing is one of the basic needs of human being. Therefore, human being since his creation has been thinking about satisfying this need. In villages, housing should have specific characteristics due to the productive nature of villages. The purpose of the present study is investigating the satisfaction of villagers from their housings and understanding differences between their present housings and the criteria of their ideal housings. Rural areas of the central parts of Kermanshah were studied in this resarch. A descriptive – analytic method of research was used in which using questionare was emphasized. The data were collected from 300 sample statistics and SPSS used to analyze the data. Findings, indicated that villagers had low satisfaction with their housings. Findings also showed that there was not a significant difference between the present housing characteristics and the ideal housings(p<0.05). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - "Land Use" Planning; the Tool of Implementing Social Equity (Introduction for Land Use planning Role in Implement of Social Equity and Sustainable Development)
رحیم Sarvar حسن EsmaeilzadehSpatial unbalances, that be created from centralized approaches in development planning collections specially afterwards from forth planning and in first 1971th, compelled planners and decision- makers to find a way for implementing socio-spatial equity as the goal. The MoreSpatial unbalances, that be created from centralized approaches in development planning collections specially afterwards from forth planning and in first 1971th, compelled planners and decision- makers to find a way for implementing socio-spatial equity as the goal. These problems be created because of absence regional approaches and developmental views, that affected for social, economical, cultural, physical, managmental and policy- making aspects. Compile charter "land use"planning in 1971th, was a step for compensating prejudicial effects for cities and regions in Iran and restoring regional balances. The goal of "land use" planning is justly distribution of resources and population and ecological, economical and social considerations belong to intellectual organizing of space in regional and national level, that distribute population and economical activities in proper manner in relation to natural resources. This research attempt to prove that creating relation among environment, human and his activities, and attention to regionalism approaches is the best manner in obtaining social equity and human development. Undoubtly, using systemic approach in "land use" study and implementing its aims in justice manner will sustain cities and regions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Geomorphology And Integrated Coastal Zone And River Basin Management Of Persian Gulf Coast From Kong To Hosineyeh Harbours.
Ahmad Ansari Lari M. R. SarvatiWith regard to this fact that the very most of the worlds population have settled at thecoastal regions and their activities are typically related to the sea exploitation, coasts asone of the significant morphodynamic regions are of a special importance. Coastalregions MoreWith regard to this fact that the very most of the worlds population have settled at thecoastal regions and their activities are typically related to the sea exploitation, coasts asone of the significant morphodynamic regions are of a special importance. Coastalregions all over the world are under a severe pressure. At least, there are five humanfactors which have produced the grounds on which destruction of coastal regionsoccur. They are as follows: population growth, pollution, destruction of theenvironment, conflicts of the benefits between the users and irregular exploitation ofresources.Some local, regional and notional actions have been taken for solving suchenvironmental difficulties and managing coastal regions sustainably in differentcountries. Most frequent and current managerial plans of coastal regions are focusedon coastal dangers such as erosion and flooding, pollution caused by land activitiesand marine transportations. Extensive exploitations in the fields of fisheries, truism,commercial transportations, etc.give these regions a double significance. Since anykind of human activities such as establishing coastal and portal construction as well asother types of exploitations like transportations, commerce and sanitation necessitatethe stability of coastal lines according to morphodynamic factors through both themovements of sea water and processes of the land environment. It is necessary tostudy geomorphology and management of integrated coastal zone comprehensively.Hence the basic and effective variables under study which should be attained for achange in the coastal line and area in clued waves, tides, coastal currents as thedynamic factors of the sea environment, wind and river processes and human landactivities (on a limited scale).Considering the natural features and geographicalsituation of the coastal region of Kong port up to Hosseinieh port, a natural operationhas been used in such a way that catchment areas have been regarded as an inseparablepart the coastal regions according to the definition of this region for management andits boundary reaches the dividing line of the catchment areas with regard to the strongnatural functional criterion between the two mentioned parts Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - An Analysis of the State of the Pedestrian Roads in Region 12 of Tehran by an Urban Regeneration Approach
somayeh ranjbarzadeh Parvaneh Zivyar mohsen ranjbarIntroduction & Objective: Pedestrain road is a tool for collective activity especially regarding urban economy, environmental quality and social health. In this regard, one of the measures taken over the past several years to restore the components and functions of MoreIntroduction & Objective: Pedestrain road is a tool for collective activity especially regarding urban economy, environmental quality and social health. In this regard, one of the measures taken over the past several years to restore the components and functions of pedestrians to efficient circuits in most countries of the world is regeneration. Regeneration is a set of artistic and tactful actions in order to return urban functions and spaces at various levels. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the status of footpath in Tehran, region 12with an urban regeneration. Method: This study is a descriptive-analytic one in terms of purpose. SPSS software and TOPSIS method are chosen for analyzing information.The Cronbach's alpha coefficient is used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire; Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.858. Results: On the one hand the results of one-sample T-test show among the recreation (regeneration)dimensions based on the data from the questionnaire, the economic dimension in favorable condition and the environmental dimension got the lowest score among recreation dimensions from the viewpoint of the citizens of region 12.On the other hand,according to the TOPSIS model, the pedestrian paths of Khordad 15, Bob Homayoun, Naser Khosrow were on suitable condition;furthermore,the pedestrian queues, Sourasrafil, Davar were roughly successful whereas 17 shahrivar pedestrian was unsuccessful because the use of areas surrounding this pedestrian was inactive and moreover, for social security a road was built for the use of vehicles from Shohada square to Safa street;as a result,this pedestrian was turned to be useless. Conclusion: The implementation of the road construction in region 12 in Tehran is completely physical and economically oriented and does not have holistic and community-based attitudes. In this regard, a new approach, called urban regeneration, should be with workable solutions to solve current instabilities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Factors affecting vulnerability zoning district 6 of Tehran and vulnerability in the face of natural disasters
Hasanali Faraji Sabokbar Behzad Nadi Mohammad Rezaie NarimisaIntroduction and objectives of the research: Determine the amount of vulnerability of urban tissues with factors affecting the vulnerabilities, one of which must be on before the occurrence of the events and to prepare for the more efficient management of the crisis in MoreIntroduction and objectives of the research: Determine the amount of vulnerability of urban tissues with factors affecting the vulnerabilities, one of which must be on before the occurrence of the events and to prepare for the more efficient management of the crisis in the cities. This research will also seek to explain factors affecting the vulnerability. On this basis, except in terms of the nature of descriptive research-analytical and applied to the target type. The Statistical Society of Tehran municipality is the District 6 is based on the dating and centralization as the sample is selected. Method: Data field and two for a library with tools such as questionnaires, books, articles and DEMATEL diverse map collection, and with the use of EXCEL software, MATLAB, IDRISI and ARC GIS 10, about the analysis of fact. Results: The results indicates that it is a central, South and parts of; especially the Southeast region due to the high life and dating buildings, population density and high household and communication networks filled the next maze with low permeability, high potential vulnerability. Conclusion: On this basis the user planning land and zoning as one of the most important tools and yet are critical objectives of urban planning context in the realization of disaster reduction in the risk of a wide view and urban development process. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Investigate the cause’s physical changes in central Tehran and strategies for the mitigation of urban management (Region Six)
حمیده Reshadatjoo پدرام ToloeiPreface and aim of investigation:several changes have always been a city of history, and their destruction has led to the development of Tehran, capital of Iran, as it has not been exempted.Six Regional Municipality of Tehran, recognized as one of the most central areas MorePreface and aim of investigation:several changes have always been a city of history, and their destruction has led to the development of Tehran, capital of Iran, as it has not been exempted.Six Regional Municipality of Tehran, recognized as one of the most central areas of special importance in this connection is.Accumulation administrative centers, business and government, the number of floating population and the focus of political ties to the region's unique.Therefore, it is essential to know more. This study was conducted to investigate the cause’s physical changes in central Tehran and strategies for the mitigation of urban management (of the six) were performed. Metodology:The purpose of the study and application of methods for data collection is descriptive. Statics society:six area residents are based on a survey of farmers and Morgan method Metod:a sample of 386 individuals were randomly selected eighteen local and regional scale in the distribution of population and community and descriptive statistics - understanding and applying SPSS software and t-test Findings:significant relationship between these factors and changes in body area and conclusions urban management has a significant role in the body in order to perform appropriate adjustment problems, including greater attention to social factors, cultural factors effective in the management of knowledge and knowing the cultural factors effective in the management and implementation of the new policy on economic and environmental issues is manifest. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Governance Structure in Iran Based on Multi-Level Governance Theory
Hamid Reza Saremi Nima Farhadimanesh Seyed Mehdi KhatamiIntroduction and Research Goals: Governance is a new approach introduced in 1970 replacing the traditional management models and since then, has attracted lots of researches in different parts of the world. So far, various types of this approach have been presented in t MoreIntroduction and Research Goals: Governance is a new approach introduced in 1970 replacing the traditional management models and since then, has attracted lots of researches in different parts of the world. So far, various types of this approach have been presented in the world, one of which being multi-level governance. In Iran, this theory was used to provide a model for governance in the metropolitan area of Mashhad in 2017. In the present article, an attempt has been made to use this theory _multi-level governance_ to assess governance in Iran. Methodology: In order to achieve this goal, a qualitative method was used. First, the indicators of multi-level governance were extracted using a research review method, then the structure of urban and regional management of Iran was identified using a systematic review method, and finally based on the extracted indicators of multi-level governance, Iran’s governance structure was assessed. Results: Among the six indicators studied, urban and regional management of Iran shows unfavorable condition in three indicators (network space, poly-centric space of power, and faded borders), to some extent favorable condition in two indicators (participatory space and pluralistic space), and a favorable condition in one indicator (multi-actor space). Conclusion: The study of the six indicators shows unfavorable condition of governance in Iran from the perspective of multilevel governance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Analysis of factors affecting on the performance of municipalities And Measurement Amount of Citizens Satisfaction (Case Study: Yazd Municipality)
میرنجف Mosavi رحیم Sarvar علی BagheriResearch Objective: Citizen's satisfaction From Municipality Performance Is a major factor Continuous Improvement at process of works that takes place in order to increase efficiency and Improve of quality urban comprehensive management. One of most important elements o MoreResearch Objective: Citizen's satisfaction From Municipality Performance Is a major factor Continuous Improvement at process of works that takes place in order to increase efficiency and Improve of quality urban comprehensive management. One of most important elements of optimal performance municipalities are Supply Financial resources and income municipalities. In this regard, the purpose of this paper is Reviews of how the performance of yazd city municipalities and citizens satisfaction rate of their. Methodology: Research methods' is analytical - descriptive. The data collection tool studied is documents and questionnaires. The statistical population is 1200 people from citizens in three regions of Yazd city According to Cochran sampling with confidence level 95% and randomly assigned. Indicators Research is 33 urban life quality index. For communication between components Is used inferential statistics Such as regression coefficients and path analysis And Also For planning from SWOT Model. Finding: Studies financial resources Yazd municipalities Indicative Increase in sustainable incomes with growth equal to 17/98 percent, which is very impressive against Growth -35/2 percent From Unsustainable incomes. In this case, On the one hand, Decrease income instability coefficient from 24% to 15% Is Indicative upward trend. And On the other hand With this source sustainable income Answer has been given to 42% of Real needs city in development sector, construction and maintenance town. However Yet In turn have remained Construction priorities Such as improving urban streets, Street lighting And Quality of public health services, On the other hand, Instability 20/13% of total incomes obtained Has caused Until Possibility Planning There is About 46/32 % of incomes obtained. Conclusion: results of performance evaluation municipalities from perspective Citizens Indicates in 33 Criterion surveyed of Municipalities Have been region 1 have Best Performance and region 3 Municipal worst performances. Based on results of Path analysis Also Variables increase of sustainable incomes with amount 0/889 and participatory Investment With amount 0/846 have been greatest impact on Municipalities Favorable Functions in Yazd city. Finally Suggestions Is provided For Improved service delivery by municipalities Yazd city And Citizen satisfaction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Assessing the Visual-Spatial Quality of the Urban Landscape over Time (Case Study: Region 8, District 1 of Tehran)
katayoon Teymoorian seyed mohsen mirIntroduction & Objective: The urban landscape is the totality of the mind, the interaction between man and the environment, and the mental image remains in the human mind. Urban landscape is a phenomenon that is revealed only through human experience in the interact MoreIntroduction & Objective: The urban landscape is the totality of the mind, the interaction between man and the environment, and the mental image remains in the human mind. Urban landscape is a phenomenon that is revealed only through human experience in the interaction between man and the environment. Due to the importance of urban landscape, the purpose of this article is to analyze the visual-spatial quality of urban landscape over time in District 8 of Tehran. Method: This research is a content analysis that has been done by exploratory method. The data used by the municipality of the study area have been provided. In order to achieve the research indicators, first the spatial analysis indicators and then the visual quality indicators for District 8 of District 1 of Tehran have been studied. Indicators are recorded based on the assessment of the perceptual approach based on the observer's view (scenes and places) with the camera (on routes in the study area). Results: According to the obtained results, it can be noted that in each of the factors studied in the study area, one of the criteria in the form of the concept of time dimension, is more prominent. So that sometimes man-made factors dominate the environment more, and sometimes the natural factors of the environment with the presence of man-made factors have a more prominent presence in the environment. Conclusion: In the evaluation of the present study, the studied paths in visual quality, path number 2 is more important, which requires planning and codified design to be able to revive the identifying elements of the area. Depending on the spatial characteristics of the study area, consecutive and related views lead to the creation of many three-dimensional values. These consecutive views, by moving from one direction to another, create a strong emphasis and impression on the observer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Designing Of Appropriate Pattern for Regional Management in Iran
علیرضا نظری غلامرضا کاظمیانIntroduction and Research Aim: Based on The Law of Political divisions, the hierarchy of Political divisions is: province, county, district, city, vill and village. Beside that law, National Physical Plan, which prepared by the ministry of Housing and urbanism, divides MoreIntroduction and Research Aim: Based on The Law of Political divisions, the hierarchy of Political divisions is: province, county, district, city, vill and village. Beside that law, National Physical Plan, which prepared by the ministry of Housing and urbanism, divides the country in 10 regions and 85 planning and functional zones. Namely, the region includes one or several counties which their natural, geographical features are the same and they have active mutual relations from economic, social and physical point of view. In present, while province, County and district have their own management authority, the region doesn’t have such position. Current investigation tries to propose a proper model of management for the regions in iran based on recognition and analysis of problems in management of regions in Iran. Method: The research method is descriptive; Data gathering technique includes questionnaire and library resources; and finally, study population contains experts, regional planning and management erudite, and regional master plan’s documents and reports. Results: According to this research, the results of documents and questionnaire are as follows: -Studying factors and elements that regulate the management and development of a region. -Investigating the organizational relations between mentioned element and regional organizations involved in management. -Exploring the essential tools for regional management Conclusion: According to aforementioned items and studies on each entry, we prepared tables, based on SWOT technique. The proposed paradigm for region management has been based on Strategies which were derived from those tables. According to SWOT technique, we do the following phases in sequence: first, required strategies for region management were extracted. Then, excerpted strategies were analyzed. Finally, a proper management pattern for the country and the region has been proposed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - An Analysis of the Distribution of Parks in Ahwaz District in Crisis Management
ZAHRA nazari mohammadreza zandmoghadamIntroduction & Purpose: With the development of societies and the complexity of internal relations of societies, the number of crises caused by natural disasters and man-made has increased, and these crises are increasing every day. Among natural disasters, hydro-cl MoreIntroduction & Purpose: With the development of societies and the complexity of internal relations of societies, the number of crises caused by natural disasters and man-made has increased, and these crises are increasing every day. Among natural disasters, hydro-climatic disasters, including floods and geological disasters, such as earthquakes, bring more human casualties and economic losses than any other disaster, and how to respond to disasters and respond to disasters with the level of development and progress of each country. has it. This study aimed to distribute crisis management in Ahwaz District 4 parks Method:This research is descriptive-analytical based on the nature of the topic and the goals for which it is predicted. Calculated and obtained based on Cochran's formula. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using T-test and AHP model. Findings: The mean obtained from completing the questionnaire (3.46) is larger than the mean of the community (3). As a result, the hypothesis is confirmed. The result of the AHP model in this study is that it identifies the best places to create bi-purpose green space in area four in the south and southeast. Due to the high membership function of most layers in these areas and the lack of green space and the existence of adaptation applications such as waste land, this result is confirmed by the land use map. Conclusion: Parks and gardens play an important role in reducing the extent of action and the consequences of the majority of natural disasters. One of the most important functions of parks and gardens when disasters are to isolate one area is the potential for danger, thereby concentrating destructive activity and preventing the development of a chain of events. Parks and gardens can also be considered as an area of emergency, with the possibility of escaping, settling and taking refuge. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Participation of Tehran citizens in the activities domain of municipality (Case study: citizens of region 4)
جمال عبداله پور حسن مختارپور رجبعلی مختارپورToday, most experts believe that the focused urbanmanagement experience is failed and it is impossible without citizenparticipation. So the attraction of citizen's participation is the mainconcerns of the urban new management. Tehran Municipality the oneof the major ins MoreToday, most experts believe that the focused urbanmanagement experience is failed and it is impossible without citizenparticipation. So the attraction of citizen's participation is the mainconcerns of the urban new management. Tehran Municipality the oneof the major institutions of urban management has adopted the socialapproach in order to attract the participation of citizens and has takenthe basic steps. The purpose of the present article is to explore thestatus of Tehran citizens' participation in doing activities ofmunicipality (case study region 4).Method: The survey method based on questionnaire was used toexamine this subject. The statistical data analysis techniques such asmean, Pearson correlation and multivariate analysis methods were usedto analyse data.Results: The research results indicate a low level of citizensparticipation that its changes will be explained with factors such asgender, education, knowledge and information on urban management,expected rewards of participation, association membership, experienceand interest in and desire to live in neighborhoods.Conclusion: Municipality can enhance citizen's participation andattract it in doing its activities with different measures based on resultsof this study . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Introducing the land use classification methods in Regional Planning and presentation of an appropriate pattern for Iran
REZA ahmadian Bahar AbdolahIntroduction: One of the significant outcomes of Regional Physical plans and In other words, one of its main documents is producing a land use map and determining the macro uses in the study area. In the Regional Physical and Spatial plans, this is generally known as th MoreIntroduction: One of the significant outcomes of Regional Physical plans and In other words, one of its main documents is producing a land use map and determining the macro uses in the study area. In the Regional Physical and Spatial plans, this is generally known as the Land use Zoning map (The Uniform Contract 19). It is regarded as one of the primary results of Regional plans through which the objectives, strategies and proposal for a plan are made possible. There are several distinct methods for preparation of land use zoning map in the theoretical literature and plan preparation. But before any action, It is necessary to establish the systematic structure in lands classification. As a result, it is necessary that the planner determines land use at the region scale by establishing an accurate method to present the zoning document. The study aims to check different land use and land cover classification systems to propose a pattern at regional and spatial scales. Methodology: The present research is to establish the structure and an applied research with a descriptive and analytical methodology. Therefore, the data are taken from the libraries to address the subject of research and to propose a pattern in this regard. Conclusion: According to the global systems of classification, the Suggested classification has been done in three levels with using Alphabetic code. The most important features of this pattern is generalization, systematic and flexibility. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Ranking of industrial development in Kurdistan province
رحیم سرور محمدعلی خلیجیIntroduction and Objective: Balanced regional development is the basis for sustainable development in different aspects of system resources, particularly the industrial capacities, plays an important role in regional development and one of the main objectives of balance MoreIntroduction and Objective: Balanced regional development is the basis for sustainable development in different aspects of system resources, particularly the industrial capacities, plays an important role in regional development and one of the main objectives of balanced development and deployment of the system of organizing, planning Technology national level to regional level is the space that has been emphasized in all five-year development plans. The main aim of present study is to examine regional development level of Kurdistan, including nine cities, and industrial facility distribution in the area. Methods: literature reviewing, selection of appropriate indicators, statistical methods and Multi-criteria decision making techniques, industrial and regional development of the named cities in 1390 was prioritized Results: The results show that in industrial ranking Sanandaj and Bijar are first and second, respectively, Saghez and Kamyaran ranked last. Conclusion: The results show that the rank of divided city that there is tremendous variation in the level of industrial development of these cities so that 8 of Sanandaj city in the region, the majority of the low level of industrial development are in the city. In addition to the industrial city of Sanandaj and Bijar city the rest of the city and the development of low Z more than it have. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - The Function of Neyrize , Estahban , Grash Cities In The Fars's Economic Development
رحیمه شیروان زهرا سادات (سعیده) زرآبادیIntroduction and purpose: Today, more investments, especially in the economy takes place in major cities. The popular belief is that it is cost effective to invest in large cities. This one-dimensional development in the area and is only particular city. Regional in equ MoreIntroduction and purpose: Today, more investments, especially in the economy takes place in major cities. The popular belief is that it is cost effective to invest in large cities. This one-dimensional development in the area and is only particular city. Regional in equality is a result of the development of the region and other cities remain open. While other cities may well have the ability and potential forec onomic development. One of the most important issues in regional planning, Reducing regional disparities and development using powers of each region. Requiredto achieve this as the towns and cities of the region's economic development strategy that is important. This research with the purpose of understanding about the role of towns in regional balance and development in fars, the small towns of the province between 25-50thousand population are reviewed. Methods: The method of this research is "descriptive-analytic" which has done on the basis of population factors and the usage of quantitative models. For the study of their roles in regional economic, portion alteration and models of environmental coefficient are used. Results: The results show, the potential of small towns in Fars province and procedures performed, Functions by providing industrial, agricultural and services to improve economic conditions in the region Khvdvbe affected. Under both methods, the different partsofthecity, with grow the coefficients were positive, compared to the province. Required to enter the city in regional economic development, the economicrole ofeach of these towns commensurate with their potential. This in turn requires specific strategies. That must be planning and organized with government support in the cities take place. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Regional Development Strategy (RDS) as a solution for decentralization (case study: Rasht metropolis)
Seyyed Mehdi Sabbagh azita rajabiRasht city, as the only metropolis in Gilan province, has experienced unique conditions compared to its surrounding cities since the beginning of its formation, and has had an increasing tendency towards centralization. The formation of a one-way relationship and the di MoreRasht city, as the only metropolis in Gilan province, has experienced unique conditions compared to its surrounding cities since the beginning of its formation, and has had an increasing tendency towards centralization. The formation of a one-way relationship and the direction of most of the vital and functional flows of the cities of the province towards the city of Rasht has caused isolation and immobility for other residential areas of the province, which seems to increase the scope of the city's activities. Rasht will expand further. This research has examined the areas of centralization in the city of Rasht in three areas: administrative-political centralization, economic-service centralization, and population centralization, and while explaining the most important manifestations and examples of centralization in the above fields; In order to reduce centralism in Rasht city and direct the flows to other places and consequently balance the flow and mutual relations; It has used the new model of regional development strategy (RDS), the regional development strategy with its strategic, community-oriented and flexible thinking is very effective in establishing regional balances because in this model, efforts are made to He looked for benefits, capacities, actions and cooperation of all regions and organized it in the best possible way. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - The Evaluation of Development rural areas of kurdestan Province by Cluster Analysis
علی زنگی آبادی طاهر پریزادیIntroduction and purpose of research: Target all the planning, to achieve optimal development and balance, and the first step in any planning process, including the regional planning in particular, understand that this situation is identified, require separate study are MoreIntroduction and purpose of research: Target all the planning, to achieve optimal development and balance, and the first step in any planning process, including the regional planning in particular, understand that this situation is identified, require separate study area to areas of planning and evaluation of each area by index development (economic, social, cultural, health and ....) and analyze and ranking each area in terms of development is having. Process of development the Kurdistan and its infrastructures, the poor and concentration planning of the past, development balance in the level of rural areas is difficult. In order to solve problems caused by lack of balance, first step recognition and classification level of villages form part of the political divisions (in terms of having educational - cultural, infrastructure and communications, spatial - physical, health , economy and services ...) and the next step is providing good policy, to establish balance . Research method: In the present study, a combination of the methods of procedure documentation, analytical. This study used 18 statistical indicators in 5 district - cultural, infrastructure and communications, space - physical, health, economy and services active , especially in rural areas of Kurdistan 26 section , were studied. And analysis techniques of statistical Z-score and clustering analysis. Results: Based on research findings, the development level of Kurdistan sections, differences and inequality, there is, so that rural areas in seven sections (developed), seven section (partly developed), six sector-level (less developed) at the level of six section are excluded. Therefore is recommended to resolve imbalances, priority planning and investment sectors deprived rural areas (Alvt, Srshyv Marivan, Zyvyh, Nnvr, Nmh milk). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Spatial Planning and Management of Spatial Development (Case Study: Malekan Township)
مهدی مومنی امید مبارکی نرگس جنابیIntroduction and Objective: Undoubtedly optimal management of space in terms of regulating the relationship among human being, space and human activities in the space is the main objective of spatial planning. Materialization of spatial planning more than having a techn MoreIntroduction and Objective: Undoubtedly optimal management of space in terms of regulating the relationship among human being, space and human activities in the space is the main objective of spatial planning. Materialization of spatial planning more than having a technical plan depends on a management plan based on the economic and spatial balances which allows it to realize equity in space and social equity. Nowadays, intense concentration of population and activities in one or more geographical spots features most Third World countries including Iran. Underestimating long-term plans and relying on development-based and sometimes superficial plans are among main obstacles of realization of balanced development of Iran. This study aims at analyzing different dimensions of the spatial management necessary for preparing process of spatial planning program. To do so, we concentrated our study on Malekan Township where let us to indicate the operationalization of the issue at the level of a township or region. It also became a basis for other studies in provincial or regional scales. Methodology: As an applied research, a documentary-analytical method was used in this study. Besides maps SPSS, Auto Cad and Arc View programs were used for analyzing data, variables, preparing tables and doing calculations. Results: Our findings showed that the main component of the realistic analyses of spatial planning must be sought in the geographical structures. In fact our country’s spatial planning appearance particularly in the regional levels is initially a function of the natural components and secondly a function of allocation and decision making system. Natural elements are the first priority for spatial establishment of settlements in the studied area and regarding the allocation system services and applications are not divided similarly among different villages of the township. Conclusion: Providing a pervasive analysis of the relation between settlement system and activity with the environmental condition through designing and developing a databank consisting of geographical foundations is necessary for extracting spatial development documents. Again, analysis of weak points of allocation system will play a key role in realizing equity in space and solving socioeconomic inequalities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Valuating the Role of Localization of Elements on the Identification of Urban Furniture in District 5 of Karaj
alimohammad merzaei mohammadreza zandmoghadamIntroduction: With the increasing expansion of urbanization and the increase of urban population and the resulting problems, providing facilities for the well-being of citizens becomes more and more necessary. Today, the importance and role of urban furniture in urban s MoreIntroduction: With the increasing expansion of urbanization and the increase of urban population and the resulting problems, providing facilities for the well-being of citizens becomes more and more necessary. Today, the importance and role of urban furniture in urban services and beautification is not hidden from anyone and urban furniture is an essential and integral component of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of localization of elements on the identity of urban furniture in District 5 of Karaj. Method: The present study is an applied study based on a descriptive method of correlation. According to Cochran's formula, the sample size is 383 people. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to assess the validity of the research instrument. Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the measured indices (more than 0.7) is the validity of the accepted research tool. For data analysis based on descriptive statistical table techniques and SWOT analytical model has been used. Findings: The findings of the SWOT model study showed that in aggressive strategy, the most important component is S10 O10. Increase leisure time by creating urban furniture in various service centers in the central part with a weight of 0.731, in a defensive strategy, W4 T9 options. Involve people in the design and construction of urban furniture and its correct location based on the needs of the people with a score of 0.924, in the strategy of reviewing the most important option W6 O3. Increasing the budget for the development of urban furniture in order to design and manufacture quality furniture with a score of 1 and in the strategy of diversity, the most important component of this strategy in terms of the statistical community is the option T5S5. Diversification of different uses with cultural and physical identity in neighborhoods weighing 0.852 Conclusion:Citizens of District 5, satisfied with the current situation, are seeking to upgrade the positive indicators and design and architecture facilities and capabilities of the district using urban management. Finally, it can be said that if we do not pay attention to urban furniture, urban spaces do not have the necessary peace and quiet and citizens do not want to use these spaces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Social and cultural impacts assessment of sports project and management outcoms (case study: Stadium of martyr Kazemi)
محسن رنجبر زهرا خستو طوبی پیروIntroduction and Objective of research: Concepts such as social participation, health in all its Dimensions, access to information and resources ... Are important in sustainable urban development.As beneficiaries of the people and their involvement (participation) in th MoreIntroduction and Objective of research: Concepts such as social participation, health in all its Dimensions, access to information and resources ... Are important in sustainable urban development.As beneficiaries of the people and their involvement (participation) in the development process and the entire social, cultural and economic development of the social life is very important. Methods: In this study the research, analytical, and the purpose of the application. For the data collection, field procedures and documents used.The documents and information of the location of the project has been collected and studied the current situation in the field of exploratory interviews, observations and review of applications, the identification of groups of people and the questionnaires collected.The impact of scrolling through quantitative and qualitative methods and tools as well as residents of the project and in-depth interviews with municipal officials, business ideas and members of District 19 councils, were used. Research Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of social and cultural consequences of the region's 19 municipalities Tehran soccer stadium martyr Kazemi isthe results show that. Boost morale and willingness sports and youth and attract them to exercise, reduce social harm and crime in the neighborhood , residents have access to sports facilities and the opportunity to go to the stadium and see the games close, especially young people and enriching leisure youth , talent among young people and ... The most positive outcomes .Traffic in the area of drug dealing around the stadium, the neighborhood residents to calm down neighborhood security (conflict between the audiences), the rent going up in the neighborhood and most of the residents and the negative consequences members of municipal councils and authorities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Assessing the level of citizen participation in local management: case study Sanglaj neighborhood
keramatollah Sayyari Majid Saeidirad Saman HeydariIntroduction and Aim: International experiences show that planning can no longer meet the stakeholders' demands as omniscient. So, over the past decade focusing on bottom-up planning has been more successful in many different areas of the city in developing countries. N MoreIntroduction and Aim: International experiences show that planning can no longer meet the stakeholders' demands as omniscient. So, over the past decade focusing on bottom-up planning has been more successful in many different areas of the city in developing countries. Nevertheless, the consequences of this approach should be more investigated in developing countries. Todays, centralized top-down planning is used in the most cities of developing countries which stakeholders' partnership has been limited in urban management. The main aim of this study is to assess citizen participation in local management in the Sanglaj neighborhood. Research method: This research is of descriptive and analytical method. Using non-probability sampling method, we chose 96 residents of the Sanglaj neighborhood as a model. Also we designed a Questionnaire and distributed among them. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software. Tests used in this software, Single-sample t test and Pearson's correlation tests. The findings: The findings and statistical tests showed desire to participate among the citizens of the Sanglaj neighborhood is high and the average 57/3 confirms it. Finally, it was shown, there is a significant relationship among participation and performance of local councils. Correlation Test value is 0/837 and based on standard interpretation, this value is acceptable. Conclusion: The results showed that the level of citizen participation is not desirable, which explains the low level of citizen participation in urban governance is based and it can be concluded that enough context for citizen participation in local management is not provided. However, the willing to participate at community affairs among the citizens of Sanglaj neighborhood is in good standing. So this is a valuable capital and a potential that must be treated. Finally, it is suggested that councils could still regard as a public institution to provide public participation in urban governance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Investigating The Role of the Northern Intermediate cities of Fars in Regional Balance by Using The Social Network Analyse
زهرا سادات (سعیده) زرآبادی گلنار فرزامIntroduction and the purpose: Pattern of population distribution in under development countries indicates an unbalance in population establishment network and productivity in the use of regional capabilities and resources. In recent decades this unbalance has incr MoreIntroduction and the purpose: Pattern of population distribution in under development countries indicates an unbalance in population establishment network and productivity in the use of regional capabilities and resources. In recent decades this unbalance has increased .Depending on its political, social and economic condition and situations each country in a way has tried to alleviate this problem. But most of these programs in this regard have failed. In recent years we see that the distribution of population in residency areas is both unbalanced and unorganized. Fars regional province is also one of those that is dealing with this main urban problem. Since all ease facilities and high level services and social and economic services have gathered in Shiraz city its population is increasing every day. On the other hand the population of smaller and intermediate cities is decreasing. Therefore it is imperative that plans to be made so that these smaller cities get more help and attention. These plans would prevent the occurrence of the main urban problem. It is believed that intermediate cities would transfer population and improve urban development. The aim of this research is studying the role of intermediate cities in north of Fars regional state in creating regional population balance in that provincial state. It also analyzed the strong and the weak properties of these cities in this regard. It studied how it is possible to develop such points so that the main urban problem would be prevented there. Method: it is a descriptive -analytical method used in this research. It has studied the role the cities in north of Fars regional province in developing and balancing that regional population using Social Network Analysis method. It has studied the role of these intermediate cites: Abadeh, Eghlid, Kazeroon, Marvdasht, Bavanat ,Estahbanat, Neyriz, Noor Abad, Sepidan in creating this so-called balance. These mentioned cities have more than forty five thousand people resident in each. Conclusion: the result of this research using Social Network Analysis after careful studying and analyzing the mentioned intermediate cities showed the amount of share of urban services that each of these cites use. It showed how to improve these regional cities in case there are some shortage of services there. This way each of these cities can keep their amount of population at the same number preventing population migration to the main city of Shiraz. So a balance of population takes place in that region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Analysis of effective factors on regional development in Iran
رضا لیلیان حمیدرضا رخشانی نسب رقیه رمضانزادهUnbalanced distribution of resources and economic,social services between regions has been led to special developmentplanning and create balance between regions. So this research has beendone the objective such as determine of level of provincesdevelopment, investigatin MoreUnbalanced distribution of resources and economic,social services between regions has been led to special developmentplanning and create balance between regions. So this research has beendone the objective such as determine of level of provincesdevelopment, investigating of development degree in deferent sectionsand prediction of effective factors in development of region .Method: the data has been collected from Last official census ofpopulation and housing in Iran at 1385. The method of research isDescriptive – analytic and has been used Statistical model such asFactor analysis, Multivariate regressionFindings: finding of research show that there isn’t balance betweenprovinces of Iran. south khorasan , Razavi Khorasan ,Mazandaran,Gilan ,Semnan ,Yazd ,Isfahan ,Qom,Tehran provinces are At thehighest level of development and 8 provinces such as : Chahar MahalBakhtiari , Kermanshah, Lorestan, Khuzestan, Kerman and NorthKhorasan has been located in second level and Markazi ,Bushehr,Hamadan, Fars, East Azerbaijan, Golestan, Ardabil, West Azerbaijan,Qazvin provinces has been located in third level and finally threeprovinces such as Ilam, Kurdistan and Sistan Baluchistan has locatedThe lowest level of development .Result: according to results of Multivariate regression for developingof Iran provinces should be used from Healthy, physical, cultural,educational, institutional and economic factors for provinces mentionedabove Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Design of Model for Agricultural Land Use with Emphasis on Sustainable Livelihood in Kahak County of Qom Province
seyed mojtaba monzavi seyed mehdi Mirdamadi Seyed Jamal F.Hosseini , Samad Rahimi SourehThe purpose of this research was to “Design an Optimal Pattern of Agricultural Land use in the KahakRegion of the Qom Province”. This research as far as goal is an applied research, with descriptive -survey methods to achieve the facts. Dependent variable in MoreThe purpose of this research was to “Design an Optimal Pattern of Agricultural Land use in the KahakRegion of the Qom Province”. This research as far as goal is an applied research, with descriptive -survey methods to achieve the facts. Dependent variable in this research was “pattern of agricultural lands use” and independent variables are consisted: social, economic, environmental (natural) variables and individual characteristics variables. The study population of the research included all landowner farmers of the Kahak in Qom Province. According to the statistics, the study populations are 2010 individuals. The sample numbers are determined by Cochran formula which is 322 samples in this research. The required information was collected by questionnaire and analyzed by using AMOS software and SPSS20. The design of the model based on structural equations indicated that, economic and environmental factors have positive effect on the optimal pattern of objected agricultural land use with errors around one percent. But latent variable social factors had no effect on the land use pattern. Land use pattern, the correlation coefficient between economic factors variables and environmental factors variables was 0.79 and 0.44 respectively. Also based on the results, 76% of variance differences of land optimal model were defined by social, economic and environmental factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Radius of stability in data envelopment analysis with network structure
Farshad Hosseinzadeh Lotfi -
Open Access Article
101 - Applying Network Data Envelopment Analysis to Determine a Criterion for Benchmarking in Regional Electricity Companies of Iran.
Mohammad Reza Khosravi Kambiz Shahroodi -
Open Access Article
102 - Climatic Zoning of South Khorasan Province With GIS Software
hamid reza golkar hamzee yazd mohammad rezayinezhad mojtaba tavousiClimatic classification of geographical areas from the distant past has been done. With the difference that in the past the traditional methods and GIS technology today with the advancement of modern methods are used. As well as the use of multiple climatic parameters i MoreClimatic classification of geographical areas from the distant past has been done. With the difference that in the past the traditional methods and GIS technology today with the advancement of modern methods are used. As well as the use of multiple climatic parameters in traditional methods alone would not be cardiac regions climate reality. Therefore, in recent years, researchers have tried to use the number of parameters affecting climate and more modern methods, real climate regions of the video provider. The purpose of this article the climatic regionalization of southern Khorasan Province with the method of factor analysis and cluster and Spatial Autocorrelation and more climatic elements in determining the type of weather for the area to be incorporated.To improve the results of climatic regionalization of synoptic meteorological stations facts and climatological was used. For this purpose a matrix 34 * 11 Includes 7 synoptic station and 4 climatological station. The results of this analysis showed that climate affected province of 6 factors in order of importance are, Temp (temperature), humidity of the atmosphere, windy- dust, Frost, rainy, sunny (radiation). The exercise component of about 96.5 percent of the interpretation of climatological behaviour. Cluster analysis on the factors mentioned there are 6 region of air and water in the province showed. Semi-warm and dry temperate zone, Hot and arid area, Hot and dry semi-desert area, Cold and semi-arid mountainous area, Wilderness area, Hot and dry desert area Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Analyzing the effect of sequence rainfalls on soil properties, runoff production and soil loss in soils with different stability at the small plots
علی رضا واعظی حسین بیات سعید رحمتیKnowledge of the change of soil properties in each event during sequence rainfalls is very important for recognition the critical period of that the soil would be susceptible to erosion processes is vital. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of sequence r MoreKnowledge of the change of soil properties in each event during sequence rainfalls is very important for recognition the critical period of that the soil would be susceptible to erosion processes is vital. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of sequence rainfalls on the changes of soil properties, runoff and soil loss in eighteen different soils with the same aggregate size (from 4 to 6 mm) using the simulated rainfalls. The experiments were performed at small erosion plots with 80 cm long and 60 cm wide under 9% slope steepness during seven sequence rainstorms with 80 mm h-1 in intensity for 30 min and 5-day interval. The results indicated that significant differences were among the soils in bulk density, water retention, runoff and soil loss (p< 0.001). The lowest runoff (14.4 mm) and soil loss (792 g m-2) were observed in the first rainfall event which was associated with higher percentage of water-stable aggregates and lower amount of soil moisture. In the sequential rainfalls, there was no obvious difference in soil water content, whereas bulk density was significantly increased. Significant relationships were found between soil loss and bulk density (R2= 0.58), and initial soil moisture (R2= 0.75). This study revealed that information on the changes of soil bulk density and initial soil moisture can sufficiently help to predict soil erosion during sequence rainfalls in an area. Wholly, the change of the physical soil properties plays an important role in increasing the soil’s susceptibility to erosion during sequence rainfalls. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Determination of Homogeneous Hydrological Regions for Estimating Runoff in Ungauged Catchments Using Cluster Analysis (Case Study: Ardabil Province)
Batoul Poorseifollahi Amin Kanooni Mohammadreza Nikpour javad ramezani moghadamGrouping of catchments based on their climatic factors and physiographic characteristics is a prerequisite for regional analysis of runoff and its use for estimating discharge of catchments without discharge measurement station. In this study, catchments located in Arda MoreGrouping of catchments based on their climatic factors and physiographic characteristics is a prerequisite for regional analysis of runoff and its use for estimating discharge of catchments without discharge measurement station. In this study, catchments located in Ardabil province were separated into homogeneous hydrological zones using discharge, mean annual precipitation and physiographic characteristics of catchments and hierarchical clustering method. Due to the large number of parameters, by using principal component analysis, the first four components with 83.6% of total variance were selected as inputs for cluster analysis. Then, the optimal number of clusters was determined by using hierarchical method and drawing the tree diagram, and finally the final clustering was done by K-means method. Subsequently, the sub-catchments that followed a hydrological process were identified using the Dalrymple uniformity test. The results of the uniformity test showed that by excluding stations outside the confidence limits of each cluster, catchments that were similar in terms of annual discharge and other physiographic and meteorological parameters were clustered. Therefore, the number of sub catchments located in clusters 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 8, 4, 9 and 9 catchments, respectively, which can be used in regional analysis to estimate runoff and floods in catchments without discharge measurement data. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Optimal allocation of water and lands resources in the Roudbar Alamout region using the FGFP model
Abozar Parhizkari Mohammad Mahdi mozaffari Mehran khaki Hossein Taghizade RanjbariTo protect from the risks of drought and water crisis in the future is needed that guidelines and rules for utilization of limited water resources be taken. In this context, mathematical programming models are used to help solve problems related to water resources manag MoreTo protect from the risks of drought and water crisis in the future is needed that guidelines and rules for utilization of limited water resources be taken. In this context, mathematical programming models are used to help solve problems related to water resources management widely. In the present study in order to proper exploitation of groundwater and surface water resources and the optimal allocation of these resources in agriculture sector and also to determination an optimal cropping pattern that conducive to achieve the maximum possible profit for farmers of Roudbar Alamout region, from Fuzzy Goal Fractional Programing (FGFP)model and statistical data related to year 2010-2011 were used. The proposed model was solved in GAMS software version 23/9. The results showed that utilization optimal cropping pattern and optimal allocation of existing water resources in case study region in addition to reducing water used in farms level, the product cost in per hectare of lands reduced, the utilized labor force increased and efficiency indicators "profit ratio to water used" increased about 13 percent. In the end, according to obtained results planning and modeling from bottom to up for development agricultural sector of Qazvin province was proposed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Determination of Ecoregions of Iran’s Southern Coasts as a Basis to Determine Coastal-Marine Protected Areas Using GIS System
Bahareh Samadi Kuchaksaraei Seyed Mohammadreza Fatemi Afshin Danehkar Seyed Ali Jozi Ehsan Ramezani FardBackground and Objective: In recent years, there is an increasing attention to homogenous representative areas to develop a network of coastal-marine protected areas. One of the current common systems is an ecoregion approach. The aim of this study was to determine ecor MoreBackground and Objective: In recent years, there is an increasing attention to homogenous representative areas to develop a network of coastal-marine protected areas. One of the current common systems is an ecoregion approach. The aim of this study was to determine ecoregions of southern coasts of Iran as a basis and prerequisite to develop coastal-marine protected areas according to global new procedures. Materials and methods: A survey to recognize the ecoregions of southern coastlines of Iran in Persian Gulf, strait of Hormoz and Oman Sea was done according to international valid and common criteria. Criteria used in this study were determined in the field of biogeography according to the related literatures in this field, and three criteria of surface sea temperature, depth and surface currents were set as the base criteria. The maps of determined criteria were overlapped with the help of ArcGIS. After that, identified areas were controlled with country divisions, and then final boundaries and limitations of southern coast’s ecoregions were separated. Results: Results showed that, in Iran’s southern coast, five ecoregions can be recognized. Discussion: This classification, which is the first one in Iran, can be a basis and a step to select coastal-marine protected areas and a model for ecological surveys. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Studing the Role of Education in Raising the Ecological Literacy of the Rural Community (Case Study: Aftabdar Village in Qazvin Alamut Region)
hossein medi Atefeh khani alamoutiBackground and Objective: By reviewing human activities during last decades, it seems that inappropriate human activities and changes in the environment caused immense ecological problems and sometimes it is irreparable. Ecosystems in the nature are so various and destr MoreBackground and Objective: By reviewing human activities during last decades, it seems that inappropriate human activities and changes in the environment caused immense ecological problems and sometimes it is irreparable. Ecosystems in the nature are so various and destruction of one gradually destroys the entire ecosystem and thus will disturb the ecology of the area. The result of this article is: Understanding Mechanisms and Construction Method in Mountainous Regions and Ecosystems, The training of environmental and animal sensitivities, attractiveness and attraction (rivers, lands, soils, etc.) and the energy available in the region to people, gardeners, agricultural technicians, etc., using new and appropriate methods instead of past Old and obsolete methods & The need to remind and show the damage that has been inflicted by people outside the area to the targeted area. Since there have been a few numbers of ecological studies in Qazvin, and even in Iran, and because of diverse animal and plant species and natural, lack of biological resources and abundant internal energy region of Alamout, recognition the species and finally to educate the results of the investigation to people are required. Method: Our research method is survey and the analysis of research hypotheses test is done by using the deductive method and SPSS software. Findings: Due to these requirements, the study is based on interviews with experts from the Department of Environment, Agriculture, Agricultural Research Center of Qazvin _ and several professors of Imam Khomeini International University and a group of experts and CEOs of cooperatives and even people in order to analyze the importance of Ecological education. Discussion and Conclusion: In the following sections, with review these statistics and the results achievement Descriptive and analytical analysis (Independent T-test and Levin, Cronbach's alpha, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Friedman test), in SPSS software it can be concluded that education is one of the key factors in the promotion of ecological knowledge In the rural community. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Species Diversity in Tree Strata and Its Relation to Some Features of Beech Stand in Hyrcanian Forests (Case study: Savadkooh,Mazandaran)
Kambiz Abrari VajariBackground and Objective: Tree species composition is a major feature of forest ecosystems and understanding the major factors that clarify patterns of diversity is an important objective for ecologists. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between MoreBackground and Objective: Tree species composition is a major feature of forest ecosystems and understanding the major factors that clarify patterns of diversity is an important objective for ecologists. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between species diversity in tree layer and some features of beech stand in savadkooh forest. Method: Field data from 24 circular 400 m2 sample plots in the inventory grid of 100 m × 150 m were used in beech stand. For characterizing tree-layer diversity, tree-layer species richness (SR), Shannon–Wiener diversity index and Hill's evenness index were used. Herb-layer species richness (herb-layer SR) was estimated in each plot. Diameter (DBH) and height, also crown diameter in beech trees were measured per sample plot. In addition, litter and humus layer thickness were measured at center and cardinal points of sampling points. Findings: Result showed a total of 7 tree species were recognized in 24 plots. Totally, 23 herbaceous plants belonging to 21 families were found distributing in different plots within forest which higher life form was presented by Hemicryptophytes. There was a significant difference between dominant and co-dominant layers regarding to tree species richness (SR) and Shanon-weaver diversity index (p < 0.01), and higher mean values belonged to the dominant layer. The herb-layer richness correlated significantly with litter thickness, whereas there was no correlation between other factors. SR of tree layer was negatively and significantly correlated with DBH and Height of beech trees and Shanon’s diversity and Hill’s evenness indices of tree layer were negatively correlated with beech frequency. Discussion: In general, it can be stated that the highest indicators of richness and tree diversity are observed in the upper floors of the target population, which can be due to competition, the nature of the tree species. It is recommended in forestry operations, the diversity of tree species in different floor to be considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Designing Strategies of Tourism Development Using SWOT-ANP Technique (Case Study: Historical Context of Tehran Metropolis)
Narges Ahmadifard Rasol DarabkhaniBackground and Objective: The tourism approach for presenting historical texts, in addition to responding to the needs of the people and everyday life, has a significant bearing on the identity of the historical context. By improving and developing the special historica MoreBackground and Objective: The tourism approach for presenting historical texts, in addition to responding to the needs of the people and everyday life, has a significant bearing on the identity of the historical context. By improving and developing the special historical features and cultural attractions of the place and promoting urban tourism, can help to the social and physical reconstruction of historical texts and finally, it can return the dynamics and civic life to these textures and create a perspective of the city that is results the interaction between time, culture, society and the physical, in order to provide simultaneous protection and development of the tissue. With regarding this, the present study seeks to identify the power of the region and formulate a Strategic Plan of Development with using a set of internal factors and a set of external factors. Method: The research method is descriptive and analytical. The method of data collection is through the design and completion of questionnaires. Analysis does with SWOT and ANP hybrid model in Super Decision software. Findings: The result of the research showed that from among the strategies reviewed, the following three strategies were prioritized: Integrated strategy and coordination of management decisions related to the development of regional tourism from the competitive strategies of the region and the strategy of raising awareness and training of human resource specialist and tourism related expert from strategies for defensive strategy and finally, the strategy to prioritize the area in the plans of the Municipality Planning Council as effective strategy in the competitive strategy are selected. Discussion and Conclusions: The result of this study show that with coordinating management decisions, budget allocations, education and Knowledge of expert human resources in tourism along with prioritizing the area in the plans of the municipal council planning in designing tourism development programs by authorities create strategic development in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Evaluation of Ardebil Iranian-Islamic City Resilience and its Five Regions Ranking by Using KOPRAS Model
Karmat Allah Ziari asghar pashazadeh Mohammad Hasan YazdaniBackground and Objective: Today, urban resilience is one of the most important new issues in urban management and planning. Islamic cities are no exception to this rule according to the principles of Islam and Islamic jurisprudence, and their resilience in human dimensi MoreBackground and Objective: Today, urban resilience is one of the most important new issues in urban management and planning. Islamic cities are no exception to this rule according to the principles of Islam and Islamic jurisprudence, and their resilience in human dimensions, especially for the sake of familiarity with religious teachings, should have a special appearance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the resilience of the Iranian-Islamic city of Ardabil and the ranking of its urban areas. Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts working in the five municipalities of Ardabil, which was selected by snowball sampling method and 50 of them were purposefully selected and the research questionnaire was completed and to analyze the data from software ArcGIS, SPSS, Excel and KOPRAS multivariate decision making software are used. Results: The resilience rate of Ardabil city is 4.66, which shows the average. Also, the ranking of the five regions of Ardabil city based on the Coopras model has been regions two, three, one, five and four, respectively. In terms of leveling in the cluster analysis method, region two was at the level of moderate productivity and the rest of the regions were at the level of low productivity. Finally, Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is an inverse relationship between the spiritual dimension and other dimensions of resilience. Discussion & Conclusion: The result is that physically, newly constructed and planned areas are more resilient, while in the human and spiritual dimensions, old areas and worn-out areas are inhabited by indigenous peoples who believe in religious teachings., are more resilient. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Investigation and Preparation of Desertification Map Based on Iranian Model of Desertification Potential (IMDPA) with an emphasis on two criteria of soil and vegetation (Case study: Faryab-Kerman Province)
Ehsan Kamali Maskooni Mohammad Amin Kamali Ali KhanamaniBackground and Objective: According to the concept of desertification, which is land degradation in dry areas, the semi-arid, and dry sub-humid due to many factors such as climate change and human activities, this phenomenon has long been known as a serious problem in t MoreBackground and Objective: According to the concept of desertification, which is land degradation in dry areas, the semi-arid, and dry sub-humid due to many factors such as climate change and human activities, this phenomenon has long been known as a serious problem in terms of economic, social, and environmental in many countries. The purpose of this study was to study the desertification of Faryab city in southern Kerman province using Iranian IMDPA method. Method:The aim of this study was assessed desertification potential of Faryab region in the arid region of south of Kerman province by using the Iranian model of desertification potential assessment (IMDPA) on soil and vegetation cover indicators.Each criterion was assessed based on the selected indices which result in qualitative mapping of each criterion cased on geometric average of the indices. Thematic databases, with a scale of 1:50000 were integrated and elaborated in Arc GIS 9.3. By laminate of thematic databases layers and using this formula DM=(VQI×SQI)1/2 to Calculate the geometric mean Criteria. Then Desertification intensity map was obtained with analysis IMDPA Model. Findings: Results indicated that 14.53% of study area classified as low class, 33.69% is classified as moderate class and 51.78% of area classified as a severe class of desertification. Analysis of desertification criteria in Faryab region showed that among study criteria, regeneration of vegetation of vegetation cover is a major problem with a geometric average of 3.82. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of this research, which indicates the importance of vegetation in desertification, it is suggested that a deeper investigation of the appropriate methods of remediation and improvement of the rangelands of the region be undertaken by the Natural Resources Department. In the case of lack of attention from the authorities, about 50% of other (medium and low desertification classes) will be subject to severe destruction, which will lead to damage to other elements of the ecosystem, including wildlife, and so on. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Assessment of land sensitivity to determine areas dust sources (Case study: Alborz province)
katayoon hojati Zahra Abedi behzad raigani mustafa panahiBackground and Objective: The vastness of arid areas and the abundance of dust storms in the country have made the accurate identification of dust production centers always one of the main goals of research in the field of dust. The primary objective of this study is du MoreBackground and Objective: The vastness of arid areas and the abundance of dust storms in the country have made the accurate identification of dust production centers always one of the main goals of research in the field of dust. The primary objective of this study is dust storm source identification in Alborz ProvinceMaterial and Methodology: In this study, the Index of Land Susceptibility to Wind Erosion (ILSWE) was used to locate dust sources. The ILSWE was created by combining five influential wind erosion factors including climatic erosivity, soil erodibility, soil crust, vegetation cover & surface roughness. Temperature, precipitation, wind speed, sand percentage, silt, clay, calcium carbonate, EVI and land use maps were used to calculate these factors. After calculating each of the factors, by multiplying them together, the ILSWE index was calculated. Finally, by classifying this index in Arc GIS software, sensitive areas were identified.Findings: The final map of ILSWE index showed that in general, the southern regions of Alborz province are more sensitive to wind erosion than other regions. The ILSWE classification map showed that 34.5% of the studied area falls within the very low class, 26.8% in the low class, 18.3% in the medium class, 12.6% in the high class and 7.8% in very high sensitivity to wind erosion class. Very high sensitivity class was considered as dust sources, which is mainly located in the southern parts of Alborz province. Most sources of dust are barren lands.Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of this study, barren lands have an important role in dust production in Alborz province; therefore soil stabilization operations in these areas are necessary to reduce dust. In general, the results of this study showed that the ILSWE index is a suitable regional model for determining susceptible areas and centers of dust production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Analysis of the Physical-Spatial Resilience Pattern Affected by Environmental Hazards in Tehran Metropolis (Case study: Comparative Analysis between of Regions 2 and 12)
Karim Hosainzadeh dalir elahe bigdeli Bakhtyar EzatpanahBackground and Objective: In Academic literature has recently emphasized that why urban resilience is different from urban sustainability. Urban policymakers, on the other hand, use the terms almost interchangeably. In this study by analyzing the pattern of physical-spa MoreBackground and Objective: In Academic literature has recently emphasized that why urban resilience is different from urban sustainability. Urban policymakers, on the other hand, use the terms almost interchangeably. In this study by analyzing the pattern of physical-spatial resilience; Factors affecting environmental hazards such as earthquakes, subsidence, etc. are studied in areas 2 and 12 of Tehran. Material and Methodology: This study is an applied research that has been done with case-analysis method and quantitative approach. Due to the nature of the data is descriptive. To achieve the objectives of research and analysis of physical-spatial resilience pattern affected by environmental hazards in Tehran metropolis including subsidence and earthquake, the dimensions studied in 13 indicators including base price (square meters), material, construction year, building age, building skeleton, number of floors , Degree of concentration or dispersion of residential land use, grain size, permeability, total area of uses (green and open space) and area of residential land use in spatial and physical part) and (degree of concentration or dispersion of population, residential clusters and open and green spaces for population based The majority of residents in the neighborhoods were extracted for the geographical direction of population distribution in the social sector (based on land use studies of the current situation). To evaluate and analyze spatial and social patterns, the colonial competition algorithm in Matlab a2019 software environment and to spatialize the studied indicators, the method (Tracking Analyst Tools) in the network analysis process (Network Analyst Tools) in ArcGIS software environment has been used. Findings: Due to the location of District 12 in the historical context and the concentration and density of the population in the focal axes with regional performance, it shows more vulnerability. In relation to the criteria of population density, granulation as well as the skeletal condition of buildings; Overall, Zone 2 shows a better situation. Although the population density in both zones is the same despite the larger population and size of Zone 2, it shows lower resilience due to the flood of floating population visiting and living in Zone 12. Discussion and Conclusion: Due to the erosion of buildings and low space permeability, the pattern of spatial distribution of the population and the factors affecting the physical-spatial ruptures in Zones 2 and 12, the results show that the pattern of distribution and fracture rupture in neighborhoods are different in Zone 12. Indicates a more unstable situation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - The Choice of Location of Underground Dams Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods TOPSIS and GIS in the Eastern Part of the Watershed of Gorganroud
Mohammad Reza Dahmardeh Ghaleno Ghasem Mirzaei Ehsan AlvandiBackground and Objective: Groundwater dams are structures that have the ability to block subcortical water, retain water in local aquifers or divert water to adjacent aquifers, raise groundwater levels, store and make available groundwater. Taking into account the envir MoreBackground and Objective: Groundwater dams are structures that have the ability to block subcortical water, retain water in local aquifers or divert water to adjacent aquifers, raise groundwater levels, store and make available groundwater. Taking into account the environmental and socio-economic benefits of underground dams, proper location is the first step in the construction of these dams. New and innovative methods for correct location reduce the risks associated with improper location and construction of underground dams. For this purpose, in this research, through the use of multi-criteria decision-making methods along with the high capabilities of ArcGIS software, suitable location of underground dams in the eastern part of Gorganrood watershed in Golestan province has been done. Method: Criteria were considered including slope, drainage, geology, topography, land use, fault, soil texture, and positions of village. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to weighting the criteria. Then the TOPSIS technique is used to integrate criteria maps and locating underground dams. Findings: A consistency rate of 0.03, showed a relatively high accuracy of weighting process. Considering the normal weights, slope and positions of village were found to be the most and the least effective criteria, respectively. The results showed that the study area is classified into four categories for constructing underground dams: very suitable, suitable, partly suitable and unsuitable. The unsuitable category has the highest percentage of the surface area (76.7 percent) and the very suitable category has the lowest percentage of the surface area (2.1 percent). Discussion and Conclusion: In conclusion, with considering high capacities of multiple-criteria decision-making methods and GIS in locating underground dams, as expert opinions are more accurate and data are newer and it is more possible to get better results from these techniques and tools. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - The Effect of Humic Acid Concentration on Alkalinity and Soil Elements Release, Germination and Growth Index in Lawn
jasem toamehzadeh Ali Gholami Mehdi Nourzade hadad akbar hassani kamran mohsenifarBackground and Objectives: Development of sustainable land scape requires the identification of appropriate strategies. In this research, humic acid is used as an alkalinity reducer and increasing nutrient availability in the soil and improving lawn growth. Materials an MoreBackground and Objectives: Development of sustainable land scape requires the identification of appropriate strategies. In this research, humic acid is used as an alkalinity reducer and increasing nutrient availability in the soil and improving lawn growth. Materials and Methods: The study run as completely randomized block design (CRBD) with 30 plot for cold region and tropical lawn with five concentrations of humic acid (0, 3, 6, 9 and 15mg /liter) with three replicates for each concentration at a ten day intervals. Then, physical and chemical properties (nutrients, salinity and alkalinity of soil in these plots were investigated. Findings: Results showed that with increased application of humic acid, the release of nutrients such as N,P,K, Ca, Mn, S, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mg, B and Mo increase in soil. Spearman correlation coefficient between two variables of acid concentration and nutrients content was 0.949. Given that this value is positive, it can therefore be said that these two variables have a direct relationship with each other. The results of studying lawn seed germination percentage in petri dish with five concentrations indicated that germination percentage decreased with increasing humic acid concentration. In this research, lawn root and length and weight of stem increased with increasing humic acid concentration. Discussion and Conclusion: Application of humic acid reduces the alkalinity and release nutrients in the soil and improves the condition of lawn in terms of nutrient uptake, growth rate, vegetation and resistance to environmental conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Investigation of Legal Guarantees and Legal Requirements for Combating Long-Range and Trans-Boundary Pollution (In the Middle East Countries in the Form of Regional Understanding)
elham hedarzadeh ahmad varvaei Mansour Pournouri naser ghasemiIn this article, an attempt has been made to review the measures in question in the Middle East, citing the international custom in the field of requirements and responsibilities in order to control dust.In this article, the legal requirements and regulations in the fie MoreIn this article, an attempt has been made to review the measures in question in the Middle East, citing the international custom in the field of requirements and responsibilities in order to control dust.In this article, the legal requirements and regulations in the field of long-term and transboundary pollution (such as the precautionary principle and similar principles) are studied, along with examples of internationally accepted commitments and memoranda, and considering the problems in the Eastern region. And the requirements of the commitments and memoranda of understanding approved in this region have been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manner with a comparative approach. In the end, according to the environmental situation of the region, the author makes some suggestions in the field of quantities and shortcomings in the commitments and memorandums of the region.Certainly, formulating the principles of a regional convention to prevent and curb the dust phenomenon, using the successful experience of Southeast Asian countries, is not only functionally important, but also legally helpful for critical situations. Utilizing contractual obligations in drafting regional conventions to deal with the phenomenon of particulate matter will be more efficient and enforceable than conventional obligations. The need to adopt judicial, legal and executive measures at the regional level; Including the implementation of policies prohibiting the change of use of forest, wetland and river lands; And the draft executive plan for multilateral cooperation between the countries of the region to deal with dust is one of the proposed measures.Despite the efforts of international environmental organizations; The results of this study show that without a regional convention to control particulate matter and other environmental crises, it will not be possible to solve the problem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Investigating Lay Outing Criteria of urban catalyst projects in Historical Areas (Case study: Region 12 of Tehran)
Ilnaz Fathololoomi khashayar kashani JouBackground and Objective: Improper development of city, changes in socio-economic structure, mismatch of adjacent areas and inattention of urban management to historical areas on one hand and the opportunity for proper development and investment around the city on the o MoreBackground and Objective: Improper development of city, changes in socio-economic structure, mismatch of adjacent areas and inattention of urban management to historical areas on one hand and the opportunity for proper development and investment around the city on the other hand, have led to declining quality of life in historical neighborhoods and excluding from urban development process. Versus, returning to infill development principle and revitalization of lost urban spaces by creating attractiveness in historical contexts could be a stimulus for development of these areas. In this regard, implementation of urban catalyst projects in urban historical contexts is inevitable. This applied research seeks to explain and prioritize lay outing criteria of urban catalyst project in historical contexts. For this purpose, historical context of region 12 of Tehran despite of its valuable historical potential was selected in the center of old city of Tehran.Material and Methodology: This research is descriptive-analytical and uses Fuzzy Network Analysis (FANP) method to prioritize criteria. Thus, after studying the theoretical fundamental of research by documentary-library method, appropriate criteria for lay outing urban catalyst project were weighted by factor analysis method and entered in the Super Decisions software for evaluation.Findings: findings show that pedestrian priority, job creation and capital attraction are the most important criterion among the criteria for lay outing urban catalyst projects in the historical context of region 12 of Tehran. Also, the least importance was given to improving public transportation, reviving cultural and historical heritage and environmental quality criteria.Discussion and Conclusion: It could be concluded that facilitating pedestrian movement and creating employment play a significant role in lay outing urban catalyst project in historical context. Unlike popular belief that revitalization of cultural and historical heritage is the most important factor in stimulating the historical area, this criterion was ranked among the least important criteria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - Integrating of Fuzzy Spatial Multi Criteria Evaluation and Fuzzy Analytic Network Process for Urban Parks sitting (Case study: region 8, Tehran municipality)
Yasser Moarab Saeed karimi Negar Foroughi Vahid NikzadBackground and Purpose: The Importance of urban green space is undeniable in the sustainability of cities and their physical, natural and social effects in urban systems. For this reason, existence of urban green spaces in cities and a suitable distribution of them is o MoreBackground and Purpose: The Importance of urban green space is undeniable in the sustainability of cities and their physical, natural and social effects in urban systems. For this reason, existence of urban green spaces in cities and a suitable distribution of them is one of the important issues in urban planning and management. The overall goal of this research is to determine the importance of affecting factors in site selection of parks and urban green spaces and also a suitable site selection of parks and urban green spaces in the study area. Methods: This research is an analytic descriptive research. At first by using library and literature review and Delphi approach effective parameters in site selection of parks and urban green spaces were extracted and then, in FANP method pairwise comparison performed with relevant experts to determine significance and weighted of criteria. Then, data layers standardized in IDRISI software and were prepared in the form of Fuzzy. And finally prepared Fuzzy maps overlaid in GIS software by considering their weights to identify suitable locations for the construction of parks and urban green spaces in region 8 of Tehran municipality. Findings: In this study distance from parameters of (Land use, Accessibility, population, Favorable centers and Ufavorable centers) are used to determine a park and green space site selection of region 8 of Tehran municipality. Each layers map prepared by using GIS and layer standardization in IDRISI software. Then for weighting and combining layers fuzzy analytic network process (FANP) and GIS is used. Conclusion: Five operators of (Gumma, And, Or, Sum, Product) are applied to obtain final maps. Finally, fuzzy sum operator identified as a proper operator in park and green space site selection of region 8 of Tehran municipality. Five classes of very good, good, average, weak and very weak were considered for the final map of this operator. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - Estimating the Outdoor Recreation Carrying Capacity in Berenjegan Forest, Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiary Province
Maryam Eskandari Shahraki Kyumars Mohammadi Sammani Beytollah Mahmoudi Ayoub Moradi Background and Objective: Tourism is a process with different forms for providing human recreation needs. The increasing critical pressure on urban and near urban regions can be the reason for this statement. In such condition, providing a master schedule at the More Background and Objective: Tourism is a process with different forms for providing human recreation needs. The increasing critical pressure on urban and near urban regions can be the reason for this statement. In such condition, providing a master schedule at the national scale for each special regional condition is vital. Thus, natural resources conservation to ensure the sustainable development and to provide optimal quality for tourism services would be possible by paying attention to the carrying capacity. The aim of this study was to determine the carrying capacity of Berenjegan forest region in Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiari province. Method: The instructions provided by the International Union for conservation of nature have been used to determine the carrying capacity of the study area. The appropriate sites with the capacity of concentrated tourist attraction were pidentified to determine the physical carrying capacity. Then real carrying capacity in the concentrated recreation site was specified by determining the restricted factors in the region, as well as considering the related effect on the physical carrying capacity. Finding: Results of this study showed that the area of suitable site for tourists reception in Berenjegan forest region was 6.1 ha from 480 ha. Real value of the physical carrying capacity was calculated. The physical carrying capacity was 10457 individuals per day, 3816856 per year, while the real carrying capacity was 911individuals per day and 112053 per year. Discussion and Conclusion: Real carrying capacity was less than the physical carrying capacity so that the number of limiting factors in the region could affect the real carrying capacity directly and it was decreased with the increase of limiting factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Evaluation of Karaj Solid Waste Landfill with Regional and Local Screening Method
ُSeyed Masoud monavari Ghasemali Omrani Fatemeh AliowsatiIn regarding to the adverse impacts of solid waste landfilling in improper places, selection of propersites according to the criteria and rules has great importance.In this study Karaj solid waste landfill is evaluated with regional and local screening method. Forevalua MoreIn regarding to the adverse impacts of solid waste landfilling in improper places, selection of propersites according to the criteria and rules has great importance.In this study Karaj solid waste landfill is evaluated with regional and local screening method. Forevaluating this site in regional scale 22 km radius from the center of Karaj city was selected. Thenregional criteria including distance from surface water, distance from residential centers, water grounddepth, geology, etc were studied with producing different layers in geographical information system.In order to inspect these criteria in regional studies; maps were produced from related organizationsand centers. After production of basic maps in order to product the final suitability map in regionalscale according to the pattern, layers were reclassified with three proper, average and improper class.In the end, final reclassified map was produced. According to this map the mensuration of impropersites is 142915/8 hectare, the mensuration of average sites is 5089/3 hectare and the mensuration ofimproper sites is 4046/9 hectare and also the landfill suitability is evaluated as improper.For evaluating needed land for studied solid waste landfill, factors like population growth rate, theamount of yearly solid waste, shape and height of the landfill were studied and the mensuration of thesite was evaluated as improper.Then the landfill was studied in local scale and the criteria like soil depth, natural land cover of thesite and landscape of the site, etc were studied with weight and point method and its suitability wasevaluated as average Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Soil Pollution to Some Heavy Metals and Their Relation with Soil Properties in Sareskand, East Azarbayjan
Ramin Salmasi Hamidreza PyrowanBackground and Objectives: Analyses of surface and groundwater samples in Sareskand region in east Azarbayjan showed some heavy metal concentrations several time higher than standard ones.Due to irrigation of the agricultural lands with these waters, heavy metal polluti MoreBackground and Objectives: Analyses of surface and groundwater samples in Sareskand region in east Azarbayjan showed some heavy metal concentrations several time higher than standard ones.Due to irrigation of the agricultural lands with these waters, heavy metal pollution of the soils and relationship between pollutant concentrations and the soil properties were goals of this research.Method: Particle size distribution, EC, CEC, pH, OC, and Al, As, Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Sn, Va, and Zn analyses of 21 soil samples were done. SPSS software were used to correlation coefficients between the metal concentrations and the soil properties to cluster analysis.Findings: Mean concentrations of Al, As, Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Sn, Va, and Zn of the soil samples were 67190.48, 127.95, 487.24, 1.80, 20.52, 85.05, 49.19, 40523.81, 726.67, 60.00, 34.81, 5.76, 116.38, and 110.52 mg/Kg soil respectively. Ba, Co, Fe, Sb, and Ni showed negative correlation with soil EC. Cobalt, Cr, and Ni high positive and Zn negative correlation with CEC were shown. Aluminum negative and Cu had positive correlation with organic carbon.Discussion and Conclusion: The high Al concentrations showed abundant aluminosilicates in the soils. Existence of Fe and Mn mines in around of the region, emphasis high concentrations of theses two metals. Negative correlations between clay and OC of the soil samples with some metals related to heterogeneity of soil samples. Other researches are necessary to determine geologic and anthropogenic sources of these metals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Investigating the potential of urban runoff by zoning using SCS-CN Method (Case study: Region 2 of Tehran Municipality)
Fatemeh Adeli Sardoo Shahrzad Faryadi Esmaeel Salehi Manizhe Ghahroodi TaliBackground and Objective: Urban development reduces the permeability and increases surface runoff. The Increased runoff has encountered urban areas with many threats on the one hand and provided an opportunity on the other hand and both necessitate the management of r MoreBackground and Objective: Urban development reduces the permeability and increases surface runoff. The Increased runoff has encountered urban areas with many threats on the one hand and provided an opportunity on the other hand and both necessitate the management of runoff in urban areas. Zoning of rainfall and runoff are undeniable because of the major land uses in Region 2 of Tehran city which includs residential land uses, highways, and green space respectively for various return periods in order to identify those areas with high potential for surface runoff to achieve management goals. Method: The method employed in this study is SCS-CN in GIS software based on Maximum 24-hour rainfall data for a time period of 14 years collected from Rain-gauge stations around Region 2 of Tehran. Findings: The findings are determination of a common statistical period between stations used, homogeneity test, adequacy, reconstruction of incomplete data to calculate the return periods of 100, 50, 25 and 5 years to conduct zoning for the maximum 24-hour rainfall, and also construction of curve number layer based on the type of land use, effective coefficient, penetration and retention of surface using relations in the model to conduct runoff zoning in various return periods. Conclusion: The results show that the highest potential for generation of runoff is related to residential and highway land uses in eastern part, and the lowest potential is related to slopped parts in the central and north districts with green space land use that should be put under management priority. This indicates the importance of land-use in creating the potential of runoff, so that this importance makes the prominent factor of slope totally ineffective. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Construction of sustainable environment and landscape on the borderline- parks of Yazd province
Ali Rezaei Hassan ali Laghaei Hossein Bari Abarghouei Alireza Mekaeili TabriziAimes and Objectives: This study introduces the parameters and methods of the construction of open joy lands in Yazd Province. Methods: During the present project، for the identification of the climatic factors and their impact on the people in open places، the basic p MoreAimes and Objectives: This study introduces the parameters and methods of the construction of open joy lands in Yazd Province. Methods: During the present project، for the identification of the climatic factors and their impact on the people in open places، the basic pattern of the project was constructed and the effect and decrease of these climatic factors was noted. Results: The data of the functioning of open joy lands and their relation with the green areas was estimated according to the viewpoints of the Yazdian citizens. The results have shown that the covered joy lands have a great impact on the climatic changes and the people and the presence of water in such areas is of great interest for the people (40% of the views). The areas of interest of the people were abundance of water، shady trees، and sloppy regions of the northern mountains. The other thing of interest for the yazdian citizens was the presence of classical pathways covered with stone tiles or bricks، connected with the green land area (for the least absorption of sun rays). Another parameter was the miniaturization or creation of a natural climate via the growth of different plants to minimize the sun rays absorption. Conclusion: The present results show that open joy lands should be constructed in such a way that they should have green areas and artificial sloppy regions، like those of northern areas، with different kinds of shady trees using different techniques of sowing to create a miniaturized climate Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - The Analysis of Urban Neighborhoods Sustainability by Using of Multi-criteria Decision-making Methods (Case Study: 6th Region Neighborhoods of Tehran)
Ali Shamaie Farzaneh Sasanpour Servat-o-allah MoradieBackground and Objective: The main objective of this research was been an analyzing neighborhood sustainability in 6th region of Tehran city which could be a base for reaching to urban sustainable development. So doing, we focused on the 28 indicators to analyzing of su MoreBackground and Objective: The main objective of this research was been an analyzing neighborhood sustainability in 6th region of Tehran city which could be a base for reaching to urban sustainable development. So doing, we focused on the 28 indicators to analyzing of sustainability in environmental, economic, social and physical dimensions, and neighborhoods ranking in Tehran city. Method: Research method is descriptive-analytical. Data and information has examined by Multi-criteria AHP, VIKOR and Coefficient of Variation. Indicators were weighted by AHP, then, were ranked by VIKO Multi-criteria decision- making model. Also, inequity indicators have analyzed by Coefficient of Variation model. Mixed indicators of neighborhoods have determined by regression analysis and social, economic, environmental and physical criteria. Findings: Statistical tests have showed that there was a significance correlation between environmental and physical indicator with mix indicator of neighborhoods sustainability. Findings got from regression analysis have showed that environmental indicator were most significant level for forecasting neighborhoods sustainability in 6th region. Coefficient of Variation indicated that most inequity have been with 18 neighborhoods base on our index in this research and that have been related with environmental indicator. Discussion and Conclusions: This research has showed that Saee and Arzhantin by getting 0.00 have been most sustainable and Fatemi by getting 1.00 has been most unsustainable. So, this is important to neighborhood development planning focuses on municipality's policy for 6 region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - The study of microbial pollution in ground water resources in Islamshar region
Amir Hesam i Hasan Mohammad Reza Khani Mojtaba Sayyadi Valiollah Ghadami Hamid Reza KhastooIslamshahr is located 30 km away from the capital. Over the past decades, it has grown quickly, but irregularly; a growth which has led to the pollution of ground water at which those living in the region have protested. No doubt, it is their right to have access to pur MoreIslamshahr is located 30 km away from the capital. Over the past decades, it has grown quickly, but irregularly; a growth which has led to the pollution of ground water at which those living in the region have protested. No doubt, it is their right to have access to pure healthy water. Since the only source of drinking water provision for the villages of Islamshahr is ground water resources (i.e., wells), it is obviously important to study the quality of the water of these wells. In this research, which extended for 14 months from December 2005 to January 2006, the quality of drinking water of the region from the microbial point of view was determined twice through sampling and bacterial tests on the water of 14 wells situated in the residential areas of villages. Coliform pollution is reported in Nezamabad, Raziabad, Rrahimabad-shokrabad, Islamabad and Jafarabad Jangal villages. The excremental coliform pollution is not seen in the area except for one case in Islamabad village. As microbial pollution exists in some wells and as the only source of drinking water in Islamshahr is ground water, it is necessary to always pay attention to the quality of drinking water in this area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Recognition of industrial wastes production sources and recycling procedures in Caspian region
Mohammad Ali Abduli Tooraj Nasrabadi Ehsn Taheri Gholamali HoshyaripourIn the Caspian region (Mazandaran and Guilan Provinces), there are 176 industrial units, each with a work force of more than 10 persons. One hundred and fifteen of these units are located in Guilan and the others in Mazandaran. The basic industries located in this regio MoreIn the Caspian region (Mazandaran and Guilan Provinces), there are 176 industrial units, each with a work force of more than 10 persons. One hundred and fifteen of these units are located in Guilan and the others in Mazandaran. The basic industries located in this region are textile, cellulose and metal industries. Unlike the solid wastes produced in cities, industrial wastes are generated separately, in large quantities and in a limited number of locations. As a result, recycling such wastes could be carried out more easily and with a higher efficiency. Major industrial waste generators of the region are located around the cities of Rasht, Lahijan, Sari, Bandar Anzali, Babol, Amol and Behshahr. At present, part of the wastes is recycled in some industries; bone powder, yeast powder, low quality paper and cardboard are produced from the wastes of slaughter houses, alcohol production factories, and food and cellulose industries, respectively. In this study, the present status of the generating and recycling industrial wastes in the region is evaluated, and practical suggestions as well as appropriate alternatives are offered. The suggestions mostly emphasize modern recycling technologies. In Caspian region, 32.7 tons of industrial wastes are produced daily. Food industry, textile industry, wooden products industry, paper and cardboard, equipment and machinery are the main waste generators in this region. Regarding the types of wastes and the capacity of the Caspian region, the production of OROPON powder, mushrooms, fruit essence and acids, and pure cellulose (α cellulose) is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - An Investigation of methods to reduce transaction costs in Tehran Stock Exchange
Romina Atrchi Shahin RamtinniaAmong 37 methods to reduce transaction costs introduced by Cha (2007), we recursively choose the best method for next period's investment in each of three portfolio strategies: Mean-Variance Optimization, Mean-CVaR Optimization, and the equally-weighted market. We ident MoreAmong 37 methods to reduce transaction costs introduced by Cha (2007), we recursively choose the best method for next period's investment in each of three portfolio strategies: Mean-Variance Optimization, Mean-CVaR Optimization, and the equally-weighted market. We identify a few of the best methods and offer a framework by which additional methods can be considered. Within our framework, the best methods recapture a substantial amount of wealth and significantly improve risk-adjusted performance, both economically and statistically. We used prices and returns of the 10 most active firms of Tehran Stock Exchange market, from 1391 to 1394 on a monthly basis in this research. The transactions costs reduction methods will be applied on them and the best methods will be identified. Also, a framework will be offered for comparison and investigation of new methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - Survey the Effects of Micro Finance Credits Fund on the Rural Women’s Managerial Empowerment (Case Study: Alamout Region)
Mohammad Mahdi Mozaffari Mohammad Sadegh ZiaeeThe main objective of this study was to survey the effects of micro finance credits fund on the rural women’s managerial empowerment in the Alamout region. The present study in terms of purpose is applied and in terms of data analysis is descriptive- correlational MoreThe main objective of this study was to survey the effects of micro finance credits fund on the rural women’s managerial empowerment in the Alamout region. The present study in terms of purpose is applied and in terms of data analysis is descriptive- correlational. The statistical population consists of rural women member of micro finance credits fund in the Alamout region (83 members) that 68 members of them were selected as the sample size using simple random sampling method and Cochran formula. Questionnaire validity using panel of experts and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient were determined. This coefficient for questionnaire was estimated 0.82 which shows its reliability. In order to study causal relationships between affecting variables on rural women’s managerial empowerment members of micro finance credits fund from Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients and Kruskal- Wallis, Mann- Whitney and Multiple Regression tests were used.The results of Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there is a significant difference in the level of one percent between respondents’ perspective than cognition of the village situation, entrepreneurial spirit and the financial independence, the spirit of self-esteem and self-confidence and promoting of new jobs with rural women’s managerial empowerment in Alamout region. The results of Mann-Whitney test showed that head of household or not influence on rural women’s managerial empowerment in the Alamout region. The results of multiple regression analysis also showed that the significant variables in this study about 57 percent of the dependent variable changes "rural women’s managerial empowerment through micro financial credit in Alamout region" to explain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - Increasing Environmental Resilience through Codification of Cultural-Sotial Tourism Strategies, to obtain Urban Sustainable Development (Case Study of Tehran District 22)
Hasan Asgari dafe Ali Mohammadi Borhan Ryazi Bahar BeyshamiBackground and purpose: This research was carried out with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the increase of urban resilience in the 22nd district of Tehran and developing practical cultural and social strategies. Considering the high potential of the 22nd MoreBackground and purpose: This research was carried out with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the increase of urban resilience in the 22nd district of Tehran and developing practical cultural and social strategies. Considering the high potential of the 22nd district of Tehran in attracting tourists, especially ecotourism, as well as the environmental, social and economic conditions of the area, this area has been selected as a case study example, where the factors affecting the resilience of the urban environment against the presence of tourists are studied.Research method: The research method was a questionnaire design for tourists. This questionnaire included infrastructural, structural and physical, environmental, economic, social, cultural and managerial dimensions. In the next step, the CVM questionnaire on tourists' willingness to pay in order to preserve and develop the urban environment of Tehran's 22nd district was investigated. The dependent and independent variables of the research were evaluated with the help of the logit model and the results were calculated as positive or negative effects of the variables on the environmental resilience of the 22nd district of Tehran. Finally, with the help of the TOWS matrix, the strategies needed to solve the main problem in the research were extracted with the help of identifying strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats.Results: In the results of the logit model, it was determined that the variables of receiving input, duty orientation and the reason for travel have a negative effect and the variables of income level, age, education level and the variable of consequentialism have a positive effect on the amount of people's willingness to pay for the preservation and development of the environment in the 22nd district of Tehran, which finally It leads to an increase in resilience.Conclusion: According to the results of the research, it seems that a detailed and codified program to control the effective factors of environmental resilience in metropolises can be effective in improving the quality of the urban environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Proposing Strategies for Development of Ecotourism in Alamout Region using SWOT Method
Reza Arjomandi Keivan Saeb Seyed Ali Jozi Shima RezaeiThe necessity of serious attention to the issue of nature tourism (ecotourism) as a new phenomenon in the machine life of twenty first century is felt so much and importance of it is increasing every day. Our country with a wide range of tourist attractions such as Alam MoreThe necessity of serious attention to the issue of nature tourism (ecotourism) as a new phenomenon in the machine life of twenty first century is felt so much and importance of it is increasing every day. Our country with a wide range of tourist attractions such as Alamout is unable to use this advantage as well as possible. Although the country’s natural regions can be one of the great attractions for domestic and foreign tourists, but planning for the use of these terms is still in the beginning and no important work has been done for the exploitation of natural attractions. The purpose of this research is to set strategies for developing ecotourism in the region of Alamout that in this regard used from SWOT method (Analyzing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats). Using this method and surveys and preparing the questionnaires the internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats were determined. Therefore the strategies to remove weaknesses threats and reinforce strengths and opportunities were set. Eventually these strategies were scored and prioritized based on QSPM matrix to be used in ecotourism development. According to the result the strategies to hold meetings and conferences for revealing the values of the region in local and national levels and enhancing the public culture using educational methods for avoiding environmental destruction and establishment of welfare places and hotels for ecotourism in the region was prioritized. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Floristic and chorological survey of plants in Miandar region in Gilangharb city
Elahyar Kamari Maryam Mohammadi Ayoub Razmjo Ahmad KhazaeiiPurpose: The purpose of the current research is to investigate the floristics and chorology of plants in Miandar region in Gilangreb city.Materials and Methods: After preparing a map (scale: 1:25000) and viewing photos and determining the geographical area of the regi MorePurpose: The purpose of the current research is to investigate the floristics and chorology of plants in Miandar region in Gilangreb city.Materials and Methods: After preparing a map (scale: 1:25000) and viewing photos and determining the geographical area of the region, plants were collected in late winter and all months of spring and summer seasons of 2013. The collected samples were pressed dry and pasted on herbarium cardboards according to the conventional method.Findings: The collection of plants in Miandar region is more than 229 plant species belonging to 41 genera and 148 genera. Asteraceae families (33 species, 14.41 percent), papilionaceae (22 species, 9.6 percent), poaceae (19 species, 8.3 percent), Apiaceae (16 species, 6.99 percent), Lamiaceae (15 species, 55 (6.6%) and Liliaceae (12 species, 5.24%) are the most important plant families in the region, which include 51.09% of all species. Astraglus (10 species), Silene (5 species), Euphorbia (5 species) are among the largest plant genera in the studied area. In terms of biological form, 40.6% of species are hemicryptophytes, 35.38% are trophites, 11.36% are cryptophytes, 8.3% are phanerophytes, 3.94% are camphytes and 0.44% are geophytes.Conclusion: The study of the geographical distribution of the Miandar region flora showed that the most geographical distribution is in the Iranian-Turanian region with 122 species (53.27%) and the Iranian-Turanian/Mediterranean region with 34 species (14.85%). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Discourse of Islamic Revolution and the problems and challenges facing it
ali khaleghiAbstract: This article seeks to investigate the issues raised that could systematic and discourse of Islamic Revolution since indoor and market it to challenge the Islamic discourse.the Appearance of civil, cultural and the salafies despite intensifying internal substra MoreAbstract: This article seeks to investigate the issues raised that could systematic and discourse of Islamic Revolution since indoor and market it to challenge the Islamic discourse.the Appearance of civil, cultural and the salafies despite intensifying internal substrates such cultural problems social, economic and ambition enmity of some governments in the region, including Saudi Arabia, Turkey and the government of the usurper Israel risk of Isis domination-seeking West led by America efforts militant of the Islamic revolution discourse as some of the challenges in this paper examined is taken. Abstract: This article seeks to investigate the issues raised that could systematic and discourse of Islamic Revolution since indoor and market it to challenge the Islamic discourse.the Appearance of civil, cultural and the salafies despite intensifying internal substrates such cultural problems social, economic and ambition enmity of some governments in the region, including Saudi Arabia, Turkey and the government of the usurper Israel risk of Isis domination-seeking West led by America efforts militant of the Islamic revolution discourse as some of the challenges in this paper examined is taken. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - The Application of James Rosenau's Theory of Continuity in the Analysis of Regionalism in the Second Pahlavi Regime
Hossein Hassan Pour Dehnavi Ahoura Rahbar Ahmad Bakhshi Ali MomammadzadehThe purpose of the present study is to review Iran's regionalism in the second Pahlavi regime based on James Rosenou's theoretical approach by using its variables including decision making personality, role, government, community, and international system. The method of MoreThe purpose of the present study is to review Iran's regionalism in the second Pahlavi regime based on James Rosenou's theoretical approach by using its variables including decision making personality, role, government, community, and international system. The method of study is descriptive analysis and the results showed that the two variables of international system and decision making personality are the most important variables effective on the process of foreign policy and Iran's regionalism in that time period. Iran's regionalist politics in the second Pahlavi regime have been in line with power structure in the international system and based on national interests. Furthermore, Iran in that period, under the influence of bipolar structure and cold war and based on Mohammad Reza Shah's temperament and personality as the most important person in decision making and implementation of foreign policy demanded superiority and authority in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - A Survey of Regional Literature in “Haras” Novel Authored by Nasim Marashi
zarintaj parhizkarContemporary Iranian fiction manifests itself in the southwestern part of the country, Khuzestan, in a distinct way. Writers of this region are distinguished from others in terms of style on the strength of a cultural diversity and special geography and some scholars te MoreContemporary Iranian fiction manifests itself in the southwestern part of the country, Khuzestan, in a distinct way. Writers of this region are distinguished from others in terms of style on the strength of a cultural diversity and special geography and some scholars term this style ‘Khuzestan School’. From among new-generation story writers of Khuzestan, Nasim Marashi, the author of the “Haras” novel, can be cited. Having been well versed in indigenous elements of southwestern Iran, she tells her story. This paper studies regional literature’s criteria such as dialect, clothing, food, climate, customs and beliefs in Haras novel adopting an analytical-descriptive method. Results reveal that realism, geography, and regional identity account for Marashi’s success in telling the history of part of a territory which recalls the second-long war of the twentieth century in its memories. Accordingly, she has managed to add “writing about war” to the three types of southern regional literature (writing about sea, writing about an industrial area, and writing about a rural environment). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Corpus-assisted Discourse Investigation and Comparison of Jalal Al-Ahmad and Ahmad Mahmood's Works
Mahsa Kamalpoor Shahram Modarres Khiabani Mohammad Javad HejaziContemporary Iranian fiction manifests itself in the southwestern part of the country, Khuzestan, in a distinct way. Writers of this region are distinguished from others in terms of style on the strength of a cultural diversity and special geography and some scholars te MoreContemporary Iranian fiction manifests itself in the southwestern part of the country, Khuzestan, in a distinct way. Writers of this region are distinguished from others in terms of style on the strength of a cultural diversity and special geography and some scholars term this style ‘Khuzestan School’. From among new-generation story writers of Khuzestan, Nasim Marashi, the author of the “Haras” novel, can be cited. Having been well versed in indigenous elements of southwestern Iran, she tells her story. This paper studies regional literature’s criteria such as dialect, clothing, food, climate, customs and beliefs in Haras novel adopting an analytical-descriptive method. Results reveal that realism, geography, and regional identity account for Marashi’s success in telling the history of part of a territory which recalls the second-long war of the twentieth century in its memories. Accordingly, she has managed to add “writing about war” to the three types of southern regional literature (writing about sea, writing about an industrial area, and writing about a rural environment). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Geopolitical features of Iran and formulation of a national strategy with an emphasis on foreign policy
Heidar Lotfi Somayeh Tarnas Zeinalabedin Karami Maryam Arabgari -
Open Access Article
137 - Typology of Spatial Expansion New Sprawl Pattern (Case study: Urumia urban region)
Mohammadreza Bemanian Reza Oryaninejad Mehrdad Shahbazi -
Open Access Article
138 - The role of war tourism in countering the enemy's soft war Case Study of Ilam Operation Area
Mohammad Rahmani -
Open Access Article
139 - The Role of War Tourism in Countering the Enemy's Soft War Case Study of Ilam Operation Area
Mohammad Rahmani -
Open Access Article
140 - Typology of spatial expansion new sprawl pattern (Case study: Urumia urban region)
Mohammadreza Bemanian Reza Oryaninejad Mehrdad Shahbazi -
Open Access Article
141 - Improve segmentation of hyperspectral images using area-limit and path-minimization methods
Ahmad Keshavarz Fatemeh HajianiIn this paper, the segmentation methods of limiting the area and the minimum path were performed in order to collect regional information on the resulting areas using the area uniformity method. In the first stage, using the image smoothing method, a number of sub-areas MoreIn this paper, the segmentation methods of limiting the area and the minimum path were performed in order to collect regional information on the resulting areas using the area uniformity method. In the first stage, using the image smoothing method, a number of sub-areas were converted, then a more complete segmentation was performed on each of the areas of the first stage using the methods of limiting the area and the minimum path. The proposed method identifies new sections using regular seed selection and sum spacing. The area restriction method controls the amplitude changes from one point called the seed in each area and the minimum path method controls the size of the areas. These two methods were implemented on the image and increased the compression rate by reducing the number of areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Phytochemical characteristics of Galeopsis ladanum subsp. angustifolia (Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Gaudin collected in Abruzzo region (Central Italy) with chemotaxonomic and ethnopharmacological implications
Claudio Frezza Alessandro Venditti Ilaria Serafini Alessandra Carassiti Sebastiano Foddai Armandodoriano Bianco Mauro Serafini -
Open Access Article
143 - Uncovering the Competencies of Teachers in Nomadic Tribes: A Phenomenological Study
Yaghoub rahimi pordanjani maryam shafiei sarvestani jaafar jahani Mehdi MohammadiThe purpose of the present study was to explore the competencies of teachers working nomadic tribes. It done a qualitative research based on Husserlian phenomenology. The selection of potential participants was based on the criteria of the country's climatic conditions MoreThe purpose of the present study was to explore the competencies of teachers working nomadic tribes. It done a qualitative research based on Husserlian phenomenology. The selection of potential participants was based on the criteria of the country's climatic conditions in three climatic zones (mountainous, Caspian and hot and dry) in four provinces of Jahar Mahal and Bakhtiari, Gilan, South Khorasan and Fars. Because teachers with work experience in these provinces cover all three types of weather conditions.Participants in the study consisted of 57 teachers with experience in teaching in nomadic nomadic areas with targeted sampling approach and snowball method. Theoretical saturation was the measure for determining the adequacy of the number of participants. Semi-structured interviews were used as the qualitative data collection instrument. The acceptability and reliability criteria for qualitative data were used to determine the initial validity of the collected data. Given the qualitative approach in this research, thematic analysis was conducted to develop a network of themes signifying the competencies of teachers in nomadic tribes. The themes in this network were classified into basic, first-level organizing, second-level organizing and global themes. The data were initially codified, and a total of 223 basic codes were combined and integrated to form 170 basic themes and 28 first-level organizing themes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Evaluation of desertification hazard severity in the Jaz-Murian region
Mojtaba Soleimani Sardo Ali Tavili Abbas Alipour Seyed Mostafa HashemiDesertification is a phenomenon occurred in arid and semi-arid because of climate changes, human effects and leads to decrease of ecosystem productions and its potential. In this research, the sensitivity of the Jaz-Murian watershed to desertification was evaluated usin MoreDesertification is a phenomenon occurred in arid and semi-arid because of climate changes, human effects and leads to decrease of ecosystem productions and its potential. In this research, the sensitivity of the Jaz-Murian watershed to desertification was evaluated using Environmental sensitive area scheme (ESAs) model. For this goal, the work unit map was extracted from Landsat (8 OLI) imagery (2015) by maximum likelihood classification algorithm. In each unit, the indices related to climate, soil, vegetation and land management criteria were weighted on the basis of ESAs methodology and expert advice and combined by calculating geometric mean of indices. The results showed that the ESAs value obtained from 1.46 to 1.72, it means that the study area is classified in the critical class of desertification, so that 3136 km2 and 12299 km2 of the area has been felt in C2 and C3 classes, respectively. Salty clay lands (ESAI=1.83), Playa (ESAI=1.78) and sandy lands (ESAI=1.72) had the most sensitivity to desertification that needs to consider as the priority of the management strategies in order to introduce de-desertification projects. Moreover, the climate and land management criteria were shown the more effects on desertification process and also must be focused by scientists who would like to improve the local methods of desertification monitoring and needs to be considered to introduce management plans. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - The effect of climate change on Maharlo lake level change using satellite image processing
Masoud Samiei Reza Ghazavi Mojtaba Pakparvar Abas Ali ValiStudy of the long term dynamic of the lake is crucial to evaluate regional water resources management and environmental changes. The main aim of this study was to evaluate and mapping the impact of climate change in the dynamic of the lake Maharlo located in the boundar MoreStudy of the long term dynamic of the lake is crucial to evaluate regional water resources management and environmental changes. The main aim of this study was to evaluate and mapping the impact of climate change in the dynamic of the lake Maharlo located in the boundary of Shiraz city. Landsat satellite images during the past 18 years (1997-2016) in mid-spring were used to determine dynamic changes of the study lake (After geometric, radiometric and Atmospheric correction of satellite images, the annual lake level was extracted using a thresholding method on the band 5 and NDWI index. The results show that, a general reduction trend was observed in the lake area. Most of the changes were occurring in the eastern part. The correlation between water level changes of the lake with some of the climatic parameter changes (evaporation January to May, annual rainfall, average temperature January to May, the average maximum temperature January to May) was also investigated). According to Pearson correlation coefficient between the lake level and evaporation of the months of January to May, annual rainfall, the average temperature of January to May, maximum temperature of the months of January to May were -0.44, 0.77, -0.28, -0.52, respectively. A significant trend was observed between rainfall change (decrease and increase) and lake level. Minimum annual rainfalls were 147 and 192 mm in the years of 2007-2008 and 2008-2009, respectively, which minimum lake level was observed in the same years (14146 and 15095 hectares). The maximum rainfall was occurred in 2004-2005 (745 mm) when the maximum water surface was measured in the lake (25806 ha). According to the results, 58% of the variability of the lake could relate to rainfall change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Evaluate the sensitivity of ecoregion to desertification in the Lorestan province in the framework of life cycle assessment
Somayeh Heydarnezhad Abolfazl Ranjbar Fordoei Sayed Hojat Mousavi Rohollah MirzaeiLand degradation and desertification has intensified by the interaction of climatic factors, land use change and human pressure in recent decades. Awareness that desertification is taking place in which ecosystems, the most important step to control and deal with this p MoreLand degradation and desertification has intensified by the interaction of climatic factors, land use change and human pressure in recent decades. Awareness that desertification is taking place in which ecosystems, the most important step to control and deal with this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to determine sensitivity to desertification Lorestan province ecoregions using life cycle assessment. For this purpose, the study area was classified into six ecoregions in terms of climate and dominant type of vegetation. Then selected indicators of drought, water erosion and excessive extraction of groundwater as the evaluation criteria. Indicators were prepared using geographic information systems. Finally, combined with variable selection and ecoregion map. Calculation of the characterization factors for each of these factors using geographic information systems, and characterization factors were obtained from the sum of the factors, a total characterization factor. Results indicated that there is the greatest sensitivity 5 ecoregion (dry/Astragalus adscendens Boiss) with characterization factors 1.29 and the lowest sensitivity to desertification 1 ecoregion (dry sub humid/Quercus brantii) with characterization factors 0.29. The results showed that aridity with 2.69 value, is the most effective factors to increasing the sensitivity of the area to desertification. Therefore, should pay attention serious to this problem in planning, managing and Combating desertification. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Identification and differentiating of geomorphology facies of Sabzevar region using Remote sensing and GIS
Esmaeil Silakhori Majid OwneghGeomorphological landscapes are the foundations of natural resources investigations of the watersheds. Because these landscapes are affected by many factors such as climate, soil, hydrology, ecology, geology and so on. In this survey, Sabzevar region with diverse geomor MoreGeomorphological landscapes are the foundations of natural resources investigations of the watersheds. Because these landscapes are affected by many factors such as climate, soil, hydrology, ecology, geology and so on. In this survey, Sabzevar region with diverse geomorphological processes from mountain to play is selected in order to be identified and classified using RS and GIS. For this purpose, a combination of both overlaying and photomorphic units visual interpretation methods was used. In the overlaying method, slope, elevation and geological maps were prepared and classified. In visual interpretation, the TM 5 sensor satellite images were used. After preprocessing of images, the PCA, OIF index, FCC, HS, NDVI index techniques was used to separate photomorphic units with the aid of the Google Earth. Finally, 4 units, 10 types, and 96 facies (in 261 replications) were separated. Statistical analysis using Chi-square test showed that there was a significant difference at the 99% level among the area of desertification units, types, and facies the confirming suitable spatial separation of the area. Pediment unit (50.97%), lower pediment type (25.97%) and alluvial fan facies with tunnel erosion (375.43ha) had the highest spatial distribution in Sabzevar region. Finally, it can be concluded that the overlaying method is not suitable for deserts and using a combination of visual interpretation method can fix this defect and increase the accuracy of the output map. The mentioned map can be used for development and implementation of land capability, natural resources and combating desertification projects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Investigation of spatial and temporal changes in atmospheric aerosol using aerosol optical depth in Southeastern Iran
Maryam Mirakbari Zohre Ebrahimi KhusfiBackground and ObjectiveThe Aerosol Optical Depth index is one of the most commonly used indicators for assessing air pollution in various regions, especially arid and semi-arid areas. The arid and semi-arid regions are the main sources of dust particles. Due to locatin MoreBackground and ObjectiveThe Aerosol Optical Depth index is one of the most commonly used indicators for assessing air pollution in various regions, especially arid and semi-arid areas. The arid and semi-arid regions are the main sources of dust particles. Due to locating in the arid and semi-arid region, Iran faces dust storms several times over the year, which have caused irreparable environmental and socio-economic damages to different parts of the country. The southeastern of Iran is one of these regions that is affected by dust storms in the first half of the year (early spring to late summer) due to 120-day winds, and large amounts of sand and dust particles enter the atmosphere each year. Therefore, it is important to study the temporal and spatial changes of suspended particles in the atmosphere, of which dust is a major part of aerosols in these regions. In fact, knowing the temporal and spatial changes of suspended particles can be helpful in providing appropriate solutions to reduce the damages caused by these particles. In this study, due to lack of ground-based aerosol gauge station, aerosol optical depth feature was considered based on the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) product of MODIS sensor to monitor and analyze spatial and temporal changes of aerosol concentrations in Iran during a period of 18 years. Annual, monthly and seasonal temporal changes of AOD were investigated using pre-whitening Mann-Kendall trend test. Materials and MethodsThe daily MODIS level-4 AOD data have been used in this study. The AOD data were obtained from the earth explorer website USGS in 6570 frames for 2001- 2018 and these data were extracted in NetCDF format with programming in Matlab software as annual, seasonal and monthly time series for 13 synoptic stations in the study area. PM10 concentration data were used to validate the AOD product of MODIS. In order to investigate the temporal and spatial changes of aerosol concentrations. The AOD zoning maps were prepared using inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method based on the mean values of AOD. Based on the IDW method, each point/ station has a local effect that decreases with increasing distance, places close to the measuring point will have more weight. Finally, the temporal trend changes of AOD data were determined using the Mann- Kendall trend test in the different time scales. Results and Discussion The results obtained from the validation of AOD data indicated that there was a strong and acceptable relationship between aerosol optical depth and PM10 concentration data at 95% significant level. Therefore, it can be concluded that the AOD data have a good accuracy to investigate and analyze the changes in suspended particles in the atmosphere in the study area. The spatial distribution of AOD in the study area showed that the western and central regions (Kerman, Baft, Sirjan, Rafsanjan) had the lowest concentration of aerosol during the period of 2001- 2018. While, the northeastern, eastern and southern regions (Sistan and Baluchestan province) have been affected by higher concentrations of aerosol. The amounts of AOD have varied from 0.14 to 0.53 in the study period that occurred in the years of 2016 and 2003, respectively. The findings of temporal changes of annual AOD series indicated that the atmosphere suspended particles had the highest amount in the years of 2001, 2003, 2008, 2009 and 2012 at the Zabol, Zahak, Zahedan, Khash and Iranshahr regions, respectively. The seasonal mean AOD had the most concentration in the summer and spring seasons while the autumn and winter had the lowest aerosol concentration. The monthly AOD series showed that the increasing variations of atmosphere suspended particles starts in April and then increases in June and has decreasing changes in July. The results of Mann- Kendall trend test indicated that changes trend of annual aerosol optical depth was decreasing in the most regions except in the Rafsanjan station so that the AOD changes had significant downward trend a 5% level in the Zahedan, Zahak, Zabol, Saravan and Bam stations. The Mann- Kendall statistic of monthly AOD series showed the most frequency of significant trend occurred in May, June, July and October, respectively in the study region. The monthly trend of AOD indicated decreasing changes of aerosol during the study period. As in May, June, July, August, November and February, the concentration of aerosols had a downward trend in the most study stations. The seasonal changes of AOD showed a decreasing trend in aerosols in the summer and spring, while there was an increasing trend in the autumn season. Conclusion One of the available sources to access the aerosol optical depth data is the MODIS sensor. Based on our findings, there was an acceptable relationship between AOD product of MODIS and PM10 data obtained from ground-based aerosol gauge stations in the study region. The results of this study showed that the annual mean AOD varied from 0.14 to 0.53 which highest and lowest values occurred in the years of 2003 and 2016, respectively. Annual trend of AOD showed the concentration of aerosols was decreasing in most regions. The decreasing trend can be due to the decline of dust events resulted from an increase in vegetation cover in the study area. The monthly and seasonal mean AOD showed the concentration of aerosols had the lowest value during the autumn and winter in November, December, January and February, while in the summer and spring, the aerosols had the highest concentration in May, June and July. However, the temporal changes of monthly and seasonal AOD were decreasing in the most study regions. Generally, our findings showed the western part of the study area, located in Kerman province, had been faced the lower concentration of aerosols than the eastern part, located in Sistan province, during the study period. In general, the declining of aerosol concentrations in some of the study areas could indicate an improvement in air quality in these regions. It seems that the implementation of appropriate executive and management methods in this region, which has been considered by many managers and decision-makers in recent years, have had a significant effect on the reduction of air pollution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Remote sensing application for urban landscape assessment in arid regions (Case study: Yazd city, Iran)
Mahdieh Abolhassani Ahad Sotoudeh Parasto ParivarBackground and ObjectivePopulation growth and urbanization have caused many changes in land use and land cover that has been greatly affected by the structure, function and service of the ecosystem. Since 2008, more than half of the world's population has lived in urban MoreBackground and ObjectivePopulation growth and urbanization have caused many changes in land use and land cover that has been greatly affected by the structure, function and service of the ecosystem. Since 2008, more than half of the world's population has lived in urban areas, which, according to the United Nations, 80 percent of the world's population will be urban by 2050, and this continuous increase will lead to the rapid expansion of urban areas. Most of these cities are located in developing countries, especially in Asia and Africa, where a considerable part of them are arid and semi-arid countries. Estimates show that 85 percent of total Iran's lands are under arid and semiarid conditions climate. Arid areas with dry climate, poor vegetation, lack of water, limited rainfall and very fragile environment are identified. These characteristics cause the vulnerability of urban ecosystems. Considering that the function and performance of the environment depended on the composition and distribution of their structural elements, to better understand the dynamics of land, it is necessary to study the changes in spatial patterns. Information on land use changes over time can predict future changes and also be used to identify land a principled and sustainable design and planning, also to determine the improper process of land change and prevent its spread. Landscape metrics can be used to identify this spatial pattern and it's change. Applicability of landscape metrics is for the Quantifying of the landscape change and also it's used for analysis and planning of land uses. Metrics is a useful tool for designing and finding exact relationships between the structure and function of landscape functions. Accordingly, this study has tried to study and measure changes in landscape structure of Yazd city by using landscape metrics for three decades in this region from destruction and fragmentation of natural patterns and help planners and policymakers for the orientation of sustainable urban development. The aim of this study is to quantify and measure changes in spatial patterns of land use in Yazd city by using landscape metrics in two levels of class and landscape during the period of 27 years. Also, the distribution and composition of spatial patterns of land use have been investigated in two levels of green and built-up patches that have a major role in ecosystem function. Materials and Methods In this study, Landsat 5 at 1991 and Landsat 8 at 2017 satellite images have been used. After performing the necessary corrections on the satellite images, the classification was done using the maximum likelihood method. according to the diversity of vegetation in the area, three categories including bare land, vegetation and built-up were identified and classified. In order to investigate the accuracy of classification, error matrix and statistical parameters of the kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were used. The kappa coefficient and overall accuracy of the classification images for 2017 and 1991 are 0.81, 90%, 0.83 96%, respectively. The Fragstats 4.1 software was used to calculate the landscape metrics. In the present study, according to the aim of the study, Class Area (CA), Number of patches (NP), Percentage of Landscape (PLAND), AREA, Radius of Gyration (GYRATE), Euclidean Nearest Neighbor Distance (ENN), and Contagion landscape metrics (CONTAGE) were selected and evaluated at the class and landscape level. Results and Discussion In this research, by studying different metrics in the two scales of class and landscape, it was inferred that the landscape in open land and green spaces are being crushed and discrete over a period. While built-up has become more integrated and more expansive over the period, it shows the destructive effects of human activities on the environment. During the studied period, the highest increase in area to other classes belongs to the built-up class. In this study, the maximum number of patches is related to other classes of a green space class. The number of vegetation patches increased and the number of patches opens land and urban class decreased. The results of this metric along with area metrics show the phenomenon of fragmented in Yazd city. Changes in agricultural and gardening land use to residential areas cause disintegration of vegetation patches. The mean patch size of the built-up class has increased and in two vegetation and open land decreased. It shows that the impervious area in the studied city has increased. The average distance metric of each cell in the patches with the center of gravity in two classes of open land and vegetation decreased and the largest reduction is in the green space class. The Euclidean nearest-neighbour distance metric of patches in all uses has been increased which is related to open land. Conclusion The results of the study of metrics changes in the class area show that the built-up has increased by 4346.82 ha in the studied period. The reason for this is the increase in the population of Yazd city, which in 1991 and 2017 were 275298 and 529673 respectively. Therefore, more space is needed for the growth and expansion of the city, which causes the physical development of the construction. Due to the spatial expansion of the city, about 1667.61 ha of the agricultural lands and gardens in Yazd city has been destroyed and integrated into urban infrastructures. Increasing human infrastructure and activities without considering the capacity and ecological capability of this area can cause many environmental problems. Therefore, in order to prevent further degradation of the environment and reduce its quality. Monitoring and evaluation of land use patterns should be measured continuously so that they can be used as a guide to assess the current status of the urban ecosystem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Axi-Symmetric Deformation Due to Various Sources in Saturated Porous Media with Incompressible Fluid
R Kumar S Kumar M.G Gourla -
Open Access Article
151 - Fauna of Machrochelid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) in Ramjerd region (Fars Province)
Mohammad Javad Sobhani Hadi Ostovan Shahram HesamiMachrochelid mites are free-living predators common in habitats that are rich in decaying organic material including manure. Several species of macrochelid mites feed on the eggs and small larvae of fly pests and phoretic on the adults.During 2009-2010, the fauna o MoreMachrochelid mites are free-living predators common in habitats that are rich in decaying organic material including manure. Several species of macrochelid mites feed on the eggs and small larvae of fly pests and phoretic on the adults.During 2009-2010, the fauna of macrochelid mites in Ramjerd region was studied. The mites were extracted by Berlese funnel and cleared in Lactophenol, then were mounted in Hoyer’s medium on microscopic slides. Totally, 9 species belonging to two genera were collected and identified. Among identified specimens, four species are new records for Fars Province mite fauna that marked by an asterisk. The identification of two species is in the process of action. The species are listed as fallows:1-Glyptholaspis. confusa (Foa, 1900); 2- G. sp. 3- Macrocheles. merdarius (Berlese, 1889); 4- M. subbadius (Berlese, 1904); 5-M. peniculatus* (Berlese, 1918); 6-M. muscaedomesticae* (Scopoli, 1772); 7- M. glaber* (Muller, 1860); 8-M. perglaber* (Filipponi & Pegazzano, 1962); 9- M.. sp.1; 10- M. sp. 2; 11- M. sp.3. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - Investigating the Relationship between Decreasing Building Life and Increasing Regional Value in Metropolises tabriz (Case Study of Zafaranieh Town,)
Akbar Asghari zamani SOMAYYEH alizadeh Today, the rapid growth of cities and the consequent need for large-scale housing have made the issue of dealing with widespread change in metropolitan areas a major challenge in urban planning and human geography. Therefore, the occurrenc More Today, the rapid growth of cities and the consequent need for large-scale housing have made the issue of dealing with widespread change in metropolitan areas a major challenge in urban planning and human geography. Therefore, the occurrence of the phenomenon of cell movement, which is mostly observed in areas with high regional values. in the present study, with the aim of evaluating the correlation between the life of the building and the increase in density in Region 2 of Tabriz metropolis (Zafaranieh town) to investigate the principles and indicators governing the amount of dense construction in the study area. In terms of purpose, it is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical research in terms of nature. In order to collect data and information, two main methods of field libraries have been used. Thus, after reviewing the theoretical foundations of the research, to extract the price of residential land in Zafaranieh alley (land price and issued building permits) during the period 2009-2019 by referring to real estate agencies and municipalities as neighborhood it was prepared. In order to analyze the effects of increasing the regional value and reducing the useful life of buildings by increasing building density, models including kriging interpolation, kernel, cross-writing, fuzzy, Shannon and Pearson entropy in GIS, IDRISI software environment , SPSS and EXCEL were used. There is a high correlation between increasing the value of the area and increasing the building density in the area, which is equal to 0.863. In fact, since Zafaranieh town with average land value is one of the high value areas of Tabriz and the life of altered parts and cells is less than thirty years, this shows the correlation between increasing the regional value and reducing the useful life of the building.Extended AbstractIntroduction: Today, the rapid growth of cities, especially in metropolitan areas, has made the need for housing on a large scale a major challenge in the field of urban planning and human geography. To solve this problem, some countries have adopted high-ranking, so that the phenomenon of cell movement occurs, which is more common in areas with high regional values. due to the novelty of the issue of density sales in all these plans and urban studies, the sources that have described the issue of density, less the existence of its relationship with the most important dimension of density, namely valuation Regional and its impact on building life have been mentioned both globally and nationally, and this issue has been somewhat neglected, so the main feature of this study is to contribute to specialized progress and add to the scientific literature on building density and effects. Resulting in a useful life; In this way, using the common point of both axes, it moved towards achieving sustainable development and sustainable architecture in the coming years. Therefore, in the present study, with the aim of evaluating the interrelationship between the life of the building and the increase in density in Tabriz 2 metropolitan area (Zafaranieh town) to investigate the principles and indicators governing the amount of dense construction in the study area.Methodology: According to its purpose, this research is an applied research and has a descriptive-analytical nature. Data and information were collected in two main ways; Thus, first the theoretical foundations and existing experiences related to building density and building life were examined using the library method and literature review, and then according to the main research problem based on the case study of the research to collect data. , Field harvesting method was used. In the second part, first the initial data were collected by library documentary method by referring to the general census of population and housing (2016) and the detailed urban planning criteria (2013) and then to extract the price of residential land in Zafaranieh alley as Secondary data (land prices and issued building permits) during the years 1388 to 1398 were prepared by referring to real estate agencies and municipalities as neighborhoods. In the next step, considering that the present study tries to study the building density by emphasizing the density changes in a 10-year period, so the data and information collected through the GIS database is organized and according to the needs of the class. They are classified and adjusted and then the map of the study area is extracted through GIS and IDRISI software. Finally, graphical data outputs are provided through GIS, IDRISI, SPSS and EXCEL software. To provide graphic outputs and analyze the mentioned data, research study tools based on IDW method and density kernel in software (Arc GIS), orthogonal and fuzzy tables method in software (IDRISI), Pearson model in software (SPSS) and also for some analyzes in software (EXCEL)Results and discussion: housing quality alone. For this purpose, instead of the building age index, the building life index has been used. Due to the fact that the useful life of the building in Iran is considered 30 years. Examination of the life of buildings that have changed during ten years (2009-2010) in Zafaranieh town showed that all of them were less than thirty years old and about 38% of our parts were between 16-20 years old and the distribution of these parts in all parts Is a town. In fact, this number of years is not only less than the average building life in Iran, but also differs significantly from the average building life in European countries, which is between 100-1000 years. The result of the analysis of the life of the building in Zafaranieh town indicates the citizenship of the useful life of the building from the price of urban land. In other words, economic reasons have reduced the useful life of the building to less than thirty years in this area. Based on the building permits studied in which the density changes have taken place, the useful life of any building has not reached thirty years, and considering that Saffron town in general has a high regional value, it can be claimed that the increase in the value of one region It is one of the main causes of the destruction of buildings. The factor of land and housing prices is usually directly related to density. In other words, the higher the price of land and housing, the higher the urban density. The increase in land prices is due to its limitation and the inelasticity of supply to demand, and the need to use it optimally increases the density (building density and consequently population density). The relationship between density and land and housing prices is the main axis of the criteria and criteria governing urban density. Analysis of the results of density changes in the study area, shows the high density of altered parts in the northern and northeastern parts, which is due to the increase in density in these parts due to proximity to residential areas. In the southern parts, due to the proximity to the highway and in the western parts, due to the proximity to the barren areas, the density of changed sections is not significant. The results of this analysis indicate the density nationality of land prices, in other words, exactly in places where land prices are high, we have encountered the phenomenon of increasing density.Conclusion: Due to the high price of land in Zafaranieh town; It is considered as one of the prosperous areas of Tabriz and according to what was shown in the table of life of moving parts and cells, all of these cells were less than thirty years old. This shows the correlation between reducing the life of the building and increasing the value of land areas. Which decreases with increasing value of building life zones. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - Faunistic study of families Tephritidae and Tachinidae (Diptera) in Arak region and suburb, Iran
T. Arkani M. Alikhani M. M. Rabieh A. Asghari Karahroodi R. MahdaviDuring 2009, a faunestic study of Diptera of Arak and suburb was done. Samples were taken by using sweep net (standard size and method). According to research 10 genera and 10 species were identified. One genera and one species belonging to Tachinidae family is new reco MoreDuring 2009, a faunestic study of Diptera of Arak and suburb was done. Samples were taken by using sweep net (standard size and method). According to research 10 genera and 10 species were identified. One genera and one species belonging to Tachinidae family is new record from Iran. The genera of each family alphabetically are listed below and new record marked by an asterisk. Tephritidae Acanthiophilus helianthi (Rossi, 1790); Ensina sonchi (Linnaeus, 1767); Euarestella iphionae (Efflatoun, 1924); Hypenidium roborowskii (Becker 1907); Tephritis hurvitzi Freidberg, 1980; Tephritomyia lauta (Loew, 1869); Trupanea amoena (Frauenfeld, 1857); Trupanea stellata (Fuessly, 1775) Tachinidae Cistogaster mesnili (Zimin,1966); Besseria sp. ; Tachina magnicornis(Zetterstedt,1844) Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - Study on faunestic, distribution and host range of Tetranychoidea (Arachnida: Acari) on fruit trees in Mashhad region, Iran
F. Shakhsi Zare M. Arbabi H. Kamali M. GhasemzadehIn order to study the fauna of Tetranychoidea on fruit trees in Mashhad Region, Iran, a sampling program was conduated during 2006-2007. Samples were taken directly from leaves, stems and branches by shaking on white tray or use of Berlese funnel trap. Microscopic slide MoreIn order to study the fauna of Tetranychoidea on fruit trees in Mashhad Region, Iran, a sampling program was conduated during 2006-2007. Samples were taken directly from leaves, stems and branches by shaking on white tray or use of Berlese funnel trap. Microscopic slides were provided according to valid methods. In this study 8 species from 8 genus belonging to two families (Tetrnychidae and Tenuipalpidae) were collected and identified: Tetranychus urticae,­Panonychus ulmi,­Olygonychus bicolor, Eotetranychus pruni, Bryobia rubrioculus, Meyernychus emeticae, Tenuipalpus granati and Cenopalpus irani. Results showed that T. urticae had the greatest host range and activity during the sampling periods. Predatory mites belonging to 8 families were collected mostly on apple and pear trees in regions with lower than 1000 meter altitude. Most of the predatory mites were from Cunaxidae but the most varied host range and distribution of was Tydeidae. Torogh destrict had the fughest species richness. Most species diversity was recorded from Torogh district. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Evaluation of three types of commercial protein hydrolyzate and different graed area baiting to control Dacus ciliatus (Dip:Tephritidae)
M. R. Sadeghi Ghotb- Abadi H. Pezhman M. FallahezadehIn this study, the efficacy of three types of protein hydrolysate (Esmelfol, Bio-cebo and Agrisence) and three different graed area baiting (50, 75 and 100 percent plot coverage of baiting ) were compared with control (without spraying) and malathion spraying treatments MoreIn this study, the efficacy of three types of protein hydrolysate (Esmelfol, Bio-cebo and Agrisence) and three different graed area baiting (50, 75 and 100 percent plot coverage of baiting ) were compared with control (without spraying) and malathion spraying treatments in Jahrom region (Fars province) (Iran) in 2011. Parameters like infested fruits percent, precent efficacy, and yield (Kg) in experimental plots were componed. The maximum and minimum percentage of infested fruits were observed in control (28.5%) and 100% plot coverage of baithng with Agrisence formulation, respectively. The maximum and minimum of perecent efficacy were observed in 100% plot coverage of baiting with Agrisence formulation (95.13%) and malathion spraying (61.03%) respectively. The maximum and minimum yield in 100% plot coverage of spraying with Agrisence formulation (1600 kg/plot) and control (466.7 kg/plot) respectively. Significance differences were not observed among the various levels of plot coverage of bait spraying with all protein hydrolysate formulations. It has been concluded that Baiting obtained of 50 percent of the cultivated melon fields in spring with any type of mentioned protein hydrolysate formulations (especially Agriscens company product) will be very effective and economic to control melon fly in Jahrom region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - Investigation of Staphylococcus aureus infection in traditional cheeses of Karaj city
Nazanin Khakipour Hamed MohammadiCheese is a product consisting of fat and milk protein, along with calcium and phosphorus that are combined with milk protein in various ways. Due to the importance of cheese consumption among the people of Iran and considering that this product is one of the most impor MoreCheese is a product consisting of fat and milk protein, along with calcium and phosphorus that are combined with milk protein in various ways. Due to the importance of cheese consumption among the people of Iran and considering that this product is one of the most important dairy products and according to available statistics, about 20% of the milk produced in the dairy industry is converted into cheese, of which the share of production Traditional cheese is about 80%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of contamination of traditional cheeses offered in different areas of Karaj. The present descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the summer of 1398 by sampling different parts of the north, west, east, south and center of Karaj . Four types of bulk cheeses of Tabriz Ligvan, lactic, white and gypsum in five geographical areas with three replications were examined for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. The results shows the contamination of traditional cheeses and its different areas, although the rate of contamination in the west was higher than other areas. Among the regions, the eastern region with the lowest level of pollution among other regions and the presence of contamination only in gypsum cheese, was identified as the least dangerous region. In contrast to the existence of high pollution in all four types of cheese studied in the west. based on the results, this part of Karaj was introduced as the most dangerous area in the consumption of traditional cheeses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Tectonical history of Arabian platform during Late Cretaceous An example from Kurdistan region, NE Iraq
کمال حاجی کریم زردشت. ا طاهاNew simplified tectonic models and depositional history of Late Cretaceous rocks are established in a part of Zagros Orogenic Belt that is located in the Northeastern Iraq. These rocks constutes the most important Cretaceous oil reservoir in the Middle East. The depende MoreNew simplified tectonic models and depositional history of Late Cretaceous rocks are established in a part of Zagros Orogenic Belt that is located in the Northeastern Iraq. These rocks constutes the most important Cretaceous oil reservoir in the Middle East. The dependent tools are petrography, field study and the concept of drowning phases. This concept is relatively new and accurate in explanation of development of carbonate sequences growth and termination. The columns of both carbonate and clastics rocks of the area are divided into three phases of drowning: 1- Pre-drowning phase of reefal limestone which is represented by Qamchuqa Formation which is equivalent to Mauddud and Shuaba formations (Early Cretaceous) in the south Iraq and in the Gulf. 2- Transitional phase of pelagic limestone and marl deposition which is transitional to post drowning phase during which Gulneri Shale and Dokan limestone Formations (Cenomanian- Turonian) are deposited. 3- Post drowning phase of deep carbonate sedimentation during which Kometan Formation (Santonian-Campanian) and 4- Burial Phase in which Shiranish and Tanjero Formations (Maasstrichtian) are deposited by which Arabian Platform was covered by siliciclastics sediments and main carbonate sedimentation was ended during Campanian. These phases, as resulted from tectonics of Zagros, can replace the complex previously assigned tectonic and depositional history of the area during Later Cretaceous. The application of the phases revealed nearly a continuous history of deposition in foredeep during Early Cretaceous and foreland basin during later ages. This continuous sedimentation is opposite to previously cited episodic sedimentation in the Cretaceous basins. Moreover than that, the occurrences of the previously mentioned subaerial cycles of erosion (unconformities) are not ascertained. The previous cycles had segmented the rocks and history of the area into several separated and unrelated tectonic events that occurred in different basins. According to the above cycles and unconformities the tectonic setting and depositional history of the whole northwestern Iraq assumed be violent during compete time span of the Late Cretaceous by which basin isolation and uplift and erosion occurred. The above ideas are amended and the unconformable boundaries are changed to conformable ones. Consequently, in the present study, a new tectonic history and model are established for Cretaceous which agree with field observation and existed lithofacies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Estimation of Economic Benefits from Carbon Sequestration in Wheat Fields of Sistan Plain
Hossein Janparvar Mashallah Salarpour Vahid PourmardanThe purpose of this study is to estimate the economic value of carbon sequestration by wheat species in wheat fields of Sistan plain and to provide a solution to increase carbon sequestration capacity. For this purpose، sampling was done by systematic random method and MoreThe purpose of this study is to estimate the economic value of carbon sequestration by wheat species in wheat fields of Sistan plain and to provide a solution to increase carbon sequestration capacity. For this purpose، sampling was done by systematic random method and the amount of organic carbon was determined by Walkie-Black method in wheat species. Then، by multiplying the conversion factor of organic carbon in plant biomass، the total weight of precipitated carbon per hectare of the study area was calculated. The results showed that the value of absorption per ton of carbon dioxide from the alternative cost method in the study area was estimated at 22775200 thousand Rials and the total value of carbon sequestration is estimated at 73746723.918 million Rials. It is suggested that due to the economics of carbon sequestration by plants and the simplicity of the method of measuring the amount of production and carbon sequestration, especially in wheat cultivation as a strategic and essential crop that occupies a large area of land each year، a kind of database Create and take into account the necessary incentives to promote sustainable agriculture and increase carbon sequestration capacity in agricultural ecosystems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - Estimation of Wheat Potential yield in Sistan Region Under Dry Stress: With use of Experiment Field and AquaCrop Model
Ahmad Mehraban Sayyed Mehdi JavadzadehCrops growth simulation models are important tools for evaluating effects yield of crops. One of these models is the AquaCrop model. This model can simulate productivity, yield, water requarment and water use efficiency undr condition of water limitation. research was c MoreCrops growth simulation models are important tools for evaluating effects yield of crops. One of these models is the AquaCrop model. This model can simulate productivity, yield, water requarment and water use efficiency undr condition of water limitation. research was carried out in order to simulation of some paremeters of crops growth undr condition of different water regimes on wheat (Hamoon varyity)in Sistan region at 2020-21 In this research climate, soil characteristics, plant characteristics and crop cultivation management are from major inputs for model. Place situation, climatic data, soil data, management data are necessary data and information for running model of AquaCrop. After gathering data, simulation of potential yield, attainable yield and yield gap determination of wheat was done with AquaCrop model. Region wheat farms actual yield obtained from Zabol Agriculture Researches Center. results of simulation by AquaCrop model showed that model simulates biomass and seed yield well. results of research showed that potential yield (yield simulated by model in optimum condition), available yield (yield obtained in field experiments in optimum condition of management) and actual yield (yield average obtained by region farmers) was equal to 5830, 3640 and 2750 kg/ha respectively. Between limited and decreased factors under study was determined that irrigation is the most important limited factor of wheat yield in region Management factors were introduced as the second limited factor of yield. So that led to decrease of 15.2% wheat yield relation to potential yield. At the last can to recognize effective factors in yield gap, and optimizing them, can fill this wheat yield gap in region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Designing a Model and Evaluating its Suitability for the Entrepreneurial University
Masumeh Safarian Navakhi Adel Zahed Babelan Mehdi Moeini Kia Ali Rezaei Sharif -
Open Access Article
161 - Design of a Regional Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Model in Iran
Ibrahim Jafari Sangari Seyyed Mehdi Alvani Morteza Mousakhani Ali Davari Mohsen Khoonsiavash -
Open Access Article
162 - Development of Product Space Theory for Systemic Analysis of Industries in Kermanshah Province
Shadi Ghiasi heirsh soltanpanah Adel Fatemi Abdolnaser Shojaei -
Open Access Article
163 - New Trends in Critical Regionalism through the Lens of Tzonis and Lefaivre
Elahe Zoghi Hoseini Darab Diba Hamed Kamelnia Mostafa Mokhtabad -
Open Access Article
164 - Identification And Prioritization of Integrated Metropolitan Area Management Indicators (case Study: Mashhad Metropolitan Area)
setareh tazehdel esmaeil shieh Seyed Moslem Seyedalhosseini kyomars habibi -
Open Access Article
165 - Application of DPSIR Conceptual Framework in Analyzing the Impact of the Type and Level of Physical – qualitative Changes on Urban Construction
Sina Ataee Ali Soltani Kalil Hajipoor -
Open Access Article
166 - بررسی کشش آب ساکن در ناحیه غوطه وری جریانهای غلیظ
داریوش کرمی چمه سید حسن گلمایی علی شاهنظری الهه حسینیانبررسی نحوه تأثیر متقابل کیفیت آب رودخانه بر دریاچه­ها و مخازن سدها بر هم­دیگر از جنبه­ی بهره برداری حائز اهمیت است. هنگام ورود آب یک رودخانه با چگالی متفاوت به دهانه یک دریاچه یا مخزن یک سد به دلیل اختلاف چگالی پدیده­ی جریان غلیظ زیرین اتفاق می­افتد، Moreبررسی نحوه تأثیر متقابل کیفیت آب رودخانه بر دریاچه­ها و مخازن سدها بر هم­دیگر از جنبه­ی بهره برداری حائز اهمیت است. هنگام ورود آب یک رودخانه با چگالی متفاوت به دهانه یک دریاچه یا مخزن یک سد به دلیل اختلاف چگالی پدیده­ی جریان غلیظ زیرین اتفاق می­افتد، بنابراین شناخت آرایه­های مختلف این پدیده در بررسی روند فرسایش و رسوب­گذاری و مدیریت آن در مخازن سدها ضروری به نظر می­رسد. یکی از آرایه­های مهم در پدیده جریان غلیظ، کشش آب ساکن توسط جریان غلیظ می­باشد. در تحقیق حاضر کشش در ناحیه­ی غوطه­وری این جریان­ها، تحت تأثیر غلظت جریان ورودی، شیب کف، دبی ورودی و ارتفاع آب ساکن توسط مدل فیزیکی مورد تحقیق قرار گرفته­است. آزمایش­ها در یک فلوم با طول 75/9 متر و عرض 50 سانتیمتر و ارتفاع 80 سانتیمتر در سه شیب و چهار غلظت با دبی متفاوت انجام شدند. نتایج آزمایش­ها حاکی از تأثیر مستقیم شیب کف بر میزان کشش آب ساکن در ناحیه غوطه­وری می­باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - Evaluation and Selection of a Supplier by Interval DEA Models with Assurance Region: ADEA Approach to Efficient and Inefficient Frontiers
Hossein Azizi Akbar Jafari ShaerlarTraditionally, suppliers evaluation and selection models based on basic data put less emphasis on ordinal data; however, with the extensive use of production philosophies, such as Just In Time (JIT) production, further emphasis is put on considering cardinal and ordinal MoreTraditionally, suppliers evaluation and selection models based on basic data put less emphasis on ordinal data; however, with the extensive use of production philosophies, such as Just In Time (JIT) production, further emphasis is put on considering cardinal and ordinal data simultaneously through the supplier selection process. Application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for the issues concerning the evaluation and selection of the supplier is based on the complete flexibility of weights. Yet, the problem is permissibility of complete flexibility of their weights, as the weight values obtained through the solving unrestricted DEA program are often contrary to the earlier viewpoints or the additional information. The present paper aims to propose interval DEA models with assurance region for evaluation and selection of the best supplier in the presence of weight restrictions and imprecise data. It proposes a new approach based on “DEA with efficient and inefficient frontiers” for evaluation and selection of the best supplier in the presence of weight restrictions and imprecise data. In this approach, optimistic and pessimistic efficiencies are considered simultaneously for each supplier. When the assurance region constraints are added to the interval DEA optimistic models, scores of calculated efficiency interval become worse and a supplier previously determined as the optimistic efficient supplier may be recognized as optimistic non-efficient. When the assurance region constraints are added to the interval DEA pessimistic models, scores of calculated efficiency interval are improved and a supplier previously recognized as a pessimistic inefficient supplier may be recognized as pessimistic non-inefficient. Comparing traditional DEA, DEA approach with efficient and inefficient frontiers may recognize the best supplier correctly and conveniently. A numerical example shows the application of the proposed approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - The Role of Industrial Clusters on Regional Competitiveness ( Case Study: The Cluster Of Petroleum, Gas And Petrochemical Facilities Of Khuzestan
Hashem Dadashpor Zahra Ahmadipour Abolfazl MoarrefiAs a novel idea for discussion on the role of industrial development on regional development, the term “cluster” became noteworthy since 90’s in order to increase competitiveness. Territorial development researchers believe that formation of regional i MoreAs a novel idea for discussion on the role of industrial development on regional development, the term “cluster” became noteworthy since 90’s in order to increase competitiveness. Territorial development researchers believe that formation of regional industrial clusters improves competitiveness and plays a role in promoting competitive advantages and regional development. Hence, because of the possibility of realization of competitive advantage, industrial clusters became a focal point for research and policymaking. Against this background, the purpose of this research is to analyze and review the role of industrial clusters on the development of regional competitiveness and assumes that the higher number of relations in an industrial cluster leads to higher level of regional competitiveness. The research applies descriptive-analytical research method and utilizes questionnaire to collect data. The data was studied by SPSS and Lisrel software packs after approval of validity and reliability of data. Findings corroborate the relationship between the higher number of relations in industrial clusters with the higher level of regional competitiveness and also identifies the contributing factors to development and stimulation of regional development which is ranked by the order of their effect as follows: 1. Social relations, 2. Geographic and location relations, 3. Economic relations, and 4. Institutional relations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - A Survey on Effects of Information Technology on Employee’s Empowerment (Case Study: West Regional Electricity Distribution Companies Kermanshah)
Omid Ardalan Farhad Vafaei Shahram Jenabi Mojtaba AlmasiIT organizations have capabilities to create value, so they have made huge investments for the deployment of information technology. One of the values that organizations can create is to use this technology in their organizations in order to empower the employees. The a MoreIT organizations have capabilities to create value, so they have made huge investments for the deployment of information technology. One of the values that organizations can create is to use this technology in their organizations in order to empower the employees. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of information technology on the job empowerment. The population consists of staff working at Kermanshah province in the west regional electric distribution company. Using the systematic random sampling method, the sample size is 181 people. The questionnaire’s validity and reliability was measured and approved. In this study, the use of information technology in the organization was studied, so after ensuring its application, its effects on empowering employees were investigated. For this purpose, relevant indicators of empowerment were considered, including improving the quality of performance, knowledge, job opportunities, independence and freedom of action, responsibility, decision-making, self-control and identified professional development. The results of this study showed that the use of IT to improve the quality of performance is (.011 ₌ α), Knowledge (.000₌α), Job opportunities (.000₌α), Independence and freedom of action (.000₌ α), Responsible for deciding (.002₌ α), Self-control (.000₌ α) and professional development of employees (.000₌α) and all show that there is a significant positive relationship. In the end, we conclude that the greatest impact of information technology on improving the quality of electricity distribution companies is the employee’s performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - Comparing Realistic and Modernistic Component Styles with Special Refrence to Ahmad Mahmoud and Mostafa Mostour Short Stories
Manouchehr Tashakori Parvin Golizade Nasrollah Emami Parvane HolousiIran’s south realm with cultural diversity and its special nature is an extra ordinary revelation source for story landscaping. Existence of Sea, large river, palm grove, oil and industry and even heat, which is south original back drop, has yielded that this regi MoreIran’s south realm with cultural diversity and its special nature is an extra ordinary revelation source for story landscaping. Existence of Sea, large river, palm grove, oil and industry and even heat, which is south original back drop, has yielded that this region’s writers utilize the God’s blessing in their works and with this method give their work a kind of style recognition. Actually Khuseztan as one of the most important poles for ecological literature in Iran after revolution and war sustained huge loss because of its writers’ immigration. Also according to political, economic, and social transition speed and as it follows cultural transformation in recent decades, the necessity of investigating these transitions, particularly in literature is sensed more than before. In glance to recent years’ fiction, distancing of this type of literature from realism school is evident and undeniable. It is incontrovertible that the old story writing methods are not responsive to the contemporary human’s mental requirements and psychotic difficulties also changing these methods seem inevitable. Concomitant with emergence of modern and postmodern art and literature in other countries, these literary works has attracted attention and was criticized and investigated. Unfortunately, in Iran critical and essential discussion has been seldom and has opened the arena for unprofessional and tactfully critiques. Therefore, the aim of the presented research is comparing the realism and modernism style constituents with emphasis on short stories of Ahmad Mahmoud and Moustafa Mastour. The research method is analytic-descriptive methodology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - The effect of knowledge cities on the regional development (Case study: Pardis City)
ALI ADIB Farah Habib Zahra Sadat Saeideh ZarabadiFor the country of Iran, which intends to become a developed country, one of the key elements to achieve development is to pay attention to the knowledge-based approach in all scientific and technological fields .. Among these things are the creation and development of MoreFor the country of Iran, which intends to become a developed country, one of the key elements to achieve development is to pay attention to the knowledge-based approach in all scientific and technological fields .. Among these things are the creation and development of knowledge cities, which have emerged in the world today and have knowledge-based economies and sustainable cities where their citizens live in prosperity and comfort Pardis , due to its location 17 kilometers east of Tehran having tourism capabilities, a special natural location, higher education centers such as Azad University and most importantly the science and technology park, are the necessary conditions to attract investors in the sector. It has private and especially the urban creative class and has the necessary potential to become a knowledge city. Based on this, the aim of this research is to formulate solid theoretical foundations regarding the impact of knowledge cities on regional development and to identify the criteria and indicators of the knowledge-city in Pardis , which is analyzed by the results of the questionnaire using the Likert . The desirability of 60 people is based on targeted sampling according to the statistical population. In the following, by examining the current situation and recognizing the capabilities and bottlenecks of Pardis , we will examine whether Pardis has the ability to become a knowledge-based city and the criteria and branches necessary for this transformation in six dimensions, social, economic, managerial, We evaluate the perception and spatial organization of the Minister of Urban infrastructure through the hierarchical AHP . The results of the research show that the economic criterion is in the first place, urban infrastructure is in the second place, and management is in the third place in terms of importance in order to create a knowledge-base city and regional development Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Makran regional development policy with a future research approach
abolfazl Shahali rahim sarvarAmong the criteria of regional planning to determine inequalities is determining the status of regions according to development indicators. In the literature and development policy, it is generally believed that the growth of GDP and high per capita income is the main a MoreAmong the criteria of regional planning to determine inequalities is determining the status of regions according to development indicators. In the literature and development policy, it is generally believed that the growth of GDP and high per capita income is the main axis of development.. The purpose of this research is the regional development policy of Makran, the current research has been done using the descriptive-analytical method and based on future research methods with a combination of documentary and survey methods. In this research, after studying the upstream documents, two-stage Delphi method was used to identify the key variables affecting the sustainable development of Makran region, and the analyzed data includes 36 variables in the form of 8 areas as primary variables affecting sustainable development. The findings show that the ideal institutional model for the development of Makran will be to go through sectoral approaches and move gradually in the direction of institutional capacity building. Non-institutional models based on the theory of neo-regionalism play high capacities for the institutional capacity building of Makran. As a result, in regional governance, Makran Development Organization should play the role of leadership and policy-making in the credit of the political support of the central government. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - Sustainable tourism regional policy with a model approachstructural-interpretive (case study: Damavand city)
Parisa Mehrnavaz Parvaneh Zivyar bakhtyar ezatpanahThe aim of the current research is to provide a structural-interpretive model of sustainable tourism indicators in Damavand city. In terms of the purpose of the present research, it is of the basic-applied type of research, which on the one hand, with document-library s MoreThe aim of the current research is to provide a structural-interpretive model of sustainable tourism indicators in Damavand city. In terms of the purpose of the present research, it is of the basic-applied type of research, which on the one hand, with document-library studies to examine the dimensions, definitions and theoretical framework of the research, and on the other hand, with detailed field observations, as well as referring to relevant organizations and departments to collect data and information. It is necessary in the scope of the study to achieve the research questions. In terms of the method of data collection, it is done using a mixed method (quantitative-qualitative), temporally and spatially in Damavand city. The analysis of research data was done in two ways, the first one was done by using descriptive statistics techniques and the other one was done by using inferential statistics techniques. After that, we used structural-interpretive equations to determine the relationships between sustainable tourism indicators from the residents' point of view and finally to draw the model of sustainable tourism in Damavand city. The results of structural equations showed that the greatest power of influence is related to socio-cultural indicators and then natural indicators. Economic indicators, planning and management indicators and service-infrastructure indicators were all at the same level. The lowest power of influence was related to advertising indicators. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - "Sovereignty Gap" in the Islamic Republic of Iran and its reflection in its regional policies
Ashraf Kargar Ghomiha Mohammad Rahim Eyvazi Majid Tavassoli Roknabadi Ali Ashraf NazariThe governance gap is one of the most important political damages that can occur in a political system. These gaps arise due to the lack of a general agreement on the sources of power and how to distribute it, and arise from the inability of the political elites to prov MoreThe governance gap is one of the most important political damages that can occur in a political system. These gaps arise due to the lack of a general agreement on the sources of power and how to distribute it, and arise from the inability of the political elites to provide a correct understanding of these issues. Therefore, when a military is faced with this injury, it suffers major problems in various fields, both domestic and foreign. In the Islamic Republic, in spite of the over-discourse of the Islamic Revolution for relatively long years, there has been no consensus among the political elites in various fields or it has been very weak, and this has led to the creation of various sub-discourses. These sub-discourses in conflict with each other have blocked the way to the correct policy making and have caused confusion in domestic and foreign policies. The present article, with the discourse method, while referring to these sub-discourses, seeks to understand the results of this governance gap in Iran's policies in the region and the Islamic world with the hypothesis that: "The governance gap in the Islamic Republic of Iran causes a decrease in the influence of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the region and This issue weakens the position of aligned Islamic countries and strengthens competitors." Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - Legal protection capacities in regional courts of religious tourists.
Alireza Keshtkar Masoud Raei Dehaqi Manouchehr Tavasolli NaeiniOne of the types of tourism is religious tourism, which has a special place for various reasons. Because religious tourism, considering that there are different opinions and sometimes even objections against it, which originates from their religious beliefs, so that in MoreOne of the types of tourism is religious tourism, which has a special place for various reasons. Because religious tourism, considering that there are different opinions and sometimes even objections against it, which originates from their religious beliefs, so that in addition to their money, it also puts their lives at risk..Now, the purpose of this research is to examine the existing legal capacities and the capabilities that prevail in the rules and regulations of the regional courts. It should be determined whether it is possible to support religious tourists by submitting legal petitions or submitting criminal complaints or not? In this article, in order to achieve the goal, a descriptive analytical research method has been used. Finally, the results of this research showed by stating and explaining the rules and regulations governing the regional courts. that religious tourists or their statesmen, by using their legal and criminal capacities in the form of rules and regulations governing regional courts, are able to not only reduce many political and economic tensions in the world, Rather, they should provide the means to restore the violated rights and also prevent the repetition of similar issues in the future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - The National legitimacy of governments in the regional unions procedures
Akbar saavari samane rahmatifar shahram zarnashanAbstract:This research has been done to investigate the legitimacy and evolution process of the concept of government legitimacy by regional unions. Since the most obvious component of legitimacy is respect for human rights, on this basis, the government is evaluated ba MoreAbstract:This research has been done to investigate the legitimacy and evolution process of the concept of government legitimacy by regional unions. Since the most obvious component of legitimacy is respect for human rights, on this basis, the government is evaluated based on the rights, discipline and security that it establishes for the people and by the people. So, nowadays the governments stablished based on illegal ways like coups, aggressions and ethnic and racial discrimination are facing the crisis of legitimacy to public opinion. Especially by formation of regional unions, the components of national legitimacy of governments have evolved.In order to carry out the research, the following question is raised: how have the components of national legitimacy of the government evolved in the procedure of regional unions and what impact has it had on modern international law? To answer this question the research method is comparative-descriptive and library-based. The result shows that not only the effective control of a government is not considered the basis of national legitimacy, but also democratic methods and tools in reaching power as well as the ability of national governments to establish stability in society based on respect for human rights and basic freedoms of citizens in the procedure of regional unions has been identified Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - The function of regional organizations in cyber wars
Tajmohammad Sadeghi Leila raisi Alireza ansari mahyariWith the expansion of the cyber space, a new arena of threats has been created for governments in the form of cyber threats, and it has affected various aspects of national security, including social, economic, military and political security. It has affected internatio MoreWith the expansion of the cyber space, a new arena of threats has been created for governments in the form of cyber threats, and it has affected various aspects of national security, including social, economic, military and political security. It has affected international and regional security, which requires the necessary solutions to minimize the damage caused by this type of threats and maintain international security. Therefore, this article examines the role of regional organizations in preventing cyber-attacks by using the descriptive-analytical method, The hypothesis proposed in this research is that since governments are increasingly focused on unilateral policies and initiatives to deal with cyber threats, regional organizations should play an active role in shaping cooperation among members in the form of approaches focused on International and regional cooperation in the field of cyber security and prevention of cyber threats and the development of the global cyber security system. The findings of the research show that regional organizations such as NATO, the European Union, Shanghai, ASEAN, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Organization of American States have taken measures to reduce damages caused by cybercrimes and counter cyber-attacks, including They have started to increase knowledge and establish cyber laws, regional cooperation, information sharing, infrastructure strengthening and trust building Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - The Role of Leading Firms and Business Clusters in Regional Innovation
Tohid Eskandarzadeh fard Nader BohlooliObjective: The purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of leading companies and business clusters in regional innovation in East Azarbaijan province. Method: The research method is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study co MoreObjective: The purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of leading companies and business clusters in regional innovation in East Azarbaijan province. Method: The research method is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of managers and staff of R&D departments, design engineers and development of business clusters in East Azarbaijan province. The data collection tool was a standard and researcher-made questionnaire that was validated by the statistical community after assessing its validity and reliability. Structural equation test was used to test the research hypotheses using lisrel 8.5 software. Results: The findings of the present study showed that the presence of leading companies and business clusters has an impact on regional innovation; also, staff education plays a mediating role. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that the presence of leading companies and business clusters plays an important role in improving regional innovation. Also, the education level of the staff improves the innovation in the region. Keywords: Leading company, Business clusters, Regional innovation Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - Introducing an innovative university-based entrepreneurship development model with an emphasis on regional advantages: a creative transcendence
Marziyeh Bakhtiyari Morteza Moosakhani Seyed Mehdi Alvani Seyed Rasoool HosseiniThe growing importance of academic entrepreneurship as a key strategy for innovation and creativity is in line with regional capabilities and advantages. The present study was conducted with a qualitative method and a more complex approach. For this purpose, internal an MoreThe growing importance of academic entrepreneurship as a key strategy for innovation and creativity is in line with regional capabilities and advantages. The present study was conducted with a qualitative method and a more complex approach. For this purpose, internal and external documents related to 118 documents were identified and finally 55 final documents were analyzed. Based on the content analysis of the documents (category, concepts and codes) were identified and the pattern of entrepreneurial development based on regional advantages ( Culture, geography, and manpower) were formed on the basis of key elements (advantage, innovation, and opportunity). In this process, the communication and interaction of university, industry, society, and government leads to the development of academic entrepreneurship. Governance (strategic, regulatory and upstream factors), institutional factors (formal and informal institutions), dynamic adaptation mechanisms (identification of regional opportunities and capabilities, responsive strategies and adaptation to regional needs) and evaluation indicators (Macro-assessment indicators and micro-assessment indicators) play a key role in the process of developing academic entrepreneurship based on regional advantages. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - Comparison of the Developing Process of Female and Male Students’ Creativity in High and Low Regions
Zahra Bagherzadeh Golmakani Shokouh Alsadat Banijamali Ali Akbar Saif Background: Creativity is the driving force of modern civilization forward and respond to the problems that are associated with the fast technological and social changes. So the growth and development of the creativity is a priority for educational sy More Background: Creativity is the driving force of modern civilization forward and respond to the problems that are associated with the fast technological and social changes. So the growth and development of the creativity is a priority for educational systems in the world. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the development of the students’ creativity in two socio-economic regions of Mashhad. Method: The method of this research is descriptive-developmental and cross-sectional designs. A sample of 1273 students (629boys &644 girls aged 13-18 years) was selected randomly from the various public schools. Abedi Creativity Test (TC) was used for data collection. Result: The result revealed that the socio-economic status had a significant relationship with the development of the creativity. The most and the least means were achieved in rich and poor regions. The creativity develops by an increase in age with two significant declines in both rich and poor regions with a little bit differences. The scores of boys and girls in the development of the creativity did not show a significant difference. Conclusion:The findings suggest the necessity of enhancement of the attention to the development of the creativity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - License Plate Detection and Recognition based on Neural Networks in Complex Environments
.N. . Ameena Bibi Purru SupriyaNow a days due to the rapid advancement of economy around the world the count of vehicles increases day by day. Increase in the number of vehicles causes violation detection, road congestion, accidents at different traffic situations, uneven illumination, lighting and w MoreNow a days due to the rapid advancement of economy around the world the count of vehicles increases day by day. Increase in the number of vehicles causes violation detection, road congestion, accidents at different traffic situations, uneven illumination, lighting and weather conditions. To overcome this issue license plate number is recognized but due to variations in license plate layout, font size of characters, tilted number plates, weather conditions, dirt plate and motion blur license plate recognition becomes difficult. License plate recognition has two main tasks, one is to detect the license plate and the other is to identify the license plate characters. By using region of interest license plate is detected. For recognition first tilted images are corrected using affine transformation and to improve the quality of a low-resolution image super resolution CNN is employed and connected component analysis, horizontal and vertical projection profile area used for separating each individuals characters. Each individual character image is fed to the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for character extraction and for classification and the license plate is recognized using convolutional neural networks. The main aim of this paper is to recognize different plate layout with different conditions with minimum data set and less processing time with maximum efficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Estimating damages caused by earthquake using RADIUS and GIS model (case study of Tabriz region 8)
Seyed ahmad Mirdehghan Ashkezari Seyed Ali Almodaresi Mohamad Reza Rezaei Mohammad Reza Nojavan Mostafa khabaziNatural disasters are phenomena that have always exposed human life in all ages and centuries and had harmful effects. Today's cities in different parts of the world are always exposed to risks caused by natural disasters such as earthquakes due to many reasons such as MoreNatural disasters are phenomena that have always exposed human life in all ages and centuries and had harmful effects. Today's cities in different parts of the world are always exposed to risks caused by natural disasters such as earthquakes due to many reasons such as the type of location, inappropriate physical development, non-compliance with necessary standards and lack of proper management. Assessing the vulnerability of cities against these hazards from different aspects and as one of the factors that determine the level of risk, can lead to the reduction of physical, economic and social damages caused by the occurrence of such incidents. In this research, the 8th region of Tabriz municipality was chosen as the historical and cultural region due to its dilapidated texture, heavy traffic and high and vulnerable population density. The method of research and analysis of the collected information is carried out according to the methods based on the information base and using the Radius program, and three scenarios, according to the fault in the north of Tabriz (scenarios 5, 6 and 7 on the Richter scale) to estimate the damages caused by a possible earthquake in The study area was considered. The results indicate that the results of the damages and casualties caused by the earthquake based on the considered scenarios indicate that, in the 5 Richter scenario, 20-26% of the buildings will be destroyed, in the 6 Richter scenario, 35-45% of the buildings will be destroyed, and in the 7 Richter scenario, 55-60% Buildings will be destroyed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - Matching the narration of the common story of the dervish who adorned the slaves of Amid Khorasani in Harry from Masnavi and the mantek Al-Tair
Sorour kanebaigi Seyyed Mahmoud Seyed Sadeghi Shams Al-Hajiyeh Ahmadi roknabadi Narration is one of the most efficient and effective literary and educational methods. Great poets such as Rumi inherited very old cultural and literary traditions, and therefore their stories are rooted in history and the collective human subconscious. Storytelli More Narration is one of the most efficient and effective literary and educational methods. Great poets such as Rumi inherited very old cultural and literary traditions, and therefore their stories are rooted in history and the collective human subconscious. Storytelling has a unique and completely different place in the spiritual Masnavi. Masnavi is an educational work full of stories and anecdotes. This research, in a descriptive-analytical way and library method, seeks to apply the narrative of one of the stories of Masnavi and Al-Tair region entitled "The common story of the dervish who adorned Amid Khorasani's slaves in Masnavi and Al-Tair region". Since allegorical stories form a large part of Masnavi and the best method and technique of Rumi in inducing teachings is his special method of narration, by analyzing this story, we can explain how narration and the role of semantic association in Rumi's method of narration. That is, knowing the narrative style of the text helps us to get closer to the author's mentality, and by identifying the narrative style of Masnavi, we can answer the questions of what is the difference between choosing a particular method of narration in the story of Masnavi and giving meaning to the text or the story of the region. It creates and to what extent has Rumi been able to create new meanings due to the change in the way of narrating the story of Al-Tair region? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - A comparison and investigation of the regional and rural characteristics in novels "A Pilgrim Under the Rain" by Ahmad Mahmood and"Al-rabie al-Assef"by Najib Al-kilani
Hayedeh Azimoghli oskoei Hojjat Rasouli Seyed Ebrahim Arman Regional literature as one of the important subdivisions of fiction has affected social and political developments in most communities. Ahmad Mahmood and Najib Kilani, two distinguished contemporary Persian and Arabic authors, committed authors relying on local cu More Regional literature as one of the important subdivisions of fiction has affected social and political developments in most communities. Ahmad Mahmood and Najib Kilani, two distinguished contemporary Persian and Arabic authors, committed authors relying on local culture, raised the problems of society and called on it to find solutions and understand them in the form of their stories. Story" Al-rabie al-Assef” is one of Najib Kilani’s work about a village with hope and suffering caused by contemporary historical developments of Egypt in the late twentieth century. Story" A pilgrim Under the Rain" by Ahmad Mahmood has shown the situation of south region and people’s problems in the play scenes of story skillfully with the author’s critical eye. This research with descriptive approach from study area has studied and evaluated regional elements in a qualitative-comparative method. First initial sources in the geographical and local areas extracted from Ahmad Mahmood and Najib Kilani’s works in association with social consequences have been studied. The importance of investigating of this subject turns out when many social and cultural problems in Islamic societies will be solved in case the influence of local identity was recognized. The conclusions found from this study are necessary to access to affective local and regional elements in order to achieve sustainable development purposes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - Faunistic studies on snail-killing flies (Dip. Sciomyzidae) in Taleghan region
Saeed Mohammadzade NaminFlies of the family Sciomyzidae are feeding mostly as predators or parasitioids on terrestrial and freshwater molluscs and known as snail-killing flies. Because of their biology and feeding behavior they are very important biocontrol agent against terrestrial and freshw MoreFlies of the family Sciomyzidae are feeding mostly as predators or parasitioids on terrestrial and freshwater molluscs and known as snail-killing flies. Because of their biology and feeding behavior they are very important biocontrol agent against terrestrial and freshwater molluscs that are of considerable economic importance because of their pest status in agriculture and also intermediate hosts for a number of serious parasitic diseases of man-schistosomes and liver flukes. Before this study 28 species of snail-killing flies have been recorded from Iran and no information was available on the fauna of Sciomyzidae of Taleghan region. During studies on snail-killing flies’ fauna in Taleghan region during 2009–2017, 10 species of 8 genera (Pherbellia cinerella, P. nana, Coremacera amoena, C. catenata, Dichaetophora obliterate, Euthycera stictica, Hydromya dorsalis, Psacadina verbekei, Sepedon sphegea, Trypetoptera punctulata) are found to occur in this region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - Optimization of Fuller Experimental Formula Regional Coefficients by Linear Programming and Genetic Algorithm in unguaged watersheds with Spatial Data
Ebrahim Yousefi Mobarhan Ebrahim karimi sanghchini behroz arasto Ali Asghar HashemiOne of the methods used for calculating flood peak discharge in non-statistical watersheds is experimental methods. One of the empirical methods used in this study is the Fuller method which has advantages over other empirical methods for different flood periods. In thi MoreOne of the methods used for calculating flood peak discharge in non-statistical watersheds is experimental methods. One of the empirical methods used in this study is the Fuller method which has advantages over other empirical methods for different flood periods. In this research, we have compared the linear programming optimization techniques and genetic algorithm in optimizing the fuller experimental formula coefficients in Excel and MATLAB respectively for selected watersheds of the region. For this purpose, the statistics of maximum 24-hour discharge of 9 stations in West Azarbaijan province with a statistical period of 21 years were studied. Comparison of the results showed the superiority of the genetic algorithm method and then linear programming. The results also show that the use of smart search methods improves the performance of conventional methods significantly. For this purpose, the statistics of maximum 24-hour discharge of 9 stations in West Azarbaijan province with a statistical period of 21 years were studied. Comparison of the results showed the superiority of the genetic algorithm method and then linear programming. The results also show that the use of smart search methods improves the performance of conventional methods significantly. For this purpose, the statistics of maximum 24-hour discharge of 9 stations in West Azarbaijan province with a statistical period of 21 years were studied. Comparison of the results showed the superiority of the genetic algorithm method and then linear programming. The results also show that the use of smart search methods improves the performance of conventional methods significantly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - Application of Environmental Change Planning Model - A Contribution in Identifying Advantages Competitive and structural nature of insurance activities in the private insurance company
reza ziyari fatemeh salehiThe insurance industry has a very special place in the economy, and insurance companies are important institutions in the capital market. Insurance activities are considered as one of the important pillars for economic and social development and have a significant impac MoreThe insurance industry has a very special place in the economy, and insurance companies are important institutions in the capital market. Insurance activities are considered as one of the important pillars for economic and social development and have a significant impact on the development of the economic and social relations of the country. In the economy of Iran, the growth of the insurance industry is one of the main concerns of economic policy makers. In the current situation, including useful solutions in this regard, the creation and expansion of insurance activities through increased investment in the production of premiums generated by the relative advantages of the insurance company in different regions. The shift model = share is one of the most important and effective models for regional planning analysis. The present research seeks to address one of the important aspects for the establishment and improvement of the performance of private insurance companies by recognizing the advantages of each of the branches. In this research, the existing data was processed using SPSS software and eventually The spatial coefficient of the field of insurance activities of different branches was calculated and finally the application of the model was tested for identification of competitive and structural advantages. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - Tracking Severe Dust Storms Phenomenon in Southeast Iran by using HYSPLIT
Seyed Abdolhossein Arami Ebrahim Karimi Sangchini Mehri DinarvandRegional dust storm events are the prime concern of many countries located within the arid belt of the world. Nowadays, dust is a serious challenge in the world, especially in the Middle East. In recent decades, dust storms is known as the most damaging and inclusive en MoreRegional dust storm events are the prime concern of many countries located within the arid belt of the world. Nowadays, dust is a serious challenge in the world, especially in the Middle East. In recent decades, dust storms is known as the most damaging and inclusive environmental crisis in Iran due to the impacts of climate and land use changes. The aim of this study is to detect and simulation of dust storms in southwest regions of Iran. For this purpose, changes in dust were analyzed during a 22-year period (1995-2016) for six provinces southwest of Iran including Khozestan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, Lorestan and Kohgiluyeh, and Boyerahmad with an area of about 169266 square kilometers. For this study were using the HYSPLIT model. The data used covered and include GDAS data, view field, velocity and direction of a wind, temperature, and geopotential height in the atmosphere, which are different at various levels. GDAS data for tracking the winding path in the HYSPLIT model were used. Simulation studies of dust particle movement paths have shown that most of the tracks are from the northern and central parts of Iraq and Syria and the source of dust storms are deserts and dry regions of the northern and central parts of Iraq and Syria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - Achievements of Archaeological Research in Tel Bando, Noorabad, Fars
Soheila Darvishi Mohammad Rahim Saraf Mahmoud TavousiStudies related to the historical period of Elam have correctly found that there are many unknowns in the history of Elamite governments. We still do not know many of the Elamite regions mentioned in Elamite and Mesopotamian tablets and inscriptions. We do not have comp MoreStudies related to the historical period of Elam have correctly found that there are many unknowns in the history of Elamite governments. We still do not know many of the Elamite regions mentioned in Elamite and Mesopotamian tablets and inscriptions. We do not have complete command of the Elamite script as it should, and we do not have a lot of knowledge about the livelihood and daily life of the Elamites. This lack is more visible especially in the areas that have been less explored so far. Archaeological excavations in Fars and Khuzestan by Iranian and foreign archaeologists during the past century provide information about the way of life and religious thoughts of that period. However, one of the intellectual concerns of archaeologists has always been the relationship between the mountain people of Fars and the people who lived in the lowlands of Khuzestan. This process can be investigated from prehistoric times to modern times and can be comprehensively researched through archaeological excavations. One of the recently excavated sites is called Tel Bando. The results of the five seasons of archaeological excavations at Tel Bando provide us with many documents related to the way of life and social conditions of this mountainous region from the beginning of writing to the Achaemenid period. The obtained evidences show that this area was influenced by the prehistoric cultures of Fars region from the Bakun A period to the present day, it was the settlement of nomadic or sedentary tribes who chose this place for their temporary or permanent settlement. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
190 - Study of the Stone Artifacts of Tepe Hissar, Damghan (4000-2000 BC)
Hamid AmanollahiDuring the excavations carried out by Schmidt a collection of artifacts and stoneware were dug out. These objects demonstrate the culture of the people living in Tepe Hissar in prehistoric times. The collection includes short columns, stemmed plates, bowls, jars, spoute MoreDuring the excavations carried out by Schmidt a collection of artifacts and stoneware were dug out. These objects demonstrate the culture of the people living in Tepe Hissar in prehistoric times. The collection includes short columns, stemmed plates, bowls, jars, spouted pitchers, mortars, etc. In this article the writer has tried, as much as possible, to study the existing documents on the stone artifacts discovered in archeological excavations, field study of Tepe Hissar archeological mound, and stone artifacts in Iran National Museum. In conclusion, It has been tried to study the technology and typology of 30 stone artifacts of Tepe Hissar, now in the National Museum, including classification of the collection based on composition, type, and typology; also the characteristics of all stone artifacts have been explained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
191 - Preliminary Report on Archaeological Survey of Komijan, Markazi Province
Gholam Shirzadeh Esmail Sharahi Ghafour KakaThese days the role of middle- point regions is one of the important issues for archaeological researchers due to their importance in political, economic, social and cultural interactions. Archaeological surveys have important role for knowing of political and cultural MoreThese days the role of middle- point regions is one of the important issues for archaeological researchers due to their importance in political, economic, social and cultural interactions. Archaeological surveys have important role for knowing of political and cultural changings in various regions. One of the goals of the Komijan Town survey and studying is reaching to the role of the middle- point regions during the different periods of human life in the region. Komijan Town is located between the center of Iranian plateau and Zagros. This town had had role in the cultural communications. The region has been consisted an immense plain with ranges around it. Mentioned plain is bounded on the west by Famenin Plain in Hamedan and on the south by Shaara greens valley. It has been a place of settlement for human groups in different periods in comparison with regions of piedmont and has had the main role in regional communications as well. Qara Chay River is the most important river of the region that is came at the part of the plain. Komijan Town archaeological survey carried out in 2009 in 1625 square kilometers space. At the end of the survey has identified 90 footprints relating to prehistoric era until contemporary centuries: sites, petrology and historical buildings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - Phylogenetic analysis of Afshari sheep population based on HVR and cytB regions of mitochondrial DNA
Kian Pahlevan AfshariBackground and objectives: Sheep as a domestic animal have played a key role in food resources of Iranian plateau people and this area is known as the origin of this spice. Among the genetic markers mtDNA sequencing is one of the most useful and common methods employed MoreBackground and objectives: Sheep as a domestic animal have played a key role in food resources of Iranian plateau people and this area is known as the origin of this spice. Among the genetic markers mtDNA sequencing is one of the most useful and common methods employed for inferring phylogenetic relationship among closely related species and population and conservation of species. Materials and Methods: For this study 40 blood samples from unrelated Afshari sheep were collected. The DNA was extracted and the HVR1 and cytB regions of mtDNA were amplified with specific primers using PCR. Results: The HVR1 and cytB of mtDNA of Afshari breed were sequenced, alingned and compared with other breeds from all over the world. Results showed 3 and 5 haplotype respectively. In addition both loci were high polymorphicConclusion: Sequencing of mitochondrial genome can showed genetic variation and genetic relationship between oviane in the world. For this reason it is powerful and applicable tool to determine the level of genetic diversity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - Exclusionary Decision Making in Tehran Metropolitan Region- Complexity, Self organization and Power of Action
Seyed Abdolhadi Daneshpour Atefeh Soleimani Roudi -
Open Access Article
194 - Study of institutional Collaboration in the management Structure of the City Regions Case Study: Process of determining the city of Qazvin Growth boundaries.
Mohammad Sheikhi Nazanin delnavaz Elham Nazari -
Open Access Article
195 - Social Sustainability Measures for Rural Areas in Iran
Shahram Maleki Vahid Bigdeli Rad -
Open Access Article
196 - Conquering Fars regions from Muslim entry to the end of the Rashidun caliphs
Jalil Khoshhal Mirza Mohammad Hasani Hasan ShadpoorFars was the most important province in Iran that was considered at the time of the second Caliph Omar ibn Khattab and was attacked on both sides of Bahrain and Basra. The five Fars regions conquered by the Muslims gradually. Islamic resources report different years for MoreFars was the most important province in Iran that was considered at the time of the second Caliph Omar ibn Khattab and was attacked on both sides of Bahrain and Basra. The five Fars regions conquered by the Muslims gradually. Islamic resources report different years for the conquests and the name of the conquerors of the Fars regions. It represents the insurrections of the inhabitants of these regions after each conquest. The purpose of this research is Study of conquest process in Fars and different reports among Islamic writers in the conquest years and the name of the conquerors of the Fars in the Rashidun caliphs' era. The research question is: What reasons is there for the different reports in the year of conquest and the names of the victors of these furnaces from the time of the second caliph to the end of the Rashidin caliphate? Research methodology is descriptive-analytical. this result was obtained that to the collapse of the Sassanian Empire, change the internal structure of government and disorder and the collapse of government, heavy tribute (Bāj) and tax (Kharāj), misbehavior of caliphate agents in five Fars regions, cruelty and brutality of some conquerors in conquering regions, also internal disagreements among Muslim Arabs, and tribal rivalries to achieve more power, they caused to rebel the people of Fars. They were suppressed by different commanders and conquerors in different years. So, they were registered different reports about the conquest years and the name of the conquerors in the resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - Goor Dokhtar Mausoleum: Reasons for & Time of Construction, Naming Reason, Archeological Style, & Reasons of Abandonment
abbas ashuri nezhad mahdi bsardehDuring Achaemenian Period, Bushehr province enjoyed special significance owing to its strategic location on Persian Gulf coast and the exceptional attention Achaemenians paid to marine commerce. Being adjacent to Fars province and having abundant natural resources had m MoreDuring Achaemenian Period, Bushehr province enjoyed special significance owing to its strategic location on Persian Gulf coast and the exceptional attention Achaemenians paid to marine commerce. Being adjacent to Fars province and having abundant natural resources had made Bushehr province even more important. As marine courses developed, Achaemenians found it more necessary than before to be present at the western frontier of Pars area, where Bushehr port is located now. Existence of three palaces inland Persian Gulf – especially at Dashtestan – and many other works found at different parts of Bushehr province is a clear indication of Achaemenians’ ruling over Persian Gulf. One of the valuable Achaemenian historical works at Southern Pars region and Bushehr province is the monument known as Goor Dokhtar Mausoleum (literally meaning the girl’s tomb), which is structurally very similar to the Mausoleum of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae. The only two places in Iran where this type of architecture is used are Pasargadae and Bozpar region in Dashtestan. Through content analysis, comparison, and field research, the present study shows that this valuable monument was constructed about 5 centuries B.C; its name – which was given to it after Arabs’ invasion – probably signifies its being untouched and inaccessible to the strangers. Moreover, considering its sharp roof, the structure is of Elamite architecture. Finally, the reason behind its abandonment might have been that the route of the main road changed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - The Role of Chabahar Port in the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran
ghasem arbabi Rahmat Hajimineh Yaser KahrazehToday, the role of ports as the most pervasive route of trade transit is of great importance in the foreign policy relations of countries in the world of politics, and Iran is no exception. Accordingly, this study was conducted with the aim of evaluating and analyzing t MoreToday, the role of ports as the most pervasive route of trade transit is of great importance in the foreign policy relations of countries in the world of politics, and Iran is no exception. Accordingly, this study was conducted with the aim of evaluating and analyzing the capacities and impact of Chabahar port in adopting Iran's political approaches in the region and the international system It also explains the opportunities and challenges ahead from a critical geopolitical perspective. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting library information is by emphasizing and citing political and commercial reports and documents. The findings of this study indicate that one of the most basic criteria of regional and international political relations of Iran regarding countries such as Pakistan, India, China and Afghanistan is explained based on the development policies of Chabahar port. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - A Study of Party System in Kurdistan Regional Government from the Perspective of Prismatic Society
Rahmat Hajimineh Arsalan AbdolahpourRahmat Hajimineh [1] Arsalan Abdolahpour [2] Abstract: In 1991,the Iraqi Kurdistan Region declared autonomy within the Ir­­aqi legal framework following the plan for safe and no-fly zone. The region has officially become a federal region with a local gover­n MoreRahmat Hajimineh [1] Arsalan Abdolahpour [2] Abstract: In 1991,the Iraqi Kurdistan Region declared autonomy within the Ir­­aqi legal framework following the plan for safe and no-fly zone. The region has officially become a federal region with a local gover­n­ment with a semi-independent Iraqi administration, following the approval of the Federalism Act in Iraq in 2005. This study examines the theory of Fred Riggs' prismatic community and the char­ac­te­r­i­s­t­i­c­s of this type of society to examine the historical features of the bureaucracy in the Kurdistan region. The main question of the rese­a­r­ch is whether the Regional Government has been able to remove s­u­c­h indicators as heterogeneity, formality, interference, kinship and et­­h­nicism, market and concentration of power, as components of p­­r­i­smatic community, or does it continue to pursue its governance ba­sed on traditional structures? The method of data collection, due to the overseas nature of the subject of study and lack of access to the documents of that system, is in the form of library and Internet, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. According to Riggs' m­odel, the results suggest that the conditions and characteristics of the region's political system, despite having democratic components, are more in line with the status of the prismatic society. [1]- Assistant Professor of International Relations, Department of Communication and Social Sciences, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran: Corresponding Author [2] - PhD Student of Public Policy, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
200 - The Sources of Opposition Parties in the Process of Political Development (Case Study: Goran Party in Kurdistan Region of Iraq)
Safar Valadbaigi sadegh ziba kalam monfared Alireza Azghandi AliAshraf NazariThe Kurdistan region has more than 600 kilometers of common border with Iran, which are culturally and historically compatible and have a deep influence on each other in the field of democracy. The question of the research includes: is the formation of political opposit MoreThe Kurdistan region has more than 600 kilometers of common border with Iran, which are culturally and historically compatible and have a deep influence on each other in the field of democracy. The question of the research includes: is the formation of political opposition in the Kurdistan region a sign of the transition of this region towards democracy or authoritarianism? The hypothesis suggests although the emergence of the opposition is a sign of minimal democracy, its formation, stabilization, and weakening are proof of the authoritarian structure and functioning of the two main parties in this region. The research method is qualitative (library documents). The results show that the formation of the political opposition in the region was a reaction to the authoritarian rule, but at the same time, it was a sign of the movement of the Kurdish society towards a kind of political and party pluralism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
201 - Usage of Scientometric Method in Higher Education Regional Preparation For the Development of Entrepreneurial University
Marziyh Bakhtiyari Morteza Moosakhani Seyed Mhdi Alvani Seyed Rasul HosseiniOn the new perspective of higher education, university is the place in which entrepreneurship skills are developed in order to improve the conversion of graduated to entrepreneurs. By paying attention to conditions and talents of the area and its demands, planning of hi MoreOn the new perspective of higher education, university is the place in which entrepreneurship skills are developed in order to improve the conversion of graduated to entrepreneurs. By paying attention to conditions and talents of the area and its demands, planning of higher education regional preparation aims at planning it in proportion with needs of society and in the way that it meets the area’s demand. This survey is a kind of scientometrics, and is done by using of citation analysis method and evaluation technique. Statistical population of this research is documentaries which are presented in data base of Scopus, with number of 758 data for entrepreneurial university and 386 data for preparing plan, and are illustrated and evaluated with Bibexcle and VOSviewer software. The results of this survey show that there are various researches in the world independently in these two areas, but the relationship between them are rarely studied, which could be said that it is a part of innovative survey, and the research gap in this area is so eye-catching. In this area there are no special studies in Iran, so, based on the evaluation and results of this survey, some suggestions are offered for future researches. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - Economic Growth of Regions of Ukraine in Conditions of Disproportional Regional Development
Svitlana Shults Liliia Simkiv Uliana Andrusiv Iryna Bilyk Nadiia Klym -
Open Access Article
203 - Designing a Marketing Strategy for the Development of Industrial Tourism in the Region
Bohdan Danylyshyn Oleksandra Olshanska Yuliia Zabaldina Roman Mazurets Sergii Khlopiak Liliia Pivnova -
Open Access Article
204 - Assessment of the Components of Financial Potential of the Regions of Ukraine
Davydenko Nadiia Buryak Alina Demyanenko Inna Buryak Mykhailo -
Open Access Article
205 - The Influence Of The Gross Regional Product On The Formation Of The Financial Potential Of The Region
Davydenko Nadiia Dibrova Anatolii Onishko Svetlana Fedoryshyna Lidiia -
Open Access Article
206 - The Generation of Earthquake PGA Using Stochastic Finite Fault Method in Alborz Region
Ali Delnavaz Mohammad Ali Habibzadeh Ali Hajsayedtaghiya -
Open Access Article
207 - The role of the age of the audience in understanding the concept of sense of place crystallized in the regional buildings of Khuzestan province
ehsan moradi sabzkoohi Akbar Mousaeijoo ahmadreza kaboli. The research method is a combination of both qualitative and quantitative, which is conducted in the qualitative phase to extract the components of the sense of place in context-oriented structures, semi-structured interviews, and in the quantitative phase, a question More. The research method is a combination of both qualitative and quantitative, which is conducted in the qualitative phase to extract the components of the sense of place in context-oriented structures, semi-structured interviews, and in the quantitative phase, a questionnaire with a Likert scale is designed and provided to spatial users. The results are collected in ORIGINPRO software and analyzed by PC. The results show that in the age group of 20 to 40 years, the highest factor contribution is related to activity, memorableness, social interactions and security with a value of (1.000) and the lowest factor contribution is related to The direction of the sun is (0.262), doors (0.265) and windows (0.274). In the age group of 40 to 60 years, the highest factor share is related to security, natural landscape, memorableness, giving meaning with a value of (1.000); And the lowest factor contribution is related to slope and unevenness (0.254), skyline (0.311) and doors (0.315). In the age group of 60 to 80 years, the highest factor contribution is related to green space, natural landscape, and social interactions. , comfort and security with a value of (1.000) and the lowest factor contribution is related to the indices of size (0.256), direction of the sun (0.266), uneven slope (0.244).With the expansion of communication methods in the modern world, social relations have declined and decreased. In the built buildings, the communication with the environment and its perception through various senses has been weakened and has created spaces lacking the necessary efficiency and performance (Mahmoudinejad et al., 2008: 284) Development in modern cities, man, city and It has made architecture unfamiliar with meaning and feeling and has created a large number of unknown and meaningless spaces, which has been much more in different age groups (Daneshpour et al., 2009: 39). So it can be said that these buildings are designed only for certain age groups. In general, losing the idea of the place of life can be one of the dominant crises in the present era and it has caused a change in the perception of memories in the residential complexes of the modern world and has turned them into a place without spirit and feeling. (Aegei, 2008: 45) The effect that architecture has on the human soul in the short and long term is undeniable, the space can be from a dry and soulless and cold body to a body in which the sense and spirit of the place flows, currently in Today's cities are empty of spaces that are full of a rich sense of place. (Nurberg Schultz, 2003: 48) Interest in the sense of place has grown rapidly in recent years, and the concept of spending time has expanded to entertainment and a wide range of programs (Madanipour). , 2000: 68) The concept of sense of place is an interdisciplinary concept that is studied in sciences such as psychology, sociology, architecture and geography. However, paying attention to place belonging has a historical background (Nurberg Schultz, 2014: 52). Paying attention to sustainable architecture and its principles is more and more on the agenda of different countries. One of these solutions is to develop the characteristics of the region, such as the body and environment, and to pay attention to the culture of each region. In short, the application of all these things can be called regionalism. Regionalism is a theory that advocates resistance to various forms of superiority, globalization, and standardized constructs that reduce ethnic differences. This theory suggests methods and criteria to protect the revival and, if necessary, rebuild the life of the framework of the region's characteristics (Bayzidi, 1392: 10). It emphasizes the cultural, geographical and climatic aspects of a particular region. In this research, while examining the issue of the sense of place, and extracting its components, the effect of each component in the age group of 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 is investigated. The scope of the study is buildings that have characteristics are regionalism, and the verification of a component happens in the qualitative part. In this research, the question is answered that in each age group, which of the components has a greater contribution in creating a sense of place in the regional buildings of Khuzestan province. . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
208 - Effect of Sowing Date on Some Agronomic Characteristics and Seed Yield of Winter Wheat Cultivars
A. Ganbari H. Roshani A. TavassoliTo evaluate the effect of sowing dates on yield, yield components and some agronomic characteristics of four winter wheat cultivars and also their phenological changes, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried MoreTo evaluate the effect of sowing dates on yield, yield components and some agronomic characteristics of four winter wheat cultivars and also their phenological changes, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out at the Agriculture Research Station of Ardabil (Iran) during 2009 growing season. First factor consisted of four wheat cultivars (Azar2, Sabalan, Sardari and Zagros) and second factor consisted of four sowing dates (1st, 10th, 20th and 30th of September). The results showed that sowing date had significant effect on the number of spikes, the number of seed per spike, 1000-seed weight, germination percentage, days to spike appearance, days to ripening, growing degree days, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index. The highest and lowest seed yields of wheat were obtained from sowing date of the September the first (4616 kg/ha) and sowing date of September 30th (2197 kg/ha) respectively. Delaying planting decreased the number of spikes per m2 and 1000-seed weight. Cultivars had significant effect on all of the traits measured, except leaf number, fertile and non-fertilie tillers. The highest and the lowest seed yields were obtained from Sabalan (4750 kg/ha) and Zagros (2757 kg/ha) cultivars respectively. Interaction of sowing date and cultivar were significant on all of traits measured, except stem height, the leaf number, the number of spikes, 1000-seed weight and seed yield (P<%1). On the whole, it can be concluded that the first sowing date (September the first) and Sabalan can be recommended to the farmers of Ardabil region and similar climatic conditions for higher yields. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - The relationship between citizenship ethics, social participation and trust among the citizens of Tabriz
simin dokht nematollahiCitizenship ethics is a set of principles, criteria and norms that govern the behavior, relationships and social relations of citizens. Citizenship ethics as a social variable is associated with various factors, some of which can play an effective role in promoting citi MoreCitizenship ethics is a set of principles, criteria and norms that govern the behavior, relationships and social relations of citizens. Citizenship ethics as a social variable is associated with various factors, some of which can play an effective role in promoting citizens' ethics. One of the important factors is social capital and its dimensions. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between citizenship ethics, social participation and trust among the citizens of Tabriz. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and a cross-sectional study in terms of time. The data collection method was correlational survey. The statistical population was the citizens of the third district of Tabriz municipality with 64,000 households. According to Morgan's table, the sample size was 330 people. Sampling was done by systematic random method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Findings showed that there is a significant relationship between citizenship ethics, social participation and trust among the citizens of the three municipalities of Tabriz. There was no significant difference in citizenship ethics according to the level of education and occupation of citizens. Due to the significant relationship between citizenship ethics and social participation and trust among citizens, it is necessary to establish social cohesion and mutual trust between members of society, strengthen democratic and more efficient institutions and make these institutions more accountable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - Reforming Iran's land policies and removing its social barriers according to the Al-Faragh region theory
Mohamad Piran Mohammad Hossein Mokhtari Esmaeil ShafieeThe smallness and dispersion of agricultural land in our country prevent the optimal use of water and soil resources, putting at risk the food security of the nation. The religious beliefs of the whole require that structural changes in the process of economic developme MoreThe smallness and dispersion of agricultural land in our country prevent the optimal use of water and soil resources, putting at risk the food security of the nation. The religious beliefs of the whole require that structural changes in the process of economic development be based on their religious beliefs. Therefore, this research paper will explain the necessity of integrating and removing social barriers associated with the theory of Martyr Sadr, who was a jurist who mastered the political and governmental systems. With a document analysis research method, this study finds that some small land owners hinder integration by citing inheritance laws and the principle of private property. The social phenomenon generated by their social actions prevents implementation at the community level. According to the theory of Shahid Sadr, the government can eliminate the corruption of previous policies in the presence of the Al-Faragh region theory based on the interests of the Muslim community. To revoke the private ownership of small lands based on the "harmless rule" and curb the inheritance law while making changes in its implementation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - Necessities and obstacles in Iran-Turkmenistan Relations
Zahra Tavakoli Kayhan Barzegar Majid Tavasoli RoknAbadiAt present, Iran's neighborhood with the Central Asian region is based on Iran's geographical capacity. Turkmenistan is one of the countries in the region that is important for the foreign policy apparatus based on the principle of neighborhood policy and having a commo MoreAt present, Iran's neighborhood with the Central Asian region is based on Iran's geographical capacity. Turkmenistan is one of the countries in the region that is important for the foreign policy apparatus based on the principle of neighborhood policy and having a common border.In this regard, the question of this article is, has Iran been successful in using the capacities of its neighborhood policy towards Turkmenistan? It seams, it should be said that despite the special features of Turkmenistan's neighborhood for Iran, Iran has not taken advantage of this opportunity as it should For reasons such as; Lack of macro strategy and clear strategy towards this country in the foreign policy apparatus, influence of regional and international actors, especially the United States Basically, one of the main conditions and principles in neighborhood policy is the satisfaction of neighbors with each other and one of its main pillars is to maintain and establish stability in relations. It also identifies all existing capabilities in the economic, political, security and cultural fields. This principle has not been very much established in the relations between the two countries, despite the expression of mutual desires and needs of the two countries. Therefore, Iran should take serious steps to increase bilateral interactions in all recognized dimensions and serious participation in regional cooperation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - The Political Development process in Iraqi Kurdistan Region and it's Effect on Iranaian National Interets (1991-2020)
safar valadbaigi sadegh zibakalam monfared sayed alireza azghandi aliashraf nazarianThe formation of an autonomous and later federal system in Iraqi Kurdistan has been the product of international political interactions and Kurdish nationalist struggles in the form of political parties. The experience of three decades of Iraqi Kurdish parties in govern MoreThe formation of an autonomous and later federal system in Iraqi Kurdistan has been the product of international political interactions and Kurdish nationalist struggles in the form of political parties. The experience of three decades of Iraqi Kurdish parties in governing, self-governing, developing new democratic institutions, and generating challenges to the growth of democracy means that the Kurdistan Region is a rich place to test the relationship between political parties and political development. The main question is: In the process of political development of the Kurdistan region, what role did the main parties play in the conflict of existing obstacles and resources? The research method is documentary method. Data included library resources, and interviews with ten experts in the field of political development at universities in Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan. Findings show that although the process of political development in this region has not been continuous, dynamic and increasing, but this region with the rule of its parties over the last three decades is moving towards a kind of minimal democracy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
213 - Evaluative Approach to the Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic of Iran: with an Emphasis on East and Shanghai Cooperative Organization
کیهان برزگر علی آدمیResearches on the strategies toward the nations of East Asia aim to evaluate the possibilities of attaining political and security interests of Islamic republic of Iran in case of increasing cooperation with these nations. Present Iranian strategies toward East are so f MoreResearches on the strategies toward the nations of East Asia aim to evaluate the possibilities of attaining political and security interests of Islamic republic of Iran in case of increasing cooperation with these nations. Present Iranian strategies toward East are so formulated to make Iran able to neutralize the negative ramification of unilateral confrontation approaches taken by the West against Iran. So, it is tried in this article to examine how Iran could pursue its national interest within the nations of East Asia. These nations with their somewhat contrasting ideological approaches provide unfavorable conditions for Iran to formulate a coherent strategy for mutual cooperation in various areas of significant to Iran. This author believes that regionalism with an eastern approach best serves our national interest at the present time. Identity and cultural similarities’ of Islamic republic of Iran with those of these nations in East Asia provides an ample opportunity for us to pursue our security and economic objectives. Pursuing a coherent policy could provide and ensure the strategic and security necessities in the long run. Shanghai Cooperation Organization with two permanent members (Russia and China) of UN Security Council having more than one-third of the world population, vast territory and economic ability heralds a potentially powerful coalition in the future. Islamic republic of Iran with its present observation role in this organization and also the demand to become its permanent members leads to certain implications which within the framework and opportunities of membership facilitate the analysis of Iranian foreign policy. In this article, we aim to assess Iranian membership in this organization on four dimensions of Iranian politics, security, economic and culture. On this basis, we first apply theoretical explanations of the origin and continuation of Shanghai Organization. Having done this, we then study the effect of Iranian membership in this organization on dimensions of politics, security, economic and culture. Finally, the probability and improbability of Iran to become the permanent member of Shanghai Organization will be discussed and suggestions, based on our findings, will be made to the Iranian diplomatic approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
214 - The Strategy toward East in the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Viewpoints, Settings and Opportunities
Ali AdamiSoviet Union collapse and the end of cold war have increased by twofold the significance of geopolitics and regional orientation in the international system in a way that many countries have selected regional orientation as a fundamental and stable concept to achieve th MoreSoviet Union collapse and the end of cold war have increased by twofold the significance of geopolitics and regional orientation in the international system in a way that many countries have selected regional orientation as a fundamental and stable concept to achieve their national interest and security. Over the past years, the dominant theoretical and practical perspective in the foreign policy of Iran was solely concentrated on the west at the expense of neglecting a particular strategy toward east. This type of Strategy in the foreign policy caused negligence of other power sources and centers as well as global wealth particularly near the boundaries. However, the strategy of east outlook has turned into a regional orientation strategy on the part of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the geographical and geopolitical outlook since Iran is one of those countries enjoying geostrategic, geo-economics and geopolitical advantages due to its geographical and political location. Accordingly, "east outlook strategy" which enjoys historical and scientific logic as well as political and geographical reasons in the foreign policy of Iran causes a new identification in the discourse of foreign policy and its importance increases steadily. The present study aims to investigate the viewpoints, settings and prospects of the east outlook strategy in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
215 - A study of the relationship between organizational intelligence and organizational learning among academic members and staff in first Islamic Azad University region, and presenting a model for improving organizational learning
Mohammad Jamalzadeh Younes Gholami Mohammad Hassan SeifThe purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between organizational intelligence and organizational learning among academic members and staff in first Islamic AzadUniversity region, and presenting a model for improving organizational learning. The research MoreThe purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between organizational intelligence and organizational learning among academic members and staff in first Islamic AzadUniversity region, and presenting a model for improving organizational learning. The research method was quantity and correlation. The statistical population was academic members and Staff. Using Morgan table, the sample size was (156 staff and 169 academic members). The ratio stratified sampling was used. Gathering data was done through two standard questionnaires namely are chosen by sampling and subjects responds: Nife Organizational Learning (2001) and Albrekht Organizational Intelligence (2003). To test the hypotheses inferential statistic such as two variable regression, stepwise regression and multiple regression in an INTER model were used. The results showed that the organizational intelligence dimensions such as: strategic perspective, common fate, tendency to change and mood variables in both groups had more percentage than organizational learning variable. The results of predicted model of organizational learning through organizational intelligence components showed that the rate of organizational learning through common fate, tendency to change, mood, applying knowledge and performance pressure was 83% , the rate of common fate through mood, applying knowledge and performance pressure was 61%, the rate of mood through applying knowledge and performance pressure was 50% and finally the rate of applying knowledge through and performance pressure was 67 %. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - Presenting a Model of Social Capital in Improving Effective Organizational Structure (case Study: Regional Electricity Companies of Iran)
Omid Karavand Vahid Chenari Ghanbar Amir nejadThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of social capital in improving effective organizational structure. This quantitative applied research employed a descriptive -correlational design.The statistical population of this study consisted of two grou MoreThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of social capital in improving effective organizational structure. This quantitative applied research employed a descriptive -correlational design.The statistical population of this study consisted of two groups of experts and all employees, including 36 experts and 6584 employees of regional electricity companies in Iran. To answer the research questionnaire, all 36 experts were selected by census method and 363 employees were recruited through stratified random sampling. The data were collected using a questionnaire whose reliability was estimated through Cronbach's alpha. Normality tests and Structural Equation Modeling were conducted via SPSS and PLS softwares to analyze the data. The findings emerging from the study revealed that social capital and its six dimensions, namely cultural, communication, political, economic, cognitive and structural, have a positive significant effect on organizational structure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - Determining the Comparative Advantage of Food Industry in East Azerbaijan Province (Based on indirect productive advantage and commercial advantage)
kamaleddin rahmani Salar MameliProper economic policy making and planning in every country require knowing its possibilities and capabilities of production. This study investigates the condition of the food industry of EastAzerbaijanProvince and evaluates the comparative advantage in the major subbra MoreProper economic policy making and planning in every country require knowing its possibilities and capabilities of production. This study investigates the condition of the food industry of EastAzerbaijanProvince and evaluates the comparative advantage in the major subbranches of this industry. To do this, with the use of the tenfold branches of comparative advantage within the industry, the production ability of every subbranches is investigated in order; then, with the help of LQ index and its results, release ability is ranked indirectly. Ultimately, with the help of primary factorizing technique followed by the use of numeral taxonomy, the final ranking of the subbranches and their condition in terms of comparative advantage in the mentioned industry is prepared. Finally, with regard to the results of LQ index and with the help of spider diagram, the rate of the structural transformations of the province’s food industry within the years 80-85 is also shown. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - The Minimal Cost – Benefit Ratio for Interval Data
Sahand Daneshvar Mozhgan Mansouri KaleibarThis Paper deals with calculating the minimal and maximal shares of individuals or organizations based on different criteria. Suppose that players are selfish and the score for each criterion for a player is an interval. Each player makes any possible effort to bring ab MoreThis Paper deals with calculating the minimal and maximal shares of individuals or organizations based on different criteria. Suppose that players are selfish and the score for each criterion for a player is an interval. Each player makes any possible effort to bring about his or her ideal condition. In this paper a new scheme to calculate the minimal cost - benefit ratio for interval data is offered. A player who has minimal cost - benefit ratio is the successful player in obtaining favorite cost and benefits. In this scheme also new models have been proposed to avoid zero weight occurrence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
219 - The Study of Industrial Structure Indices and the Classification of East Azarbaijan Industries
Mohammad bager Beheshti Samad Hekmatifarid Habib AgajaniCreating new industries in EastAzarbaijanProvince started about forty years ago simultaneous with the rest of the country. Despits the fact that a long time has passed since the establishment of industrial enterprises, there have been numerous changes in the industries MoreCreating new industries in EastAzarbaijanProvince started about forty years ago simultaneous with the rest of the country. Despits the fact that a long time has passed since the establishment of industrial enterprises, there have been numerous changes in the industries of Iran. The present research aims to study the changes in the industrial structure of East Azarbaijan and to prioritize its activities. In order to measure the economical structure changes in the subdivisions of the province industry, the importance shift model has been used, and in order to prioritize the industrial activities, production priority indices have been used. According to the results of important shift model, the 19 industrial activities of the province have been presented in the form of economic winner sectors, economic mix-winner sectors, economic loser sectors, and economic mix-loser sectors. The prioritizing of the industrial activities on the basis of production priority indices, value added location quotient, employment location quotient, and other related indices indicates that the production of machinery and equipment not classified elsewhere ; tannery and leather industry,….. ; food and drink industries; the production of other non-metal inorganic products; the production of metal products other than machinery ; the production of textile; and the production of other means of transportation comprise the first to eight priorities of the industrial activities of the province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
220 - Investigating the Behavior of Information Seeking among the Full-time Members of the Academic Staff of Islamic Azad Universities, Region 2
Davood Shogpour Zahra Gholami Mohammad Reza SoleymaniThe main purpose of this study is to review the behavior of information seeking among the full-time professors of Islamic Azad Universities of Region 2, with an emphasis on the specific aspects. The statistical population consisted of 3037 people, from among whom 150 pe MoreThe main purpose of this study is to review the behavior of information seeking among the full-time professors of Islamic Azad Universities of Region 2, with an emphasis on the specific aspects. The statistical population consisted of 3037 people, from among whom 150 people were randomly selected, and by using a questionnaire, the necessary data were collected and analyzed based on inferential statistics. The results of the survey analysis showed the following points: Most of the time, the full-time academic staff members of Region 2 Islamic Azad Universities refer to the relevant library in person. A few of them use internet to obtain information. Books have a special place among the resources used by them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
221 - East / West Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan provinces place, relative privileges and characteristics in the country’s national economy
Samad Hekmatifarid Habib Agajani Hosein MirzayeIt is necessary for providing national perspective document for each of the distinctive regions and provinces in the country a clear and precise role be defined and a regional planning be prepared based on that role. This study deals with presenting characteristics and MoreIt is necessary for providing national perspective document for each of the distinctive regions and provinces in the country a clear and precise role be defined and a regional planning be prepared based on that role. This study deals with presenting characteristics and economic indictors, their place and role of aforementioned provinces in countrys national economy, and specify their Privileges in providing national perspective document. After presenting the region s total characteristics, populational indicators, work power in macro provinces in the region, the study was compared and analyzed with other provinces in the country. The work power relative productivity indicators, added value coefficient, place coefficient and employment coefficient for recognition and prioritizing economy’s fifteen section activities in each of the region provinces were used in 1388. The activities ranking was done through taxonomy method and finally the relative privileges of each province was discussed and analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
222 - Assessment of Healthy City Components in the Face of Pandemic Diseases Case Study: A Comparative Analysis of the Five Areas of Urmia City
Meysam Saket Hasanlouei Shahin Agabgloo Atefe Ghanbari Ali RezaeiExtended AbstractIntroduction The emergence and spread of pandemic diseases on a global scale and in the field of health and hygiene has challenged order, balance, adaptability, coordination, flexibility and resilience in various managerial, economic, social, cultural a MoreExtended AbstractIntroduction The emergence and spread of pandemic diseases on a global scale and in the field of health and hygiene has challenged order, balance, adaptability, coordination, flexibility and resilience in various managerial, economic, social, cultural and behavioral dimensions. And it has plunged the cities and countries of the world into crisis. In the current research, five areas of Urmia city have been selected as a study case. The present research tries to compare the status of the components of a healthy city in the face of pandemic diseases by explaining the principles, concepts and perspectives of a healthy city and evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of urban spaces and the facilities and facilities available in it (with emphasis on Covid-19) in each of the five areas of Urmia city. Therefore, it seeks to answer the following questions.- Which of the proposed components of the healthy city concept is more important and prioritized in terms of quality?- Which of the study areas of the current research is in a favorable situation in terms of the realization of the components of a healthy city and the level of sustainability and desirability in dealing with pandemic diseases?MethodologyThe statistical population and sample size of the research is based on two groups of experts and urban managers and citizens living in the city, which collected the required data by using the questionnaire tool. The resulting data have been implemented for analysis in the quantitative methods and tests of Swara and Cocoso, in order to determine the importance and priority of each of the proposed components and the ranking of research study options.Results and Discussion The findings indicate that the performance components of the institutions and subordinate bodies in the field of health and health and the degree of desirability of job security of the residents have gained the highest and lowest levels of importance and value, respectively. Also, five regions and two cities of Urmia are located in the most favorable and unfavorable environmental conditions, respectively, in relation to the quality levels of the components of the concept of a healthy city.ConclusionIn this section, based on the findings, some targeted and effective proposals and policies are presented.- Emphasis on holding sports and mass gatherings in green and open public spaces- Improving the quality levels of domestic sewage and surface water disposal- Emphasis on planning based on pedestrians- Emphasis on establishing equality and creating justice and balance between settlements- Emphasizing and paying attention to strengthening cooperation and coordination between organizations- Improving the efficiency of the waste collection system- Adopting policies and measures in order to improve the social security situation in the unusual neighborhoods of Region Two by creating coherent changes and developments in different social and physical dimensions.- Emphasis on improving the quality of drinking water- Planning, creating and developing recreational and sports functions- Improving the efficiency of the public transportation system- and - and emphasizing on the safety and legal construction of buildings in order to increase the level of safety against various natural and man-made disasters, as well as improving the environmental condition of the city and urban landscape (visual quality of the city) Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - Future Research in Assessing the Vulnerability of the Road Network of Region 2 of Tehran Municipality and its Efficiency Against Earthquakes
Pouya Amiri Mohammadebrahim Afifi Marzieh MogholiThe use of futures research methods can be one of the best techniques of optimal management in the future in which a critical moment may occur. In order to reduce the damage and losses caused by earthquakes, the necessary preparation is obtained with the help of futurol MoreThe use of futures research methods can be one of the best techniques of optimal management in the future in which a critical moment may occur. In order to reduce the damage and losses caused by earthquakes, the necessary preparation is obtained with the help of futurology. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the vulnerability of the road network in District 2 of Tehran Municipality and its efficiency against earthquakes. The research method was descriptive-analytical. Criteria considered in the study were 8 land use criteria, number of floors (building height), building quality, building density, degree of enclosure, passage width, population density, distance from the fault. Information layers were prepared by documentary-field method. In the IHWP method, they were ranked, scored and processed in the GIS environment by the Delphi method. In the ANP method, it was evaluated by experts in super decision. The results show that the vulnerability class length in the IHWP model has the highest length in the very high vulnerability class with a length of 63.121 km and the very low vulnerability class with a length of 3.961 km. In the ANP method, the very low vulnerability class with a length of 135.35 km has the highest length and the medium vulnerability class with a length of 11.329 has the lowest length. In this method, the vulnerability class is very high, with a length of 40.94 km, in the second priority in terms of vulnerability length. In IHWP model, vulnerable areas in the center and a small part of the south in Azadi, North Rudaki, Niayesh streets and in ANP model, vulnerable areas in the south and a small part of the north of region 2 in Jannah highway, Habibollah street , Yadegar Imam Highway, Shadmehr, Niayesh Gharbi, Behboodi, Parcham, Nosrat Gharbi streets. The results of field visits to selected areas in both models showed higher accuracy of IHWP method than AHP. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - Evaluating the Function of Small Towns in Regional Development by Using Network Analysis Method (Case Study: Khormoj Town, Bushehr Province)
Behsa Abdollah Zahra Sadat Saeideh zarabadiIn recent decades many developing countries are facing unbalanced settlement system and regional inequalities due to the concentration of population, activities and services in large cities. In the other words, the unbalanced distribution of activities and services in t MoreIn recent decades many developing countries are facing unbalanced settlement system and regional inequalities due to the concentration of population, activities and services in large cities. In the other words, the unbalanced distribution of activities and services in the country causes extensive migrations to large cities and this gradually creates many problems in the settlement system. Therefore, in order to decentralize the big cities and achieve regional balance and development, the attention of urban and regional planners to small towns has been focused. Inequality and imbalance in the optimal distribution of services and facilities in the Bushehr province, which is one of the southern provinces of the country, has caused the unbalanced distribution of population in the province and the collapse of the settlement system. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the function of the town of Khormoj as a small town in the regional balance and development of Bushehr province. For this purpose, Network Analysis method has been used which is one of the effective methods for determining the relationships and functional flows between the settlements of a region. In the paper, the methodology based on the objective is applied and based on the nature of the research is descriptive- analytical method. Also, the information is compiled through library studies and documents review. The results of the research show that the town of Khormoj can play a significant role in regional development and be selected as an appropriate destination for occupation and residence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
225 - Quantitative assessment of multi hazard risk (fire following earthquake) according to the method (ETA).Case: regions 1 and 6 Shiraz Municipality
Leila Eshrati Amir Mahmoodzadeh Masoud TaghvaeiMulti hazards pose a serious threat to human life. It can cause considerable damages. The evaluation of the expected losses due to multi hazards requires a risk assessment. Multi hazards risk assessment allow the identification of the most endangered areas and suggest w MoreMulti hazards pose a serious threat to human life. It can cause considerable damages. The evaluation of the expected losses due to multi hazards requires a risk assessment. Multi hazards risk assessment allow the identification of the most endangered areas and suggest where further detailed studies have to be carried out.In this study, we aimed to assess the risks of multi hazard, Use of Quantitative event tree analysis in physical and human vulnerability assessment and risk mapping final (fire following earthquake). Analysis of data collected according to a combination of descriptive research and quantitative analysis. Quantitative risk assessment based on the Quantitative event tree analysis and HAZUS software. Domino effect in multi hazard vulnerability assessment based on event tree analysis. Two types of hazards will be assessed, namely earthquake, and fire following earthquake. The study estimated the direct physical vulnerability of buildings, Essential facilities And vulnerability to human (The casualties). The results show that the Study Area Most of the buildings in the study area (74%) has a low level of risk, "risk levels less than 10,000", 23.9% of the buildings in the study area has a moderate level of risk, "risk levels between 10,000 and 1,000,000" and finally (1.9%) buildings with an area of 639,660.47 square meters has a high-risk "risk levels than 1,000,000". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
226 - The study of the housing sector development level in regional –oriented development approach, using TOPSIS-VIKOR (Case study: city of Markazi Province)
hamidreza varesi vahid goodarzy mohsen shabestar shahabadin isalouHousing as one of the main infrastructure development and multi-faceted issue with various biological, social and economic aspects, needed to accurate and comprehensive study. And recognition using existing techniques and the ranking to them, and they have not identifie MoreHousing as one of the main infrastructure development and multi-faceted issue with various biological, social and economic aspects, needed to accurate and comprehensive study. And recognition using existing techniques and the ranking to them, and they have not identified in different fields. Housing as one of the main infrastructure development and category with various aspects of environmental, social and economic, requires careful study and all – out. the present study of the type of descriptive and analytical approach to the library and documents required data collected and with a view to measure the amount of developed counties in the central province of housing to those who has been using topsis and vikor techniques ranking to analyse indicators of housing in the study area to pay . the results of the research suggests that counties, with its huge population like Arak and Saveh at a low level of developed nations are in indicators and vice versa provinces, with a population of less like Khondab and Farahan were at an acceptable level and Spearman test showed represents the reverse relationship between the population and industrial development with the utility housing.at the end of the housing also predicted required in the coming years . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
227 - Measuring the Economic Ability of the Provinces of Iran to Regional Economic Development by Using TOPSIS Method in GIS
علیرضا محمدی سپیده نوریAbstract Realization of national development and resistance economy requires an understanding of the existing economic possibilities and capabilities of country’s different regions. The issue is that has less attention to that subject in national development plann MoreAbstract Realization of national development and resistance economy requires an understanding of the existing economic possibilities and capabilities of country’s different regions. The issue is that has less attention to that subject in national development planning. In most cases, the national macro indicators are considered for regional policy makings. This paper’s main purpose is the classification of the provinces based on regional economic development indicators. First, statistical data of 72 indicators have been extracted from recent censuses, national and regional accounts and official statistics from the Statistical Center of Iran statistics books. Then, using the TOPSIS method and coefficient of variation or C.V. Index, distribution of indicators were analyzed and provinces are ranked. The results show that Tehran Province with a final score of 0/67 ranked as first, and Chaharmahalo Bakhtiaari province with a final score of 0/18 ranked in last at province ranking, so there is a significant difference in the mean ranking (is equal to 0.5), between different provinces of the country. As a result, in the current situation, based on macroeconomic indexes of regional development there are quite different between regions in means of economic indicators and is required for proper economic policy making and spatial planning in accordance with the national and regional economic capabilities in the country. Finally, the recommendations based on the findings of the study such as implementation of spatial planning have been presented. Key words: national and regional accounts, economy, regional development, rankings, provinces, Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
228 - An Analysis of Economic, Social and Cultural Factors Affecting Gender Geography
masood safaee pour Nadia DaripoorGender equality is of paramount importance as one of the issues related to socio-economic development. Gender inequalities Has a negative effect on human development and human resource quality improvement. The present study aims to analyze the status of women in compari MoreGender equality is of paramount importance as one of the issues related to socio-economic development. Gender inequalities Has a negative effect on human development and human resource quality improvement. The present study aims to analyze the status of women in comparison with men in different regions of the country based on comparison of census statistics in 2011 and 1394. This research was carried out using Arc / Gis software and using descriptive-analytical method. Despite having a share of women's economic activities in villages than men, the share of men is still more than women. In the third region (including the provinces of East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardebil, Zanjan, Gilan and Kurdistan), women with a weighted income are not all participants in economic activities, but they tended to move independently. The findings show further improvements in the economic, social and cultural spheres. However, the position of women in terms of these indicators did not change much. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
229 - Evaluating the Physical-environmental Dimensions of Internal Transportation Network Resilience and its Relevance with Sustainable Environmental Development
Akram Alimohammadi Sadroddin motevalli Azita RajabiThe purpose of present article was to evaluate the physical- environmental dimensions of internal transportation network resilience and its relevance with sustainable environmental development in Tehran district one. The present research is functional in purpose and sur MoreThe purpose of present article was to evaluate the physical- environmental dimensions of internal transportation network resilience and its relevance with sustainable environmental development in Tehran district one. The present research is functional in purpose and survey analytic in data collection form. The sample group are 100 expert and specialists of internal transportation management field of Tehran district one in purposeful sampling method, and 400 citizens living in ten regions of Tehran municipality district one during 2019 who were selected in stratified-ratio method through Cochran formula and participated in the study. The data collection process was done in library method through researcher made questionnaire. The factor analysis technique was used to define resilience dimensions, one sample t-test was utilized to determine the existing status and Friedman test was applied for ranking the dimensions. The obtained results revealed the dimensions of internal transportation network resilience in relevance with sustainable environmental development consisting of environmental sustainability, infrastructures and strengthening, urban texture, accessibility and regional lands usage. In addition, the results of one sample t-test demonstrated an average or low status of physical- environmental resilience of internal transportation network and its dimensions in the field of study in relation with sustainable environmental development. According to the received evidences of evaluating the existing status, through proper and efficient planning process, it would be possible to eliminate existing weaknesses of physical- environmental factors and increase its relevance with sustainable environmental development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
230 - Ranking and Evaluation Some Components of Governance in Eastern Urban Region of Ahvaz Metropolis From the Point of View of Citizenship and Experts Using MABAC Technique
abbas maroofnezhad Laleh KhajaviniaAbstract:Good urban governance is a new approach In the process of urban management that traditional and centralized structures of urban management has challenged. According to importance of subject, the purpose of the present study, ranking and evaluation some componen MoreAbstract:Good urban governance is a new approach In the process of urban management that traditional and centralized structures of urban management has challenged. According to importance of subject, the purpose of the present study, ranking and evaluation some components of governance in eastern urban region of ahvaz metropolis from the point of view of citizenship and experts. Six selected component of the study: Participation, Pivotal Justic, Accountability, Responsibility, Effectiveness-Efficiency and Security.The research method is applied in terms of purpose and its method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population has been citizenships living in eastern urban region of ahvaz metropolis and relevant experts. Sample size included have been 13experts and 383 citizens. Using the kolmogorov-smirnov test normal distribution of data and friedman nonparametric test average ranking of each research component and weighting of variables by shannon's entropy model and data analysis was performed using MABAC ranking technique. The research resultsof based on the total average indicators from the citizenships point of view and experts was calculated that three indicators of effectiveness-efficiency, participation and accountability in all eastern regions of the city is higher than average (2/5), respectively with score of 2/99, 2/68 and 2/64. Also shows the results the MABAC technique: region three urban ahvaz metropolitan with the value (Si) 0/155 the first rank and respectively, regions eight, one and seven with 0/074,0/010 and -0/031 are between the two and fourth rank in terms of examined indicators. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
231 - Evaluation and analysis of livability components in the eight regions of Ahvaz
Mohammad Davodi َAhmad Khademolseiny hamid saberi Amir Gandomkar Hojat MahkouiiThe decline in the quality of urban life due to the formation and occurrence of complex problems in various economic, social, environmental, physical and institutional dimensions, has made it necessary to use the model of good urban management with the aim of improving MoreThe decline in the quality of urban life due to the formation and occurrence of complex problems in various economic, social, environmental, physical and institutional dimensions, has made it necessary to use the model of good urban management with the aim of improving livability. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze the components of livability in the seven regions of Ahvaz. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method.In order to collect research data, two methods of documentary analysis and survey were used. The research tools were questionnaires and interviews with experts. The statistical population of the study was about 200 experts in Ahvaz, of which 62 were selected as the sample size. One-sample t-test was used for analysis.The results of quantitative data analysis showed that the average of the total urban environment index in Ahvaz is 1.86, urban history is 1.9, urban management is 1.92, services of the Minister of Urban Infrastructure are 2.20 and Economy is 1.76 in the city. Ahvaz, the situation of services and infrastructure index is better than other indices and the economy index is worse than other indices. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
232 - Identify key drivers for achieving regional sustainable security based on passive defense criteria (Case study: Lavasanat District)
Zahra Sartipi Modiri Mahdi Zahra PishgahifardRegional development is a prominent goal in environmental and spatial planning in recent decades, which includes various programs aimed at facilitating the promotion of economic and social components, reducing environmental damage and increasing the safety and security MoreRegional development is a prominent goal in environmental and spatial planning in recent decades, which includes various programs aimed at facilitating the promotion of economic and social components, reducing environmental damage and increasing the safety and security of the region in the face of various disasters and crises. Therefore, security components are the main pillars of achieving regional development and the purpose of this study is to identify the key drivers affecting the realization of sustainable security in Lavasanat region based on passive defense criteria. The research method in the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. Also, the statistical population of the research includes officials, managers and experts in the field of passive defense in Lavasanat region which the sample size is determined based on the Delphi method of 100 people. In order to analyze the research information, the partial least squares method has been used in Smart-pls software. Findings indicate that the most important drivers for achieving sustainable security in Lavasanat region based on passive defense are related to prevention-based management, readiness-based management and proper physical-environmental planning for which the structural model score is 0.823, 0.753 and 0.677, respectively. Also, among the sub-drivers, the most effective is related to the inter-organizational communication drivers in order to maximize the participation of related organizations in the phase of preventing the effects and results of crises, forming decision-making and guiding support systems and databases based on statistics and geo-geographical information to identify and prioritize accident hotspots. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
233 - Analysis Of Spatial Inequalities And Assessing Of Regional Development Statuse In The Provinces Of Iran
Ali Mosayyebzadeh Asma Mozafari niya Mohsen ShabestarAlthough more than 6 decades have passed since the life of regional planning in Iran, the heavy shadow of gaps and spatial imbalances still weighs heavily on regions. Accepting the fact that regional diversity in the development process is inevitable and necessary for t MoreAlthough more than 6 decades have passed since the life of regional planning in Iran, the heavy shadow of gaps and spatial imbalances still weighs heavily on regions. Accepting the fact that regional diversity in the development process is inevitable and necessary for the development and progress of a country, we can say that the role of regional planning has forced us to adapt to scientific changes in this field. The genealogy of the development process in Iran shows that the approach of capital accumulation and imposition of specific roles to regions has been done mainly without any cost-benefit analysis and only based on the approach of the pole of growth and concentration of capital in a historical process. This article tries to examine this important issue. Therefore, to understand such a situation, to analyze the economic conditions of the regions; In the form of development indicators such as: population and manpower (urban-rural), employment and unemployment, social participation, the three sectors of the economy, GDP, etc. have been studied using the TOPSIS technique. The results of the research indicate that the Iranian Space Organization has become multilevel and the provinces that are the centers of development have cut their downstream areas in terms of development indicators and by focus of section on attracting capital, Population and industry have caused spatial imbalances inside and outside the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
234 - An Analysis of the Challenges Facing Sustainable Regional Development Based on Passive Defense Criteria (Case Study: Lavasanat District)
Zahra Sartipi Modiri Mahdi Zahra PishgahifardNowadays, sustainable development is a conceptual region that is affected by the promotion of various economic, social, environmental and managerial indicators, and in order to achieve this concept, the first step is to identify the limitations and challenges facing the MoreNowadays, sustainable development is a conceptual region that is affected by the promotion of various economic, social, environmental and managerial indicators, and in order to achieve this concept, the first step is to identify the limitations and challenges facing the region. Security is also considered as the most important prerequisite for achieving sustainable development indicators. Given the importance of the role of security in sustainable regional development, the purpose of this study is to identify the challenges facing sustainable development in Lavasanat region by emphasizing passive defense criteria. In this regard, the method is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of analytical-exploratory nature that in order to analyze the information, has been used the technique of structural equation modeling in Amos software. The statistical population of the study also includes officials, managers and experts in the field of passive defense of Lavasanat region and the sample size is determined based on the targeted Delphi method of 100 people. Findings show that the most important challenges facing sustainable regional development with emphasis on passive defense criteria in Lavasanat region are managerial, environmental, development and socio-cultural variables, respectively, whose coefficient value based on the structural model is 0.81, 0.75, 0.68 and 0.52. Also, among the sub-variables, the most important challenges are related to the variables of lack of integrated management and planning system in the regional management process and failure in inter-organizational communication in order to maximize the participation of related organizations, excessive environmental degradation for profitability, belief and use of traditional models. Acceptance of culture is a new model of management for which the structural model coefficient has been calculated 0.91, 0.89 and 0.83, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
235 - Presenting A Healthy City Model in Order to Achieve Livability in Urban Areas (Case Study: District One of Tehran)
Mohammadreza Otari Majid Shams Parvaneh ZivyarThe purpose of this study is to provide a model of a health-oriented city in the direction of livability in region one of Tehran. The purpose of this research is basic-applied research that on the one hand with documentary-library studies to study the dimensions, defini MoreThe purpose of this study is to provide a model of a health-oriented city in the direction of livability in region one of Tehran. The purpose of this research is basic-applied research that on the one hand with documentary-library studies to study the dimensions, definitions and theoretical framework of the research and on the other hand with accurate field observations to collect the necessary data and information in the area. The case studies lead to research questions. After determining the dimensions and indicators of the research (in the form of dual dimensions), the data were analyzed using Lisrel software and factor analysis test; and for the final approval of the information model, we entered it in Smart PLS software and proceeded to confirm the model. The results of the analyzes showed that all relationships were confirmed with 99% confidence and none of the indicators had a factor load of less than 0.5 and the significance coefficient of all indicators was confirmed and the factor load of all questions was higher than 0.7. All indicators were confirmed for homogeneity with variables. the validity of the structure including convergent validity was examined; also, the results of the existing evaluations showed that the Institutional-Managerial dimension with the greatest impact in the first place are the indicators of achieving a healthy and livable city. Then the Physical-Environmental dimensions and Urban Economy in the second priority, and respectively the Urban Community dimension, Urban History dimension, Environmental dimension in the third priority, from the perspective of the greatest impact on the dimensions of a healthy city in order to achieve livability in district one of Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
236 - An analysis of the role of urban parks and green spaces in improving the quality of urban life (case example: District 6 of Shiraz Municipality)
Ali Shakoor Yasaman Ghaedsharafi Parisa MoshksarThe purpose of this study is to provide a model of a health-oriented city in the direction of livability in region one of Tehran. The purpose of this research is basic-applied research that on the one hand with documentary-library studies to study the dimensions, defini MoreThe purpose of this study is to provide a model of a health-oriented city in the direction of livability in region one of Tehran. The purpose of this research is basic-applied research that on the one hand with documentary-library studies to study the dimensions, definitions and theoretical framework of the research and on the other hand with accurate field observations to collect the necessary data and information in the area. The case studies lead to research questions. After determining the dimensions and indicators of the research (in the form of dual dimensions), the data were analyzed using Lisrel software and factor analysis test; and for the final approval of the information model, we entered it in Smart PLS software and proceeded to confirm the model. The results of the analyzes showed that all relationships were confirmed with 99% confidence and none of the indicators had a factor load of less than 0.5 and the significance coefficient of all indicators was confirmed and the factor load of all questions was higher than 0.7. All indicators were confirmed for homogeneity with variables. the validity of the structure including convergent validity was examined; also, the results of the existing evaluations showed that the Institutional-Managerial dimension with the greatest impact in the first place are the indicators of achieving a healthy and livable city. Then the Physical-Environmental dimensions and Urban Economy in the second priority, and respectively the Urban Community dimension, Urban History dimension, Environmental dimension in the third priority, from the perspective of the greatest impact on the dimensions of a healthy city in order to achieve livability in district one of Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
237 - The Thought of the Right to the City; A Conceptual and Fundamental Transformation in Urban Struggles to Realize a Good Urban Life Case Study: Comparative Analysis of the Five Regions of Urmia City
Morteza Bakhshi Germi Meysam Saket Hasanlouei Atefe Ghanbari Maryam HeidarifononiToday, the concept of "right to the city" is a reaction to the accelerated process of unbalanced urban development and less thought-out plans of urban planning in order to realize and achieve a livable, dynamic and sustainable city. Making the platform of urban life mor MoreToday, the concept of "right to the city" is a reaction to the accelerated process of unbalanced urban development and less thought-out plans of urban planning in order to realize and achieve a livable, dynamic and sustainable city. Making the platform of urban life more citizen-oriented, urban justice, justice-oriented urban planning and urban democracy are the basic issues of urban planning today, which the right to the city approach realizes them through the application of socio-spatial changes in the city. The current research with a practical-developmental purpose and a descriptive-analytical nature tries to evaluate the degree of realization of the indicators of the right to the city in each of the five regions of Urmia city by adopting a humanitarian background. The methods used in data collection and analysis are the use of indexing and library methods, field identification and interviews (targeted sample size) and the use of copras and shannon entropy techniques in quantitative analysis. The results of the analysis indicate that regions 2 and 4 of Urmia have the highest and lowest levels of compatibility and desirability, respectively. Finally, in order to achieve suitable conditions in the field of urban planning, coherent and purposeful proposals have been presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
238 - The Study and Analysis of Development Inequalities in Spatial Structure in Iran’s Provinces
اکبر ویسی کریم حسین زاده دلیر بختیار عزت پناهIran as one of the developing countries, despite having variety and natural environmental potentialities in the scope of its territory, has many inequalities among its provinces. In previous years, different developmental actions have been taken to remove the inequaliti MoreIran as one of the developing countries, despite having variety and natural environmental potentialities in the scope of its territory, has many inequalities among its provinces. In previous years, different developmental actions have been taken to remove the inequalities, but due to factors like selecting inappropriate development designs, etc. the inequality among provinces is still clear and palpable. This fact can cause difficulties in the course of time. The primary concern of this article is to study the development inequalities among provinces in Iran and calculate its intensity during two time spans in 1375 and 1385. The research was carried out by using 25 development inequality indicators through interactive analysis technique. The gathered data were analyzed by the use of interactive analysis technique. Also, GIS 9.3 software has been applied to explain spatial regional inequalities. The acquired results indicated that the existence of development inequities and also an intense split among provinces during the intended studied years, in a way that developed provinces have been located in center of the country and non-developed ones are in its frontiers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
239 - Investigating Spatial Distribution of Population in Urban System of Huge Area, Azerbaijan
Mohammad Hasan Yazdani Ata Ghafari Gilande Ahmad AftabImbalance in settlement system is one of the most important challenges of urbanization development and urban system in Iran. Considering Imbalance in population distribution is the cause of inequality in other sections such as economic, social and political activities, MoreImbalance in settlement system is one of the most important challenges of urbanization development and urban system in Iran. Considering Imbalance in population distribution is the cause of inequality in other sections such as economic, social and political activities, any efforts to regulate it requires the study of current situation and trends in this field. This article aims to investigate the spatial distribution of population in urban system of huge area, Azerbaijan and its development in the last fifty-five years (1956-2011). The research was applicatory and its method was descriptive-analytic. Using Moran index and prime city techniques and indexes concentration and equilibrium were considered. The studied statistical population included cities of western Azerbaijan, eastern Azerbaijan, and Ardebil (124 cities). The findings resulting from Moran index indicated the random distribution of urban centers and urban population in Azerbaijan. Also the results showed that the equilibrium of the region increased and the distance between big cities and central and small cities declined over time in the urban system as a whole. In addition, any movement towards optimal distribution of urban population in the region and returning to equilibrium conditions in the urban hierarchy was observed in Azerbaijan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
240 - A study of strategy of Small Economies facing the Transition of large Economies Industrial Structure
Kuang- Che Liu Wen-Chih Liao -
Open Access Article
241 - Zoning and Analyzing of Weathering Processes in GharesoGorgan Basin
Mohammad Mehdi Hossein Zadeh Somayeh Emadadin Fakhradin NamgoThe results showed that among nine weathering models in Peltier model, three models happened in the climatic conditions of gharasou basin. Northern part of the study area is savanna area. The dominant features of the savanna are Current water activity with extreme inten MoreThe results showed that among nine weathering models in Peltier model, three models happened in the climatic conditions of gharasou basin. Northern part of the study area is savanna area. The dominant features of the savanna are Current water activity with extreme intensity to low and the average impact of prevailing winds in the region. Southern part of the study area due to high temperature and low precipitations are located in arid regions and the most important Geomorphodinamic characteristic of these areas are the effects of wind, Current water activity and weak mass movement. Also result shows in mountainous regions there is weak mechanical weathering. In north of case study due to heavy precipitations and high temperature, Chemical weathering is more moderate type. While weathering in most parts of the study area is mostly chemical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
242 - Landslide Hazard Regionalization Using Analytical Hierarchy Process and GIS Techniques (Case Study: Zarand Watershed)
Alirza Arab Amery Amir Hossein HalabianThe purpose of this research is Landslide hazard regionalization using analytical hierarchy method and GIS technique. For this purpose affecting factors were binary compared using analytical method by indicating the weight of each factor as indicator for their effects i MoreThe purpose of this research is Landslide hazard regionalization using analytical hierarchy method and GIS technique. For this purpose affecting factors were binary compared using analytical method by indicating the weight of each factor as indicator for their effects in occurrence of landslide. Accordingly, the landslide regionalization hazard map was prepared to the use of weighed information layer and weighted coefficient of each factor. Results of this study show that the analytical hierarchy method is precise method for evaluation of landslide potential due to the use of binary comparison affecting factors and considering numerous factors for landslide evaluation at the same time in comparison to the other prevalent method and the results indicates that the percentage of high hazard class is 25 percent in AHP method Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
243 - Application of remote sensing products to identification of critical regions resulted from monthly extreme temperatures
Mohammad Rezaei Elham Ghasemifar Yousef Ghavidel RahimiIn the past, during extreme temperature events in Iran, precise determination of very hot and cold regions has been difficult due to absence and not a proper distribution of synoptic stations. But, nowadays the satellite data with appropriate spatial resolution pro MoreIn the past, during extreme temperature events in Iran, precise determination of very hot and cold regions has been difficult due to absence and not a proper distribution of synoptic stations. But, nowadays the satellite data with appropriate spatial resolution provides an opportunity for improving the previous research. The main purpose of this paper is determination of these regions in above mentioned conditions. Standardized Monthly mean temperature of 81 synoptic stations in Iran showed that during 1986 to 2014, in January 2008 and July 2010 most stations have been an extreme temperatures anomaly. For this, we used land surface temperatures from MODIS data product (level2) onboared on Terra satellite. To classification of regions, we used cluster analysis. When we cutting the dendrogram in the first step, separated 13 regions for July 2010 and 6 region for January 2008. In July 2010, Lut desert determined as the hottest area and in January 2008 northwest of Iran was the coldest and costal sea in south east was the pleasant in term of temperatures. Therefore, due to the lack synoptic station in Lut desert and also not distinct of this region as a separate region in previous study, capability of remote sensing product was obvious.Also result showed that unlike of synoptic station data, the MODIS remote sensing product very well indicate role of mountain in variability of temperature. However, by existing of satellite data, temperature map must have ability to showing the role of roughness. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
244 - Evaluation of Vulnerable Urban Areas, in Terms of Defence Aspect Case Study: Ten Regional of Tehran
Mohsen Ranjbar Maryam Hamzeh NeyestaniRoad networks, one of the most important elements in increasing or decreasing the vulnerability of a city. Number of access routes to reduce vulnerability and losses will have a significant impact This study is based on the use of existing data on Urban vulnerability fr MoreRoad networks, one of the most important elements in increasing or decreasing the vulnerability of a city. Number of access routes to reduce vulnerability and losses will have a significant impact This study is based on the use of existing data on Urban vulnerability from the perspective of Ten regional of Tehran defence aspect in relation to the inquiry into the appropriateness of the level of vulnerability of urban street network hierarchy associated with the earthquake should view defence aspect.Data collection method mainly due to the type of library and field research (interview) also been used. In this paper, a method to evaluate the compliance matrix with spatially ten Region of Tehran Municipality has been using the principles of defence aspect. The results indicate non-compliance defence aspect in the ten regional of Tehran. Thus we can take preventive measures before the financial crisis to reduce the damage and the most important thoroughfares of the city, where the death toll is higher than the rest of the city did Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
245 - A new and quantitative approach to weighting and ecological capability evaluation and comparison with the current method of multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) (A Case Study: Settlement Development Use, Jahrom Township)
Parviz Jokar Masoud MasoudiLand use planning is a science that specified the optimized use of land based on Ecological and socioeconomic characteristics it. In many parts of the Iran, the selection and management of land use is done regardless of land capability that it causes disinvestment and r MoreLand use planning is a science that specified the optimized use of land based on Ecological and socioeconomic characteristics it. In many parts of the Iran, the selection and management of land use is done regardless of land capability that it causes disinvestment and reducing the environmental capacity. This study are investigated ecological capability evaluation for development use by GIS in Jahrom township of Fars province. There are different methods to weighting of various parameters. For this purpose in this research, a quantitative method is proposed to weigh criteria and their evaluation that compared with the current method of multi-criteria evaluation (MCE). In relation to common method of multi-criteria evaluation, it was used weighting approach based on improved Analytic Hierarchy Process (M-AHP). The next step was to evaluate the performance of each of the mentioned models throughout error matrix. Results showed that the proposed method of Regional Weighting (RW) in MCE models has higher capability than MCE (M-AHP) to estimate the ecological potential of study area. Overall, Results showed that the proposed method of Regional Weighting (RW) can be replaced to common methods of Weighting due to Simplicity, No need to questionnaire, save time and cost. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
246 - Impact of Tamarix aphylla and Atriplex canescens plantations on some Physico-chemical properties of the soil in Zahak region, Sistan
Einollah Rouhi Moghaddam Ali Heidari Sadegh Akbar Fakhireh Zeinab Noori Kia Soheila NooriThe purpose of the research is to compare the effect of Tamarix aphylla (L.) and Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. cultivation on the soil's properties. The species were cultivated in a land with the area 42 ha and with the spacing 5m*5m in 1993 in Zahak, northern Sistan MoreThe purpose of the research is to compare the effect of Tamarix aphylla (L.) and Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. cultivation on the soil's properties. The species were cultivated in a land with the area 42 ha and with the spacing 5m*5m in 1993 in Zahak, northern Sistan and Balochistan pro. Soil samples were taken at the depth of 0-30 cm and 31-60 cm with 8 replicates from any habitat and the control area using auger based on random-systematic method. physicochemical properties were measured, including soil texture, phosphorous, potassium, nitrogen, organic matter, T.N.V, EC and pH. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's test. The results showed that there were differences between the properties of the region's soil. In other words, the soil EC of A. canescens (47.98 mmhos/cm) was more than that of T. aphylla (15.70 mmhos/cm) and the control area (15.80 mmhos/cm) at the depth of 0-30 cm. The soil pH of A. canescens (8.92) was also more than that of T. aphylla (8.62) and the control area (8.70). The available potassium in T. aphylla habitat (460 ppm) was also more than that in A. canescens habitat (325 ppm) and the control area (180 ppm). At the depth of 31-60 cm, the soil pH of A. canescens (9.02) was more than that of the control area (8.65). Therefore, it is more suitable to cultivate T. aphylla as a native species than A. canescens for biological restoration of the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
247 - Estimation of water erosion and sedimentation content in Ala region of Semnan using PSIAC method
nahid alipour فاطمه Farzanehpey علی torabi سمیرا Bakhshinia طیبه Mesbah Zadeh سوسن SalageghehToday, soil erosion and sediment production in watershed are covered to a complicated environment, so preventing emergency of them is one of the most important conservation factors of natural resources. This research done in order to water erosion content estimation usi MoreToday, soil erosion and sediment production in watershed are covered to a complicated environment, so preventing emergency of them is one of the most important conservation factors of natural resources. This research done in order to water erosion content estimation using PSIAC method in Ala region of Semnan. PSIAC method investigates the effect of 9 important factors on water erosion process which these factors measured in each working units of under studied region. Results show that waterway working unit had the most effect on water erosion process with erodibility view it located in high class. Other working units including clay lands with Kalootak with score of 48, bare lands without cover with score of 45, clay plain with salts with score of 45, Marne lands without plant cover with score of 24, residential area with score of 93, lands covered with Haloxylon with score of 22, sand dunes covered with Haloxylon with score of 16 and agriculture lands with score of 15 placed in low to partial erodibility classes respectively that respect to their scores, they placed in further priority. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
248 - Phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. fruits in different regions of Shahrood
esmaeil Babakhanzadeh Sajirani Seyyed Javad Mousavizadeh Khadegheh MozafariElaeagnus angustifolia L. is one of the most important medicinal fruits which had a lot of secondary metabolites such as phenols and flavonoid and has been used in traditional medicine. The presences of flavonoids, phenols and antioxidant properties have been reported i MoreElaeagnus angustifolia L. is one of the most important medicinal fruits which had a lot of secondary metabolites such as phenols and flavonoid and has been used in traditional medicine. The presences of flavonoids, phenols and antioxidant properties have been reported in fruits of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. In this research the ripe fruits of plant were collected from different regions of Shahrood (1000-1400m). The methanol extracts were obtained by maceration, total phenol and flavonoids contents were measured by spectrophotometery and antioxidant activities were analyzed by DPPH method. The results were showed that in higher region (1400m) the fruit extract of plant had the greatest amount of total phenol, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. So we observed that there is the correlation between altitude ot the region with quality and quantities of medicinal metabolites and antioxidant properties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
249 - The Effects of Development of Quasi-Global Cities in Iran's Northern Coasts and its role in the development of the northern region of country's Northern using the hybrid model (SWOT_AHP)
abdollah pouraghaei Abbas Malek Hoseini عبدالرضا فرجی رادNowadays regional development is effected by cities’ globalization process and this phenomenon effects on societies’ various dimensions and structures in various scales and makes them face practical and substantial changes. nodoubt, developing and creating cities moving MoreNowadays regional development is effected by cities’ globalization process and this phenomenon effects on societies’ various dimensions and structures in various scales and makes them face practical and substantial changes. nodoubt, developing and creating cities moving toward globalization and improve urban, regional, national and universal functions along the way and could present its effects in country’s development structure. The khazar area has enormous geopolitics, economic, communicative and … potentials and meanwhile Iran’s relation with the word by free seas could play a doubtless role in political environment organizing, logistics of the land and symmetrical regional and national development and increases the development of Iran’s northern region. Present research tries to present a complete pattern of determining the effect created by semi-global cities in country’s northern coasts considering theory basis in cities’ globalization area and regional development which leads to an increase in Iran’s northern area development. Present research is based on a descriptive – analytic nature and practical-developmental goals. What’s more in order to present guidelines to create and develop semi-global cities in Khazar area (Iran’s northern coasts) we used Experts opinions and SWOT-AHP techniques. Findings indicated that regional development guidelines by creating semi-global cities and also guiding condition of northern coasts cities based on experts’ opinion and considering internal and external factors matrix, is of offensive type. Finally based on research findings, general guidelines of offensive type (SO) were presented to create and develop semi-global cities to develop northern area and increase Iran’s national power Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
250 - Per capita green space assessment using GIS Case Study: district 8 of Tehran
Ali GanjipourInvestigation and analysis of applications and users, including urban green space per capita as one of the factors is the environment in urban planning. Poor distribution and lack of urban green space per capita, especially in large cities, including principal concern. MoreInvestigation and analysis of applications and users, including urban green space per capita as one of the factors is the environment in urban planning. Poor distribution and lack of urban green space per capita, especially in large cities, including principal concern. According to the importance of urban green space and its role in reducing pollution and social sustainability in shaping one of the factors in the present study to examine this phenomenon in densely populated areas of Tehran Metropolis is one of the region's eight. The research is descriptive-analytic and data analysis using descriptive statistics and also performed with the ArcGIS،The results indicate the fact that regions with low per capita green space and urban green space is facing a difficult distribution And suggestions for locating and building new parks, including land acquisition, which has a relatively large scale and the detailed plan of development and urban renewal User Name Remember Me is intended offered Meanwhile, according to spaces that after the construction of the highway Imam Ali (AS) in the region and taking possession of it remaining eight are located in the municipality It can be converted to green space per capita than the increase achieved the desired user And measures to overcome the shortage of high-level per capita in the region and establishing social justice in urban planning is to achieve one of the goals At first gardens to collect statistics at regional level and then on mapping gardens using ArcGIS action. With a per capita formula is to estimate them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
251 - Regional Development Strategy, a Solution to Decentralization (Sample: City of Rasht)
Majid Yasoori Maryam SojoodiRasht county, has been experiencing unique circumstances compared to its surrounding cities and have had a growing tendency to centralization, since the beginning of its formation. Formation of one-sided relationship and orientation of most of the vital and functional m MoreRasht county, has been experiencing unique circumstances compared to its surrounding cities and have had a growing tendency to centralization, since the beginning of its formation. Formation of one-sided relationship and orientation of most of the vital and functional movements of the cities of the province toward the city of Rasht have led to seclusion and inactivity in other settlement points of the province. It seems that with the expansion of activities in the city of Rasht, this problem will be expanded. This study investigates the fields of centralization in the city of Rasht in three areas: administrative-political centralization, economic-service centralization, and centralization of the population. During explaining the most important symbols and instances of centralizations in mentioned areas, to reduce the centralization in the city of Rasht, orient the movements to the other points and consequently balance the movements and interactions, we use the new model Regional Development Strategy (RDS). Regional development strategy with its strategic, community-based and flexible thinking is very effective in the establishment of regional balance since this model attempts to exploit the capabilities, capacities, actions and cooperation of all the regions and organize them as well as possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
252 - Analysis of dust problem from the perspective of geopolitical crisis in the Persian Gulf region: In order to provide a functional model for western areas
Majid Abolfathi heidar lotfiThe main purpose of this thesis is to analyze and investigate the dangers of the microstrip from the perspective of the geopolitical crises of the Persian Gulf region: to provide an applied model for the western regions of the country. The main question of this treatise MoreThe main purpose of this thesis is to analyze and investigate the dangers of the microstrip from the perspective of the geopolitical crises of the Persian Gulf region: to provide an applied model for the western regions of the country. The main question of this treatise is how can one, by analyzing the dilemma of the microspheres from the point of view of the geopolitical crises of the Persian Gulf region, provide an applied model for the western regions of the country? In addition, the main question of the other questions of this research is that what are the current geopolitical crises in the Middle East? What are the effects of the microscope on the western regions? This paper uses the Swat model to categorize the important internal and external factors affecting the microstrip problem and identify the capabilities, shortcomings, opportunities and threats of the micro stats for the western regions of Iran in order to provide a strategic model for the regions of Iran. The hierarchical analysis process (AHP) has been used to measure the weight of the measures. The statistical population of the study consisted of 50 undergraduate students in political geography of universities of Tehran. The results of this treatise indicate that a significant part of the dangers of the rings has an outer root and that the insecurity caused by the geopolitical crises of the Persian Gulf region has made it harder to deal with the crisis of the microspheres. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
253 - Assessing the Realizability of Regional Development Plans in Iran (Case Study: Saveh District Development Plan)
Hashem Dadashpoor Negin HajivandiThe main objective of this paper is to assess the extent of implementation of the proposals for the Saveh region (prepared in 1996), based on the documents in the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development in relation to the design of Saveh, the design of the central provi MoreThe main objective of this paper is to assess the extent of implementation of the proposals for the Saveh region (prepared in 1996), based on the documents in the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development in relation to the design of Saveh, the design of the central province and the results of the census and information of Iran's Statistics Organization. Thus, in this research, using the evaluation approach and using a multivariate assessment and AHP hierarchical analysis tool and a dipole distance, we have evaluated the extent of realization of the proposed components of the Saveh Regional Design. Based on the research model, three socio-demographic, economic, and spatial components were identified as the main criteria for assessing the feasibility of the selection plan and evaluation indicators based on these three components. The evaluation of the implementation rate suggests that among the components mentioned above, the spatial, economic, and socio-demographic areas have a greater effect on the implementation of the proposals of the Saveh Regional Plan; in relation to socio-demographic components based on the recommendations of the Saveh Regional Design The "urban population" indicator, in relation to economic indicators, "service providers", and in relation to physical-spatial indicators, such as "urban centres", "rural centres", "quadruple paths", "higher education", "Health home","Hospital","Agricultural zone "and" Industrial Zone "have the best status. In general, it can be said that, despite the fact that a few years have passed from the horizon of the Saveh landscape, the proposals of the project have been achieved to the desired extent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
254 - Identification of Urban–Regional Ecotourism Suitability Potentials of Nowshahr City, Based on Natural-Climatic Factors
مهرداد رمضانی پورDue to land constraints on the planet, most facilities are located in urban areas. As such, the importance of the development of ecotourism has gradually been highlighted. According to this, the purpose of this study was to identify the intensive and extensive tourism s MoreDue to land constraints on the planet, most facilities are located in urban areas. As such, the importance of the development of ecotourism has gradually been highlighted. According to this, the purpose of this study was to identify the intensive and extensive tourism sites in the three categories of suitable and semi- suitable and unsuitable areas based on ecological ability for warm seasons in the city of Nowshahr. In this regard, the ecotourism tourism model was used with climatic criteria of temperature, rainfall, hill shade and slope, geology and land use. Then, tourism sites were identified using GIS technique and conditional methods and algebraic composition. After analysis, 519 suitable sites were identified with a total area of 4,838 hectares and often in central altitude (1300-1800 meters) and east-west along the road and rivers of the city of Noshahr. Approximately, 158 tourism sites were identified with an area of about 74.8 hectares in the middle and upstream (about 2550-4000 meters) in the city of Noshahr. In general, extensive suitable sites have a wider distribution and less area than intensive suitable sites. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
255 - Urban Population Systems in Iran: A comparative analysis of southern Alborz and Khorasan regions
Javad Rahmani Esfandyar ZebardastUrban systems in each country explain how the interaction of regional cities happen. In this study, we have analyzed the spatial distribution of city population on ten regions of national and regional physical plans, the years 1956 to 2011 are discussed and has bee MoreUrban systems in each country explain how the interaction of regional cities happen. In this study, we have analyzed the spatial distribution of city population on ten regions of national and regional physical plans, the years 1956 to 2011 are discussed and has been analyzed both the urban population system and the ten physical regions. Of the ten regions of national and regional physical plans, two regions of the southern Alborz (Including the provinces of Tehran, Markazi, Semnan, Zanjan, Qazvin, Qom and Alborz) and Khorasan (Including the provinces of South Khorassan, Razvi Korasan and North Kohorasan) ,respectively, had the highest and lowest rates of change between the ten regions. In the follow-up analysis , indicators such as the first twenty positions in the years 1956 to 2011, the analysis of the actual population and population number of twenty cities Primary of the region in relation to the theoretical Zipf in 2011 and also the analysis of primacy city and decentralization city in the South Khorasan and Alborz, was completed separately. Finally, a comparison between Khorasan region and southern Alborz together and with physical national and regional regions determined that southern Alborz region despite its position among the ten regions was not affected by a change but the intra-regional changes are massive and large altered. Conversely, Khorasan region that on the variations between Regions has been a fundamental change, in the intra-regional variations was found in relative comfort. The study also revealed that due to the changes between regional, it cannot be possible to make an intra-regional analysis and predictions are imposssible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
256 - Regionalization and evaluation of regional development in Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari province by using and compairing the results of multiple attribute decision making models (TOPSIS, ELECTRE, VIKOR)
Zahra Sadat Saeideh Zarabadi Mohammad Reza Shami Seyed Ali Reza HoseyniNowadays, achievement to comprehensive development in settlements is concerns for regional planners and moving toward sustainable development is final goal for them. Since that social justice is basic concepts of sustainable development so in regional planning process, MoreNowadays, achievement to comprehensive development in settlements is concerns for regional planners and moving toward sustainable development is final goal for them. Since that social justice is basic concepts of sustainable development so in regional planning process, identifying of existing situation and getting environmental abilities and potentials of regions is very important. It is so clear that thorough study of economic, social, cultural issues and better understanding of community needs are basic for balanced development in geographical areas. Multiple attribute decision making (MADM) techniques are one of the effective methods for identifying and evaluating many alternatives based on some criteria with different degrees of importance so this is a High performance technique in order to evaluation of regional development and classification. This method include some technique which we have used three of them simultaneously in this article. They are TOPSIS, ELECTRE and VIKOR. By analyzing the quantitative indices in six categories economic, demographic, educational, cultural-religious, health and infrastructure criteria we have determined levels of development among counties in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province. Using three techniques In addition to providing comparative study, we will have a high accuracy in regionalization. We can conclude the counties in this province are suited in various levels of development and those which are adjacent to Isfahan province are more developed. The order of developed counties is: Shahrekord, Lordegan, Borujen, Kiar, farsan, Kouhrang, Ardal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
257 - Political, security and economic of space Planning and organizing in the region of Makran in order to provide a strategic model for regions of Iran; the case study of Chabahar
Ozair Baluch heidar lotfiThe main question of this article is that Planning and organizing political, security and economic space in the region of Makran what features and specifics should be which can be used as a model for all areas of the region, including Chabahar? The results of this artic MoreThe main question of this article is that Planning and organizing political, security and economic space in the region of Makran what features and specifics should be which can be used as a model for all areas of the region, including Chabahar? The results of this article show that the region has an exceptional position in terms of communication status. The coastal strip of the Chabahar district is on the same side with the coastal strip of Hormozgan and the north of the Persian Gulf, and on the other side of Pakistan's coastal strip and Karachi. This area is coming by the Sea of Oman, the Gulf of Aden and the Suez Canal, to the Mediterranean Sea and Europe, by the Indian Ocean to Africa and the Nose of Hope (and also the Mediterranean) as well as the Atlantic and the Americas. Also on national security, strategic position of Chabahar ahat on the one hand is due to its location at the entrance to the Oman Sea and Persian Gulf and, on the other hand, having oriental estuaries as well as its harbor because of its proximity to the Indian subcontinent and its natural ability to play the role of covering the Gulf ports in terms of controlling the Strait of Hormuz and its nobility on the southern shores of the Oman Sea, have given Possibility of strict control over the military lines in the Indian Ocean and the Strait of Bab Al-Hamad to the area. Due to the political situation in the region also, the border province of Sistan and Baluchistan, in terms of its neighbors with both Pakistan and Afghanistan and also on the margin of free waters of the Oman Sea has enjoyed strategically and politically sensitive. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
258 - Investigating the role of small towns in regional spatial development(Case Study in Dehgolan City)
Mohsen Ghdermazi Mohammad RahmaniSmall cities, by accepting some of their capital and production factors, can be a factor in attracting the population and ultimately helping to stabilize their region to reduce the urban dilemma that roots in the countryside. In order to achieve a balanced and equitable MoreSmall cities, by accepting some of their capital and production factors, can be a factor in attracting the population and ultimately helping to stabilize their region to reduce the urban dilemma that roots in the countryside. In order to achieve a balanced and equitable distribution of population, capital, facilities, facilities as well as economic activities at the national and regional levels of small towns, especially cities where their location in the settlement network acts as an intermediary between urban and rural centers, attention is drawn to it placed. In fact, the aim of the research is to investigate the role of small towns in regional development. The approach used in this research is descriptive-analytic. Librarian methods, statistics and statistics, and detailed census results have been used to collect the required statistics and information. Spss and Excel software have been used to analyze the changes in the population of cities, urban and rural areas. To determine the population changes over the years. Then developments in the urban network and its hierarchical system have been investigated during the three census periods. In this study, related methods and models such as rank size, pull coefficient, georgeshavro and bourgeois model, centrality index, urban primary index were used. The results of the above model showed that Dehgolan city has a basic economy in agriculture and industry with 1.67 and 1.17 respectively, and in non-economic services sector. This issue, due to the role of central city of Dehgolan in the city, indicates the weakness of this section in the economy of the city of Dehgolan. According to the interpretation of the coefficient of location model, it was determined that the city of Dehgolan is not in a decent position in providing this service and facilities in the city Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
259 - Geographical Analysis of the Urban Network of Khuzestan Province with Emphasis on Urban and Regional Planning During the Years 1335-1395
gholamreza taheri mohammad reza rezaei saeed amanporThe existence of a regular urban hierarchy results in the distribution of goods and services to the entire community and as a result a balanced distribution of facilities and services to all parts of a region. The urban network is not just a collection of physical eleme MoreThe existence of a regular urban hierarchy results in the distribution of goods and services to the entire community and as a result a balanced distribution of facilities and services to all parts of a region. The urban network is not just a collection of physical elements, and the role and importance of each settlement is determined by the extent and dimensions of communication and flow. They set up an open system. Larger cities, with more concentration, dominate smaller cities. This research is purpose-oriented and applied in terms of nature and its method is descriptive-analytical. In this study, the studied indicators were collected in two stages through the extraction from available sources; research plans, statistics, books and experts’ opinions, and finally, rank and size models, moderate size rating, Lorenz curve, and Khuzestan urban network status were used. The results showed that the study of the urban dynamics of Khuzestan province during the years1335-1383 based on the modified Zipoff-size model indicated the imbalance in the urban system and the high concentration of population in the cities above the urban hierarchy system, especially the first city of the province was observed. Based on the Zipf-size-moderated model, there is no reasonable relationship between cities and their rank. The city has maintained its focus on other cities by concentrating its facilities and services at different levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
260 - The Role of Spatial Management Institutions in Area Resiliency with an Emphasis on Climatic Fluctuation Risks (A Case Study of Bonab)
javad Hajializadeh asgar rashidi ebrahimhesariWe witness cities high risk taking in recent years as a result of climate changes. Climate changes result in higher temperatures, rising sea levels, severe storms and increased droughts. However, reduced risk and vulnerability were ignored. The research method is MoreWe witness cities high risk taking in recent years as a result of climate changes. Climate changes result in higher temperatures, rising sea levels, severe storms and increased droughts. However, reduced risk and vulnerability were ignored. The research method is survey and its logic is inductive and its most important advantage is interoperability of the obtained results. The SPSS and Lisrel Software are used for data analysis and statistical tests and Arc GIS software were used in order to display spatial maps. In this study, spatial management institutions variable including institutions and stakeholders of Bonab city and surrounding villages management was considered as dependent and endogenous variable was measured and analyzed in thirteen dimensions based on Hyogo vision and Framework. The reduced risks of climate fluctuations were measured and analyzed in six dimensions in order to increase the region's resiliency as exogenous variable. Output calculations based on single-sample t-test (T) indicated that urban- regional management principles were unfavorable in the study area and generally in spatial management dimension. The casual network that is determined by structural equations is 2.32 based on X2 / DF value and since the obtained value is smaller than 3, it shows that the model fitness is appropriate. The root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) must be less than 0.08 that is equal to 0.063 in the proposed model. GFI (goodness of fit index) and (adjusted goodness of fit index) AGFI indices are equal to 0.91 and 0.90 respectively that must be greater than 0.80. The results of five indices are presented including increased comparative fit, relative fitness, Bentle Bonett normative fit, and Tucker-Lewis fit and comparative fit index based on data goodness of fit and structural model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
261 - Assessment and Prioritizing of Water Geotourism Spaces with Emphasis on Urban Management (A Case Study of Damavand Region)
Azadeh Arbabi SabzevariGeotourism is one of the important types of ecotourism. Assessing geotourism spaces and its prioritizing can be effective in present suitable geotourism landscape. Geotourism is defined as tourism that sustains or enhances the distinctive geographical character of a pla MoreGeotourism is one of the important types of ecotourism. Assessing geotourism spaces and its prioritizing can be effective in present suitable geotourism landscape. Geotourism is defined as tourism that sustains or enhances the distinctive geographical character of a place—its environment, heritage, aesthetics, culture, and the well-being of its residents. Cities and villages have an important role in measuring the priorities and values of tourism land spaces. By making decisions and engaging urban institutions and facilities and services, urban tourism can be effective in providing the desired landscape of tourism, and can also promote sustainable development and sustainable protection. Damavand region, having rivers, waterfall and lake water processes, is one of the geotourism destinations. In this article, assessment and prioritizing of geotourism spaces and sites related water processes of Damavand region based on role of urban management is done in order to present suitable landscape for geotourism management. Therefore, the necessary data was prepared based on the theoretical and expert studies as well as the assessment done by experts. The criteria were weighted by Atrophy model and the sites were prioritized using COPRAS model. The obtained results show high suitability of Lar Lake and Haraz Abask River as first priority of geotourism. Also, the city of Pleur and Rino and its urban management have been able to play an effective role in strengthening some services, capital and facilities of tourism land, but have also brought threats in return. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
262 - Revitalizing Identity in Imamzadeh Yahya's Region with Emphasis on the Concept of Artistic Cultural Values
Mahsa pirahmadi hamid majedi Zahra Sadat Saeideh ZarabadiNowadays, with the continuous growth of urbanization, various problems have started to grapple the cities more than ever. One of the issues, which is both the cause and effect of many urban problems, is the existence of the ancient texture in the heart of today's cities MoreNowadays, with the continuous growth of urbanization, various problems have started to grapple the cities more than ever. One of the issues, which is both the cause and effect of many urban problems, is the existence of the ancient texture in the heart of today's cities. Protecting these valuable historical sections, such as District 12 of Tehran and especially Oudlajan is important. The scope of this article is to study the role of artistic cultural values in the exterior of modern and historical buildings emphasizing on revitalizing identity in Imamzadeh Yahya's region. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Analyzing the characteristic values of five examples of historical houses in that neighborhood and comparing them with the exterior of the newly built houses as well as surveying the residents, it was concluded that these values can be used as a model for maintaining the identity of a region. It is important to get the idea from the modern world and integrate it with the traditional world. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
263 - Development and Its Different Dimensions in Ardebil Province
Farhad Barandak ali hoseiniFormulation of development strategies, identification of capabilities and shortcomings, and determination of the level of development based on appropriate indicators are necessary for effective regional planning. This study aims to use the component-oriented approach to MoreFormulation of development strategies, identification of capabilities and shortcomings, and determination of the level of development based on appropriate indicators are necessary for effective regional planning. This study aims to use the component-oriented approach to evaluate the development of Ardabil (according to various aspects of development). This study has analyzed the developmental condition and comparative comparison of the parameters of different parts of development in Ardebil province using 60 indicators (in sectors of health, infrastructure, cultural, and economic). The research method is descriptive-analytical using a Multi-attribute technique for data analysis. Following the overall results achieved, the developmental condition of Ardabil province was unbalanced and this situation proved to be evident in various developing sectors (health, infrastructural, cultural, and economic). Following the results of the parameters of development in SAW, the highest average development of Ardebil is the cultural elements. This implies health sector is leading in the development of Ardabil province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
264 - Structural-functional Analysis of the Spatial Organization of the Qazvin Urban Region
lham abasi verki jamile tavakolinia jela sajadi mozafar sarafiPaying attention to expected performance is highly important in studying the structure of metropolitan regions. An appropriate structure and spatial-operational crystallization are constructive factors that ensure equilibrium and optimal performance. In this regard, the MorePaying attention to expected performance is highly important in studying the structure of metropolitan regions. An appropriate structure and spatial-operational crystallization are constructive factors that ensure equilibrium and optimal performance. In this regard, the lack of knowledge of spatial nature, passivity, and poor performance are among the critical challenges of the spatial organization of city-centric areas in Iran, especially Qazvin. Therefore, in this research, we used the Meta-analysis method and three basic components - structural, operational, and interactive - to recognize the structural-operational nature of urban regions. We used graphic-based statistical methods in ArcGIS to investigate the obtained components. The analysis results showed that Qazvin's operational territory nearly corresponds to the urban collection scheme territory according to pendulum streams. Structural analysis of the Qazvin urban region showed that population and activity concentration is in the northeastern province toward the Tehran metropolis. By investigating the interaction component, we determined a strong relationship between Qazvin and peripheral urban and rural regions and a weak relationship with middle and southern urban regions. Operational analysis of the Qazvin urban region shows that, on the one hand, the peripheral position of the Qazvin urban region towards Tehran, and, on the other hand, passive local management at the inter-provincial level results in a lack of active interaction between Qazvin and peripheral outer-provincial centers. Therefore, we emphasize spatial integrity and introduce the need to apply novel managerial approaches based on regional governance and regional identity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
265 - An Analysis of Urban Regeneration in the Deteriorated Fabric with an Emphasis on a Neighborhood-centered Approach (A Case of the Districts 4 and 5 of Zahedan)
Azizaleh Mokhtari Maryam Karimian Bostani Masoumeh Hafez RezazadehThis study examines the effect of a neighborhood-based approach in urban redevelopment, focusing on regions 4 and 5 in Zahedan. The research employs both qualitative and quantitative methodologies and uses the SPSS and Expert Choice software to analyze data. Results fro MoreThis study examines the effect of a neighborhood-based approach in urban redevelopment, focusing on regions 4 and 5 in Zahedan. The research employs both qualitative and quantitative methodologies and uses the SPSS and Expert Choice software to analyze data. Results from the Expert Choice indicate that recreating worn-out urban fabric should prioritize a neighborhood-centered approach, with the social dimension, specifically the index of resident turnout, scoring the highest (0.112), followed by the economic front, particularly the Location Units with points index (0.157). To investigate the role of socio-economic dimensions in regenerating the worn-out urban fabric in Zahedan regions 4 and 5, stepwise multiple regression was used, revealing a significant relationship between the independent variables (economic and social dimensions) and dependent variable (recreation) at P=0.05. Additionally, the Chi-square test found a positive and significant relationship between socio-economic variables, the neighborhood-based approach, and recreation in the study areas (significant level of 0.000 for all variables). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
266 - Urban Development Leveling of the Cities in Bushehr Province Using Numerical Taxonomy Model
gholamreza moradi Mahsa DehghanianAssessing the level of development of communities has been a concern for regional planners in all countries. The use of quantitative criteria for the classification of settlements leads to understanding the level of inequality between residential areas and provides a me MoreAssessing the level of development of communities has been a concern for regional planners in all countries. The use of quantitative criteria for the classification of settlements leads to understanding the level of inequality between residential areas and provides a measure to reduce and eliminate these inequalities. To address regional imbalances, regions need to be identified and classified based on their level of development in different areas. The aim of this research is to identify disadvantaged areas and plan for reducing intra-regional disparities to achieve balanced development. In this study, 12 indices have been selected within the framework of numerical taxonomy analysis to assess the level of development and classify the counties of Bushehr Province. The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytical. Based on this classification, Bushehr with a development coefficient of 0.01382 is the most developed city, while Jam with a coefficient of 0.724444 is identified as the most disadvantaged city in the province. The results of this research indicate a center-periphery pattern dominating the spatial structure of Bushehr Province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
267 - Strategic Planning for Integrated Sustainable Development of Qazvin Region based on the Analysis of Interconnected Decision Areas
Mohammad Hosein Sharifzadegan Mostafa MomeniDue to the inefficiencies of the traditional approaches to regional planning in solving problems, mainly suffering from physical emphasis and increasing complexity of the relationship between activity areas, the use of more efficient approaches such as strategic spatial MoreDue to the inefficiencies of the traditional approaches to regional planning in solving problems, mainly suffering from physical emphasis and increasing complexity of the relationship between activity areas, the use of more efficient approaches such as strategic spatial planning, for solving regional problems and readjust relationships within it for different purposes were scheduled on the agenda. Strategic spatial planning approach can be considered a long-term plan that will be guided by the public sector and will emphasis on spatial dimensions of regional levels. Emphasis on the principles of sustainable development and regional integration in strategic spatial planning approach ensures unisonous development in different dimensions that can be possible integration of activities in order to achieve the objectives of sustainable development provided. This research is based on the use of Analysis of Interconnected Decision Areas (AIDA) method in strategic spatial planning approach to achieve sustainable integrated development of Qazvin region. To achieve this purpose, after determining the decision areas, the scenarios were generated and were prioritized by the integrated and sustainable development approaches followed by the best scenario selection. Later policies and executive programs were produced. This research seeks to adjust activities, services and facilities distribution in an accord with settlement potential of Qazvin region and provides strategies, policies and programs for implementation in order to achieve sustainable and integrated development of Qazvin region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
268 - The role of Bonab city in regional sustainable economic development: deploying economic - demographic models
Rasul Vazifeshenas Karim Hosseinzadeh Mohammad Ali KhalijiToday, big cities in the developing countries are growing very fast. These areas swallow all the facilities, services and the capital of the country. However, they tackle with different types of urban problems such as housing shortage, increasing the unemployment rate, MoreToday, big cities in the developing countries are growing very fast. These areas swallow all the facilities, services and the capital of the country. However, they tackle with different types of urban problems such as housing shortage, increasing the unemployment rate, the issue of marginalization, transport problem and failure in the supply of other urban services, as well as Environmental degradation. On the other side, other parts of the country, including central cities, towns and rural areas are lagging the development and are facing stagnation and stop in their progression. The overall goal of this research is to determine the effect of Bonab City, a city located in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran, in the process of the development of the surrounding settlements (area) and evaluation of its performance in the economic and demographic fields. The type of the research is applied research and the required data has been collected from the results of the last official census of Population and Housing in 2011. The research uses descriptive-analytic method which has been performed by using location coefficient models, Elasticity methods, longitudinal graphical approach of Izard, method of George Charbo and Tony Garnier. The results show that Bonab is self-sufficient in the agriculture and services sections. The actual employment rate is %93.44 and the dominant role of the city is a multi-role city. According to the Izard model, the industry and services sections have relatively favorable situation. Therefore, reaching to a superior position in the national and regional level requires the compiling and executing strategic plans and special attention of the country mega-scale decision making authorities to the unique and hidden capacities of Bonab city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
269 - Evaluate the quality of urban life in eleven localities in the Region 2 City of Ardabil
Hossein NazmFar Chanvar MohammadiThe quality of life measures to the understanding and satisfaction with the needs of the citizens and is related to aspects of their lives. The objective and subjective criteria is investigated in two dimensions in this research. The purpose of this study is the & MoreThe quality of life measures to the understanding and satisfaction with the needs of the citizens and is related to aspects of their lives. The objective and subjective criteria is investigated in two dimensions in this research. The purpose of this study is the evaluation of the quality of life in Neighborhoods and Regions of the city of Ardabil. This study is supposed to be objective and analytical in its nature. Data was collected in the field (questionnaire) and through the analysis of the documents (library). Statistical population of the Regions and the neighborhoods of the city of Ardabil is about eleven localities( areas) Using Cochran formula the required sample was estimated and 385 subjects were randomly selected. Indicators have been weighted using Shannon entropy Vikor model and they were evaluated to determine the quality of life in the communities. Research results show there are huge differences between localities in terms of quality of life. As the results, it was understood that the neighborhood four, with zero points, is the most prosperous and is in the first place. Neighborhood three is relatively prosperous in the second position with points 0/451 and six neighborhoods with 0/575,, ten 0/578, eight with 0/586, one with 0/602, two 0/612, nine by 0/623, five And seven with 0/772 Ranking the third to tenth And half prosperous Eleven district with 1 point in last place and have been deprived, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
270 - A Comparative Study of the Impact of Form of Political Management of Space on Regional Development: Case Study Qeshm and Kish
Heydar LotfiThe island of Kish and Qeshm are important as important economic assets in Iran. Particularly, the region as a political-economic unit known as free zones and the public expect of such units is that the process of development and productivity in comparison to other area MoreThe island of Kish and Qeshm are important as important economic assets in Iran. Particularly, the region as a political-economic unit known as free zones and the public expect of such units is that the process of development and productivity in comparison to other areas of the travel speed and greater homogeneity. Hence, this research seeks to explain the reasons for this heterogeneity in the development of the island. In this context, the question is: What is the relationship between management and the development of regional political space there? What is the relationship between the management and development of heterogeneous political space there on the island? However, the management of bilateral and Countercurrent the island could have a significant growth in terms of development indicators. The output of this research has resulted in the conclusion that it seems Kish Island with integrity Space Agency has been able to has a from the operational level and consistent and integrated decision making. However, the management of bilateral and Countercurrent island, not in terms of development indicators significant growth. The results show that there is a space on the island in all aspects of organizing institution is required. The present study is part of an investigation of the causal nature of action research. The method used in this study is analytical and information is provided by the library studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
271 - Analysis of indirect relations of the triangle of sustainable regional development, cooperation and social capacity
Somayeh , Soleimani Sanjar Selajgeh Mohammad Galal Kamaly Samaneh MehdizadehThe purpose ofthis research is toinvestigate the indirect relationships of regional sustainable development variables, cooperation and social capacity.In this research, the Analytical Hierarchy(AHP)method has been used.Because this method isbased onthe opinions of exper MoreThe purpose ofthis research is toinvestigate the indirect relationships of regional sustainable development variables, cooperation and social capacity.In this research, the Analytical Hierarchy(AHP)method has been used.Because this method isbased onthe opinions of experts;Inthe sample selection process ofthis study, the opinions of 32experts and university administrators were used to analyze the information andcomplete the questionnaire.Inorder todetermine thecriteria andsub-criteria affecting the relationships between the variables of regional sustainable development, cooperation andsocial capacity, first a series ofprimary criteria have been identified based on library research and then finalized through interviews with experts inthis field. These criteria are classified into10 main criteria and 32 sub-criteria.In this study, the tool proposed by Mr. Thomas L.Saati was used for judging in AHP and for building hierarchical tree from Super decision software. The results indicate that the roles of cooperative directly and indirectly affect the social capacity.The findings showed that the participation ability factor in the social capacity criteria, the external factors index in the cooperation role criteria, and the social justice criterion in the regional sustainable development criteria are in the first place of effectiveness.Ifso, social capacity has a positive and meaningful relationship withregional sustainable development, which indicates a positive and meaningful relationship between the dimensions ofregional sustainable development and cooperation.Therefore, it is suggested; The grounds for creating a cooperative culture to facilitate cooperative activities should be provided.Also,the conditions forthe dynamism and proper efficiency ofcooperatives in orderto increase capital through consultation with members, proper trust building between members and institutionalization of cooperative activities should be done. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
272 - Impact of Economic-Social Development on Air Quality in the Middle East Countries
masoumeh motallebi Reza Najarzade Lotfali AgheliThis research mainly aims to investigate the effect of economic-social development on air quality in Middle East countries. For this purpose, the effects of Socio-economic Development indicators and natural resource utilization indicators are examined as one of the main MoreThis research mainly aims to investigate the effect of economic-social development on air quality in Middle East countries. For this purpose, the effects of Socio-economic Development indicators and natural resource utilization indicators are examined as one of the main drivers of growth and development in the Middle East on Sulfur dioxide emission as an indicator for air quality. Since air pollution is a stable occurrence over time, the time-varying coefficient panel data model during the time period 2000-2019 is used to examine the impact of variables on Sulfur dioxide emissions. The results show that human capital, per capita income, and innovation have the greatest impact on the increase in Sulfur dioxide emissions, but resource usage indicators, especially the consumption of fossil fuels, lead to a decrease in Sulfur dioxide emissions. In fact, given the low use of renewable energy in the Middle East, energy consumption is mainly based on carbon sources. Thus, it is necessary to use environmental technologies and innovations instead of technology-based activities to control this issue in order to achieve sustainable economic growth and development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
273 - The effects of crude oil prices in the world market on regional prices of gas, Vector Error Correction approach
Ali Aghili Moghaddam Ebrahim Abbassi Shahriar Nessabian Marjan DamankeshidehThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the long-term and short-term relationships between the behavior of gas and oil prices in regional markets and their impact on each other using the VECM correction method during the period 2000-2019. For this purpose, due to th MoreThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the long-term and short-term relationships between the behavior of gas and oil prices in regional markets and their impact on each other using the VECM correction method during the period 2000-2019. For this purpose, due to the wide range of variables in each region, proxy technique has been used to analyze the markets of gas and oil regions. The findings show that among the regional prices of the gas and oil market in Asia and Europe (unlike the US market), due to the relationship of aggregation, the influence of oil market fluctuations is very high. Due to the importance of the role of financial markets in facilitating oil and gas transactions, it is suggested that the major supply of oil and gas through the energy exchange be considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
274 - The Effect of Fiscal Policy on Unemployment and Inflation in Provinces of Iran: A GVAR Approach
Nasrin Ebrahimi Mehdi Pedram Mir Hussein MousaviAbstract Since Iran is a regionally dispersed country, this motivates us to analyze whether or not a national fiscal policy has different effects on its provinces’ unemployment and inflation rates using a GVAR approach during 2005:q1-2016:q1 period. The results in MoreAbstract Since Iran is a regionally dispersed country, this motivates us to analyze whether or not a national fiscal policy has different effects on its provinces’ unemployment and inflation rates using a GVAR approach during 2005:q1-2016:q1 period. The results indicate that one positive standard error as national fiscal shock can significantly reduce unemployment in some provinces. These responses are similar in terms of timing but their amount is different. Also, this positive shock has a negative effect on inflation in some provinces. All responses are approximately similar in terms of timing. In Spite of this similarity, shock responses vary in terms of amount. According to the results in the framework of the models designed in this study, it is proposed that policymakers include the decentralization in the budget planning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
275 - The Analysis of Social Welfare and Welfare Convergence in The Iran,s Provinces for Evalution of Iran,s Regional Development
Elham Vafaei Parviz mohammadzadeh hosein Asgharpour Firooz FallahiAbstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate social welfare and the convergence of social welfare of Iran,s provinces. For the purpose we use Nahar and Inder convergence during 2000-2013. The results indicate that Kermanshah, Kohkiloyeh and Boyerahmad and Mazan MoreAbstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate social welfare and the convergence of social welfare of Iran,s provinces. For the purpose we use Nahar and Inder convergence during 2000-2013. The results indicate that Kermanshah, Kohkiloyeh and Boyerahmad and Mazandaran areconvergence towards the average of welfare of the provinces and Also, West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Bushehr, Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, Semnan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Qom, Golestan, Lorestan and Hormozgan diverge from the average of welfare. Also, most of the Iran,s provinces have a lower welfare than the community average. Therefore, policymakers performance in this field are not suitable for balanced development of regions welfare. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
276 - Effect of Trade Specialization Pattern on Economic Growth in MENA Countries
homayoun ranjbar mahdieh iranmanesh morteza mohammadiThis article investigates the pattern of trade specialization and productivity of exports on economic growth in MENA countries during 2009-2001 using generalized method of moments discussed. The results showed that there is a positive effect on exports and productivity MoreThis article investigates the pattern of trade specialization and productivity of exports on economic growth in MENA countries during 2009-2001 using generalized method of moments discussed. The results showed that there is a positive effect on exports and productivity indicators and the negative effect of exports on economic growth indicators heterogeneity between industrial, commercial and trade on economic growth. Among the indicators, only the effect of concentration of exports on economic growth is consistent with the theory that the cause of its extreme dependence on oil economies is of MENA region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
277 - Effective Factors on Absorbing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in MENA Region
Sanaz Khatabi Akbar Komijani Teymour Mohamadi Abbas MemarneJadAbstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effective factors associated with FDI inflows to MENA region (11 selected countries in Middle East and North Africa). The two-stage least squared pooling method was used for selected MENA countries to a MoreAbstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effective factors associated with FDI inflows to MENA region (11 selected countries in Middle East and North Africa). The two-stage least squared pooling method was used for selected MENA countries to analyze the data for 2002-2014. Based on the results of analysis, positive effect of economic growth, rate of inflation, and market openness and a negative effect of good governance on foreign direct investment obtained. The results, also, showed that countries with fixed exchange rate regime were more successful in attracting FDI inflows. Based on the findings of this study, and to attract FDI inflows, MENA member countries should implement policies aimed at, improving public’s perceptions of governance, decreasing the inflation, increasing economic growth, creating stable foreign exchange rate regimes, and increasing trade openness. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
278 - The Impact of Provincial Budget Gap on Regional Income Disparity of Iran’s Provinces by Using PVAR Model
Hadi Rahmani Fazli Abbas Arab MazarThis paper attempts to investigate the relationship among provincial construction and total budget gap with per capita income disparity as a regional inequality index among the nation provinces during 2006 - 2011 periods by using panel vector autoregressive approach. Ba MoreThis paper attempts to investigate the relationship among provincial construction and total budget gap with per capita income disparity as a regional inequality index among the nation provinces during 2006 - 2011 periods by using panel vector autoregressive approach. Based on the panel co-integration test there is a long run significant relationship among provincial income per capita disparity with provincial construction and total budget gap. Estimation results of PVAR model and analysis of impulse responses functions show that the budget gap shock has a positive impact on income per capita disparity and justifying the shock effect on income per capita lasts about six periods. The variance decomposition results of the shocks showed that the total and construction budget gap explain a considerable part of provincial income per capita disparity variation. The results emphasis on necessary to reduction gap in budget allocation to the nation provinces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
279 - Investigating the Economic and Welfare Effects of the Water Market: A Positive Mathematical Programming Model Approach
fatemeh esmaelnia balagatabi ahmad sarlak hadi ghaffariIn this study, the aim is to identify the economic and welfare effects of forming the water market in the Varamin region. Changes in the area under aquaculture, gross profit in two situations (water market and lack of water market) during 2011-2016 were calculated and c MoreIn this study, the aim is to identify the economic and welfare effects of forming the water market in the Varamin region. Changes in the area under aquaculture, gross profit in two situations (water market and lack of water market) during 2011-2016 were calculated and compared using GAMS software and positive mathematical programming model. The results show that the establishment of the water market would have a positive and incremental effect on the gross profit of farmers in the region. Also, Cultivation of crops such as wheat, rice, barley, cucumber and potatoes, tomatoes and garlic has been more profitable and more crops can be planted. Based on the results, it is suggested that the government provide private-sector participation through investment and financial incentives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
280 - The study and the analysis of wedding songs in Larestan region regarding the mythological themes
Azim Jabbareh Naserou Aref FazliLocal songs are one of the main branches of folk literature and one type of these songs are poems which have been common in marriage rituals. Among these poems, various customs and rituals of the people can be recovered. In Larestan region, most of the local poems are d MoreLocal songs are one of the main branches of folk literature and one type of these songs are poems which have been common in marriage rituals. Among these poems, various customs and rituals of the people can be recovered. In Larestan region, most of the local poems are dedicated to songs with the theme of wedding ceremony. The purpose of this study is to express the characteristics of wedding poems in Larestan region and classify them in terms of theme, content and study of mythological themes. The research method in this paper is field and library; The authors first listened, recorded, and categorized some of the songs in terms of content by attending thirty weddings and interviewing olders. In the next step, using library resources, the characteristics and bases of these songs are extracted and studied with a descriptive-analytical approach. Findings show that wedding poems and songs in Larestan region can be divided into two main parts:A) poems that express the people’s customs; B) songs that describe the bride and groom; It is also worth mentioning the mythological themes of these songs, examined in the following sections: 1. The groom taking a bath. 2. Hanabandans. 3. Sacrifice of the rooster and the growth of the plant of life. 4. interwove the tree. 5. Gaz, the tree of life. 6. Rustam. 7. Fairy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
281 - Rotor Design and Analysis of 4/2 SRMs to Produce Continuous Torque using Finite Element Method
Davood Karamalian Behrooz Majidi Mohammad Reza YousefiAbstract:Electrical and mechanical benefits, simple manufacturing and maintenance of switched reluctance motor make it suitable in industrial and home applications, but the most important drawbacks of switched reluctance motor are discontinuous torque and no self-starti MoreAbstract:Electrical and mechanical benefits, simple manufacturing and maintenance of switched reluctance motor make it suitable in industrial and home applications, but the most important drawbacks of switched reluctance motor are discontinuous torque and no self-starting in some rotor positions. In this paper a novel rotor structure is presented and optimized in order to increase positive torque region and eliminate dead-zone in high loads. The torque produced in this proposed SRM is divided in two regions and overlapped in two phases periodically. In order to find the best output character and optimal design, two factors, position and angle of cut edge are optimized. To verify the proposed rotor, torque characteristic, flux path and torque ripple has been analyzed by finite element method and compared with conventional 4/2 switched reluctance motor. The proposed motor has a continuous torque characteristic.Index Terms: Switched reluctance motor; Continuous torque; Finite element method; Dead-zone region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
282 - Assessment and Improving Methods of Reliability Indices in Bakhtar Regional Electricity Company
Saeed Shahrezaei Ali Asghar Ghadimi Majid Gandomkar Majid Moazzami Sanaz Shaheidari Ali Reza Afshari MoghadamReliability of a system is the ability of a system to do prospected duties in future and the probability of desirable operation for doing predetermined duties. Power system elements failures data are the main data of reliability assessment in the network. Determining an MoreReliability of a system is the ability of a system to do prospected duties in future and the probability of desirable operation for doing predetermined duties. Power system elements failures data are the main data of reliability assessment in the network. Determining antiseptic parameters is the goal of reliability assessment by using system history data. These parameters help to recognize week points of the system. In other words, the goal of reliability assessment is operation improving and decreasing of the failures and power outages. This paper is developed to assess reliability indices of Bakhtar Regional Electricity Company up to 1393 and the improving methods and their effects on the reliability indices in this network. DIgSILENT Power Factory software is employed for simulation. Simulation results show the positive effect of improving methods in reliability indices of Bakhtar Regional Electricity Company. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
283 - Fast Intra and Inter Prediction Mode Decision of H.264/AVC for Medical Image Compression Based on Region of Interest
Mehdi Jafari Homayoun Mahdavi-Nasab Shohreh KasaeiThis paper aims at applying H.264 in medical video compression applications and improving the H.264 Compression performance with better perceptual quality and low coding complexity. In order to achieve higher compression of medical video, while maintaining high image qu MoreThis paper aims at applying H.264 in medical video compression applications and improving the H.264 Compression performance with better perceptual quality and low coding complexity. In order to achieve higher compression of medical video, while maintaining high image quality in the region of interest, with low coding complexity, here we propose a new model using H.264/AVC that uses lossless compression in the region of interest, and very high rate, lossy compression in other regions. This paper proposes a new method to achieve fast intra and inter prediction mode decision that is based on coarse macroblocks for intra and inter prediction mode decision of the background region and finer macroblocks for region of interest. Also the macroblocks of the background region are encoded with the maximum quantization parameter allowed by H.264/AVC in order to maximize the number of null coefficients. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm achieves a higher compression rate on medical videos with a higher quality of region of interest with low coding complexity when compared to our previous algorithm and other standard algorithms reported in the literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
284 - Regional development feasibility: A case study of the border regions of Iran and Turkey
Reza POURMAJIDI Bakhtyar Ezzatpanah Karim Hosainzadeh dalirIn the age of globalization, one of the most important priorities is the regional interaction of countries at the international level so that in many countries of the world they are trying to grow and sustain their economy by creating the right framework for cooperation MoreIn the age of globalization, one of the most important priorities is the regional interaction of countries at the international level so that in many countries of the world they are trying to grow and sustain their economy by creating the right framework for cooperation with other countries. In this sense, not only the issue of globalization of the economy in the form of a global network of concepts is important in the third millennium, but the interactions between them, and even the interactions of cultures, are also prominent features of globalization. West Azerbaijan province of Iran and the provinces located in the eastern part of Turkey which are in the neighborhood of Iran, with the highest tourism, historical, environmental and given the characteristics of religious, social, cultural, historical, and economic similarities, can play an important role in the interplay between the region's sustainable economy. In this paper, using descriptive-analytical method and using SWOT and AHP models, the importance and priority of effective factors in the area of West Azerbaijan provinces and eastern provinces of Turkey are identified and by examining their relationships, ranking factors are presented in the form of models. According to the results of the study, the area has potentialities, but the weakness of facilities, possibilities and services and infrastructure has made it unable to perform well in regional economic and development dynamics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
285 - The position of the virtual city in creating employment and sustainable tourism development (Case study of District 12 of Tehran)
zohreh azadfallah zynab karkabadi abbas arghanToday, no industry can play a decisive role in national and transnational competition without the use of information and communication technologies. Tourism is the main element of the movement towards the revitalization and reconstruction of (urban) areas. The aim of th MoreToday, no industry can play a decisive role in national and transnational competition without the use of information and communication technologies. Tourism is the main element of the movement towards the revitalization and reconstruction of (urban) areas. The aim of this study is the virtual urban position in creating employment and sustainable development of tourism in Tehran's 12th district. Focusing on the indicators of the virtual city should be paid special attention by the officials of governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and this should lead to the prosperity and development of the study area. - It has been an analysis that in order to achieve these goals, methods of analyzing the income from tourists and its impact on employment and unemployment have been used. Therefore, it is necessary to achieve a sustainable development, especially in the field of sustainable tourism development, a special and non-arbitrary look (bottom-up planning) to the category of tourism, which is one of the ways to achieve sustainable development. And the virtual city and tourism seeks sustainable development and employment of the region if it protects the environment of the region and its environmental resources and cultural heritage, and respects the dignity of the indigenous community living in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
286 - Ways to Develop Sustainable Tourism Industry in Tabriz Based on Regional Components
Vahid Khoshalhan karim hoseinzadeh dalir hosein nazmfarThe purpose of this article is a careful review of the factors affecting the sustainable tourism of Tabriz especially in terms of Regional Innovation Systems (RIS). Due to the influential regional components in tourism, the methodology of this research is based on the D MoreThe purpose of this article is a careful review of the factors affecting the sustainable tourism of Tabriz especially in terms of Regional Innovation Systems (RIS). Due to the influential regional components in tourism, the methodology of this research is based on the Delphi technique, which has been devoted to explaining the comments and suggestions of the experts in three stages. For this purpose, 25 experts from the influential tourism areas of Tabriz have been used. The results of this research indicate that Tabriz having multiple potentials including historical centers, nature attractions, scientific, literary and religious characters, and the registration of some of its regions and industries in the global form, has the necessary criteria and potentials for sustainable tourism in the future. The measures taken to stabilize tourism in Tabriz are appropriate and Tabriz in 1404 can be considered as a starting point for the development of sustainable tourism and also the modernization of Tabriz for the distant horizons may be regarded serious. Total readiness of Tabriz can be considered as the most important strategy for tourism development, including the standards of biological, environmental, valuable and humanistic aspects of tourism sustainability. Also, cultural development, promotion of knowledge and citizens’ views for believing tourism are of the important approaches to develop tourism in the city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
287 - Desirability of Evaluation Parks from the Aspect of Urban Tourism and Spending Leisure Time of Citizenships Using the Copras Model (Case Study: Urban Region Two Metropolitan Ahvaz)
abbas maroofnezhad Ebrahim AmiriToday, urban parks can play a major role in creating citizens' leisure time and space for their tourism in cities. So that in many urban texts, parks and urban green spaces are mentioned as one of the important indicators for recognizing the quality of man-made environm MoreToday, urban parks can play a major role in creating citizens' leisure time and space for their tourism in cities. So that in many urban texts, parks and urban green spaces are mentioned as one of the important indicators for recognizing the quality of man-made environments. Due to the importance of parks and green spaces In today's urban life, the purpose of this study was to investigate the status of active urban parks in Ahvaz metropolitan region 2 in terms of selected indicators (access, health, attractiveness, security and amenities). The type of applied research and research method was survey with emphasis on the questionnaire. The statistical population is citizens living in Region 2 and relevant experts. The weighting of the variables was performed by Shannon entropy model and data analysis was performed using COPRAS ranking technique. The research results show the low and minimum per capita of parks in region two (36.9 square meters) compared to international and national standards. Also, according to the results of Anova test, according to the calculated value of F, which is more than 0.05, the average audience satisfaction with the indicators in the studied parks shows a significant difference. The results of the Coopers model also showed 23 parks in the study area: Island Park, 42-hectare park and government park with final value, respectively; 0.0615, 0.0569,0.0554 are in the first to third place in terms of indicators. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
288 - The Role of Tourists in the Formation of the Identity of Tourist Destinations (A Case Study of Samen Region in Mashhad)
tahereh daryadel ezatalah mafi maryam rajabiThe increasing competition in the tourism industry has raised the need to pay attention to the development of special value for tourism destinations. Various external and internal factors are effective on society in the tourism destination. Most of the previous research MoreThe increasing competition in the tourism industry has raised the need to pay attention to the development of special value for tourism destinations. Various external and internal factors are effective on society in the tourism destination. Most of the previous research has focused on the investigation of external factors such as awareness of cultural changes and even the type of dialect, social behavior, and identity of people. In this research, the role of tourists on the identity of citizens in the Samen region of Mashhad has been investigated. The research population included all residents and people who were in contact with tourists in this area, from among whom 195 people were selected as a sample. The results showed that the indicators of architectural-physical identity and urban texture had an average higher than 3 due to the presence of tourists. The overall results showed that the presence of tourists did not have much effect on the characteristics of the social and cultural identity of the residents of the Samen region. Concerning the indicators of architectural-physical dimensions and urban texture, this effect proved to be more significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
289 - The Impact of Cultural Elements on the Tourism Development of the Dezpart County
ali shamsoddini hojat ollah sadeghiTourism development in any region requires attention to certain indicators and their improvement. One of the most important elements related to tourism is cultural elements. This research aims to investigate the impact of cultural elements on the development of tourism MoreTourism development in any region requires attention to certain indicators and their improvement. One of the most important elements related to tourism is cultural elements. This research aims to investigate the impact of cultural elements on the development of tourism in Dezpart County. The research method is based on the objective, descriptive-analytical and quantitative approach. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the elites of the society and its reliability was also confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test (0.79). The statistical population of the research was made up of experts from the administrative offices in Dezpart County. Exact statistics on the number of available experts were not available, but 50 experts were surveyed in this study. The findings showed that the tourism development indicators, except for two variables of historical-cultural attractions with an average of 3.66 and security with an average of 3.68, do not have a desirable status in the region. Pearson correlation indicates that there is a relationship between cultural elements and tourism development. It was found through regression analysis that the highest impact on regional tourism development is related to the variable of historical and cultural attractions with a coefficient of 0.163, followed by education and literacy with a coefficient of 0.132. Therefore, the cultural elements of the region have the potential to develop tourism and overcome existing challenges. Four cultural strategies are proposed for tourism development, including participation and community organizations, management and planning of services, education and skilled workforce, and empowerment of women. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
290 - The Feasibility of Realizing the Vision of Agricultural Tourism Development in the Sustainability of Regional Settlements Development A case of Saveh
Majid Goodarzi Hoshang Moradi Hojatullah Pashapur Mohammad Faraji DarabkhaniThe purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility and realization of agricultural tourism development in Saveh city. The current type of research is applied in terms of purpose and nature, employing a survey based on field studies (questionnaire). The statisti MoreThe purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility and realization of agricultural tourism development in Saveh city. The current type of research is applied in terms of purpose and nature, employing a survey based on field studies (questionnaire). The statistical population of this research includes 18 university managers and experts in the field of tourism and urban planning, who were selected using purposive sampling. For scientific analysis, the combined model of SWOT strategic analysis and the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) has been used. The results obtained from the evaluation matrix show that internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats) were assessed. According to the scoring of the items in the research, the total score of internal factors is 2.28 (strengths 1.13 and weaknesses 1.15) and external factors 3.2 (opportunities 0.993 and threats 2.2). Therefore, the best strategy for realizing the agricultural tourism model in the study area is the WO strategy, which involves leveraging strengths to exploit opportunities and mitigate weaknesses. Among the developed strategies, the competitive-aggressive (WO) strategy scored the highest (6.82) and is the most attractive among the research strategies. The output of the strategic planning model emphasizes leveraging the region's proximity and access to population centers, geological features of the area, and strengthening related programs as high priority actions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
291 - METRIC based evapotranspiration mapping of pistachio orchard in the semi-arid region
Mohammad Hossein Mokhtari Ibrahim Busu Sara Parvizi -
Open Access Article
292 - Investigate and comparison of urban smart-making indicators in Yazd
Samira Alizadeh Moghadam Malihe Zakerian -
Open Access Article
293 - Spatial Land Use Planning Based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and GIS in Shandiz Urban Region, Northeast of Iran
Mehrnoush Afshari Ali Bagherzadeh Ehsan Afshar -
Open Access Article
294 - An Exploration of the Main Stage of the Holy Prophet’s (pbuh) Call with an Analysis of the Steps of the Call
abbas taghvaeeBy examining the stages of the Holy Prophet’s call (Daʿwah) in the works of historians from the past to the present, we can see that most of them explicitly or implicitly believe in three stages: "Secret Call", "Calling the Relatives" and "Public Call". A few peo MoreBy examining the stages of the Holy Prophet’s call (Daʿwah) in the works of historians from the past to the present, we can see that most of them explicitly or implicitly believe in three stages: "Secret Call", "Calling the Relatives" and "Public Call". A few people have taken a wider range of stages with more precision and looking at the period after the migration to Madinah; but there has been no regular division of call stages on a unit basis. In this article, based on the development of the geography of the Prophet’s (pbuh) call and the scope of the audience, the stages of call are divided into six successive and interconnected stages: "private call", " calling the relative", "public call", "regional call", "transregional call" and "global call"; and we have put all the initial stages as a prelude to reaching the final stage of daʿwah, which is based on the global mission of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) and the spread of Islam. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
295 - The Experimental Study of the Influence of Function and Arrangement of Geogrids and Uniform Stress Distribution in the Tensile Area of the Concrete structures
Ashkan khodaBandeLou aliasgar akbari bargoshadiConcrete is one of the main materials used in the construction industry and there are disadvantages to the conventional method of using steel, which reduces the breakage and concrete failure. Today, the spread of the science of applying polymeric materials to overcome t MoreConcrete is one of the main materials used in the construction industry and there are disadvantages to the conventional method of using steel, which reduces the breakage and concrete failure. Today, the spread of the science of applying polymeric materials to overcome these disadvantages has quickly taken its place in concrete ingredients. These materials can produce stronger concrete with greater flexibility and a smoother surface and can increase concrete resistance to erosion, impact and corrosion. In this research, using Geogrid, which is a family of geosynthetics, the tensile strength of concrete increased by 15%. Because it is used as a solid with very low risk, the geogrid is placed at different distances from the neutral warp. Based on the results of the experiments and according to the diagrams obtained from the geogrid experiments, if utilized as a semi-solid in the tensile region, the geogrids will result in the equal distribution of stresses and will have a better effect on increasing tensile strength. Of course, using a combination of steel and geogrid in the tensile region and according to the geogrid characteristics, it is easier to achieve a soft failure (tensile failure), which is the best type of failure for concrete structures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
296 - Stochastic Sensitivity Analysis in Data Envelopment Analysis
Nasim Arabjazi Mohsen Rostamy-Malkhalifeh Farhad Hosseinzadeh Lotfi Mohammad Hasan Behzadi -
Open Access Article
297 - A Study on the Information Literacy of the Faculty Members of IAU Region One
Said Ahmad Hashemi Abuzar Hemmati Abolfazl AbbasiThe present research aimed at studying the degree of faculty members’ information literacy in Islamic Azad Universities of region 1. It was conducted to find a solution to improve this skill. Faculty members’ skills in using ICT were evaluated using ICCS and MoreThe present research aimed at studying the degree of faculty members’ information literacy in Islamic Azad Universities of region 1. It was conducted to find a solution to improve this skill. Faculty members’ skills in using ICT were evaluated using ICCS and ICDL indexes. It was a descriptive-survey research. The statistical population included all the faculty members (2131 people) in 2011-2012 academic year. Based on Morgan table, 325 instructors were selected through random cluster sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data gathering. Its validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability was estimated 0/834 using Cronbach Alpha coefficient. Data analysis was done through SPSS software. In addition, both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data, such as, frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, one-sample t test and one-way ANOVA. The findings showed that faculty members’ information literacy based on ICCS index was average and that of ICDL index was above average level. Also, their skill in using E-Journals was below average. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
298 - بررسی اتنو بوتانی گیاهان دارویی منطقه ی سیستان
محبوبه ایران منش شهلا نجفی مهدی یوسفیمقدمه و هدف: از دیرباز تاکنون گیاهان دارویی به صورت خودرو یا کاشته شده به عنوان منبع دارویی مهمی مورد استفاده بشر و حتی جانوران قرار می گرفته اند. گیاه­شناسی سنتی روش­های ارزشمندی را برای یافتن گیاهان دارویی جدید و داروهای گیاهی عرضه می­کند. هدف از این مطالع Moreمقدمه و هدف: از دیرباز تاکنون گیاهان دارویی به صورت خودرو یا کاشته شده به عنوان منبع دارویی مهمی مورد استفاده بشر و حتی جانوران قرار می گرفته اند. گیاه­شناسی سنتی روش­های ارزشمندی را برای یافتن گیاهان دارویی جدید و داروهای گیاهی عرضه می­کند. هدف از این مطالعه شناسایی گیاهان دارویی مهمی است که به طور گسترده به وسیله­ی ساکنان محلی، در درمان بیماری­ها در منطقه­ی سیستان مورد استفاده قرار می­گیرند.روش تحقیق: این بررسی با استفاده از پیمایش­های صحرایی ، باورها و اطلاعات مردمی و مطالعات اسنادی، شناسایی، دسته­بندی و معرفی این گیاهان صورت گرفته است. گونه های گیاهی از مکان­های مختلف منطقه­ی سیستان جمع­آوری و با استفاده از فلورها شناسایی شدند. برای هر گونه­ی گیاهی نام علمی ، نام محلی ، اندام مورد استفاده ، خاصیت درمانی رایج ، فرم تهیه و مصرف داروی گیاهی، تدوین شد.نتایج و بحث: این گیاهان در طب سنتی به عنوان مُدرّ ، مقوی معده، التیام دهنده­ی زخم، درمان تب ، انواع درد­ها و التهاب­ها ، خلط­آور و موارد دیگر به­کار گرفته می­شوند. تعداد 30 گونه از گیاهان دارویی شناسایی شده، عبارتند از هندوانه­ی ابوجهل(حنظل ) ، صبر زرد، اسپند، عناب، اوکالیپتوس و غیره که با مدیریت و برنامه­ریزی دقیق، می­توان آن­ها را مورد بهره برداری قرار داد.توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی: با توجه به محدودیت منابع داخلی ، توسعه­ی طرح­های اشتغال­زایی بر مبنای کشت و توسعه­ی گیاهان دارویی سازگار با شرایط اکولوژیکی منطقه، می­تواند حداکثر تولید و بهره­وری را داشته و راه­کارهای مناسبی برای حفظ این منابع باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
299 - The Iraqi Kurdistan Developments and its Impact of the National Security of Islamic Republic of Iran
asghar bayat null null null nullAbstract: The Iraqi Kurdistan region is one of the important regions of the Middle East due its unique geopolitics. This region after the fall of Saddam (2003) and the formation of autonomous government have witnessed several events and developments which have had thei MoreAbstract: The Iraqi Kurdistan region is one of the important regions of the Middle East due its unique geopolitics. This region after the fall of Saddam (2003) and the formation of autonomous government have witnessed several events and developments which have had their impact on the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The present article has paid attention to Iraqi Kurdistan developments for two reasons. First due to presence and activities of regional and extra-regional powers in Iraqi Kurdistan after the fall of Saddam, second the spread and strengthening the Kurdish nationalism in Kurdish residing regions of Iran. The consequences of these events are the expansion of the ethnic demands and expectation of Iranian Kurds from the central government and the possibility of disintegration from Iranian central government with foreign backing. Therefore, the present article by futures studies method wants to answer the question as to “what are the impacts of Iraqi Kurdistan developments on security of the Islamic Republic of Iran?” The hypothesis is that the Iraqi Kurdistan developments particularly the presence of regional powers there and in areas near Iranian borders and the presence of Kurdish groups who are against Iran can provide a disfavor able ground for measures against the national security of Iran. Eventually in this regard four scenarios have been suggested for future of this issue in the Middle East. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
300 - A Study of the Power Structure in West Asia Region with Emphasis on Five Littoral States of Persian Gulf (Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirate, Kuwait, Oman)
hosein mirzaei mostafa madaniAbstract: For the examination of national power it is necessary to evaluate and calculate different economic, social, political, territorial and cultural factors of a country. Understanding and measurement of the national power of countries for determining their status MoreAbstract: For the examination of national power it is necessary to evaluate and calculate different economic, social, political, territorial and cultural factors of a country. Understanding and measurement of the national power of countries for determining their status and geopolitical weight has been the focus of attention of scientists and political observers. It can be said that there is a direct relation between the national power of a country and their participation in international scene. The purpose of the present paper is to study and evaluate the national power (both hard and soft power) of the five littoral states of Persian Gulf neighboring Iran. They are the United Arab Emirate, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman and Bahrain. The main question raised by the paper is “what is the power structure of these five countries neighboring Iran. The hypothesis is that the national determinants of power of the selected countries of the West Asia region keeps these countries at three levels; namely United Arab Emirate-Qatar, Kuwait-Oman and Bahrain. The methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical based on library materials. The finding of the study shows that the power structure of the five selected countries places them at three levels of power, in the first level of power is United Arab Emirate and Qatar, and in the second level is Kuwait and Oman and at the third level is Bahrain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
301 - The United Strategy and the Regional Order of the Middle East: From Classic Hegemony to Moderate Hegemony
ali mohammadi zia mohammad sotodeAbstract: The Middle East is a region with significant geostrategic and geopolitical place. This region is having great source of energy and for this reason it has been the focus of attention of extra-regional powers. The United States as the sole big power of the world MoreAbstract: The Middle East is a region with significant geostrategic and geopolitical place. This region is having great source of energy and for this reason it has been the focus of attention of extra-regional powers. The United States as the sole big power of the world has paid special attention to this region and tries to pursue its objectives through different strategies. The present article by a documentary method and referring to documents of national security of the United States wants to know the strategy of the United States within the framework of regional orders. The underlying hypothesis is that the strategy of the United States for creating regional order in the Middle East has undergone change from classic hegemony to moderate hegemony. The finding of the study shows the new strategy of the United States is based on cooperation with the Middle East countries with minimum common interest of them. For this purpose the United States seeks legitimacy and support for the exercise of its power and actions in the region and the world. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
302 - Syrian Crisis and Iran's National Security
حسین ربیعی جعفر نقدی سجاد نجفیAbstract: The Syrian crisis is one of the most important event that has influenced Iran’s foreign policy and also national security in a way that the situation in Syria has become a zero sum game for Iran. Any development in the political structure of Syria can af MoreAbstract: The Syrian crisis is one of the most important event that has influenced Iran’s foreign policy and also national security in a way that the situation in Syria has become a zero sum game for Iran. Any development in the political structure of Syria can affect the security of Iran. For years Syria has been the gateway for Iran’s presence in the Arab world. The weakening and fall of the position of President Bashar Assad would undermine Iran’s influence in the Arab world. Taking into consideration the above situation, the present article pursues the following objectives: 1. Explaining the strategic importance of Syria for Iran, 2. Explaining the impact of Syrian crisis on national security of Iran in different areas, 3. Explaining Iran’s competition with regional and extra- regional powers in Syria, 4. Explaining the security strategy of Iran vis-à-vis the Syrian crisis. The paper also examines this hypothesis that the national security of Iran will decline with the continuation of Syrian crisis by the threats of regional and extra-regional powers. The paper makes use of the theory of balance of threat to evaluate the hypothesis which can explain the threats to Iran in Syria. The methodology used in the paper is historical, descriptive and analytical. The finding of the study shows that the continuation of Syrian crisis has led to change of balance of threat against Iran and that is why Iran intervened to balance the situation. Therefore Iran’s strategy for ending the crisis in Syria is full-fledged support for Bashar Assad’s regime. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
303 - A Comparative Study of the Impact of Developments of Syria and Iraq on Regional Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey
mohammadjavad fathi elham rasooli milad khosravinezhadAbstract: Nowadays regionalism is one of the requirements of active foreign policy. Keeping eyes on the developments in the peripheral region and their specific interest there guides the government to pursue suitable regional policies. Countries try to use their region MoreAbstract: Nowadays regionalism is one of the requirements of active foreign policy. Keeping eyes on the developments in the peripheral region and their specific interest there guides the government to pursue suitable regional policies. Countries try to use their regional role and available opportunities to further their international position. Iran and Turkey as two regional powers and having important place among the Middle East countries are seeking to increase their regional role. The development which started from 2011 in Syria and later in 2013 in Iraq had great impact on regional policies of Iran and Turkey. The question raised by the present article is “what has been the impact of Syria and Iraq on regional policy of Iran and Turkey?” the hypothesis is “ the regional development in the said period have provided common opportunities and challenges for both the country and have strengthen the geopolitical look of Iran and Turkey”. The article has used Copenhagen framework named regional security suite theory and has categorized the opportunities and challenges in three determinants; namely mutual security interdependence, pattern of friendship and enmity and cultural and race affinities. The finding of the study shows that political, ideological and economic opportunities and security, economic challenges have strengthened the regional policy of Iran and Turkey after the said regional developments. The methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
304 - Evolution in Saudi Arabia's Military Strategy: Backgrounds and Reasons
Nader PourakhondiAbstract: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is more known as an oil exporting state than a military power. Saudi Arabia have always been claiming as the leader of the Arab World and protector of the countries of Saudi Arabia Peninsula but its military force despite spending MoreAbstract: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is more known as an oil exporting state than a military power. Saudi Arabia have always been claiming as the leader of the Arab World and protector of the countries of Saudi Arabia Peninsula but its military force despite spending considerable amount of money does not have the ability for playing a prominent role in Persian Gulf region’s developments but from 2003, especially after Arab Spring events it has improved its military capabilities and interferes in regional developments. The Saudi Arabia military entered Bahrain after the unrest in that country. At present the Saudi Arabia military forces simultaneously participates in two military operations i.e. air attack in Syria along with international coalition and air and land operation against the Houthies in Yemen. The present article wants to examine the reason of Saudi Arabia military doctrine change from defensive to offensive position. The hypothesis is that the changes which have taken place in security environment of Saudi Arabia have led this country to adopt an offensive military doctrine. The present article has used descriptive-analytical method. The finding of the study shows that the purpose of the change in the military strategy of Saudi Arabia is to contain the regional influence of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
305 - Revival of regional power of Iran: (2005-2017)
abolfazl shakoori amir-hossein vazirianIncreased activism of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Middle East since 2005, in the form of a coalition called the Axis of Resistance accompanied by the display of power in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Yemen, has raised Iran as a regional power. This show of power is d MoreIncreased activism of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Middle East since 2005, in the form of a coalition called the Axis of Resistance accompanied by the display of power in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Yemen, has raised Iran as a regional power. This show of power is due to the unique position and characteristics of the interior, along with the impact of regional and international events. This paper uses the analytical-descriptive method based on library and internet resources to answer the question of what role the components of national power have been in increasing the regional power of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The findings of this research show that four variables of geographic location (geopolitics-geo-economics), economic components (economic growth rate, oil revenues, GDP, GDP per capita, exports and imports), military power component (strategy, costs, military equipment and role The IRGC in regional politics) and the adoption of Shi'a Islam identity has had an important influence on increasing the regional influence and power of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
306 - China Silk Road Initiative, Goals and Obstacles
ghasem torabi raziyeh saneiThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the various dimensions of the Silk Road Initiative and to reveal its objectives, opportunities and barriers. In this regard, the main question of the paper is that the Silk Road Initiative was designed as the most important China MoreThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the various dimensions of the Silk Road Initiative and to reveal its objectives, opportunities and barriers. In this regard, the main question of the paper is that the Silk Road Initiative was designed as the most important China strategy in the 21st Century to achieve its goals. It should be noted that the Silk Road is the largest initiative ever announced by a country in the world. This initiative covers sixty-five different countries in the world and costs about $ 4 trillion in 900 different projects. In addition, the plan has dimensions, objectives, and economic, political and security objectives. In this regard, in response to the above question, the hypothesis of the article is that the ultimate goal of China is to operate the Silk Road initiative to provide the economic, political and security contexts necessary for becoming a regional and global hegemony. However, it seems that the plan faces serious barriers and challenges, and ultimately China goals will not be maximized. The present article intends to discuss the question and hypothesis along with the goals, opportunities and obstacle of the project in three sections and in a descriptive-analytical way. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
307 - Examining the opportunities and Threats of the European Union presence in the Central Asian region
zahra akbari hadis bagheriniaThe end of the Cold War marked the beginning of a new era for the European Union in Central Asia the ,, law and respect for human rights. The present study, based on the SOWT model and using descriptive-analytical methods, examines the opportunities and threats of the E MoreThe end of the Cold War marked the beginning of a new era for the European Union in Central Asia the ,, law and respect for human rights. The present study, based on the SOWT model and using descriptive-analytical methods, examines the opportunities and threats of the European Union in the Central Asian region. The main question of this research is what opportunities and threats does the EU's presence in Central Asia pose to this EU? According to this question, the two-part hypothesis of the research is: A) Opportunity: Central Asia's need for investment at various levels and high capacities of the European Union will lead to the presence of this union in the region and the achievement of its political and economic goals; B) Threat: The EU's overemphasis on liberal goals and the promotion of democracy and human rights in Central Asia will fail the EU to achieve its goals. The results of the study show that on the one hand, the EU's great attention to European values and on the other hand, the lack of unity on human rights issues in the EU have led to threats for the EU. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
308 - The relationship of the Turkish Justice and Development Party with the government of Iraqi Kurdistan From 2003 to 2018
Bashir Esmaeili Niloofar Hamdi Esmaeil ShafieeTurkey is one of the main factors in challenging the crises of district, It is necessary to analyze the policies Turkey makes in Iraq. Due to the dispersal of Kurdish ethnic groups in Turkey and the Kurds of neighboring countries we have witnessed different policies by MoreTurkey is one of the main factors in challenging the crises of district, It is necessary to analyze the policies Turkey makes in Iraq. Due to the dispersal of Kurdish ethnic groups in Turkey and the Kurds of neighboring countries we have witnessed different policies by the Turkish government in dealing with the Kurds .The main purpose of research is to analyze the relationship of Justice & Development Party in Turkey with the government of Iraqi Kurdistan.The Turkish Justice and Development Party has taken a turn in its foreign policy pursuing a policy of regional hegemony seeking to resolve domestic and regional issues and one of the most important issues in the region is the Kurdish question. The descriptive- analytical method was used in this research and library resources, papers and theses helped the analysis of this problem. The main question of the research is whether there is a relationship between the Justice and Development Party of Turkey and the Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government? Theoretical framework of research is aggressive realism to describe this research. Turkey tries to full fill the policies concurrently, develop its relationship with government of Kurdistan and extend it to the level of strategic relation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
309 - Trump's Middle East policy and the re-creation of Israel's regional policy
azadeh olfati fereshteh bahramipoorTrump's Middle East policy and the re-creation of Israel's regional policyAbstractPreserving the existence and security of Israel as a strategic ally of the United States in the Middle East has long been one of the main commitments of US presidents (both Republicans and MoreTrump's Middle East policy and the re-creation of Israel's regional policyAbstractPreserving the existence and security of Israel as a strategic ally of the United States in the Middle East has long been one of the main commitments of US presidents (both Republicans and Democrats). Has made an impact.The main question of the present study is what effect has Trump's Middle East policy had on Israel's regional policy?The hypothesis underlying the descriptive-analytical approach in the context of the Copenhagen Regional Security Theory is that the US Middle East policy in the Trump administration has made Israel's regional policy more aggressive. Finally, the study concludes that Trump's Middle East policy of emphasizing radical support for Israel has made Israel's regional policy more aggressive than that of Iran, Syria, and Palestine, resulting in further tensions in the region.Keywords: Trump, Middle East, Regional Security Collection, IsraelKeywords: Trump, Middle East, Regional Security Collection, Israe Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
310 - Understanding the threat and its effects on the Regionalology approach of Russian think tanks; emphasizing on the environment of Central Asia and the Caucasus
Mehdi Hedayati Shahidani Mohammad Reza LartiThreat is defined as an axis role in designing security doctrines. Should threat be considered as a blend of possibility for an event and its negative results, The concept of threat in the mental model of Russian analysts refers to a set of situations that have somehow MoreThreat is defined as an axis role in designing security doctrines. Should threat be considered as a blend of possibility for an event and its negative results, The concept of threat in the mental model of Russian analysts refers to a set of situations that have somehow endangered, harmed, or targeted Russia's short-term and long-term national interests, values, and priorities. In the framework of structural theory, this article explains Russian perceptions of threat and its impact on the concept of environment, especially in Central Asia and the Caucasus. By prioritizing security developments and addressing key threats in this environment, this paper raises the main question of what is the definition, perspective, dimensions and components of Russian governmental and non-governmental think tanks on the two concepts of threat and environment in Central Asia and the Caucasus? The main hypothesis of the article is that governmental and non-governmental think tanks in Russia have defined and developed the concepts of threat and environment in Central Asia and the Caucasus based on their historical experiences, national geography, natural and cultural identity, interests and material priorities. This article has been done by descriptive-analytical method and using library resources (written and electronic). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
311 - Aggression of Turkey's foreign policy towards Syria between the years (2015 to 2020)
siamak kakaei Sayed Jalal Dehghani FiruzAbadi Asadolah AtharyThe Syrian developments after 2011 led to the adoption of conflicting positions and policies by regional and international actors in the face of the unrest in this country. Turkey in the Syrian neighborhood organized and supported the Syrian opposition, which eventually MoreThe Syrian developments after 2011 led to the adoption of conflicting positions and policies by regional and international actors in the face of the unrest in this country. Turkey in the Syrian neighborhood organized and supported the Syrian opposition, which eventually led to military intervention. Such a move would not only complicate the Syrian crisis, rather, its domestic and regional consequences led to the aggression of Turkish foreign policy.This study seeks to investigate and answer the question of what are the factors influencing the aggressiveness of Turkey's foreign policy towards Syria between 2015 and 2020? In answer to this question, several factors are raised. That Turkish policy during this period was influenced by the increase in the activity of insurgent groups and proxy wars inside Syria and at the same time the political and military movements of the Kurds in the northern regions of the country. At the same time, Ankara sought to increase regional power, a combination of which has made Turkish foreign policy more involved. The research method is analytical-explanatory which uses data collection from books and documents. John Mersheimer's theory of aggressive realism is used to explain and analyze the subject of the research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
312 - Scrutinizing the probabilities of breaking out a war in the wake of China's rise into arena of great powers
Mahdi NasrChina alone has questioned lots of presuppositions of the world system after the cold war, those which were in America's benefit. Now the question is whether China's rise, just as status quo, will traverse a peaceful trajectory. To answer this question, we should consid MoreChina alone has questioned lots of presuppositions of the world system after the cold war, those which were in America's benefit. Now the question is whether China's rise, just as status quo, will traverse a peaceful trajectory. To answer this question, we should consider different suppositions. The first supposition is piece in the meaning of Chinese surrendering to U.S. and the acceptance of American intentions in East Asia and in other regions in the world. The second one is China's confrontation with the United States and entering into war with U.S. in regions dominated by this country, especially eastern Asia. But there is a mediocre third supposition. In this supposition, one country can neither go to immediate war, nor do its interests and power allow it to compromise. Our hypothesis is that China follows the third logic, i. e. neither war nor piece. But if China's rise continues, disputes will grow notably in eastern Asia. This essay uses "offensive realism" as a theoretical framework to be applied on this subject. The results are going to be shown according to history and experimental considerations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
313 - Indo-Pacific and the need for a more serious look at the Islamic Republic of Iran
Mehrdad Alepour Rashid Recabian Vahid GhorbaniIn recent years, in order to consolidate and develop its national interests, Iran, by establishing a traditional strategy of looking to the East, has paid special attention to establishing close relations and close interaction with countries present in the Indo-Pacific MoreIn recent years, in order to consolidate and develop its national interests, Iran, by establishing a traditional strategy of looking to the East, has paid special attention to establishing close relations and close interaction with countries present in the Indo-Pacific strategic region. Considering the strategic transformations that have overshadowed the Iranian diplomatic apparatus, the authors of the present study have tried to answer this strategic question by answering this strategic question with a descriptive-analytical approach and applying the hidden theoretical assumptions in the new regionalist theory. How is the Indo-Pacific powerhouse evaluated? The hypothesis raised by the above question suggests that the system was influenced by the difficulties imposed by the unprecedented sanctions imposed by the West as well as by the special position that the Indo-Pacific strategic area has achieved in the post-Cold War geopolitical equations of Iran. The more active presence in multilateral regional systems and the increase in the level of its political-economic interactions with the system of East Asian powers such as China, the direction, axis and scope of its foreign policy is directed to the regions beyond the eastern borders. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
314 - Scenarios of regional order with the withdrawal of American troops from the Middle East (from the perspective of the TAIDA model)
Ebrahim Meraji Hossein Daheshiar Mohammadreza DehshiriProper planning based on future trends to advance national security goals and national interests is one of the most important tasks of strategists in each country.Considering the importance of scenario planning in strategic studies, present paper attempts to use the res MoreProper planning based on future trends to advance national security goals and national interests is one of the most important tasks of strategists in each country.Considering the importance of scenario planning in strategic studies, present paper attempts to use the research methodology of the future research and using the TAIDA model, which focuses on the five approaches of " Tracking, Analyzing, Deciding, and Action", The author seeks to examine possible scenarios for regional order in the event of the withdrawal of US troops from the region. With this statement, the main question of the present study is: What will be the possible scenarios regarding the regional order of the withdrawal of American troops from the region?Scenarios include: - The vacuum of power and the development of the activities of non-governmental forces such as ISIS and the resulting disorder.- The possibility that some countries in the region will prevail and its order will be formed based on their interests.- Formation of regional convergence for security by the countries of the region.Finally, the author will try to express the desired scenario from the point of view of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
315 - Components and foundations of Saudi Arabia's desirable Regional order in West Asia (2020-2015)
Mahsima Abdollahian Mostafa BoroujerdiFollowing the Regional developments known as Arab Spring and the popular uprisings in the Arab world, Saudi Arabia, sensing threatened by the new developments, initiated altering its regional strategies. A great portion of the changes made in the regional approach of Sa MoreFollowing the Regional developments known as Arab Spring and the popular uprisings in the Arab world, Saudi Arabia, sensing threatened by the new developments, initiated altering its regional strategies. A great portion of the changes made in the regional approach of Saudi Arabia has been linked to the reign of King Salman, and particularly to the rise to power of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. Aiming to study and analyze the modality of the formation of desirable regional order of Saudi Arabia, the question arises: "What are the characteristics and components of the desirable Regional order of Saudi Arabia and what are its mechanisms and practical tools?" As a probable answer, the study reasons that the desirable regional order of Saudi Arabia in its periphery (Arabian Peninsula) is based on "hard and soft hegemony", "being defined as a dominant regional player in the Arab world (countries with cultural and social commonalities with Saudi Arabia)" and " "Balancing in the Middle East region," And the study concludes that Saudi Arabia seeks to establish this order by building"alliance and coalition with the countries of the region", "attracting the support of America and the Zionist regime", and "strengthening its armament and military capabilities". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
316 - Regional relations between Iran and Turkey after the developments in Syria (2010-2017)
Alireza Golchinpoor Mahnaz GoodarziIran and Turkey have a unique geopolitical and geostrategic position in the region. The Syrian crisis affected the regional equations and the relations of the countries of the region, including Iran and Turkey. The developments in Syria affected and changed the framewor MoreIran and Turkey have a unique geopolitical and geostrategic position in the region. The Syrian crisis affected the regional equations and the relations of the countries of the region, including Iran and Turkey. The developments in Syria affected and changed the framework of relations between Iran and Turkey as a regional power. Therefore, the main question is raised, what effect have the developments in Syria had on the regional relations between Iran and Turkey in order to become a regional power? In this article, it is tried to investigate and analyze the dimensions of the above issue and question in the framework of regional power balance theory and using descriptive-analytical methods. The findings of the current research show that the developments in the Arab world, especially the developments in Syria, have intensified the regional competition between Iran and Turkey, in the form of the formation of regional and trans-regional alliances and alliances with the environment of Iran and Syria, Syria and Russia, which in one On the other side of Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Salafi groups were located. Also, Turkey's inability in this direction led to the promotion of Iran's regional position and the modification of Turkey's regional policy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
317 - Challenges of Regional Integration in South Asia from the Perspective of Intergovernmentalism
Hadi NaroueiThe integration process in the South Asian region started with the inspiration of the European Union at the end of the 20th century. In order to make this happen and encourage integration, organizations like SAARC and BIMSTEC were founded, although these initiatives wer MoreThe integration process in the South Asian region started with the inspiration of the European Union at the end of the 20th century. In order to make this happen and encourage integration, organizations like SAARC and BIMSTEC were founded, although these initiatives were not successful in practice. From 2014 onwards, due to the revival of India's First Neighborhood Policy, a positive perspective for regional integration emerged once more in the South Asian region. Despite various steps being taken and the inclusion of India as an emerging global economy in the region, true regional integration in South Asia hasn't materialized thus far. This article aims to analyze the challenges faced in achieving regional integration in South Asia. By focusing on the theory of Intergovernmentalism, the hypothesis explores how not only the differences and conflicting interests between India and Pakistan but also the differences and conflicting interests between India and the smaller countries of South Asia have hindered the convergence of the region. The study adopts a Hypothetico-deductive method and the data gathering procedure is based on library findings. The research findings indicate that security policies and individual interests of countries, including India, take precedence over economic cooperation and regional integration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
318 - The Impacts of Technological Improvements and Regional Crises on National Missile Defence
Ebrahim MotaghiAmerica's national missile denfence is subject to technological capacities and manpower potentials of this country. The security crises can be accounted as a complement to the technological means if the international system is in a chaotic status. The investigation of A MoreAmerica's national missile denfence is subject to technological capacities and manpower potentials of this country. The security crises can be accounted as a complement to the technological means if the international system is in a chaotic status. The investigation of America's strategic behavior based on technological components in strategic denfence domain is the major focus of this study. The concept of National Missile Defence was proposed for the first time in early s. President Ronald Regan believed in absolute restraining policy towards the USSR which provided the instruments and technology needed for confronting its strategic threats against Europe, USA, and the Western World. This approach paved the way for the development of Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI). George Schultz, America's foreign minister during , was one of the prominent pioneering features regarding this strategy. America's defence program was generated in the s when the conservative parties, gradually, consolidated their position within the American power structure and the chance for reconstruction and restitution of cold-war defence plans was created. These people believed that the military power is among those instruments that can not be disregarded in international politics. This power-centered approach affected the America's strategic perception and attitude one more time. This study emphasizes the role of conservative strategists, on the one hand, who have adjusted their denfence programs in line with international threats, and on the other hand, have expressed their pessimistic views towards Iran and regarded this country as a factor of instability in the domain of international politics. In this way, US denfence program became two-edged that stood against strategic and security targets of Iran and also played an inhibiting role against Russia's further power-seeking efforts. In this situation, the theme of missile defence was reconsidered in the America's strategic planner's agenda. The new title was National Missile Defence which represents that US strategic goals remained fixed but its addressees changed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
319 - A Study of Strategic Relations of India and Israel and its Impact on Islamic Republic of Iran
Mahmood Ketabi Yadollah Dehghan Mehdi KazemiIn recent years India has progressed and developed considerably in different fields especially in economic and military aspects. India is also located in a sensitive and strategic location in South Asia. It is proximate to China, Iran and Pakistan and therefore has attr MoreIn recent years India has progressed and developed considerably in different fields especially in economic and military aspects. India is also located in a sensitive and strategic location in South Asia. It is proximate to China, Iran and Pakistan and therefore has attracted the attention of international actors especially Israel. For the above reasons and the suitable place of India in the region Israel in recent years has tried to expand her relations with India in every possible way. In this way by her presence and influence in India achieve her long term political and military objectives in the region. The methodology used in this paper is qualitative based on descriptive analytical approach. The data and information for the paper have been collected from library sources, internet sources and other related research based on both thematic and content analysis method. The main question in this study is what is the effect of strategic relations of India with Israel on interest of Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis of the study is the increase of relationship between India and Israel in recent years has jeopardized national interest of Iran in the region in political, economic and military aspect especially on bilateral relations of Iran and India. The finding of the study shows that in recent years the relations between India and Israel have been increasing and the topic of these cooperation pertains to scientific and technological field, military, sale of defense equipment, espionage satellites. As a result India has become a suitable base in the region for the presence of Israeli forces. Therefore, the expansion of relations between India and Israel has led to creation of a distance between India and Iran and an obstacle on close relations between the two. On the whole the relations of India with Israel in different fields like economy, political relations and technology is against the national interests of Islamic Republic of Iran in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
320 - A Study of Politicao-economic Relations of Iraqi Kurdistan with Turkey and its Impact on Iran’s Foreign Policy
Mahmood Ketabi Yadolah Dehghan Solmaz HeidariAbstract The political and economic relations of Iraqi Kurdistan and Turkey have an increasing trend in recent years. Turkey unlike her hard stand on Iraqi Kurdistan in the past is now trying to expand her influence in the region in every possible way. Of course this a MoreAbstract The political and economic relations of Iraqi Kurdistan and Turkey have an increasing trend in recent years. Turkey unlike her hard stand on Iraqi Kurdistan in the past is now trying to expand her influence in the region in every possible way. Of course this attraction and tendency of Iraqi Kurdistan towards Turkey have been strengthened and in recent years due to several determinants like having common borders, the question of Kurds, religious questions, the issue of energy, economic and transit issues are among the most important factors in establishing close ties among Iran, Turkey and Iraqi Kurdistan. On the other hand the question of unrest in Syria, the activities of parties and groups like PKK and close relations of Turkey with Iraqi Kurdistan and the United States, the spread of influence of Israel in Turkey, attempts by the Kurds to gain total independence etc. are among the negative factors affecting the relations of Iran with Turkey and Iraqi Kurdistan. The methodology used by the paper is qualitative based on descriptive-analytical approach. Based on library material, the required information and data are gathered and analyzed by two methods, thematic method and content analysis of library and internet sources. The main question raised by the paper is what has been the impact of expansion of political and economic relations of Iraqi Kurdistan with Turkey on foreign policy and interests of Islamic Republic of Iran in the region? The underlying hypothesis is that taking into consideration the positions of Turkey in the region and also Iraqi Kurdistan approach in recent years, the expansion of relations of the two leads to distancing of Iran from the region in political and economic fields and as a result the interests of Iran is jeopardized. The finding of the study shows that Turkey in recent years has extensively influenced in Iraqi Kurdistan. Today Turkey is the biggest economic investor in Iraqi Kurdistan. In political field also Turkey has greatly influenced in the region and this has led to closer ties with Iraq Kurdistan and Iran is lagging behind in this regard which cause a threat to Iran’s interests in Iraqi Kurdistan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
321 - Problematic Federalism in Iraq (Text in Persian)
Ahmad Saei Jahanbakhsh MoradiSome of the political observers and researchers consider federalism as an effective way for solving the problem of establishment of nation-state in societies which have multiple ethnic، religious and race structure. Iraq، being a multi-ethnic and religious country، on t MoreSome of the political observers and researchers consider federalism as an effective way for solving the problem of establishment of nation-state in societies which have multiple ethnic، religious and race structure. Iraq، being a multi-ethnic and religious country، on the basis of article four of the provisional constitution and article one of the permanent constitution chose federalism as its form of government in post Saddam era. In spite of these provisions، there still exists a problematic condition about the future of federalism in Iraq and the reason is due to certain innovations and ambiguities in Iraqi constitution and also legal and political problems about federation in that country. The present article examines these ambiguities and innovations. The article also shows that Iraqis have not used the positive experience of other federal systems. There also exist practical problems like geographical-territorial conditions، the problem of contending discourse about the place of Kurdistan in Iraqi political system. The above problems had led to a shaky position for Iraqi federalism and thus federalism is facing several challenges and problems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
322 - The Impact of the Thirty-three Days War on Iran's Regional Status
Nozar Shafiee Ahmad MoradiThe vast and all-out Isreal's invasion to Lebanon in June which lasted for thirty three days can be considered as a turning point in Arab- Isreaeli conflicts. This war which is actually the sixth war between the two nations is longer, unique, and outstanding in differen MoreThe vast and all-out Isreal's invasion to Lebanon in June which lasted for thirty three days can be considered as a turning point in Arab- Isreaeli conflicts. This war which is actually the sixth war between the two nations is longer, unique, and outstanding in different dimensions when compared with other previous of Israel wars. This is due to Isreal's unattainable predetermined goals before this heavy war and within US support. It is a clear example of a very severe repetition of failure in withdrawing from South of Lebanon in . In this way, the Islamic Resistance warriors defeated the great Isreal invasion and consequently the domestic equations in Lebanon, Isreal, and the region changed, and new and fundamental developments occurred. This war has had both military and political ties impact on Iran, a country which has had close spiritual and political ties with Hezbollah. The main focus of this study is to see the effects of this thirty three- days war on Iran's regional status. The results reveal that the positive effects of this war in different dimensions have led to strengthening and promoting Iran's status in both regional and international levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
323 - The Challenges and Obstacles of Conclusion of Regional Treaty of the Middle East Free of Nuclear Weapons
Maryam Tabaraki Hamidreza JamaliAbstract The tendency towards creation of zones free of nuclear weapon is one of the ways to move towards a world free of nuclear weapon. This trend in the Middle East goes back to 1970s and despite apparent and numerous supports for it, the practical progress was not MoreAbstract The tendency towards creation of zones free of nuclear weapon is one of the ways to move towards a world free of nuclear weapon. This trend in the Middle East goes back to 1970s and despite apparent and numerous supports for it, the practical progress was not promising. This suggestion was first presented for the first time by Iran and was supported by Egypt. The approval of resolution about the Middle East free of nuclear weapons in the NPT Review Conference in 1995 was an important progress on this issue. The conference extended the NPT for an unlimited period and approved the nuclear weapons free zone for the Middle East and encouraged persuasion of this plan. Iran, Israel and the United States are the main and determining players during these years. The question raised by the present article is “what are the most important challenges and obstacles on the way of creation of nuclear weapons free Middle East zone?” The paper by a descriptive-analytical method first describes the nuclear weapons free zones and then evaluates the creation of nuclear weapon free zone in the Middle East and the challenges and obstacles on the way of formation of such a treaty. The paper concludes that the existence of Israel nuclear weapon and non-membership of this country in NPT and adopting nuclear deterrence strategy has led to serious obstacles on the way of formation of nuclear weapons free zone. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
324 - A Comparative Study of Economic Performance of Persian Gulf Cooperation Council within the Framework of Regional Integration
Mohammad Sadegh Koshki Amir Hamed AzadThe member countries of the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council despite creation of an institution for regional integration and the existence of good potential for attaining the goals defined in its charter have not been able to make use of their potential capabilities wit MoreThe member countries of the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council despite creation of an institution for regional integration and the existence of good potential for attaining the goals defined in its charter have not been able to make use of their potential capabilities within the framework of regional cooperation. Implementing economic model unsuitable with the conditions of the countries of the union in matters like monetary union and also wrong economic policies have led to non-fulfillment of their potential capacities. Non-formation of monetary union, high rate of unemployment among the countries of Persian Gulf region, shortage of capital in oil, development and transportation projects, low volume of trade among the member countries are the tangible bottleneck which the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council is facing despite years thirty years life of this organization. Therefore it seems that for achieving the goals defined in the charter of this organization within the framework of regional economic cooperation, they should first define a suitable economic model which conforms to the common conditions of the member countries. In this ideal economic model return of the capital earned from the sale of oil to oil industries and other related industries is an important necessity. The countries of Persian Gulf Cooperation Council should increase the efficiency of domestic labour force and train specialist from their own citizens of member countries and reduce the foreign labour forces. By these measures they can have dynamic future instead of simply restricting the flow of foreign labour force. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
325 - Elements of Iran’s Regional Policy during Reconstruction Period with Emphasis on Friday Prayers Sermons
Hossein Masoudnia Davood NajafiThe reconstruction peroid is one of the important periods in the history of the Islamic Republlic of Iran. In this period، the framers of Iran’s foreing policy by adopting a pragmatice approach while adhering to revolutionary idealism had a constructive interactio MoreThe reconstruction peroid is one of the important periods in the history of the Islamic Republlic of Iran. In this period، the framers of Iran’s foreing policy by adopting a pragmatice approach while adhering to revolutionary idealism had a constructive interaction with outside world. The adoption of this policy was for this reason that the public opinion which was under the influence of post-war conditions were not prepared to accept changes like the restoration of diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia. Therefore، there was a need to prepare the public opinion to accept these changes. Taking into consideration the above circumstances، what were the foreign policy changes during the reconstructin period and how Hashemi Rafsanjani as the then president made use of Friday prayers sermons to prepare the public opinion to accept these changes. The present article by a descriptive analytical method wants to examine the above issue. The finding of the study shows that the foreign policy of Iran underwent a fundamental change and Hashemi Rafsanjani made use of the Friday prayer tribune to prepare the public opinion for the above changes Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
326 - The Role of Islamic Republic of Iran in the Geopolitical Funnel of West Asia
Alireza Golshani Hamid Reza SohrabiAbstract The four countries of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon in the west Asia have common security concerns a part of which is about resistance against any regional common threat. Since the Islamic Republic of Iran regards the west Asia as its own security territory, i MoreAbstract The four countries of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon in the west Asia have common security concerns a part of which is about resistance against any regional common threat. Since the Islamic Republic of Iran regards the west Asia as its own security territory, it can not be indifferent to political, religious, ethnic and racial challenges and developments in this region. Therefore, the geopolitical alliance of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon in the funnel-like strategic region of west Asia would result in a powerful alliance. Based on 'regional security' theory and 'geopolitical funnel' model, using a descriptive-analytical methodology, the present study aims at investigating the role of Iran in political and security developments of the west Asia. The results indicate that the Zionist regime of Israel, Shiite-phobia by Arab states and terrorist groups in Syria, Iraq and Lebanon as well as the challenges caused by the USA are among the most important common security concerns of the member states in this region. It seems building a geopolitical alliance is the most reliable solution to these threats. In addition, Iran's power components particularly its superior geopolitical and geostrategic position in the region, its huge population, etc. would contribute to Iran's pivotal and prominent role in this region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
327 - Integrative and Disintegrative Factors in Iran and Turkey’s Relations after Coming into Power the Islamist Party of Justice and Development in Turkey (2002-2009
Jalal Derakhsheh Majid DivsalarThe present article examines the relations of Iran and Turkey from the time of coming into power of the Islamist party of Justice and Development in Turkey from 2002 till 2009. For this purpose the paper lays emphasis on variables such as the quest of the two country to MoreThe present article examines the relations of Iran and Turkey from the time of coming into power of the Islamist party of Justice and Development in Turkey from 2002 till 2009. For this purpose the paper lays emphasis on variables such as the quest of the two country to become a regional power، the attitude of the two countries towards the Middle East، nuclear issue of Iran، the Kurdish problem in relations of the two countries، the important factors in expansion of the relations of the two countries، the impact of the United States and Israel relations with Turkey on Iran، the economic cooperation between the two countries and the interaction of these variable on each other. The question، which is raised by the article، is that، what are the factors contributing to integration and disintegration between Iran and Turkey? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
328 - The Positive Impacts of Energy Transportationfrom Khazaghestan to the Western Regions of China on the Country's Security and Stability
Bashir EsmaeiliIn recent years, China's economic growth has been induced to label this country as a great economic country in all over the world and enhance the individual income of people dramatically. But the problem which menaces the prospect of China and its economic achievements MoreIn recent years, China's economic growth has been induced to label this country as a great economic country in all over the world and enhance the individual income of people dramatically. But the problem which menaces the prospect of China and its economic achievements is the drastic gap caused by the rate of development between Eastern and western regions. Indeed, China suffers from incongruous development in its provinces. This issue will jeopardize territorial integrity and domestic stability of China. This article tends to consider China's attempts toward transferring centeral Asia energy resources to its western regions targeting constant development and enhancing economic welfare in those areas. In addition, since China is bordered by countries on the west as well as having considerable population of Turkish Moslems in Sin Kiang, she is highly at risk of separatist clashes and neglecting the development of this province, would create serious problems for China's pivotal government. The main discussions are concentrated around oil pipeline from Khazaghestan to China which is considered as one of the great investments of China in central Asia . The fundamental question is that to what extent this oil pipeline will influence the development of west China significantly. In this article, we aim to test the hypothesis which states that the transfer of Khazaghestan energy to west of China has positive and constructive impact on the realization of Chinese government goals in underdeveloped parts of this country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
329 - A Review of the Efficiency of Relative limitations Theory of Ted Gurr in Analyzing the Phenomenon of Terrorism in the Middle East
Seyed Abbas Hashemi Hamid Jan nesar Fatemeh Karbalae AhmadAbstract: The relative deprivation theory of Ted Gurr was introduced to explain the conditions in which some citizens (or groups) avail themselves facilities, privileges and advantages more than others which consequently lead to deprivation and exclusion of second grou MoreAbstract: The relative deprivation theory of Ted Gurr was introduced to explain the conditions in which some citizens (or groups) avail themselves facilities, privileges and advantages more than others which consequently lead to deprivation and exclusion of second group. The emergence of the feeling of deprivation is a modern phenomenon originating from changes and fundamental developments of human societies which existed more in societies with traditional structure which of course this feeling gets aggravated once the people compare themselves with their counterparts in the society. On the whole Ted Gurr in his theory claims that disappointment and frustration of the people in achieving their goals leads to unconventional behavior by them. In the same manner this continued dissatisfaction prepares the ground and motivation for mass violence which terrorism is the sign of it. In recent years the Middle East is one of the strategic regions and at the same time the center of crisis and hotbed of growth and emergence of terrorism. The present article by making use of Ted Gurr’s theory as its theoretical framework tries to examine the efficiency of this theory in explaining and analyzing the phenomenon of terrorism in the Middle East. The finding of the study shows that the emergence and growth of terrorism in the Middle East region is not merely due to relative deprivation. In fact this factor is one of the factors which along with other factors i.e. inter-regional and extra-regional; leads to the growth of terrorism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
330 - An Analysis and Explanation of Factors Affecting the Dynamic of Regional and Extra-regional Geopolitics of Qatar
Hossein Rabiei Jahangir HeidariAbstract From historical view point geopolitical factors have encouraged the politicians to be ambitious. Countries of the world by making use of geopolitical potentials try to maintain stability and promote their status in world affairs. Among the countries of the Per MoreAbstract From historical view point geopolitical factors have encouraged the politicians to be ambitious. Countries of the world by making use of geopolitical potentials try to maintain stability and promote their status in world affairs. Among the countries of the Persian Gulf region Qatar is one of those countries which in recent regional developments have had geopolitical dynamic and have played prominent role which is beyond its reality of political geography. In today’s structure of pyramid of power hierarchy Qatar is considered as a local power. Despite being a small country with less population and situating between two regional powers, little historical background, territorial disputes with neighbors, hereditary political system and lack of strategic depth has been able to have an active foreign policy in the region and world which is beyond its real position. The present article wants to understand and analyze the reasons behind this active regional and extra-regional foreign policy. In this direction the objectives and strategies of this country are examined. It seems that there are several factors arising from geopolitics, geo-economy and ample financial resources which is responsible for its active foreign policy and the expansion of her influence. These factors are resort to mediation diplomacy, making use of political-economy strategy, media diplomacy, sport activities, religion, détente with neighbors, settling territorial disputes and hosting political and scientific conferences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
331 - The Security Regime of the Caspian Sea after the Disintegration of the Soviet Union till 2009: The Obstacles and the Challenges
Hossein Ahmadi Darab Jalil PiranWith the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 the littoral states of the Caspian Sea got independence. These countries got a new and special geopolitics، economic، security and cultural position. The birth of the new states brought a change in international system MoreWith the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 the littoral states of the Caspian Sea got independence. These countries got a new and special geopolitics، economic، security and cultural position. The birth of the new states brought a change in international system. The big powers and the littoral and contagious states also faced new problems. The presence of extra-regional powers like the United States and its allies like Israel، Turkey and Azerbaijan added to the complicacy of the problems. There are international issues which have its impact on the Caspian Sea region. These issues are the expansion of NATO towards east، the installation of missile defence shield in Eastern Europe with the aim of extension of their influence to the Caspian Sea region. The attitudes of Iran، Russia and China towards the developments of this region are among the important developments which have so far taken place. Some of the observers believe that a new cold war has started. The main question which the present article is raising is what are the obstacles and challenges before the security regime of the Caspian Sea region? The hypothesis of the article emphasizes on the point that the competition of the United States، Russia، China and Iran has created obstacles and challenge for the formation of security regime of the Caspian Sea security regime. The article is also examining the repercussions of these competitions on the process of formation of security regime of the Caspian Sea region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
332 - A Study of United States and Saudi Arabia's Reactions to people's Uprising in Bahrain (2011-2012)
Shahrooz Ebrahimi Mohammad Reza Salehi Syed Mohammad ParsaeiBahrain is one of the countries which under the impact of unsuitable political and social conditions and also under the inspiration of Islamic-Arabic awakening in the Middle East and North Africa is witnessing people’s uprising. The present paper is of the view th MoreBahrain is one of the countries which under the impact of unsuitable political and social conditions and also under the inspiration of Islamic-Arabic awakening in the Middle East and North Africa is witnessing people’s uprising. The present paper is of the view that the real cause of people’s uprising in Bahrain is in domestic factors and the structure of society and politics of that country. Saudi Arabia with a different motivation and interpretation on the morning of 14 March dispatched its forces and militarily intervened in Bahrain. The United States also for different reasons kept silent about these developments and in other instances it merely suggested holding of talks between the oppositions and Bahraini government and implementing reforms. The present article wants to answer three basic questions: 1.What are the grounds of people’s uprising in Bahrain? 2. On what logic and basis the United States has kept silent about Bahrain crisis? 3. What are the motivations of Saudi Arabia in militarily intervening in Bahrain? The underlying hypothesis is that the struggle for power and national interest at the macro and regional level for the United States and in regional and internal level for Saudi Arabia is basis of the United States and Saudi Arabia behaviour in Bahrain. The finding of the study shows the main cause of people’s uprising in Bahrain is the cleavage between the government and people due to unequal distribution of wealth, power and position. The United States wants to sustain its hegemony in international system by controlling the lifeline of energy in strategic Persian Gulf region. In this direction the United States wants to retain its security links with the countries of Persian Gulf Cooperation Council by military presence and opposition to Islamic Republic of Iran. To sum up, power and national interests justify the logic of the United States policy in Bahrain. On the other hand, the nature of political system of Saudi Arabia and the resultant fear of expansion of democracy to Saudi Arabia along with competition and regional opposition to Iran is the main motivation of Riyadh in question of Bahrain. The present paper by a descriptive-analytical method wants to study the above issue. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
333 - The Thirty-three Days Lebanon War and the Different Parties Involved
Ibrahim AnousheEthinthity is the most important feature of the political structure of Lebanon It means the existance of lingual, ethnic, and religious minorities which has had undeniable effect on Lebanon's government and policy. Shiites, Sunnis, Marounis Christians, and Darvuzis are MoreEthinthity is the most important feature of the political structure of Lebanon It means the existance of lingual, ethnic, and religious minorities which has had undeniable effect on Lebanon's government and policy. Shiites, Sunnis, Marounis Christians, and Darvuzis are the ethnic and religious minorities each of following its own specific benefits and objectives and domestic policies. The Lebanon issue will be more complicated when the national players get the support of regional and transregional supporters directly or indirectly it seems that a very close relationship between the goals and benefits of the national and international that a players has been established. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
334 - State, Sovereignty and Regional Integration (Comparing East Asia and Europe)
Mohammad Ali Basiri Seyed Hesamaldin Mousavi Mohammad Ali Rayati NejadIntegration and regional cooperation have increasingly become an important trend in Asia and Europe. In the West five decades of integration in Europe has led to the formation of a regional government which is having the power to take legal and political decisions that MoreIntegration and regional cooperation have increasingly become an important trend in Asia and Europe. In the West five decades of integration in Europe has led to the formation of a regional government which is having the power to take legal and political decisions that are binding on its members. In the East of Asia, the regional cooperation had been on the basis of ASEAN methods and ideas. In Europe regional integration is based on a strong institutional and legal framework. The European commission, Ministerial Council, European Parliament, Central Bank of Europe and the European Hague Court, constitute the strong institutional infrastructure of European decision making. In East Asia integration is based on the principles of respect for sovereignty, non-interference in internal affairs and not use of violence in regional conflicts. Why Europe and East Asia have approved different pattern of regionalism? How this pattern of regional decision making can bring change in Europe and East Asia? The present article points out that different and distinct feature of the constituting countries play important role in determining the pattern of integration and cooperation in each region. Besides that, different pattern of regional cooperation has led to adopting different approaches by regional countries to face specific challenges. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
335 - Analysis of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization
Mohammad Reza FarajiAfter the disintegration of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc the international system underwent dramatic change and bipolar system gave its place to a unipolar system led by the United States. Besides this structural change, the development in the field of science and MoreAfter the disintegration of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc the international system underwent dramatic change and bipolar system gave its place to a unipolar system led by the United States. Besides this structural change, the development in the field of science and technology has led to the evolution and diversity in international actors and issues. All these developments led to the emergence and evolution of international organizations and the increased role of them in international arena. After 1990s we witness the growth and increase in the number of regional and global international organizations. This growth indicates the importance of regions, regional organization and regional integration in recent years. One of these regional international organizations is the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization. The present article examines the function and performance of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization by a descriptive-analytical method. The finding of the study shows that the organization was primarily established with the aim of maintaining peace, stability and friendly relations among the member states but some member countries are interested to join the European Union and consider this regional organization as a stepping stone for joining European Union. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
336 - The Position of Caucasus Geoplitics in Politics of Regional and Supra-regional Powers
Gholamhossein HeydariCacusus region due to its strategic location being on the crossroad of east، west، north and south and locating between strategic heartland and rimland besides being in the neighbouring of Russia is having great importance. On the other hand، discovery of vast energy re MoreCacusus region due to its strategic location being on the crossroad of east، west، north and south and locating between strategic heartland and rimland besides being in the neighbouring of Russia is having great importance. On the other hand، discovery of vast energy resources has attracted great powers attention to this region. The present article by a descriptive-analytical method wants to examine the political and economic development of Caucasus region after the end of Cold War. What impact does the geopolitical location of Caucasus region is having on the foreign policy of the countries of the region and the foreign policies of regional and supra-regional countries? The underlying hypothesis is that the discovery of energy sources in the Caucasus region and the importance of heartland and rimland region have led to the presence of new power and new games. Overall، it can be said that due to the presence of regional and supra-regional powers the Caucasus region is undergoing deep changes and development. The result of these development are: improvemnet of economic conditions، weakening of its political independence، increase of the importance of the region due to discovery of energy sources، economic growth due to attraction of foreign investment and reduction of ethnic and regional conflicts Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
337 - The Strategies of Islamic Republic of Iran towards the Security of Persian Gulf
Mohammadali Basiri Leila JavidiThe Persian Gulf region is one of the important security, strategic and economic regions in international system. For these reasons it is having important place and throughout recent history great powers have paid attention to it and it has sometime become the target of MoreThe Persian Gulf region is one of the important security, strategic and economic regions in international system. For these reasons it is having important place and throughout recent history great powers have paid attention to it and it has sometime become the target of their aggression. Nowadays with the advent of oil reserves and its important place in world economy the security and stability of this region is a sensitive issue for both regional as well as world powers. Taking into consideration the type, position and political geography, nature of the governments in the Persian Gulf region, a regional security based on cooperation among the countries of the region is most suitable method for the security of the region. Of course this task will not be accomplished unless different methods of mutual confidence building are pursued among the countries of the region for removing the misunderstandings. This will be achieved only through the serious efforts of the political leaders of littoral countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
338 - Massive Prosedure of the International System in New Milliniom
Amin Dilami Moeezi Hossein RafiThe aim of the present article is to identify the grand trend of the international system in beginning of the new millennium. The question which is raised is what grand processes the international system after the collapse of the Soviet Union is having which limits the MoreThe aim of the present article is to identify the grand trend of the international system in beginning of the new millennium. The question which is raised is what grand processes the international system after the collapse of the Soviet Union is having which limits the decision makers in formulating their foreign policy? The finding of the study shows the instances like the increasing role of national and international public opinion, the rise in the importance and place of terrorist organizations in creating world insecurity, the expansion of the wave of demand for democracy and the emergence of more democratic governments in the world, the multi aspect process of globalization, the change of the traditional concept of security to a complicated and multi faceted concept, economic and security regionalism and finally the United States unilateralism and its disregard for international norms are among the important trends which have affected the international system. Therefore, the governments notwithstanding the structural limitations are facing procedural limitations and have to formulate and implement their foreign policies within these constraints. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
339 - Technological Diplomacy of Iran with Emphasis on Defensive and Security Technologies
Nozar Shafiee Asghar Shokri MoghadamAbstract In today’s world one of the main elements constituting the power is high technologies. High technology is behind political, economic, military, cultural and information power. The developments of high technologies have led to change in dimension, sphere, MoreAbstract In today’s world one of the main elements constituting the power is high technologies. High technology is behind political, economic, military, cultural and information power. The developments of high technologies have led to change in dimension, sphere, forms and mechanism of power in international scene. These developments have confronted the countries with new problems and one of these problems is technology diplomacy. Taking into consideration West’s technological sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran; the present article wants to answer this question that how technological diplomacy of Iran can provide the security and defense needs of the country? It seems that for obtaining defense related technologies; the country has to know the international limitations on the way of procuring technical needs. Iran has to find institutional and technical ways of technology diplomacy to bypass sanctions and legal and political limitations and this can be possible by relying on regionalism and policy of détente. The methodology used in the article is descriptive and secondary analysis and the theoretical framework is regionalism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
340 - Collective Security Arrangements: A New Pattern for Creation of Security in the Persian Gulf
Mohammadreza AgharebparastThe peculiarity, structure and connectedness of security in the Persian Gulf region have caused the formation of network of security among the countries of the region. Therefore, the security of countries of this region cannot be separated from each other. Each developm MoreThe peculiarity, structure and connectedness of security in the Persian Gulf region have caused the formation of network of security among the countries of the region. Therefore, the security of countries of this region cannot be separated from each other. Each development and change in the condition of one of the countries affects other countries as well. On its turn this will lead to the formation of complex or “securityregional subset” in the region. On the other hand this will lead to “mutual security dependence” among the members of this complex. In this way one has to accept that confronting the threats and challenges in the region should first be done with the presence of all the members of the complex and in the second stage facing these challenges will only be possible by a collective action by all the states of this complex and within the framework of collective security management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
341 - مقایسـه کارایـی شـرکتهای انتقـال نیـرو در صنعـت برق ایـران با اسـتفاده از روشهای مرسـوم و تحلیل پوششـی دادههای شـبکه ای
کامبیز شاهرودی محمد رضا خسرویایـن مطالعـه یـک مطالعـه کاربردی اسـت که بـه منظور بررسـی و مقایسـه کارایی شـرکتهای برق منطقهای ایران با اسـتفاده از روشهای تحلیل پوششـی دادههای مرسـوم و شـبکیه انجام شـده اسـت. شـرکتهای بـرق منطقـهای ایـران از فرایند دو مرحلـهای بـرای انتقـال نیـرو اسـتفاده میکنند. با Moreایـن مطالعـه یـک مطالعـه کاربردی اسـت که بـه منظور بررسـی و مقایسـه کارایی شـرکتهای برق منطقهای ایران با اسـتفاده از روشهای تحلیل پوششـی دادههای مرسـوم و شـبکیه انجام شـده اسـت. شـرکتهای بـرق منطقـهای ایـران از فرایند دو مرحلـهای بـرای انتقـال نیـرو اسـتفاده میکنند. با اسـتفاده از رویکـرد کاربردی، عملکـرد و کارایـی ایـن شـرکتها بـا روشهـای شـبکهای و مرسـوم اندازهگیری شـد و با یکدیگر مقایسـه شـد. (BCC ورودی-محور). مشـخص شـد که مدلهای شـبکه در مقایسـه بـا روشهـای دیگـر از آنجـا کـه تصویـر واضـح از کارایـی شـرکتهای بـرق منطقـهای را فراهـم میکنـد ،گسـتردهتر هسـتند. نتایـج آزمـون ویلکاکسـون نشـان میدهـد کـه بیـن نمـرات کارآیی شـرکتهای بـرق منطقهای ایـران بـا اسـتفاده ازروش BCC و روشهای شـبکه تفـاوت معناداری وجـود دارد و بررسـی کیفیـت تفـاوت نمـرات نیـز نشـان میدهد کـه کارایـی شـرکتها در مدل شـبکه پایینتـر از نمـرات کارایـی مدل BCC اسـت. به طور کلی، مدلهای شـبکه دارای کاربـرد بالاتـری نسـبت بـه ارائـه یـک تصویر واضـح از کارایی شـرکتهای بـرق منطقـهای و مقایسـه دقیقتر آنها هسـتند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
342 - Nutritional Status of Dairy Cattle in theNorth-Western Himalayan Region of the Kashmir Valley
S.H. Bhat D. Medhi H.A. Ahmed F.A. Matto -
Open Access Article
343 - رابطه رشد گوسفندان پشمی آمیخته با برخی از سنجههای حیاتی
سی.آ. اُردونز-گومزبا هدف مطالعه رابطه بین رشد گوسفندان پشمی آمیخته با برخی از سنجه­های حیاتی، رکوردهای توزین 18 ماده آمیخته با میانگین وزن 14/3 ± 7/14 کیلوگرم آنالیز گردیدند. علاوه بر وزن، محیط سینه، محیط ساق، طول بدن، طول گردن، بزرگی استخوان هیپ، بزرگی استخوان ایسشیال، ارتفاع Moreبا هدف مطالعه رابطه بین رشد گوسفندان پشمی آمیخته با برخی از سنجه­های حیاتی، رکوردهای توزین 18 ماده آمیخته با میانگین وزن 14/3 ± 7/14 کیلوگرم آنالیز گردیدند. علاوه بر وزن، محیط سینه، محیط ساق، طول بدن، طول گردن، بزرگی استخوان هیپ، بزرگی استخوان ایسشیال، ارتفاع جدوگاه و ارتفاع جناق اندازه­گیری شد. همه اندازه­گیری­ها در مقیاس سانتی­متر انجام شد. 60 روز پس از وزن­کشی و اندازه­گیری سنجه­های حیاتی، حیوانات مجدداً توزین شده و میانگین افزایش وزن روزانه آنها برآورد گردید. ضرایب همبستگی وزن بدن اولیه با سنجه­های حیاتی بالا بود (7/0<r) و بالاترین میانگین افزایش وزن روزانه در صفت محیط سینه (34/0=r) و طول بدن (34/0=r) مشاهده شده و در سایر متغیرها ضرایب همبستگی زیر 3/0 بودند. بر مبنای معیار اطلاعات آکایک، بهترین مدل برازش یافته برای توصیف رشد عبارت بود از: ارتفاع جناق (ALG) × 3/3 - بزرگی هیپ (AC) × 6/5 + طول بدن (LCO) × 4/5 + محیط ساق (PC) × 4/44 - محیط سینه (PT) × 3/3 = میانگین افزای وزن روزانه بر حسب گرم در روز (ADG) (92/0=R2، 8/96=معیار اطلاعات آکایک (AIC)، 05/0>P). سنجه­های حیاتی با رشد در ارتباط بوده و این موضوع نشان می­­دهد که این سنجه­ها می­توانند ابزاری برای کسب اطلاع از پتانسیل رشد بره­های آمیخته باشند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
344 - انتخاب روشهای متفاوت پرورش گاو شیری اصلاح شده در مناطق هیل و وللی مانیپور (هندوستان)
A. Shyam Singh K. Singh R. Chakravarty P. Imtiwatiاین مطالعه در نواحی سناپاتی و توبال از مناطق هیل و وللی ایالت مانیپور هندوستان (که بهصورت هدفمند انتخاب شدهاند) صورت گرفته است. از هر یک از نواحی فوق دو بلوک به صورت تصادفی انتخاب و در داخل هر بلوک نیز چهار روستا به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند. در هر روستا نیز 30 پرورش Moreاین مطالعه در نواحی سناپاتی و توبال از مناطق هیل و وللی ایالت مانیپور هندوستان (که بهصورت هدفمند انتخاب شدهاند) صورت گرفته است. از هر یک از نواحی فوق دو بلوک به صورت تصادفی انتخاب و در داخل هر بلوک نیز چهار روستا به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند. در هر روستا نیز 30 پرورش دهنده گاو شیری به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند. سپس اطلاعات این 240 پرورش دهنده از طریق مصاحبه و با کمک پرشسنامه ساختاری از پیش تأیید شده جمعآوری گردید. یک شاخص متفاوت به صورت اختصاصی برای این مناطق تعریف شد که کلیه ابعاد روشهای پرورش گاوهای شیری اصلاح شده (IDHP) را در بر میگرفت. دادههای حاصل با کمک نرمافزارهای آماری مختلف آنالیز شدند. نتایج نشان داد که در کلیه 20 متغیر مورد بررسی، به غیر از متغیرهای وضعیت تحصیل خانواده، درآمد سالانه و ارتباطات شهری، تفاوت معنیداری بین دو منطقه مورد بررسی وجود داشت (01/0P<). اکثر پاسخ دهندگان در منطقه هیل (00/55 درصد) در دسته متوسط انتخاب IDHP قرار داشتند ولی اکثر پاسخ دهندگان در منطقه وللی (34/43 درصد) به دسته بالای انتخاب IDHP تعلق داشتند. در نمونههای هیل، سن، تحصیلات، مشارکت اجتماعی، مالکیت زمین، اشتغال جنبی، مصرف شیر، نوع خانه، شخصیت جهانی، استفاده از رسانههای جمعی و عقاید تأثیر بسیار معنیداری بر انتخاب IDHP داشته (01/0P<) ولی در نمونههای وللی، مؤلفههایی نظیر اشتغال جنبی، تولید شیر، مصرف شیر، فروش شیر، درآمد سالانه، ارتباطات شهری، مجاری ارتباطی، شخصیت بومی، شخصیت جهانی و استفاده از رسانههای جمعی معنیدار بودند (01/0P<). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
345 - Genomic Selection Signatures in Two French and Swedish Holstein Cattle Breeds Provide Evidence for Several Potential Candidate Genes Linked to Economic Traits
R. Salehi A. Javanmard M. Mokhber S. Alijani -
Open Access Article
346 - Phenotypic Diversity of Camel Ecotypes (Camelus dromedarius) in the South Region of Kerman Province of Iran
J. Ehsaninia B. Faye N. Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh -
Open Access Article
347 - ارزیابی عملکرد تخمگذاری و خصوصیات کیفی تخم مرغان بومی پرورش یافته در مناطق روستایی استان اصفهان
ع.ع قیصری ق. مقصودی نژاد ع. آذربایجانیآزمایش حاضر به منظور بررسی عملکرد تولیدی و خصوصیات کیفی تخم مرغان بومی پرورش یافته در نواحی روستایی دو اقلیم مختلف در استان اصفهان انجام شد. به طور کلی تعداد 2160 قطعه جوجه بومی در این تحقیق مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. دو ناحیه اقلیمی (سرد و گرم) در استان اصفهان تعیین شد و Moreآزمایش حاضر به منظور بررسی عملکرد تولیدی و خصوصیات کیفی تخم مرغان بومی پرورش یافته در نواحی روستایی دو اقلیم مختلف در استان اصفهان انجام شد. به طور کلی تعداد 2160 قطعه جوجه بومی در این تحقیق مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. دو ناحیه اقلیمی (سرد و گرم) در استان اصفهان تعیین شد و در هر اقلیم دو شهر و در هر شهر سه روستا مورد انتخاب قرار گرفتند. چادگان و کاشان به عنوان شهرهای اقلیم سرد و کاشان و ورزنه به عنوان شهرهای اقلیم گرم درنظر گرفته شدند. در هر روستا شش خانواده به عنوان واحد آزمایشی انتخاب (مجموعا 72 خانواده) وتعداد 36 قطعه مرغ و 4 قطعه خروس بومی 45 روزه به هر خانواده تحویل داده شد. عملکرد تخمگذاری جوجه­ها در طول دوره تخمگذاری (21 تا 72 هفتگی) رکوردبرداری و خصوصیات کیفی تخم مرغ­ها هر دو ماه یک بار مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج آزمایش حاضر نشان داد، اگر چه اقلیم بر تولید تخم مرغ طی دوره­های 25 تا 32 و 57 تا 64 هفتگی تأثیرگذار بود (05/0P<) ولی بر میانگین تولید در کل دوره تخمگذاری تأثیری نداشت. کمترین میزان تولید تخم مرغ در چادگان مشاهده شد (9/25 درصد) که به طور معنی­داری کمتر از ورزنه (9/35 درصد) و خوانسار (5/37 درصد) بود (05/0P<). علاوه بر این، شاخص­های کیفی پوسته در اقلیم سرد به طور معنی­داری بهتر از اقلیم گرم بود (05/0P<). بالاترین میزان ضخامت پوسته و نسبت ضخامت پوسته به وزن تخم مرغ در میان چهار شهر مورد آزمایش مربوط به چادگان بود (05/0P<). علاوه بر این، شاخص رنگ زرده در اقلیم گرم به طور معنی­داری نسبت به اقلیم سرد بهبود یافت (05/0P<). به طور کلی، خصوصیات کیفی تخم مرغ تحت تأثیر تغییرات اقلیمی قرار گرفت. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
348 - Locating Suitable Sites for Building underground Dam using AHP Multi-criteria Decision Making Method
Farid Dorfeshan Mohammad Heidarnejad Amin Bordbar Hassan DaneshianUse of underground dams can be beneficial for optimal expansion and utilization of water and also for underground water storage. Considering the prevailing conditions in the region of Andika in Khuzestan Province, building underground dams may be an appropriate strategy MoreUse of underground dams can be beneficial for optimal expansion and utilization of water and also for underground water storage. Considering the prevailing conditions in the region of Andika in Khuzestan Province, building underground dams may be an appropriate strategy to offset water shortage during the dry months of the year because construction of such dams in this region entails low costs and the dams will have acceptable efficiency. Many criteria and factors with different degrees of importance are involved in locating underground damsites. Therefore, synchronization of the geographic information system (because of its high capability in analyzing spatial data) and analytic hierarchy process was used to study and apply the role played by each of the mentioned factors (while considering the degrees of their influence in selecting the suitable sites), and the desired results were obtained. The present research used a decision tree that included the reservoir and economic criteria each with its own subcriteria. For the reservoir factor the four subcriteria of slope, hydraulic conductivity, effective porosity, and permeability of dam foundations and for the economic factor the two subcriteria of damsite and its distance from the water use location were considered. Twenty seven sites were initially selected to determine dam axes at the desired sites. The positions of the selected sites were then considered on the map and the spatial priorities of 15 sites were introduced. Finally, the storage volume of each proposed priority was calculated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
349 - Estimation of Krieger Regional Coefficient in Mountainous Areas
rohoullah mohtashamzadeh sajad mashali Bfhrooz DahanzadehIran has different climatic conditions due to its climatic characteristics. These climatic differences necessitate a suitable hydrological study in each region. Lorestan province, due to its mountainousness, is more humid than other parts. Therefore, this region is more MoreIran has different climatic conditions due to its climatic characteristics. These climatic differences necessitate a suitable hydrological study in each region. Lorestan province, due to its mountainousness, is more humid than other parts. Therefore, this region is more favorable for flood occurrence and requires specific hydrological studies. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Krieger regional coefficient in mountainous areas. Therefore, based on the latest statistics published by the provincial water company, the statistics of the maximum instantaneous flow rates of 24 hydrometric stations were obtained in different parts of the province .The area of the studied watersheds varied from 9550 km2 (Kashkan Poldokhtar) to 35 km2 (small plumber). The results of this study showed that the range of Chigger coefficients in Lorestan province catchment areas is much lower than the cultivars that have been recommended so far. Also, with the increase of the return period, the Krieger coefficient increases in mountainous regions with higher trend than arid regions. This issue should be considered in the planning and management of quantitative water resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
350 - Long-term effect of chloride ion penetration on concrete durability in the Persian Gulf coast
Mohammadreza Ehsandoost Abraham ZareDue to the widespread use of concrete structures in different climatic conditions, the issue of damage to these types of structures and as a result of their repair and maintenance, is one of the main topics discussed by concrete experts. One of the causes of corrosion o MoreDue to the widespread use of concrete structures in different climatic conditions, the issue of damage to these types of structures and as a result of their repair and maintenance, is one of the main topics discussed by concrete experts. One of the causes of corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete in corrosive environments, especially on the shores of the Persian Gulf, is chloride ion. There are many factors affecting the penetration of chlorine ions in concrete, all of which can be summarized in the quality of concrete. One of the main materials used in reinforced concrete structures in corrosive conditions is surface coating. In this study, the performance of five different types of processing in the marine environment (Persian Gulf) was investigated. Have: 27-day treatment with water, 6-day treatment with water, 3-day treatment with water, 1-day treatment with water, treatment with curing agent and without curing. Based on the results, the best performance in terms of resistance to chloride ion penetration varies depending on the exposure conditions. Observations show that curing with curing agent has a good performance in terms of resistance Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
351 - Examining the Causal Pattern of Effective Components in Regional Development Policy with Religious Tourism Approach: A Case Study of Ilam and Mehran Cities
Ahmad Karami Azita Rajabi Naser EghbaliThe present study aims to investigate the impact of institutional and physical factors on regional development policy-making, with a focus on religious tourism. This research is considered applied, employing a descriptive-analytical method, and utilizing both library-do MoreThe present study aims to investigate the impact of institutional and physical factors on regional development policy-making, with a focus on religious tourism. This research is considered applied, employing a descriptive-analytical method, and utilizing both library-documentary and field data collection methods. The statistical population comprised provincial and county experts as well as senior managers, selected via snowball sampling. A sample size of 30 individuals completed the questionnaire, which demonstrated reliability and validity. The findings revealed that institutional factors positively and significantly influence regional development policy-making concerning religious tourism (path coefficient = 0.223, indicating a moderate level of impact), as do physical factors (path coefficient = 0.565). Moreover, institutional factors positively and significantly impact physical factors (path coefficient = 0.609). The results showed that institutional factors have a positive and significant impact on regional development policy-making with a focus on religious tourism. Additionally, physical factors have a positive and significant impact on regional development policy-making with a focus on religious tourism. On the other hand, institutional factors have a positive and significant impact on physical factors. These results highlight the interplay between institutional and physical factors in shaping regional development policy-making for religious tourism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
352 - Genetic diversity of Arum L. based on plastid marker
leila Joudi Ghezeljeh Meidan Mostafa Assadi -
Open Access Article
353 - Presenting a Hybrid Method to Increase Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks Using Effective Determination of Operating Mode of Sensors in Regional Coverage
Javad Aramideh Homayun Motameni -
Open Access Article
354 - Computing of the Burnt Forest Regions Area Using Digital Image Processing
Hamidreza Gorgani Firouzjaee Hamid Hassanpour Asadollah Shahbahrami -
Open Access Article
355 - Environmental Quality Analysis of Interior Spaces for Local Housing in Mountainous Regions of Guilan with an Emphasis on Thermal Comfort (The Case Study: Dowsaledeh Village, Rudbar)
Farnaz Farasati Farhang Mozaffar Farshad Nasrollahi Nasrollah Molaei Hashjinsince old times, human beings have been making shelters to deal with external factors and live with comfort. Later, scientists found that the higher the quality of the interior spaces of made environment be, ranging from cooling or thermal comfort, audio and even better Moresince old times, human beings have been making shelters to deal with external factors and live with comfort. Later, scientists found that the higher the quality of the interior spaces of made environment be, ranging from cooling or thermal comfort, audio and even better interior ventilation, it will have a significant role in physical and, mental health of the residents. Because of the ruggedness and impassibility of the most mountainous regions, providing thermal comfort with fossil fuels needs electricity and gas grid, which is difficult to achieve, and is not cost-effective. On the other hand, making roads and power grids equals subsequent loss of hectares of forests and consequently tens of plant and animal species. Due to lack of this comfort, forest and mountain dwellers and tribal people are forced to wander and immigrate unplanned to urban and suburban areas, which in turn have grounded serious problems. Accordingly, this article pays special attention to the indoor thermal comfort in mountainous settlements. The case study is located in Dowsaledeh village (Khorgam, Rudbar) and the main questions that are answered in this research are: A. how can dominant native rural settlements of mountainous areas of Guilan be studied in terms of thermal comfort during a year on valid scientific methods? And B. In what period of a year do these settlements provide suitable thermal comfort and at what times will it be difficult? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
356 - Assessing Development Status of Health - Treatment Indicator by Using Planning Tecniques and Providing a Composite Model (Case Study: Zagros Region)
Nader Shohani Borhan Vesi Nab Sara Kkodayi Sohrab AmirianEquitable distribution of health facilities is one of the main prerequisites to increase the level of community services and health care. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and rank degree of development of Zagros Mountains regions in health - treatment index by c MoreEquitable distribution of health facilities is one of the main prerequisites to increase the level of community services and health care. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and rank degree of development of Zagros Mountains regions in health - treatment index by care planning model (VIKOR, TOPSIS and taxonomy correction). The results of these three models provide integrated model based on the integration techniques. Required data and information which includes 35 variables, refer to the relevant organizations (health, etc.) and the site data has been collected (about 90 years). Research method is descriptive - analytical and used Excel and SPSS statistical software for analyzing data and ArcGIS for better spatial analysis of development through provinces. The results show that there is a vast gap of benefitting of health - treatment index between the provinces, because only Hamadan and Kurdistan provinces are benefiting from it and the provinces of Kermanshah, Ilam and Lorestan are at a low level. Finally, changing speed equation showed that right-modification taxonomy model is more proper way than other models (VIKOR and TOPSIS) to assess the status of development areas because the results of the model has less degree and intensity of change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
357 - On the Analysis of the Regional Development of Markazi Province Using Multi-Criteria Techniques to Achieve Balanced Development
جمیله Tavakoli niya V. Goudarzi R. SamadiNowadays, unreasonable and unjust allocation of resources and facilities to certain areas and the deprivation of other areas of these facilities have caused regional inequalities. A topic's reflect can be viewed in the geographic landscape of cities and their heterogene MoreNowadays, unreasonable and unjust allocation of resources and facilities to certain areas and the deprivation of other areas of these facilities have caused regional inequalities. A topic's reflect can be viewed in the geographic landscape of cities and their heterogeneous growth in the cities of Iran can also be found. Hence, regional studies are proposed to create a balance and to form suitable and coherent spaces. The objective of regional studies is to find the abilities and capacity of each region for growth and development. The objective of regional studies is to find the abilities and capacity of each region for growth and development. The present study aimed to determine the degree of development of various economic, social and cultural sectors of city of the Markazi province and ranking them based on the development of descriptive-analytical method and using multivariate techniques decision making such as TOPSIS, SAW, VIKOR and Numerical Taxonomy. The results of the used techniques were compared with the Copland method. In this study, in order to identify and determine the degree of development of each county in the Markazi province, 53 indexes have been studied in the fields of health, medical, social, housing and construction, industry, affairs infrastructure and services and by applying the latest statistics and information in the Statistical Yearbooks. The findings of this study show the lack of homogeneous and balanced distribution of facilities and services in the counties of Markazi province. So, out of total 12 counties of Markazi province, the counties Arak, Saveh and Khomein and also, counties Ashtian, Khandab and Farahan had the first and the last grades, respectively. In general, the counties of Markazi provinces are not identical in terms of having the selected indicators and there are inequalities in the province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
358 - On The Regional Analysis of the Spatial Regulation of Cities in the Zagros Region with an Approach of Objective and Subjective Regions
N. Zali A. Karimiazar R. AzadehLooking at the regional plans in Iran shows that the results of these plans have not been profitable in order to balance the urban system and creating a hierarchy of settlement. In the previous studies, the regions were defined based on the political and administrative MoreLooking at the regional plans in Iran shows that the results of these plans have not been profitable in order to balance the urban system and creating a hierarchy of settlement. In the previous studies, the regions were defined based on the political and administrative boundaries. As a result, the quantitative models used have non help to improve the urban systems problems. Thus, the main objective of this study is to explain the true concept of region from two points of view (Objective and Subjective views) and true utility of quantitative models in regional planning. In this regard, the Zagros region (including five provinces: Kermanshah, Kurdistan, Hamadan, Lorestan and Elam) and also Kermanshah province were selected as a subjective and objective regions, respectively. The research method of this paper was comparative study and the results of using quantitative models (the Quantitative Indexes of Determining the Primate City and also, the Herfindahl concentration index, Gini Coefficient, and Coefficient of Variation) in the two mentioned regions were compared. The results showed that the urban system in the Zagros region has relative balance compared to Kermanshah province. By analyzing the findings, the approach to this paper is that the concept of the region should be considered in terms of cultural, economic, social, and geographic points of view in order to balance the system of urban settlements and decentralize population, services and facilities. So, we do not summarize this concept on the political and administrative boundaries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
359 - A Comparative Study of Level of Development in Urban Area of Esfahan Metropolitan Using Multi-Index Evaluation System
Nasrollah Molaei Hashjin sohila RezaieeUrban planning for the purpose of development and alleviating injustice is of prime importance in developing countries. Urban planning requires recognition of areas and regions in terms of development. Alleviating injustice in attaining resources and facilities is one o MoreUrban planning for the purpose of development and alleviating injustice is of prime importance in developing countries. Urban planning requires recognition of areas and regions in terms of development. Alleviating injustice in attaining resources and facilities is one of the criteria of development. The concept of development involves balanced distribution in addition to comprehensive growth. The balanced distribution of facilities is a step toward removing regional differences and appropriate dispersion at city level. The Balanced development of places necessitates a precise and comprehensive investigation of economic, social, and cultural issues, and the recognition of the needs of the society and their development. For this reason, one of the common criteria of urban planning is leveling regions based on the enjoyment of different indexes of development. In the current study, using three techniques of Taxonomy Technic, Morris Technic, and Topsis Technic and 63 criteria of development in environmental-ecological, socio-cultural, economic, physical fields and the development level of urban areas in Esfahan has been analyzed. The method is descriptive-analytic and is developmental and applied. The findings reveal that district 3 ranked the first based on two models of Taxonomy Technic and Topsis Technic and ranked the second based on Morris Technic. The district 11 was recognized as the most deprived one based on the three models. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
360 - Analyzing Components Affecting of Nomadic Villagers’ Settlement Satisfaction with Quality of Residential Environment (Case Study: Settlement Regions of Dasht Bakan)
Amin DehghaniEnhancing environmental quality and consequently life quality is one of the approaches created regarding reformation and completion of the issue of development. Therefore, paying attention to factors and criteria affecting the degree of satisfaction and dissatisfaction MoreEnhancing environmental quality and consequently life quality is one of the approaches created regarding reformation and completion of the issue of development. Therefore, paying attention to factors and criteria affecting the degree of satisfaction and dissatisfaction of residents can be effective on understanding the status quo of the residence quality. The present study is aimed at investigating variables affecting residents’ satisfaction with the environmental quality of life from the perspectives of four settlement towns in Dasht Bakan in Fars Province. The study is applied and developmental in terms of objective, descriptive-analytical in terms of method, and quantitative in terms of the nature of data. The sample size was calculated as 384 participants using Cochrane formula. To analyze data obtained from the field study, two descriptive and inferential statistics (including t-test, multivariate regression, and Duncan’s test) were used. Findings of the research indicate that there is a significant correlation of variables of gender, marital status, age, education, and income with satisfaction with environmental quality of life. In addition, using the results of regression analysis, variables of age, education, income, and distance from the center of the township, and household dimension explains about 56% of variations of participants’ satisfaction with residential quality. In addition, the results of Duncan’s test indicated that Igdar and Safikhani Settlements were at the highest level and the lowest level respectively in Ardkapan Settlement in terms of villagers’ satisfaction with their own residential environments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
361 - Analysis of rural population structure in regions of Urmia city
Ali Akbar Taghiloo Ali Akbar Anabestani Reza KhosrobeygiThe purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of demographic indicators based on the development levels of villages in the Urmia region. It also examines the demographic structure of rural areas based on environmental capacities. In this research, a combi MoreThe purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of demographic indicators based on the development levels of villages in the Urmia region. It also examines the demographic structure of rural areas based on environmental capacities. In this research, a combination of descriptive, analytical and comparative methods has been used. The method of data collection is a documentary method and has been compiled from the statistics center, satellite images and documents, and statistics on natural resources and agriculture. The TOPSIS model for development analysis and model cluster analysis was used, and to analysis Population indicator was used of Gini index and measures inequality. The results show that have measures of population distribution in different ecological areas than in rural developmental areas. The Gini index show the same all parameters of population ecological region except density population areas And the Gini index of regional development show that is unequal population growth and mean of rural population. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
362 - Pathology of spatial system and locative analysis of urban land uses pattern: case study: health and cure land uses of 22- region of Tehran city
Ahmad Roumiani Reza Khodadadi Nafaise MarsousinExact and multi- directional investigation of economical, social and cultural problems and better recognition of society needs and their improvement, are essential to balances and equilibrium development of geographical spaces. Hence Health and cure services as one of m MoreExact and multi- directional investigation of economical, social and cultural problems and better recognition of society needs and their improvement, are essential to balances and equilibrium development of geographical spaces. Hence Health and cure services as one of main components of development has been created in line with society needs and their improvement. Purposes of this study is to investigate spatial system damages and locating pattern of cure and health land uses across 22- region on Tehran city. The present research is implicational and analytic- descriptive method has been used. Library and field studies have been used to collect data. ArcGIS program has been used to analyze data so that it can provide better locating based on the population of under investigation region and the way of accessing to clinical – health services. Therefore, the findings of the research show there are much differences among urban regions regarding accessibilities to health and clininical indices from one hand, lach of good planning for health land use in 22- region in Tehran and lack of spatial equibilium and accessibilities for regions which are uneven from the other hand. So, it is necessary to pay much attention to decrease of differences in clinical and health services of urban regions. Therefore, applied strategies are presented to get out of these problem in order to improve the condition and distribution of clinics in the different regions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
363 - Solutions provide for space organizing in regional planning and development (Case study: Cities of Gilan province)
Ahmad Ghadimi Hossein Nazmfar nader zali mohammad taqi masoumiThe situation of Guilan province indicates duality and regional imbalances. It seems that there is a need to complete and sufficient knowledge of the factors that play a role in balanced spatial development of the cities in the Guilan province. The main purpose of this MoreThe situation of Guilan province indicates duality and regional imbalances. It seems that there is a need to complete and sufficient knowledge of the factors that play a role in balanced spatial development of the cities in the Guilan province. The main purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the effective factors on the balanced spatial development of cities in this province. This research has used the questionnaire and Delphi method to collect data. In first step, 60 effective factors on the balanced spatial development of cities in Guilan province were identified in three dimensions of population, activity, and space. Then, the significance of these factors was evaluated using the One-Sample T-Test, and 28 high important factors were identified. Next, using Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA) identified the main factors. Research results demonstrated that three main factors play a key role in the balanced development of Guilanian cities; and in the field of transportation, 41.74% ofthe variances could explain all research variables. Geographical location and tourism and services also explained 26.18 and 18.51% of the variance of all research variables, respectively. Totally, these threefactors explained 86.04% of the total variances. Results also showed that Gilan province has different types of transportation patterns, and its proximity to the Caspian Sea and its littoral countries has made it possible development of port commercial activities and tourism for province. Therefore, the favorable future of the province will be achieved relying on three factors of transportation, environmental and geographical potentials, and strengthening tourism infrastructure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
364 - Spatial analysis of urban systems in the north of the country during the years 1335 to 1395
Amer Nikpour Milad HasanalizadehBy studying urban systems, it becomes more specific the condition distribution and measure balance of population distribution. This article is being Compilation by aim the study changes in the urban system of the northern region to determine its equilibrium situation. T MoreBy studying urban systems, it becomes more specific the condition distribution and measure balance of population distribution. This article is being Compilation by aim the study changes in the urban system of the northern region to determine its equilibrium situation. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the basis of statistical data is the results of general census of population and housing in the past 8 years. In this paper, classifying the cities of the region over the past 60 years, used of indexes urban primacy includes primate city, tow city, Ginsberg, Mehta, moomaw and alwosabi, dominance mosavi and indexes centralization includes herfindahl, Henderson and indexes Balance includes entropy, coefficient of variation, rank-size to study the urban system of the region. The results perquisite from urban primary indexes and centralization it shows the measure urban primacy and centralization from 1335 to 1365 the trend has been decreasing but from 1365 to 1390 the trend has been on the upside until it in 1395 rebounds Slightly trend has been declines. The results of the indexes Balance also show the imbalance in the spatial distribution of the population in the urban system of the region from 1335 to 1395 has always increased. The results of the rank-size index also is indicate a relatively large difference between the actual population and the desirable population of the cities of region during the studied years and also, the relative importance of middle cities from 1335 to 1355 and domination of urban primary from 1355 to 1395. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
365 - Assessing Quality of Life in Ineffectual Urban Texture (Case Study: 1th district of 15th Region of Tehran)
Ahmad Pourahmad saeed zanganehshahraki Asghar HeydariQuality of life is a concept that used to in the field of welfare of the community and promoting of it, is one of the most important goals of governments around the world. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to analyze the various dimensions of quality of MoreQuality of life is a concept that used to in the field of welfare of the community and promoting of it, is one of the most important goals of governments around the world. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to analyze the various dimensions of quality of life in the area of inefficient urban fabric in the 1th district of 15th Region of Tehran Municipality. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic and correlation based on the primary data. The collection of preliminary data was done in a documentary and survey manner by using a questionnaire. Collected data was processed by using SPSS and Smart PLS software. The results of the study indicate that based on the results of the T test in first district, the mean of quality of life is 2.39 in the Likert spectrum and it is at the low level. Also based on the results of PLS path modeling and multivariate regression test, respectively, physical, economic, environmental, social, services and accessibility factors, have the highest impact and index of Ineffectual urban texture has the least effect on the satisfaction from life in ineffectual urban texture in the 15th district of the municipality of Tehran. Of course with the planning to upgrade and organizing these components, it is possible to increase the level of satisfaction from life in this area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
366 - Opportunities and Challenges of rural tourism development in Lahijan County, Iran
Nooreddin Azimi Ghazal AlidousrAlong with the expansion of the share of tourism activities in global economy, tourism in rural areas has become a mechanism for the revival of rural communities and is supported by local and federal governments. Considering the natural situation and the existence of di MoreAlong with the expansion of the share of tourism activities in global economy, tourism in rural areas has become a mechanism for the revival of rural communities and is supported by local and federal governments. Considering the natural situation and the existence of diverse cultural context in Lahijan Region, this paper tries to identify the potentials of rural tourism in this region. The main research method in this research is content analysis and the utilized data come mainly from documents and field-based methods (deep interview). In this research, we investigate the capabilities of rural tourism in seven rural districts of Lahijan (Roodbaneh, Shirjoiposht, Lafmajan, Baskiagorub, Ahandan, Lialistan and Lil). The results of the findings show that there are 14 types of tourism attractions in Lahijan Rejion which have been distributed in seven Dehestans (Rural District) and 28 villages. Of the seven Dehestans of Lahijan Shahrestan, Lil is considered to be the most important one, and among the villages, Sarcheshmeh, Chichi-Nikoti, Sheikhanber, Azarestan and Balaji Jarankish villages are the most important villages to develop tourism activities. The existence of foothill forests, nature, rivers and hills covered with tea gardens and rice fields, hiking, fishing, and religious shrines are the most important attractions of rural tourism in the study area. Finally, the paper identifies the barriers and problems of tourism activities in rural areas, and proposes strategies for the development of rural tourism in Lahijan Region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
367 - Evaluation of the flexibility of open spaces in urban neighborhoods in terms of passive defense (Case study: District 1 in Tabriz)
Yousef Darvishi Vahid SamadzadehOpen spaces located in the central cities of the cities can be the most unprogrammable spaces from the standpoint of non-operational defense, because these spaces can play a role in critical situations because of their private ownership and belonging to the general publ MoreOpen spaces located in the central cities of the cities can be the most unprogrammable spaces from the standpoint of non-operational defense, because these spaces can play a role in critical situations because of their private ownership and belonging to the general public or public bodies. It's very important to reduce the vulnerabilityAccordingly, the present study aims to investigate and identify the limitations and ability of open spaces in Tabriz 1 in terms of mass and space combination, functional variation for critical situations as well as global coverage and appropriate access to spaces suitable for non-defense purposes. Agent works. For this purpose, in this research, various software applications such as ARC GIS 10 and Auto cad and Excel software have been used for zoning different vulnerabilities and analyzing data.The results of the research indicate that most of the old neighborhoods of Tabriz 1 have been vulnerable to non-operating defenses, as well as the structure of open spaces in the studied area based on the composition of mass and space, more than 11.7of the region's surface area for situations An inappropriate crisis indicates that there is a meaningful relationship between the degree of flexibility of open spaces and their vulnerability, in the sense that the greater the flexibility of open spaces is greater, as much as reducing the vulnerability of the area and In return, finally, surveys show that 58 of Tabriz 1 has an appropriate access to open spaces. There could be improvements in terms of civil defense. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
368 - Investigating factors influencing social capital increasing and its relationship with the rehabilitation and modernization of worn out textures (Case Study: Region 10 of Tehran municipality
ahmad pourahmad Mohammad Sina Shahsavari Asghar HeydariIntroduction:Today, one of the challenges facing urban management is worn-out urban fabric. Utilizing the capacities of the people and social capital facilitates the achievement of the goal of modernization and organization of these structures for urban management.Purpo MoreIntroduction:Today, one of the challenges facing urban management is worn-out urban fabric. Utilizing the capacities of the people and social capital facilitates the achievement of the goal of modernization and organization of these structures for urban management.Purpose of the research: The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the increase of social capital and its relationship with the renovation of worn-out tissues.Methodology: The method of this research is descriptive-analytic and based on library and statistical information. Initial information was collected by documentary and survey as well as a questionnaire. The collected data were processed by using SPSS and Smart PLS software.Geographical area of the research: The geographical area of the present study is region 10 of Tehran Municipality, which with a population of 327,115 people, has a significant area of worn-out structures in Tehran.Results and discussion: Findings show that there is a positive correlation between the components of social capital and renovation based on Pearson correlation test from weak to moderate level. Also, PLS path modeling and multivariate regression test show that the components of institutional trust, social interactions and interpersonal trust have more effect and the component of religious participation has less effect on the renovation of worn-out urban structures, respectively.Conclusion: The results show that there is a significant relationship between social capital and renovation of worn-out tissues. They also show that the components of social capital have different levels of impact on the renovation of worn-out tissues, which can be improved by planning to upgrade and organize these components. Worn out accelerated the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
369 - Spatial Analysis of Rural Level with Distributed Justice Approach Case Study: Urmia Central District Villages
mossa kamanroodi taher parizadi hujjat mirzazadehEquity-based planning should move away from techno-logical approaches and move toward multi-stakeholder policies, giving power to local management.From this perspective, the point of shared planning and social justice is distributive justice.The basis for a fair distrib MoreEquity-based planning should move away from techno-logical approaches and move toward multi-stakeholder policies, giving power to local management.From this perspective, the point of shared planning and social justice is distributive justice.The basis for a fair distribution of services is the two criteria of accessibility and the spatial distribution of services.Recognizing the differences between different regions and regions in order to provide appropriate plans for aligning and reducing regional inequalities is the first step in spatial planning.The purpose of this research is to study the level of rural areas in the central part of Urmia city from the inputs and facilities and comparing villages in terms of utilizing facilities and services. Finally, due to the different geographic conditions of the region, the results were combined with the Kaplend model and the final level of acceptance was accepted, which indicates the difference in the level of rural districts and the lack of distributive justice among them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
370 - Analysis of the physical resilience of East Gilan region against earthquakes
fatemeh yousefi view mehrnaz molaviUrban and regional resilience is one of the necessities of a sustainable human life in nature. Due to natural changes and developments, various events take place during special and sometimes sudden periods, which are necessary for the survival of the existing nature. Fr MoreUrban and regional resilience is one of the necessities of a sustainable human life in nature. Due to natural changes and developments, various events take place during special and sometimes sudden periods, which are necessary for the survival of the existing nature. From the past until now, several methods have been invented to deal with the damages of natural disasters, including earthquakes, and now the best way to deal with this crisis is known as crisis management by making human settlements resilient. Resilience of settlements should include all factors related to humans and society, which include social, physical, economic and institutional resilience. This research examines the physical resilience of settlements against earthquakes and ranks the vulnerability of the areas. The current research is in terms of practical and developmental purpose, in terms of descriptive research method and in terms of collecting documentary and library information. The analysis method in this research is based on the analysis of the Euclidean distances of the fault zones and Vikor method. Then, for the final conclusion, using the spatial model, the output maps of Vikor index and the earthquake vulnerability map of the settlements in the region have been integrated and presented. The purpose of this research is to analyze the resilience of East Guilan region against earthquakes and investigate the various consequences of preventing the vulnerability of settlements. Due to the earthquake-proneness of East Guilan, this area of the province has been selected for study. The results indicate that Lahijan city has the highest amount and Siahkal city has the lowest amount of physical resilience. In order to achieve physical resilience in the eastern region of Guilan, we have presented strategies, the most important of which include the creation of retrofitting plans in newly constructed buildings and strengthening the resistance of middle-level buildings and public centers, and creating access to open space, as well as strengthening and building centers. relief and treatment and increasing urban permeability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
371 - Analysis of the effects of third places on promoting social sustainability in Zone 6 of the metropolis of Tehran.
کوثر قبادی Reza valizade ali azar Ali PanahiIntroduction: Third places refer to public spaces in cities that, in addition to their primary functions, are used for recreational, cultural, social, and educational activities. In fact, these spaces are made available to citizens as places with various uses. The main MoreIntroduction: Third places refer to public spaces in cities that, in addition to their primary functions, are used for recreational, cultural, social, and educational activities. In fact, these spaces are made available to citizens as places with various uses. The main goal of creating such places is to provide suitable and sustainable spaces to attract citizens and increase sustainability and social interactions, as well as to create identity for urban spacesResearch aim: The aim of this article is to investigate the effectiveness of third places on the sustainability of urban spaces.Methodology: This research is descriptive-analytical in nature and purposive in terms of objective. The statistical population in this study consists of 30 experts and community leaders, as well as urban managers, who were selected through purposive sampling and analyzed using fuzzy DEMATEL method.Studied Areas: The geographic scope of this study is Region 6 of the Tehran metropolis.Results: : The research results show that social factors in third places have been very effective in promoting sustainability, and the economic factor has also been identified as one of the contributing factors, influenced by other dimensions. On the other hand, the managerial-institutional factor has been of greater importance for improving public spaces and promoting urban sustainability.Conclusion: Attention to the influential and susceptible factors should be considered as a requirement and necessity for urban policymakers and managers in promoting the environmental conditions of public spaces and developing third places.Conclusion: Attention to the influential and susceptible factors should be considered as a requirement and necessity for urban policymakers and managers in promoting the environmental conditions of public spaces and developing third places. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
372 - An Analysiss of Urbanization Process and physical development of Zabol City
khodarah baziThis article has studied different periods of urbanization, both appearance , and expansion, Causes and fields, How and why of this expansion with the aim of analysis and study of the urbanization process and physical expansion of Zabol city in order to be suitable and MoreThis article has studied different periods of urbanization, both appearance , and expansion, Causes and fields, How and why of this expansion with the aim of analysis and study of the urbanization process and physical expansion of Zabol city in order to be suitable and favourable bed in applied dimension for urban planning , making decision and policy in this city and region and it will also be useful for planners. This research is descriptive-analytic method that has studied urbanization process with analogical view and paying attention to the history of this city in order to make logical decision at the present, and analyse materials by using necessary field and library studies, tables, maps and graphs. Some of the most important results of this research include: - Long ancientness of urbanization of this region ( the history of urbanization) returned to Before Christ (3200 B.C) . - Appearance and dynamics of Zabol city have been caused by regional conditions (productive soil and enough water) and over general conditions (Hirmand and Afghanistan). - Urbanization in this region follows the logical process changing of village to city. - The most physical expansion of Zabol city has been caused by created conditions after Islamic revolution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
373 - Regionalism and Peace Making in the world with Emphasis on the Persian Gulf
reza simbarIn the past decades, the concept of regionalism has been discussed among both academics and policy makers. This paper studies the relation between regional structure and peacemaking. How regionalism can contribute to global peace in geographical macro- regions. As a fra MoreIn the past decades, the concept of regionalism has been discussed among both academics and policy makers. This paper studies the relation between regional structure and peacemaking. How regionalism can contribute to global peace in geographical macro- regions. As a framework for analysis, the paper presents five different levels of regionalism and analyses their effects on peace- making in the second part of the paper, the argument has been focused on the Persian Gulf as a case study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
374 - Examining the physical impacts of implementation of Rural Guide Plans from rural residents view point (case study: Miandoab County)
noraldin azimi nasrollah molaeihashjin ardeshir asheghiIn recent years, the preparation and implementation of Rural Guide Plan (RGP) has been one of the important steps in the development of rural areas in Iran. Currently, such projects are the most important tools in the villages for leading construction activities. MoreIn recent years, the preparation and implementation of Rural Guide Plan (RGP) has been one of the important steps in the development of rural areas in Iran. Currently, such projects are the most important tools in the villages for leading construction activities. With improving the physical structure in villages through the implementation of RGPs, the utilization of rural residents from public services has increased. Consequently the status of rural life has been improved which has raised the interest of villagers to live in rural areas. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the physical impacts of the implementation of RGPs from villagers viewpoint, so that the degree of the effectiveness of plans to be evaluated. The methodology of this study is mainly descriptive and the main data used in the research has been obtained from a field work through the use of questionnaires which has been analyzed using a number of statistical methods. The main findings of this study are: 1. The Implementation of RGP has been effective in term of improving the level of public services in the selected villages. 2. Implementation of RGP has increased the new constructions and has improved the construction methods, durability and outlook of buildings. 3. Implementation of RGP has increased rural residents' willingness to live in their villages which has led to the gradual reduction of rural-urban migrations. 4. Despite the positive physical impacts and improvement of public services in the villages, implementation of RGPs has not been successful in terms of economic pint of view and job creation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
375 - An Analysis of Changes in Network and Urban System of Rasht Town ship in the Last Three Decades
reza hassanpour mohamad heidarzadehIntroduction Network and urban system in Rasht town ship suffers from disequilibrium and this trend is constantly increasing due to the city dominance over the surrounding region and even whole province and the lack of strong functional relations among the cent MoreIntroduction Network and urban system in Rasht town ship suffers from disequilibrium and this trend is constantly increasing due to the city dominance over the surrounding region and even whole province and the lack of strong functional relations among the centers.In such a condition, the deployment pattern of population and activity in town ship does not follow a right exploitation system of capacities and potentials displaying an inappropriate picture of population deployment. Consequently, the urban network of the town ship lacks a hierarchal function, and the spatial distribution and population volume do not follow functionally hierarchal system. The main objective of the present article is to study system and urban network and an evaluation of the changes in order to present balancing strategies to achieve a logical relationship among the current habitats. Research Methodology Based on the purpose of the study, this article is an applied one. Regarding methodology, however, it is descriptive-analytic. To collect data, documentary and field studies have been carried out. Documentary study is used to describe the conceptual framework of the study and to complete this documentary study, the field method of data collection has been conducted. Then, models of city size distribution and urban hierarchy such as Zipf Model, logarithmic distribution of rank and size, Lorenz Curve, and Gini density coefficient were used to study and analyze the network and urban system of Rasht city. * Responsible Author: hasanpour@iaurasht.ac.ir Results Presently, Rasht as the first city in the region has over 92 percent of the urban population, and the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cities of Khomam, Lashtnesha, Kochesfahan, Khoshkbijar, and Sangar have respectively allocated around 2.14, 1.8, 1.39, 1.24, and 1.06 percent of the whole population. There is a high gap and distance between these cities and Rasht in terms of number and percent of population. This issue indicates an undesirable condition of population distribution in town ship which imposes an obvious influence over the process of the city development, and the high and low rates of job creation. This is quite evident from frequently daily references of people from surrounding cities and villages to Rasht for working, shopping, etc. Since past decades, the city of Rasht has continually preserved itself as the shopping center so far as it has enjoyed a very high growth in that while small cities carrying special stand in local and regional urban network, have not enjoyed development process and have finally been forgotten. Conclusion The result reached in the logarithmic distribution of rank and size of different regions of Rasht reveals that this coefficient had a negative slope of less than one at the time of study indicating disequilibrium in regression slope in the town ship urban system and the dominance of the city that follows the first urban pattern which is highly increasing. In all periods of population census, Lorenz curve in Rasht town ship has a high dent which can be felt from the separation degree of monotonous distribution line. The distribution of the cities in the region under study, the numerous small towns, and the presence of metropolitan city of Rasht have resulted in low efficiency in communication among surrounding cities. The result of survey conducted on the hierarchal system of the city through model of Lorenz curve and the Gini density coefficient indicates that population distribution of cities in 1976 and 1996 was half balanced and had critically imbalance condition in 1986 and 2006. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
376 - Regional Flood Frequency Analysis in Basin of Golestan River
Alireza Alireza Abbas MehrafrozThe equiton and models presented in this research are considered toestimate peak discharge in non-hydrometric stream gauging station indrainage basin of Golestan River. Thus, following examing the allhydrometric stream- gauging stations, 3 stations have been selected wh MoreThe equiton and models presented in this research are considered toestimate peak discharge in non-hydrometric stream gauging station indrainage basin of Golestan River. Thus, following examing the allhydrometric stream- gauging stations, 3 stations have been selected whichhave essential condition for regional analyses. Then between amounts ofdischarge with different return period in the mentioned station andeffective elements on flood in their upstream have been presented,relations and models using simple multiple regression method andlogarithmic, selection that can be used for obtaining the amounts ofdischarge whith different retarn period (Qti) in sub-basins not havingstation or any other place. Studing the suggested models show that amongother effective factors on flood, 3 factor of area (A), average of maximumdaily rainfall (P24), and the percentage of area covered by forest (FVA),have more meaningfull impact on amounts of peak discharge incomparative other factors, in addition, coefficient of multiple determine ofall models is about 1 and shows nearly 100% of (QTi) determined by 3above variables. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
377 - Measurement and analysis of quality of life in rural Areas (Case Study: Mahban Village, Nikshahr Township)
فرامرز پریمانی مهدی جعفری عثمان بلوچیRural areas in developing countries and less developed, especially in arid geographic areas with natural constraints are facing with numerous challenges in production and income sources, access to job opportunities, sustainable housing, having many of the facilities and MoreRural areas in developing countries and less developed, especially in arid geographic areas with natural constraints are facing with numerous challenges in production and income sources, access to job opportunities, sustainable housing, having many of the facilities and recreational and leisure facilities and services. Since the ultimate goal of planning and development is improving the quality of life, study and measurement of the quality of life in all human communities, especially in rural areas is very important and it is essential in the process of sustainable development in rural areas. The main purpose of this article is measurement of the quality of life in economic and social aspects of the villagers in the village Mahban, Nikshahr city is located in the southeastern province of Sistan and Baluchestan. Research methods are based on descriptive - analytical (statistical) data analysis via completing the questionnaires and we used the SPSS software to analyzing the data. Research data were obtained from 273 households which their population is more than 20 families in Mahban. The obtained results show that the quality of life in Mahban in rural economic and social aspects is lower than average. Economic resources(Ownership of agricultural land, Ownership of livestock, Services agriculture and livestock insurance, agricultural, livestock and crafts production) have the most effect(1.076) on equality of life and basic services (Piped drinking water, access roads, housing) have the least effect (0.538) on quality of life. Also the rural population is a very influential factor (1.578) on the quality of life in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
378 - Codifying and reliability measuring of Ecotourism Entrepreneurship Development indexes in Rural Region
حمدالله سجاسی قیداری عبدالرضا رکن الدین افتخاری مهدی پورطاهریEcotourism Entrepreneurship Development indexes are one of strategic criteria for planning and assessment of Ecotourism Entrepreneurship Development project in rural region. Thus, could assessed amount of proceed or effect of Ecotourism Entrepreneurship projects on achi MoreEcotourism Entrepreneurship Development indexes are one of strategic criteria for planning and assessment of Ecotourism Entrepreneurship Development project in rural region. Thus, could assessed amount of proceed or effect of Ecotourism Entrepreneurship projects on achieving to goals in each stage, with using of these criteria. The present gaps in this phase, cause that Ecotourism Entrepreneurship Development planning, codified far from considering the native and precise indexes and then, it difficult targeting and assessment of plans. Therefore, this article, try to codify and measuring reliability of Ecotourism Entrepreneurship Development native indexes in Iran rural region, to planners and Ecotourism Entrepreneurship researchers could use of this approved index by aware elites and expert in rural Ecotourism Entrepreneurship studies and even rural tourism Entrepreneurship or assessment of related project.For attain to this goal, descriptive and analytical methodology using data from a questionnaire in the expert's level. Thus, 36 indexes extract from Theatrical base and judged by 42 aware elites and expert through questioner. Reliability measuring and elites and expert agreement obtain by using of TOPSIS technique and other technique of ranking. Also, had been used of Uman Witnwey sample in SPSS software for compare the view of university elites with expert in other organization related with tourism Entrepreneurship. The result show that all of indexes are more than moderate and among of variety dimension, policies and law procedure dimension is the most important rather other dimensions of Ecotourism Entrepreneurship. From other side, the weight of each index was separately calculated that Eco touristic opportunity index with 0.112 is upper and green physical infrastructure index with 0.001 is lowest weighted index.Ecotourism and ecotourism economic, in it’s actually concept has not been considered in Iran. Therefore, in the future researches could emphasis on tourism entrepreneurship spatially in ecotourism.Finally, the result of Uman Witney sample show that all of indexes are agreed by elites and expert, then are approved and applicable for the future studies. This study is innovation for emphases to the ecotourism entrepreneurship index, and can use by rural planning, tourism development and entrepreneurship researchers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
379 - Assessment the status of the member Countries, Guam in an Era of Globalization
zahra pishgahifard mohamadreza rezaee hojat MahkoeiQuite competitive century colonial Great amein Central Asia Geopolitical The Great Russian Revolution, which endedin 1917AD. Untilthe early1990swith thecollapse oftheSovietCentral Asianregion, this time alongthe whole southern Caucasus, Central Eurasiaare called a MoreQuite competitive century colonial Great amein Central Asia Geopolitical The Great Russian Revolution, which endedin 1917AD. Untilthe early1990swith thecollapse oftheSovietCentral Asianregion, this time alongthe whole southern Caucasus, Central Eurasiaare called againin power of the competition and the game wassuch that it the newgreat gameto berememberedas. Despiteall these development soccurredin the geostrategic and geopolitical regions ofthe world, riseup and Eyes Regionalintegrationandunityofthecoalitionaretofailedtoinfluencethekey playersinthe global systemto reduceplay.one of theseplacesaregeopoliticalregionthathas alwaysbeeninvolvedinrecentyearschallengingandwarshave beeninternal and external. thisarticleisfollowed bytherole andfunction oftheCaucasusregion aregionalorganizationinGuamtoassesstheage of Globalization. Organizations the convention that the interestdue tobeing asuccessfuljointforcesin thescenebetweentheregionin order to solveorpreventproblemsthatledGeorgia, Ukraine,AzerbaijaniandMoldovan, aregionalorganizationestablishedin 1997toGuam. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
380 - Evaluation of development rate in Tehran province
hassan ahmadi yaghoub esmaeilzadehQuick development in urbanization causes regional imbalance in developing countries. Adoption of some economic policies causes attraction of facilities to some regions and lag of more other regions. The goals of this article is studying regional imbalance in Tehran prov MoreQuick development in urbanization causes regional imbalance in developing countries. Adoption of some economic policies causes attraction of facilities to some regions and lag of more other regions. The goals of this article is studying regional imbalance in Tehran province and also offering suitable solutions to reduce this imbalance. Research method used in this article is explanatory method .Using taxonomy model and 31 economic, social and cultural indicators, this imbalance has been analyzed. Hypothesis of this research is: - It seems that Tehran County has a great influence in regional imbalance of Tehran province. - Decisions of economic planners and policy makers causes exacerbation of regional imbalance in Tehran province. Results of this article indicate existence of inequality in Tehran province. Shemiran County with attracting more facilities is most developed, and Ghods County is the worst under developed county. At the end of this article, has been tried to offer solutions to decrease the inequalities like, paying attention to deprived regions of province and utilization of growth opportunities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
381 - Limitation of water resources and their role in Khorassan Razavi rural area in stability
Majid yasooriKhorasan province in the east part of Iran faces with deficit of rainfall and draught because of locating on arid belt as well as being far away from humid centers. Increasing growth of population, need for agricultural and animal products, increasing need for water sup MoreKhorasan province in the east part of Iran faces with deficit of rainfall and draught because of locating on arid belt as well as being far away from humid centers. Increasing growth of population, need for agricultural and animal products, increasing need for water supply in the industry sector, mean while, and the limitation of water resources, on the other hand, bears server problems for the development of province. On the other hand, inadaptability of potentials and capacities and the restriction of water resources as well as the exploitation procedure have increased the development challenges of the province due to inappropriate settlement of the population and activities. Severe shortage of water resources resulted from unauthorized and excessive exploitations, population growth, and increase of demand in different sectors have made the role of this vital material in regional development more sidnificant. Therefore, establishing a balance in rate of water consumption and revived water in the region in tandem with the land use (land preparation) policies is one of the most important measures which are necessary to be taken in the later phases of optimal exploitation of water resources (increase of the irrigation yield). In other words, paying no attention to the present situation of explotiting water resources, removing exisiting bottlenecks, not applying land preparation policies in settlement of population and activities, will confront the region with essential challenges Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
382 - Approaches to Development the Tourism Industry in Guilan Province
mehrdad godarzvand chegini nasrollah molaei hashjinTourism plays an important role in the economy of the societies. Recognizing the accurate and deep dimensions of various tourism attractions is the key factor to the improvement of the tourism market. Tourism industry, within the last decades, has grown up with an incre MoreTourism plays an important role in the economy of the societies. Recognizing the accurate and deep dimensions of various tourism attractions is the key factor to the improvement of the tourism market. Tourism industry, within the last decades, has grown up with an increasing growth rate, and is a considerable source of income for a number of both developed and developing countries. Based on this, the following research is performed through a survey method. The population under study included managers and administrative decision makers in economic, social and cultural sectors connected to the tourism industry in Guilan which is characterized through cluster sampling. The measure to evaluate the face validity of the expert opinion in the tourism industry was a questionnaire. To delineate the reliability factor, a Cronbach Alpha coefficient was used. A coefficient of 871% is indicative of high reliability and capacity of the measure. Then, the data collected were analyzed by applying the SPSS software. One of the major findings of the research is that the ecotourism can be used as the main effective approach to improve and develop the industry with regard to the cultural and social situations in the country. Among the geographical attractions, the sea and its coasts have had the highest influence in attracting the tourists to Guilan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
383 - کاربردسوپرجاذب و مالچ بر برخی صفات گل جعفری (Tagetes erecta) تحت تناوب آبیاری
حیدر العبیدی زهرا کریمیان لیلا سمیعی علی تهرانیفرکمبود آب مانعی مهم جهت توسعه و گسترش منظر شهری در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک جهان است. این روزها مواد آلی و مصنوعی می­توانند بدون کاهش در کیفیت و کمیت منظر شهری با هدف کاهش در مصرف آب مورد استفاده قرار گیرند. به منظور مطالعه اثر برخی انواع مالچ بر کاهش دور آبیاری بر روی گ Moreکمبود آب مانعی مهم جهت توسعه و گسترش منظر شهری در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک جهان است. این روزها مواد آلی و مصنوعی می­توانند بدون کاهش در کیفیت و کمیت منظر شهری با هدف کاهش در مصرف آب مورد استفاده قرار گیرند. به منظور مطالعه اثر برخی انواع مالچ بر کاهش دور آبیاری بر روی گیاه فصلی پرطرفدار گل جعفری در خاورمیانه آزمایشی در طی سالهای 1395 تا 1396 در شهر مشهد انجام شد. در این آزمایش دو تیمار شامل نوع مالچ (خاک معمولی به عنوان شاهد، مالچ تنه درخت خرما، مالچ پلاستیک و سوپرجاذب) و دور آبیاری (3، 6 و 9 روز) اعمال شد. برخی صفات مورفولوژیکی، بیولوژیکی، فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی در این آزمایش مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. در اغلب صفات، دور آبیاری هر سه روز یکبار در مقایسه با دورهای 6 و 9 روز یکبار افزایش معنی­داری را نشان داد. اما در صفت ارتفاع گیاه، تعداد گل و نرخ فتوسنتز هیچ تفاوت معنیداری بین دورهای آبیاری 3 روز و 9 روز مشاهده نشد. یافتهها نشان میدهد که سوپرجاذب و در مرتبه بعدی مالچ تنه درخت خرما با دور آبیاری هر 9 روز یکبار میتوانند برای گل جعفری در شهرهای خشک و نیمهخشک پیشنهاد شوند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
384 - Determinants of Adoption of Improved Maize Varieties in Zabzugu-Tatale Districts in the Northern Region of Ghana: A Case Study of Obaatanpa Variety
Wahab Ibn Hassan Hamza Adam Osman Damba Tahidu -
Open Access Article
385 - Borich Needs Assessment Model for Assessing Rice Post-harvest Value Addition Training Needs of Agricultural Extension Agents, Southern Region, Sierra Leone
Philip Kamanda Masa Motaung Ernest Okorley -
Open Access Article
386 - Understanding Factors Impacting to Low Members’ Savings among Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies (SACCOS), A Survey Study in Rural Kwimba District, Mwanza Region, Tanzania
Paulin PaulThe functionality of the Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOS) sorely depends to members’ savings. Specifically this study aimed to determine SACCOS’ members saving capacity and to identify factors leading to low members’ savings. Ninety SA MoreThe functionality of the Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOS) sorely depends to members’ savings. Specifically this study aimed to determine SACCOS’ members saving capacity and to identify factors leading to low members’ savings. Ninety SACCOS members were selected and used in this study. Data were collected using structured questionnaire, checklist of interview and documentary review. The collected data was analyzed descriptively whereby percentages and multiple responses analysis were computed. The study findings revealed that SACCOS members in Kwimba District have low saving capacity of below 10,000TZS per month. Among the revealed factors leading to low member savings included; un-payment of interest to members’ savings, few sources of income among members and lack of faith with SACCOS as a strong financial institution hence members fear of losing their money when they consider depositing to SACCOS. Stiff competition from other competitors that offer loans without savings was also among the factors leading to low member savings. The study concludes that low member savings among SACCOS members in Kwimba District is sorely associated with; demographic characteristics of individual SACCOS member, SACCOS as an institution and external environment particularly SACCOS competitors. The study recommends that; SACCOS management should work upon the identified hindrances of low member savings in order to improve member savings capacity and the entire functionability of the SACCOS in Rural Kwimba District. The study as benefited the SACCOS management to strategize on how to increase members savings capacity hence improve liquidity and functionality of the entire SACCOS. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
387 - Daily Pan Evaporation Estimation Using Artificial Neural Network-based Models
Karimi-Googhari, Sh -
Open Access Article
388 - Investigating the Opportunities and Obstacles to Development in the Border Areas of Iran Using the SWOT Model Case study: Iran's border with the Kurdistan region of Iraq
Ali Mohseni Reza Fekri barkoosaraeiAbstractBefore and after the fall of the Ba'ath regime, the border region of Iran and Iraq was a low-security, security-rich region. In the course of this period, the economic situation in the border regions of the two countries was not well developed. But since 2003, a MoreAbstractBefore and after the fall of the Ba'ath regime, the border region of Iran and Iraq was a low-security, security-rich region. In the course of this period, the economic situation in the border regions of the two countries was not well developed. But since 2003, after the collapse of the Ba'athist regime and the rule of democracy in Iraq, the common borders of the two countries came out of a state of emergency and entered a new era, the most important feature of which is the economic prosperity of the border region of the two countries. A common border area between Iran and Iraq is the common border between Iran and the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Within the framework of democratic Iraq, the Kurdish region of Iraq became an autonomous entity in various fields, including economics. This has directly and independently linked this autonomous climate with neighboring countries, especially Iran. This has led to the rapid development of some of the border towns in Iran, egion. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore the opportunities and obstacles facing development in this region by using the SWOT model and present strategies for strengthening development in this region. In this regard, the main questions of the paper are as follows: What are the weaknesses, strengths, threats and opportunities facing the development of the border region of Iran with the Kurdistan region of Iraq? What strategies can be developed to improve the development situation in these areas? It is worth noting that this research was written in an analytical-descriptive manner. The data of this paper were obtained in a library and survey method and a questionnaire, and the analysis method was also performed through the SWOT model.Keywords: Development, Border Region, Iran, Iraqi Kurdistan Region, Strategic SWOT Model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
389 - ارائه الگوی نظام نوآوری منطقهای صنعت طیور
مژگان عبداللهی کلورزی سعید باقرسلیمی علیرضا صیداویصنعت طیور با داشتن یکی از پر حجمترین بخشهای نیروی انسانی از مهمترین منابع اقتصادی است. وسعت این صنعت و روند روبهرشد مصرف محصولات مرتبط با آن لزوم توجه به نوآوری دراین صنعت را موجب شده است. هدف این پژوهش ارائه الگوی نظام نوآوری منطقهای صنعت طیور بود که سه استان گیلان Moreصنعت طیور با داشتن یکی از پر حجمترین بخشهای نیروی انسانی از مهمترین منابع اقتصادی است. وسعت این صنعت و روند روبهرشد مصرف محصولات مرتبط با آن لزوم توجه به نوآوری دراین صنعت را موجب شده است. هدف این پژوهش ارائه الگوی نظام نوآوری منطقهای صنعت طیور بود که سه استان گیلان، مازندران و گلستان در کشور ایران بصورت نمونه مورد مطالعه قرارگرفتند. پژوهش حاضر ازمنظر ماهیت، پژوهشی کاربردی، ازمنظر روش از نوع توصیفی–پیمایشی، ازمنظر نوع داده کمی- کیفی و ازلحاظ فلسفه پژوهش از نوع کثرتگرایی بود. جامعه آماری این پژوهش خبرگان مرتبط با صنعت طیور در کشور بودند. جهت جمعآوری دادهها علاوهبر استفاده از منابع کتابخانهای، از ابزار پرسشنامه و مصاحبه استفاده گردید. در این پژوهش برای انتخاب خبرگان از روش تکنیک گلولهبرفی استفاده شد. برای انجام مصاحبهها 5نفر از خبرگان انتخاب شدند و پرسشنامهها نیز بین 32نفر از خبرگان توزیع شد. تجزیهوتحلیل دادهها نیز با استفاده از نرمافزار SPSS و Modeler و همچنین رویکرد شبکه عصبی مصنوعی پرسپترون چندلایه انجام گردید. دراین پژوهش از رویکرد ساختاری–کارکردی برای ارائه الگوی نظام نوآوری منطقهای صنعت طیور استفاده شد. درمجموع 15بازیگر، 29نهاد و 6کارکرد شناسایی شد که تحلیل دادهها مدل را مورد تایید قرارداد. همچنین یافتهها نشان داد که دربین بازیگران نظام نوآوری منطقهای سازمان گمرک و دربین نهادهای نظام نوآوری منطقهای اجرای سیاستهای مربوط به کمک به جذب دانش فنی و سرمایههای داخلی و بینالمللی مهمترین شاخصهای عناصر ساختاری بودند. ازطرفی نتایج نشان داد که تمامی کارکردهای نظام نوآوری دارای اهمیت بالایی بوده و در بین آنها فقط شاخصهای کارکرد نوآوری و کارآفرینی دارای عملکرد نسبتاً پایینتری بودند که لازم است تا سیاستگذاران اقدامات لازم برای بهبود عملکرد این کارکرد را مورد توجه قرار دهند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
390 - Food Losses and Waste: A Global Overview with a Focus on Near East and North Africa Region
سینیشا بریان روبرتو کاپونه فیلیپ دبس حمید البلالیFood losses refer to edible food mass decrease throughout the human food chain. Food losses occurring at consumption stage are called food waste. Food Losses and Waste (FLW) represent one of the most critical social, economic and ecological challenges facing humanity, b MoreFood losses refer to edible food mass decrease throughout the human food chain. Food losses occurring at consumption stage are called food waste. Food Losses and Waste (FLW) represent one of the most critical social, economic and ecological challenges facing humanity, besides being also an ethical issue. FAO data show that roughly one-third of food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted. There are no precise and accurate data regarding food waste in Near East and North Africa (NENA) region. The review paper aims at providing insights about the extent of FLW in NENA region with a special focus on Arab countries and Iran. The paper explores linkages between food waste and food security. Moreover, it analyses the economic and environmental implications of FLW. FLW vary depending on food type, country and season. Generally speaking, postharvest losses are significant in this region for most of commodity groups. It is estimated that FLW amount to 34% of food supply in NENA region. FLW undermine the very foundations of food security and amount to major depletion of resources (e.g. water, land, energy) and produce needlessly greenhouse gases. They also represent a wasted investment that reduces farmers’ incomes and increase consumers’ expenses. Therefore, food waste reduction is crucial for improving the sustainability of the food supply chain and achieving food and nutrition security in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
391 - Using Probabilistic-Risky Programming Models in Identifying Optimized Pattern of Cultivation under Risk Conditions (Case Study: Shoshtar Region)
Mohammad Kavoosi Kelashemi Mohammad Aghapour Sabbagi Hamid Reza AlipourUsing Telser and Kataoka models of probabilistic-risky mathematical programming, the present research is to determine the optimized pattern of cultivating the agricultural products of Shoshtar region under risky conditions. In order to consider the risk in the mentioned MoreUsing Telser and Kataoka models of probabilistic-risky mathematical programming, the present research is to determine the optimized pattern of cultivating the agricultural products of Shoshtar region under risky conditions. In order to consider the risk in the mentioned models, time period of agricultural years 1996-1997 till 2004-2005 was taken into account. Results from Telser and Kataoka models showed that due to accepting the risk amounts, most of the optimized amounts suggest the tomato cultivation during the cultivation period of fall, and watermelon cultivation during the cultivation period of spring. On the basis of results, due to allocation of agricultural lands of Shoshtar to tomato and watermelon cultivation and specializing the farming activity in this province, gross profit of agricultural production system can be increased to 6116047000 and 727782272 thousand Rials, respectively. The results of understudy models were investigated under different income scenarios and probabilistic levels of risk acceptance. Correct policy making in order to offer the suitable equipments for adjusting the effects of lack of certainty and risks due to the climatic unwanted conditions in production process of agricultural products of Shoshtar region improve the life situation of farmers of the mentioned region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
392 - Regionalization of the Iowa State University Extension System: Lessons Learned by Key Administrators
Mary S. Holz-Clause Vikram Swaroop Chandra Koundinya Sherry Glenn Jack M. PayneThe cyclical economic downturn in the United States has forced many Extension administrators to rethink and adjust services and programming. The Cooperative Extension System (CES), the organization primarily responsible for governmental Extension work in the United Stat MoreThe cyclical economic downturn in the United States has forced many Extension administrators to rethink and adjust services and programming. The Cooperative Extension System (CES), the organization primarily responsible for governmental Extension work in the United States, at Iowa State University responded to this economic downturn by restructuring its organization from county based to a regional model. This paper shares the experiences of key administrators in planning this restructuring process and the lessons learned. This experience and the restructuring processes used have implications for administrators in all organizational settings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
393 - Theoretical Approach of A Possible Value-Added Chain in the Biomass Industry in Rural Areas Giving the Example of A Hungarian Microregion
Zoltán Bujdosó Csaba Patkós Tibor Kovács Zsolt RadicsThe future of biomass energy in the global energy system depends on many major factors, among others on the attitude of society in rural areas to the biomass energy and the renewable energy resources. Biomass energy plays increasing role in rural areas with its contribu MoreThe future of biomass energy in the global energy system depends on many major factors, among others on the attitude of society in rural areas to the biomass energy and the renewable energy resources. Biomass energy plays increasing role in rural areas with its contribution to the self sufficiency of people in the countryside. The paper deals with the analysis the opportunities of utilization of biomass energy sources giving example of a Hungarian study area and to study the possibilities of the cooperation and management regarding biomass industry in a certain rural region. Furthermore, the aims of this analysis are on the one hand to predict the potential renewable energy of the Eger Micro-region and on the other hand to research the theoretical possibilities of a value added chain in biomass industry. The main conclusion of the paper is that economic benefits can be locally embedded through local distribution of profit generated by sales of energy or financial benefits from energy saved by efficiency activities local training and employment opportunities and local shareholding. Furthermore shareholding can also involve individuals resident outside of the local community, forming part of a more spatially dispersed ‘community of interest’ involved in, and supportive of, the development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
394 - An Investigation into Credit Receipt and Enterprise Performance among Small Scale Agro Based Enterprises in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria
Ubon Asuquo Essien Chukwuemeka John Arene Noble Jackson NwezeThe study was designed to analyze credit receipt and enterprise performance by small scale agro based enterprises in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was adopted in selecting 264 agro based enterprises and 96 agro based enterprises that MoreThe study was designed to analyze credit receipt and enterprise performance by small scale agro based enterprises in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was adopted in selecting 264 agro based enterprises and 96 agro based enterprises that accessed informal and formal credit respectively. The Heckman model was used to examine the factors affecting amount of informal and formal credit received by the enterprises. Financial ratios such as the current ratio and return on capital employed ratio were used in addition to the t-test to examine the performance of enterprises that borrowed from informal and formal credit markets in the area. Analyses of informal credit amount received reveal that gender, age and social capital are significant for the first hurdle, whereas gender, size, income, guarantor and social capital are significant for the second hurdle. Similarly, gender, education, age, size, and collateral are significant for the first hurdle for formal credit, while the second hurdle reported significant results with age, size, income, collateral and social capital. Formal credit was less accessible than informal credit but enhanced greater performance. Formal credit should be made to be easily accessible and efficiently utilized. This will go a long way in complementing the amnesty programme of the federal government of Nigeria in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
395 - Strategies and Consequences of Acquiring Sports Seats in International Forums and its Effects on the Development of Surrounding Areas
Elham Gorji Lora Chapari Zahra HezhabrniaThe present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the strategies and consequences of acquiring sports seats in international forums. The method of the current research has an exploratory-fundamental nature and a qualitative approach with a data base strategy MoreThe present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the strategies and consequences of acquiring sports seats in international forums. The method of the current research has an exploratory-fundamental nature and a qualitative approach with a data base strategy has been used. The tool used was a semi-structured interview that used the opinions of 10 specialists and experts of the country. Purposeful sampling method was used for sampling. The statistical research method for data analysis is the method of coding with the help of frequency analysis, and to perform the mentioned analyzes with the help of MAXQDA 2020 software, which is special for coding in qualitative method, the codes were categorized and a conceptual model was also presented. The results showed that the strategic conditions are equal to 6 components (allocation of budget and foreign currency credits, appointment of competent managers, continuation and maintenance of seat holders with federations of other countries, role of the media, acquisition of international seats and increasing the development of interaction and communication with international sports organizations ) and the consequent conditions are equal to 6 components (development of political diplomacy with other countries, retention of seat holders, development of cultural relations, creation of memorandum and exchange, provision of presence of women to obtain seat and participation and membership in international forums). Iran's sports has not been without its share of international seats and holding the most important ones, but recklessness, selfish and selfish actions and even strange mistakes have caused their gradual loss. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
396 - Characterizing a Subset of the PPS with Radial Projection Point on a Prespecified Hyperplane
Najmeh Malekmohammadi Amin Mostafaee -
Open Access Article
397 - Finding stability regions for preserving efficiency classification of variable returns to scale technology in data envelopment analysis
P . Zamani M . Borzouei -
Open Access Article
398 - The role of public libraries of the free zone Maku in the development of the culture of the region
saeed ghaffari Solmaz Alizadehobjective: The promotion and development of culture is one of the tasks of public libraries. in this study, the effect of the general influence of the Maku free zone on the cultural development of the region has been studied. Methodology: the present study is an applied Moreobjective: The promotion and development of culture is one of the tasks of public libraries. in this study, the effect of the general influence of the Maku free zone on the cultural development of the region has been studied. Methodology: the present study is an applied study which has been done in a descriptive - survey method.to collect data in this research and with the aim of responding to research questions, The respondents were all members of the public library of the Maku free zone which were active member of the library and at least 15 years old when it was carried out. The sample size was determined according to Krejci and Morgan sampling table count is 357. The number of 271 questionnaires were returned, only 240 (22/67 %) them were completely filled. Results: However, variables such as age, level of education and job groups may differ in their view regarding the role of public libraries in cultural development, but there was no significant difference regarding these variables. Conclusion: The users of the public library report the increasing rate of study and improving the level of knowledge from the most important roles in the library, while the role of libraries is in the development of cultural and artistic education is low. All users of the public library in the Maku free zone agree on components of cultural development and offered similar views. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
399 - Evaluating the quality level of services provided by the Regional Information Center for Science and Technology (RICeST) using the Six Sigma methodology.
Ali Bairanvand Mohamad Ebrahim Samiei Sareh RahmanianObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality level of services provided by the Regional Information Center for Science and Technology (RICeST) using the Six Sigma methodology. Methodology: The studied population in this research includes the users of (R MoreObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality level of services provided by the Regional Information Center for Science and Technology (RICeST) using the Six Sigma methodology. Methodology: The studied population in this research includes the users of (RICeST). 120 users in this center have been chosen as the samples by a simple random way. Data collection tool in this study was the LibQUAL Questionnaire. Using this questionnaire, the gap between the customers' expectations and perceptions was identified and analyzed. Data were analyzed using the statistical software "Spss" and the mean and standard deviation were calculated for the obtained data. In each of the evaluated cases, the calculated standard deviation was compared with the sigma level in the output table for the types of sigma in order to specify the qualitative efficiency of services. By this way, the error rate in each of the provided services has been determined. Findings: the findings showed the employees in the Regional Center for the Science and Technology Information have been able to meet the users' minimum expectations in this center in all cases except the option "The courteous staff"; and have allocated the efficiency 50% which is equal to 500,000 errors per million. In the other words, the average rate was true in all raised options about the staff in this center. The efficiency, 69. 20 percent, obtained from the users view about the quality of existing resources in this center represents their relative satisfaction with the current condition. Only about the option "the presence of a website in the center" the level of users' expectations has been equal to the actual level and the efficiency 99. 97 percent been achieved. The quality of library space at the actual level has been lower than the maximum level of users' expectation, but it has been higher than the level of users' minimum expectations. The efficiency 69. 20 percent about the center space indicates 308,000 errors per million. In this case, it has been far from achieving the desired level or the maximum users' expectations. Conclusion: The results showed that in most cases, Regional Information Center for Science and Technology require to increase the actual level of service. Near the maximum level of expectations with actual service, will result to increase efficiency service quality and the Users ‘satisfaction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
400 - Studying the status of information technology infrastructure in central libraries of Islamic Azad University, Fifth Region
nadjla hariri yari hossein yari firoz abadiThe present research which has been done by survey method was planned to study the status of information technology infrastructure in the central libraries of Islamic Azad University, fifth Region. The research population includes fifteen central libraries. To collect n MoreThe present research which has been done by survey method was planned to study the status of information technology infrastructure in the central libraries of Islamic Azad University, fifth Region. The research population includes fifteen central libraries. To collect needed information two questionnaires were distributed for managers and librarians working in mentioned libraries. Also, findings analysis was conducted by Excel software. Research findings in all central libraries indicate that 62.5% of librarians have graduated in Librarianship and 37.5% of them have graduated in other disciplines. Additionally, 73.3% of managers have Librarianship education. Study of hardware facilities shows that the most used hardwares, which are being used in these libraries, are computers, Printers, USPs, Telephones and Scanners. Library software and teaching CD-ROMS are the most common softwares being used at the academic libraries in Islamic Azad University, Fifth Region. The most application of electronic facilities belongs to e-books in the form of CD and online databases. Library managers express that the lack of sufficient learning and lack of trained staff are the major barriers in information technology learning. Almost 40% of libraries managers have passed educational courses to learn how to use information technology effectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
401 - Assess the situation elementary school libraries in the region 5 of Tehran and according to IFLA standards
Majid ghasemi Vahideh namdari Keyvan salehiPurpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the compliance of current situation of elementary school libraries in the region 5 of Tehran, with the standards of school libraries (IFLA). Methodology: This study used a descriptive survey method. Among the 120 primar MorePurpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the compliance of current situation of elementary school libraries in the region 5 of Tehran, with the standards of school libraries (IFLA). Methodology: This study used a descriptive survey method. Among the 120 primary schools (public) region 5 of Tehran, 30 available school libraries, consisting 15 boys school and 15 girls school, were selected. In order to gather data, an appropriate questionnaire with good technical characteristics (reliability and validity) was used. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, including mean, frequency and the percentage of frequency was applied. Findings: The results indicate that surveyed libraries are too far from the standards of IFLA. The outcomes were achieved in seven parts as following: mission and policy (%57), space and equipment (%30.87) and set of resources (%47.78), budget (%38) and workforce (librarian %3.33), services and activities (%62.92) and extension services and promotes learning (%67.78). Conclusion: The results show that school libraries were not in the limit of IFLA standards in any of the studied sections, but the services and promoting services, were in acceptable condition compared with the other sectors. On the other hand, the workforce, due to its deplorable situation, requires particular attention Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
402 - A comparative evaluation of objectives, missions and plans of national information and documentation centers in Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology
Noroozi Chakoli AbdolrezaThe comparison of missions and plans of organizations that are led by the same ministry and have similar objectives can result in optimizing their objectives and missions and preventing composition of similar programs and performance of overlapping activities. At the cu MoreThe comparison of missions and plans of organizations that are led by the same ministry and have similar objectives can result in optimizing their objectives and missions and preventing composition of similar programs and performance of overlapping activities. At the current study, thus, objectives, missions and plans of 'Regional Information Center of Science and Technology' (RICST), 'Iranian Information and Documentation Center' (IRANDOC) and 'Iranian Research Organization of Science and Technology; Office for Information Technology and Scientific Network' (IROST) have been studied and compared. To accomplish this research, "Multiple Case Study Method" has been used. Furthermore, "Survey", "Historical" and "Library" methods have employed to conduct "Multiple Case Study Method". Considering the fact that it is possible to use both quantitative and qualitative data in "Multiple Case Study Method", both types of mentioned data have been used at the present research. Besides, "comparative method" has been used to analyze data. The results of both quantitative and qualitative findings reveal that in spite of having corresponding objectives and missions with objectives and missions of Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, these three centers consider revising and updating their overlapping objectives and missions as a necessity. However, this revision should not result in the integration, omission or suspension of any of their activities and must only lead to optimization of their objectives and missions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
403 - The role of educational workshops in promoting Islamic Azad University libraries
zohreh mirhosseini zahra abazari Reza RastavanPurpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the role of educational workshops in promoting library management in Islamic Azad University Region 8 including 15 branches in Tehran and around Tehran. Methodology: Survey method is used for data gathering. An organized MorePurpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the role of educational workshops in promoting library management in Islamic Azad University Region 8 including 15 branches in Tehran and around Tehran. Methodology: Survey method is used for data gathering. An organized questionnaire is used with 96% reliability through Cronbach’s alpha test. Population are 100 managers and librarians of Region 8 of Islamic Azad University. Findings: According to the results, training courses increase job scales with average 3.26, job knowledge with 3.46, accuracy in job tasks with 3.09 and solving problems with 3.00. The data show that training courses stimulate staff for achieving to the objectives of organization with 3.20, and also improve the behavior of the staff. In the field of job promotion, the courses with average 3.11 are desired and stimulate it, but they are not led to advantage of promotion with average of 2/74. Conclusion: Participation and earning needed skills, job promotion, speed, accuracy and order, respect, planning and curiosity, presenting views, obeying and accepting responsibility, are in an acceptable level and it is suggested that the courses would be held periodically. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
404 - evaluating the criteria of knowledge-based urban development in order to achieve a local model of knowledge-based urban development in Pardis city with a regional development approach by the combined technique of z-socore and BWM
ALI ADIB FARAH HABIB Zahra Sadat Saeideh ZarabadiKnowledge is one of the most important resources for competition and development in today's economy. Therefore, knowledge-based cities are considered as a suitable solution for economic growth and development of regions and improving the quality of life in the 21st MoreKnowledge is one of the most important resources for competition and development in today's economy. Therefore, knowledge-based cities are considered as a suitable solution for economic growth and development of regions and improving the quality of life in the 21st century. The main goal of this research is to formulate solid theoretical foundations regarding the impact of knowledge-based cities on regional development and the micro-goal is to identify the components and criteria of a knowledge-based city in order to achieve a proposed local framework for knowledge-based urban development in Pardis city. The research philosophy is pragmatism with a positive orientation and analytical research method, and the research approach is based on the nature of the data in a combined (inductive and deductive) manner.In this research, in order to reach a proposed local framework for the development of a knowledge-based city, it explains and evaluates the components and criteria of a knowledge-based city in Pardis city. In order to achieve this goal, the desired components and criteria were determined using documentary studies and theoretical and experimental bases, and a questionnaire with 65 items was distributed among the decision-making group consisting of 40 members of the target group, using the Delphi method. The z-score method was used to extract the best indicators, and the weight of the components and criteria was calculated based on the Likert spectrum and the best-best method. In the following, the research questions were answered, which are the criteria and indicators necessary to transform Pardis city into a knowledge-based city and what will be their priority to achieve a successful knowledge-based city.In fact, six social, economic, managerial, perceptual, spatial organization and urban infrastructure components were defined as the proposed components for knowledge-based urban development and their related indicators. The results of the research show that the economic component with a score of 0.42 is in the first place, the social and cultural component is in the second place with a score of 0.35 and the urban infrastructure component is in the third place with a score of 0.21 in terms of importance in Pardis city and in line with every One of the mentioned components, the indicators related to them were prioritized and necessary proposals were presented to transform Pardis city into a knowledge-based city with the aim of regional development Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
405 - بحران سوریه: تجزیه و تحلیل راهبردهای سیاسی و امنیتی کنشگران درگیر
احسان تقی زاده سالاریدر یکی از خونبارترین تحولات خاورمیانه، از سال 2011 بحرانی سخت سوریه و منطقه را درگیر خود نموده است. در این میان هر کدام از بازیگران منطقهای و یا قدرتهای فرامنطقهای به فراخور وزن و جایگاه و همچنین به تناسب منافع و ملاحظات خود در این بحران مداخله، نقشآفرینی و یا حداق Moreدر یکی از خونبارترین تحولات خاورمیانه، از سال 2011 بحرانی سخت سوریه و منطقه را درگیر خود نموده است. در این میان هر کدام از بازیگران منطقهای و یا قدرتهای فرامنطقهای به فراخور وزن و جایگاه و همچنین به تناسب منافع و ملاحظات خود در این بحران مداخله، نقشآفرینی و یا حداقل اعلام موضع نمودهاند. این مقاله درصدد است تا با بررسی راهبرد سیاسی امنیتی کنشگران منطقه ای و فرامنطقه ای در قبال بحران سوریه دلایل و عوامل موثر بر این سیاستها را شناسایی نموده و راهبردها و تاکتیکهای اتخاذ شده توسط این بازیگران را مطالعه نماید. برای بررسی این موضوع سه نظریه سازه انگاری، مکتب کپنهاگ و رئالیسم تدافعی به عنوان چارچوب نظری مورد توجه قرار گرفته و برای آزمون فرضیه از روش تبیینی- تحلیلی بهره برده و با استفاده از ابزار فیش برداری، اسناد و منابع کتابخانهای و اینترنتی و مکتوبات موجود این فرضیه به اثبات رسیده که با توجه به وجود سه نوع از منافع اعم از موازی، متقابل و متداخل، الگوی رفتاری بازیگران دخیل در بحران سوریه، نشان دهنده سه سطح همکاری، رقابت و تقابل در صحنه سیاسی و میدانی سوریه است و هر یک از طرفهای درگیر می کوشند تا با فزون سازی قدرت و نفوذ خود ضمن حفظ و ارتقاء منافع ملی خود و کنترل و تحدید نفوذ و حضور طرف مقابل، دست برتر را داشته باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
406 - Iran and Central Asia: Chances or Challenges?
Dal Yu -
Open Access Article
407 - The Impact of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization on Central Asia’s Security
Mohammadreza Dehshiri Hedayat Allah Nobar Turkaman Fatemeh Hashemi -
Open Access Article
408 - The Great Caspian Basin and the Geopolitical Balance in Today's World
Ardeshir Pournemat Nodehi Reza Simbar Elaheh Koolaee Seyed Kazem Sajjad pour -
Open Access Article
409 - Environmental Security: Regional Cooperation, Development and Armed Conflict in the Persian Gulf
Mahdi Mallahi G. Ramachandrappa -
Open Access Article
410 - The Position of the Transnational Region in the five-year Development Plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Hossein Ramezani kheradmardi Hamid Ahmadi Mehdi Zakerian AmiriIn the contemporary era, regionalism as aligned or Alternative to globalization, is one of the selective approaches of States. Iran, which is an international country and a regional power by geographical and historical circumstances, was able to improve its regional pos MoreIn the contemporary era, regionalism as aligned or Alternative to globalization, is one of the selective approaches of States. Iran, which is an international country and a regional power by geographical and historical circumstances, was able to improve its regional position from the beginning of the last decade of the twentieth century, with the end of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and the independence of the Central Asian and South Caucasus republics; But despite Iran's privileged geographical location, Iran's cultural and civilizational affinities with these countries and the formulation of six five-year development plans, during the past three decades, I.R. of Iran could not act as regional pole country and benefit from its regional capacities in relation to those countries. In the present study, the main question is "What is the position of the transnational region in Iran's five-year development plans?" and with using the method of document review and content analysis, the materials and clauses of the six development plans were reviewed. Findings of the article show that, in development plans, the meaning of the region is not clear; the amount of attention to the region in the programs varies widely and the main component of the region, its territory and its constituent countries, differs from one to another. As a practical result, suggested that "Iranian Civilization Area" as the geographical-cultural region surrounded Iran, be defined as the target region of Iran and a specific example of the transnational region in the country's macro-planning and policies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
411 - Crisis in Venezuela: A Politico Economic Understanding
Peu Gosh -
Open Access Article
412 - Regional and International Cooperation to Reduce Nagorno – Karabakh Conflict
Ali Mortazavian Mohammad Ghiacy -
Open Access Article
413 - The Khazar region; How much Trouble for Iran?
Kamal Pouladi -
Open Access Article
414 - Internal Factors of Insecurity in the Persian Gulf
Fatemeh Hashemi Bahremani -
Open Access Article
415 - The Potentialities of Russia to Re-Sovereignty over the Caspian Sea
Mohammad Zohdi GoharPour Ahad Pashalou Mosayeb GharehBeygi -
Open Access Article
416 - The Effect of BARJAM on the Revision of the Military policies of the members of the Persian Gulf Cooperative Council
Saeid Jamshidi Reza AliAkbarpour -
Open Access Article
417 - The effect of BARJAM on the revision of the military policies in the members of the Persian Gulf cooperative council
Saeid Jamshidi Reza Ali Akbarpour -
Open Access Article
418 - Israeli-Arab Relations; from Dream to Reality
Samira Zarghami Khosravi Mehdi Zakerian Amiri Kayhan Barzegar Ali Asghar Kazemi Zand -
Open Access Article
419 - Syrian Crisis: An Analysis of Political and Security Strategies of Involved Actors
Ehsan Taghizadeh Salari Mehdi Zakerian Amiri Davood Hermidas Bavand Kayhan Barzegar -
Open Access Article
420 - Monitoring of Regional Low-Flow Frequency Using Artificial Neural Networks
M Akbari K Solaimani M Mahdavi M Habibnejhad -
Open Access Article
421 - Var Rituals in the Southern Region of Kerman; An Anthropological, Mythological and Religious Analysis
yosof faryabi Masoumeh barsamVar (trial by ordeal) was a form of divine judgement carried out by Zoroastrian judges to ascertain personal truthfulness. This ritual was not exclusive to Iranians; it was prevalent in Europe until the middle centuries. In the mythological and religious culture of the MoreVar (trial by ordeal) was a form of divine judgement carried out by Zoroastrian judges to ascertain personal truthfulness. This ritual was not exclusive to Iranians; it was prevalent in Europe until the middle centuries. In the mythological and religious culture of the southern region of Kerman, the var ritual has been practiced in various ways throughout history. These include loqmeh-nevisi (eating consecrated morsels by the accused), takhteh-nevisi (writing the accused's name on a board), kāseh-ghardoon (identifying the culprit with a bowl of water), and qesme-chār (passing the accused through fire), among others, all aimed at proving personal truthfulness. The purpose of this study is to examine the role and implementation of Var rituals in this specific region. The research method is descriptive-analytical and involves collecting documentary information and conducting interviews with local inhabitants. The findings of the research indicate that the origins of Var rituals can be traced back to religious and mythological epic texts such as Shāhnāmeh and Avesta. Similar to other rituals, Var has undergone changes and transformations over time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
422 - Determination of DDT pesticide in muscle tissues of Cyprinus carpio, Rutilus frisii kutum & Liza auratas fish in southern coastal regions of Caspian Sea
P. Nejatkhah Manavi E. Shirvani Mahdavi M. Esmaeili BidhendiThis investigation was carried out in 2013 to measure the concentration ofagricultural organochlorine pesticide DDT in muscle tissues of three fish speciesincluding Cyprinus carpio, Rutilus frisii kutum & Liza auratas in eight stations insouthern coast of the C MoreThis investigation was carried out in 2013 to measure the concentration ofagricultural organochlorine pesticide DDT in muscle tissues of three fish speciesincluding Cyprinus carpio, Rutilus frisii kutum & Liza auratas in eight stations insouthern coast of the Caspian Sea (Bandar Torkaman, Khazarabad Sari,Fereydunkenar, Chalous, Kiashahr, Bandar Anzali, Hashtpar and Astara), Iran. In eachstation, five fish samples per species were caught and the concentration of thepesticide were measured by gas chromatography – electron capture detector (GCECD)in each of them. The average amount of DDT in C. carpio, R. frisii kutum & L.auratas were 0.11 ±0.24, 0.17 ±0.25 and 0.163 ±0.25 ng/g fresh weight,respectively. The most contaminated stations in terms of DDT contamination wasKiashahr (averagely, 0.64 ±0.02 ng/g based on fresh weight). In all stations, amountof DDT was lower than the maximum residue limit (0.28 mg/g fresh weight).Moreover, the level of the pesticide, DDT, in muscle tissue of the fish from all stationswas not higher than acceptable daily intake (ADI). The levels of DDT in studied fishesare significantly lower than in 2008. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
423 - Study of effect of NAO Index on temperature and precipitation of southern coastal region of Caspian Sea in 1977-2009 periods
S. Tabarestani A. AsgariThe North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) is one of the effective indices in changing atmospheric situation of northern hemisphere .Southern coastal region of Caspian Sea is affected by different atmospheric systems and teleconnections such as NAO because of its special geog MoreThe North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) is one of the effective indices in changing atmospheric situation of northern hemisphere .Southern coastal region of Caspian Sea is affected by different atmospheric systems and teleconnections such as NAO because of its special geographical situation. In this research, precipitation and temperature data of southern coastal region of Caspian Sea are examined for 8 synoptic stations in 1977-2009 period. NAO index data are also received from cpc.noaa.gov website. Precipitation and temperature data were examined with their corresponding NAO indices data by correlation test in monthly and yearly time scales. Furthermore, we found that in this region, when NAO index increases, precipitation will increase and temperature will decrease and vice versa. During recent years, NAO index shows negative trend, so we expect decrease of precipitation and increase of temperature in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
424 - Statistical and synoptical analyses of fog event in Rasht International Airport
F. Arkian T. Saberi H. Ardakani M. T. ZamanianTo better understand of fog events in the Rasht Airport, to improve the forecast accuracy, some statistical and synoptical analyses studied by 800m and less horizontal visibility during years 2000-2009. In this research, some parameters such as horizontal visibility, te MoreTo better understand of fog events in the Rasht Airport, to improve the forecast accuracy, some statistical and synoptical analyses studied by 800m and less horizontal visibility during years 2000-2009. In this research, some parameters such as horizontal visibility, temperature, dew point deficit, relative moisture and winds speed on onset hour and in the duration of the event have been analyzed. Frequency percent of fog events was calculated for all month during 2000-2009. Frequency of occurrence increases in the colder months especially in February is about 24.64 .The occurrence frequency of long duration fog events that begin between 1800 UTC to 2100 UTC hour is more than 2100 UTC to 0300 UTC hour; and the most fog events terminate nearby sunrise. The horizontal visibility at the onset time was lower (100m) for long duration fog events. In the most events, dew point deficit and relative humidity at the fog onset time were calculated zero and 80% respectively. Low wind speeds (0-0.2 ms-1) have long been known to favor fog development. Studied on Synoptic fog eventsshows that the most important patterns in long duration fog events development are blocking pattern, Col region and inversion in cold season. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
425 - Assessment of Diversity, density and distribution of zooplankton of estuarine region of Tajan River
M. Shapoori A. Javanshir H. AzarbadAssessed region consisted of TajanRiver estuarine region is one of the sub-basins of the Caspian Sea in flow basin, which has a 2-km2 area. In this assessment, 6 stations were chosen in riverine, estuarine and marine regions, and density, diversity and distribution of z MoreAssessed region consisted of TajanRiver estuarine region is one of the sub-basins of the Caspian Sea in flow basin, which has a 2-km2 area. In this assessment, 6 stations were chosen in riverine, estuarine and marine regions, and density, diversity and distribution of zooplankton were measured by monthly sampling. Identified zooplankton of Tajan region consisted of 4 main groups, including Protozoa, Rotatoria، Cladocera,and Copepoda while Temporary zooplankton comprised bivalve larvae (veliger), Barnacles ، Ostracoda and Tintinidium. Totally, 19 genera of the above mentioned groups were identified. Copepoda was recognized as the most important and dominant planktonic group .The results of one-way Analysis of Variance and descriptive statistics showed a significant difference among 3 reveries, estuarine and marine regions. For the average amount of zooplankton diversity index with confidence percentage of 99. Tukey multi- range comparison test showed that Shannon diversity index indicated a significant difference between the river and the sea. Assessing the diversity index in 3 riverine, estuarine and marine regions during a year, estuarine region had the highest diversity compared with riverine and marine regions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
426 - مطالعه تاثیر پارامترهای ساخت بر عملکرد افزاره نانومتری DG-SOIMOSFETS در ناحیه زیر آستانه
فاطمه کهنی حامد نعمتیان مرتضی فتحی پور در این مقاله، تاثیر پارامترهای ساخت، بویژه ضخامت بدنه، طول سورس/درین و ضخامت اکسید گیت، بر روی مشخصه­های الکتریکی افزاره نانومتری ماسفت دو گیتی سیلیکان بر روی عایق (DG- SOI MOSFET)، در ناحیه زیر آستانه بررسی شده است. تحلیل­های عددی نشان می­دهند، اگرچه More در این مقاله، تاثیر پارامترهای ساخت، بویژه ضخامت بدنه، طول سورس/درین و ضخامت اکسید گیت، بر روی مشخصه­های الکتریکی افزاره نانومتری ماسفت دو گیتی سیلیکان بر روی عایق (DG- SOI MOSFET)، در ناحیه زیر آستانه بررسی شده است. تحلیل­های عددی نشان می­دهند، اگرچه با کاهش طول سورس و درین، تغییر چندانی در میزان جریان حالت روشن و نیز اثر کاهش ارتفاع سد پتانسیل توسط درین (DIBL) مشاهده نمی­شود، اما خازن موثر گیت بطور چشمگیری کاهش می­یابد. کاهش ضخامت بدنه منجر به کاهش سد پتانسیل و افزایش خازن موثر گیت می­شود، در حالیکه جریان حالت روشن افزاره کاهش می­یابد. بررسی­های انجام شده بر روی ضخامت اکسید گیت (Tox) حاکی از آن است که افزایش Tox باعث کمتر شدن خازن موثر گیت می شود. از طرفی با کاهش Tox، جریان افزاره کاهش می­یابد، لیکن نسبت ION/IOFF افزایش می­یابد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
427 - Unemployment Spatial Autocorrelation in Mazandaran (Using Spatial Econometrics)
Zahra Mila Elmi Mohammad Javad SaadatIn Mazandarn province, regional unemployment rates appear to vary widely. In the year 2006, in this province, unemployment rates were 10.85 percent. This disparity is widely in county level. For example, unemployment rate at Joybar and Savadkoh counties were 6.5 and 20. MoreIn Mazandarn province, regional unemployment rates appear to vary widely. In the year 2006, in this province, unemployment rates were 10.85 percent. This disparity is widely in county level. For example, unemployment rate at Joybar and Savadkoh counties were 6.5 and 20.6 percent respectively. Because of regional differences in unemployment rate, geographical analyze is important. In this research, by using spatial econometrics models which is applied in spatial autocorrelation and Iranian census data in the year 2006, we analyze the geographical distribution of unemployment in the 16 counties of Mazandaran province. On the basis of findings, there was positive spatial autocorrelation phenomena in Mazandaran labor market at the county level. Counties marked by high unemployment rate, as well as those characterized by low unemployment rate, tended to be spatially clustered, demonstrating the presence of ‘spatial autocorrelation’. Also, we consider the spillover effect of county's shock on the others. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
428 - اثر مهاجرت و شهرنشینی بر اشتغال غیررسمی در مناطق مختلف ایران (روش شاخص های چندگانه-علل چندگانه (MIMIC))
محمد ستاری فر حمیدرضا زارعی نوشین شکری -
Open Access Article
429 - بررسی همگرایی بلند مدت قیمت مسکن در مناطق شهر تهران
فرهاد دژپسند لادن محتوی -
Open Access Article
430 - آثار سرریز ناشی از گسترش صنایع در استان تهران بر استانهای همجوار ( رویکرد جدول داده – ستانده بین منطقهای)
منیژه دشتبان فیروز توفیق بهروز هادی زنوز کامبیز پیکار جو -
Open Access Article
431 - Examining the Interdependence Structure of Iran's Stock Market and MENA Countries
Seyed Mohammad Reza Khatami Gholam Reza Zomorodian Mir Feiz Fallah Shams Layalestani Mehrzad MinoueiAbstractIran's stock market should be related to the stock market of other countries, especially the countries of the region; This connection and dependence accelerates the accumulation and formation of capital and provides many opportunities to investors. With this app MoreAbstractIran's stock market should be related to the stock market of other countries, especially the countries of the region; This connection and dependence accelerates the accumulation and formation of capital and provides many opportunities to investors. With this approach, the present study has investigated the dependence structure of the stock market of Iran and MENA countries. In order to achieve this goal, first, information about the total stock market index of MENA countries from September 2015 to June 2022 was collected and then the fluctuations of the total stock market index of the countriescalculated using wavelet analysis. In the continuation, the Vector Autoregresive (VAR) model estimation and Granger causality test regarding the relationship between the stock market fluctuations of Iran and the countries of the region was carried out. Finally, the quantile regression was estimated and the upper and lower limits of the correlation between Iran's stock market and MENA countries were determined. The results of the wavelet analysis showed that, the range of fluctuations of the total stock market index in MENA countries has increased, over time. Based on the results of the VAR model and the Granger causality test, Iran's stock market is unilaterally affected by the stock market fluctuations of Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Lebanony؛ if fluctuations occur in the stock market of these countries, This work will be transferred to the Iranian stock market immediately. In addition, there was no sign of the impact of the stock market flactuations of Jordan and Bahrain as well as North African countries including Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco on Iranian stock market. The results of quantile regression also showed that the affectability of Iran's stock market from fluctuations is different for different countries and quantiles. In this regard, in the months when the volatility in the stock market of the mentioned countries was less, the effect of the fluctuations on the Iranian stock market was less, and on the other hand, in the months when significant fluctuations occurred in the stock market, the amount of volatility transferred to the Iranian stock market was also higher. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
432 - Scenarios of order in the Middle East until 2030 with emphasis on the activism of Iran and Saudi Arabia
Zahed Ghaffari Hashjin Ayub NikunahadAfter the Islamic Revolution, one of the most stable models of regional order in the Middle East, has been the competition between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia. However, one cannot speak of fully establishing this pattern of bipolar order in the Middle MoreAfter the Islamic Revolution, one of the most stable models of regional order in the Middle East, has been the competition between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia. However, one cannot speak of fully establishing this pattern of bipolar order in the Middle East. And the Middle East regional order may change dramatically over the next ten years. The present study seeks to answer the main question of what the future scenarios of regional order in the Middle East will be like by 2030,and what is the favorable scenario for the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia under these patterns of regional order?In order to provide answers to the questions with a futuristic approach, the method of identifying and analyzing the impulses affecting the formation of regional order and identifying weak surprises and weak markers was used through interviewing experts using Mick Mac software. The research findings consistent with the effect of key drivers and analysis of power blockades in this region indicate that a wide range of scenarios can be proposed regarding the Middle East regional order,but the most desirable order for Iran is the hegemony of the revolutionary order and the most probable scenario for the Islamic Republic is the continuation of the balance of power scenario in this region. In contrast, the most favorable scenario for the pro-Western order is the hegemony of the Western-Salafi order and the most probable scenario for the pro-Western order is the continuation of the balance of power scenario. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
433 - Identification of Influential Factors on Divergence in South West Area of the Asia
samere yaghobi Ezzatollah ezzati Ebrahim rominaSouth west Asia countries encompasses multifarious political, cultural, religious, economical and ideological challenges which they lack pervasive regional structure in order to pace in terms of dealing with the problems and existent challenges and thus in this current MoreSouth west Asia countries encompasses multifarious political, cultural, religious, economical and ideological challenges which they lack pervasive regional structure in order to pace in terms of dealing with the problems and existent challenges and thus in this current paper, in respect of regional divergence in south west Asia, substantial question will be arisen that " which influential factors are there on the divergence in south west area of the Asia?"The required data of the investigation are collected through field and library method and statistical analysis methods in the library part are descriptive and statistical and in the part of field method, one sample run t test is used.The findings indicate that the factors as backing of Saudi Arabia invasion to Yaman by western countries and committing war crimes by this regime, the efforts of trans-regional powers to promote Iran's terrorism project, the spread of radical nationalism among the Arabs, Kurds, …and aimed at strengthening the separatism spirit, different conceptions like: jihad in the Islamic world, controversy over the right to exploit border rivers and common water resources,…are the most considerable factors on divergence in south west area of the Asia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
434 - US,, Identity challenges and failed state in Iraq (2020-2003)
Behnam SarkheilThe great powers, such as the US, seek to advance their policies in the region, especially in key countries such as Iraq, by influencing the components of power. This is while the political situation after the formation of the new Iraq (2003-2020) has developed in such MoreThe great powers, such as the US, seek to advance their policies in the region, especially in key countries such as Iraq, by influencing the components of power. This is while the political situation after the formation of the new Iraq (2003-2020) has developed in such a way that the currents of identity have enjoyed a growing role and Challenges arising from identity rivalries have acted in a variety of forms such as state-building or even disrupting political stability. However, recognizing the role and position of identity currents and how to identify them in a situation where there is virtually no clear vision for a US presence in the region has become doubly important.The present article examines the role of identity currents in Iraq in a descriptive-analytical manner and in the framework of Rosena Chaos Theory and it answers the question, what strategy has the United States prioritized over the nation-state in Iraq, given the intermediate variables of identity currents? Hypothesis: The United States, understanding the growing role of identity movements, has sought to undermine existing structures in Iraq by shaping a set of identity challenges and creating socio-political irregularities. Paved the way for the realization of the model of a failed state and provided the conditions for the continuation of its interventions in Iraq. Findings: Utilizing soft power such as media and virtual tools to create political, economic, and social destabilization (such as riots and street protests) is part of the strategy of a failed state in Iraq. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
435 - Prioritizing strategic factors for the dynamic growth of Iran's gas trade in regional interactions
nadere azizzade reza Aghamusa naser azadAbstractToday energy has become one of the main components of power in international relations and plays the role of an effective driver in linking various areas of politics and economics, both national and transnational. The present study aims to prioritize the strateg MoreAbstractToday energy has become one of the main components of power in international relations and plays the role of an effective driver in linking various areas of politics and economics, both national and transnational. The present study aims to prioritize the strategic factors of the dynamic growth of Iran's gas trade in regional interactions. This research is in the category of survey-cross-sectional research in terms of the purpose of an applied research and in terms of method and time period of data collection.The main tool for data collection is an expert questionnaire. The location is the National Iranian Gas Company. The statistical population is selected from 15 university experts and managers of Iran Gas Company who have been selected using non-probability and purposeful sampling method. The DEMATEL-ANP combined method has been used to identify the pattern of relationships and prioritize strategic factors for the dynamic growth of Iran's gas trade in regional interactions. The question is what are the most important strategic factors? What are the causal relationships between the strategic factors? The main focus of this research is.The results showed that the importance of diplomatic issues and political factors is the most important among all indicators. Also, energy and energy transmission lines, by providing a suitable platform for regional interactions, are a symbol of sustainability of a cooperation and interdependence and provide a suitable space for attracting foreign investment. In fact, energy has become an effective tool in diplomacy that can bring about regional interactions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
436 - Deterrence as a Security-defense Strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Challenges, Requirements, and its Strategic Model
Masomeh Ansarifard امیر محمد Haji-YousefiSince the collapse of the bipolar system and the change in "system arena" and "issues in the new world system", the Middle East has changed into one of the main bases for implementing the new deterrence strategy. Thus, the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is located in t MoreSince the collapse of the bipolar system and the change in "system arena" and "issues in the new world system", the Middle East has changed into one of the main bases for implementing the new deterrence strategy. Thus, the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is located in the disputed region of the Middle East, has highlighted deterrence to ensure its security. The present qualitative study aims to see whether Iran's current strategy is consistent with the components of the “new deterrence” by considering identity-, authority-, and interest-based approaches in national, regional and international levels. In this regard, the main hypothesis raised is Iran's security-defense strategy is inspired solely by the military component of deterrence, not all of the new components of deterrence. In other words, the synergy of all dimensions including the military, political, and economic dimensions of Post-Cold War Deterrence did not exist in the strategic equation of Iranian deterrence,and deterrence for Iran has been a military response to deterrent actions of extra-regional adversaries and their regional allies.In this regard, the present study seeks to achieve a comprehensive understanding of deterrence and its evolution with a pathological approach in order to explain the appropriate model of deterrence in Iran. Based on the results, Iran's performance is more based on the requirements of asymmetric warfare than deterrence due to the increasing impact of both regional and international environments on the national environment.Further, the success of Iranian deterrence relies on the use of "deterrence with denial" versus "deterrence with punishment." Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
437 - Status measurement of civil society, human rights and environmental rights in West Asia with an emphasis on neo-regionalism
nesa zahedi hannaneh darashtiNeo-nationalism and new criteria for regionalization (West Asia Regional or Formal? Based on the new literature, new-regionalism should be distinguished from the geographic or geographical division of science. Here we define the region as follows: A group of countries MoreNeo-nationalism and new criteria for regionalization (West Asia Regional or Formal? Based on the new literature, new-regionalism should be distinguished from the geographic or geographical division of science. Here we define the region as follows: A group of countries whose joint political project is more or less explicit and active in integrating into globalization. That is, both of these trends are tied to the flux of the transformation of the global structure. In the new-regionalism literature, geographic or even economic dimensions are undermined, and their functions are important? The main question of the article is that considering conceptual developments in the dimension of neo-nationalism as a way of understanding in understanding the global structure of the present, is the use of the term "region" to Western Asia to be a scientific criterion. The hypothesis of the paper, based on the analysis and explanation methods, considers the transition of the neo-nationalist literature to the use of geographic or even economic criteria in the establishment of the regions, the primary and basic presuppositions of the formation of the region depends on the realization of the factors of the movement towards polarization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
438 - The challenges of the dual competing axis of resistance-axis of compromise in the reorganization of order in the region of Southwest Asia
mohammad mahmoodikiaThe dynamic nature of the developments in the Southwest Asia region, as well as the formation of new security polarizations in it, adds to the complexities of the future order and patterns of cooperation and conflict in this strategic region. The dual formation of the r MoreThe dynamic nature of the developments in the Southwest Asia region, as well as the formation of new security polarizations in it, adds to the complexities of the future order and patterns of cooperation and conflict in this strategic region. The dual formation of the rival axis of resistance and the axis of compromise is one of the most prominent manifestations of the order-making trends in this region. The outcome of which can lead to the formation of a new geopolitical order with different rules of action. This research seeks to investigate the effects of these new patterns of relations between regional actors (problem statement). Using a combined method of elite interviews and thematic analysis (research method), the researcher seeks to provide an answer to the main question of the research: What are the strengths and weaknesses of the rival dualism of resistance and compromise in the reconstruction of the regional order? A detailed understanding of how the said bipolar affects, requires knowing how the power is distributed in the region, the depressing features, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of each of the mentioned axes (research question). In this research, 58 themes in understanding the changes in the components that shape the action environment, 78 themes in explaining the challenges of resistance and 114 themes in explaining the challenges of compromise have been counted (research findings). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
439 - Russian security threats Analysis after the U.S. Pullout from Afghanistan in Central Asia with emphasis on Islamic fundamentalism
hassan ainehvand Ali keyvani Mohammadali basiriThe exit of U.S. troops from Afghanistan in August 2021 was made by the government of Joe Biden, which was preceded by the Doha Agreement on February 29, 2020 between Donald Trump and the Taliban with the official title of "Peace Agreement to Afghanistan." The end of th MoreThe exit of U.S. troops from Afghanistan in August 2021 was made by the government of Joe Biden, which was preceded by the Doha Agreement on February 29, 2020 between Donald Trump and the Taliban with the official title of "Peace Agreement to Afghanistan." The end of the 20-years US military presence in Afghanistan has challenged international relations researchers with the crucial question of what consequences the military pullout of the United States and its allies will have for other actors active in the Middle East, Central and West Asia? And what aspects of their national interests will be affected? Amongst these players is the Russian Federation, that Afghanistan's proximity to Central Asia, as Moscow's traditional sphere of influence, could lead to new crises, including the expansion of Islamic fundamentalism to the national interests of this country. Therefore, the main question of this present paper is that what are the negative consequences of the US withdrawal from Afghanistan on Russia's national interests in Central Asia? The main assumption of this paper is that the central Asian region should be considered the center of the world crisis in the future as the most prone region for the growth of Islamic fundamentalism, which will destroy the region's security dynamics and confront Russia to new security threats. The authors try to prove their hypothesis in this paper by applying Regional security complex theory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
440 - Explaining the change and continuity of Saudi Arabia's foreign policy approach towards Yemen; The role and impact of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Alireza Mohammadinigjeh Hossain Daheshiar nozar shafieeAbstract With the onset of what is known as the Arab Spring, it was inevitable for Iran and Saudi Arabia to play a role. These two important countries in the region took completely different positions regarding the current developments in the crisis-affected countries, MoreAbstract With the onset of what is known as the Arab Spring, it was inevitable for Iran and Saudi Arabia to play a role. These two important countries in the region took completely different positions regarding the current developments in the crisis-affected countries, including Yemen. After Iran's support for Ansarullah, Saudi Arabia launched a military attack on Yemen in April 2014. After 6 years of war, Saudi Arabia shifted towards engaging in political dialogue with the Yemeni side. The main issue of this article is why this change occurred. In response to this problem, using the explanatory-analytical method, it is argued that factors at three levels of analysis - domestic (Saudi Arabia), regional, and international - led to the Saudi military attack on Yemen and subsequent changes at these three levels. It is mentioned that this caused Saudi Arabia to opt for diplomacy. Meanwhile, Iran's role is examined at the regional level of analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
441 - Expansion of Regional Organization’s Function: Case of NAFTA
Taha Akrami Ahmad Saburinejad Seyed Davoud AghaeiAbstract September 11 event in 2001 and its consequences made terrorism and counterterrorism, the first priority of US foreign policy in world order and regional organizations such as NAFTA. So, the main question of this article is how did US persuade other members of MoreAbstract September 11 event in 2001 and its consequences made terrorism and counterterrorism, the first priority of US foreign policy in world order and regional organizations such as NAFTA. So, the main question of this article is how did US persuade other members of NAFTA to pursue and accompany US plans in its fight against terrorism? To answer this question, authors used “cognition theory” to justify functional expansion of NAFTA from economic issues to security ones. The results indicate that as a hegemon, US tried to create various motivations to persuade other countries to join this fight. To do this, US used two intellectual basis including “trade-security dependency” and “human security”. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
442 - SAARC and Its Effect on Regionalism
Mohammad Javadi Aghajari Siminsadat RostamifarAbstract Founded in 1985, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is a regional organization that comprises of eight countries namely India, Pakistan, Seri Lanka, Nepal, Maldives, Bhutan, and Afghanistan. Based on its charter, the key objectives are def MoreAbstract Founded in 1985, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is a regional organization that comprises of eight countries namely India, Pakistan, Seri Lanka, Nepal, Maldives, Bhutan, and Afghanistan. Based on its charter, the key objectives are defined in the following terms: promotion of people welfare and quality of life; acceleration of economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region; appreciation of mutual trust and understanding; promotion of active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields; strengthening the cooperation among the member countries in international forums on matters of common interest; and to cooperate with international and regional organizations with similar aims and purposes; and so on. Nevertheless, despite its organizing principles and sublime purposes, there have been several diverging issues within the associated region: territorial disputes (India and Pakistan or Afghanistan and Pakistan), interference of global powers, asymmetric power structure, interior instability within member states, and the strategic situation of South East Asia has posed problems on the realization of convergence and regionalism reflected in the SAARC agreements. The main question is what are the major effects of SAARC agreements in regionalism? This paper attempts to analyze such an agreements in terms of regional arrangements Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
443 - Iran’s Foreign Policy Approach towards Middle East Regional Order and Security under 11th Government
Malektaj KhosraviAbstract: The Middle East region and its sub-system, i.e. the Persian Gulf, are known as a unique region enjoying international importance for possession of energy resources on the one hand and for its outstanding geopolitical, geostrategic and geo-economic position on MoreAbstract: The Middle East region and its sub-system, i.e. the Persian Gulf, are known as a unique region enjoying international importance for possession of energy resources on the one hand and for its outstanding geopolitical, geostrategic and geo-economic position on the other. History of developments in the Middle East over the past decades shows that provision of order, security and stability, has been the main priority of the countries in this region and trans-regional powers. The Islamic Republic of Iran in different periods has adopted different approaches vis-à-vis the Middle East region and the question of order. The main goal of this research is Iran’s Foreign Policy Approach towards ME Regional Order under 11th Government. With the coming to power of the 11th government, the outlook of Iran's foreign policy apparatus towards order changed from one of opposition to one of interaction. The Rouhani administration has tried to reshape the regional sustainable order within the framework of a policy of détente and constructive interaction. This research with using descriptive-analysis method is seeking to respond to one main question: What is Iran’s foreign policy approach towards the regional order in the Middle East under the 11th government? Also by analyzing data to conclude that the 11th government has adopted a policy of sustainable regional order based on détente. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
444 - Neo-regionalism and New Regional Criteria: Status Measurement of Civil Society, Human Rights and Environmental Rights in West Asia
hannaneh darashti nesa zahediBased on the new literature, new-regionalism should be distinguished from the geographic or geographical division of science. Here we define the region as follows: A group of countries whose joint political project is more or less explicit and active in integrating into MoreBased on the new literature, new-regionalism should be distinguished from the geographic or geographical division of science. Here we define the region as follows: A group of countries whose joint political project is more or less explicit and active in integrating into globalization. That is, both of these trends are tied to the flux of the transformation of the global structure. In the new-regionalism literature, geographic or even economic dimensions are undermined, and their functions are important?The main question of the article is that considering conceptual developments in the dimension of neo-nationalism as a way of understanding in understanding the global structure of the present, is the use of the term "region" to Western Asia to be a scientific criterion. The hypothesis of the paper, based on the analysis and explanation methods, considers the transition of the neo-nationalist literature to the use of geographic or even economic criteria in the establishment of the regions, the primary and basic presuppositions of the formation of the region depends on the realization of the factors of the movement towards polarization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
445 - Confrontation of Shiite and Salafi Brotherhood Discourse on Traditional West Asian Security Arrangements within the Analytic Framework of the Copenhagen School
morteza shirody Ahmad Reza Shah AliThe present work seeks to provide a descriptive-analytical approach to a realistic analysis of the competing nature of the (Shiite) discourse of opposition to the Salafist and Brotherhood discourses in the strategic domain of West Asia. So the question that the authors MoreThe present work seeks to provide a descriptive-analytical approach to a realistic analysis of the competing nature of the (Shiite) discourse of opposition to the Salafist and Brotherhood discourses in the strategic domain of West Asia. So the question that the authors of this study is trying to answer is why is the impact of the (Shiite) discourse on the West Asian security order in the face of the Salafist and Brotherhood discourses evaluated? The hypothesis raised by this question is that in recent years, the discourse of Shiite resistance to Salafist and Brotherhood discourse has succeeded in bringing the Islamic and revolutionary countries present in the West Asian strategic field in form, method, slogan and in The goal is to influence. The choice of revolutionary Islam as the ideology of struggle and resistance, the attempt to achieve Islamic rule, and the role of intellectual currents in different layers of Islamic societies are examples of the profound effects of (Shiite) discourse on this area. To this end, in order to maintain the political structure of the countries of the region and subsequently to prevent the maximization of the growing power of the discourse, the Salafist and Brotherhood discourses have sought to maximize the discourse of the (Shiite) resistance. This, in turn, has led to the proxy war and sometimes to the hidden discourse between the two mentioned discourses and, of course, to the detriment of the Salafist and Brotherhood discourses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
446 - Soft Powerand Its Position inthe Islamic Republicof Iran'sRegional Security
Mohammadali Khosravi SeyedNurollah MirashrafiSoft power is one of the main indicators of foreign and security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Every revolutionary political system is always using the indicators of Soft power for their promotion in regional and international position. What is the Islamic a MoreSoft power is one of the main indicators of foreign and security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Every revolutionary political system is always using the indicators of Soft power for their promotion in regional and international position. What is the Islamic awakening in the Muslim world is gay identity from ideology and can be part of the Islamic Republic's soft power in the form of neo-liberal approach and reflected its links with the Constructivism values. Structural design is a simplistic approach to the use of soft power in Iran's foreign policy ideas has a further assimilation. The indicators and symptoms can be associated with a meaning -oriented approach to the issue of power, xenophobia and denial of whiskers on foreign policy, freedom of action and activism in international politics, activism cooperation based on equality and identity of the foreign policy interest of the contract. Thus components such as pragmatism and xenophobia in Iran's foreign policy can be seen as signs of the use of soft power. Islamic Republic of Iran to take advantage of soft power in the Islamic world and given a new identity by offering the doctrine of religious democracy in regional and trans-regional countries and Islam tends to intensify in the world, especially in the Middle East and Africa. In light of soft power in the Islamic Republic, this considered as a key factor in the creation of regional and international tensions and interactions and fertile fields for independent countries toward America and to promote the role of liberation movements as new actors in the international system. The anti- Zionism on the Islamic perspective and ideological struggle of the Palestinian people, and to fight against Israeli regime is the main priorities of Iran's foreign policy in recent years. Other priorities of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is in the form of soft power means a comprehensive fight against terrorism, ultramodern and the current climate of colonial domination in the form of multiple partnerships Independent and non-aligned countries of the world, particularly in Islamic countries, these priorities will achieve by strengthening multilateralism versus unilateralism experience. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
447 - The Role of Regional Actors in the Process of Afghanistan State-building during Taliban and post-Taliban
Mohammad javadAghajari مرتضی کریمیThe role of regional actors in the process of state-building in Afghanistan during the Taliban era and after his fall can be in terms of influencing the three key players, including Iran, Pakistan and Russiaand actors on the periphery of Europe, Japan and semi-periphera MoreThe role of regional actors in the process of state-building in Afghanistan during the Taliban era and after his fall can be in terms of influencing the three key players, including Iran, Pakistan and Russiaand actors on the periphery of Europe, Japan and semi-peripheral players include America, Saudi Arabia, India and China split.Political, geographical, economic, social and ethnic Afghanistan has made this country has always been under the influence of regional and trans-regional powers.Pakistan is one of the most influential countries in developments in Afghanistan so that in the period of Taliban rule, the relations between the two countries wasvery good but after the fall of the Taliban, relations between the two countries were severely strained.During the five years of Taliban rule led to many difficulties for the Government of Indiaand in fact, unprecedented expansion of terrorist infiltration and destabilization in Kashmir Valley yieldedbut relations between the two countries improved after the fall of the Taliban.Eradication of the Taliban regime fall under major threat from Iran's eastern bordersand groups close to Iran gained the power in Afghanistan and promotes ties with Iran. This paper explores and analyzes the role of regional and sub-regional actors in the three countries, Pakistan, India and Iranand their influence in the process of state-building in Afghanistan during after the fall of the Taliban.Significant topic in this article, so as to Iran and Pakistan have already cast their Afghan crisisthe semi-peripheral status have found that Pakistan's role was overshadowed by the role of America. Iran also has the potential to influence Afghanistanbut seriously hinder America from using this feature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
448 - Trump's Middle East Policy; A Case Study: the Syrian crisis and American missile attack
Amir sajediThe Trump's foreign policy towards the Middle East has been criticized by many governments over the past year. The Trump's racist policies, the removal of the United States from the Paris pact, the missile attack on the Syrian air base, the threat of getting out from Co MoreThe Trump's foreign policy towards the Middle East has been criticized by many governments over the past year. The Trump's racist policies, the removal of the United States from the Paris pact, the missile attack on the Syrian air base, the threat of getting out from Comprehensive Joint Action Program , the transfer of the US embassy to Jerusalem, all reflect his different foreign policy from its predecessor (Obama). This kind of Trump foreign policy is due to his unusual behavior and personality. Six years after the onset of the conflict in Syria with the ensuing stalemate we had slowly moved to a possibility of a negotiated settlement through discussions which were inconclusive but however ongoing. The unilateral missile attack order by President Trump on the Al-Shaeirat airbase, led the armed group opposing the Assad regime to show less desire to engage in peace discussion. Our main concern in this paper is to analysis the change of tactics by the new U.S. president and there cause thereof. We hold that the private lives of the politicians, their education, their political history, the formative experiences of their public life, their physical, and mental health affects their personal and public decisions. The changed positions of Trump and his ensuing policy show the desire of his administration to rest on the American military superiority and its will to renew the era of the US adventurism in hot spot such as the Middle East. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
449 - Investigating the Determinant Factors and Processes in the West Asian Security Order Based on the Omni-Balancing Theory
mohammadreza dehshiri Hossein ShahmoradiIn this paper, the determinant factors and processes in the West Asian region are investigated in three areas of structures, actors, and processes as interconnected and interrelated items. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the Steven David''s Omni-Ba MoreIn this paper, the determinant factors and processes in the West Asian region are investigated in three areas of structures, actors, and processes as interconnected and interrelated items. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the Steven David''s Omni-Balancing theory, asserting that governments not only consider external military threats in their own security calculations, but also address domestic dangers. After reviewing the structures affecting the security order of the region, the writers explain the role of extra-regional, sub-national/non-state and state actors. Then, processes affecting the security order of West Asia will be examined with emphasis on identity differences, poverty and inequality, water crisis and Islamism. The article then focuses on regional patterns of regional security in West Asia, including Puzzle and Chess patterns, which put actors involved in the security equitations of the region in a state of perplexity. The paper concludes that due to the uncertainty and unpredictability of regional dynamics, the lack of a regulative principle, the plurality and diversity of actors and finally the fluid process, it would be difficult to predict the future of regional order and security. In such a situation, it seems that the ultimate solution would be initiatives such as security networking and a strong region. The research method is descriptive-analytic and documentary and reliable internet based sources have been used to collect the information. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
450 - Role of EU’s Normative Power in Western Balkans
احمد نقیب زاده حسین تفضلی مهدی نیکخواه قمی Abstract European Union is one of most important international actors that wants in addition to expanding its economic influence, emerge as a major international power and in this regard, especially after the Maastricht Tre More Abstract European Union is one of most important international actors that wants in addition to expanding its economic influence, emerge as a major international power and in this regard, especially after the Maastricht Treaty has taken important step towards increasing its international political weight. After the formation of the European Union, issue of its formation as a whole was discussed in political and academic circles and different views were introduced. Normative power approach which was introduced by Manners, created new literature in international scene and at the same time prompted supporters and opponents. On the other hand, Western Balkan region, which mainly consists of former Yugoslavia countries, has particular importance for European Union. Geographical proximity, historical and cultural commonalities and the shared border areas have created grounds for development of relations between the two sides. Therefore, in this article, the question is what is the impact of European Union’s normative power on countries of Western Balkan? What Instruments European Union has used and what challenges facing it? In addition to theoretical dimension of research and measures and applied policies, this paper believes that the relative stability of this unstable region and its alignment with the West is due to European Union’s normative power. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
451 - The Future of Iraq and Its Related Scenarios (2010 - 2020)
Malektaj Khosravi Khosravi Ehsan Khosbani YazdaniSince the Second World War up to now and in contemporary political history, Iraq was one of the most challenging countries in south west Asia (Middle East). Unmistakable, determinant and important role of Iraq in political conditions in geopolitics of the region is one MoreSince the Second World War up to now and in contemporary political history, Iraq was one of the most challenging countries in south west Asia (Middle East). Unmistakable, determinant and important role of Iraq in political conditions in geopolitics of the region is one of the main reasons of these challenges. Like the past, Iraq has the key and determinant role in the current developments of the region. This role will lead to interest and actions conflict among different regional and international powers in this supersensitive region. The main objective of this research is the future of Iraq with respect to political and security conditions of this country. In the context of secondary objectives we can refer to influence of internal, regional and international actors in Iraq’s current developments, predicting territorial future of Iraq and feasibility study of Iraq’s disintegration. Researcher based on the future studies, with respect to the type of current trends and also through the game theory, surveyed the subject. Within analyzing the subject, the role of different actors and alter ant factors in geopolitical scene of Iraq and its impacts on the future and territorial integrity of Iraq is surveyed. Finally after planning probable scenarios about disintegration or non-disintegration of Iraq through the next decade, the future of this country is anticipated as follows: 1- Iraq disintegration scenario 2- Iraq civil war scenario3- democratic and square distribution of power scenario. At last, the position of actors in respect to mentioned scenarios, before and after ISIS outbreak in Iraq as well as determinant factors of actors’ role in Geopolitical scene of Iraq are surveyed. And finally the result of this research is that: disintegration of Iraq through the next decade is not possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
452 - Tension Development and Transition from Turkish strategical balancing in the Middle East
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477 - Saltgrass, a True Halophytic Plant Species for Sustainable Agriculture in Desert Regions
Mohammad PessarakliOriginal Research Research on Crop Ecophysiology Vol. 9/1, Issue 1 (2014), Pages: 1 -11 Saltgrass, a True Halophytic Plant Species for Sustainable Agriculture in Desert Regions Mohammad Pessarakli Professor. School o MoreOriginal Research Research on Crop Ecophysiology Vol. 9/1, Issue 1 (2014), Pages: 1 -11 Saltgrass, a True Halophytic Plant Species for Sustainable Agriculture in Desert Regions Mohammad Pessarakli Professor. School of Plant Sciences, the University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721, USA * Corresponding author E-mail:pessarak@ag.arizona.edu Received: 4 April 2013 Accepted: 12 November 2013 Abstract Continuous desertification of arable lands due to urbanization, global warming, and shortage of water mandates use of low quality/saline water for irrigation, especially in the regions experiencing water shortage. Using low quality/saline water for irrigation imposes more stress on plants which are already under stress in these regions characterized with saline soils and shortage of water. Thus, there is an urgent need for finding salt/drought tolerant plant species to survive/sustain under such stressful conditions. Since the native plants are already growing under such conditions and are adapted to these stresses, they are the best and the most suitable candidates to be manipulated for use under these stressful conditions. If stress tolerant species/genotypes of these native plants are successfully identified, there would be a substantial savings in cultural practices and inputs in using them by the growers and will result in substantial savings in the currencies of the countries. My investigations at the University of Arizona on saltgrass (Distichlis spicata L.), a euhalophytic plant species, have indicated that this plant has an excellent drought and salinity tolerance with a great potential to be used under harsh and stressful environmental conditions. This grass has multi usages, including animal feed, soil conservation, saline soils reclamation, and combating desertification processes. The objectives of this study were to find the most salt tolerant of various saltgrass genotypes for use in arid and semi-arid regions for sustainable agriculture and biologically reclaiming saline soils. Twelve saltgrass clones were studied in a greenhouse, using the hydroponics technique to evaluate their growth responses in terms of shoot and root lengths and DM weights, and general grass quality under salt stress conditions. Grasses were grown vegetatively in Hoagland solution for 90 days prior to exposure to salt stress. Then, 4 treatments [EC of 6 (control), 20, 34, and 48 dSm-1 salinity stress] were replicated 3 times in a RCB design experiment. Grasses were grown under these conditions for 10 weeks. During this period, shoots were clipped bi-weekly, clippings were oven dried at 65o C and DM weights were recorded, and shoot and root lengths were also measured. At the last harvest, roots were also harvested, oven dried, and DM weights were determined. General grass quality was weekly evaluated and recorded. Although, all the grasses showed a high level of salinity tolerance, there was a linear reduction in their growth responses as salinity level increased. However, there was a wide range of variations observed in salt tolerance of these saltgrass clones. The superior stress tolerant genotypes were identified which could be recommended for sustainable production under arid regions and combating desertification. This grass proved to not only have a satisfactory growth under the harsh desert conditions, but also to substantially reduce salinity level of the rhizosphere, which indicates that saltgrass can effectively be used for biological salinity control or reclamation of desert saline soils and combating desertification processes. Keywords: Salt stress, Arid regions, Saltgrass, Sustainable agriculture, Saline soil reclamation, Combating desertification processes Introduction Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene var. stricta (Gray) Beetle) (Gould, 1993), indigenous to the Southwest, a potential animal feed plant, saline soil reclamation, soil establishment/erosion control, and use as a turfgrass species for lawns/recreation areas, grows in very poor to fair condition soils, in both salt-affected soils and soils under poor fertility as well as drought and harsh environmental conditions (Gould, 1993 O’Leary and Glenn, 1994). Its dominant and most common habitats are arid and semi-arid regions (Marcum et al., 2005 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2010 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2011 Pessarakli et al., 2011a, 2011b Pessarakli et al., 2012). The plant is abundantly found in areas of the western parts of the United States as well as on the sea-shores of several Middle-Eastern countries, Africa, South and Central American countries (Pessarakli et al., 2005 Pessarakli, 2007 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2010 Pessarakli et al., 2011a, 2011b Pessarakli et al., 2012). The species can be manipulated to modify its performance and increase its yield and productivity. This plant has multi-purpose usages. It can be substituted for animal feeds like alfalfa, used for biological reclamation of saline soils, soil conservation and erosion control for covering road sides and soil surfaces in lands with high risks of erosion, and use as a turfgrass species. Recently, the United States Golf Association (USGA) and the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM) have shown a great deal of interest in financing research work on this plant to use it as a turfgrass or for soil erosion control and saline soil reclamation. Most of these research works have been conducted at the University of Arizona and Colorado State University. Consequently, the USGA and the BLM funds for the investigations on this grass species have been allocated to these institutions. Positive and promising results have already been obtained from these studies (Gessler and Pessarakli, 2009 Kopec et al., 2000, 2001a, 2001b, 2006 Marcum et al., 2001, 2005 Pessarakli, 2005a, 2005b, 2007, 2008 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2005, 2006, 2008a, 2008b, 2010 Pessarakli and Marcum, 2000 Pessarakli et al., 2001a, 2001b, 2001c, 2003, 2005, 2008 2011a, 2011b, 2012). Most of the published reports on saltgrass, including those of Sigua and Hudnall (1991), Sowa and Towill (1991), Enberg and Wu (1995), Miyamoto et al. (1996), Rossi et al. (1996), and Miller et al. (1998) are concern only with the growth of this species, usually concentrated only on one grass genotype or the species of a specific location. The objectives of this study were to find the most salinity tolerant of various saltgrass genotypes and to recommend them as the potential species for use under arid, semi-arid, and areas with saline soils and limited water supplies for sustainable agriculture and combating desertification. Materials and Methods Plant Materials Twelve inland saltgrass (Distichlis spicata L.) clones (A37, A49, A50, A60, 72, A86, A107, A126, A136, A138, 239, and 240), collected from different locations in several western states of the United States (Arizona, California, Nevada, and Colorado) were used in a greenhouse experiment to evaluate their growth responses in terms of shoot and root lengths as well as shoot and root dry weights, and visual grass quality under different levels of salinity stress conditions, using a hydroponics technique. Plant Establishment The plants were grown as vegetative propagules in cups, 9 cm diameter and cut to 7 cm height. Silica sand was used as the plant anchor medium. The cups were fitted in plywood lid holes and the lids were placed on 42 cm X 34 cm X 12 cm Carb-X polyethelene tubs containing half strength Hoagland nutrient solution (Hoagland and Arnon, 1950). Three replications of each treatment were used in a randomized complete block (RCB) design in this investigation. The plants were allowed to grow in this nutrient solution for 8 weeks. During this period, the plant shoots were harvested weekly in order to reach full maturity and develop uniform and equal size plants. The harvested plant materials were discarded. The culture solutions were changed biweekly to ensure adequate amount of plant essential nutrient elements for normal growth and development. At the last harvest, 10th week, the roots were also cut to 2.5 cm length to have plants with uniform roots and shoots for the stress phase of the experiment. Salt Treatments The salt treatments were initiated by gradually raising the EC (electrical conductivity) of the culture medium to 6, 20, 34, and 48 dS m-1 by adding Instant Ocean salt to the nutrient solutions, followed procedures used by Pessarakli and Kopec (2005, 2006). The EC of the culture solutions were raised by increments of 6 (first day) and 7 every other day until the desired EC levels were reached. Four treatments were used, including control (EC = 6 dS m-1, several of my salinity stress experiments showed that saltgrass at relatively low level of salinity for this high salinity tolerant halophytic grass performs better than growing in normal condition, therefore, for the control, usually, I use EC = 6 dS m-1), 20, 34, and 48 dS dS m-1 (EC = 48 dS dS m-1 is a good representative of the EC of sea water which is normally between 30 and 60 dS dS m-1). The culture solution levels in the tubs were marked at the 10 liter volume, and the solution conductivities were monitored/adjusted to maintain the prescribed treatment salinity levels. After the final salinity levels were reached, the shoots and the roots were harvested and the harvested plant materials were discarded prior to the beginning of the data collection of the salinity stress phase of the experiment. Then, plant shoots were harvested bi-weekly for 10 weeks for the evaluation of the dry matter (DM) production. At each harvest, both shoot and root lengths were measured and recorded. The harvested plant materials were oven dried at 65o C and DM weights were measured and recorded. The recorded data were considered the bi-weekly plant DM production. At the termination of the experiment, the last harvest, plant roots were also harvested, oven dried at 65o C, and dry weights were determined and recorded. Weekly visual evaluation of the grass quality was also performed and recorded. The data were subjected to Analysis of Variance, using SAS statistical package (SAS Institute, Inc. 1991). The means were separated, using Duncan Multiple Range test. Results and Discussion Shoot Dry Matter (DM) Weight The shoot dry matter (DM) weights of all the saltgrass clones decreased with increased salinity stress level. A marked reduction in shoot dry weights occurred at the higher salinity levels (EC 34 and EC 48 dS m-1) across all the clones (Table 1). For the dry weights of the shoots, the gap between the means of the stressed plants and the control (EC = 6 dS m-1) was wider as the exposure time to salinity stress progressed. Root Dry Matter (DM) Weight The effect of salinity on root dry weight was less severe compared to that of shoot dry mass (Table 2). Similar results were reported on different genotypes/ accessions/clones of this grass in other studies by this author and his co-workers Table 1. Saltgrass shoot dry weight (DM) under salt stress Grass ID Shoot 6 DM (g)* 20 at EC 34 dS m-1 48 A37 1.10cde** 0.57bcde 0.27cde 0.15c A49 1.26bcd 0.77ab 0.32bcde 0.13c A50 1.65ab 0.60bcd 0.21de 0.17bc A60 1.03cde 0.38e 0.17e 0.13c 72 1.38bc 0.82a 0.38abc 0.19bc A86 1.66ab 0.86a 0.26cde 0.14c A107 0.95de 0.52cde 0.30bcde 0.20bc A126 0.83e 0.41de 0.18e 0.15c A128 1.37bc 0.73abc 0.52a 0.30a A138 1.09cde 0.46de 0.36abcd 0.25ab 239 1.67ab 0.88a 0.44ab 0.15c 240 1.94a 0.91a 0.49a 0.24ab *The values are the means of 3 replications of each treatment. **The values followed by the same letters in each column are not statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. Table 2. Saltgrass root dry weight (DM) (cum. values) under salt stress Grass ID Root 6 DM (g)* 20 at EC 34 dS m-1 48 A37 0.74cde** 0.99def 1.10cdef 0.78cd A49 1.61b 1.11cdef 1.56bcd 1.03bcd A50 1.83b 1.65a 1.94abc 0.74cd A60 1.46bc 1.71a 1.31bcde 0.84bcd 72 0.77cde 0.93def 0.72def 0.50d A86 1.06bcde 1.18bcde 0.76def 0.81bcd A107 0.68de 0.84ef 0.53ef 0.68cd A126 0.50e 0.68f 0.26f 0.48d A128 3.46a 1.50abc 2.05ab 1.18bc A138 1.17bcde 0.88def 0.43ef 2.28a 239 1.31bcd 1.30abcd 2.82a 1.21bc 240 3.36a 1.63ab 1.25bcde 1.42b *The values are the means of 3 replications of each treatment. **The values followed by the same letters in each column are not statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. (Marcum et al., 2005 Pessarakli, 2007, 2008 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2005, 2006, 2010 Pessarakli and Marcum, 2000 Pessarakli et al., 2001c, 2005, 2008, 2011a, 2012). Sagi et al. (1997) and Pessarakli and Tucker (1985, 1988) also found the adverse effect of salinity stress was more pronounced on plant shoots than the roots. This is a common phenomenon in halophytic plant species that usually under salinity stress conditions, their shoots are more severely affected than their roots. Clone 240 had excellent root growth at EC 6 dS m-1 and the second highest root production at EC 48 dS m-1 (Table 2), but had poor quality under high salinity level. The same was true for clone 239. Clone A138 had twice the root mass of most other clones at EC 48 dS m-1, but essentially had no green foliage at EC 48 dS m-1 at the close of the test. At EC 6 dS m-1, clone A128 produced twice the test mean average for roots (3.46 g) with fairly good absolute root production afterwards, but showing a significant change in root production as EC levels increased (Table 2). Although the root dry weight was enhanced at the lower level of salinity for most of the clones, there was not statistically significant difference detected between the means of the different treatments (Table 2). Grass Visual Quality Any level of salinity stress had a significant adverse effect on the grass visual quality (Table 3). Quality scores for various clones ranged from 9.7 to 2.6 at different salinity stress levels. At EC 20 dS m-1, quality scores ranged from 5.1 to 9.7 (Table 3) throughout the entire test. As shown in Table 3, all clonal entries had good quality and full maintenance of green tissue retention at EC 6 dS m-1 at the end of the trial. After 10 weeks growth at EC 34 dS m-1 (salinity level equal to that of sea level salinity), entries 239 and 240 were the only clones to have quality ratings of 6 (acceptable quality, on the scale of 1 - 10) or greater (Table 3). These two clones represented the best quality clones at EC 34 dS m-1 at the end of the test. At EC 48 dS m-1, no entries produced an acceptable plant quality (scores of 6 or higher). Most clones decreased in (final) quality as EC increased from EC 6 to EC 48 dS m-1, but the entries 239 and 240 showed a more of typical halophytic response, having an increase in quality at EC 20 dS m-1 over that observed at EC 6 dS m-1 (Table 3). Table 3. Saltgrass visual quality under salinity stress Grass ID General 6 quality* 20 at 34 EC 48 A37 8.0cde** 5.1f 3.3g 2.6e A49 7.7def 6.4d 4.3ef 2.8e A50 8.6abc 7.2bc 5.0cd 4.0bc A60 8.2bcd 5.5ef 3.9fg 3.5cd 72 9.0a 7.4bc 5.9b 4.8a A86 8.5abc 6.7cd 5.7b 3.9bc A107 7.5def 5.9def 5.4bc 4.4ab A126 6.7g 5.3f 4.6de 3.9bc A128 7.1fg 6.2de 5.0cd 3.0de A138 8.6abc 7.9b 5.4bc 4.2ab 239 8.9ab 9.3a 6.6a 4.2ab 240 9.2a 9.7a 7.1a 2.8e *The quality values are the means of 3 replications of each treatment and 10 weekly evaluations. **The values followed by the same letters in each column are not statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. Salt Tolerance Ranking of the Various Clones of Saltgrass Salinity tolerance ranking of the various saltgrass clones used in this study based on shoot DM weight, root DM weight, grass visual quality, or overall ranking considering all the study parameters together, are presented in Table 4. Although there are some minor differences in salt tolerance ranking of the clones when compared based on shoot DM weight, root DM weight, or grass visual quality, the overall ranking is the best representation of the salinity tolerance of the various tested clones. Considering all the study parameters together, there was a wide range of salinity tolerance found among the 12 saltgrass clones. The 240 and 239 clones were the most salt tolerant clones (especially, up to EC of 34 dS m-1) followed by A128, 72, A138. These were closely followed by A50, A86, and A49 in salinity tolerance. A49 clone laid between this and the last group in regards to salinity tolerance. A60, A107, A37, and A126 were among the lowest salinity tolerant grasses which the A126 was the least tolerant clone. Table 4. Salt tolerance ranking of Saltgrass based on shoot weight, root weight, or grass visual quality Tolerance Salt Shoot wt. tolerance Root wt. based Quality on Overall High 240a* A128a 240a 240a A128ab 240ab 239a 239a 239ab 239ab 72ab A128ab 72ab A50ab A138ab 72ab A86ab A60abc A50abc A138ab A138abc A138abc A86bc A50b A50bc A49bc A60bcd A86b A49bc A86bc A49cde A49bc A107cd A37cd A128de A60cd A37cd 72cd A107de A107cd A126d A107cd A37de A37cd Low A60d A126d A126e A126d *The clones followed by the same letters in each column are not statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. Overall, the results of the shoot and the root dry mass and the visual grass quality showed that the maintenance of green foliage and tolerance under saline hydroponic conditions are under physiological conditions/adjustments that are not totally related to dry matter (DM) production in shoots and roots. This was corroborated by the results that clones which maintained the highest quality under EC 34 dS m-1 exhibited either a large increase in root mass (i.e., clone 239), or only a small increase of the root mass (i.e., clone 240) produced at EC 6 dS m-1. Likewise, clone A138 produced a large increase of its EC 6 dS m-1 root mass at the highest EC level of 48 dS m-1. However, it could not maintain green foliage at 10 weeks of exposure to this high EC. The same was true for shoot DM production that occurred in a more narrow range of values than did root DM production. In short, saltgrass shoot DM weight decreased linearly with increased salinity levels for all clones. For most clones, there was no difference among the root DM of the grass at different salinity levels. Visual quality of the grass followed the same pattern as the shoot DM weight. It decreased linearly with increased salinity levels for all clones. Clones differed greatly in their maintenance of green color retention (quality) as EC levels (salinity) increased. Two clones which produced acceptable quality at the EC level of 34 dS m-1 were clones 239 and 240. No clones could maintain adequate quality color at EC level of 48 dS m-1 after 10 weeks of exposure at this EC level. The difference in salinity tolerance level among the clones was significant. The grasses were separated in several groups with different degrees of salt tolerance. Considering all the study parameters together, there was a wide range of salinity tolerance found among the 12 saltgrass clones. The 240 and 239 clones were the most salt tolerant clones (especially, up to EC of 34 dS m-1) followed by A128, 72, and A138. These were closely followed by A50, A86, and A49 in salinity tolerance. A49 clone laid between this and the last group in regards to salinity tolerance. A60, A107, A37, and A126 were among the lowest salinity tolerant grasses which the A126 was the least tolerant clone. Conclusions In terms of salinity tolerance (quality), green foliage retention was empirically the best assessment of the clonal response to increased salinity. For large scale screening of saltgrass germplasm, the maintenance of green tissue at a specific EC level would seem to be adequate as a simple selection method for salinity tolerance. Shoot and root lengths and dry weights decreased with increased salinity stress. However, shoots were more severely affected by salinity stress than the roots. Grass visual quality was significantly affected (lower quality) as the salinity levels of the culture solutions increased. Overall, the results of this investigation indicate that saltgrass is a very high salinity tolerant species, and the results further suggest that this grass growing even under poor soil conditions (salt-affected desert soils) can be a suitable and beneficial plant species for growth and production in arid regions, and still show a favorable growth. Acknowledgments This study was financially supported by a grant from the United States Golf Association (USGA). References Enberg A, Wu L. 1995. Selenium assimilation and differential response to elevated sulfate and chloride salt concentrations in two saltgrass ecotypes. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 32(2):71‑178. Gessler N, Pessarakli M. 2009. Growth Responses and Nitrogen Uptake of Saltgrass under Salinity Stress. 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Kopec DM, Adams A, Bourn C, Gilbert JJ, Marcum K, Pessarakli M. 2001b. Field Performance of Selected Mowed Distichlis Clones, United States Golf Association (USGA) Research Report #4. Turfgrass Landscape and Urban IPM Research Summary 2001, Cooperative Extension Agriculture Experiment Station, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Publication AZ1246 Series P-126, pp. 305-312. Kopec DM, Marcum K, Pessarakli M. 2000. Collection and Evaluation of Diverse Geographical Accessions of Distichlis for Turf-Type Growth Habit, Salinity and Drought Tolerance. Report #2, Cooperative Extension Agriculture Experiment Station Service, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 11p. Kopec DM, Nolan S, Brown PW, Pessarakli M. 2006. Water and Turfgrass in the Arid Southwest: Water Use Rates of Tifway 419 Bermudagrass, SeaIsle 1, Seashore Paspalum, and Inland Saltgrass. United States Golf Association (USGA) Green Section Record, A Publication of Turfgrass Management, November-December 2006 Issue (6):12-14. Marcum KB, Kopec DM, Pessarakli M. 2001. Salinity Tolerance of 17 Turf-type Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) Accessions. International Turfgrass Research Conference, July 15-21, 2001, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Marcum KB, Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2005. Relative salinity tolerance of 21 turf-type desert saltgrasses compared to bermudagrass. HortScience 40(3): 827-829. www.ashs.org Miller Deborah L, Smeins FE, James W. Webb. 1998. Response of a Texas Distichlis spicata coastal marsh following lesser snow goose herbivory. Aquatic Botany, 61(4):301‑307. Miyamoto S, Glenn EP, Olsen MW. 1996. Growth, water use and salt uptake of four halophytes irrigated with highly saline water. Journal of Arid Environment, 32(2):141‑159. O’Leary J.W, Glenn E.P. 1994. Global distribution and potential for halophytes. In: Halophytes as a Resource for Livestock and for Rehabilitation of Degraded Lands (V.R. Squires and A.T. Ayoub, Eds.). pp7-19. Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht. Pessarakli M. 2005a. Supergrass: Drought-tolerant turf might be adaptable for golf course use. Golfweek’s SuperNews Magazine, November 16, 2005, p 21 and cover page. http://www.supernewsmag.com/news/golfweek/ supernews/20051116/ p21. asp?st=p21_s1.htm Pessarakli M. 2005b. Gardener’s delight: Low-maintenance grass. Tucson Citizen, Arizona, Newspaper Article, September 15, 2005, Tucson, AZ, USA. Gardener'sdelight:Low-maintenancegrasshttp://www.tucsoncitizen. com/ Pessarakli M. 2007. Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), a Potential Future Turfgrass Species with Minimum Maintenance/Management Cultural Practices. In: Handbook of Turfgrass Management and Physiology (M. Pessarakli, Ed.), pp. 603-615, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Publishing Company, Florida. Pessarakli M. 2008. Nitrogen Nutrition of Distichlis (Saltgrass) under Normal and Salinity Stress Conditions Using 15N. Turfgrass and Environment, United States Golf Association (USGA), p. 70. Pessarakli M, Gessler N, Kopec DM. 2008. Growth Responses of Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) under Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Salinity Stress. United States Golf Association (USGA) Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online, October 15, 2008, 7(20):1-7. http://turf.lib.msu.edu/tero/ v02/n14.pdf Pessarakli M, Harivandi MA, Kopec DM, Ray DT. 2012. Growth Responses and Nitrogen Uptake by Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata L.), a Halophytic Plant Species, under Salt Stress, Using the 15N Technique. International Journal of Agronomy, Volume 2012, Article ID 896971, 9 pages, doi:10.1155/2012/896971. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2005. Responses of Twelve Inland Saltgrass Accessions to Salt Stress. United States Golf Association (USGA) Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online 4(20):1-5. http://turf.lib.msu.edu/tero/ v02/ n14.pdf Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2011. Responses of Various Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) Clones to Drought Stress at Different Mowing Heights. Journal of Food, Agriculture, and Environment (JFAE), Vol. 9(3 and 4):665-668. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2006. Interactive Effects of Salinity and Mowing Heights on the Growth of Various Inland Saltgrass Clones. Turfgrass and Environment, United States Golf Association (USGA), pp. 83-84. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2008a. Establishment of Three Warm-Season Grasses under Salinity Stress. Acta HortScience, International Society of Horticultural Science (ISHS), Vol. 783:29-37. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2008b. Growth Response of Various Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) Clones to Combined Effects of Drought and Mowing Heights. United States Golf Association (USGA) Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online, January 1, 2008, 7(1):1-4. http://turf.lib. msu.edu/tero/v02/n14.pdf Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2010. Growth Responses and Nitrogen Uptake of Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), a True Halophyte, under Salinity Stress Conditions using 15N Technique. Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Soils and Ground Water Salinization in Arid Regions, Vol. 2, 1-11, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM, Koski AJ. 2003. Establishment of Warm-Season Grasses under Salinity Stress. American Society of Agronomy-Crop Science Society of America-Soil Science Society of America (ASA-CSSA-SSSA) Annual Meetings, Nov. 2-6, 2003, Denver, CO. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM, Ray DT. 2011a. Growth Responses of Various Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) Clones Under Salt Stress Conditions. Journal of Food, Agriculture, and Environment (JFAE), Vol. 9(3 and4):660-664. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB, Emam Y. 2011b. Relative droughttolerance of various desert saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) genotypes. Journal of Food, Agriculture, and Environment (JFAE), Vol. 9(1):474-478. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB. 2000. Growth Responses and Nitrogen-15 Absorption of Distichlis under Sodium Chloride Stress. American Society of Agronomy-Crop Science Society of America-Soil Science Society of America (ASA-CSSA-SSSA) Annual Meetings, Nov. 5-9, 2000, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB, Kopec DM. 2001a. Drought Tolerance of Twenty one Saltgrass (Distichlis) Accessions Compared to Bermudagrass. Turfgrass Landscape and Urban IPM Research Summary 2001, Cooperative Extension, Agricultural Experiment Station, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Publication AZ1246 Series P-126, pp. 65-69. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB, Kopec DM. 2001b. Drought tolerance of turf- type inland saltgrasses and bermudagrass. American Society of Agronomy-Crop Science Society of America-Soil Science Society of America (ASA-CSSA-SSSA) Annual Meetings, Oct. 27 - Nov 2, 2001, Charlotte, North Carolina, Agronomy Abstract, C05-pessarakli130005-P. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB, Kopec DM. 2001c. Growth Responses of Desert Saltgrass under Salt Stress. Turfgrass Landscape and Urban IPM Research Summary 2001, Cooperative Extension, Agricultural Experiment Station, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Publication AZ1246 Series P-126, pp. 70-73. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB, Kopec DM. 2005. Growth responses and nitrogen-15 absorption of desert saltgrass under salt stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28(8):1441-1452. www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/01904167.asp Pessarakli M, Tucker TC. 1985. Uptake of Nitrogen-15 by cotton under salt stress. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 49:149-152. Pessarakli M, Tucker TC. 1988. Dry matter yield and nitrogen-15 uptake by tomatoes under sodium chloride stress. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 52:698-700. Rossi AM, Brodbeck BV, Strong DR.1996. Response of xylem‑feeding leafhopper to host plant species and plant quality. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 22(4):653‑671. Sagi M, Savidov NA, L’vov NP, Lips SH. 1997. Nitrate reductase and molybdenum cofactor in annual ryegrass as affected by salinity and nitrogen source. Physiologia Plantanum, 99:546-553. SAS Institute, Inc. 1991. SAS/STAT User’s guide. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC. Sigua GC, Hudnall WH. 1991. Gypsum and water management interactions for revegetation and productivity improvement of brackish marsh in Louisiana. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 22(15/16):1721‑ 1739. Sowa S, Towill LE. 1991. Effects of nitrous oxide on mitochondrial and cell respiration and growth in Distichlis spicata suspension cultures. Plant‑Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture (Netherlands), 27(2):197‑201. 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Open Access Article
485 - Designing a Smart Specialization Model for Innovation Development in the Provinces of Iran: Case Study of East Azerbaijan Province
mahdi pakzad seyed sepehr ghazi noori mahdi mohammadiInnovation is a process dependent on geography and region in which local capacities such as resources, institutions, public and cultural values are the main drivers. Interactions between different sectors of the region, including technical, commercial, legal, social and MoreInnovation is a process dependent on geography and region in which local capacities such as resources, institutions, public and cultural values are the main drivers. Interactions between different sectors of the region, including technical, commercial, legal, social and financial sectors, contribute to the development, protection, financing or regulation of innovation and technology. The dependence of innovation on the characteristics of regions has made it impossible to provide a single model for the development of innovation in the regions, and in fact, a diverse set of institutional capacities, tools and characteristics is needed for the development and management of present and future knowledge. Also important are factors such as regional production, regional environment, system of academia and research in the region, public management and the capabilities of private and business firms. Given the differences in the state of innovation in the provinces of Iran, this study seeks to present a smart specialization for the development of regional innovation ecosystem in Iran. To this end, by studying and reviewing previous studies and research, the requirements and components of smart a smart specialization have been identified and based on them an initial framework has been designed for smart regional eco-innovation development policies. Then, in order to present a native model for intelligent policy package design, East Azerbaijan Province, which has been institutionalized in science and technology policy discussions among the province's actors and activists, was selected and with using Multi Grounded Theory (MGT) method and using interviews with provincial managers, trade unions, industrial cluster and technology managers. The identified requirements and components were initialized in a local and regional context. The proposed model of smart specialization for formulating regional innovation development policies includes three stages: preparing the vision and priority areas of the region, analyzing the innovation ecosystem of selected areas, formulating a policy mix and implementing planning along with considering process considerations Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
486 - Comparative study on efficiency of ANP and PROMETHEE methods in locating MSW landfill sites
Ebrahim Fataei Seiied Taghi Seiied Safavian -
Open Access Article
487 - Earthquake Risk Analysis in Azerbaijan Region Using Neural Network Method
Sayyed javad Sayyedfattahi Rouzbeh Dabiri Milad Farshbaf KhaliliIn this research, earthquake prediction and hazard risk analysis in Azerbaijan region have been done using neural network method. The forecasting approach is based on the use of artificial intelligence based on seismic data from previous times over a period of 100 years MoreIn this research, earthquake prediction and hazard risk analysis in Azerbaijan region have been done using neural network method. The forecasting approach is based on the use of artificial intelligence based on seismic data from previous times over a period of 100 years. Five characteristics of an earthquake event are extracted from data from previous years. The earthquake prediction model is based on five selected features with three different algorithms with feed forward neural network. Validation results indicate the high ability of the model to predict earthquakes in the study area. The results of the created models have been used to analyze the risk in the region of Azerbaijan. According to the obtained results, the region of Azerbaijan is prone to high earthquakes, which necessitates strict observance of standards in the construction of buildings. The results of the present study show that the Bayesian algorithm has the best performance in predicting earthquake risk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
488 - Investigating the Impact of Regional Wars on the Validity of Middle Eastern Sports
hamidreza jalili ali hemati nima majedi mehdy naderinasabThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of military conflicts and regional killings on the credibility of Middle Eastern sports. The research method was correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of the study also included e MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of military conflicts and regional killings on the credibility of Middle Eastern sports. The research method was correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of the study also included experts in sports and politics. In order to identify these samples, purposive sampling method was used which continued until theoretical saturation was reached and finally 52 people were identified as the final sample. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were examined. Structural equation method was used to analyze the data of the present study. Data analysis of the present study was performed based on SPSS and PLS software. The results showed that military conflicts have an effect on the image of Middle Eastern sports of -0.198. Psychological conflicts also have an effect on the credibility of Middle Eastern sports of -0.387. The results of the present study showed that regional killings have an effect on the image of Middle Eastern sports by -0.540. Finally, the present study found that military-economic conflicts and cyber-military conflicts do not have a significant effect on the image of Middle Eastern sports. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
489 - Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cultivars and promising lines of barley in the two cold regions of Khorasan Razavi province
S.A. Razavi H. Hamidi H. Tajalli In order to yield comparison of eight cold barley promising lines including CB-85-19,CB-85-14, CB-85-9, CB-85-15 and CB-85-10 along with three barley varieties checks(Bahman, Makoui, valfager), these experiments were conducted using RCBD withthree replications in More In order to yield comparison of eight cold barley promising lines including CB-85-19,CB-85-14, CB-85-9, CB-85-15 and CB-85-10 along with three barley varieties checks(Bahman, Makoui, valfager), these experiments were conducted using RCBD withthree replications in farmer field of Torbat-e-haydaria and Fariman during 2010-2011cropping season.During the stages of growth and development, the necessary records of agriculturaland morphological traits, including the dates of spike emergence, physiologicalmaturity, plant height and 1000 seeds weight, were evaluated and after harvesting,weighing and recording the seed yield of each line, variance analysis was carried out.A randomized complete block design was performed based on the grain yield. Theresults of combining analysis showed that there were significant differences (P< 0.05)between two experimental locations for grain yield and 1000 kernels weight. Inaddition, there was a significant difference for interaction of genotype × location on1000 kernels weight. The highest grain yield (6.242 t/ha) related to CB-85-10 barleygenotype which was produced from farmer’s field in Torbat-e-haydaria and Fariman. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
490 - Biometric evaluation of the trunk region of Iranian Arab horse
Fahimeh Pourjafari bahador shojaei hamid sharifiThere are more than two hundred horse breeds in the world that have different body structure, color and specific abilities depending on the geographical and weather conditions of their region. The Arabian horse, which history goes back about5 thousand years ago, has pla MoreThere are more than two hundred horse breeds in the world that have different body structure, color and specific abilities depending on the geographical and weather conditions of their region. The Arabian horse, which history goes back about5 thousand years ago, has played a key role in the life history of human. Since the size of trunk region of breeds are different, biometric indices could be used to identify different breeds of horses. The present study was designed to determine the biometric indices of different trunk region were evaluated in 30 Iranian Arab horses. In this study 13 characteristics of different trunk regions were evaluated in 30 Iranian Arab horses. These horses were at least 3 years old and were selected from Kerman horse corrals. Then the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and confidence interval of the characteristics were calculated. The data were compared between male and female as well as between the age groups older and younger than 8 years old by independent t-test. The results of this study showed that the gluteal height and length of lateral aspects of pelvis had the lowest and highest coefficient of variation among the measured characteristics, respectively. In this research, the characteristics were compared in different age and sex groups. This comparison showed a significant difference in the gluteal height in two different sex and age groups and length of lateral aspects of pelvis in two different age. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
491 - Lumbarization of sacrum in cat, a case report
M.R Paryani S.M Rajaei رضا Sajadi A 12 months old,intact male domesticated short hair cat presentad with pain in lumbosacral region.clinical examination was done and radiographs of pelvic girdle obtained.radiographs of sacral region in lateral view showed that saparation between More A 12 months old,intact male domesticated short hair cat presentad with pain in lumbosacral region.clinical examination was done and radiographs of pelvic girdle obtained.radiographs of sacral region in lateral view showed that saparation between S1 and S2 vertebrae.Acomplete blood count,serum biochemistry,and other parameters associated with orthopedic diseases have not revealed abnomalities.it seems that,this is the first case of lumbarization of sacrum in a cat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
492 - Clinical report of an uncommon place sebaceous epithelioma in a dog
H.R Fattahian R. Moridpour S.P Mortazavi Fatemeh Saedi namA nine year old toy poodle spayed female dog has been referred to small clinic with modular elevation hyperpigmented mass on the back with ulceration. Radiography survey did not show a metastatic mass in thoracic cavity. The patient was prepared for operation and positi MoreA nine year old toy poodle spayed female dog has been referred to small clinic with modular elevation hyperpigmented mass on the back with ulceration. Radiography survey did not show a metastatic mass in thoracic cavity. The patient was prepared for operation and positioned in venteral recumbency . After surgical excision the incision was sutured routinely . Excised sample fixed in 10℅ formalin and then embedded with paraffin. Macroscopically , tumors has been appeared as yellow to flesh- colored papules, and microscopically , basophilic reserve cells with fewer sebocytes and ducts were seen. This clinical report showed that sebaceous epitheliuma could develop on other place like on back in poodle dog. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
493 - TAPI: Prospects and Challenges
ghasem torabi raziyeh saneiAbstract: The groundbreaking ceremony of the TAPI gas pipeline was held in Ashgabat on December 12, 2015, the four parties being represented, respectively, by President G. Berdimuhamedov, President Ashraf Ghani, Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and Indian Vice MoreAbstract: The groundbreaking ceremony of the TAPI gas pipeline was held in Ashgabat on December 12, 2015, the four parties being represented, respectively, by President G. Berdimuhamedov, President Ashraf Ghani, Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and Indian Vice President Mohammad Hamid Ansari. The conference was titled “A policy of neutrality: international co-operation for peace, security and development” and was held as part of the International Conference convened in Ashgabat to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Turkmenistan’s Permanent Neutrality. All in all, despite questions being raised by the worldwide press in the past regarding the skepticism addressed towards the hydrocarbon projects, the event was successful. Turkmenistan is one the independent republic of the Soviet Union. It has huge reserves of natural gas and geo-economic position. In this regard the Turkmen leaders to take advantage of this opportunity to seek diversification of export markets and gain more freedom from Russia via transporting to Afghanistan , Pakistan and India. The main question is “what are the obstacles the implementation of the pipeline”. The main hypothesis is emphasized that disputes between India and Pakistan, between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Russia s position on the TAPL and trying to maintain a monopoly and terrorist groups are such obstacles. The method in this paper is based on described – analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
494 - JCPOA impact on policy, regulation and security strategy in the Middle East
sadegh zibakalam MOHSEN ZAMANIOne of the most important and most sensitive issues in the Islamic Republic of Iran's foreign policy and diplomacy on Iran after the incident, undoubtedly the most important controversial nationalization of the oil industry, the Iranian nuclear crisis major world powers MoreOne of the most important and most sensitive issues in the Islamic Republic of Iran's foreign policy and diplomacy on Iran after the incident, undoubtedly the most important controversial nationalization of the oil industry, the Iranian nuclear crisis major world powers, regional nuclear policy Iran equally affected the nuclear activities of Iran's policies of regional and global,policy Iran equally affected the nuclear activities of Iran's policies of regional and global, so that by highlighting the problem of hot and controversial nuclear Iran, especially in recent decades, conflicts units from time to time as the conflict promotes less violent that the among the negative propaganda of the West and some of the Middle East, extreme sensitivity on the issue Iran's nuclear created a tangible impact access and security policies in the Middle East, creates a hostile reaction in the so that by highlighting the problem of hot and controversial nuclear Iran, especially in recent decades, conflicts units from time to time as the conflict promotes less violent that the among the negative propaganda of the West and some of the M actors Al, a significant change in the political climate - not the Middle East security and "the threat of regional hegemony" has replaced nuclear threat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
495 - Study of the status of regional power of Iran and Turkey within the framework of the vision document (2003-2015)
Mohammad Reza Movassagh محمد ستوده آرانیMore than half of the time has passed since the announcement of the 20-year vision document for Iran and Turkey. According to the objectives of the document, the Islamic Republic of Iran should reach the first power of the region in the year 1404, economically, socially MoreMore than half of the time has passed since the announcement of the 20-year vision document for Iran and Turkey. According to the objectives of the document, the Islamic Republic of Iran should reach the first power of the region in the year 1404, economically, socially, scientifically, technologically and politically; at the same time, Turkey should also be the first region and one of the top 10 economies in the world. However, the study of effective factors in the social, technological, and economic areas of ecology and political, in the framework of trend analysis method and Steep method from derivatives of the Steep model (v), which is based on the library-document method and the comparative analysis of information, shows that Iran It is far from the foreseen goals of gaining regional power. With the current trend, it is very difficult and far from reachable for Iran to reach the first place in the region. In contrast, Turkey, Iran’s rival, according to the 2023 prospect, that has made significant strides in gaining regional power. It is expected at the end of the document Turkey will reach the most predicted goals. Therefore, in order to offset the backwardness and reach the first place, Iran needs to make revision in different sectors and do multi-level efforts in different fields. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
496 - Change of identity tenets in Turkey's foreign policy and its regional effects in the middle East
ali nikokar Mahnaz GoodarziWith arrival of Justice and Development Party serious alterations occurred in Turkey's foreign policy and the country's Policy in the Middle East moved towards opposition than cooperation. The changes in Turkey's political and social contexts and the country's emphasis MoreWith arrival of Justice and Development Party serious alterations occurred in Turkey's foreign policy and the country's Policy in the Middle East moved towards opposition than cooperation. The changes in Turkey's political and social contexts and the country's emphasis on layers of identity. Brought about ideological tensions that necessitate the investigation of changes in Turkey's identity tenets in the Middle East and it's regional effects. This study argues that Justice and Development Party's application as identity tenets in the Middle East entangles the country in ideological games that it has little in common with; and from another perspective, with a read of Islamism the country enters a rivalry field with Iran and Saudi Arabia each of which represents a part of it's identity (Sunni and Shiite) and from another aspects the two countries have opposite and common benefits. Thus, Turkey's presence in the Middle East brings about more complication in the regional equations and more disagreement in policies; and intensities ideological rivalries. This study was carried and according the Constructivist theory, the research method was descriptive –analytical; and the data were collected through library research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
497 - Russia's ethics for the Syrian civil war and the US response
fatemeh sadat maloomi afshin zargarThe Syrian civil war, which has been the most important crisis in the Middle East over the past seven years, has turned the region into a rivalry and rivalry between regional and trans-national powers. The geographic extent of the conflict, the high volume of damage, th MoreThe Syrian civil war, which has been the most important crisis in the Middle East over the past seven years, has turned the region into a rivalry and rivalry between regional and trans-national powers. The geographic extent of the conflict, the high volume of damage, the occurrence of extreme violence and the direct and indirect presence The numerous international actors on the scene of operational battles have made the crisis one of the most unique examples of the past decade. The nature of international phenomena has shown that great powers in a multilateral structure, along with co-operation and competition, seek to stabilize the power equivalence in the international environment. Russia has been the main actor in Syria in recent years and has been the strongest player among foreign actors in Syria, but on the other side of the United States, with multiple instruments under the pretext of confronting ISIL's threat and preventing Iran from penetrating Syria in this crisis-affected country. Has played a role that has not been in line with the interests of Russia. In this way, there is a clear and secret opposition between Russia and the United States in Syria. In this article, we examine this contradiction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
498 - An Analysis of the Effects of International Coalition Forces in Afghanistan: Opportunities and Challenges.
Ali MohamadianNearly two decades have passed since the fall of the Taliban regime and the presence of US-led coalition forces in Afghanistan. Since 2001, the international coalition forces have embraced Afghanistan's political, economic, social and security developments. The Taliban' MoreNearly two decades have passed since the fall of the Taliban regime and the presence of US-led coalition forces in Afghanistan. Since 2001, the international coalition forces have embraced Afghanistan's political, economic, social and security developments. The Taliban's defeat, the first project, and then the formation of a new government and the reconstruction and structural reforms in the political, security, economic and social fields were the main pillars of the policy of the international coalition led by the United States and some international forums in this country.Most of these axes have been implemented since the fall of the Taliban in Afghanistan. However, Afghanistan is still in a volatile situation in 2019 and after about 18 years since the fall of the Taliban and spending a lot by governments and international as well as international coalition forces. So the question of the article is that what has happened since the fall of the Taliban by the international coalition and other international fora in Afghanistan, and with what opportunities and challenges are faced?The paper, in a descriptive analytical manner, believes that the measures taken to rebuild Afghanistan are inadequate and that, due to the conflicting interests of domestic, regional, and transnational actors, there are numerous barriers to resolving various crises in Afghanistan, whose ambiguities are ambiguous. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
499 - A Comparative Study of the Evolution of the Concept of Power in Iran's Regional Politics in the Age of Globalization with Emphasis on Iraq, Yemen and Syria (2013-2009)
Reza Aliakbar pour Garineh Keshishyan SirakiSince cultural characteristics, ideological approaches, geography and religious beliefs are among the factors that determine Iran's position in the regional arena, Iran, according to the national and Islamic tradition as a revolutionary actor, By emphasizing Iran's majo MoreSince cultural characteristics, ideological approaches, geography and religious beliefs are among the factors that determine Iran's position in the regional arena, Iran, according to the national and Islamic tradition as a revolutionary actor, By emphasizing Iran's major role in the Islamic world, they emphasize the position of regional power in Iran. Now, according to the conditions and requirements of globalization; The question addressed in this article is what effect has the evolution of the concept of power due to globalization had on the nature of the regional politics of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the three countries of Iraq, Yemen and Syria? In response, in a comparative reaserch it seems that with the evolution of the concept of power from hard power to soft power and then smart power in the age of globalization, the nature of regional politics of the Islamic Republic of Iran also seeks to combine soft power cooperatively with hard politics asymmetric balance of power. Has changed. In this regard, it can be emphasized that the formation of Shiite groups throughout the Middle East, which is influenced by the principle of exporting the revolution and the model of Islamic government, is supported by the tactics of intelligent power and cultural diplomacy of Iran. The purpose of writing this article is to a comparative study the evolution of the concept of power in Iran's regional politics with emphasis on Iraq, Yemen and Syria from 2013 till 2019. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
500 - Regional obstacles to regaining power in the Russian Federation during Putin's second term, from 2014 to 2019
Mohsen Habibi ahmad bakhshayeshi ardestani seye Ali Tabatabaei Nejad Hamid Reza ShirzadThe Russian Federation has been increasingly affected by growing regional and international developments since Putin's second term. Putin sought to regain power by adopting the policy of pragmatism and the strategy of the normative great modern power; However, the path MoreThe Russian Federation has been increasingly affected by growing regional and international developments since Putin's second term. Putin sought to regain power by adopting the policy of pragmatism and the strategy of the normative great modern power; However, the path to regaining power since 2014 has been accompanied by regional obstacles, which have manifested themselves in two general categories: the crisis in Ukraine and the Crimean peninsula, and the leverage of Russian gas exports to Europe. In this study, we sought to understand the regional obstacles to regaining power in the Russian Federation during Putin's second term from 2014 to 2019, from the perspective of defensive realism theory. The research method was descriptive and library studies. The study found that Russia was facing obstacles in regaining its power, such as the Ukraine crisis, NATO's expansion to the east, the deployment of a missile defense shield, leverage to export gas to Europe, and the issue of EU energy security. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
501 - Struggle for Regional Power Position: Iran-Saudi Arabia in the Middle East
mahdieh heydariIran - Saudi Arabia, the two most powerful powers have always sought to maximize power equations and gain the highest position in the Middle East. Although these two actors have managed to showcase their strength in the region at some point in history, they have always MoreIran - Saudi Arabia, the two most powerful powers have always sought to maximize power equations and gain the highest position in the Middle East. Although these two actors have managed to showcase their strength in the region at some point in history, they have always faced many challenges due to the inconsistency of national requirements and international requirements. For example, before the Islamic Revolution, with the backing of the United States, Iran succeeded in asserting its power in the region; Could not. Now, with this descriptive-analytical research method, this research seeks to answer the question of what are the requirements of the Saudi-Iranian competition for a regional power plan in the Middle East? The provisional hypothesis is that gaining regional status in the Middle East requires both actors to have both material and immaterial power, as well as the behavior and policies of other regional and transnational governments. The findings of the study, by applying neoclassical realism theory, and analyzing the requirements of the power plan, at two levels of micro and macro analysis, suggest that the existence of different national capacities, relying on, or opposing the existing order, prevents one of these two states from topping. Over the Middle East's power equations. The method of gathering data and data is based on the library method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
502 - The role of parliamentary diplomacy of the Islamic Council in securing the national interests of the Islamic Republic
sayadhosein hoseini Reza shirzadiWith the approach of making the most of the opportunities and reducing the harms, countries are taking steps towards drawing a road map of parliamentary diplomacy in accordance with their internal capacities and regional and global requirements. Parliamentary diplomacy MoreWith the approach of making the most of the opportunities and reducing the harms, countries are taking steps towards drawing a road map of parliamentary diplomacy in accordance with their internal capacities and regional and global requirements. Parliamentary diplomacy plays a significant role in the realization of foreign policy priorities through the synergy of intellectual and physical capacities. With the purpose of investigating this issue, the following question is raised: What are the most important tools and methods of parliament to ensure national interests and achieve foreign policy priorities?Using documentary and library methods, it was stated that parliamentary friendship groups and inter-parliamentary organizations are an efficient tool in parliamentary diplomacy, and the most important indicators of a successful parliamentary diplomacy and obstacles and gaps in the strategic management of parliamentary diplomacy to achieve national interests were investigated.The results show that the Islamic Republic of Iran, as a system based on religious democracy with precious parliamentary experience, is placed in an unstable security environment, and part of the offensive capabilities of the United States and the European Union is organized by focusing on national and regional parliamentary institutions, which is a necessity. Synergy of the diplomatic capacities of the Islamic Council with executive institutions related to the field of foreign policy-making and increasing the use of public and parliamentary diplomatic capacities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
503 - The regional competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia and its impact on the security of the Persian Gulf based on offensive realism
Nader MolaeianThis article is prepared and organized based on the security conditions of the Persian Gulf and providing solutions for stability and security in this sensitive international region. Stable security in this geo-strategic, geo-cultural and geo-political region of the wor MoreThis article is prepared and organized based on the security conditions of the Persian Gulf and providing solutions for stability and security in this sensitive international region. Stable security in this geo-strategic, geo-cultural and geo-political region of the world is of great importance due to the route of energy passage and estimation of more than 90% of fossil energies (in 2030). The geography of the Persian Gulf, which is separated from the Sea of Oman by the Strait of Hormuz, consists of the following countries: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Oman and Qatar, which are important and vital for the world in terms of economy and fossil energy production. Is. Britain's withdrawal from this region and its replacement by the United States in 1970 has caused many ups and downs in this region of the Middle East. This year, the United States used the two countries of Iran and Saudi Arabia as two pillars of regional security to reduce the tension between the two countries and a barrier against communism in a plan called the Nixon-Kessinger doctrine (two-pillar security). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
504 - The influence of the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran on resistance groups in the Middle East region; A case study of Hashd al-Shaabi
Karim Abbasi samad ghaempanah hasan shamsinighyasvand asadollah athariDifferent countries use different military, political, cultural and economic levers to influence the international arena. In this field, the Islamic Republic of Iran, according to the characteristics of the revolution of 1357, by using the cultural lever by supporting t MoreDifferent countries use different military, political, cultural and economic levers to influence the international arena. In this field, the Islamic Republic of Iran, according to the characteristics of the revolution of 1357, by using the cultural lever by supporting the attraction and organization of Islamic groups, the conditions for exerting influence in regional countries such as Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, etc., within the framework of interests The people, the region and the Islamic world have prepared.This article is compiled with the aim of examining the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran in regional Islamic groups, especially Hashd al-Shaabi.In this research, this question will be answered; What is the effect of the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran on the Islamic factions of the Middle East region with a case study of Hashd al-Shaabi?research hypothesis; The soft power components of the Islamic Republic of Iran, such as culture, religious beliefs, and internal and external policies, have been effective in creating and strengthening Islamic groups in the region. The results obtained from the mentioned research show that the Islamic Republic of Iran has caused the resistance groups in the region, especially Hashd al-Shaabi, to change from a potential state to an actual one, and in ensuring the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially in the fight against terrorism, Help with drug trafficking, human trafficking, etc.The method chosen in this article is descriptive and analytical, and the method of collecting materials is through a library. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
505 - Intra-regional security and hegemonic stability of the Middle East countries
mohama javad reshidi fakhredin soltani مریم مرادیConsidering the special and different characteristics of the Middle East countries, the issue of intra-regional security and hegemonic stability in this region can be considered as one of the important concerns in the analysis of the nature of the relations between the MoreConsidering the special and different characteristics of the Middle East countries, the issue of intra-regional security and hegemonic stability in this region can be considered as one of the important concerns in the analysis of the nature of the relations between the countries of the region. The main goal of the current research is intra-regional security and hegemonic stability in this region, which is important for government actors. The main question is how does intra-regional security affect hegemonic stability? The main hypothesis is that; The development and deepening of intra-regional security can lead to hegemonic stability and the development of sustainable security through convergence and de-escalation in the field of relations between governments. In addition to this, the division of power between the powers of the region on the one hand and the all-round growth of economic, political and security relations on the other hand can be a solution to the problems faced by the countries of the region. The research method is a descriptive-analytical qualitative method, and the method of collecting information is library-based and analyzing the collected data using the qualitative analysis method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
506 - The role of Yemen's internal developments in the regional competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia in 2010-2020
narjes arabshahi behnaz azhdariThe continuous and stable competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Middle East region has a long history,and according to internal,regional and international tensions and issues,the rules of their behavior and performance are different from each other.The politi MoreThe continuous and stable competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Middle East region has a long history,and according to internal,regional and international tensions and issues,the rules of their behavior and performance are different from each other.The political approach emanating from this competition has been less based on cooperation,more based on confrontation and sometimes conflict. Yemen's internal developments after the Arab Spring, and Saudi Arabia's role as a godfather to this country due to Yemen's strategic location, caused Saudi Arabia to adopt a hostile policy.Accusing Iran of supporting Yemen's Ansarullah turned this crisis-stricken country into a field of competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia. This research seeks to answer the question, what role does Yemen's internal developments play in the regional political competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia?The hypothesis of the research in response to the question is that the internal developments in Yemen have caused the direction of the aggressive foreign policy of Saudi Arabia towards Iran.The purpose of the research is to investigate the role of the Houthis in the rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia, and the method of data collection is the use of library and internet documents. The findings of the research show that Saudi Arabia has made a systematic change in its foreign policy under the title of "Salman Doctrine" due to the challenges facing the region.The competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the field of Yemen is analyzed in the framework of Barry Buzan's regional security theory as a theoretical framework. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
507 - Explanation of Obstacles to the Realization of Silk from the Perspective of the Convergence Theory
Ghasem Torabi Raziye SaneieChina’s one belt one road (OBOR) initiative unveiled by President Xi Jinping in 2013, aims to restore the country’s old land and sea trade routes and to boost economic connectivity between Asia, Europe and Africa. It covers 65 countries and six economic corr MoreChina’s one belt one road (OBOR) initiative unveiled by President Xi Jinping in 2013, aims to restore the country’s old land and sea trade routes and to boost economic connectivity between Asia, Europe and Africa. It covers 65 countries and six economic corridors accounting for two thirds of the world’s population and one third of the world’s GDP. In this paper the authors look at the opportunities it offers and some of the challenges for investors China’s one belt one road. In this sense, we focused on domestic constraints, tensions in China's neighbourhood, and great power rivalries. Finally, we tried to offer several suggestions regarding the improvement of China’s initiative. The suggestions concern the initiative’s planning and implementation, the means to improve its bilateral relations with neighbours and great powers, in order to be perceived as a responsible power on the international arena. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
508 - Review of the regional security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 13901400
Fazlollah Rezvantalab hojjatollah darvishpour محمد علی خسرویIn this article, according to the special and strategic geo-economic conditions of Southwest Asia and the Middle East, the regional security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which have always played a decisive and influential role in the security arrangements o MoreIn this article, according to the special and strategic geo-economic conditions of Southwest Asia and the Middle East, the regional security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which have always played a decisive and influential role in the security arrangements of this region, have been investigated. This research aims to explain and understand Iran's regional security policies in 1390-1400 AH, which can be a basis for determining the country's security policies against security threats in the region and addressing the question that Iran's regional security policies In this decade, according to the environmental threats, what principles have been established? has investigated the issue, and in this regard, this hypothesis is proposed that Iran's policies are focused on the main areas of strengthening and supporting the resistance front and expanding all-round relations with neighboring countries and trying to reduce the presence and influence of the United States in the region. Bari Buzan region has benefited. In order to collect data, library documents and existing books and using news and analytical websites have been used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
509 - The effect of mycorrhizal fungi, water stress and year on flower yield and some characteristics of medicinal plant of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) in Yasouj region
Ali RahimiIdentifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal MoreIdentifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been used in many plants to deal with dehydration and drought stress. In this regard, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Yasuj region at years 2015 and 2016. Water stress was considered as the main factor in the form of irrigation after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan class A and mycorrhizal fungus was considered as a secondary factor in the form of no application, application of Glomus mosseae and application of Glomus intraradices. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation and mycorrhizal fungi on flower phosphorus, flower yield, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage was significant. In irrigation levels after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan, the use of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices compared to the absence of fungi respectively increased the yield of plant flowers (30.04% and 27.35 %), (90.2% and 90.98%), (93.21% and 94.1%) and (81.73% and 78.86%), also, at these levels of irrigation, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage flower achieved a significant increase in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus, compared to the absence of mycorrhizal fungus application. Application of both strains of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices in irrigation levels after 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan compared to no application of mycorrhizal fungus, respectively, resulted in a significant increase in the harvest index of Borage flower (44.55% and 43.36%), (13.21% and 15.96%) and (5.6% and 5.41%) and flower phosphorus (44.69% and 20.45%), (150% and 125%) and ( 267.74% and 235.48%). Mycorrhizal fungus was able to moderate the negative effects of drought stress and increase the above-mentioned traits in those irrigation levels, and based on the results of this study, irrigation treatment after 90 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan + the use of Glomus mosseae mycorrhizal fungi is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
510 - Compilation of the proposed model of the ecological edge of the 15th district in the southeast of Tehran with an emphasis on ecotourism
منا خلیلیThe new patterns of the city and urban life have long distanced man from the experience of being in nature and connecting with it; However, most cities have natural boundaries with valuable ecological elements and a platform to satisfy the naturalistic needs of humans. MoreThe new patterns of the city and urban life have long distanced man from the experience of being in nature and connecting with it; However, most cities have natural boundaries with valuable ecological elements and a platform to satisfy the naturalistic needs of humans. Limits that in recent years have challenged urban planners to make the best decisions in order to properly exploit these ecological potentials. The ecological edge of Tehran's urban areas plays an important role in the promotion of ecotourism and urban landscape. The main research question is the analysis of internal and external influencing factors on the ecological edge of region 15 with an emphasis on ecotourism. The main goal of the research is to formulate the proposed model of the ecological edge of the 15th district in the southeast of Tehran with an emphasis on ecotourism. The research is applied in terms of purpose, analytical in nature and qualitative-quantitative in terms of method.The data collection method is library. The statistical population of the research is made up of 80 experts from the municipality of Region 15, neighborhood development offices and urban planning professors, and the technique used in this regard is the Delphi technique. The sampling method used in the present study was a stratified and probabilistic one. The data collection tool is a closed-ended questionnaire. A combination of SWOT and AHP has been used for data analysis. The results of the findings show that according to the internal (strength, weakness) and external (opportunity, threat) matrix, defense strategies have been chosen in line with the ecological edge of the 15th district in the southeast of Tehran, with an emphasis on ecotourism. Also, according to the results of prioritizing the options, aggressive strategies were chosen as the highest priority.The choice of this strategy means that the ecological edge of the 15th district in the southeast of Tehran, with an emphasis on ecotourism, has capabilities that can be used for its development and environmental opportunities Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
511 - An Introduction to knowing Partoe Esfehani
Hojjat TavassoliMirza Ali Reza, known as Mirza Agha Jan and his nom de plume Partoe, the poet and calligrapher of thirteenth century (19th century A.D) lived sometime in between the years 1213-1304. He was one of the outstanding calligraphers of Naser al -Din Shah Court and his c MoreMirza Ali Reza, known as Mirza Agha Jan and his nom de plume Partoe, the poet and calligrapher of thirteenth century (19th century A.D) lived sometime in between the years 1213-1304. He was one of the outstanding calligraphers of Naser al -Din Shah Court and his calligraphic collection together with his guilded Koran is kept in Malek and Royal libraries. His anthology includes, lyric ghazals, odes, and literary pieces composed on variety of subjects such as praise, description, sermon, and philosophy and was corrected and published by the writer of this article. The Renaissance Style in Partoe’s Poetry is evident and in this sense it is a reminder of Poetry of Saadi, Hafez and other predecessors. Also, his mastery in composing historical issues is another characteristic feature of his poetry which is more concerned with the repair and renovation and construction of mosques in Esfehan, and date of death of his contemporary poets which is often called upon by historians. This article attempts to portray him as a prominent poet and calligrapher in Gajar period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
512 - The Impact of Classical Poetry on the Contemporary Poets from the standpoint of Imagery
Ali Sarvar YaghoubiImagery and imagination are the essential components of poetry in such a way that they can be regarded as differentiating factor, separating prose from poetry. In other words, imagination is the very essence of poetry. In this article attempt is made to inve MoreImagery and imagination are the essential components of poetry in such a way that they can be regarded as differentiating factor, separating prose from poetry. In other words, imagination is the very essence of poetry. In this article attempt is made to investigate the common grounds between the Old Persian poetry with Contemporary poetry in terms of poetic criteria such as similarities in imagery, and the function of elements involved in imagination. These elements are either taken from the nature which exists throughout all times and places and is constant, yet differs from the geographical and regional point of view, or they are environmental phenomena which tend to change with the passage of time and change in the mode of living. Thus, the strongest bond between these two styles could have been made on the basis of elements of nature and their function in imagery. With the aid of such criteria, one can judge whether there is a bond between the two styles or they are entirely different. Manuscript profile
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