Codifying and reliability measuring of Ecotourism Entrepreneurship Development indexes in Rural Region
Subject Areas : Urban and Regional Planning Studiesحمدالله سجاسی قیداری 1 , عبدالرضا رکن الدین افتخاری 2 , مهدی پورطاهری 3
1 - استادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
2 - دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس تهران، تهران، ایران
3 - استادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس تهران، تهران، ایران
Keywords: reliability measuring, entrepreneurship development, Ecotourism Entrepreneurship, rural region,
Abstract :
Ecotourism Entrepreneurship Development indexes are one of strategic criteria for planning and assessment of Ecotourism Entrepreneurship Development project in rural region. Thus, could assessed amount of proceed or effect of Ecotourism Entrepreneurship projects on achieving to goals in each stage, with using of these criteria. The present gaps in this phase, cause that Ecotourism Entrepreneurship Development planning, codified far from considering the native and precise indexes and then, it difficult targeting and assessment of plans. Therefore, this article, try to codify and measuring reliability of Ecotourism Entrepreneurship Development native indexes in Iran rural region, to planners and Ecotourism Entrepreneurship researchers could use of this approved index by aware elites and expert in rural Ecotourism Entrepreneurship studies and even rural tourism Entrepreneurship or assessment of related project.For attain to this goal, descriptive and analytical methodology using data from a questionnaire in the expert's level. Thus, 36 indexes extract from Theatrical base and judged by 42 aware elites and expert through questioner. Reliability measuring and elites and expert agreement obtain by using of TOPSIS technique and other technique of ranking. Also, had been used of Uman Witnwey sample in SPSS software for compare the view of university elites with expert in other organization related with tourism Entrepreneurship. The result show that all of indexes are more than moderate and among of variety dimension, policies and law procedure dimension is the most important rather other dimensions of Ecotourism Entrepreneurship. From other side, the weight of each index was separately calculated that Eco touristic opportunity index with 0.112 is upper and green physical infrastructure index with 0.001 is lowest weighted index.Ecotourism and ecotourism economic, in it’s actually concept has not been considered in Iran. Therefore, in the future researches could emphasis on tourism entrepreneurship spatially in ecotourism.Finally, the result of Uman Witney sample show that all of indexes are agreed by elites and expert, then are approved and applicable for the future studies. This study is innovation for emphases to the ecotourism entrepreneurship index, and can use by rural planning, tourism development and entrepreneurship researchers.
3. رکنالدین افتخاری، عبدالرضا، پورطاهری، مهدی و سجاسی قیداری، حمدالله ، 1387، مطالعه و تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر توسعه کارآفرینی کشاورزی در مناطق روستایی، منطقه مورد مطالعه شهرستان خدابنده، فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی روستا و توسعه، وزارت جهاد کشاورزی: سازمان تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و بررسی مسایل روستایی، سال 12، شماره 3.
4. رکنالدین افتخاری، عبدالرضا، سجاسی قیداری، حمدالله و رضوی، سید حسن ، 1389، راهبردهای توسعه کارآفرینی در مناطق روستایی (SWOT)، منطقه مورد مطالعه شهرستان خدابنده، فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی روستا و توسعه (وزارت جهاد کشاورزی: سازمان تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و بررسی مسایل روستایی)، سال 13، شماره 3، ص 1-29.
5. رکنالدین افتخاری، عبدالرضا وسجاسی قیداری، حمدالله، 1389، توسعه روستایی با تأکید بر کارآفرینی (تعاریف، دیدگاه‌ها و تجربیات)، انتشارات سمت.
6. صمدآقایی، جلیل، 1378، سازمانهای کارآفرین، نشر مرکز آموزش مدیریت دولتی، سازمان امور اداری و استخدامی کشور.
7. فرجی سبکبار، حسنعلی، بدری، سید علی، سجاسی قیداری، حمدالله، صادقلو، طاهره و شهدادی، علی، 1390، اولویت بندی توسعه کارآفرینی در مناطق روستایی با استفاده از تکنیک پرومتی(PROMETEE)، فصلنامة پژوهش‌های جغرافیایی، دانشگاه تهران، شماره 75، سال 44.
8. مقیمی، سید محمد، 1383، کارآفرینی و عوامل محیطی مؤثر بر آن، مجلعه علمی و پژوهشی فرهنگ مدیریت، سال دوم، شماره پنجم، ص77-107.
9. میرزایی اهرنجانی، حسن و امیری، مجتبی، 1381، ارائه مدل سه بعدی تحلیل مبانی فلسفی و زیرساختهای بنیادین نظریههای مدیریت، مجله دانش مدیریت دانشگاه تهران، شماره 56.
10. هال کالین مایکل و جان ام، جنکینز، 1377، درآمدی بر صنعت جهانگردی، مترجمان: عباس اردکانیان و محمدرضا حبیبی، تهران: نشر ارمغان.
11. ولا، فراسوا و یونل، بیچریل، 1384، گردشگری بینالمللی، مترجمان: محمد ابراهیم گوهریان و محمد کتابچی، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، تهران
12. Alison, M., 1990, Entrepreneurship: An International Perspective, Oxford, jordan Haill, Linacre House.
13. Allen. J.C., 2003, Examination of Community Action Field Theory Model for Locality Based Entrepreneurship. Paper Presented at the Annual Rural Sociological Society Meeting, Montreal, Canada.
14. Allione C., Claudia De Giorgi, Beatrice Lerma, Luca Petruccelli., 2011, From ecodesign products guidelines to materials guidelines for a sustainable product. Qualitative and quantitative multicriteria environmental profile of a material, Energy: article in press, 1-10.
15. Asian Productivity Organization, 2007, Entrepreneurship Development for Competitive Small and Medium Enterprises, Published by the Asian Productivity Organization, Hirakawacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
16. Buchanan, J.M., & Faith, R.L., 1981, Entrepreneurship and the internalization of externalities, Journal of Law and Economics 24, 95– 111.
17. Busenitz, L. W., West, G. P., Shepherd, D., Nelson, T., & Zacharakis, E., 2003, Entrepreneurship research in emergence: Past trends and future directions, Journal of Management, 29(3), 285–308.
18. Cohen, B., & Winn, M.I., 2007, Market imperfections, opportunity and sustainable entrepreneurship, Journal of Business Venturing 22 (1), 29–49.
19. Costanza, R., d’Arge, R., de Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O’Neill, R.V., Paruelo, J., 1997, the value of the World’s ecosystem services and natural capital, Nature 387, 253–260 (May).
20. Croston, G., 2008, 75 Green Businesses You Can Start to Make Money and Make a Difference, Irvine, CA: Entrepreneur Press.
21. Dabson, B., 2009, Entrepreneurship as an Economic Development Strategy, Governor’s Conference on Economic and Community Development September 14, Nashville, Tennessee.
22. Dean, T.J., McMullen, J.S., 2007, toward a theory of sustainable entrepreneurship: reducing environmental degradation through entrepreneurial action. Journal of Business Venturing 22 (1), 50–76.
23. Fadeeva Z., & Halme M., 2001, EMPOST-NET: the emerging paradigm of sustainable tourism: a network perspective, Lund, Sweden: International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, Lund University.
24. Gnyawali, Devi R. and Fogle, Daniel S., 1994, Environments for entrepreneurship development, key dimensions and research implications, bossiness administration at the Katz graduate school of business, University of Pittsburgh.
25. Hart, S., Christensen, C., 2002, The Great Leap: driving innovation from the base of the pyramid. MIT Sloan Management Review 44 (1), 51–56.
26. Histrich, R.D. AND M. P. Peters., 2004, Entrepreneurship: Timmons Model, McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc.
27. Isenberg, D., 2011, The Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Strategy as a New Paradigm for Economic Policy: Principles for Cultivating Entrepreneurship, The Babson Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Project, Based on an invited presentation at the Institute of International and European Affairs, May 12, 2011, Dublin Ireland.
28. Jianzhong, Xiao and David Smallbone, 2011, Regional variations in the environment for entrepreneurship development: a tale of three cities in China, International Council for Small Business (ICSB), 56th World Conference, June 2011.
29. Jones, V., 2008, The Green Collar Economy: How One Solution Can Fix Our Two Biggest Problems, New York, NY: HarperOne.
30. Kayne. J., 2002, Discussion Starter: Decoding the Entrepreneurship Genome” in Rural America. Washington, D. C.: National Center for Rural Entrepreneurship. Li, Lan (2008), A review of entrepreneurship research published in the hospitality and tourism management journals, Tourism Management 29, 1013–1022.
31. Kernel, P., 2005, Creating and implementing a model for sustainable development in tourism enterprises, Journal of Cleaner Production 13 (2005) 151–164.
32. Koester, E., 2001, Green Entrepreneur Handbook: the Guide to Building and Growing a Green and Clean Business, CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group.
33. Koppl, R., 2007, Entrepreneurial behavior as a human universal. In M. Manniti (Ed.), Entrepreneurship: The engine of growth (pp. 5–6). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
34. Koppl, R., & Minniti, M., 2003, Market processes and entrepreneurial studies. In Z. J. Acs, & D. B. Auretsch (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial research (p. 81). Boston: Kluwer.
35. Kotab, M., & Kristian, H., 2004, Global Marketing Management, John Wiley &Sons Inc , P:144,157.
36. Kotler Philip and Armstrong Gary, 1999, principles of marketing, Prentice-Hall International Inc, 361-364
37. Landstrom, H., 2005, Pioneers in entrepreneurship and small business research. New York: Springer Science & Business Media Inc.
38. Low, M. B., & MacMillan, I. C., 1988, Entrepreneurship: Past Research and future challenges, Journal of Management, 35, 139–161.
39. Macke, D., 2001, Situation Analysis Entrepreneurship & Rural Texas, Draft Report Rural Entrepreneurship Initiative, Lincoln, Nebr.: Center for Rural Entrepreneurship.
40. Maia, L., 2002, Enhancing Entrepreneurship in Rural Tourism for Sustainable Regional Development: The case of Söderslätt region Sweden, The International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics (IIIEE), International miljö institute.
41. Marshall, J., 2009. Is corporate green getting a yellow light? Financial Executive, 25(5), 25-29.
42. Moore, C., 1986, Understanding Entrepreneurial Behavior, Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings, Fortysixth Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Chicago.
43. Nadim A., & Hoffmann Anders N., 2008, A Framework For Addressing And Measuring Entrepreneurship, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Statistics Working Paper.
44.Oganisjana, Karine, 2011, Entrepreneurship as a Dynamic system and the Holistic Approach to Its Development, University of Latvia, Faculty of Education, Psychology and Art, 21 October.
45. Pacheco. Desirée F, Thomas J. Dean, David S. Payne., 2009, Escaping the green prison: Entrepreneurship and the creation of opportunities for sustainable development, Journal of Business Venturing, in press: Contents lists available at ScienceDirect.
46. Polonsky Michael Jay and Rosenberger III Philip., 2001, Reevaluating Green Marketing: a Strategic approach, Journal of Business /September October.
47. Reagan, B., 2002, Are high-growth entrepreneurs building the rural economy? Center for the Study of Rural America. Kansas City, Mo.: Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
48. Russell, R. & Faulkner, B., 2004. Entrepreneurship, Chaos and the Tourism Area Life Cycle, Annals of Tourism Research 31(3): 556-579.
49. Schumpeter, J. A., 1934, the theory of economic development: An inquiry in to profits, capital credit, Interest and the business cycle, Cambridge: Harvard Business Press.
50. Sekerka, Leslie E., Stimel, D., 2011, How durable is sustainable enterprise? Ecological sustainability meets the reality of tough economic times, Kelley School of Business, Indiana University. All rights reserved, Business Horizons (2011) 54, 115-124.
51. Senge, P., Carstedt, G., 2001, innovating our way to the next industrial revolution. Sloan Management Review 42 (2), 24–38.
52. Stevenson, L. & Lundström, A., 2005, Entrepreneurship Policy: Theory and Practice, International Studies in Entrepreneurship Series, Vol. 9, New York: Springer.
53. Tietenberg, T., 2000, Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, Addison Wesley, New York.
54. Timmons, Jeffry A., 1990, new Venture Creation, published by: Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin.
55. Verheul, I., 2001, An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship, Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper for Development Strategies, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Indiana University.
56. World Resources Institute, 2004, World Resources 2002–2004, World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C.
57. Zoltán J Acs. And Szerb, László, 2010, The Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI), Paper to be presented at the Summer Conference, on "Opening up Innovation: Strategy, Organization and Technology" at Imperial College London Business School, June 16 - 18, 2010.
_||_