List of articles (by subject) Journal of Medicinal Herbs, "J. Med Herb" (Formerly known as Journal of Herbal Drugs or J. Herb Drug)
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Open Access Article
1 - T2MC- A poly-herbal that inhibits polymerization of intracellular sickle hemoglobin and regulates the expression of erythrocyte Ca2+ activated K+ channel
موجیسولا کریل-اولوتای نوراح آکینولا جوسف ابدانسیBackground & Aim:Telfairia occidentalis, Moringa oleifera and Cnidoscolus aconitifolius are nutritious vegetables used individually, or in different combinations as blood boosters in managing sickle cell anemia in South-Western Nigeria. Inthis study, we evaluated th MoreBackground & Aim:Telfairia occidentalis, Moringa oleifera and Cnidoscolus aconitifolius are nutritious vegetables used individually, or in different combinations as blood boosters in managing sickle cell anemia in South-Western Nigeria. Inthis study, we evaluated the antisickling properties of the polyherbal combination, as well as the mode(s) of action, using molecular biology techniques.Experimental: T. occidentalis, M. oleifera and C. aconitifolius leaves were extracted separately in ethanol after identification by a taxonomist. The extracts were combined in different ratios (TMC, T2MC, TM2C, TMC2) and evaluated at 4 mg/mL concentration for antisickling properties. Ciklavit®, an antisickling nutraceutical, was utilized as the positive control. We evaluated the combination (T2MC) for the rate of inhibition of polymerization of sickle hemoglobin (HbS), erythrocyte membrane stabilization, and rehydration of dense sickle red cells in vitro. The regulation of the Gardos channel, erythropoietin (EPO), mitogenesis, and antioxidant genes was assessed in vivo by harvesting and analyzing the bone marrows, kidneys, livers of Wistar rats administered with T2MC orally at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight for 28 days. Folic acid was employed as the positive control.Results: The T2MC treated samples showed significantly higher (p <0.05) antisickling activities (95.4 ± 0.15% inhibition and 95.6 ± 0.28% reversal), and cell membrane stabilization (76.8 ± 0.05%) than the positive controls. Additionally, T2MC reduced the density of sickle red cells by 18.2 ± 0.86%, and showed inhibition of polymerization of HBS comparable to positive controls. Finally, T2MC down-regulated the expression of the Gardos-channel and the erythropoietin genes suggesting that T2MC works by inhibiting the activation of Ca2+activated K+channel, thereby preventing cell dehydration.Recommended applications/industries: T2MC is a potent antisickling nutraceutical and could be used in the management of sickle cell disease. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Improvement of alizarin production by different biotic elicitors in Rubiatinctorum by elicitation-infiltration method
سونا اعیادی طیبه سلیمانیBackground & Aim: Rubiatinctorum is one of the most well-known medicinal plants whose alizarin and other anthraquinones which are outstanding color agents with some trace of pharmaceutical properties are isolated from it. The objective of this study was to optimize MoreBackground & Aim: Rubiatinctorum is one of the most well-known medicinal plants whose alizarin and other anthraquinones which are outstanding color agents with some trace of pharmaceutical properties are isolated from it. The objective of this study was to optimize alizarin production in intact plant of R.tinctorum by induction with biotic elicitors. Experimental: To increase the synthesis of alizarin, bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and fungal (Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus fumigatus) elicitors were injected to the intact plants directly by fine needles, named elicitation-infiltration method. Then samples were analyzed through standard addition method by UV-visible spectroscopy. Results: Staphyloccus aureus (1McFarland) was the most effective one on biomass accumulation. Furthermore, among fungal elicitors Aspergillusfumigatus (0.4 mg total sugar/mL) revealed the most significant help for biomass increase. Applying bacterial elicitors imposed a dramatic increase in alizarin yield in all concentrations. The most marked increase (5 fold) was for 0.5 McFarland of Bacillus cereus. In addition, Fusarium oxysporum indicated outstanding results for alizarin production’s enhancement. Recommended applications/industries: To the author’s knowledge, the application of elicitation-infiltration method for increasing the alizarin production is studied for the first time and according to the reported results, it can be a useful method for more investigations about improvement of secondary metabolites production in other plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Pharmacognostic study, chemical analysis and antioxidant potential of Leucas indica L. (R. Br.)
جاشری جاسوتکار راپالی شیرسات دیپاک کوچیBackground & Aim: Leucas indica L. (R. Br.) is a lesser known aromatic herb of family Lamiaceae. Traditionally it was use to cure cough and cold by tribals of Southern India. The present work was aimed to investigate its pharmacognostic characters, major phytochemic MoreBackground & Aim: Leucas indica L. (R. Br.) is a lesser known aromatic herb of family Lamiaceae. Traditionally it was use to cure cough and cold by tribals of Southern India. The present work was aimed to investigate its pharmacognostic characters, major phytochemicals and antioxidant potential as possible replacement of its allied members to reduce their exploitation. Experimental: The fine details of stem and leaves of L. indica were noted including vasculature, cortical and epidermal depositions, trichome structure and stomata. The fluorescence analysis of leaf powder was done using various laboratory chemicals and reagents. The methanol leaf extract was analyzed using HPTLC to identify major active compounds and antioxidant potential was studied using standard method. Results: Both simple and glandular trichomes were present on stem as well as leaves. The fluorescence analysis of powdered drug material after interaction with different laboratory chemicals showed distinct colorations. The preliminary analysis revealed the phytochemical richness of the plant. Most phytoconstituents were found to be extracted in methanol solvent. The HPTLC analysis of methanol extract showed presence of a range of phenolics and flavonoids. The chromatogram showed availability of rutin, ferulic acid, catechin and apigenin which makes this plant as a possible antioxidant drug candidate. Recommended applications/industries: The rich chemical diversity of this plant and significant antioxidant potential could be used as good natural source for herbal pharmaceuticals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - The effects of placement position and corm size of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on stigma and corm yields in Ankara conditions
نست ارسلان عاریف ایپک امیر رحیمی گوخان ایپکBackground & Aim: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) formerly was important in Turkey. Saffron cultivation has been decreased and it is now only cultivated in three villages in this country. It is triploid and exclusively propagated in a vegetative way by corms. In Turkey, MoreBackground & Aim: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) formerly was important in Turkey. Saffron cultivation has been decreased and it is now only cultivated in three villages in this country. It is triploid and exclusively propagated in a vegetative way by corms. In Turkey, saffron is traditionally planted by placing corms in rows randomly without grading or sorting; which results in placement of corms in vertical, horizontal and reverse in rows at random. The study aimed to find the effect of corm size and position of placement in rows on stigma and corms yield. Experimental: This study was done at the experimental fields of the Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, during 2010-2011 using four different corms size and three placement positions in three replications. Results & Discussion: The results revealed that position of corms and their size had significant effect on stigma yield. Whereas, corm yield was influenced by corm size only. Recommended applications/industries: According this study, vertical placement produced more stigma yield than other ones in planting. Vertical placement corms in rows should be practiced to obtain more stigma yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Cannabis sativa in ethanol (Monkey Tail) and tramadol induced similar degrees of toxicity in adult female Wistar rats
چینومسو آرون امانوئل اکوبوگو سلیمان ایجیوما رابرت اوروکو اوچه آرونسی کینگزلی اوگووانی ویکتور اوگویکBackground & Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the toxic effects of Cannabis sativa local gin formulation (CSLGF) and tramadol in adult female Wistar rats.Experimental: Cannabis sativa local gin formulation (CSLGF) was prepared and was subjected to acute toxi MoreBackground & Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the toxic effects of Cannabis sativa local gin formulation (CSLGF) and tramadol in adult female Wistar rats.Experimental: Cannabis sativa local gin formulation (CSLGF) was prepared and was subjected to acute toxicity tests together with tramadol. In the main study, 25 rats were assigned into 5 groups (n = 5) in which the group 1 received no treatment, groups 2 and 3 received 25 and 50 mg/kg of tramadol, respectively while groups 4 and 5 received 25 and 50 mg/kg of CSLGF, respectively, for 21 days before the rats were sacrificed.Results: Acute toxicity results indicated narrow margins of safety for CSLGF and tramadol with LD50 values of 123.0 and 133.0 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The rats treated with CSLGF lost weight significantly while that administered tramadol had lower weight gains when compared with the control (P<0.05). The red blood cell counts, packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentrations were significantly lowered by CSLGF (P<0.05). However, a significant increase in the number of platelets and white blood cells were observed in groups treated with both CSLGF and tramadol. Results of biochemical changes showed a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, urea and creatinine with a concurrent decrease in total protein, albumin and globulin values following treatment with both agents (P<0.05), but serum electrolytes concentrations were not significantly altered (P>0.05). Treatment with CSLGF and tramadol also significantly lowered glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities but increased malondialdehyde concentrations when compared with control.Recommended applications/industries: The findings show that although the toxic effects of CSLGF and tramadol in rats are similar, CSLGF appears to have higher toxicity potentials. Extending the current control on tramadol to CSLGF (monkey tail) is urgently needed in Nigeria to protect human lives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Pharmacognostic studies of Spermadictyon suaveolens Roxb. and their traditional ethnomedicinal utilization: A review
مازنا اروج نصیر شادBackground & Aim: The current study was performed to evaluate the ethnobotanical uses, chemical constituents of Spermadictyon suaveolens Roxb. and their pharmacological activities through literature search. Owing to its traditional medicinal uses, its preliminary ph MoreBackground & Aim: The current study was performed to evaluate the ethnobotanical uses, chemical constituents of Spermadictyon suaveolens Roxb. and their pharmacological activities through literature search. Owing to its traditional medicinal uses, its preliminary phyto-evaluation has resulted in various bioactive compounds, which have been shown to have antimicrobial and antiviral potential.Experimental: We conducted a survey in diverse databases (such as Google scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, etc.) and professional websites with a key word related to our study. Firstly, we evaluated the traditional utilization of Spermadictyon suaveolens Roxb. and then the pharmacological studies.Results: Spermadictyon suaveolens are traditionally utilized by tribes to treat bone pain, wound healing, diabetes, snake bites, scorpion stings, viral infection, and for making gunpowder charcoal. The leaves, flowers, and stems of Spermadictyon suaveolens have been investigated for various chemical compounds with pharmacological activities, such as antifungal, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diuretic, and insecticidal activities. The root and bark are not well explored for chemical constituents and pharmacological activities.Recommended applications/industries: Spermadictyon suaveolens Roxb need to be subjected to scientific verification based on their traditional utilization, which may lead to a better and effective alternative phytoconstituents for the management of various diseases. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Anti-hepatofibrotic effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Bombax costatum Pellgr.EtVuillet stem bark against CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice
نوحو محمد یوسف آناکا علیو موسی جمیلو یانBackground & Aim: Bombax costatum stem bark is traditionally used in treatment of liver diseases but the anti-hepatofibrotic effect of its ethyl acetate fraction has not been scientifically evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-hepatofibrotic effect of et MoreBackground & Aim: Bombax costatum stem bark is traditionally used in treatment of liver diseases but the anti-hepatofibrotic effect of its ethyl acetate fraction has not been scientifically evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-hepatofibrotic effect of ethyl acetate fraction of B. costatum stem bark (EAB) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver fibrosis in mice.Experimental: Normal control group were administered olive oil while mice in the remaining groups received 0.4 ml/kg of CCl4 twice weekly for 6 weeks. Mice in treatment groups received EAB once daily orally for the next 2 weeks at doses of 31.25, 62.5 and 125 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Mice in standard control group received silymarin (100 mg/kg) daily for the next 2 weeks. Mice in toxic control group were sacrificed 72 hours after the last dose of CCl4 while mice in CCl4 control group were observed for the next 2 weeks for spontaneous resolution of fibrosis. Effect of treatment on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1), malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and liver histopathology were evaluated.Results: CCl4 intoxication caused significant (p < 0.05) elevation in TNFα, TGFβ1 and MDA with associated collagen deposition in the liver. Administration of EAB significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the level of TNFα, TGFβ1 as well as MDA and increased GSH level compared to CCl4 toxic group.Recommended applications/industries: Ethyl acetate fraction of B. costatum possesses anti-hepatofibrotic, anti-inflammatory and in vivo anti-oxidant activities against CCl4 induced liver fibrosis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - The effect of bio-fertilizers on growth and quantitative yield of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. in Karaj region, Iran
نیلوفر طاهریان حسن علی نقدی بادی علی مهرآفرین محمدعلی وکیلی شهربابکی امین نیک خواهBackground & Aim: Cassia angustifolia Vahl is a valuable medicinal plant that it is important for constipation treatment. According to the importance of organic agriculture in increasing the yield of medicinal plants, the effect of bio-fertilizer on quantities yield MoreBackground & Aim: Cassia angustifolia Vahl is a valuable medicinal plant that it is important for constipation treatment. According to the importance of organic agriculture in increasing the yield of medicinal plants, the effect of bio-fertilizer on quantities yields of Cassia angustifolia Vahl or Senna in Karaj region (Iran) was examined. Experimental: This research was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications and 13 treatments in 2009-2010. The seeds of Senna were scratched with H2SO4 (73%), then the bio-fertilizers and chemical fertilizer were added before sowing. The leaf surface and its Chlorophyll content (SPAD) were measured with Delta-T and Chlorophyll-meter. Results & Discussion: The highest effect on quantities yield of plant was obtained from chemical fertilizers treatment. The bio-nitroxin and mixture of two bio-fertilizers (bio-sulfur and bio-phosphate fertilizer) increased quantities yield of this plant. The fertilizer treatments had a significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, leaf area, leaf dry weight and leaf fresh weight (ppIndustrial and practical recommendations: Additive Nitroxin as bio-fertilizers in soil for increasing quantitative yield of Cassia angustifolia Vahl is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Uses, phytochemistry and biological activity of Piper genus: a review
کلمن بادیکو گدئون بونگو کوتو نبولوئا نادگ نومبی پائولین کاپپولا ماری کلاری یاندو پیوس پیانا تئوفیل بمباBackground & Aim: Piper genus comprises more than 2000 species, mainly found in Asia and Africa. About 40 species are mentioned in the literature and only a small proportion of these species have been studied in depth. The aim of this review is to present data on th MoreBackground & Aim: Piper genus comprises more than 2000 species, mainly found in Asia and Africa. About 40 species are mentioned in the literature and only a small proportion of these species have been studied in depth. The aim of this review is to present data on the traditional uses, biological activities and the chemical composition of different Piper species.Experimental: Several databases like PubMed, PubMed Central, Science Direct, DOAJ, etc.), were used for the search. The term Piper or the scientific names of different species or the combination of terms such as biological activity, phytochemistry and uses with the scientific names or the word "Piper" were used as keywords in the literature search.Results: Species of the Piper genus are of great economic value as they can be used in various sectors such as food, traditional medicine, in the control of certain infectious diseases, crop pest control or in the pharmaceutical industry. Some species are considered a significant source of essential oils. About 400 chemical compounds have been isolated from Piper species, and the alkaloids are the most important group of secondary metabolites; and piperine is the main active alkaloid reported. Moreover, the literature indicates that these species present several biological properties like anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiplasmodial, analgesic, immunomudatory, antitumour, insecticide, larvicide, amoebicide, antiviral, etc.Recommended applications/industries: The species from Piper genus can be widely used both as a condiment and as medicines to relieve several health problems. However, further studies should be carried out to justify the uses of the less scientifically explored species of Piper genus, and to determine the mechanisms of action or the pharmacokinetics of the active principles already identified and probable synergies between the alkaloids and other chemical groups to evaluate the digestibility and toxicity of extracts from these species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Effect of ellagic acid on oxidative stress duo to brain ischemia/hypoperfusion in male rat
مریم رفیعی راد خدیجه قاسم زاده دهکردیBackground & Aim: Free radicals are produced in ischemic processes. Nerve damage caused by free radicals may play a role in neurological diseases and antioxidants are protective activity. Ellagic acid is a polyphenol compound with antioxidant properties which is fou MoreBackground & Aim: Free radicals are produced in ischemic processes. Nerve damage caused by free radicals may play a role in neurological diseases and antioxidants are protective activity. Ellagic acid is a polyphenol compound with antioxidant properties which is found in fruits like pomegranate, blackberry, and all types of mulberry. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 14 days of oral administration of ellagic acid (50 mg/kg) on brain oxidative stress indices after permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion or ischemia/hypoperfusion in male adult rats. Experimental: A number of 30 rats were divided into test and control groups. To make animal model of permanent cerebral hypo perfusion/ischemia, carotid arteries were ligatured as upper and lower and cut bilaterally. Rat brain tissue was extracted to separate hippocampus and measure malondialdehyde, and thiol (-Sh) groups. Results & Discussion: Our results indicated that malondialdehyde and thiol in ischemia group has significantly increased (p < 0.001) than to control group. In addition, the rate of malondialdehyde and thiol in ischemia group receiving the ellagic acid has significantly decreased (p < 0.001), than to ischemia group. Recommended applications/industries: Ellagic acid possibly with powerful antioxidant properties, can improve the effect of ischemia such as production of free radicals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Botany, secondary metabolites, therapeutic effects and toxicity of Ferula persica: A review
فاطمه حسین پور زهرا گوئینیBackground & Aim: Ferula persica is a medicinal plant belonging to the Apiaceae family and grows in some provinces of Iran, including Mazandaran, Tehran, Semnan, Alborz, and Qazvin. The plant is traditionally used as an expectorant, antispasmodic, anti-bloating and MoreBackground & Aim: Ferula persica is a medicinal plant belonging to the Apiaceae family and grows in some provinces of Iran, including Mazandaran, Tehran, Semnan, Alborz, and Qazvin. The plant is traditionally used as an expectorant, antispasmodic, anti-bloating and laxative, also it is used to treat indigestion with bloating and constipation, neurologic diseases, epilepsy, and various pain, especially joint pain. Due to the value and importance of F. persica in traditional medicine and its beneficial pharmacological effects, this review aimed to investigate the findings on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, traditional uses, and pharmacological effects of this medicinal plant published up to 2022.Experimental: The information and findings in this review were obtained via electronic search using Google Scholar, Pubmed, Science Direct, Wiley Online, and Taylor & Francis, as well as relevant books.Results: Various studies have shown that F. persica contains secondary metabolites such as coumarin, sulfur-containing compounds, steroids such as stigma-esterol, sitosterol, monoterpene and sesquiterpene, also numerous pharmacological activities including antitumor, anti-Alzheimer, antiepileptic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antigenotoxic, about the plant have been reported.Recommended applications/industries: Due to high-value components, wide application in traditional medicine, and various pharmacological effects, F. persica may be addressed as a source of multiple herbal medicinal compounds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Pharmacognostic investigation of Astragalus graveolens leaf and their traditional ethnomedicinal utilization
خورشید رحمان غلام مجتبی شاه محمد اجمل شاه محمد فیاز جان آلام سامیا عباسی مریم شهید اقرا بی بیBackground & Aim: The current study was performed to evaluate the ethnobotanical uses, chemical constituents of Astragalus graveolensBuch. Leaves and their pharmacological activities through literature search. The preliminary phyto-evaluation of this plant has produ MoreBackground & Aim: The current study was performed to evaluate the ethnobotanical uses, chemical constituents of Astragalus graveolensBuch. Leaves and their pharmacological activities through literature search. The preliminary phyto-evaluation of this plant has produced a number of bioactive chemicals, some of which have been proven to have antibacterial and cytotoxic potential as a result of its traditional therapeutic applications.Experimental: We conducted a survey in diverse databases (such as Google scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, etc.) and professional websites with a key word related to our study. Firstly, we evaluated the traditional utilization of Astragalus graveolensBuch. and then the pharmacological studies.Results: Astragalus graveolens has a number of health advantages, including the ability to treat toothaches, strengthen tooth roots, nourish and treat chest infections, kidney, stomach and toothaches. Renal issues, burns, hypertension, and demulcent. Back pain, kidney pain, tooth pain, diabetes, tooth pain, bone pain, bone pain in the bone and tooth pain. They used in food, as a sweetener, a tonic, a headache and stomach pain reliever and to speed up the healing of deep wounds that are infected. The leaves of Astragalus graveolens have been investigated for various chemical compounds with pharmacological activities, such as antifungal, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diuretic, analgesic and insecticidal activities. The leaves are not well explored for chemical constituents and pharmacological activities.Recommended applications/industries: Astragalus graveolens Buch. need to be subjected to scientific verification based on their traditional utilization, which may lead to a better and effective alternative phytoconstituents for the management of various diseases. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Chemical composition of the essential oil of Cymbopgon olivieri aerial parts by GC-MS
علیرضا سردشتی مسعود فاضلی رستم پورBackground & aim: Cymbopogon olivieri is a perennial plant that grows naturally in Iran. In this study, the essential oil composition of the aerial parts of Cymbopogon olivieri collected from around the khash city was studied. Experimental: The essential oil of plan MoreBackground & aim: Cymbopogon olivieri is a perennial plant that grows naturally in Iran. In this study, the essential oil composition of the aerial parts of Cymbopogon olivieri collected from around the khash city was studied. Experimental: The essential oil of plant materials were isolated by hydro-distillation method using Clevenger apparatus. Then, analysis and identification of essential oil composition were carried out by GC and GC- MS techniques. Results: The yield of essential oils collected in April and January were 2.49% (w/w) and 1.21% (w/w), respectively. In the essential oil of the plant collected in April, 19 compounds were identified, which accounted for 98.86% of the total weight of essential oil. The main components of this essential oil were Piperiton (51.65%), Elemol (12.37%),α –Terpinolene (6.09%),Germacrene (4.66%). In the essential oil of the plant collected in January, 20 compounds were identified, which accounted for 99.65% of the total essential oil. The main components of this essential oil were Piperiton (43.06%), Elemol (32.72%), beta-Eudesmol (13.42 %) ,Cathcol (4.62%). Recommended applications/ industries: Most of the compounds in the essential oil of this species are considered as effective pharmaceutical compounds and therefore can be used in the pharmaceutical industry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Marrubium vulgare L.from Iran
احمدرضا گلپرور امین هادی پناه علی مهراز مهرابی آرزو آرمینBackground & Aim: White horehound (Marrubium vulgare L.) is a perennial medicinal plant of the family Lamiaceae. The aim of this study was to identify of the chemical components of white horehound collected from Isfahan. Experimental: The aerial parts of M. vulgare MoreBackground & Aim: White horehound (Marrubium vulgare L.) is a perennial medicinal plant of the family Lamiaceae. The aim of this study was to identify of the chemical components of white horehound collected from Isfahan. Experimental: The aerial parts of M. vulgare were collected from (Kamu Mountain) Isfahan province central of Iran, during 2014. The essential oils of samples were obtained by hydro-distillation, and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results & Discussion: Results of GC/MS indicated that 44 compounds were identified in the essential oil from the aerial parts of M. vulgare. The major constituents of the essential oil were β-caryophyllene (32.19%), (E)-β-farnesene(11.39%), 1,8-cineole (8.17%) and α-pinene (6.64%).A comparison of our results with different reports, differences in the volatile composition of the plants could be attributed to genetic (genus, species, and ecotype), chemotype, distinct environmental and climatic conditions, seasonal sampling periods, geographic origins, plant populations, vegetative plant phases, and extraction and quantification methods. Industrial and practical recommendations: The biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, although controlled genetically, is strongly affected by the environmental influences of a particular growing region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Morphological, phytochemical, and pharmacological investigation of Black Turmeric (Curcuma caesia Roxb.)
ساندیپ پاندی شوتا پاندی مونیکا میشا پوجا تیواریBackground & Aim: Curcuma caesia Roxb., commonly known as “Black turmeric” is a perennial rhizomatous critically endangered herb available in Northeast, Central, and Southern India. The plant possesses various medicinal properties and remains an untouche MoreBackground & Aim: Curcuma caesia Roxb., commonly known as “Black turmeric” is a perennial rhizomatous critically endangered herb available in Northeast, Central, and Southern India. The plant possesses various medicinal properties and remains an untouched plant among researchers and growers.Experimental: In the current review keywords including black turmeric and medicinal properties, black turmeric and phytochemical, black turmeric and pharmacological application were searched in scientific websites such as PubMed, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar regarding plant description, distribution, chemical composition, and pharmacological investigation of black turmeric (Curcuma caesia Roxb.)Results: The plant with bioactive compounds in form of carotenoids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenolics, terpenoids, coumarins, anthraquinones, etc. possess antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-asthmatic, smooth muscle relaxant, anxiolytic, bronchodilating, anti-convulsant, CNS depressant, locomotor depressant, anthelmintic, anti-bacterial anti-fungal, and anti-mutagenic activities. The potentiality of the rhizome as an antiviral agent against coronavirus has also been justified and under trial.Recommended applications/industries: This review focuses on the description, phytochemical, and pharmacological investigation of the herb to explore its potentiality as an important medicinal plant with special emphasis on its preservation and cultivation among the growers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Effect of Diospyros kaki L. fruit extract on gag reflex
الهام شادمهر احسان حکمتیان غلام رضا اصغریBackground & Aim: A gag reflex (GR) can be a problem to compliance and delivery of dental treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Diospyros kaki L. fruit extract in controlling gag reflex during dental treatment. Experimental: Our study was a ran MoreBackground & Aim: A gag reflex (GR) can be a problem to compliance and delivery of dental treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Diospyros kaki L. fruit extract in controlling gag reflex during dental treatment. Experimental: Our study was a randomized double blind controlled trial with convenient sampling on 84 patients that is candidate for radiographic procedures in Dental School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Randomization procedure entered in each group of intervention with Diospyros kaki L. extracts or placebo. Before and after intervention gag reflex was categorized in 4 score (0 to 3) and evaluated. Data analysis and comparing performed with SPSS software and Chi-square and McNamara tests. Results & Discussion: Gag reflex in soft palate region & tensile was found on all patients. After intervention the decrease on gag reflex was recorded 97.6 and 100 percent for case and 19.4 and 16.6 percent for control group on soft palate region and tensile respectively. Statistical significant decreased between intervention (case) & placebo groups (pIndustrial and practical recommendations: Our results indicate that consumption of Diospyros kaki L. extracts are seems to be an effective method of controlling gag reflex during dental treatment. It can be a confidence method to use on dental procedures especially radiographic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - An in vitro study on anti-sickling activity of Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia bellirica
آناند دیلید فیرودییا آبین مانی ویجای تاوانیBackground & Aim:Combretaceae family is known for efficacy in the management of sickle cell disorder (SCD). Based on the earlier reports of anti-sickling property of Terminalia genus the study investigates in vitro antisickling properties of Terminalia arjuna and MoreBackground & Aim:Combretaceae family is known for efficacy in the management of sickle cell disorder (SCD). Based on the earlier reports of anti-sickling property of Terminalia genus the study investigates in vitro antisickling properties of Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia bellirica. Experimental: Anti-sickling assay of methanolic and aqueous extract of T. arjuna and T. bellirica on sickled RBCs were evaluated at different concentrations. The osmotic fragility test was done to explore the effect of extracts on haemoglobin S solubility and sickle cell membrane stability. Additionally antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of extracts was evaluated. Results: Treatment with the plant extracts at different concentrations showed decrease in percentage of sickled cells. Extract of T. arjuna had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) antisickling activity at the tested concentrations of 10 mg/ml. The methanolic extract at 10 mg/ml showed the best cell membrane stability as compared to T. bellirica extract. It was observed that, T. bellirica extract was deficient of alkaloid and tannins. Moreover, all extracts/fractions showed antioxidant activity, although lesser as compared to the standard. Recommended applications/industries: It was observed that the leaf extracts of T. arjuna has a significant antisickling effect, hence it can be potentially used in clinical management of SCD. The bioactive compounds can be used to supplement as well as management drug for sickle cell disease. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Methanol leaf extract of Albizia chevalieri Harms possesses anticonvulsant activity in acute and chronic models of epilepsy
احمد دنبالا بیلکیسو میها نوهو دانجوما عبداله نظیفیBackground & Aim:Albizia chevalieriHarms (Mimosaceae) is widely used in traditional medicine to treat various kinds of diseases such as epilepsy, diabetes mellitus, hemorrhoids, asthma, leprosy and gonorrhoea. The effectiveness of its leaf extract in the management MoreBackground & Aim:Albizia chevalieriHarms (Mimosaceae) is widely used in traditional medicine to treat various kinds of diseases such as epilepsy, diabetes mellitus, hemorrhoids, asthma, leprosy and gonorrhoea. The effectiveness of its leaf extract in the management of epilepsy is widely acclaimed among communities in northern Nigeria. This study aimed at evaluating the anticonvulsant effects of methanol leaf extract ofA. chevalieriusing acute and chronic models of epilepsy. Experimental:Median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was determined in chicks, mice and rats via intraperitoneal route. Anticonvulsant screening of the extract was performed using maximal electroshock-induced seizure test in day-old chicks; Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-, picrotoxin- and 4-aminopyridine-induced seizure models in mice. Similarly, its effects on pentylenetetrazole-induce kindling in rats was evaluated. Results:Intraperitoneal LD50values of the extract were estimated to be 1200, 1130 and 2150 mg/kg in chicks, mice and rats, respectively. The extract provided a dose dependent protection and significantly (P<0.01) increased in the mean onset of seizures induced by PTZ. At 300 mg/kg, it also offered 66.67 and 50% protection against picrotoxin- and 4-aminopyridine-induced seizures, respectively. The extract reduced the severity of seizure episodes induced by sub-convulsive doses of PTZ. The reduction was significant (P<0.01) at 75 and 300 mg/kg on day 11 when seizure score 5 was reached. These findings suggest thatA.chevalierileaf extract possessesanticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic properties. Recommended applications/industries:The anticonvulsant properties ofA.chevalierican be applied in the treatment of epilepsy Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The Effects of Cinnamon on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
مهرداد استادپور مجید غلامی آهنگران سیدحسین حیدریBackground & Aim: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major endocrine disorder in young age women affecting their health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and their mental well-being as well. In this review, the authors discuss the effect of cinnamon as an herbal me MoreBackground & Aim: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major endocrine disorder in young age women affecting their health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and their mental well-being as well. In this review, the authors discuss the effect of cinnamon as an herbal medicine on PCOS in humans and introduce the advantages and efficacy of these herbs on the control of this problem.Experimental: In this review, the authors searched the main related keywords e.g. polycystic, and cinnamon in main biological data centers e.g. Science Direct, Pubmed and Google Scholar. Then, the authors classified articles and only discussed the valid full papers in different categories.Results: The study of papers related to the effect of cinnamon on polycystic ovary syndrome revealed that this herb can control this problem via some route e.g., by control of triglyceride and cholesterol to diminish risk factors of fat deposition and by inhibitory effects on oxidative cascade decreasing the cystic formation process.Recommended applications/industries: The review proposed the positive effect of cinnamon on the control of PCOS in humans. Therefore, supplementary cinnamon on feed can diminish PCOS via some metabolic cycle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of quinoa medicinal plant (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): A review
نسیم پاکباز حشمت امیدی حسنعلی نقدی بادی امیر بوستانیBackground & Aim:Climatic and geographical conditions of Iran and some factors such as climate change, water limitation and the existence of soils with salinity limitation, the cultivation of medicinal plants compatible with such conditions is one of the most import MoreBackground & Aim:Climatic and geographical conditions of Iran and some factors such as climate change, water limitation and the existence of soils with salinity limitation, the cultivation of medicinal plants compatible with such conditions is one of the most important strategies. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a valuable medicinal plant and will also contribute to community health. Quinoa has been cultivated in the Andes for about 5,000 years. The largest area under quinoa cultivation in Bolivia is 100,000 ha. In this review, the botany, traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of quinoa are discussed.Experimental:In the current review keywords including quinoa and medicinal properties were searched in scientific websites such as Science Direct, PubMed and Google Scholar to compile the botanical and medicinal properties of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoaWilld.).Results:According to the literature review, quinoa protein is 8-22% with proper quality and balance of essential amino acids (lysine, methionine and thyronine). The amount of essential amino acids in quinoa is higher than the daily requirement set by the World Food Organization and the World Health Organization for each person. Compared to other grains, quinoa is high in alpha tocopherols (vitamin E), riboflavin, thiamine and vitamin C, and has 10 times more folic acid. Quinoa seeds are a safe, gluten-free alternative to cereal grains among celiac patients.Recommended applications/ industries:Quinoawith a high amount of biochemical components and pharmacological effects can be used as a valuable herbal drug. It also provides a gluten-free diet, which is beneficial for celiac patients. Its cultivation for industrial and pharmaceutical purposes can help to improve the production of anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-celiac and anti-cancer drugs in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Evaluation of ecotype and chemotype diversity of Thymus daenensis Celak. on Isfahan and Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari provinces
آبنوس کریمی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی فاطمه ملک پور مهدی یوسفی احمدرضا گل پرورBackground & Aim: Thymus daenensis Celak. is one of the herbal and perennial medicinal plants belonging to Lamiaceae which grows widely in Isfahan and Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari provinces. All of its floral on aerial part has extensive use in preparing traditional med MoreBackground & Aim: Thymus daenensis Celak. is one of the herbal and perennial medicinal plants belonging to Lamiaceae which grows widely in Isfahan and Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari provinces. All of its floral on aerial part has extensive use in preparing traditional medicines. The major constitutes of Thymus daenensis Celak. are thymol and carvacrol. Since ecological conditions have a great role in growth of the plant, and on the quality and amount of effective material in medicinal plants, This study tries to investigate on the effect of ecological factors included geographical factors, climatic and edaphic factors. Martial & Methods: This study was collected from 22 different regions in Isfahan and Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari provinces. The composition was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. HPLC chromatograms showed the amount of thymol and carvacrol in every region. Results & Discussion: The highest content of thymol in all investigated samples was recorded in Sheikhshaban region (35.89 mg/g methanol extract) (altitude 2747 m asl) and highest content of carvacrol was recorded in Lark region (23.53 mg/g methanol extract) (altitude 2370 m asl). The results of regression showed that altitude has a positive and meaningful effect on the amount of thymol and does not effect on the amount of carvacrol. All other edaphic factors and climatic factors have no significant effect on the amount of thymol and carvacrol. Cluster dendrogram analysis of the under study regions was drawn according to 3 parameters: the amount of thymol, the amount of carvacrol and the height of the plant (cm), showed the rate of relatedness in samples of different regions, in separate clusters. Conclusion: Thymus daenensis Celak. in Sheikhshaban and Lark in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari have a close relationship among themselves that have highest amount Thymol and carvacrol. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - The collection and identification of the some plant species of Kerman province.
زهرا مهدوی میمند منصور میر تاج الدینیBackground & Aim: A herbarium is a collection of preserved plant specimens. Herbarium specimens form an important recorded of what plants grew where over time. Kerman province with area about 171993 km2 has a lat of difference vegetation because of climatic and topo MoreBackground & Aim: A herbarium is a collection of preserved plant specimens. Herbarium specimens form an important recorded of what plants grew where over time. Kerman province with area about 171993 km2 has a lat of difference vegetation because of climatic and topography variations. It has different elevation (above sea level) from 300 m in Shahdad to 4420 m in Hezar mountains.Material & Methods: There are several main aspects to making good herbarium specimens: collecting, pressing & preserving, mounting, labeling, and filing. Some tools are rather important while picking up plants for your herbarium: A small knife, scissors, thorn-proof gloves, newspaper, height and a small handy spade could be of great help.Results & Discussion: In the research project of collection and identification of some plant species of Kerman province for herbarium of Faculty Pharmacy, 295 plant species were identified. They are classified in 210 genera and 54 families. No, scientific names, Persian names, family, location, altitude, date of collection, collection and by identified were mentioned in this paper.Conclusions: The number species belongs to Lamiaceae (48 species), Asteraceae (45 species), Brassica (24 species), and Apiaceae (23 species). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Assesment of different DNA extraction methods in medicinal plants
مهدی رحیم ملکMedicinal plants have high importance in medicine and pharmacogonosy because of their secondary metabolites. Essential oils, antioxidants and flavonoids are the major compounds of many medicinal plants. These compounds especially antioxidants can increase oxidation of D MoreMedicinal plants have high importance in medicine and pharmacogonosy because of their secondary metabolites. Essential oils, antioxidants and flavonoids are the major compounds of many medicinal plants. These compounds especially antioxidants can increase oxidation of DNA in response to wounds. Nowadays, progresses in biotechnology such as molecular markers were used for phylogenetic relationships, construction of linkage maps and decreasing the repeated plants in gene bank. Most of these methods need high DNA quality and purity. Different methods for DNA extraction have been improved. In most cases three hints are considered including quality, quickness of extraction and its quantity. Medicinal plants need to improve methods to prevent DNA oxidation because of their phenolic compounds. In this study, four DNA extraction methods were compared in thyme, spearmint, peppermint, horsemint and some yarrow species. These methods include Murry and Thompson, Prittila et al, Dellaporta et al and Komatsuda et al method using blender. The results showed that the combination of Prittila et al and Murry and Thompson methods using two steps buffer and using mixed of 2- Mercaptoethanol and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) can decrease DNA oxidation and improve DNA amount. The lowest amount of DNA and the quickest method was Komatsuda et al procedure. In the studied plants, the highest and the lowest oxidation were observed in yarrow and spearmint, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Effect of salinity on vegetative growth, antioxidant and defensive enzymes in ginger (Zingber officinale Roscoe.)
ایمانه دهقانی اکبر مستاجرانBackground & Aim: Ginger is common named Zingber officinale Roscoe. belongs to Zingiberaceae family which extensively used to pharmaceutic industries in addition to food industries uses. Dut to Iran is located at world saline lands, salinity is a main problem to nat MoreBackground & Aim: Ginger is common named Zingber officinale Roscoe. belongs to Zingiberaceae family which extensively used to pharmaceutic industries in addition to food industries uses. Dut to Iran is located at world saline lands, salinity is a main problem to native and nonnative plant species cultivation such as ginger and because in plants salinity induces antioxidative and defensive systems, therefor the effect of salinity on ginger was considered in this research. Experimental: This plan was done in a random block design with three replications. Salt treatment was done at four levels by using NaCl in hogland nutrient solution in different salinity levels: 2 (control), 4, 6 and 8 dsm-1 for 14 days when the palnt was one month. Results & Discussion: Our results revealed that ginger has a moderately salt tolerance, because only 6 and 8 dsm-1 caused reduction in chlorophyll a, b and chlorophyll content and a/b ratio and consequently growth and dry mater accumulation. In spite of negative effect of salinity on ginger vegetative growth, antioxidant and defensive enzymes activity such as catalase, PAL and TAL was increased at 4 dsm-1 as compared with control but these enzymes activity was decrease at 6 and 8 dsm-1. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - South American medicinal plants for the symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: A systematic review
الیانا سولورزانو پائولو پاستور دیوید گریسفیBackground & Aim: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the prevalent age-related medical conditionin men. In the last 20 years, alternative therapies, especially those based on herbs, are increasingly preferred. The most popularly consumed herb is Serenoa re MoreBackground & Aim: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the prevalent age-related medical conditionin men. In the last 20 years, alternative therapies, especially those based on herbs, are increasingly preferred. The most popularly consumed herb is Serenoa repens, a plant growing in the subtropical south-eastern United States which has shown very efficient results compared to pharmacological conventional treatments both in terms of cost and risks associated with them. Nevertheless, the same trial found no difference between S. repens and placebo according to the American Urological Association Symptom Score Index. As more and more consumers are turning increasingly towards natural therapies, it would be appropriate to promote the recognition of the value of other medicinal plants with potential applicability through comprehensive research. For this purpose, a descriptive comparison between several South-American plants little publicised in the pharmaceutical market is presented to slightly narrow the gap between the reliable evidence-based and popular information for consumers and the pharmaceutical industry.Experimental: With this approach, a review of the literature was conducted through an electronic consultation of two databases, Science Direct and Google Scholar™.Results: This narrative review highlights the wide range of natural medicines available for controlling the inflammatory symptoms of the lower urinary tract, which could be more explored from a pharmacological and chemical point of view.Recommended applications/industries: The future use of natural products requires further investment in pre-clinical research and in clinical trials that investigate stability and a profitable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic ratio. Although they are well tolerated and used daily by South American populations, the industry's proper commercial focus on these natural remedies cannot be separated from appropriate phyto-vigilance actions promoted Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Flomidoschema parviflora
مجتبی حیدری مجد سید علی مرتضوی جواد اصیلی شادی بلوریان محمد آرمین آنا عبدالشاهیBackground & Aim: Restrictions on the use of synthetic antioxidant such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are being imposed because of their carcinogecity . Experimental: In this investigation, optimization of phenolic extraction p MoreBackground & Aim: Restrictions on the use of synthetic antioxidant such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are being imposed because of their carcinogecity . Experimental: In this investigation, optimization of phenolic extraction process from methanolic (80%) extract (v/v) of Flomideschema parviflorum through response surface methodology by Fulin Cio-calteu is performed for optimizing the process of three factor (time, temperature and pH) were investigated. Each factor was repeated three times including time (15, 35 and 55 min), temperature (15, 30 and 45 °C), and pH (6, 7 and 8). The experiment was conducted based on box-Behnken design with three factors and three levels comprising a total of nineteen tests. Results & Discussion: Considering the results and graphs, time was identified as the most effective factor. In addition, the graphs showed that increasing behavior of phenolic compound and extract is achieved when time and temperature are incremental. In all tests, there was a significant difference between ultrasound and flooding extraction. Industrial and practical recommendations: Extraction using Ultrasound method can be recommended for its effectiveness in extracting phenolic content of Fhlomidoschema parviflorum extracts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Phytochemical response of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) to foliar application of jasmonic acid
عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی ابوالقاسم گرگیج مهدی رحیم ملک بهزاد حامدیBackground & Aim:Jasmonic acid (JA) is regarded as endogenous regulators that play important roles in regulating stress responses, plant growth and development.Effect of foliar application of JA on the essential oil and oil chemical components of hyssop (Hyssopus of MoreBackground & Aim:Jasmonic acid (JA) is regarded as endogenous regulators that play important roles in regulating stress responses, plant growth and development.Effect of foliar application of JA on the essential oil and oil chemical components of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) were investigated. Experimental: This study conducted in a CRD with three replications and in experimental greenhouse, I.A.U., Shahrekord Branch, Iran at 2012. Experimental treatments included (I) water foliar application (control), (II) water + aceton foliar application (as a solvent), (III-V) 50, 100 and 200 JA µL. The essential oils obtained by hydro-distillation were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Results & Discussion: The results of GC-MS showed that the major components of the oil were cis-3-pinanone (10-39%), trans-3-pinanone (4-28%) and β-pinene (27-34%). The results of analysis of variance of the experiment showed that different levels of the foliar application of JA do have significant impacts on chemical constitutes in the essential oil.Finally, foliar application of 200 µL JA on some of secondary metabolite production in H. officinalis oil could be partially changed. Recommended applications/industries: Abbreviation: JA: Jasmonic Acid, MJ: Methyl Jasmonate, GC-MS: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry µL: Micro liter, M: Molar; ANOVA: Analysis of Variance, CRD: Completely Randomized Design. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Effects of safflower oil on FBS and lipid profile in alloxan induced diabetic rats and its mechanism
پریوش رحیمی محبوبه سترکی منیر ویودیBackground & Aim: Diabetes mellitus often has been referred to as a syndrome of disordered metabolism, usually due to a combination of hereditary and environmental causes, resulting in abnormal of high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). Nowadays, no-drug treatments MoreBackground & Aim: Diabetes mellitus often has been referred to as a syndrome of disordered metabolism, usually due to a combination of hereditary and environmental causes, resulting in abnormal of high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). Nowadays, no-drug treatments (medicinal plants) are novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of diabetes. Experimental: This study aimed at assessing the effect of Carthamustinctorius L oil on the blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic rats. Eighteen male rats were divided into 3 groups as follows: control, diabetes treated with glibenclamide and diabetes treated with 200 mg/kg b.wt safflower oil. Diabetes was induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of single dose of alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg body weight). The oil of (Carthamustinctorius L.) at a dose of 200 mg/kg b.wt was administered every other day to the diabetic rats for a period of 30 days. Results: The results show that the safflower oil exhibited significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect in hyperglycemic rats. In fact, phenolic compounds and free fatty acids in safflower oil play an important role in regulating animal insulin secretion response and glucose homeostasis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Interactive effects of salicylic acid and cold stress on activities of antioxidant enzymes in Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
نرگس سلطانی دلربا رویا کرمیان مسعود رنجبرBackground & Aim: Glycyrrhiza L. (Fabaceae) consists of perennial herbs grow in sandy soils with hard lightness. Three species of the genus grow in Iran, among them G. glabra L. has the widest distribution. It is well known in English as Licorice and the root extrac MoreBackground & Aim: Glycyrrhiza L. (Fabaceae) consists of perennial herbs grow in sandy soils with hard lightness. Three species of the genus grow in Iran, among them G. glabra L. has the widest distribution. It is well known in English as Licorice and the root extract includes flavonoids and glycyrrhizin are used widely in medicine, food industry, tobacco products and other industries. Liquiritin and glabridin are the major constituents of flavonoids in its extract, which have quasi estrogenic, ant oxidative, anti-helicobacter, anti-nephritic activities and ROS scavenging.Experimental: In this research, the interactive effects of salicylic acid (SA) with cold stress on some antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase (PRX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were studied by spectrophotometric method in a factorial experiment of completely randomized design with three replications. SA pretreatments were included 10, 50, 100 and 500 µM and three levels of cold stress, 5, 10 and 20h in 4 oC were applied.Results & Discussion: The results showed that cold stress did not affect PPO activity, while SA decreased it. In addition, PRX activity was decreased with increasing cold stress and SA resulted in similar response at this condition. It seems that SA can considerably alleviate oxidative damage that occurred under cold stress condition with direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Thus it resulted in decrease activity of antioxidant enzymes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Approaches and therapeutic effects of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) in the treatment and prevention of diseases: A review
محمد سعیدیBackground & Aim: Natural compounds as drugs have fewer and more cost-effective side effects that can be utilized as pharmacological and therapeutic approaches. Traditional medicine can be an efficacious resource in the development of research to treat diseases.Expe MoreBackground & Aim: Natural compounds as drugs have fewer and more cost-effective side effects that can be utilized as pharmacological and therapeutic approaches. Traditional medicine can be an efficacious resource in the development of research to treat diseases.Experimental: In this review article, keywords including Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), Barberry (Berberis vulgaris), and their medicinal attributes were searched in prominent databases (such as Scopus, and Web of Science, etc.) and professional websites to collect the medicinal properties of Saffron, and Barberry.Results: Saffron is one of the most important natural compounds that has a wide range of utilizations in traditional medicine and has effects such as anti-cancer, anti-depressant, antispasmodic, nerve sedative, appetizer and also barberry is another natural substance that has considerable influences such as anti-arrhythmia, sedative, reducing blood pressure (BP) and anti-cancer. Saffron and its bioactive components have been revealed to have anti-neurodegenerative influences.Recommended applications/industries: In the present review article, we have made an endeavor to explore approach and therapeutic effects of Saffron and Barberry in the treatment of diseases in clinical trials and animal model studies. Research in clinical trials promising findings that support the role of barberry and saffron in ameliorating disease and safety, although more research is needed to prove their role in treating the disease Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Cytogenetic activity of methanolic extract of aerial parts of Plumbago europaea on Balb/C Mouse bone marrow cells
احمد خلیل حنان بشاره احمد ال-اوکلاهBackground & Aim: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that majority of the inhabitants of the world rely chiefly on folk medicine. It, therefore, approved the use of herbal products for national policies and drug regulatory measures in order to strengthen MoreBackground & Aim: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that majority of the inhabitants of the world rely chiefly on folk medicine. It, therefore, approved the use of herbal products for national policies and drug regulatory measures in order to strengthen research and evaluation of the safety and efficacy of herbal products. We have evaluated the cytotoxic, mutagenic and antimutagenic potential of the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of P. europaea, a common species in the Mediterranean and Central Asia. Experimental: Male Balb/C mice were intraperitoneally (i. v.) injected with varying doses of the extract dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The i.v. LD50 of the extract was determined to be 58.33mg/kg body weight. Bone marrow cells were processed and screened for chromosomal aberration and micronucleus formation. Mitomycin C (MMC, 2mg/kg b. w.) and DMSO (0.5%) served as positive and negative control, respectively. Antimutagenecity was followed by administration of 2mg MMC/kg in the beginning of the first or the last 24h of applying 14.6mg/kg of the extract daily for 7 consecutive days. Results: The selected doses of the extract elevated mitotic index and increased percentage of aberrant cells compared to the negative control. However, at a dose of 14.6mg/kg, the extract was enough to reduce significantly the toxic effects induced by MMC. This indicated that the P.europaea extract by itself is mutagenic, but antimutatgenic probably at small doses and can modulate the mutagenicity of MMC. Recommended applications/ industries: These data may help in understanding of therapeutic properties of P. europaea claimed by folk medicine. However, caution regarding indiscriminate use of this plant by the public is necessary. Multiple experiences are needed to rule out any possible side effects and to prove health safety of this natural product before introducing it into the market for therapeutic purposes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Effect of Spondias mombin leaves’ extracts on chemically induced tumor
اولوفونکه آکانجی مکدونالد آیدو آیدوا اوموتوییBackground & Aim: A tumor is merely a mass of tissue that does not perform any physiological function; it can be either benign or malignant. Cancer is being regarded as a malignant ailment emerging from unrestricted cell division occurring in the body to make mass o MoreBackground & Aim: A tumor is merely a mass of tissue that does not perform any physiological function; it can be either benign or malignant. Cancer is being regarded as a malignant ailment emerging from unrestricted cell division occurring in the body to make mass of tissues. Spondias mombin L. (Family- Anacardiaceae) grows in coastal areas and in the rain forest into a big tree of up to 15 – 22 m. This study investigated the efficacy of S. mombin aqueous and n-hexane extracts in chemically induced tumor-bearing animals.Experimental: Twenty-eight (28) healthy rats were used and grouped into seven (7). Six groups were induced with trichloroacetic acid and ethidium bromide leaving out normal control group for 28 days prior to treatments. LBH589 (standard anticancer drug, 500 mg/kg) served as positive control. At the termination of the experiments, the animals were sacrificed; solid tumor volume was determined, blood and tissue samples were collected for hematology and histopathology respectively.Results: The results showed very significant reduction in the solid tumour volumes of S. mombin leaves extracts treated groups compared to positive and untreated control groups. The result of hematological parameters showed that the hemoglobin content, red blood cell and white blood cell counts of all treated groups were near to normal control group. Normal histological features were observed in control group animals, the negative groups showed the manifestations of cancer, all the treatment groups showed significant levels of repair almost similar to normal features in control group particularly in intestines and lungs of the experimental animals.Recommended applications/industries: The present data provided substantial evidence that S. mombin leaves suppressed tumor growth in experimental animals and suggested that the extracts are potential antitumorigenic agent inhibiting chemically induced lung and intestinal tumors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Effect of pomegranate peel extract on oocyte shedding and intestinal pathology in experimental Coccidiosis of broiler chickens
مهدی زینلی طالخونچه الهام مقتداییBackground & Aim: Coccidial infections cause significant economic damage to the poultry industry every year in different parts of the world, whether clinical or subclinical coccidiosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare pomegranate peel extract with to MoreBackground & Aim: Coccidial infections cause significant economic damage to the poultry industry every year in different parts of the world, whether clinical or subclinical coccidiosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare pomegranate peel extract with toltrazoril on the excretion of Eimeria oocytes and intestinal pathology. Experimental: In this study, 180 Ross day-old chicks were used. After inoculation of chicks with Eimeria oocytes at the age of 21 days and giving time to symptoms appear, treatment with the commercial drug tolterazuril (2 days) and pomegranate peel extract (7 days) at concentrations of 100, 200 and 400 ppm was started. and fecal specimens were counted. At the end of treatment period, stool specimens were randomly collected and examined for cecal oocyte excretion in chicks, and cecum specimens were tested for histological damage after treatment. Finally, histopathological slides and the statistical analysis of data were reviewed. Results. The results indicated a significant decrease in fecal oocyte excretion, reduction of coccidiosis-related pathological lesions, and elimination of parasitic life in the cecum, in the groups treated with pomegranate peel extract (400> 200> 100 ppm). In the infected and untreated group, cecal hemorrhage, necrosis and life stages of the parasite were observed. These symptoms were also observed mildly in the group treated with 100 ppm of extract. None of the mentioned symptoms were observed in the group treated with 400 ppm of the pomegranate peel extract. Recommended applications/ industries: According to the results of this study and also considering the side effects of drugs, pomegranate peel extract can be used as an adjuvant therapy to control coccidiosis in poultry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Efficiency of Echinacea purpurea L. on total antioxidant activity in serum of broiler chicks
غلام رضا قلم کاری نصیر لندی مجید طغیانی فریبرز معطر عباس عابد اصفهانی مریم اعرج شیروانیBackground & Aim: This experiment was conducted to examine the effect of different levels of Echinacea purpurea (EP) in comparison with an antibiotic (flavofosfolipol) on total antioxidant activity (AOA) in serum of broiler chicks. Experimental: In this trial 240 on MoreBackground & Aim: This experiment was conducted to examine the effect of different levels of Echinacea purpurea (EP) in comparison with an antibiotic (flavofosfolipol) on total antioxidant activity (AOA) in serum of broiler chicks. Experimental: In this trial 240 one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were weighed and randomly assigned to the 5 treatment groups, each with 4 replicates with 12 broilers. The 5 treatments were as follows: 1. Basal diet (control); 2. Basal diet + antibiotic (4.5 mg flavofosfolipol/kg diet); 3. Basal diet + dried aerial part powder of EP (5 g/kg diet); 4. Basal diet + dried aerial part powder of EP (10 g/kg diet); 5. Basal diet + tincture extract (0.25 g/kg diet). The contents of Flavonol-o-glycosides as Quescetin was determined by spectrophotometer method, and the amount of Flavonol-o- glycosides as Quescetin in 5 g/kg diet EP to alcoholic extract was equal. At 42 days blood sample was taken and analyzed for total antioxidant activity (AOA) of serum blood. Results & Discussion: The results showed that using of 10 g/kg diet EP led to the highest AOA (m mol/lit) compared to other groups. Alcoholic extract supplementation to diet resulted higher AOA than those control and antibiotic treatments but not significant. The AOA increased in broilers fed diet containing 5 g EP/kg diet than those control, Alcoholic extract and antibiotic treatments but not significantly. Industrial and practical recommendations: The results of this trial showed that, using of 10 g EP/kg diet improved total antioxidant activity in serum of broiler chicks. According to the risk of producing the microbial population resistant to antibiotic because of continuous use antibiotics in animals diet in fields and due to the findings of this experiment and other experiments, the powder of the top organs of Echinacea purpurea can be used as a suitable alternatives for antibiotic in food diet of the poultry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Antibacterial activity of different extracts from the aerial parts and roots of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl harvested at two stages of growth
مسعود طاهری سامان مهدوی یوسف مهمان نوازBackground & Aim: Nowadays, the application of traditional medicine and herbal medicinal plants instead of chemical and synthetic drugs has captured the attention of the researchers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of the aquat MoreBackground & Aim: Nowadays, the application of traditional medicine and herbal medicinal plants instead of chemical and synthetic drugs has captured the attention of the researchers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of the aquatic, ethanolic and methanolic (80%) extracts of the aerial and root parts of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl which were taken from the countryside of Marand (Eastern Azerbaijan, Iran) in two generative and vegetative phases against standard strains of microorganisms. Experimental: Antimicrobial activity of the alcoholic and aquatic extracts from different parts of S. lavandulifolia was investigated against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) through well-plate and micro-dilution methods. Ampicillin as antibacterial agent was used as positive control. Results & Discussion: Results of antimicrobial properties of S. lavandulifolia extracts revealed that the aquatic extract of the plant had no antibacterial effects. While the ethanolic and methanolic (80%) extracts showed the growth inhibition effect against standard strains of examined microorganisms. Their effect against Gram-positive bacteria was higher than Gram-negative bacteria. The antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract from the inflorescence of S. lavandulifolia was higher than the alcoholic extract of the roots. Recommended applications/industries: The overall results indicated the ethanolic extract of the inflorescence of Stachys lavandulifolia has the best antimicrobial effects and it can be employed in manufacturing desirable bactericidal agents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - The ethnopharmacological review of medicinal plants in uses hypertension treatment in Iranian complementary medicine
حمیدرضا اردلانیBackground & Aim: One of the most common diseases in the world, especially among Iranian people, is high blood pressure which can cause many cardiovascular disorders such as heart attack. The disease is often associated with other diseases such as diabetes and hyper MoreBackground & Aim: One of the most common diseases in the world, especially among Iranian people, is high blood pressure which can cause many cardiovascular disorders such as heart attack. The disease is often associated with other diseases such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Methyldopa and captopril are the most common drugs among several medications used to control blood pressure in Iran. Nowadays, herbal medicines are very prevalent because medicinal plants have least of the side effects. Various herbals are used in the Iranian traditional medicine to improve hypertension, but among them, barberry, olive leaf, garlic, celery, sumac and hibiscus are the most prevalent. Experimental: In this paper, the most herbs in uses in treatment of hypertension were studied and these effects of natural products on these plants were clarified. Results & Discussion: The results indicate that these plants and their phenolic compounds can be used as an alternative or supplement to chemical medicines used to control blood pressure. Industrial and practical recommendations: There is suggestion for pharmaceuticals and food industrials to use of these herbs for improve new methodology in herbal drugs production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - The effects of some ecological factors on essential oil yield and composition of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam.
غلام رضا بخشی خانیکی فاطمه سفیدکن زینب دهقانBackground & Aim: Different species from mint family (Lamiaceae) are used as spices and fragrance in food or as medicine against viral or microbial diseases in many countries for generation. Lamiaceae family contains 46 genus and 410 species. One of the valuable and MoreBackground & Aim: Different species from mint family (Lamiaceae) are used as spices and fragrance in food or as medicine against viral or microbial diseases in many countries for generation. Lamiaceae family contains 46 genus and 410 species. One of the valuable and medicinal species of this family is Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. This species contains the essential oil with pulegone as major compound and used for many medicinal uses.Experimental: In this investigation, the effect of some ecological factors on essential oil content and composition were studied. The aerial parts of Z. clinopodioides were collected at flowering stage from four habitats in Hamedan and Kurdestan provinces. The main parameters from each habitat like altitude, and percentage of slope, soil characters and other plant species were determined. The plant materials were subjected to hydro-distillation in three replications to obtain their essential oils. The essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS.Results & Discussion: The results showed that ecological factors had significant effect (p<0.01) on oil yields. Identification of chemical constituents of the oils showed that main compounds (pulegone and 1, 8-cineole) and minor compounds exist in different percentage in different habitats. So the ecological factors had effect on essential oil composition of Z. clinopodioides. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss.: An Iranian endemic medicinal plant; A review
الهام فروزنده حسینعلی اسدی قارنهBackground & Aim:Iran with about 8000 plant species and 1728 endemic species; is one of the most important sources of medicinal plants. Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is one of the endemic plants in Iran. It grows in regions of Chah MoreBackground & Aim:Iran with about 8000 plant species and 1728 endemic species; is one of the most important sources of medicinal plants. Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is one of the endemic plants in Iran. It grows in regions of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Gorgan, Mazandaran, Hamedan, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Tehran, Fars and the northern heights of Semnan. In this review, the botany, traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss are discussed.Experimental: In the current review keywords including DracocephalumkotschyiBoiss. and medicinal properties were searched in scientific websites such as PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar to compile the botanical and medicinal properties of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss.Results: According to the literature review, Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. with high concentration of essential oil, flavonoids and other secondary metabolites is a valuable endemic plant. It has been shown immunomodulatory, anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-spasmodic activities and is effective in treatment of headaches, congestion, and liver disorders. In addition, anti-cancer properties of this plant are related to presence of xanthomicrol and Spinal-Z compounds in the leaves of this plant.Recommended applications/ industries: Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. with high amount of biochemical components and pharmacological effects can be used as a valuable herbal drugs. Its cultivation for industrial and pharmaceutical purposes can help to improve the production of anti-cancer drugs in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Pharmacognostic evaluation, HPLC-DAD and GC-MS analysis of Ziziphus mauritiana (lam)
اوون-اوباسکی ادهیا زینب آروولو روئل ساموئل ابراهیم گگلهBackground & Aim: Indian jujube or ber, Ziziphus mauritiana, is a member of the Rhamnaceae family with elliptic paired leaves. They have historically been used to manage a variety of conditions including hypertension, diabetes, liver disease, gonorrhea, abscesses, a MoreBackground & Aim: Indian jujube or ber, Ziziphus mauritiana, is a member of the Rhamnaceae family with elliptic paired leaves. They have historically been used to manage a variety of conditions including hypertension, diabetes, liver disease, gonorrhea, abscesses, and diarrhea. The aim of this study was to investigate and establish the pharmacognostic and physicochemical characteristics of the leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana (Lam) by GC-MS, and HPLC analysis.Experimental: The dried leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana (Lam.) were extracted with 70% ethanol. Phytochemical screening, HPLC-DAD, and GC-MS analysis were carried out on the ethanolic leaf extract using standard method. The epidermal leaf microscopy was done on the fresh leaf, and other pharmacognostic evaluation such as chemomicroscopy, moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive value, and water-soluble extractive values were also carried out on the powdered leaf sample.Results: Quantitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloid and saponin at 1.86±0.23% and 1.5±0.86%, respectively. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of quercetin, rutin, catechin, ferulic acid, and gallic acid while GC-MS revealed the presence of 1,2 Benzenedicarboxylic acid and n-Decanoic acid. The pharmacognostic parameters of total ash were10.3 ±0.3% with acid-insoluble ash of 3.3 ±0.2%, water-soluble ash of 2.8 ±0.2%, moisture content of 5.5 ±0.3%, alcohol soluble extractive value of 8.1 ± 0.3% and water-soluble extractive value of 10.2 ±0.3%. Chemo-microscopic evaluation indicated the presence of lignin, cellulose, tannins, starch, calcium oxalate, oils, and protein. Microscopy, fluorescence, and organoleptic analysis were also documented.Recommended applications/industries: The findings on the pharmacognostic characteristics, physicochemical parameters, GC-MC analysis, and HPLC analysis of Z. mauritiana leaf can be used as diagnostic features that are useful in identifying and monitoring of the purity of the crude plant drug as well as being useful in telling the difference between closely related species used as raw material. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Gastroprotective effects of ethanolic extract of Satureja bachtiarica against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats
فیروزه سقایی عبدالرسول نامجوBackground & Aim: Free radicals play an important role in the development of some diseases, including gastrointestinal ulcers. Current gastric ulcer drugs have side effects, so the tendency to use herbs and replace them with synthetic drugs has increased. In this re MoreBackground & Aim: Free radicals play an important role in the development of some diseases, including gastrointestinal ulcers. Current gastric ulcer drugs have side effects, so the tendency to use herbs and replace them with synthetic drugs has increased. In this regard, plants of the Satureja family have been studied in terms of healing and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of Satureja bachtiarica ethanolic extract on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal ulcers in rats.Experimental: Thirty rats were divided into 5 equal groups. Group 1 received 200 mg / kg of ethanolic extract of Satureja bachtiarica (EESB), group 2 received 400 mg / kg EESB, group 3 received 20 mg / kg omeprazole, group 4 received 1 mL of CMC and group 5 received 1 mL of normal saline. One hour after treatment, each animal received absolute ethanol (1ml / rat) orally by gavage. The other 30 mice were treated with oral ethanol after induction of gastric ulcer as described above, but all treatments were once a day for 14 days. At the end of both tests, ulcer index, histopathologic exams, Malonedialdehyde (MDA) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured.Results: Ethanolic extract of Satureja bachtiarica (400 mg/kg) and omeprazole had a significant effect on reducing ulcer index and increasing ulcer inhibition. It significantly preserved the gastric wall mucosa and reduced the formation of ethanol-induced gastric lesions. Also in this study a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and a significant decrease in Malonedialdehyde (MDA) in gastric tissue were observed.Recommended applications/industries: The anti-ulcer effect of this plant seems to be due to the reduction of oxidative stress, which is probably due to the presence of thymol and carvacrol in the plant extract. This plant may be considered officially in the treatment and prevention of stomach ulcers in the future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Effects of some channelling agents on the compaction properties of the mixed stem bark extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus and Prosopis africana
امجه مارتین ایسیری کریستیانا ایزوکا آماکا الایمی الوبونمیBackground & Aim: The hot water extract of a mixture of Anogeissus leiocarpus and Prosopis africana is widely used in the northern part of Nigeria for the treatment and management of asthma. Since investigations of its pharmacological activities already justify its MoreBackground & Aim: The hot water extract of a mixture of Anogeissus leiocarpus and Prosopis africana is widely used in the northern part of Nigeria for the treatment and management of asthma. Since investigations of its pharmacological activities already justify its use, and the need for standardization of herbal medicine and develop appropriate dosage forms has continued to grow, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of some common channelling agents (sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate and sodium lauryl sulphate) on the compaction properties of the mixed stem bark extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus and Prosopis africana.Experimental:Granules of the mixed extracts (AA1) were produced using the wet granulation method of massing and screening. The micromeritics and flow properties of the extracts as well as the effects of the three common additives were studied, while the compaction properties of the extract formulated alone and in the presence of these additives were interrogated using the Heckel equation. Results: Our results showed that, all the formulations containing the channelling agents exhibited poor flow. Granules prepared using sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) exhibited plastic deformation during consolidation, those formulated using calcium carbonate (CaCO3) showed initial fragmentation before consolidation by plastic deformation and those formulated using sodium lauryl sulphate consolidated essentially by plastic deformation. Inclusion of additives modified the compressibility profiles of the formulations. Tensile strength of the formulations containing NaHCO3 and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) were observed to be concentration dependent while those containing CaCO3 showed no appreciable increase in tensile strength with increased pressure. Generally, formulations containing 5% of the additives gave the highest tensile strength, however, those containing CaCO3 were found to be higher than the other two formulations. Recommended applications/industries: Considering that, none of the channelling agents altered significantly the compaction properties of AA1, they might be useful in developing standardized and robust tablets of A. leiocarpus and P. africana admixtures for Asthma therapy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Antibacterial activity of Nigerian medicinal plants as panacea for antibiotic resistance: A systematic review
آدام مصطفی اوبی چیدیبر فاسوگبون ویکتور مشلیا باتا نوحو تانکو مایکل یاکوبو زنوح علی آلگب دیویدBackground & Aim: Antibiotic resistance is one of the global public health threats facing modern health care system. The development of new effective agents has been challenging. Thus, the interest in the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of bacterial infect MoreBackground & Aim: Antibiotic resistance is one of the global public health threats facing modern health care system. The development of new effective agents has been challenging. Thus, the interest in the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of bacterial infections has increased. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review Nigerian medicinal plants with antibacterial activity.Experimental: This study retrieved data from published articles on Nigerian medicinal plants with antibacterial activity. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were adopted. A systematic search of PUBMED CENTRAL was conducted. The included studies were those published in peer-reviewed English language journals between 1st January 2000 and 31st December 2020 and reported on the key terms; Nigerian medicinal plants with antibacterial activity.Results: The database searches yielded a total of 817 results, and 765 articles were ineligible. After reviewing relevant titles and abstracts, a total of 52 articles on antibacterial were retrieved for full text review. After extensive review of each article, 13 articles were excluded and a total of 39 articles were retained. Furthermore, 4 articles were also removed due to lack of specific compounds stated. Finally, only 35 articles met the inclusion criteria for the assessment of antibacterial activity of Nigerian medicinal plants. The narrative synthesis of the included studies revealed different plants families with broad activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Among the bacterial isolates, Staphylococcus aureus was tested more, followed by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the bacteria were subjected to 97 medicinal plants species for antibacterial activity.Recommended applications/industries: The results from this study reveal that many Nigerian medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds with potentials of antibacterial activity and suggest that they could be employed as alternative in the treatment of bacterial infections after safety profiles is appraised. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Biomass production and heavy metal content of Rosmarinus officinalis grown on MSW compost and cattle manure
سهیلا کاوه مجید فکری مجید محمودآبادی ناصر برومندBackground & Aim: Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is an evergreen and aromatic plant that is used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries-health. Little research has been reported on the greenhouse production of this plant. This paper presents the effects of MoreBackground & Aim: Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is an evergreen and aromatic plant that is used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries-health. Little research has been reported on the greenhouse production of this plant. This paper presents the effects of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and cattle manure on rosemary growth in pots at greenhouse. Martial & Methods: Municipal solid waste compost of Kerman city and cattle manure were mixed with soil at rates of 0, 2 and 4 % dry matter basis. The micronutrient and heavy metal contents of the aerial parts of the plant were analyzed to determine nutritional status and heavy metal accumulation. Results & Discussion: Biomass production increased significantly when plants were grown in the municipal solid waste compost and cattle manure. Plants grown on amended soils showed a general improvement in their micronutrient (Fe and Zn) status, yet their heavy metal (Pb and Cd) contents did not increase significantly. Conclusion: The concentration of heavy metals found in the shoots would not significantly increase their transfer from the soil to humans via the food chain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Memory-enhancing potentials of hydroalcoholic extract of Eragrostis tremula Hochst. exSteud. (Poaceae) in mice
عبداله نظیفی محمد گربا موسی علیو نوحو محمد دانجوماBackground & Aim:Cognitive impairment is one of the age-related mental problems and a typical indicator of neurodegeneration. Eragrostis tremula Hochst. ex Steud. is a commonly used medicinal plant in Nigeria for memory enhancement. This study, therefore, aimed at e MoreBackground & Aim:Cognitive impairment is one of the age-related mental problems and a typical indicator of neurodegeneration. Eragrostis tremula Hochst. ex Steud. is a commonly used medicinal plant in Nigeria for memory enhancement. This study, therefore, aimed at evaluating the memory-enhancing potential of aqueous ethanolic extract of E. tremula in mice. Experimental: Classes of phytochemicals present in the extract were determined using standard protocol while its oral median lethal dose (LD50) in mice was estimated. The effect of E. tremula extract (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) on learning and memory was evaluated in mice using behavioural paradigms: elevated plus maze (EPM), novel object recognition and Barnes maze. Open field and hole-board tests were also carried out to evaluate locomotion. Results: The phytochemical constituents of E. tremula were alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids and triterpenes. Oral LD50 was estimated to be >5000 mg/kg. E. tremula extract significantly (P<0.05) decreased the transfer latency of mice during the retention phase of EPM test. In the novel object recognition test, it significantly (P<0.05) increased the discrimination index. In Barnes maze test, the extract significantly (P<0.05) decreased the mean primary errors during the acquisition trials. It also significantly (P<0.05) decreased the primary latency, primary error and increased the time spent in the target quadrant during the probe trial. E. tremula extract significantly (P<0.05) decreased the immobility time of mice in an open field at 250 mg/kg, while in the hole-board test, it significantly (P<0.05) increased the mean head-dip of mice at 125 mg/kg when compared to the negative control. Recommended applications/industries: The ethanol extract of E. tremula possesses memory enhancing properties which can be utilized in the management of amnesia and cognitive deficit. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Effects of Jasmonic acid on essential oil yield and chemical compositions of two Iranian landraces of basil (Ocimum basilicum) under reduced irrigation
فاطمه ملک پور اعظم سلیمی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطیBackground & Aim: Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), a plant that is extensively cultivated in some countries, is used to enhance the flavour of salads, sauces, pasta, confectioneries and other products as both a fresh and dried herb. The effect of foliar application o MoreBackground & Aim: Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), a plant that is extensively cultivated in some countries, is used to enhance the flavour of salads, sauces, pasta, confectioneries and other products as both a fresh and dried herb. The effect of foliar application of Jasmonic acid and reduced irrigation on essential oil yield and chemical components of two Iranian landrace of basil (Ocimum basilicum) were investigated. Experimental: Treatments comprised control, 0.0, 200 and 400 µL Jasmonic acid applied to plants under normal irrigation and stressed conditions (30 and 60% F.C) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The essential oils from the aerial parts of basil were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Results & Discussion: Results indicated that the different levels of Jasmonic acid and irrigation had significant effects on oil yield and some main components of the essential oil. The highest value of oil content was obtained from application of 400 µL JA. Percentage of some chemical constituents in the essential oil extracted from the plants under stress was higher than non-stressed plants. Foliar application of Jasmonic acid significantly improved methyl chavicol in the oils, but reduced Germacrene- D, α-Cadinol and δ-Cadinene amounts. Industrial and practical recommendations: Since, essential oil of basil, particularly methyl chavicol component, have many application in pharmaceutical and perfumery industry and has health benefits such as antiviral, antibacterial and antispasmodic activity, we can use Jasmonic acid elicitor to enhance the therapeutic properties of basil and also essential oil content and methyl chavicol of plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Effects of Echinacea on fish growth and health: A review
مهدی رئیسی احد سید حسنی سامان یوسفیBackground & Aim: Fish, having a vast role in providing sufficient protein for most humans across the globe, requires strict standards and quality assurance. Disease prevalence in fish farms has been an obstacle considered by many farmers. Various synthetic therapeu MoreBackground & Aim: Fish, having a vast role in providing sufficient protein for most humans across the globe, requires strict standards and quality assurance. Disease prevalence in fish farms has been an obstacle considered by many farmers. Various synthetic therapeutics such as antibiotics and chemical substances exist vastly in the market and are constantly used for disease prevention. Nevertheless, chemicals come along with a set of drawbacks putting both fish and human health in danger.Experimental: In this study, we discussed and reviewed the chemical composition as well as the benefits of Echinacea as a natural growth promoter and an immunostimulant in aquaculture. We reviewed 31 different studies conducted on a variety of fish. Biological activities, following the administration of different levels of Echinacea, were discussed as well.Results: A variety of functions had been reported for Echinacea species. These properties were classified into growth increase, disease resistance, antioxidant and immunostimulating effects, along with the promotion of blood biochemical parameters.Recommended applications/ industries: Based on the reviewed literature, Echinacea could improve growth and immunity in cultured fish. Using natural compounds instead of chemicals could substantially help create sustainable aquaculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Antibacterial activities of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. extract against eight bacteria
زیبا فولادوند بهمن فاضلی نسبBackground & Aim: Interest in alternative medicine and plant-derived medications that affect the "mind" is growing. Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl subsp. lavandulifolia (Lamiaceae) is widely used in south Anatolia as herbal tea. It is used for the treatment of gastroin MoreBackground & Aim: Interest in alternative medicine and plant-derived medications that affect the "mind" is growing. Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl subsp. lavandulifolia (Lamiaceae) is widely used in south Anatolia as herbal tea. It is used for the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Stachys lavanduifolia Vahl against eight bacteria. Experimental: The present study was done to determine the antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extract Stachys lavandulifolia against human pathogenic bacteria. The antimicrobial effect of ethanolic extracts of Stachys lavandulifolia was determined using a deep-well broth micro dilution method on commercially available bacterial strains. Results: The result indicated that the MICs were observed ranges from 25 to 100 ppm for antibacterial activity of the extract from S. lavandulifolia against eight bacteria. The least MIC value was observed against P. mirabilis and E. faecalis. Recommended applications/industries: It suggests that the extract from Stachys lavanduifolia might be a promising approach for developing new anti-bacterial drugs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Effects of combined ethanol extract of Anthocleista vogelii and Alstonia boonei stem barks on sex hormonal levels of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) induced rats
رابرت اوروکو چوکو چارلز نانا جوسفات اکور داوید اباسی نیکیو ازوگوBackground & Aim:Combined ethanol extract of A. vogelii and A. boonei stem (CEAA) barks is commonly used to treat prostate disorders whereas its effects on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has not been scientifically validated. This study investigated the effects MoreBackground & Aim:Combined ethanol extract of A. vogelii and A. boonei stem (CEAA) barks is commonly used to treat prostate disorders whereas its effects on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has not been scientifically validated. This study investigated the effects of CEAA on prostate weight, prostate index and serum androgenic and estrogenic hormonal levels of BPH induced rats.Experimental: The study had 6 groups containing 5 male Wistar albino rats each. Group 1 was the normal control rats without BPH induction while group 2 was the BPH induced rats without any treatment (BPH) control. Groups 3 – 5 were BPH induced rats treated with 5 mg/kg finasteride/day, 200 and 400 mg/kg CEAA/day, respectively. BPH was induced in groups 2 – 5 by the subcutaneous administration of testosterone propionate injection in olive oil for 28 consecutive days.Results: The BPH control indicated significantly (p <0.05) increases in prostate weight, prostate index, serum testosterone (TT), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol (E2) concentrations relative to the normal control. Treatment with CEAA caused dose-dependent significant (p <0.05) decreases in the prostate weight, prostate index, TT, DHT and E2 similar to finasteride-treated BPH induced rats when compared with BPH control rats. The CEAA had high inhibitory effects on the prostate weight (55.71 -82.86 %) and prostate index (65.33 – 86.52 %) of the BPH induced rats greater than 71.52 % and 81.63 % inhibition of prostate weight and prostate index by finasteride, respectively.Recommended applications/industries: The findings of this study indicated that combined ethanol extract of A. vogelii and A. boonei stem barks has anti-benign prostatic hyperplasia activities as it down-regulated the serum concentrations of TT, DHT and E2 implicated in BPH development and progression Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Effect of rosemary essential oil on the physicochemical and microbial properties of fresh coated spinach
عاطفه عابدی لیلا لک زاده مهدی عموحیدریBackground & aims: Extraction of major phenolic compounds from agricultural crop residues is important for the development of value-added products. Almond (Prunus amygdalus) is one of the most indigenous fruit crops that is grown in large quantities in Iran. Almond MoreBackground & aims: Extraction of major phenolic compounds from agricultural crop residues is important for the development of value-added products. Almond (Prunus amygdalus) is one of the most indigenous fruit crops that is grown in large quantities in Iran. Almond hulls are considered as by-product which are used only for animal feed. The aim of this study was to compare the phenolic compounds extraction yield from almond hulls using ultrasound and percolation methods. Experimental: An optimization procedure using central composite design (CCD) with 4 factors (solvent, frequency, time and temperature) at 5 levels was used in order to investigate the effect of these parameters on the extraction. Finally, the effect of solid to solvent ratio on phenolic compounds extraction was evaluated and compared with soxhlet method. Results: The results indicated that the optimum extraction conditions is found to be 86% ethanol, 50 °C , 75 min and 163 Hz for temperature, time and frequency, respectively. In addition, the extraction of phenolic compounds was evaluated in different ratios of solid to solvent (10: 1, 20: 1, 30: 1, 40: 1(w / w) at the optimum conditions and antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured by DPPH method. The maximum extraction of phenolic compounds was obtained in the ratio of 40: 1(w / w) with the amount of 1134.19± 0.23 mg/g of dry matter. The maximum free radical scavenging activity of the extract was 87.42% for ultrasound extraction which was significantly (α<0.05) different from percolation method. Recommended applications/industries: Application of new techniques including ultrasound in the extraction of phenolic compounds can be an effective method not only to increase the extraction yield of phenolic compounds but also due to the shorter extraction time, less damage is done to these compounds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Effect of using different levels of Dill seeds on performance, some blood biochemical and intestinal microbial population in Ross 308 broiler chicks
یاسر رحیمیان فرشید خیری محمد علوی مهران ابوذرBackground & Aim:Dill “Anethum graveolens” is an annual medical plantin the celery family “Apiaceae”. It is the sole species of the genus “Anethum”.The health advantages of dill seed include its ability to increasedigestive health MoreBackground & Aim:Dill “Anethum graveolens” is an annual medical plantin the celery family “Apiaceae”. It is the sole species of the genus “Anethum”.The health advantages of dill seed include its ability to increasedigestive health, as well as providingrelief from insomnia, hiccups, diarrhea, dysentery, menstrual disorders, respiratory disorders, and cancer. This experiment aimed to determine the effects of using different levels of Dill seeds on performance, some blood biochemical parameters and intestinal microbial population in Ross 308 broiler chicks. Experimental: 300 one-day-old male broiler chickswere divided into the four treatments with six replicates and 15 birds each as randomized design. The treatments contained basal diet with no Dill seeds kept as control, and200,400 and 600 gof Dill seedsper each ton of diets respectively. The live bodyweightsgain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of birdswere calculated weekly. At the end of the experimentfour male birdsform each replicates were slaughtered and dressing percentage were calculated. In addition, some carcass traits and chick’s visceral partwere weighed separately as percentage of carcass and some organs weight.Results: Data indicated that using Dill seeds increased feed intake (FI) in treatmentscompared to control.Alsobody weight (BW) (g/d) and Pre-slaughter weight (g) were higher in groups that werefed by dill seedscompared to the control. Additionally, therewere significant differences (p<0.05) for feed conversation ratio (FCR) among treatments. Recommended applications/industries: In conclusion, increasing levels of Dill seeds improved performance and some blood biochemical parametersof broilers chicks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - The comparison of antibacterial effect of Schrophularia striata Boiss. and Stachys schtschegleevii Sosn. extracts on pathogens isolated from urinary tract infections
سمیه اعظمی بیژن فهیمی مهدی باقری شبنم محسن زادهBackground & Aim: The present study was aimed to evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity of Schrophularia striata Boiss. andStachys schtschegleevii Sosn. Extracts against seven clinical isolates. The test isolates were Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus MoreBackground & Aim: The present study was aimed to evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity of Schrophularia striata Boiss. andStachys schtschegleevii Sosn. Extracts against seven clinical isolates. The test isolates were Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Enterobacter dissolvens. E. coli (ATCC 25922) and S.aureus (ATCC 29213) were used as quality control strains. Experimental: Clinical isolates were identified using standard microbiological methods.The methanol extracts from the aerial parts of these plants were assessed using agar well diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Considering the wide application of ciprofloxacin in treatment of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs), susceptibility test was performed towards antibiotic. Results & Discussion: The methanol extracts of Schrophularia striata and Stachys schtschegleevii exhibit both high bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities. The Minimum Inhibitory and Bactericidal Concentration (MIC and MBC) values of Schrophularia striata extract ranged between 0.39-12.5 mg/ml and 0.78-25 mg/ml, respectively. The extract of Stachys schtschegleevii was effective in MIC and MBC ranges of 1.56-12.5 mg/ml and 3.12-50 mg/ml, respectively. On comparing the efficiency of the two extracts, Stachys schtschegleevii extract exhibited the highest activity against gram-negative bacteria, whereas, the extract of Schrophularia striata inhibited the growth of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus spp. Industrial and practical recommendations: On considering antibacterial activity of both the extracts, these herbal extracts may treat urinary tract infections caused by some of the test isolates. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Investigation of antimicrobial effect of crude extract and three sub-fractions of Platychaete aucheri (Boiss.) Boiss against five standard microbial strains and clinical Escherichia coli isolates
تینا ذبیحی نیک مژده حاکمی-والا فاطمه باقری بجستانیBackground & Aim: Platychaete aucheri (Boiss.) Boissis one of the Persian endemic plants and it belongs to Asteraceae family. The present study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of crude methanolic extract and three sub-fractions of the flowering aeri MoreBackground & Aim: Platychaete aucheri (Boiss.) Boissis one of the Persian endemic plants and it belongs to Asteraceae family. The present study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of crude methanolic extract and three sub-fractions of the flowering aerial parts of Platychaete aucheri against some gram-positive and gram-negative standard bacteria, Candida albicans and clinical Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections (UTIs) and burn wounds.Experimental: Total methanolic extract of P.aucheri was prepared by maceration method.Further chloroform, petroleum ether and aqueous fractions were obtained by using liquid-liquid extraction method. Antimicrobial effect examined by well diffusion and broth microdilution method based on the CLSI protocol. The standard tested microbial strains included Escherichia coli PTCC 1399, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1430, Staphylococcus aureus PTCC1431, Bacillus cereus PTCC 1247 and Candida albicans PTCC 5027. Also, extract and fractions were tested against Escherichia coli isolates from urine samples and burn wounds of patients from Imam Khomeini and Shahid Motahari Hospitals of Tehran (Iran) during 2013 and 2014 respectively. Results: Total extract and fractions had ability to prevent microbial growth. Total methanolic extract, chloroform and petroleum ether fractions demonstrated moderate antimicrobial activity against standard P.aeruginosa and E.coli with MIC values in the range of 35-42 mg/ml. MIC values against clinical isolates of E.coli were in the range of 60-72 mg/ml. The aqueous fraction showed lower antimicrobial activity in comparison to total extract and other fractions against standard and clinical isolates. Results confirmed that petroleum ether and chloroform fractions had relatively more anti bacterial activity than total methanolic extract and aqueous fraction. Recommended applications/industries: Based on the non toxicity results in future studies, this plant can be used as a natural antibacterial source for therapeutic products to help UTIs and wounds treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Morphological & anatomical study of Salvia macrosiphon Boiss.
غلام رضا بخشی خانیکی الهام مقسمیBackground & Aim: Salvia macrosiphon is one of the important species of Salvia which belongs to the Lamiaceae family. All 58 Iranian species of Salvia grow in different ecological places. The aim of this research is the investigation of morphological and anatomical MoreBackground & Aim: Salvia macrosiphon is one of the important species of Salvia which belongs to the Lamiaceae family. All 58 Iranian species of Salvia grow in different ecological places. The aim of this research is the investigation of morphological and anatomical characteristics of S. macrosiphon.Experimental: The above–mentioned species were collected from Zavarijan and Dodangeh region in Borojerd in 2007, and were transferred into a suitable place and then they have been determined systematically and they were used for morphological and anatomical studies by using light microscope.Results & Discussion: The investigation shows the species are mostly similar to the other ones previously studied anatomically. There were many trichomes in epidermal layer of stem. There are also anantomically different bundle sheath in pedicles which is three in middle and two in surrounding area in S. macrosiphon. The collenchyma tissues were observed in corners of stem. Parenchyma cells have chloroplasts and there are also many trichomes in the surface of leaves which seems many of them are secretary.Industrial and practical recommendations: The usage of the extract of different species of Saliva macrosiphon in medicinal and food products and its biological activity totally depends on the chemical compounds of extract. So, according to the importance of these extracts, doing some extensive research on all Iranian species is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Investigation of physicochemical compositions of Elaeagnus angustifolia L fruit for using in food industry
میترا خاکی ریزی اسماعیل عطای صالحی لاله مشرف فائزه تجلیBackground & Aim: Elaeagnus angustifolia L, belongs to Elaeagnaceae family, and, growing in Azarbaijan, Kurdistan, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari and Esfahan provinces, Iran. Elaeagnus fruit contains a wide range of different food components. Recent researches indicated t MoreBackground & Aim: Elaeagnus angustifolia L, belongs to Elaeagnaceae family, and, growing in Azarbaijan, Kurdistan, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari and Esfahan provinces, Iran. Elaeagnus fruit contains a wide range of different food components. Recent researches indicated that there are remedial properties in this plant and, is used as painkiller in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and seizures. With respect to the medicinal and nutritional properties of elaeagnus as an appropriate additive, researches about its application in the food industry is of special importance. In this study, the chemical and rheological properties of sugar variety of elaeagnus for using in food processes were examined.Experimental: For this purpose, the perfect flour of the elaeagnus was evaluated in terms of its chemical and rheological properties in the flour system using Farinograph.Results & Discussion: The results indicated that elaeagnus fruit have crude fiber (4.2%), fat (2.0%), ash (1.9), protein (7.8%) and suger (48.9%). The Farinography test results showed that increasing of stability of wheat flour dough containing elaeagnus flour by 40% in comparison with the control sample. Improving the rheological properties of dough was due to the increased amount of protein, fat, crude fiber and minerals of flour containing 10% elaeagnus flour in comparison with the control sample.Industrial and practical Recommendations: The results of this study indicated that different combinations of elaeagnus fruit for using in various food products and its effect on rheological properties of dough and its maintenance conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of Monechma ciliatum (black mahlab) seed extracts
اوشی م.ا.م عبدالکریم ا.م التوهامی م.شBackground & Aim: The purpose of present study was to examine and validate the folk's claim of inhalation of Monechma ciliatum seeds powder by traditional African natives for cold and allergic conditions, so as to formulate a useful therapeutic agent to respiratory MoreBackground & Aim: The purpose of present study was to examine and validate the folk's claim of inhalation of Monechma ciliatum seeds powder by traditional African natives for cold and allergic conditions, so as to formulate a useful therapeutic agent to respiratory tract infections. Experimental: Different extracts were bio-assayed in vitro for their bioactivity to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Bacteria and fungi selected in the study were common pathogens for respiratory tract infections. Results & Discussion: Klebsiella pneumoniae was highly sensitive to the hydroalcoholic extract (maceration by 70% ethanol and 30% water) and moderately sensitive to the extract (maceration by water). Staphylococcus aureus was found to be moderately sensitive to the hydroalcoholic extract (maceration by 70% ethanol 30% water). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistance to all extract used. In addition, all fungi used were found to be resistance to all extracts. Phytochemical screening test results of seeds of Monechma ciliatum to detect the major constituents showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, triterpens, and anthraquinones. The findings of study support the traditional uses of the plant in the therapy of respiratory tract infections. Recommended applications/industries: The extracts of black mahlab could be used in future direction as alternative therapeutic agents for the treatment of human's respiratory tract infectious diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - The study of flora Ghaysari region in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province with 179 species of medicinal plants
حمزه علی شیرمردی اصغر شاهرخی حسین محمدی نجف آبادی محمود طالبیBackground & Aim: The present study was to identify the medicinal plant species and introduced as one of the key priority areas for conservation and determination of endangered species were done.Experimental: The method of plant collection in this region was classic MoreBackground & Aim: The present study was to identify the medicinal plant species and introduced as one of the key priority areas for conservation and determination of endangered species were done.Experimental: The method of plant collection in this region was classical method of regional plant taxonomic studies. Collected plants were recognized and determined families, genera and species of them by using of indispensable references. The life form of plant species was determined by using of Raunkier’s method.Results & Discussion: The results of this study show that, 487 plant species belonging to 65 families and 301 genera exist in this area. Among the 487 species listed in this area, about 179 species (36.76% of the species) are medicinal. Furthermore, threatened species have been analyzed according to the IUCN criteria and Red Data Book of Iran. On the basis of this study, four categories of rare species so called endangered, vulnerable, lower risk and data deficient are determined. Accordingly, 86 threatened species were identified in this area that they all belong to the region, Iran – Tourna and 33 species that have some medicinal properties. Of these 86 species, two species in endangered class, three species in vulnerable class, 67 species in lower risk class and 14 species in data deficient class. Due to use nomads and villagers in the area of medicinal plants, some species such as, Ferula assa-foetida, Ferula gumosa, Allium ampeloprasum, Allium jesdianum, Allium hirtifolium and Zaravschanica membranacea are subject to destruction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Ameliorative potentials of Aju Mbaise extract (AME) on Dutasteride induced oxidative stress and hepatic injury in rats
رابرت اوروکو الیشا اوگو پل نیوجی-آنیالوو ایکنا اوبیورو چینومسو هارون اوبینا امباBackground & Aim: Aju Mbaiseis a polyherbal extract with nutraceuticalproperties that helps to replenish the volume of blood lost during childbirth and improves breast milk secretion and the general wellbeing of the mother. This study evaluated the ameliorative pote MoreBackground & Aim: Aju Mbaiseis a polyherbal extract with nutraceuticalproperties that helps to replenish the volume of blood lost during childbirth and improves breast milk secretion and the general wellbeing of the mother. This study evaluated the ameliorative potentials of Aju Mbaise extract (AME) on Dutasteride-induced oxidative stress and hepatic injury in rats. Twenty-one rats were used to assess the acute toxicity of AME.Experimental: The study for the hepatoprotective effects of AME had five groups of rats, including normal control, Dutasteride only, AME only, Dutasteride + AME (500 mg/kg) and Dutasteride+ AME (1000 mg/kg).Results: The acute toxicity result showed that AME is relatively safe for consumption. Dutasteride caused significant elevation of liver marker enzymes, including aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, malondialdehyde (MDA) and significantly reduced catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), total proteins, albumin, and globulin levels in the rats received only Dutasteride. In contrast, Dutasteride induced rats treated with AME showed a significant decline in the AST, ALT, ALP, MDA, and bilirubin and significantly increased SOD, GSH, GPx, total proteins, albumin, and globulin levels compared to Dutasteride induced untreated rats. The AME-treated rats showed normal liver histo-architecture, unlike the Dutasteride-induced untreated rats that showed mild to moderate vacuolar degeneration of the hepatocytes.Recommended applications/industries: The findings show that AME ameliorates Dutasteride caused rats oxidative stress and hepatic injury. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Evaluation of the immunological changes in the use of Sumac herb powder (Rhuscoriaria) compared with Levamisole in dogs
علی وحید دستجردی سام ترکان محسن جعفریانBackground & Aim: One of the major problems of modern medicine is the increasing consumption of synthetic drugs and frequent use of them will result in side effects. Considering this issue, patients should be mainly motivated to use pharmaceutical plants. Regarding MoreBackground & Aim: One of the major problems of modern medicine is the increasing consumption of synthetic drugs and frequent use of them will result in side effects. Considering this issue, patients should be mainly motivated to use pharmaceutical plants. Regarding the positive effects of sumac on the immune system, in the present study, we made a decision to compare sumac with levamisole as a chemical immune system stimulant compound. Experimental: In this research, 8 native breed of dogs were studied for ten days. The dogs were divided into four groups of two including a control group, a group consuming levamisole, a group consuming the amount of 10 mg per kg sumac, and a group receiving 5 mg per kg sumac. Then, blood samples were taken and the relevant tests were performed after completing the period of intaking the prescribed amount of powders of sumac plant and oral levamisole. Results: According to present results, significant differences were observed between treatment and control groups in terms of some factors including phagocytosis, multiplicity of phagocytosis mass and IGM whereas there was no significant difference in other factors (p < 0.05). It was revealed that sumac plant same as levamisole can increase immunity and phagocytosis in dogs. Recommended applications/ industries: In present study, considering the significant positive effects of sumac on some immunological parameters, this herb is recommended to be prescribed in the food. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Crinum glaucum A. chev bulb: Modulation of endogenous antioxidant enzyme in an animal-induced oxidative stress model
اولوفون میلایو اوگونرینولا اولواسی اوگونرینولا اولواتومیلولا اولاتونجی اولوسگون فاجانا موتیو کاظیم ژمیسولا سایبو حبیب بانکول آدمولا آدیوی باباجید الموBackground & Aim: The mechanism of action of Crinum glaucumbulb (Cgb) A. Chev (Amaryllidaceae) is enigmatic. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the possible modulating properties of an aqueous extract of Cgb on endogenous antioxidant enzymes during lipopol MoreBackground & Aim: The mechanism of action of Crinum glaucumbulb (Cgb) A. Chev (Amaryllidaceae) is enigmatic. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the possible modulating properties of an aqueous extract of Cgb on endogenous antioxidant enzymes during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress in a rat model.Experimental: 25 male and 25 female rats were divided into five groups (n=5) each: control group; treatment group, rats were given an aqueous extract of Cgb for 7 days; induced-oxidative stress group, rats were injected with LPS for 4 hours; post-Cgb group, rats were injected with LPS for 4 hours and treated with an aqueous extract of Cgb; and pre-Cgb group, rats were given an aqueous extract of Cgb for 7 days, injected with LPS for 4 hours, and treated with an aqueous extract of Cgb for 7 days. The blood, brain, heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys were harvested for the biochemical analysis. The endogenous antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-S-transferase) were analysed spectrophotometrically.Results: The hallmark of LPS is its ability to decrease the activity of oxidative stress marker enzymes, as observed in this study. The pre- and post-administration of an aqueous extract of Cgb significantly (P≤0.05) reversed the damaging effect of LPS by increasing the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in the blood and organs of male and female rats, respectively, while plasma glutathione-S-transferase activity was inhibited.Recommended applications/industries: The aqueous extract of Cgb has modulating properties to reduce the action of LPS-induced oxidative stress on endogenous antioxidant enzymes in male and female rats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Black seeds (Nigella sativa) for the management of dengue viral disease: insight into the evidence and POM analyses for the identification of antiviral pharmacophore sites: a review
ناینا محمد پاککر میدین طیبی بن حدا فیصال المالکی حمید لاروسی سامه سلیمان سارکار کوثرBackground & Aim: The number of dengue virus (DENV) infection cases has increased dramatically over the past two decades, with an estimated 3.9 billion cases across the globe potentially at risk. Patients with a DENV infection are managed symptomatically and by supp MoreBackground & Aim: The number of dengue virus (DENV) infection cases has increased dramatically over the past two decades, with an estimated 3.9 billion cases across the globe potentially at risk. Patients with a DENV infection are managed symptomatically and by supportive care since there is no approved antiviral drug yet for its management. On the other hand, N. sativa has been highlighted as a potential antiviral, particularly against DENV.Experimental: Hence, the anti-DENV potential of N. sativa is analyzed in this review using major databases, including Medline/PMC/PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Moreover, the Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration (POM) bioinformatics platform-2019 was used to analyze a series of compounds (1-15) identified in N. sativa (black seeds) to identify those with promising antiviral pharmacophore sites.Results: Preliminary research showed the potential of N. sativa in the control of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and the enhancement of platelet counts. In addition, several clinical, animal, in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the antiviral, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of N. sativa. Furthermore, calculation of the physico-chemical properties of N. sativa compounds using POM analyses indicated that dithymoquinone possesses potential antiviral activity with two (O, O’) pharmacophore sites.Recommended applications/industries: As a result, N. sativa can be employed as an adjuvant/supportive therapy in the management of DENV infection in the early stages of the illness. Furthermore, N. sativa can be a source of new lead anti-DENV drugs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Impacts of Kampo medicine on induction of CYP3A4 and ABCB1 in gastrointestinal cell model LS180
کانا هاشیموتو دایچی انوموتو شیون اوهساوا ساکی آئوکی کای تاناکا رونا یامائوچی یوکو ناکایاما کوهجی تاکاراBackground & Aim: The clinical use of some Kampo medicines has increased rapidly, and opportunities to be used concomitantly with Western medicines more frequently. Although the inhibition of cytochrome P450(CYP)-mediated drug metabolism and ABCB1-mediated transport MoreBackground & Aim: The clinical use of some Kampo medicines has increased rapidly, and opportunities to be used concomitantly with Western medicines more frequently. Although the inhibition of cytochrome P450(CYP)-mediated drug metabolism and ABCB1-mediated transport by Kampo medicine has been reported, little information is available regarding the induction of CYP enzymes or P-glycoprotein—which is encoded by the highly polymorphic ATP-binding cassette transporter B1 (ABCB1) gene—by Kampo medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the induction of CYP enzymes and ABCB1 using Kampo medicines.Experimental: Four Kampo medicines, namely Saireito, Shosaikoto, Goreisan, and Daikenchuto, were selected. The induction of CYP3A4 and ABCB1mRNA expressionwas evaluated in human-derived colon adenocarcinoma LS180 cells, which are an established model for investigating gene induction mediated by the pregnane X receptor.Results: Exposure to Saireito caused a dose-dependent increase in CYP3A4 mRNA expression. A significant increase in CYP3A4 mRNA expression was also observed with Goreisan and Daikenchuto, but not with Shosaikoto. Exposure to Saireito, Shosaikoto, and Goreisan significantly upregulated the expression of ABCB1 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner, but exposure to Daikenchuto had no such effect. These results indicate the differing induction effects of Kampo medicines and the distinct profiles of CYP3A4 and ABCB1, suggesting the upregulation of CYP3A4 or ABCB1 expression by Kampo medicines in enterocytes.Recommended applications/industries: Collectively, our results show that Kampo medicines can potentially induce the expression of CYP enzymes and ABCB1, and provide useful clinical information on the safety and efficacy of the combined use of Kampo and Western medicines. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Ethnomedicinal study of common medicinal plants of Kapilvastu district, Nepal
سندیپ ماهارا پراکاش اوجا مبارک گادی آکریتی بورتلBackground & Aim: Medicinal plants have served as the primary constituents of traditional healthcare methods. Such plants have served mankind since primordial times. But such traditional knowledge is lacking conservation and promotion in present times. Documentation MoreBackground & Aim: Medicinal plants have served as the primary constituents of traditional healthcare methods. Such plants have served mankind since primordial times. But such traditional knowledge is lacking conservation and promotion in present times. Documentation of such traditional knowledge can serve as safeguards for the conservation of such knowledge. The study primarily aims at the documentation of locally abundant medicinal plants available in the Kapilvastu district of Southern Nepal.Experimental: Data on medicinal plants regarding their local name, parts used along with their usage were collected through a questionnaire survey with a total of n=54 individuals of the locality. Excel software was used to analyze the pooled data and results were demonstrated in tables, charts, and graphs. Google Scholar and Researchgate were assessed for secondary data collection.Results: A total of 50 plant species from 46 genera representing 30 families used for curing 55 types of diseases were identified in the study area. Family Fabaceae was reported with the maximum number of species used (n=6). Trees (n=26) was the major used life form and leaf was the most frequently used (n=28) in terms of parts used.Recommended applications/industries: This study serves as a future basis for research promotion, resource production, policy formulation, and protection of these highly valuable plants. The paper will also be useful for those looking for traditional remedial measures using locally available plants in Kapilvastu district, and also will serve as informational bank for homeopathy-based curative measures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Raphia australis: Acute toxicity, antioxidant capacity and antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats
شارلوت تاتا کنستانس سویانی-روسیکه اولوکایود آرمو بندیکتا نکه-چونگگBackground & Aim: The fruits of R. australis are eaten as snacks in some West and Central African countries. This study was aimed at evaluating the safety, antioxidant capacity and antihypertensive effects of these fruits.Experimental: The acute toxicity of the extr MoreBackground & Aim: The fruits of R. australis are eaten as snacks in some West and Central African countries. This study was aimed at evaluating the safety, antioxidant capacity and antihypertensive effects of these fruits.Experimental: The acute toxicity of the extract of R. australis extract (RAE) was evaluated through single and short term oral exposure of mice to RAE. Total phenols and flavonoid contents were quantified followed by 1,1‑diphenyl‑2‑picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were treated with RAE and blood pressure (BP) was measured after once off treatment (phase I) and in the course of 4 weeks treatment (phase II).Results: The LD50 of RAE was greater than 5000 mg/kg. RAE had mild antioxidant capacity and significantly (P<0.001) decreased systolic and diastolic BP in both once off treatment and 4 weeks treatment while decreasing urine output and increasing feces output.Recommended applications/industries: These results indicate that Raphia australis is not toxic and thus is safe for consumption. Pharmaceutically, it has mild antioxidant and significant antihypertensive properties. It also has the ability to improve appetite, increase bulk thus aiding in peristalsis and waste removal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - In vitro anti-fungal activity of watercress (Nasturtium officinale) extract against Fusarium solani, the causal agent of potato dry rot
جعفر نیکان هادی خاوریBackground & Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the antifungal effect of the watercress extract on the growth of Fusarium solani, the causal agent of potato dry rot.Experimental: This research was done in a completely randomized design with three concentration MoreBackground & Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the antifungal effect of the watercress extract on the growth of Fusarium solani, the causal agent of potato dry rot.Experimental: This research was done in a completely randomized design with three concentrations and four replicates on potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium.Results: Results of this study indicated that all concentrations of alcoholic extract of watercress can significantly inhibit mycelia growth of Fusarium solani on PDA medium. Among different concentrations of watercress extract, the highest inhibition zone of the fungus (26.1 mm in diameter) was obtained at dose of 600 mg/ml. The rate of growth inhibition was concentration dependent. However, no significant difference in the rate of growth inhibition of the fungus by watercress extract was seen between the 500 mg/ml and 400 mg/ml or between 400 mg/ml and 300 mg/ml of the plant extract.Recommended applications/industries: The overall results of this experiment indicated that the alcoholic extract of watercress can inhibit mycelia growth of Fusarium solani in a dose dependent manner. It seems therefore, that the watercress extract has the potential to be employed for manufacturing natural fungicidal compounds. It is recommended that the experiment to be tested on potato tubers (in vivo conditions). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Study the ethnobotany of medicinal plants in Sirjan, Kerman province, Iran
فریبا شریفی فر عابد کوهپایه محمد مهدی متقی آرزو امیرخسروی الهام پور محسنی نسب منصوره خداشناسBackground & Aim: Since traditional knowledge is base of producing new herbals and other natural products, and old people of ancient cities know about characteristics of such herbals, therefore, death of such people will gradually causes demolishing of their knowled MoreBackground & Aim: Since traditional knowledge is base of producing new herbals and other natural products, and old people of ancient cities know about characteristics of such herbals, therefore, death of such people will gradually causes demolishing of their knowledge about herbals. Therefore, it seems it is necessary to register and save such information. The goal of this research is to study and survey about ethnobotany of herbals among people live in Sirjan city in order to learn about way of using these herbals in this area through traditions and customs.Martial & Methods: In this research, at first, the mentioned area divided into different parts by means of geographical maps and then a questionnaire prepared to collect the natives' information about using which parts of herbals in what cases and how to use them. After that, herbals grown in different areas were moved to pharmacy department of Kerman when collected, dried and their herbarium made.Results & Discussion: Finally, 77 species of herbals collected from different areas of Sirjan and registered after identification of each species and their related information (using cases, how and which parts). Due to different cultures of using herbals between natives of Sirjan and other areas of the country and different ways of using various herbals and existence of special herbals in this area, remarkable results about native knowledge of natives using herbals in this area obtained.Conclusion: Considering high potential of herbals in Sirjan, the results of present research and other scientific surveys in this field can provide conditions for better application of herbals in order to prepare products of higher effects and lower harms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Histomorphological study of the effect of Biarum straussiis’ rhizome extract on cutaneous wound healing in a rat model
سحر اکرادی طاهره مومنی اصفهانی محمد علیمرادی معصومه خان احمدیBackground & Aim:Phytomedicine or herbal medicine, refers to the use of plants to treat diseases and promote good health. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory characteristics of the medicinal herbs make them logical adjuvant to improve wound healing. The aim of this MoreBackground & Aim:Phytomedicine or herbal medicine, refers to the use of plants to treat diseases and promote good health. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory characteristics of the medicinal herbs make them logical adjuvant to improve wound healing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the wound healing potential of Biarum straussiis’ (B. straussii) rhizome extract on cutaneous wounds in rats.Experimental: Adult male rats (n=18) were divided into three groups (n=6), as group A, B and C. Then, full-thickness, square shape cutaneous wounds were created on the skin. In group A, as negative control, the wound area was only washed using normal saline solution; in group B as positive control, the wound was treated using phenytoin and the wound treatment using B. straussii rhizome extract was done in group C, as experimental subject. The progressive changes in wounds of each group were evaluated for the contraction degree on days 4,7,10 and 14. The tissue samples of the wound area were removed from each group on day 14, fixed in 10% formalin and finally stained with H&E for histological examination. Data analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA test, followed by Tukey-Kramer test (p <0.05).Results: The wound contraction was higher in group treated with B. straussii extractthan in control group at 7th, 10th and 14th days (p <0.0001). The histological analysis showed a significant accelerated wound contraction, complete re-epithelialization, and tissue recovery due to the topical application of B. straussii rhizome extract.Recommended applications/ industries: It can be concluded that the rhizome extract of B. straussii is favorable for cutaneous wound healing in rats and would be considered as a medicinal plant, but further studies are required to reach more definitive results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Ethnomedicinal plants of Farouj district, North Khorasan province, Iran
آتنا اسلامی فروجی حامد خدایاریBackground & Aim: Medicinal plants are one of the most valuable resources in Iran, having a scientific knowledge and proper use; they can play an important role in community health. Some of the significant aims of ethnobotany project are to indicate the most common MoreBackground & Aim: Medicinal plants are one of the most valuable resources in Iran, having a scientific knowledge and proper use; they can play an important role in community health. Some of the significant aims of ethnobotany project are to indicate the most common medicinal species, finding out the exact application of the plant species from various population of the area, and proving the knowledge of ethnobotany among human beings. Experimental: To achieve these goals, the project has been conducted in Farouj, North Khorasan province, Iran in 2014-2015. To acquire ethnobotanical data of the studied area, several steps were taken such as the accumulation of plants, interviews with native people, and distribution of the questionnaires. Some important indices such as the relative frequency of citation (RFC), informant agreement ratio (IAR), and cultural important index (CI) were estimated. Furthermore, a traditional null hypothesis testing was adopted. Results & Discussion: A total of 91 taxa belonging to 29 families were identified, 73 of which are grown naturally in the studied area. Asteraceae and Brassicaceae were the most detected families with 16 and 9 genera, respectively. Other diseases and digestive ones are the most curable ailments in Farouj County. Most of the parts of the plants that were collected consist of leaves (22%), whole plants (18%) and seeds (14%), orderly. Vitis vinifera L. has the maximum relative frequency of citation and cultural importance indices. Farouj area has a great potential in the growing of pharmaceutical plants. This research has been done for the first time in this area. Industrial and practical recommendations: Plant extracts can be used as cure for many diseases and some extracts might have new beneficial effects on illness. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - The effect of some of the Iranian medicinal plants on Brucella Abortus on In-vitro and In-vivo
عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی محمدرضا قاسمی حسن ممتاز احمدرضا گل پرور بهزاد حامدی سهراب شاهقلیانIntroduction & Aim: The ethanol and aqueous extracts of Alhagi camelorum Fisch. (Fabaceae) whole plant, Scrophularia desertii Del. (Scrophulariaceae) whole plant and ethanol extracts of Echinophora platyloba DC. (Apiaceae) whole plant, Teucrium polium L. (Lamiaceae) MoreIntroduction & Aim: The ethanol and aqueous extracts of Alhagi camelorum Fisch. (Fabaceae) whole plant, Scrophularia desertii Del. (Scrophulariaceae) whole plant and ethanol extracts of Echinophora platyloba DC. (Apiaceae) whole plant, Teucrium polium L. (Lamiaceae) whole plant and Berberis integerrima Bunge root brake were investigated for anti-Brucella in-vitro and in-vivo conditions. Experimental: Clinical isolated of Brucella abortus was studied using the disk diffusion method. Brucellosis was induced by repeated injection of Brucella abortus on Balb/C mice. In Balb/C model, we evaluated factors included primary weight/secondary weight ratio (W1/W2), spleen weight, spleen weight/body weight ratio and antibody titer with Wright method. Results & Discussion: The results of disk diffusion approach that the extracts from different plant species studied showed antibacterial activity against B. abortus, with the diameters of zone of inhibition ranging between 1 and 27 mm. Of the plants studied, the most active extracts at the concentration 500 µg/ml were those obtained from aqueous extracts of A. camelorum whole plant and showed strong inhibitory effects (zone of inhibition ≥15 mm) but ethanol extract of S. desertii at the concentration 125 µg/ml showed lowest of inhabitation effect. The bacteria in the study were sensitive to some of antibiotics, erythromycin and streptomycin being the most sensitive (inhibition zone values of 21 and 23 mm, respectively), while was resistant to some of the plant extracts at the concentration 62.5 µg/ml. The best results for W1/W2 were obtained from extract-treated by ethanol extract of B. integrrima root in dose of 400 mg/kg/day and following treated by erythromycin in dose of 400 mg/kg/day. The lowest of Spleen weight were obtained from aqueous extract of A. camelorum and following treated by erythromycin. The best results for Spleen W/Body were obtained from extract-treated by aqueous extract of A. camelorum and following treated by erythromycin in dose of 200 mg/kg/day. Also, the best results for antibody titer with Wright method were obtained from ethanol extract B. integrrima root brake. However, the results of mean of comparison with Duncan's test for antibody titer with Wright method showed no significant difference. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - The phytochemical response of Melissa officinalis L to foliar application of hydro-alcoholic solutions (methanol and ethanol)
اسماعیل خسروی علی مهرآفرین حسنعلی نقدی بادی رضا حاجی آقایی محمدتقی خسرویIntroduction & Aim: The aim of this study was evaluating effect of methanol and ethanol foliar application as a new and safe technology in plant production on lemon balm’s (Melissa officinalis L.) volatile oil components.Experimental: Experimental carried out MoreIntroduction & Aim: The aim of this study was evaluating effect of methanol and ethanol foliar application as a new and safe technology in plant production on lemon balm’s (Melissa officinalis L.) volatile oil components.Experimental: Experimental carried out based on a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with fifteen treatments and three replications in the experimental field of medicinal plants institute (ACECR) in Haljerd in the Alborz province at 2010. The treatments of this study including: control, control distilled water, aqueous ethanol solutions with 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% (v/v), aqueous methanol solutions with 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% (v/v) and ethanol-methanol equal mixtures with 5, 15 and 25% (v/v). In this study, phytochemical characters by GC-MS were evaluated.Results & Discussion: The results were indicated that spraying of ethanol and methanol on phytochemical characters have significant difference (p<0.01). The most of biosynthesis of β-caryophyllene, neral, geranial, caryophyllene oxide, Δ-cadinene, Δ-cadinol, citronellal, germacrene-B and geranyl acetate were affected by methanol 50% solution.Industrial and practical Recommendations: The results showed that spraying with methanol 50% was the best treatment for increasing of volatile oil components of Melissa officinalis L. in Karaj conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Determine optimum of harvest time on the quantity/quality of essential oil and thymol of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) in Isfahan
امین هادی پناه احمدرضا گل پرور عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی حسین زینلیBackground & Aim: Thyme is common named Thymus vulgaris L. belongs to Lamiaceae family. Thyme is a most important medicinal plant that was used in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics hygienic industries in most of developed countries.Experimental: Determine optimum of h MoreBackground & Aim: Thyme is common named Thymus vulgaris L. belongs to Lamiaceae family. Thyme is a most important medicinal plant that was used in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics hygienic industries in most of developed countries.Experimental: Determine optimum of harvest time this plant was done in a random block design with three replications was conducted in field Islamic Azad University of Khorasgan (Isfahan) 2009 and 2010. Treatment phonological stages such as: 1) before flowering stage; 2) at beginning of flowering stage; 3) 50% blooming stage; 4) at full flowering step and 5) at fruit set stage. The essential oil obtained by hydro-distillation using a Clevenger- type apparatus and, was analyzed by GC and GC/MS.Results & Discussion: Statistic analysis showed that the effects phonological stages had significant effect on essential oil yields & percent, thymol. The highest essential oil content (2.42%) was extracted at the beginning of flowering stage. Analysis and identification of components showed thymol main compounds in all samples.Industrial/Practical recommendation: According to the results of this project 50% blooming stage optimum of harvest time on the Quantity/Quality of Essence and thymol of Thyme. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Collection and identification of medicinal plants used by the indigenous people of Mobarakeh (Isfahan), southwestern Iran
شاهین مردانی نژاد مهین جانی قربان منصوره وزیرپورBackground & Aim: Knowledge of the traditional application of plants is declining faster than the plants themselves; this study was conducted to record and store the local knowledge and cultural outcomes for using the medicinal plants in treating diseases in Mobarak MoreBackground & Aim: Knowledge of the traditional application of plants is declining faster than the plants themselves; this study was conducted to record and store the local knowledge and cultural outcomes for using the medicinal plants in treating diseases in Mobarakeh region, Isfahan, Iran. Experimental: This study has done based on applying the desert survey, information of local people, and identification, classification and introducing these plants. Then the plant species were collected and transferred to the department of botany in Isfahan Research Center for Natural Resources in order to be identified after drying and preparing their herbarium. Results & Discussion: Finally, 200 plant species were identified; from which 75 ones, belonged to 73 genera, and 33 families with medicinal properties, were identified. From this number, 75% are herbaceous, ten percent shrubby and 15 percent are arboreous. The highest number of medicinal species belongs to the Lamiaceae family with nine species, Asteraceae family with eight species, Rosaceae family with six species, and the families Apiaceae, Papilionaceae, and Brassicaceae with five species. These plants are used in traditional medicine for treatment of gastrointestinal ailments, relaxation, cough, diarrhea, low blood sugar, and hyperlipidemia. Recommended applications/industries: According to results of this study, the preservation and conservation of some herbs species is essential. This document can play a role in preserving the indigenous knowledge of using these plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Evaluation of the effect of ultrasound-assisted variables on phenolic compounds extraction from almond(Prunus amygdalus) hull
ویکتوریا مسعودی اعظم اعرابیBackground & aims: Extraction of major phenolic compounds from agricultural crop residues is important for the development of value-added products. Almond (Prunus amygdalus) is one of the most indigenous fruit crops that is grown in large quantities in Iran. Almond MoreBackground & aims: Extraction of major phenolic compounds from agricultural crop residues is important for the development of value-added products. Almond (Prunus amygdalus) is one of the most indigenous fruit crops that is grown in large quantities in Iran. Almond hulls are considered as by-product which are used only for animal feed. The aim of this study was to compare the phenolic compounds extraction yield from almond hulls using ultrasound and percolation methods. Experimental: An optimization procedure using central composite design (CCD) with 4 factors (solvent, frequency, time and temperature) at 5 levels was used in order to investigate the effect of these parameters on the extraction. Finally, the effect of solid to solvent ratio on phenolic compounds extraction was evaluated and compared with soxhlet method. Results: The results indicated that the optimum extraction conditions is found to be 86% ethanol, 50 °C , 75 min and 163 Hz for temperature, time and frequency, respectively. In addition, the extraction of phenolic compounds was evaluated in different ratios of solid to solvent (10: 1, 20: 1, 30: 1, 40: 1(w / w) at the optimum conditions and antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured by DPPH method. The maximum extraction of phenolic compounds was obtained in the ratio of 40: 1(w / w) with the amount of 1134.19± 0.23 mg/g of dry matter. The maximum free radical scavenging activity of the extract was 87.42% for ultrasound extraction which was significantly (α<0.05) different from percolation method. Recommended applications/industries: Application of new techniques including ultrasound in the extraction of phenolic compounds can be an effective method not only to increase the extraction yield of phenolic compounds but also due to the shorter extraction time, less damage is done to these compounds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Anticonvulsant activity of methanol leaf extract of Combretum hypopilinum Diels (Combretaceae) in laboratory animals
زکریا الحسن جامیلو یائو ایسا حسینیBackground & Aim:The use of plants as medicine is an ancient practice common to all societies especially the African society and this practice continues to exist in developing nations. Combretum hypopilinum is harvested from the wild for local use of its gum, medici MoreBackground & Aim:The use of plants as medicine is an ancient practice common to all societies especially the African society and this practice continues to exist in developing nations. Combretum hypopilinum is harvested from the wild for local use of its gum, medicinal uses and timber, it is one of the eight most widely used plants for management of epilepsy in northern Nigeria. This study aimed at examining the anticonvulsant properties of methanol leaf extract of Combretum hypopilinum (MECH) in acute animal models as well as the possible mechanism involved in its anticonvulsant activities. .Experimental: The LD50 of the extract was calculated using OECD 423 starting with the limited dose of 5000mg/kg while the anticonvulsant activity of the extract was examined using maximal electroshock (MES), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), strychnine and picrotoxin induced seizure models. For investigating the possible mechanism of the extract in PTZ model, flumazenil, naloxone, L-Argenin and sildenafil were administered to interact with the extract.Results: The LD50 of the extract was found to be greater than 2000mg/kg but less than 5000 mg/kg (oral). In maximal electroshock test, the extract protects only 30% of chicks against tonic hind limb extension (THLE) at the dose of 600 mg/kg. However, it significantly (p <0.05) and dose dependently decreased the mean recovery time of the convulsed chicks. In PTZ model, the extract at the dose of 600mg/kg, protected mice by 66.66% and significantly (p <0.005) delayed the mean onset of seizure. The extract significantly (p <0.005) delayed the mean onset of seizure and increased the mean latency of mortality for unprotected mice in both strychnine and picrotoxin models. Flumazenil, naloxone, L-argenine and sildenafil reversed the anticonvulsant activity of MECH.Recommended applications/industries: The study suggested that MECH possessed bioactive component(s) responsible for its anticonvulsant effect, therefore, justify its use for the management of epilepsy amongst herbalists in Northern part of Nigeria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - The effect of Satureja bachtiarica on IL-6 and TNF-α in rat treated with Thioacetamide
فاطمه ابراهیمی حسین سازگارBackground & Aim: Acute liver damage, inflammation and oxidative stress are underlying tissue necrosis and development of ciroces. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Satureja bakhtiarica extract on acute liver disease induced by the thioacetamide an MoreBackground & Aim: Acute liver damage, inflammation and oxidative stress are underlying tissue necrosis and development of ciroces. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Satureja bakhtiarica extract on acute liver disease induced by the thioacetamide and TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines level. Experimental: In experimental study, 36 Wistar rats were selected and divided into 6 groups of 6. The amount of 0.03g thioacetamide dissolved in 1ml of distilled water and injected intraperitoneally to all mice except of control group twice a week and for a period of three weeks. Negative control group received only thioacetamide and the other group received 8mg/kg sibilin by gavage in addition to thioacetamide. After injection of thioacetamide, the experimental groups were treated with doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/ml extracts of S. bakhtiaricafor two weeks. Peripheral blood samples were taken from rat hearts. Then TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines levels were measured by Elisa method. Histopathological changes of liver also were examined. Data analysis was performed with SPSS ver. 20. Results: The results showed a significant difference in TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines between groups (p<0.001). Mean concentration of TNF-α and IL-6 in the groups treated with the doses of 5(P = 0.002, P <0.001), 10 (P= 0.010, P <0.001) and 20 mg/ ml (P <0.001, P <0.001) of S. bakhtiaricaca significantly decreased compared with group treated with thioacetamide. Histopathological results also supported dose dependent protective effect of S. bakhtiaricaca. S. bakhtiaricacaextract has anti-inflammatory properties that can reduce the toxicity of thiouzamide by reducing the levels of TNF and IL-6 cytokines as pro-inflammatory cytokines. Recommended applications/industries:Regarding that the use of herbal medicines to treat many diseases are on the rise, hydroalcholic extract of Satureja bachtiarica due to having antioxidant properties can be used to treat liver disease with drug therapy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Chemical Composition of the Volatile oils of three Lamiaceae species growing wild in North of Iran
سالار حافظ قران بشرا آزادی هدایت حسینBackground & Aim: The Lamiaceae or Labiatae (commonly referred to as the mint or deadnettle family) are an exceedingly large and widespread of flowering plants (Angiospermae). Most member of Lamiaceae plants are used in Iranian folk medicine as stimulant, antiseptic MoreBackground & Aim: The Lamiaceae or Labiatae (commonly referred to as the mint or deadnettle family) are an exceedingly large and widespread of flowering plants (Angiospermae). Most member of Lamiaceae plants are used in Iranian folk medicine as stimulant, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, stomachic, expectorant, carminative, anti-diarrheic and anti-bacterial. The aim of the present work was to obtain a better insight into the nature of essential oil. Experimental: The essences of three Lamiaceae species viz., Satureja macrantha C.A. Mey., Ziziphora persica Bunge, and Lavandula stoechas L. obtained by hydrodistillation method of flowers growing wild in the north of Iran. The study led to the identification of 67 components by a combination HP-5 GC-FID and GC-MS analytical techniques and the oil yields were 1.3 %, 1.64 %, and 1.16 % on fresh flowers, respectively. Results & Discussion: The chemical components of S. macrantha were found to contain mainly: Carvacrol (43.3 %), g-Terpinene (24.1 %) and p-Cymene (21.6 %). On the other hand the major oil components for Z. persica were Isopulegone (46.6 %), followed by p-mentha-1(7),8-diene (16.4 %), 1,8-Cineole (7.0 %), Isomenthol (5.5 %) and Isoledene (3.3 %), accounting for 98.0 % of the total components. Camphor (61.5 %), 1,8-Cineole (10.1 %), Fenchone (4.2 %) and Linalool (3.8 %) were found to be the major constituents of the oil of L. stoechas. The essential oils of S. macrantha, Z. persica, and L. stoechaswere identified by much larger amount of monoterpenes (96.52 %, 89.31 %, and 93.49 %, respectively) and sesquiterpenes (1.87 %, 8.10 %, and 5.04 %, respectively). Industrial and practical recommendations: Based on the results of this study, the chemical variations of threevolatile oils might be correlated with geographical regions and environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, interaction with other species and etc.) play a significant role in biosynthesis of the components of the oil Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - The study of burn healing of Onosma stenosiphon on type II burn of back and testis areas in rats
محمدعلی خلیلی سید محسن میراسماعیلی حسین حکمتی مقدم شهناز رضایی علی رضا وحیدیBackground & Aim: Onosma stenosiphon has been used as herbal medicine for healing skin cuts and rashes. However, burn healing effect of this herb has not been yet reported in pharmaceutical texts. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of herb ointment on MoreBackground & Aim: Onosma stenosiphon has been used as herbal medicine for healing skin cuts and rashes. However, burn healing effect of this herb has not been yet reported in pharmaceutical texts. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of herb ointment on burn healing the superficial wounds post type II burns of back and testis region in Wistar rats.Experimental: A total of 24 rats were divided into 3 (21 rats) and 1 control (3 rats) groups. Type II burn was performed on right and left sides of back and right testicular skin of all experimental animals. For burn healing, herb ointment was applied on right sides of back and testis skins of experimental rats. For histo-pathological evaluation, seven rats were killed at 7, 14, 21 days intervals. Then, skin samples were obtained from both left and right (with herb ointment) sides of back, as well as testicular tissue samples. All samples from experimental animals were compared with control samples following tissue staining.Results & Discussion: All skin samples (both with and without herb ointment applications) showed patho-morphological changes one week post experimental burns. Two week following burns, epidermis were relatively healed, and lymphohistocytological inflammation with initiation of fibrosis was observed. But, epidermis and dermis inflammation were recovered after three weeks. There were no noticeable changes in healing rate of burned tissues in rats under herb ointment versus non ointment applications. Also, there were no alternations in testicular tissue or spermatozoa cells in experimental groups. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - The effects of hyssop hydroalcoholic extract on the serum biochemical factors of rats
پگاه سادات اطمینان محسن جعفریان دهکردی مریم کریمی دهکردیBackground & Aim: Investigating the effects of medicinal plants on the basal physiology of the body is one of the main topics in the application of medicinal plants. Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) or Zofa is one of most important medicinal plants in Iran with numerou MoreBackground & Aim: Investigating the effects of medicinal plants on the basal physiology of the body is one of the main topics in the application of medicinal plants. Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) or Zofa is one of most important medicinal plants in Iran with numerous therapeutic properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. However, there is limited information on its effects on the basal physiology of the body. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of hyssop on liver and kidney activities in rats under normal physiological conditions.Experimental: For this purpose, 32 male rats of the Wistar breed were used. The rats were allocated to one control group and three experimental groups. The experimental groups received the hydroalcoholic extract of Zufa at 150, 100 and 50 mg/kg concentration levels for 21 days. After the trial, blood samples were collected to measure liver and kidney health indices.Results: The results showed that hyssop extract did not significantly affect cholesterol and ALT levels (P>0.05); while, significantly reduction in AST levels was observed. Consumption of hyssop extract at the concentration of 150 mg/kg b.w significantly increased GGT level (P<0.05); however, a significant decrease (P<0.05) was observed in creatinine and BUN parameters at the concentration level of 100 mg/kg. Consumption of hyssop extract did not affect HDL levels, whereas, at the concentration level of 150 mg/kg, LDL levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Moreover, a decreasing trend in glucose and triglyceride levels was observed with the consumption of hyssop extractRecommended applications/industries: Generally, Zufa extract at 100 mg/kg concentration level can effectively lower blood sugar without any negative effects on the liver and kidney health. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - The effect of hydroalcoholic extracts from Taraxacum officinale on blood indicators of kidney and liver functions in male rats
آرمان راوش محسن جعفریان دهکردی مریم کریمیBackground & Aim:Evaluation of the effects of medicinal herbs on the metabolism and physiology of the body is considered as one of the fundamental researches about the use of herbs in medicine. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of hydroalcoholic ext MoreBackground & Aim:Evaluation of the effects of medicinal herbs on the metabolism and physiology of the body is considered as one of the fundamental researches about the use of herbs in medicine. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) leaf on liver and kidney function of the rats in normal physiological conditions. Experimental: The Wistar adult male rats (n=32) were divided into 4 groups of control, 50, 100 and 200 based on the concentration of the hydroalcoholic extract fed to rats (mg/kg body weight). Dandelion leaf extract was administered by gavage for 20 days. Blood samples were taken from the heart to assess the health parameters of the liver (cholesterol, triglyceride and liver enzymes) and kidney (urea, urea nitrogen, and creatinine). Results: The concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly increased in the extract-treated groups compared to the control. Levels of Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were not significantly different between the treated groups and the control. However, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly increased in the extract-treated groups. Kidney health assessment showed that consumption of Dandelion leaf extract reduced the concentrations of urea, urea nitrogen, and creatinine. In addition, the concentration of these indicators at lower doses of the extract (50, was more significant. Recommended applications/industries: The present study showed that under normal physiological conditions; consumption of hydroalcoholic extract of Dandelion leaf at low doses had no negative effects on liver and kidney functions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Effects of IAA and BAP on chemical composition and essential oil content of lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora H.B.K.)
حسن نورافکن فاطمه سفیدکن احمد خلیقی امیر موسوی مظفر شریفیBackground & Aim: The world production and consumption of essential oils and perfumes are increasing very fast. Lippia citriodora H.B.K. is an herbal species mainly used as a spice and medicinal plant. Endogenous levels as well exogenous application of plant growth MoreBackground & Aim: The world production and consumption of essential oils and perfumes are increasing very fast. Lippia citriodora H.B.K. is an herbal species mainly used as a spice and medicinal plant. Endogenous levels as well exogenous application of plant growth regulators (PGR) could affect essential oil production and chemical compositions. Experimental: To study the effect of exogenous application of pgr on chemical composition and volatile oil content of lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora H.B.K.), an experiment was conducted based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Experimental treatments included distillated water (positive Control), without treatment (negative Control), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (2mgL-1), 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) (2mgL-1) and IAA + BAP (2mgL-1). The hydro-distillated essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Results: More than 23 volatile components have been characterized as constituents of L. citriodora oil. Neral, geranial, 1,8-cineole and limonene were the major compounds of the essential oil from lemon verbena. Neral significantly increased by exogenous application of IAA + BAP (2mgL-1), whereas 1,8-cineole significantly increased by IAA (2mgL-1). Recommended applications/industries: Citral (geranial + neral) is a valuable flavor and scent reagent that is used in food and perfume industries. Generally, exogenous application of IAA, IAA+BAP and distilled water can increase medicinal and nutritional values of L. citriodora. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Extraction and investigation on the essential oil of Anthemis hyalina DC .in Qazvine province
محمد باقر رضایی کامکار جایمند ولی الله مظفریانBackground & Aim: This research, order to study of extraction and investigation on the essential oil of Anthemis hyalina DC. were conducted.Material & Methods: The volatile constituents of Anthemis hyalina DC. were isolated by hydro-distillation and analyzed by MoreBackground & Aim: This research, order to study of extraction and investigation on the essential oil of Anthemis hyalina DC. were conducted.Material & Methods: The volatile constituents of Anthemis hyalina DC. were isolated by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In this study, samples were collected from Qazvin on June 2008.Results & Discussion: The oil yields obtained were leaves 0.05% on a fresh weight basis. The major constituents of Anthemis hyalina DC. from head flowering were a-terpinene (58.5%), trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (5.3%) and b-calacorene (4%).Conclusion: According to literature, this species was not the subject of research up to now and therefore its chemical composition is not well known. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - The effect of Hypericum scabrum on the hematologic factors, body weight and temperature in mice
عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی محسن جعفریان دهکردی رحمان پورحکیم داودی بهزاد حامدی محمد ربیعیBackground & Aim: Vast variety of plants in various regions of the country and lack of enough information on their chemical combinations, sometimes lead to triggering poisoning and unsatisfied complications. Regarding to fabulous herbal characteristics of Hypricum, MoreBackground & Aim: Vast variety of plants in various regions of the country and lack of enough information on their chemical combinations, sometimes lead to triggering poisoning and unsatisfied complications. Regarding to fabulous herbal characteristics of Hypricum, many research about poisoning and side effects of high concentrations of H. scabrum have not taken place until now. Therefore regarding to above mentioned issues, current study has done due to evaluating poisoning effects of H. scabrum on behavioral properties of mice.Experimental: In an experimental study, first H. scabrum collected from Sabz-e-Kooh mountains, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province. There were five 4 mice-group that has taken 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg H. scabrum extract and one group didn’t get anything. Lastly, after 24 hours various hematologic, weight, and temperature characteristics have been evaluated. Also, like the past method these properties were evaluated for 14 days after taking extracts. Results & Discussion: In pathologic evaluation of kidney and liver, no obvious difference was seen. In statistical analysis of the results about HCT, Hb, RBC, Mono, MCV, Band, MCH, MCHC and PH no significant differences obtained between case groups and control group. About WBC, neutrophils and eosinophils count significant difference was gathered (p<0.05), that the reason was physiologic stress due to high dosage of the drug; because band cells (immature neutrophils), marker of infection and bone marrow response, has not decreased.Industrial and practical recommendations: Totally in current study it seems that H. scabrum extract, in none of the concentration used, have poisoning effect and just can lead to stress profile in subjects. But regarding the body weights after 2 weeks of experiment, it can be concluded probably the plant was lead to weight gain. Entirely H. scabrum had not any harmful effects but pathologic ones on liver in high concentrations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Analysis of the correlation between phytochemical content and wound-healing potential of Lantana camara ethyl acetate and methanol extracts
آیرین آگبو بوییسوا هلانگوتی جنسکه دیدلوف آنا هاتینگ لاون ونابلس شارلین گووندر مارینا ون دی ونترBackground & Aim: Lantana camara, regarded as an invasive plant, is found in tropical climates worldwide. Several studies have validated its antiulcer activity which is one of the ethnomedicinal uses of L. camara. This study seeks to find the correlation between the MoreBackground & Aim: Lantana camara, regarded as an invasive plant, is found in tropical climates worldwide. Several studies have validated its antiulcer activity which is one of the ethnomedicinal uses of L. camara. This study seeks to find the correlation between the phytochemical content and the wound-healing potential of L. camara extracts.Experimental: The study was conducted using spectrophotometric analysis and selected in vitro bioactivity assays; 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and 96-well plate micro-broth dilution method assay, of methanol flower (MLF), berry (MLB), leaf (MLL) and ethyl acetate flower (ELF), berry (ELB), leaf (ELL) extracts for cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities which support wound-healing capabilities.Results: The highest total polyphenolic content (TPC) was recorded in MLF and ELF extracts (34.59±3.01; 29.50±2.11, mg GAEQ/100 mg). MLF and MLB retained the highest terpenoid concentration (20.74±2.34; 20.51±1.86 mg LIN EQ/100 mg). ELB exhibited anti-inflammatory activity at 200 μg/mL. MLF and ELB were nontoxic to Vero cells, while MLL and MLB caused < 20 % cell death at all concentrations investigated. All ethyl acetate extracts exhibited potent antimicrobial activities against Streptococcus pyogenes with both ELL and ELF extracts demonstrating inhibition with MIC ≤ 0.125 mg/mL. The results showed MLF which retained the highest TPC was nontoxic whereas ELL, with relatively high alkaloid content, was the most cytotoxic extract that exhibited growth inhibition to S. pyogenes at a significantly low MIC. Thus, the phytochemical content of extracts is positively associated with bioactivity. The nontoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities support the wound-healing potentials of the extracts.Recommended applications/industries: The high phenolic content and microbial growth inhibition exhibited could be leveraged to develop wound-healing tinctures or isolate bioactive compounds that could be developed as wound-healing agents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Curative potential of Gbogbonise Epa Ijebu herbal remedy in male Wistar rats infected with Salmonella enterica serovar typhi
سیی انیتان مایکل دادا اولوافمی اوگونتی بیجو امانوئل ایلئوما ساراتو آجیک ویکتور آدروگباBackground & Aim: Commercially sold herbal remedies are fast gaining recognition among the Nigerian populace for the treatment of various ailments. The aim of this study was to assess the curative potential of Gbogbonise Epa Ijebu herbal remedy in male Wistar rats i MoreBackground & Aim: Commercially sold herbal remedies are fast gaining recognition among the Nigerian populace for the treatment of various ailments. The aim of this study was to assess the curative potential of Gbogbonise Epa Ijebu herbal remedy in male Wistar rats infected with Salmonella enteric serovar typhi (S.typhi).Experimental: A total of 60 male Wistar rats weighing 150+50 g (mean+SD) were randomly assigned into 10 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were infected with one ml of S. typhi suspension with a concentration of 106 CFU/mL in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Group 4, 5 and 6 which served as the Zero control, undiluted herbal control and diluted herbal control, respectively. Group 7 and were 8 were treated with 500 mg/Kg/bid and 250 mg/kg/bid herbal remedy, respectively, while group 9 and 10 were treated with equal volume of Ciprofloxacin and herbal remedy, 500 mg/kg/bid and 250 mg/kg/bid, respectively, orally twice daily for 7days. Bacterial loads in rectal swab, intestine and gall bladder, as well as the anti-S.typhi O and H serum antibodies of the test and control rats were evaluated at pre-infection, post-infection and post-treatment phases using standard microbiological and serological methods.Results: The outcome of this study showed that the administration of the herbal remedy (500 mg/Kg/bid) resulted in a significant reduction (P<0.001) in the rectal (1.8±04 Log CFU/mL), intestinal (4.25±0.05 Log CFU/Intestine) and gall-bladder (1.85±0.25 Log CFU/Gall-Bladder) bacterial load, as well as the anti-S. typhi O (93.3±22.3) and H (93.3±22.3) serum antibodies level of the test groups compared to the infection control (3.8±0.20 Log CFU/mL, 8.3±0.10 Log CFU/Intestine, 4.3±0.06 Log CFU/Gall-Bladder and 173.3±32.1, respectively).Recommended applications/industries: The outcome of this study further underscores the curative potential of the herbal remedy as claimed by the manufacturers and vendors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of callus cultures of Convolvulus microphyllus Sieb. ex Spreng.
بوسکی پانچولی ام گوتامBackground & Aim: Convolvulus microphyllus Sieb. ex Spreng. (Family: Convolvulaceae) known as “Shankhpushpi” is reported to be brain tonic and useful in CNS disorder, hypertension, thyrotoxicosis and ulcer. Tissue culture technique has been optimized for MoreBackground & Aim: Convolvulus microphyllus Sieb. ex Spreng. (Family: Convolvulaceae) known as “Shankhpushpi” is reported to be brain tonic and useful in CNS disorder, hypertension, thyrotoxicosis and ulcer. Tissue culture technique has been optimized for the large scale production of medicinally important plant independent from climatic and geographic conditions. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were performed and compared with in vivo. Active compounds with biological activities were isolated, identified from the callus extracts. These biological constituents can be propagated in large amount with low cost use tissue culture techniques.Experimental: Cell cultures of C. microphyllus have been established using Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D). Callus was harvested at different time intervals of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks and their antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials along with the isolation of active compounds isolation were carried out using established protocols.Results: Ethanolic extracts of 2 weeks-old callus demonstrated appreciable antifungal activity against Penicillium chrysogenum and Tricophyton rubrum (inhibition zone of 14.66 ± 0.66 and 14.00 ± 0.57 mm respectively) while maximum antibacterial activity was recorded in 6 and 4 weeks-old callus against Klebsiella pneumoniae (Inhibition zone of 14.66 ± 0.61 mm and 14.33 ± 0.59 mm respectively). Antioxidant potentials were more in plant extract (IC50 0.055 mg/ml and 510 ± 20.02 ascorbic acid equivalents) as compared to callus. Phenolic acids viz., caffeic-, p- coumaric-, ferulic-, gallic-, vanillic- and syringic acids were isolated and screened for antimicrobial efficacy.Recommended applications/industries: The callus extract shows similar results as that of In vivo plant. Two week old callus exhibit most profound antifungal and 4 to 6 week for antimicrobial activities. Callus extract shows similar bio-potentials and secondary metabolites level, so it can be used for large scale production of biologically active phytochemicals with antimicrobial properties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Effects of methanol root extract and fractions of Waltheria Indica (linn) on sexual orientation and sexual behavioral parameters in male wistar rats
ساندی سابو ساندی اوتیمنین ساموئل اتوکپاBackground & Aim: Waltheria indica is a shrub whose roots are used in many communities of Northern Nigeria to manage several sexual behavioral disorders; however, there is no scientific study to verify this claim. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of m MoreBackground & Aim: Waltheria indica is a shrub whose roots are used in many communities of Northern Nigeria to manage several sexual behavioral disorders; however, there is no scientific study to verify this claim. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of methanol root extract of Waltheria indica and its fractions (ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and residual ethanol) on sexual orientation and sexual behavioral parameters in male albino rats.Experimental: Male rats were divided into five groups each containing 6 rats. Group 1 rats were treated with normal saline. Rats in Groups 2, 3 and 4 were treated with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg crude extracts while rats in Group 5 were treated with Sildenafil 5 mg/kg. Treatment was administered once daily for 7 days. Female rats were artificially brought to oestrus by administering oestradiol 25 μg/kg and progesterone 500 μg/kg 48 and 8 h respectively prior to mating The mating was done in a 1:1 ratio and mating behaviour was observed on days 1 and 7. Similar procedure was repeated, normal saline, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg of the ethyl acetate, n-butanol and mother liquor fractions, respectively and sexual behavioral parameters were observed.Results: Crude extract and fractions of Waltheria indica significantly increased sexual behavioral parameters, with the n-butanol and mother liquor fractions being most active.Recommended applications/industries: The study showed that methanol root extract of Waltheria indica and its fractions have aphrodisiac activity with the n-butanol and residual methanol fractions being more active. These revelations further substantiates the traditional use of Waltheria indica for the management of infertility in male, thus such discovery can serve as a lead for the development of drugs for the management of sexual dysfunctions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - In vitro antioxidant properties and GC-MS analysis of solvent extracts of Sida acuta leaf
آکیم یوسف تمیدایو اوگونمویول مری اوگوندارBackground & Aim: Active search for plants with diverse antioxidant and pharmacological properties capable of counteracting the deleterious effects of free radical-mediated pathologies, is still evolving. The current study investigates the phytochemical screening, a MoreBackground & Aim: Active search for plants with diverse antioxidant and pharmacological properties capable of counteracting the deleterious effects of free radical-mediated pathologies, is still evolving. The current study investigates the phytochemical screening, antioxidant mechanisms and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analysis of leaf extract of Sida acuta.Experimental: Powdered leaves of the plant was extracted in ethanol, methanol and water. Total phenolic and flavonoids contents of the extracts were measured using established protocols. Also, free radical scavenging activity against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide radicals (NO•.) as well as the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were also evaluated. Furthermore, the structure and relative abundance of bioactive compounds in the methanolic leaf extract of Sida acuta was determined on GC-MS.Results: Results indicated that the total phenol and flavonoids content is significantly (P<0.05) higher in methanolic extract when compare with extracts from other solvents. Additionally, DPPH radical scavenging potency and FRAP of the extract is in the order; methanolic> aqueous> ethanolic, while the aqueous extract elicits significant NO• radical scavenging properties when compared with other solvents. The GC-MS chromatogram of the methanolic leaf extract of the plant reveals the presence of 23 bioactive compounds. Taking together, the relative abundance of phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacity of Sida acuta leaves is partly contingent on the choice of extraction solvent.Recommended applications/industries: The presence of various bioactive compounds justifies the use of the plant for diverse remedies in traditional medicine and the need for further studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - The effect of different concentrations of BAP on micropropagation of two species of Paneer-booti (Withania coagulans L.) and (Withania somnifera L.)
فرشته نورالهی ابراهیم گنجیBackground & Aim: Withania genus has more than 200 species, of which two important species (W. somnifera) and (W. coagulans) have high medicinal value and their rapid and extensive reproduction with new methods is very important to expand the area of cultivation. Pr MoreBackground & Aim: Withania genus has more than 200 species, of which two important species (W. somnifera) and (W. coagulans) have high medicinal value and their rapid and extensive reproduction with new methods is very important to expand the area of cultivation. Propagation of crops in vitro is an accessible method for mass propagation. Therefore, the selection of a suitable culture medium is necessary to motivate shoot regeneration from explants and proliferation. The main purpose of this study was to present a rapid and efficient method for mass propagation of virus-free and disease-free plants under in vitro culture conditions.Experimental: The experiment was designed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicatesin. The seeds were sterilized and placed on MS medium after being collected from their natural habitat in Sistan and Baluchestan province. It was then cultured on MS medium containing benzyl amino purine growth regulator at four levels of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/l for branching.Results: The results showed that in coagulans specie in MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l of benzyl amino purine (BAP) with an average proliferation of 3.66 of shoots and a length of 2.85 cm, the highest branching was obtained. Also, the highest propagation coefficient and number of leaves were obtained in benzyl amino purine (BAP) treatment with a concentration of 0.5 mg/l. The lowest propagation rate was reported in control (without hormones). In this experiment, application of benzyl amino purine at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg/l improved seedling quality which was more effective in coagulans and contained higher quality and fresher seedlings. Recommended applications/industries: In general, for the production of seedlings with high branching percentages, the use of benzyl amino purine at a concentration of 0.5 mg/l is recommended for optimal branching. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Case study: level of awareness, insight and behavior of dentist and the sick to the remedial effect of medicinal drop “dentol”
پروانه نژاد سبزی فاطمه نادری بهرام رسولیان بهروز عزت پورBackground & Aim: In recent years, complementary therapies deliver a medicinal drop named ‘dentol’ for pain controlling and tooth infection. According to the excessive consumption of chemical drugs and their side effects, the subject of human health and MoreBackground & Aim: In recent years, complementary therapies deliver a medicinal drop named ‘dentol’ for pain controlling and tooth infection. According to the excessive consumption of chemical drugs and their side effects, the subject of human health and its development in society and the level of awareness, insight and positive behavior of people and also dentists as the trustees of the society toward the usage of dentol and its demand for consumption and prescription of this drug is of great importance.Experimental: This study was a kind of cross-sectional using a survey method and questionnaire. Its validity and reliability was measured according to content accreditation, test-retest and Alpha Cronbach. The sampling method in first population (habitant of Khoramabad) was multistage cluster and in second one (dentists of Khoramabad) was polling because of some limitations. The descriptive-statistical and analytical-statistical (χ2, correlation coefficient etc) methods were used.Results & Discussion: Samples taken from people showed that their awareness from dentol was very low (59.8 %) and it is why most of them have no special insight to it (74.1%). Most of them use chemical painkillers for alleviation (75.5%). Dentists prescribed chemical drugs for their sick mostly (71.1%) and 87.1% of them never prescribed dentol for tooth infect. According to the findings, the awareness level of people to this drug is low and just few of them use it. In dentists having medium awareness and more positive insight to it, prescribe it a little. Industrial and practical recommendations: Advertising and giving information to people and encouraging them to use natural drugs for introducing and promotion of awareness level of dentists and people is very important. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Traditional and local use of medicinal plants by local communities in Hezar Jerib summer area, north of Iran
عیسی جعفری فوتمی موسی اکبرلوBackground & Aim: Some knowledge about medicinal plants is available in old references or books. But important point is the information of traditional usage of medicinal plants from different parts of Iran will be worthwhile and in addition to encouraging people to MoreBackground & Aim: Some knowledge about medicinal plants is available in old references or books. But important point is the information of traditional usage of medicinal plants from different parts of Iran will be worthwhile and in addition to encouraging people to it provides a good background for future examination about medicinal plants.The objectives of this study is to identify the medicinal plants along with local names, utilized parts, administration route, ailments treated, therapeutic effect and preparation methods. Experimental: So to get this information, we use semi-structured interviews. This research was conducted in the summer and spring of 2016. During this period around 150 individuals (75 men, 75 women; in an age group between 20 and 95 years) were interviewed in 6 villages. Number of questions in this survey was 15 questions. Ethno botanical data were analyzed by use-reports. In addition important indices like Informant Agreement Ratio (IAR), Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) and Cultural Importance (CI) were calculated. Furthermore, a traditional null hypothesis testing was adopted. These are the most popular indices in quantitative ethno botany. Results: A total of 54 medicinal plants belonging to 22 families were identified. The most common families are Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae and Rosaceae, with 22, 17, 5 and 4%, respectively. The most common preparations methods were infusion (52%), eaten raw and decoction (13%). Also, between different parts of the plant, the leaves are mostly used. According to RFC and CI indices, the most important plant is Gallium verum. Nervous disease has the highest Informant Consensus Factor value with the rate of 0.80.Recommended applications/industries: Introduction of medicinal plants in each region, along with their use can be a great help to create jobs and Encouraging people to cultivate these plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Chemical composition and yield of essential oil from two sweet basil species (Ocimum ciliatum L. and O. basilicum L.) under different fertilizers
جلیل دهقانی سامانی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی فاطمه ملک پور فائزه رجب زادهBackground & Aim: Iranian sweet basil (Ocimum ciliatum L.) and great sweet basil (O. basilicum L.) belonging to the family Lamiaceae are the most important aromatic, culinary and medicinal herbs, which widely cultivated in many countries. The areal parts especially, MoreBackground & Aim: Iranian sweet basil (Ocimum ciliatum L.) and great sweet basil (O. basilicum L.) belonging to the family Lamiaceae are the most important aromatic, culinary and medicinal herbs, which widely cultivated in many countries. The areal parts especially, stem and leaves of sweet basil before flowering are widely used to enhance the flavor of foods such as salads, pasta, tomato products, vegetables, pizza, meat, soups, marine foods, confectioneries and other products.Experimental: Phytochemical response of two basil species to different fertilizers including C (control), CM (cow manure 20 ton ha−1), CM + CF (cow manure 20 ton ha−1 + chemical fertilizers N.P.K), CM + CF (cow manure 10 ton ha−1+ chemical fertilizers N.P.K), CF (chemical fertilizers, N.P.K), and VC (vermicompost) was evaluated in a factorial experimental based RCBD at the field, Southwestern Iran. The hydro-distillated essential oils were analyzed using GC-FID and GC/MS.Results: Results indicated that interaction effects of fertilizers and basil species had significant influences on some main components such as methyl chavicol (estragole), neral, and geranial. The maximum percentage of methyl chavicol was achieved from the applied CM in green basil. The highest value for essential oil yield was observed from the applied CM + CF.Recommended applications/industries: The application of organic fertilizer can be a promising strategy in achieving sustainable production of medicinal and aromatic plants such as Iranian basil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - The effect of sulphur and Thiobacillus on nutrient absorption, growth and essential oil in lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.)
مهراب یادگاری رحیم برزگرBackground & Aim: In order study the effect of Thiobacillus, sulphur and organic materials on vegetative growth and essence production in lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) was conducted in pots in field condition at Shahrekord, Iran on 2008.Experimental: The facto MoreBackground & Aim: In order study the effect of Thiobacillus, sulphur and organic materials on vegetative growth and essence production in lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) was conducted in pots in field condition at Shahrekord, Iran on 2008.Experimental: The factors were ten soil treatments inclusive 200 kg/ha sulphur, 400 kg/ha sulphur, 600 kg/ha sulphur, 200 kg/ha sulphur + Thiobacillus, 400 kg/ha sulphur + Thiobacillus, 600 kg/ha sulphur + Thiobacillus, 200 kg/ha sulphur + Thiobacillus + organic materials, 400 kg/ha sulphur + Thiobacillus + organic materials, 600 kg/ha sulphur + Thiobacillus + organic materials and without application of sulphur, Thiobacillus and organic materials.Results & Discussion: The results revealed significant differences between treatments in cupper, zinc, iron and manganese content in soil after harvesting and fresh weight, dry weight and number of lateral stems in plants. Also, differences between essence content in dry plants in various treatments were significant. Treatment of 400 kg/ha sulphur + Thiobacillus + organic materials and control demonstrated the highest and lowest cupper and manganese content in soil after harvesting and fresh weight, dry weight and lateral stems in plants respectively. In this research we observed the significant effect of sulphur on content of essential oil. The highest essence content in dry plants was produced by 400 kg/ha sulphur + Thiobacillus + organic materials and 600 kg/ha sulphur + Thiobacillus + organic materials. The correlation between traits showed that the more dry weight, Fe and Zn content in soil made the more essence content. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Evaluation of phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity of the leaves, flowers, seeds and essential oil of Lavandula officinalis in comparison with synthetic antioxidants
شاهین مردانی نژادBackground & Aim: Lavandula officinalis is one of great importance due to its aromatic compounds and medicinal uses but not many studies have been done on the antioxidant power of different plant organs.Experimental: Antioxidant ability of Lavender leaves, flowers, MoreBackground & Aim: Lavandula officinalis is one of great importance due to its aromatic compounds and medicinal uses but not many studies have been done on the antioxidant power of different plant organs.Experimental: Antioxidant ability of Lavender leaves, flowers, seeds and essential oil based on inhibition of free radicals and nitric oxide, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation by ferric thiocyanate and inhibition of malondialdehyde by thiobarbituric acid in compare with synthetic antioxidants Butyl Hydroxy Toluene (BHT) and Butyl Hydroxy Anisole (BHA) were measured.Results: The phenolic and flavonoid content of the leaf was 96.49±6.35 (µg gallic acid per mg dry weight of the extract) and 39.97±3.36 (µg of catechins per mg dry weight of the extract) respectively, more than other samples. In the study of antioxidant power, plant leaf extract with 48.66±5.5 μg was able to inhibit 50% of DPPH radicals, which had a weaker ability than synthetic antioxidants. The leaf extract of the plant had a higher ability than the synthetic antioxidant BHA to inhibit nitric oxide radicals and its ability was as high as BHT. The ability to inhibit the linoleic acid peroxidation of leaf and flower extracts at the beginning of the functional test showed similar BHT and BHA, at the end, the ability of leaf extract was stronger than BHA and weaker than BHT. The inhibitory potential of malondialdehyde leaf extract (82.66±1.5%) was better than BHA and weaker than BHT. Pearson correlation coefficients between phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of samples were high. Examination of leaf essential oil using GC-MS technique showed the presence of phenolic compounds in the plant.Recommended applications/industries: Due to the dangers of synthetic antioxidants in the food industry, the results of this study could introduce another application of this plant in terms of strong antioxidant properties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Antimicrobial activity of Prosopis farcta L. and Datura stramonium L. extracts against Staphylococcus aureus
سعیده سعیدی نفیسه مهدی نژاد مجید شریفی راد فرشته جوادیان الهام جوادیانBackground & Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of two rangeland-medical plants extracts, Prosopis farcta L. and Datura stramonium L., against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from sheep in Zabol city. Experimental: The P. farcta MoreBackground & Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of two rangeland-medical plants extracts, Prosopis farcta L. and Datura stramonium L., against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from sheep in Zabol city. Experimental: The P. farcta and D. stramonium were collected from the rangelands of Zabol city. Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from the nose of sheep in Zabol city. Antibiotic resistance pattern was determined by Kirby Bauer method. Finally, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericide concentration (MBC) were determined by microdilution method. Results: The results of this study showed that the P.farcta extract had a MIC of 25 ppm, and 10 strains of the bacterium were inhibited in this concentration. The lowest inhibitory concentration of D.stramonium extract was 6.25 ppm, and one strain was inhibited in this concentration. On the other hand, the highest inhibitory concentration was 50 ppm and the highest bactericide concentration was 100 ppm. Recommended applications/ industries: The results of this study showed good antimicrobial effects of D. stramonium and P. farcta extracts that can be used to treat Staphylococcus aureus infections. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Effects of cultivation condition and storage on dried stigmata of Crocus sativus L. on determination of Crocin
کامکار جایمند محمد باقر رضایی اکبر نجفی آشتیانیBackground & Aim: Saffron extract is widely used in the food industry. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) stigmata contain rare water-soluble carotenoids and the major one is Crocin and this compound have a antitumor in rate and human losomi cells and other model of cancer MoreBackground & Aim: Saffron extract is widely used in the food industry. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) stigmata contain rare water-soluble carotenoids and the major one is Crocin and this compound have a antitumor in rate and human losomi cells and other model of cancer cells. In this research, we are study on effects of cultivation condition and storage on dried stigmata of Crocus sativus L. on determination of Crocin. Martial & Methods: Samples were collected on November 2006 from two providences (Tehran and Markazi). We kept samples for 20 months dried stigmata of Crocus sativus L . in three different conditions light, dark and refrigerator on zero degree and on November 2008 samples were analysed by High- Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).Results & Discussion: Crocin content from Tehran province (Karaj) in light were 0.029%, dark 0.041% and refrigerator 0.030% and for Markazi province (Khomaine) were in light 0.030%, dark 0.030% and refrigerator 0.028%. Conclusion: With the results of above the best condition to kept dried stigmata of Crocus sativus L. are dark. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Study of antioxidant and mushroom Tyrosinase inhibitory activities of selected medicinal plants of Nepal
سومان گیری منوج پاندیت سنگیتا ادیکاری پاریدی کوار سادیشیا پودل سام بهادر سورش جیوال شیلا گورنگBackground & Aim:Phytochemicals are naturally occurring chemical compounds present in plants. It includes glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, carbohydrates, etc. Among them, some of them possess antioxidant property, which is responsible f MoreBackground & Aim:Phytochemicals are naturally occurring chemical compounds present in plants. It includes glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, carbohydrates, etc. Among them, some of them possess antioxidant property, which is responsible for regulation of free radicals in the body and tyrosinase inhibitory activity that results in the reduction in melanin synthesis. In addition, phytochemicals provide different health benefits to humans. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of some selected medicinal plants of Nepal. Experimental: Phytochemical screening of methanolic extracts of test samples was performed with various reagents and the phenol and flavonoid contents were also determined. Antioxidant activity was carried out by DPPH free radical scavenging method and tyrosinase inhibitory activity was performed by mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory method. The presence of phytochemicals was confirmed by the visual color change upon addition of test reagents. The higher phenol and flavonoid contents among the selected plants were found to have better antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Results: Among the selected plants, Diploknema butyraceae had the highest phenol content (665.33 ± 0.0 mg GAE/g dry extract weight) and flavonoid content (728 ± 0.3 mg quercetin/g dry extract weight) and showed similar DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50 value 6.012 μg/ml) to standard ascorbic acid (IC50 value 4.73 μg/ml). In addition to this, mushroom tyrosinase inhibition was also found highest in the same plant (31.07 ± 2.13 %) followed by Jatropha curcas (17.51± 0.49 %), Woodfordia fruticosa (16.95 ± 2.24 %) and least in Crateva unilocularis (1.41 ± 2.13%). Recommended applications/industries: The results above showed some probability of Diploknema butyraceae with potential tyrosinase inhibitory property. Therefore, further studies should be focused on isolation of active constituents responsible for tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Effect of Cichorium intybus L. extracts and Kelussia oderatassima Mozaff. essential oil on toxic of organophosphouros insecticides in RAT
عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی علی شاه ولی فیروزه سقایی شهرزاد عزیزی بهزاد حامدی لهراسب شاهقلیانBackground & Aim: Organophosphates are frequently used as insecticides in households, in agricultural areas and veterinary, thus posing a risk for accidental dermal exposure or through inhalation. Acute organophosphate poisoning causes thousands of human mortalities MoreBackground & Aim: Organophosphates are frequently used as insecticides in households, in agricultural areas and veterinary, thus posing a risk for accidental dermal exposure or through inhalation. Acute organophosphate poisoning causes thousands of human mortalities each year in developing countries. Material & Methods: This study carried out to study an antitoxic effect of endemic Iranian medicinal plants agent against organophosphorus on rats. In order, anti-toxic effects of Cichorium intybus L. root ethanol extract and Kelussia oderatassima Mozaff. leaves essential oil on liver and kidney rat. This is an experimental study in 18 Wistar rats were randomly into 6 groups. After 24 hr fasting, normal saline was given to the first group, two and three groups received 200 and 400 mg/kg Cichorium intybus extract, four and five groups received 200 and 400 mg/kg Kelussia oderatassima essential oil and six groups received standard drug (Phenobarbital). Results & Discussion: The histopathological observation indicated that the lowest necrosis in kidney was group received 200 mg/kg Kelussia oderatassima essential oil and highest necrosis in kidney was groups received 200 and 400 mg/kg Cichorium intybus extract and standard drug. The histopathological observation indicated that standard drug and groups received 400 mg/kg Cichorium intybus extract and 200 mg/kg Kelussia oderatassima essential oil may protect liver against acute hepatotoxicity induced by Organophosphate insecticide. Also the highest of increased weight rats revealed group received 200 mg/kg Kelussia oderatassima essential oil. Conclusion: The results show that Kelussia oderatassima essential oil an antitoxic effect against organophosphrus on at. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Effect of dietary supplementation of Indian pennywort Centella asiatica leaf powder on the growth performance of Labeo rohita (Hamilton 1822)
سودشنا سارکر جاسمین سینگا تانگاپالم آبراهامBackground & Aim: Centella asiatica is considered a nutraceutical and its leaves are rich in carotenoids, vitamins B and C, amino acids, carbohydrates, phenols and terpenoids. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of C. MoreBackground & Aim: Centella asiatica is considered a nutraceutical and its leaves are rich in carotenoids, vitamins B and C, amino acids, carbohydrates, phenols and terpenoids. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of C. asiatica leaf powder (CP) on the growth performance of Labeo rohita.Experimental: Centella asiatica leaf powder supplemented feeds in 2 doses (1 g and 5 g) were prepared by mixing the CP in 5 mL vegetable oil, and then admixed with 1 kg each of basal pellet feed and fed to fish for 30 days at 3% body weight twice daily. The parameters like specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER), serum glucose and creatinine, and the respiratory oxidative burst (ROB) activity were tested.Results: The results of the growth indices, serum biomarkers and ROB activities indicated that the CP supplementation at 1 g/kg feed was reasonably the best as it gave the higher SGR, PER and ROB activity and lower FCR. The fish fed 5 g CP/kg feed negatively affected the growth in days 30 of feeding.Recommended applications/industries: Dietary supplementation of CP at 1g/kg feed provided a positive effect on the growth of L. rohita. No significant negative effects on the serum biomarkers of stress and kidney function were noted when fed at this level. Further studies are warranted to establish adequate doses of active novel molecules for dietary supplementation rather than using the dried powder. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Folk Herbal Veterinary Medicines of Tehran Watershed (Iran)
اردوان قربانی فرزاد میرزائی آقجه قشلاق سمیرا کرامتی جبهدارBackground & Aim: The use of medicinal plants is an option for livestock farmers who do not want to use allopathic drugs under certified organic programs or cannot afford to use allopathic drugs for minor health problems of livestock. Thus, the main aim of this stud MoreBackground & Aim: The use of medicinal plants is an option for livestock farmers who do not want to use allopathic drugs under certified organic programs or cannot afford to use allopathic drugs for minor health problems of livestock. Thus, the main aim of this study is the identification of some ethnoveterinary medicinal plants of Tehran watershed and their medicinal effects on livestock. Experimental: Initially, plant species were collected from the watershed, and then using reliable literature collected species was identified. After that, medicinal plants from veterinary value perspective by comparison with the published literature were determined. Moreover, identified species with disease therapy value were classified. Results & Discussion: Initially 278 medicinal plant species were identified in this area. From those, 47 species were identified with ethnoveterinary medicinal value, which were belonged to 28 families. Identified species were used for treating different disease and syndromes such as parasites (17%), oestrusovis (7%), gastrointestinal diseases (12%), diarrhea (7%), pain killer (9%), mastitis (7%), skin infection (5%), wounds (17%), lack of some vitamins and nutrients (10%) and some other diseases and syndromes such as theileriosis, immunomodulation and bloat in livestock. Industrial and practical recommendations: This information can be improved our knowledge of native plants that are useful for curing animal disease and attempt to conserve the area and its plant species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - The effect of different concentrations of IAA and NAA on the essential oil of Chaerophyllum aureum L.
علیرضا فیض بخش فاطمه مکاوی پورIntroduction & Aim: Plant growth regulators (PGR) have same effect as natural plant's hormones and can change the main components in plant samples. Chaerophyllum aureum L. is related to Apiaceae family.Experimental: In this paper the qualitative and quantitative com MoreIntroduction & Aim: Plant growth regulators (PGR) have same effect as natural plant's hormones and can change the main components in plant samples. Chaerophyllum aureum L. is related to Apiaceae family.Experimental: In this paper the qualitative and quantitative composition of the volatile oils of ‎Chaerophyllum aureum L. were reported after using different concentrations of IAA and NAA ‎on aerial parts of the plant at flowering time. The essence was recovered by using ‎hydro-distillation with a Clevenger type apparatus and investigated by GC and GC/MS.‎Results & Discussion: The main components in the control sample are: α-pinene (14.1%), β-pinene (11.2%), ‎camphene (7.3%), verbenone (2.3%), limonene (14.4%), and trans-verbenol (3.7%). The results ‎indicated that IAA will result in the percentage increase of germacrene-D and, ‎of α-humulene (about 4%) and, decrease of α-pinene and β-pinene. NAA will result in the ‎production of β-bisabolene (2.5%), the increment of α-cadinol about 2 times, the diminution ‎of camphene (less than half) and of α-pinene and β-pinene too.‎ Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Study of un-saturated fatty acids content in Ocimum basilicum L.
غلام رضا بخشی خانیکیBackground & Aim: Ocimum basilicum L. is belong to the Lamiaceae family which is cultivated as a culinary, industrial and medicinal plants in some countries from thousands years ago. The seed of this plant is rich in poly un-saturated fatty acids (PUFA) and produced MoreBackground & Aim: Ocimum basilicum L. is belong to the Lamiaceae family which is cultivated as a culinary, industrial and medicinal plants in some countries from thousands years ago. The seed of this plant is rich in poly un-saturated fatty acids (PUFA) and produced a large amount of mucilage.Experimental: The oil of seed was extracted separately and converted to fatty acids methyl esters, and composition of fatty acids in seed oil was determined by Gas Chromatography.Results & Discussion: The results show that the highest content of total fat between (A.W.L.P.), (28.98 % of dw) in Ardabil (L.P.) and lowest (17.25 % of dw) in A.G.2 (W.P.). The highest Palmitic acid content is between (A.W.L.P.), (34.81 mol %) in Kermanshah (L.P.) and lowest (2.05 mol %) is in Kerman (L.P.). The highest Stearic acid content is between (A.W.L.P.), (7.56 mol %) in Ahwaz (L.P.) and lowest (1.42 mol %) in Ardabil (W.P.). The highest of Oleic acid between (A.W.L.P.), (22.81 mol %) in Ghom (L.P.) and lowest (11.10 mol %) in A.G.2 (W.P.). The highest Linoleic acid content between (A.W.L.P.), (25.60 mol %) in A.G.1 (L.P.) and lowest (15.55 mol %) in Kermanshah (L.P.). The highest amount of Linolenic acid between (A.W.L.P.), (53.89 mol %) in A.G.1 (W.P.) and lowest (28.08 mol %) in Kermanshah (L.P.). The results also definite clearly that the seed of O. basilicum populations have large amount of un-saturated fatty acids, mucilage and they have a few amount of saturated fatty acids. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of different parts of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) extracts
آذین غفاری زاده سید منصور سیدنژاد حسین معتمدی فاطمه شهبازیBackground & Aim: Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae) is a medicinal and aromatic plant. Various pharmacological experiments in vitro and in vivo models have convincingly showed F. vulgare ability in antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, antithrombotic and hepatop MoreBackground & Aim: Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae) is a medicinal and aromatic plant. Various pharmacological experiments in vitro and in vivo models have convincingly showed F. vulgare ability in antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, antithrombotic and hepatoprotective activities. Experimental: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of extracts of Foeniculum vulgare on the number of pathogen bacteria. For this purpose, ethanol, methanol and acetone extracts (through maceration method) of different parts of the Foeniculum vulgare (flowers, leaves and fruit) were prepared and antibacterial activity was tested against some gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) and gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) bacterial species through standard disc diffusion method. Results: The findings showed that the most sensitive bacteria to the extracts was Staphylococcus aureus and the most resistant bacteria was Pseudomonas aeruginosa. According to the gained results in the case of fennel flower and fruits extract, methanol and acetone extract showed the highest and lowest antibacterial activity, respectively, while in the case of fennel leaves ethanolic extract exhibited the most inhibitory effect. In general, the results of this study indicated that the extract of fennel flowers had more antibacterial properties in comparison with other parts of plant. Recommended applications/ industries: The antibacterial activity of fennel is due to the presence of terpenoids and phenolic compounds. These compounds are potentially effective on membrane permeability of bacteria and thereby cause the cell death. Therefore, fennel extract can be used to control bacteria resistant to several antibiotics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Genetic improvement of essence percent and dry flower yield using indirect selection in German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.)
احمدرضا گلپرور عبداله قاسمی پیربلوطیBackground & Aim: German chamomile is one of the most important medicinal plants. So, assessment of genetic diversity and relationship among the traits are very essential in chamomile breeding programs. Determination of the best indirect selection criteria for genet MoreBackground & Aim: German chamomile is one of the most important medicinal plants. So, assessment of genetic diversity and relationship among the traits are very essential in chamomile breeding programs. Determination of the best indirect selection criteria for genetic improvement of essence percent and dry flower yield of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) populations was investigated using some morphological, agronomical and phonological characteristics. Experimental: In this experiment, statistical design of RCBD with three replications was used. Number of flower plant-1, fresh flower yield plant-1, days to budding, days to 50 and 100% of flowering, number of flowering stem, plant height, number of tiller plant-1, dry flower yield plant-1 and essence percent were measured. Results & Discussion: Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among chamomile populations for all the studied traits. This assigns genetic diversity for mentioned traits and possibility of genetic improvement of these via selection. Assessment of correlation coefficients revealed positive and significant relationship of the majority of traits with dry flower yield as well as some traits with essence percent. Path analysis indicated applicability of indirect selection through the traits days to 50% flowering, No. flower plant-1, fresh flower yield plant-1 and days to budding for genetic improvement of dry flower yield specifically in early breeding generations. Industrial and practical recommendations: The traits 50% flowering and No. flower plant-1 also were introduced as the best indirect selection criteria for improvement of essence percent based on path analysis results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Chemical structure of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Salvia officinalis L. essential oils collected from Kermanshah Province in west of Iran
محمد اسدیBackground & Aim: Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Salvia officinalis L. due to their medicinal properties are valuable medicinal plants in Kermanshah province and the other western regions of Iran.Experimental: In this research, chemical analysis of the essential oils iso MoreBackground & Aim: Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Salvia officinalis L. due to their medicinal properties are valuable medicinal plants in Kermanshah province and the other western regions of Iran.Experimental: In this research, chemical analysis of the essential oils isolated from these valuable medicinal plants were performed. For this, aerial parts of the plants were gradually dried (shadow conditions at 25 °C), pulverized, their essential oils isolated by hydro-distillation method, and analyzed by GC-MS.Results: The results showed that there were important compounds in the essential oils of both plants. Total identification times of the compounds were estimated to be 38.469 and 38.230 min, respectively. Among constituents of G. glabra; Naphthalene, Decahydro-4a-Methyl (25.578 min-15.62%); 2, 6-Octadiene-1-ol, 3, 7-Dimethyl (24.702 min-6.96%); Butanoic Acid, 3, 7-Dimethyl-2 (23.587 min-5.79%), Lavandulyl Acetate (18.294 min-4.93%), 3-Hexene-1-ol, Benzoate (23.890 min-3.45%), and among S. officinalis constituents, Alpha-Thujone Bicyclo (8.904 min-24.22%); Bicyclo [2.2.1] Heptan-2-One (9.865 min-15.51%); 1, 8-Cineole 2-Oxabicyclo (7.250 min-10 %); Thujone Bicyclo [3.1.0] Hexan-3 (9.110 min-6.20%), and Veridiflorol (24.330 min-4.47%) were dominant, respectively.Recommended applications/industries: These medicinal plants due to high diverse constituents could seriously be considered in medical, pharmacology, and toxicology researches. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Essential oil composition of Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) from Southern Iran
علی خلیلی پور محمود دژمBackground & Aim: Essential oil of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) has many applications in food, perfume and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study was to determine the content and chemical constituents of pennyroyal essential oil growing wild in Southern MoreBackground & Aim: Essential oil of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) has many applications in food, perfume and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study was to determine the content and chemical constituents of pennyroyal essential oil growing wild in Southern Iran. Experimental: The aerial parts of the plant were collected around Hajiabad, Hormozgan province in 2013. The essential oil of dried aerial parts was extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed using GC-MS. Results: The oil yield of pennyroyal aerial parts was 0.6% (v/w). In total, 55 compounds were identified in the essential oil that oxygenated monoterpenes were dominant. The major oil constituents were pulegone (46.18%), piperitenone (19.56%), 1,8-cineole (4.55 %), and piperitenone oxide (4.23%). Recommended applications/industries: Mentha pulegium is a good raw source of pulegone that has been widely used in food and drug industries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Effect of milk thistle on the immune system, intestinal related variables, appearance and mortality of broilers contaminated with Aflatoxin B1
امید فانی مکی نظر افضلی آرش امیدیBackground & Aim: Aflatoxin (AF) is the most important fungus that contaminates food and feed and can enter the food chain of humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of thistle seeds (silybum marianum L.) to reduce the adverse effects of aflatox MoreBackground & Aim: Aflatoxin (AF) is the most important fungus that contaminates food and feed and can enter the food chain of humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of thistle seeds (silybum marianum L.) to reduce the adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the immune system, variables related to the intestine, appearance and mortality of the broiler chickens.Experimental: In this experiment, a total of 216 male Ross 308 broiler chickens in a completely randomized factorial design 3 × 3 with nine treatments, four replications, and six chickens unit were grown on the ground for 35 days. Treatments was included three levels of AFB1 (0, 250, and 500 ppb) and three levels of milk thistle seed (0, 0.5 and 1%). Influenza and Newcastle diseases virus (IDV & NDV) titers in two steps (25 and 34 days), variables related to the intestine at the end of the experiment along with the weekly appearance and mortality of broiler chickens were evaluated.Results & Discussion: Analysis of IDV and NDV results in the day 34 showed a reduction in titers of them in birds receiving diets contaminated with 500 ppb AFB1 (p ≤ 0.05). Also, the length of the ileum and the total intestine at the end of the experimental period (day 35) indicated decrease in the group of birds received diets containing 500 ppb AFB1 (p ≤ 0.05). Chicks receiving diet containing 500 ppb of AFB1 had the most of feather abnormalities, aggressive behavior and minimal body size compared with other treatments. Mortality due to AFB1 consumption in various experimental treatments was not significant.Recommended applications-industries: Probably phitosomes of milk thistle seeds (MTS) reduce the mortality rate, nervous and aggressive behavior and increase the immunity of broilers against IDV & NDV in AFB1 exposure time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Effect of Morus alba leaf extract on serum glucose and lipids in diabetic rats
رحمت اله پرندین رضا خدارحمی شفیع امینی مقدمBackground & Aim: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and disturbances in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Morus alba le MoreBackground & Aim: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and disturbances in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Morus alba leaves in an animal model of diabetes.Martial & Methods: 30 adult male Wistar strain rats (200-250 g) were divided randomly into five groups as follow: (I) healthy control group, (II) healthy control group with mulberry leaf extract treatment, (III) diabetic control group, (IV) diabetic group treated with 600 mg/kg/day of mulberry leaf extract, and (V) diabetic group treated with Insulin. Blood glucose, triglyceride, LDL, HDL and cholesterol were measured at the end of 35 days experiment.Results & Discussion: Administration of Morus alba leaf extract caused a significant decrease in blood levels of glucose (p < 0.001), cholesterol (p < 0.05), triglyceride (p < 0.01) and LDL (p < 0.05), whereas an increase in HDL (p < 0.05) level was seen in diabetic rats.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that Morus alba leaf extract can have significant seffects on blood glucose and lipids in diabetic rats, although further work is needed to elucidate the extent mechanism of these changes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Toxicological assessment of ethanol seed extract of Citrus paradisi Macfad (grapefruit) on oxidative status, organ function and histoarchitecture in Wistar rats
گودویل اودوم اومینی یمیتان دانیال اوبوت جون ادوبانگ نکچی اونیکو امانوئل ابانگو ساندی سویمیBackground & Aim:Citrus paradisi Macfad (Rutaceae) seed extract (CPE) is used in folkloric medicine for the management of diabetes, blood deficiencies and as immune booster, which may require long term usage. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity profile of etha MoreBackground & Aim:Citrus paradisi Macfad (Rutaceae) seed extract (CPE) is used in folkloric medicine for the management of diabetes, blood deficiencies and as immune booster, which may require long term usage. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity profile of ethanol seed extract of grapefruit in adult Wistar rats in order to determine its safety profile in whole organism’s systems.Experimental: Acute toxicity study was conducted using OECD–425 procedure. Subchronic toxicity study (90 days) was conducted using 40 adult male Wistar rats, randomly divided into four groups (10/group) and orally-treated daily, thus: Group I-Control (normal saline, 10 ml/kg), Groups II-IV received CPE (4, 40 and 400) mg/kg body weight, respectively. On the 92nd day, animals (6/group) were euthanized under diethyl ether anaesthesia and sacrificed. Vital organs were eviscerated, blotted, weighed and stored for oxidative stress measurement; some samples of the organs were fixed in formalin for histopathological examination. Other animals (4/group) were retained for reversibility studies.Results: Results showed significant increase and decrease in weights of the kidneys and spleen, respectively. Significant increase in malondialdehyde level and decreases in superoxide dismutase, glutathione and catalase activities were recorded. Histopathology of the kidney, liver, and lungs showed some degree of pathologies. Reversibility studies showed reversal of test effects on extract discontinuation. Despite the diverse biological usefulness of ethanol seed extract of C. paradisi (CPE), it may also induce an array of toxicities especially on long term use.Recommended applications/industries: Contrary to the tradomedical claims that CPE is absolutely safe, the study revealed that CPE may induce oxidative stress and organ toxicity especially on long term use. It is imperative the plant seed extract and its derivatives be used with utmost caution, and where possible be avoided. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Chemical composition and biological activities of Nepeta hindostana (Roth) Haines, Nepeta graciliflora Benth. and Nepeta cataria L. from India
مونیکا جوشی راوندرا کومار ام پراکاش آنیل پانت D. راواتBackground & Aim:Intraditional medicine system, Nepeta species are widely used to reduce chicken pox, tuberculosis, malaria, pneumonia, influenza, measles, stomach disorders, eye complaints, respiratory disorders, asthma, colds, coughs etc. The aim of the present st MoreBackground & Aim:Intraditional medicine system, Nepeta species are widely used to reduce chicken pox, tuberculosis, malaria, pneumonia, influenza, measles, stomach disorders, eye complaints, respiratory disorders, asthma, colds, coughs etc. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils from three species of genus Nepeta viz: Nepeta hindostana (Roth) Haines (NHO), Nepeta graciliflora Benth (NGO) and Nepeta cataria L (NCO).Experimental: The essential oils were analysed by the combination of GC and GC-MS. Antioxidant activity was tested by using reducing power assay, metal chelating of Fe2 +assay, and DPPH radical scavenging assay. In-vitro antinflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin denaturation assay and anti-diabetic activity was determined by using α-amylase assay.Results: The major components present in NCO, NHO and NGO were cis-nepetalactone (69.78%), β-farnesene (43.41%) and sesquisabinene (28.75%), respectively. NCO showed the highest percentage inhibition of DPPH radical (IC50=5.89 µl/ml) followed by NHO (IC50=8.63 µl/ml) and then NGO (IC50=13.81 µl/ml). In terms of reducing power assay and metal chelating of Fe2+ assay, the highest antioxidant activity was also shown by NCO. Among the tested essential oil, NCO showed highest in-vitro anti-inflammatory potential (IC50 18.463±0.14 µg/ml) followed by NGO and NHO with IC50 22.035±0.11 µg/ml and 26.17±0.14 µg/ml, respectively. NHO showed maximum antidiabetic activity with IC50 8.92±0.10 µg/ml of α-amylase.Recommended applications/industries: On the basis of present research work it is marked that the essential oil of Nepeta hindostana (Roth) Haines, Nepeta graciliflora Benth. and Nepeta cataria L. is a potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic agent indicating their potentiality in the field of food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Comparative GC-MS Analysis, Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Garcinia kola Heckel seed and stem-bark n-hexane extract
سیده آکورو اوینلاد اوگوندار آدکونله اویدولاBackground & Aim: Garcinia kola is one of the well-known tropical medicinal plants known in the traditional management of several diseases especially connected with inflammatory and degenerative diseases. This study was designed to compare the phytochemical contents MoreBackground & Aim: Garcinia kola is one of the well-known tropical medicinal plants known in the traditional management of several diseases especially connected with inflammatory and degenerative diseases. This study was designed to compare the phytochemical contents and cytotoxic activities of crude G. kola n-hexane seed and stem-bark extracts by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).Experimental: Fresh seeds and stem-bark of G. kola were collected, authenticated and extracted by macerating in n-hexane separately. The compounds in the crude extracts were evaluated using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS). The cytotoxic activity was determined using the brine shrimp lethality assay.Results: Extraction of the plant materials yielded the crude n-hexane extracts GKSE and GKBE from the G. kola seed and stem-bark, respectively. GC-MS analysis detected 54 and 34 compounds in GKSE and GKBE, respectively. The most abundant compounds in both extracts were Lanosta-8,24-dien-3-one and Oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one with percentage abundance of 20.72% and 22.71%, respectively. The stem-back extract (LC50=42.76±1.85 μg/mL) showed better cytotoxic activity than the seed extract (LC50=73.15±1.51 μg/mL). GC-MS results for both extracts indicated compounds known for their antioxidant and anticancer properties which may explain some of the various ethno-medical uses of G. kola seed and stem-bark.Recommended applications/industries: This plant could be a source of a new anticancer drug. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Evaluation of chemical compounds and antioxidant properties of Paghazeh and Syrian Walk plants on soybean oil
مائده گل احمد محمد حجت الاسلامی مریم جعفری لیلا صداقت بروجنیمقدمه و هدف: پاغازه و والک سوری دو گیاه بومی ایران هستند که کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته اند. ظرفیت بالای آنتیاکسیدانی آنها در کنار مصارف خوراکی سبب میشود تا از آنها بتوان در بسیاری از مواد غذایی استفاده کرد. مطالعه حاضر به منظور شناسایی ترکیبات شیمیایی و بررسی خصوصیات آ Moreمقدمه و هدف: پاغازه و والک سوری دو گیاه بومی ایران هستند که کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته اند. ظرفیت بالای آنتیاکسیدانی آنها در کنار مصارف خوراکی سبب میشود تا از آنها بتوان در بسیاری از مواد غذایی استفاده کرد. مطالعه حاضر به منظور شناسایی ترکیبات شیمیایی و بررسی خصوصیات آنتی اکسیدانی عصاره گیاهان پاغازه و والک سوری در روغن سویا انجام شد. روش تحقیق: پس از جمع آوری و خشک کردن گیاهان، عصاره هیدروالکی آنها استخراج شد. عصاره گیاهان با استفاده از دستگاه GC-MSبه منظور شناسایی ترکیبات شیمیایی مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. درصد به دم اندازی رادیکال های آزاد DPPH و میزان ترکیبات فنولی کل در هر کدام از عصارهها مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. سپس عصارههای گیاهی با غلظت های200، 600 و 1000 ppm به روغن سویا افزوده شده و شاخصهایی همچون اندیس پراکسید، تیوباربیتوریک اسید، دی ان و تری انهای مزدوج و عدد اسیدی پس از حرارت دهی در دمای 120 درجه سانتیگراد مورد ازیابی قرار گرفتند. نتایج و بحث: تیمول در عصاره والک سوری و استیل تیمول در عصاره پاغازه به عنوان فراوانترین ترکیبات شیمیایی شناسایی شدند. مشخص شد که درصد به دام اندازی DPPH در هر دو نوع عصاره با افزایش غلظت، افزایش پیدا کرد. درصد به دام اندازی در عصاره گیاه پاغازه بیشتر از والک سوری بود. میزان ترکیبات فنولی کل موجود در عصاره گیاهان پاغازه و والک سوری به ترتیب 12/70 و 32/40 میلی گرم گالیک اسید در هر گرم عصاره بود. میزان اسیدیته روغن سویا در طی 3 روز حرارت دهی در 120 درجه سانتیگراد در تمامی تیمارها افزایش پیدا کرد و در تیمار حاوی عصاره والک سوری بیشتر بود. میزان دیان و تریانهای مزدوج، اندیس تیوباربیتوریک اسید و پراکسید در روزهای مختلف در روغن حاوی عصاره گیاه پاغازه به مراتب کمتر از والک سوری بود. توصیه کاربردی/صنعتی: کاربرد عصاره پاغازه به عنوان یک ترکیب طبیعی در مواد غذایی حاوی روغن و چربی، به جهت اثرات آنتی اکسیدانی بالا و به تعویق انداختن فساد اکسیداتیو پیشنهاد میگردد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Antibacterial activity of the essential oils of endemic plants
شهره دادفر عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی مریم میرلوحی محمد حجت الاسلامی بهزاد حامدیBackground & Aim: Secondary metabolites with bioactive and functional properties in essence of aromatic plants can be useful for improvement of quality and persistence of food as natural preservative. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial MoreBackground & Aim: Secondary metabolites with bioactive and functional properties in essence of aromatic plants can be useful for improvement of quality and persistence of food as natural preservative. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial of essential oils of some of the medicinal plants collected from Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province, Iran.Experimental: The essential oil of Iranian medicinal plants including Thymus daenensis Celak, T. carmanicus Jalals, Satureja bachtiarica Bunge, S. khuzestanica Jamzad and S hortensis L (Lamiceae) and Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff and Heracleum lasiopetalum Boiss were collected from southwest Iran. Plant materials were subjected to hydro-distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus according to the method recommended in BT. The antibacterial activity of the essential oils against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was tested by agar disc diffusion.Results & Discussion: The results showed that almost studied essential oils from seven herbs showed antibacterial activity. The essential oils of various species of Lamiaceae have higher antibacterial activity than Apieacea species.Industrial and practical recommendations: In finally, the results obtained appeared to confirm the antibacterial potential of the plants investigated. Satureja species (savory) essential oils can be replaced the natural flavor preservative by synthetic preservative in food industry especially in production of meat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - A study of UV-C and plant growth regulators effects on plantlets of Aloe vera Line.
نسترن صادقی مرضیه شفیعی حاجی آباد امیر مهدی شوکتیBackground & Aim: Effects of ultra violet spectrum on plants due to their obligatory requirement for sunlight for survival are unavoidable. Direct effects of UV on plant growth and development are generally negative and usually they use many different defense mechan MoreBackground & Aim: Effects of ultra violet spectrum on plants due to their obligatory requirement for sunlight for survival are unavoidable. Direct effects of UV on plant growth and development are generally negative and usually they use many different defense mechanisms to acclimate and protect themselves.Material & Methods: The present research for the first time was conducted to investigate the destructive, target or even possible constructive effects of ultraviolet-C (100-280 nm) on in vitro plantlets of Aloe vera and changes of these effects under different concentrations of plant growth regulators of media cultures. Aloe was selected because it is one of the most important subtropical medicinal plants and normally it is exposed to UV in its original growing regions. Treatments were media culture in four stages and UV-C in two stages (0 and 40 Mwcm-1). In vitro plants were cultured on four different media in six replications. Three replications of them were exposed one hour per day with UV-C for one month.Results & Discussion : Our results showed that longest plantlets, highest number of roots and longest roots formed on the media contain 1.5 mgl-1IBA and highest number of shoots on the media contain 1.5 mgl-1IBA and 1 mgl-1 BA.Conclusion: UV-C has significantly reduced the length of roots and shoots root number but increased the shoot number. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in seven populations of Lepidium sativum L. Leaves
نیلوفر جلوه گر سیدمهدی میری خداداد مصطفوی عبدالله محمدیBackground & Aim: Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) is anannual herbaceous species native to Egypt and south west Asia. The leaves of L. sativum possesse various medicinal properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the diversity of phytochemical constituents MoreBackground & Aim: Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) is anannual herbaceous species native to Egypt and south west Asia. The leaves of L. sativum possesse various medicinal properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the diversity of phytochemical constituents of seven populations of L. Sativum from Iran.Experimental: The crude extracts of L. sativum populations leaves were obtained with methanol and were evaluated for the total phenol content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging assay, and phenolic compounds by HPLC analysis.Results: The total phenolic content ranged from 1.25 to 2.36 mg GAE/g extract and the total flavonoid content was 0.74- 1.61 mg QE/g extract. Chlorogenic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid, followed by ferulic and caffeic acids. The content of kaempferol flavonoid was also 5.2-fold of quercetin. Leaf extracts of Tabriz and Kerman populations exhibited higher yields of phenolic constituents and antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content was positively correlated to total flavonoid content and phenolic acids (except caffeic acid) and negatively correlated to DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50). A negative correlation was found among total flavonoid content, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid with precipitation and relative humidity.Recommended applications/industries: Our research is the first report to study the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity in different Iranian populations of L. sativum leaves for their health benefit. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) –assisted extraction of protein from mung bean (Vigna radiate L.) sprout: Effect of solid to solvent ratio on the functional properties
شهره واحد حسین عباس تبار آهنگر مولود نورانی سمیه تقیان دینانی مجتبی نصراصفهانیBackground & Aim: Mung bean knwn as a traditional food which has been used both as nutritional food and herbal medicine over 2000 years. Mung bean sprouts are one of the most commonly used bean sprouts and considered an as appropriate source for the extraction of hi MoreBackground & Aim: Mung bean knwn as a traditional food which has been used both as nutritional food and herbal medicine over 2000 years. Mung bean sprouts are one of the most commonly used bean sprouts and considered an as appropriate source for the extraction of highly valuable proteins.Experimental: In this study, the effect of different solid to solvent ratios (1:5, 1:10, 1:15 and 1:20 g/mL in electrohydrodynamic (EHD)-assisted extraction on the extraction yield and functional characteristics of sprouted mung bean protein isolate (SMPI) was evaluated. In addition, the structural and thermal properties of SMPI were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively.Results: The highest protein extraction yield, protein solubility (PS), oil absorption capacity (OAC), foaming capacity (FC) and foaming stability (FS) were obtained in the solid to solvent ratio of 1:20 g/mL. The results of FTIR showed that in the solid to solvent ratio of 1:20, the α-helix structure in SMPI decreased and transformed to random coil structure, leading to increased protein solubility. According to the DSC analysis, the highest denaturation temperature and protein stability were attributed to the solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:20 due to higher water content.Recommended applications/industries: The present results indicated that EHD pretreatment with the solid to solvent ratio of 1:20 could improve the functional properties of SMPI and EHD-assisted extracted SMPI could be considered as a potential nutraceutical or ingredient of functional and health-promoting foods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - The assessment of patient’s satisfaction about medicinal plants in Isfahan
زهره بختیاریBackground & Aim: Reason destroyer and side effectories some chemical drugs , many pations would to use medicinal plants , on the other hand new medicine nevereless cost and powerful ,have problems for treat some maladies specically chronic maladies. We at this arti MoreBackground & Aim: Reason destroyer and side effectories some chemical drugs , many pations would to use medicinal plants , on the other hand new medicine nevereless cost and powerful ,have problems for treat some maladies specically chronic maladies. We at this article surveid satisfactoryُ s pations of herbal medicine to compare with new therapeutic ways and defined that further pations for what maladies performed tradition way on new way and what factors effect on their decision.Experimental: This is a cross sectional study and hoarding tools information is questionnaires that was include demographic and characterizes pattern and believe and malady kind pations. entry criterion was Isfahan pations that refer to treatment centers such as Alzahra hospital.Results & Discussion: Number 247 participants were randomly selected and were asked to fill the questionnaires. Data were collected and analyzed by statistical tests. According to opinions pations 37% affect plant drugs knew well and better than chemical drugs, 21% chemical drugs knew better and 42% didn’t give opinion. 67% was habitant at townships and villages and 33% was in Isfahan city. Relation women to men for use of plant drugs was 69% to 31% , of course more men expressed that refer to physician seldom and by suitable nutrition Preservation self health . Of View point document education attention to literacy pations were a few at between samples not given meaningful and analogical difference. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Interaction of Saponins extracted from Tribulus terrestris with Human Serum Albumin
آزاده حکمت رویا برومند کامبیز لاریجانیBackground & Aim:Saponins are well-known secondary metabolites with numerous beneficial pharmacological properties. Since the interactions of drugs with blood constituents, in particular with human serum albumin (HSA) may have a major impact on drug pharmacology, th MoreBackground & Aim:Saponins are well-known secondary metabolites with numerous beneficial pharmacological properties. Since the interactions of drugs with blood constituents, in particular with human serum albumin (HSA) may have a major impact on drug pharmacology, the present study designed to provide a fundamental understanding of the interaction of saponins extracted from Tribulus terrestris (typically utilized in folk medicine) with HSA in detail. Experimental: After extraction and purification of saponins; UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and far-UV CD spectroscopy were used to examine the effects of saponins from Tribulus terrestris on HSA. Results: Thin-Layer chromatography confirmed the presence of 3 different saponins. The UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence emission and far-UV CD results displayed that saponinsfrom Tribulus terrestris could form a complex with HSA. The binding constant for the saponins–HSA complex was found to be 13.4×104M-1. The distance r between HSA and Tribulus terrestris saponins was also acquired according to the Förster theory. Recommended applications/industries: Altogether, saponins can bind to HSA and change the secondary and tertiary structure of HSA moderately. The results obtained from this study can help in understanding the pharmacokinetic properties of saponins. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Investigating effect of chamomile hydroalcoholic extract on movement disorders in the animal model of Parkinson's disease
شهربانو عالمی رستمی مریم رفیعی رادBackground & Aim:Parkinson's disease (PD) is a kind of disorder in the nervous system, which is characterized with multiple movement disorders. Factors such as oxidative stress are the most important causes for the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substan MoreBackground & Aim:Parkinson's disease (PD) is a kind of disorder in the nervous system, which is characterized with multiple movement disorders. Factors such as oxidative stress are the most important causes for the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and occurrence of Parkinson's disease. Thus, medications that have antioxidant functions could be an interesting target for treating the movement disorders caused by Parkinson's disease. Chamomile is the natural source of antioxidants. Experimental: In this study, 50 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and Parkinson's groups with 10 rats along with 3 Parkinson's groups, which received chamomile extract by gastric gavage method and doses of 5, 10, and 50 mg/kg once per day for 14 days. Also, 8 μg of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) neurotoxin in 2 μl saline containing 1% ascorbic acid was injected into medial forebrain bundle (MFB) of the left hemisphere of the brain of the rats to induce Parkinson's disease. Results were presented as mean ± SD, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey's post-hoc test. Results:Following subcutaneous injection 2.5 mg/kg apomorphine 14 days after injury with 6-OHDA in MFB of left brain, animals were rotated 360 degrees to the right by 10 Recommended applications/industries: Probably because of its strong antioxidant effect and interference with the activity of movement pathway receptors, chamomile extract can be used to improve and reduce the movement disorders of Parkinson's disease in addition to pharmacotherapy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant properties of aqueous extract of Millettia laurentii bark (Fabaceae)
ویلیام آرنولد تازون مارتین فونکوا ماریل آناستازی زالی یوووپ جانویر گوی تاکوئیسو گومتو اینل ماکاموه گابن آزانتسا کینگوBackground & Aim: Hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and dyslipidemia play a major role in the pathophysiology of diabetes and its macro and microvascular complications. Therefore, managing hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and dyslipidemia is an effective way to control MoreBackground & Aim: Hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and dyslipidemia play a major role in the pathophysiology of diabetes and its macro and microvascular complications. Therefore, managing hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and dyslipidemia is an effective way to control diabetes. The present study aimed to evaluate in vitro and in vivo the anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant potential of the aqueous extract of M. laurentii barks.Experimental: The M. laurentii barks were harvested, treated, dried, ground and an aqueous extraction was carried out (1:10 weight/volume). Subsequently, the anti-hyperglycemic (inhibition of α-amylase and invertase activity) and antioxidant (DPPH radical scavenging, iron III reduction and metal chelating) properties of the aqueous extract was evaluated in vitro. In the in vivo study, 20 male Wistar strain rats with an average weight of 230 to 250 gramme divided into two groups; a negative control group (NC) and a batch of 15 rats. This last batch received an intraperitoneal injection of 45mg/kg BW of streptozotocin then subdivided into 3 groups of 5 rats: positive control group (PC) receiving distilled water, a test group receiving aqueous extract of M. laurentii barks (AEML) at the dose of 300 mg/kg BW and a reference group receiving metformin at 20 mg/kg BW. After 21 days of experimentation, the animals were sacrificed, the plasma, serum, hemolysate and liver homogenate were used to evaluate the biomarkers of oxidative stress (catalase, MDA), lipid profile (triglyceride, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol) and immunological biomarkers (CRP and NFS).Results: It emerged that the aqueous extract presented in vitro an anti-hyperglycemic activity (inhibition of invertase and alpha amylase with IC50 values 0.015 and 0.38 mg/mL, respectively) and antioxidant activity (DPPH radicals scavenging, reduction of iron III and inhibition of haemolysis). The extract also reduced in vivo, chronic hyperglycemia by -28.44% after 21 days of treatment, improved endogenous antioxidant status, inflammation and lipid profile.Recommended applications/industries: The findings show that AEML has an anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant properties. Therefore, could be used traditionally in the management of diabetes and its complications in Cameroon. Extending the current control of chronic hyperglycemia is urgently needed in Cameroon to protect human lives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - A comparative study of chemical composition and antibacterial properties of essential oils of Tanacetum turcomanicum (Krash.) and Tanacetum walteri (C.Winkl.) from northern Khorasan Province
علی فیروزنیا فهیمه دوست زاده نرگس ربیعیBackground & Aim: Tanacetum is a member of Asteraceae family and its twelve species such as Tanacetum walteri are endemic to Iran. In this investigation, chemical compounds and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Tanacetum turcomanicum (Krash.) and Tanacetum MoreBackground & Aim: Tanacetum is a member of Asteraceae family and its twelve species such as Tanacetum walteri are endemic to Iran. In this investigation, chemical compounds and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Tanacetum turcomanicum (Krash.) and Tanacetum walteri (C.Winkl.) were studied. Experimental: The plants were collected from north Khorasan province of Iran, in spring of 2016. The essential oils were extracted by the hydrodistillation method using clevenger. Identification of the essential oils chemical composition was conducted by GC/MS instrument. Also, Agar well diffusion method was used to investigate its antibacterial effects against E. coli, S. aureus, B. atrophaeus and M. luteus. Results: Essential oil efficiency of T. walteri species was obtained 0.2% v/w. In total 92.84 percent of essence constituents of 43 components were recognized in which α-pinene (22.37%), 1,8-cineole (12.52%), camphor (11.91%) and ß-thujone (4.52%) were recognized as the main constituents. By isolating essence of T. turcomanicum species, 39 constituents of 89.28% of the whole essential oils were recognized with efficiency of 0.3% v/w. Davanone (20.79%), 1,8-cineole (15.63%), p-cymene (10.20%), camphor (10.14%) and borneol (4.95%) were the main components of the essence. The highest antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of T. turcomanicum and T. walteri were observed against M. luteus, B. Atrophaeus and S. aureus, respectively. The essential oil of T.turcumanicum did not show significant activity against E. coli bacterium. Recommended applications/industries: The results showed the environmental influences and the effect of plant species on the amount and type of volatile components of essential oils. Also, antibacterial efficacy shown by these oils provides a scientific basis and thus validates their use as medicinal remedies. Isolation and purification of different phytochemicals may yield to significant antibacterial agents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Effect of tragacanth gum on texture and staling of commercial sponge cake
اعظم حاج محمدی جواد کرامت محمد حجت الاسلامی هومان مولویBackground & Aim: Tragacanth is a natural gum obtained from the dried sap of several species of Middle Eastern egumes of the genus Astragalus, that is a viscous, odorless, tasteless, water-soluble mixture of polysaccharides. Tragacanth is used in pharmaceutical and MoreBackground & Aim: Tragacanth is a natural gum obtained from the dried sap of several species of Middle Eastern egumes of the genus Astragalus, that is a viscous, odorless, tasteless, water-soluble mixture of polysaccharides. Tragacanth is used in pharmaceutical and foods industries as an emulsifier, thickener, stabilizer, and texturant additive. Sponge cake is one of the most popular bakery products due to its nutritional value, ready-to-eat nature, long-shelf life and specifically its fine structure. Tragacanth gum can improve textural properties of bakery products duo to its nature as a hydrocolloid. Experimental: In this study, texture profile analysis (TPA) and also cutting tests (for crumb and crust) were applied to find out the effects of tragacanth gum on the textural properties of commercial sponge cakes during 30 days. The concentrations of tragacanth gum were 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8% (w/w) in the cakes’ batter. Results &Discussion: Results revealed that tragacanth gum up to 0.4% led to softening the texture of the cake and reducing the signs of aging. Recommended applications/industries: Application of tragacanth gum (up to indicated level) in bakery products, particularly the sponge cake, can improve textural properties and increase shelf life of these products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Selection of appropriate HLB values for a stable honey-shea butter emulsion and its efficacy in treating chemical burn wound.
جانسون ایساک عایشا دابوری کنچوکوو بن- اومه بنت ایفانی فیلیپ بیلدرزBackground & Aim: Since ancient times till today, honey and shea butter are used in wound treatment. This present study aims to determine an effective hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value that will produce a stable W/O honey-shea butter emulsion and to evaluate MoreBackground & Aim: Since ancient times till today, honey and shea butter are used in wound treatment. This present study aims to determine an effective hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value that will produce a stable W/O honey-shea butter emulsion and to evaluate its healing potential on chemical burn wound in mice.Experimental: Using various ratios of span 20/tween 20, 6 formulations of honey-shea butter emulsion were prepared and subjected to accelerated stability study as per ICH guideline. The most stable preparation was further evaluated for its wound healing ability. The animals were sacrificed via chloroform inhalation after treatment for 7 days from wound created by dropping 0.2 ml, hydrochloric acid for 15 sec. The burn area was harvested and subjected to histopathological study.Results: Most stable emulsion was those prepare with ratio 5:5 of span 20/ tween 20. Haematoxylin-eosin and Verhoeff-Van Gieson stain revealed that groups treated with this emulsion had normal fibroblast, fibrocyte, epidermal cells, inflammatory cells, gland cells, collagen and elastic fibres; outperforming honey, shea butter and silver sulfadiazine groups. The present formulation gave a percent wound contraction of 36, while those of honey, shea butter, silver sulfadiazine were 29, 25 and 28, respectively. The occlusive effect of emulsion and the synergistic effect achieved by combining honey and shea butter could also be responsible for its superior wound healing activity.Recommended applications/industries: Our study concluded that honey-shea butter prepared with 5:5 span 20/tween 20 was relatively stable and possesses greater wound healing activity compared to commercial preparation and can safely be utilize as an effective natural therapy for burn wound. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Determination of alkaloids amount from Iranian Papaver bracteatum Lindl. by HPLC
زهره کدخدا سجاد صداقت شمس علی رضازاده حسن علی نقدی بادی رحیم تقی زاد فرید فرهاد حریری اکبریBackground & Aim: Papaver bracteatum Lindl. (Papaverace) is an important pharmaceutical plant which contains isoqinoline alkaloids. Isoqinoline alkaloids constitute one distinct group of secondary metabolites of the Papaverace family. Codeine and thebaine are import MoreBackground & Aim: Papaver bracteatum Lindl. (Papaverace) is an important pharmaceutical plant which contains isoqinoline alkaloids. Isoqinoline alkaloids constitute one distinct group of secondary metabolites of the Papaverace family. Codeine and thebaine are important alkaloids of Papaver bracteatum which use widely due to its medicinal properties. Therefore it is necessary to determination the contents of these alkaloids in different parts of Iran. In order to determine the best natural habitat of Papaver bracteatum, containing the highest concentration of thebaine and codein different sample collected from different parts of Iran.Experimental: Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) standard curve with the presence of two major alkaloids (thebaine and codeine) were drawn and alkaloids were extracted from capsule Papaver bracteatum and were determined by HPLC.Results & Discussion: Codeine contents in the sample of dry capsule Zanjan, Plour, Chalus road, Siah Bisheh, and Mazandaran were determined 0.04, 0.04, 0.03, 0.01 and 0.02% respectively. Thebaine content was determined 3.3, 0.61, 0.34, 0.31 and 0.06% respectively. Amounts of codeine for different regions ranged between 0.001 to 0.004% and, 0.06 to 3.3% for thebaine. The accessions collected from Zanjan has highest percentage of codeine and thebaine (3.34%)Industrial/Practical recommendation: The capsules collected from region of Zanjan in Iran have more contents of thebaine and codeine which possess many pharmaceutical applications, therefore it is highly recommended using accessions from the region of Zanjan to extract thebaine and codeine consumed in the pharmaceutical industry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Comparison of nutritional composition, HPLC characterization, antioxidants property and starch profile of Sphenostylis stenocarpa composite bread and wheat bread
صدیقات شدهنده ایندرانی داساپا پرابهاشانکار پیچان ساموئل اولوبود پرسوس آکینوسیBackground & Aim: The use of composite flour and combined additives in wheat flour to improve their nutritional and health benefits have increased. This study focuses on the examination and comparison of the phenolic characterization, antioxidant properties, mineral MoreBackground & Aim: The use of composite flour and combined additives in wheat flour to improve their nutritional and health benefits have increased. This study focuses on the examination and comparison of the phenolic characterization, antioxidant properties, mineral content, starch profile, in vitro starch digestibility and in vitro α-amylase inhibition present in produced composite bread and wheat bread.Experimental: Sphenostylis stenocarpa flour (SSF) and combined additives (dry gluten powder, fungal α-amylase and sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate) were incorporated into wheat flour to produce composite SSF bread. Wheat flour bread was prepared as a control.Results: The HPLC result showed higher values of gallic acid (1806.68 µg/100 g), p-coumaric acid (104.49 µg/100 g) and quercetin (22054.67 µg/100 g) in SSF bread while sinapic acid (195.88 µg/100 g), caffeic acid (1372.90 µg/100 g), ferulic acid (535.79 µg/100 g) were higher in control bread. Ferric-reducing antioxidant properties and mineral contents (Zinc, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn and copper) were higher in SSF in comparison to control bread (P<0.05). The SSF bread had higher resistant starch and slowly digestible starch values but decreased total starch and rapidly digestible starch values. The in vitro starch digestibility (IVSD) value was also 0.54 times lower in SSF compared to control bread. The α-amylase inhibitory potential of SSF bread (56.77%) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in comparison to control bread (29.96%). It could be concluded that the incorporation of Sphenostylis stenocarpa in baked products such as bread will be of high nutritional benefits to humans.Recommended applications/industries: Sphenostylis stenocarpa is an underutilized bean that is rich in minerals, antioxidant properties and slow starch digestion potency which can be explored to prevent or manage the pathologic conditions that are related to sugar metabolisms. The utilization of underutilized Sphenostylis stenocarpa will go a long way in combating food insecurity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Computational study of the inhibitory potential of Gongronema latifolium (benth) leave on farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, a target enzyme in the treatment of osteoporosis. A molecular modelling approach
ساموئل اولوبود بانکول موتولیب پرسوس آکینوسی واسیو سالودین کهینده اوجوبولا اولاینکا آدانلاوو ابیگیل آیودل آدفونکه اوگونلاد عبداللهی آدرمیBackground & Aim: Osteoporosis is an increasing medical threat which is referred to as a systemic skeletal disorder that is characterized mainly by low bone mass and microarchitectural wear of bone tissue and strength, which eventually results in an increase in the MoreBackground & Aim: Osteoporosis is an increasing medical threat which is referred to as a systemic skeletal disorder that is characterized mainly by low bone mass and microarchitectural wear of bone tissue and strength, which eventually results in an increase in the fragility of bone and makes bone to be susceptible to fracture. Osteoporosis is known globally as a severe health problem affecting approximately 200 million people worldwide. Therefore, a pharmacological solution is urgently needed. Studies have shown that farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase is a crucial enzyme in the mevalonate pathway that causes bone resorption, thus serving as a key pharmacological target.Experimental: Gongronema latifolium’s (Benth) phytoconstituents were screened against the mevalonate pathway enzyme farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase computationally using molecular docking, pharmacokinetics screening and Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area approach to identify compounds with the better inhibitorypotentials against this target in this study.Results: The study resulted that five compounds; hyperoside, rutin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, kaempferol-3-arabinoside, and isoquercetin show a better inhibitory potential by binding to the active site of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase compared with a co-crystalized ligand. These hit compounds were further subjected to pharmacokinetics studies to predict their drug-likeness and toxicity characteristics which show that all hit compounds except Rutin are drug-like leaving Kaempferol-3-Arabinoside as the most drug-like hit compound compared to the co-crystallized ligand.Recommended applications/industries: This study suggests that G. latifolium leaf could be a good plant source for a drug-like compound that may treat osteoporosis by inhibiting the farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, in the mevalonate pathway, thereby stopping bone resorption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Effect of the essential oil of thyme on intestinal morphology in Rat
حشمت سپهری مقدم مژده عمادی الهام ملاشاهیBackground & Aim: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used in clinical medicine. The adverse effects they produce in the gastrointestinal tract however, often limit their utility. Oxidative stress has been shown to occur in the small intestin MoreBackground & Aim: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used in clinical medicine. The adverse effects they produce in the gastrointestinal tract however, often limit their utility. Oxidative stress has been shown to occur in the small intestine in response to the oral administration of indomethacin. In view of this, the effect of thyme essential oil, an agent with anti-oxidant properties, was evaluated on indomethacin-induced small intestinal damage in a rat model. Experimental: The chemical composition of thyme essential oil was identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Tissues morphology affected by indomethacin, with and without treatment with thyme, was measured. Results & Discussion: The small intestine morphology (villus height, villus width, and crypt depth and crypt width of duodenum, jejunum and ilea) from indomethacin-treated animals with thyme oil was significantly improved than those from indomethacin animals. Treatment with thyme oil was found to ameliorate these drug-induced changes. Recommended applications/industries: The essential oil of thyme appears to hold promise as an agent that can potentially reduce non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induced small intestinal damage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Comparison of antibacterial activity of some of the medical plants extracts of Golestan province against Staphylococcus aureus
علیرضا صفاهانی مهرداد عطائی محمد ربیعی تینا دادگر عزت الله قائمیBackground & Aim: During human history, most of infectious diseases have been cured with herbal drugs traditionally so that, nowadays, in most developing countries, herbal drugs play an important role in primal remedy. This study has been done according to the appro MoreBackground & Aim: During human history, most of infectious diseases have been cured with herbal drugs traditionally so that, nowadays, in most developing countries, herbal drugs play an important role in primal remedy. This study has been done according to the appropriate climate and biodiversity of plants in Golestan province in order to investigate the antimicrobial activity of alcoholics, aqueous and boiling extracts of 23 medical plants species of Golestan province on clinical and standard stains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA) and do comparison among them and determine the appropriate plant for next studies. Experimental: 23 medicinal plants were collected from their natural habitat in Golestan province in north of Iran. Their ethanolic and aqueous extracts were obtained by percolation methods. Antibacterial effects were assessed by disc diffusion method against 14 clinical and standard strains of methicillin resistant and sensitive strains of S. aureus. Results & Discussion: The result of antibacterial activity of these plants revealed that, ethanolic, aqueous and boiling extracts of 8, 3and 5 plants showed best effect. The ethanolic extract of Artemisia herbaalba, Nigella sativa, Punica granatum posed the most outstanding in vitro antibacterial activity which the maximum inhibition zone was between 18-25 mm. Also, the results showed that ethanolic extract had better antibacterial effect than aqueous and boiling extracts and boiling extracts had better antibacterial effects than aqueous extract. Anti-staphylococcal activity of ethanolic extract of plants against MRSA was better than MSSA strains. Industrial and practical recommendations: The ethanolic, aqueous and boiling extract of Punica granatum had the best antibacterial activity against microorganism. The result obtained from these plants might be considered sufficient for further studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - The effects of Thyme extrac (Thymus vulgaris) on systemic antibody responses against Influenza and Newcastle disease vaccine in broiler chickens
فروغ طلازاده منصور میاحی حسین نجف زاده ورزی حدیث نوروزی زادهBackground & Aim: The recent study was conducted to investigate the effects of Thyme extract in drinking water on immune response of broiler chickens. Experimental: A total of 245 day-old broiler chicks were purchased and 20 chicks were bled for determination mater MoreBackground & Aim: The recent study was conducted to investigate the effects of Thyme extract in drinking water on immune response of broiler chickens. Experimental: A total of 245 day-old broiler chicks were purchased and 20 chicks were bled for determination maternal antibody and remaining chicks divided into 5 equal groups. Chickens of group A, B and C received 0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2% ofThyme extract in drinking water for all of the period of experiment, respectively. Chickens of group D did not receive Thyme extract but vaccinated against Newcastle and Influenza diseases. Chickens of group E were kept as control group and did not receive Thyme extract and Newcastle and Influenza diseases vaccines. Chickens of group A, B, C and D were vaccinated with live Newcastle vaccine (B1 strain) intraocularly and AI-ND killed vaccine (subtype H9N2) subcutaneously of neck back. Blood samples were collected before vaccination as well as on days 14, 28 and 35 after vaccination. Ten chickens of each group were bled randomly and antibody titer against Newcastle and Influenza vaccine virus was determined by HI test. Results & Discussion: The results of present study showed that Thyme extract has no effect on antibody response against Newcastle vaccine virus, but 14 days after vaccination, receiving of 0.2% ofThyme extract, significantly increased the specific antibody response against Influenza vaccine virus compared to all groups. Industrial and practical recommendations: Herbs that are rich in flavonoids such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extend the activity of vitamin C, act as antioxidants and may therefore enhance the immune function. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - Effect of Bakhtiari celery (Kelussia odoratissma Mozaff) on sensory properties and shelf life of set yogurt
امیر شاکریان محمد جواد سهرابی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطیBackground & Aim: The essential oils are the most important secondary aromatic biochemical compounds in plants and even in some animals. They are of great importance because of their aromatic, flavoring and preventing properties from deterioration in food industries MoreBackground & Aim: The essential oils are the most important secondary aromatic biochemical compounds in plants and even in some animals. They are of great importance because of their aromatic, flavoring and preventing properties from deterioration in food industries. According to ethnobotany study of aerial parts of Bakhtiari celery or Kelus (Kelussia odoratissma Mozaffarian) in dairy such as yogurt and buttermilk, encouraged us to do this research. Experimental: In this study, the essential oil of K. odoratissima Mozaff was extracted. Evolution was made of three concentrations of essential oil (20, 40 and 60 ppm) which added to yogurt after inoculation. The yogurt made by industrial method. During 30 days with certain intervals physical, chemical and microbial properties were analyzed.Results & Discussion: The results showed that essential oil of K. odoratissima Mozaff has improved significantly physical and chemical properties of yogurt. It led to increasing sensory properties, acidity control, improving flavor of yogurt and increasing time of consumption but water holding capacity (WHC) was reduced.Industrial and practical recommendations: It was proved that the best concentration of essential oil of K. odoratissima Mozaff was 40 ppm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - An Investigation of Compositions and Effects of Local Herbal Glycyrrhiza glabra and Mentha pulegium extracts on Helicobacterpylori and Cell Line of stomach Cancer (AGS) by MTT assays
فرشته سلمانی هاشم یعقوبیBackground & Aim:According to globally development of stomach cancer especially in Ardabil, Iran, as the second major cause of mortality throughout the world, increased drug-resistant bacteria including Helicobacter pylori as the most important risk factors for stom MoreBackground & Aim:According to globally development of stomach cancer especially in Ardabil, Iran, as the second major cause of mortality throughout the world, increased drug-resistant bacteria including Helicobacter pylori as the most important risk factors for stomach cancer, and side effects of antibiotics and chemical drugs normally used to treat. Experimental: The current research was conducted to investigate the anticancer and antimicrobial effects of native herbs of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) extractions for finding a solution with the lowest complications in control or treatment of stomach cancer.The extractions were firstly obtained using Soxhlet and methanol solvent and then their compounds were determined by GC/MS. Antimicrobial activity, MIC and MBC of the extractions were assessed respectively using agar diffusion and broth dilution test and the anticancer effect on stomach cancer (cell line AGS) was assessed by MTT assay. H. pylori ATCC 26695 was respectively revived and purified on Brucella broth containing 7% citrated horse serum and Columbia agar. Results: The analysis showed thatliquorice extract contains 15 compositions, mainly consists of 26.48% Nonane, 23.38% Ethylcyclohexan, 8.29% 3-Bromodecane, 10.31% trans-2-Heptenal, 8.93% 9-Octadecenamide and 4.68% β-pregna and pennyroyal extract contains 17 compositions, mainly including 3.36% Camphor, 22.79% Pulegone, 4.92% Paramenth-3-n8-l, 8.06% Menthoforan, 7.54% Cis-Isopulegon and 24.58% α-Selinene. The bacteria were resistant or semi-sensitive to common antibiotics, whereas had considerable sensitivity to herbal extracts and liquorice showed almost three times more antibacterial effect. Pennyroyal extract had no cytotoxic effects, but the anticancer effect was observed in liquorice extract with optimal concentration of 25 μg/ml after 48 hours. Recommended applications/industries: In conclusion, liquorice extract due to the significant health benefits of anticancer and antibacterial activity can be selective and highly effective herbal medicine as an alternative to antibiotics and other chemical drugs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - The study of antioxidant potential of Morus alba L. leaves extract
پریسا صدیق آرا عباس برینBackground & Aim: Applications of synthetic antioxidant in food have side effects. In present study, the antioxidant potential of Morus alba leaves, as natural antioxidant, was screened with cupric ion reducing assay (CUPRAC assay) and inhibition of lipid peroxidati MoreBackground & Aim: Applications of synthetic antioxidant in food have side effects. In present study, the antioxidant potential of Morus alba leaves, as natural antioxidant, was screened with cupric ion reducing assay (CUPRAC assay) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The aim of this study was to determine the total antioxidant activity of Morus alba leaves.Martial & Methods: The first, total antioxidant activity of Morus alba leaves was determined in two phase; water and methanol extracts by CUPRAC assay and compared with Rosmarinus officinals extract as positive control. In second step, methanol extract of Morus alba leaves was evaluated by lipid peroxidation inhibition of lipids in egg-yolk. CuSo4 induced this lipid peroxidation.Results & Discussion: In CUPRAC assay, Morus alba leaves have antioxidant activity more Rosmarinus officinals. In addition, the methanol extracts of Morus alba leaves can inhibit lipid peroxidation of lipid in egg-yolk. There was significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between groups.Conclusion: Our results indicated that Morus alba leaves are a good source of natural antioxidants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Spectroscopic analysis of a herbal medicine, including glucosamine and chondroitin, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
زینپ آیگونBackground & Aim: In our daily lives, we need to use some supplements to support our bodily functions besides our daily diet. It is essential to get some additional minerals and vitamins required to reinforce our normal diet in today’s conditions. There are di MoreBackground & Aim: In our daily lives, we need to use some supplements to support our bodily functions besides our daily diet. It is essential to get some additional minerals and vitamins required to reinforce our normal diet in today’s conditions. There are different food supplements that vary according to the body’s need. It is important to know if these supplements have the right ingredients or not. In the present study, our aim is to investigate the ingredients and antioxidant potential of a kind of herbal drug used for protection against deterioration of joint cartilage.Experimental: In order to examine the magnetic and structural properties of the herbal drug, several spectroscopic methods (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer, X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) were applied at room temperature. The powdered form of the herbal medicine pill was used for analysis.Results: We observed a broad signalwith a g value of ≈2.0010 and with a line width of 185 G due to the higher Mn concentration by electron paramagnetic resonance. However, in the spectrum, we determined a weak shoulder with g value of 2.0040 which can be attributed to a carbon centered radical. Two x-ray diffraction peaks centered at ≈26.5° and 38° were assigned to turmeric which is an important component for assisting in reducing of inflammation and pain. The elemental composition results were in good agreement with the other applied techniques.Recommended applications/industries: It will be important to carry out alternatively supportive spectroscopic studies in health-related applications. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Micropropagation of Clematis orientalis L. culture in vitro
علی ایزدی صادق آبادی احمد خلیقی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی مرضیه تقی پوردهکردیBackground & Aim: Clematis is an ornamental and medicinal plant that is primarily planted as anornamentalplant. Clematis orientalis is native to Asia and Central Europe, used as an antiseptic and refrigerant. The propagation of Clematis is very important. In this st MoreBackground & Aim: Clematis is an ornamental and medicinal plant that is primarily planted as anornamentalplant. Clematis orientalis is native to Asia and Central Europe, used as an antiseptic and refrigerant. The propagation of Clematis is very important. In this study, the effects of plant growth regulators on rooting and growth of the plants in vitro culture were examined. Experimental: In this study, effects of growth regulators, including naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), at the concentrations of 0.0, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 mg/mL and Indol butyric acid (IBA) at the concentrations of 0.0, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 mg/mL on micropropagationin Murashige and Skoog’s medium (MS) were investigated. Results & Discussion: Results indicated that the effects growth regulators of auxin at different concentrations on in vitro growth micrpropagules were significant. The highest rooting and number of stems were obtained from control. Increase concentration of growth regulators decreased rooting. The highest decrease rate was obtained from0.6 mg/L auxin. Recommended applications/industries: The result of study indicated that positive effects lateral shoot explants and Murashige and Skoog’s medium (MS) without growth regulators on micropropagation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Effect of Boswellia serrata Triana & Planch. gum resin administration during lactation on morphology of pyramidal neurons in hippocampus of rat
محمد حسینی شریف آباد ابراهیم اسفندیاریBackground & Aim: In traditional medicine, Boswellia species gum resin known as Frankincense or Olibanum, has been administrated in elderly for enhancement of memory and also in pregnant women to increase memory and intelligence of progeny. However, it has been rare MoreBackground & Aim: In traditional medicine, Boswellia species gum resin known as Frankincense or Olibanum, has been administrated in elderly for enhancement of memory and also in pregnant women to increase memory and intelligence of progeny. However, it has been rarely scientifically documented so far. We have previously reported that maternal administration of Frankincense during lactation increased learning and memory performance. In this study, using animal model of rat, we investigated the morphological changes of pyramidal neurons of hippocampus, an important brain centre involved in learning and memory, following maternal administration of Frankincense during three week of lactation. Experimental: Two months-old male Wistar rats whose mothers were given by gavage the aqueous extract of the B. serrata (0.100 mg/kg/day) during lactation were deeply anesthetized and transcardially perfused with fixative solution. Each brain was then removed from skull and divided into two hemispheres. The right hemispheres were selected for morphometerical study. Transverse sections (100 μm thick) were cut through the entire extent of the hippocampus. In a Golgi study, the number of dendritic branching and segments was counted by Sholl’s method. Results & Discussion: Statistical analysis of data indicated that administration of Frankincense during lactation increase the number of dendritic segments, branching of Cornu Ammonis (CA) pyramidal cells in the hippocampus of rat offspring. There was no significant difference in the dendritic length of CA pyramidal cells between experimental and control groups. These results suggest that maternal administration of Frankincense during lactation increase dendritic arborization in the hippocampus. It can be concluded that such morphological changes leads to an increase in the synaptic contacts and it provides one of the bases for the memory improvement induced by Frankincense administration. Industrial/Practical recommendation: Our findings suggest that Boswellia resin and its active ingredients to be extensively studied in neurophysiology. It also suggests that compounds from Boswellia resin may be used in treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Combined ethanol extract of Spermacoce radiata and Hypselodelphyspoggeana prevents renal damage and dyslipidemia in benign prostatic hyperplasia induced rats
رابرت اورکو پوول آنیام امانوئل اویو اوبینا آجاBackground & Aim: A combined ethanol extract of Spermacoce radiata and Hypselodelphyspoggeana leaves are used for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, but there is no scientific data on its safety level and effects on vital organs and biochemical parameter MoreBackground & Aim: A combined ethanol extract of Spermacoce radiata and Hypselodelphyspoggeana leaves are used for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, but there is no scientific data on its safety level and effects on vital organs and biochemical parameters. This study investigated the effects of a combined ethanol extract of Spermacoce radiata and Hypselodelphyspoggeana leaves (CESHL) on the lipid profile and kidney function of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) induced rats.Experimental: A total of 21 rats were used for the acute toxicity study, while 30 were randomly distributed into five groups comprising six rats each (n = 6) for the BPH study. Group 1 served as normal control, while group 2 was BPH control that received 5 mg/kg of testosterone propionate/day for 28 consecutive days without treatment. Groups 3 – 5 received 5 mg/kg of testosterone propionate/day for 28 days but after an hour, they treated with 5 mg/kg of finasteride, 200 and 600mg/kg of CESHL/day, respectively, for 28 days.Results: The acute toxicity result of CESHL indicated no mortality or any sign of toxicity. Administration of the extract caused a significant reduction (p<0.05) of theprostate weight, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), urea and creatinine concentrations in the treated groups when compared to the BPH control. A significant increase (P<0.05) in High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) concentration was observed in all treated groups when compared to the BPH control group. Histological outcomes of rats’ kidneys corroborated these findings.Recommended applications/industries: These results indicate that the combined extracts possess antilipidemic and nephroprotective effects, which might help in the management of complications that might arise during BPH. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Antimicrobial activity of five species of green – blue algae and three species of green algae for Mashhad.
سمانه رحیمی محمود ذکایی ندا سلطانیBackground & Aim: In this study, is done during one-year research on blue–green and green algae for antimicrobial activity in Mashhad suburb. Aqueous, ether, and methanol extracts from 44 species blue – green algae and green algae were examined for antim MoreBackground & Aim: In this study, is done during one-year research on blue–green and green algae for antimicrobial activity in Mashhad suburb. Aqueous, ether, and methanol extracts from 44 species blue – green algae and green algae were examined for antimicrobial properties against four bacteria (tow positive gram bacteria and tow negative gram bacteria) and tow fungous.Material & Methods: Among blue–green algae, we have known 12 geniuses, which belongs to 5 families of 3 orders, our observations shows that antimicrobial activity of this algae belongs to 2 species of Nostocaceae family, one species of Chroococaceae family, one species of Heylaceae family and one species of Scytonemataceae family. Green algae belongs to 15 geniuses of 3 families and 5 orders. Which antimicrobial activity of belong to 2 species of Scenedesmaceae family and one species of Zygnemataceae family.Results & Discussion: The result showed that a Bacillus subtilis positive gram bacterium is inhibited by tow species of green–blue algae and one species of green algae. Negative gram bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis inhibited by tow species of blue–green algae and one species of green algae but negative gram bacteria did not show any reaction to this alga.Conclusion: Tow cyanobacteria species and one species of green algae inhibited growth the of Candida albicans, but did not have any effect on Candida keyfer. We can get the result that positive gram bacteria are more sensitive in comparison with negative gram bacteria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Effect of Suregada zanzibariensis (Baill) root extract on blood sugar levels, lipid profile and pancreatic histology on streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetes mellitus rats
ژاپت جوزفات سیپریان امپیندا راس ماسوBackground & Aim: Ethnobotanical studies have shown that Suregada zanzibariensis roots are used by traditional healers and the community for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the ethyl acetate extra MoreBackground & Aim: Ethnobotanical studies have shown that Suregada zanzibariensis roots are used by traditional healers and the community for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the ethyl acetate extract ofSuregada zanzibariensis roots (EAESZ) on blood sugar levels, lipid profile, and pancreatic histology in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats.Experimental: Rats were induced to have diabetes by interstitial injection of streptozotocin nicotinamide, followed by daily oral administration of the ethyl acetate extract of Suregada zanzibariensis roots (EAESZ) for 28 days at doses of 350, 500, and 700 mg/kg body weight. The effect of EAESZ on serum lipid profiles and pancreatic β-cells in diabetic rats were examined after 28 days of administration of the extract. While fasting, blood glucose levels were measured every seven days.Results: The administration of EAESZ at doses of 350, 500, and 750 mg/kg significantly decreased the fasting blood glucose levels compared to the diabetic control rats. Also, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) levels decreased while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels increased in all treated groups compared to diabetic control rats. Furthermore, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in body weight of treated diabetic rats compared to standard control diabetic rats, while there was a significant difference (P<0.05) with diabetic control rats.Recommended applications/industries: These results indicate that EAESZ has high antidiabetic potential along with significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. However, more studies are needed to identify and isolate compounds responsible for those properties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Nephroprotective activity of Mammea africana stem bark against paracetamol induced kidney injury
چودفیوم اوکوکون بائو میشلBackground & Aim: Mammea africana sabine (Guttiferae) stembark commonly used traditionally to treat various diseases and ailments was evaluated for nephroprotective activity against paracetamol – induced kidney injury in rats to confirm its use in the treatmen MoreBackground & Aim: Mammea africana sabine (Guttiferae) stembark commonly used traditionally to treat various diseases and ailments was evaluated for nephroprotective activity against paracetamol – induced kidney injury in rats to confirm its use in the treatment of kidney diseases. Experimental: The nephroprotective effect of the extract was evaluated by the determination of some kidney function parameters such as serum urea and creatinine, electrolyes (K+, Na+, Cl- and HCO-3), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and histopathological study of the liver. Results & Discussion: The administration of the stembark extract caused significant dose-dependent reduction of high levels of serum creatinine and urea. The electrolytes levels were not affected. Histology of the kidney sections of extract and silymarin- treated animals showed reductions in the pathological features compared to the paracetamol- treated animals. The chemical pathological changes were consistent with histopathological observations suggesting marked nephroprotective effect of the stembark extract of M. africana Recommended applications/industries: The results show that the stembark extract of Mammea africana has nephroprotective potential which may be due to its antioxidant effect activity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Physicochemical and antibacterial evaluation of herbal cough syrup containing combined stem bark extracts of Prosopisa fricana and Anogeissus leiocarpus
اولوبونمی اولایمی مرسی آبو رشیدا عبداللهی کریستیانا ایسمیBackground & Aim: The use of medicinal plants in the treatment and management of various diseases is widely practiced in Nigeria. The stem barks of Prosopisa fricana and Anogeissus leiocarpus have been employed traditionally in the treatment of several respiratory d MoreBackground & Aim: The use of medicinal plants in the treatment and management of various diseases is widely practiced in Nigeria. The stem barks of Prosopisa fricana and Anogeissus leiocarpus have been employed traditionally in the treatment of several respiratory diseases including cough. The aim of this study is to develop herbal syrup formulation from the combined aqueous stem bark extracts of Prosopisa fricana and Anogeissus leiocarpuswhich can be used in the treatment of cough.Experimental: Pulverized stem bark was extracted using distilled water by hot maceration for 24 h and concentrated over a water bath. The resulting extract was used to prepare syrups using either honey, sugar or combination of both (1:1) as vehicles in the presence of preservatives and sweeteners where needed. Organoleptic and physicochemical properties such as odor, color, taste, presence of froth, pH and density were evaluated. Stability of the syrups at room temperature, in the refrigerator and at accelerated temperature was also evaluated. Interaction studies was investigated using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy while Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to evaluate thermal properties of the prepared syrups.Results: The syrups were brown to dark brown in color, had characteristic smell with sweet to bitter taste. Viscosity was between 10.80 and 87.40 mpas, pH was between 3.92 and 4.90, density was between 1.39 and 1.52 mg/mL.No interaction was observed from FTIR spectra or DSC after thermal decomposition. In vitro antibacterial studies showed the syrups possess considerable inhibitory effect against tested microorganisms. Formulations PAH1 and PAH2 were found to be the most stable after 30 days’ storage at different temperatures.Recommended applications/industries: This study buttresses the potential of herbal extracts in developing stable syrup formulations using honey as a vehicle for treatment of cough and/or relieve of its associated symptoms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Assessment of secondary metabolites: in vitro antiarthritic and antihemolytic potential of various extracts of garlic
سونیا جهری نصیر خان ساریتا تیواری لاویه شاکیاوارBackground & Aim:Allium sativum commonly known as garlic is an herb used over years to prevent from various ailments such as cardiovascular diseases, cognitive disorders and also enhances the immune system. The aim of the present study is to study the in vitro antia MoreBackground & Aim:Allium sativum commonly known as garlic is an herb used over years to prevent from various ailments such as cardiovascular diseases, cognitive disorders and also enhances the immune system. The aim of the present study is to study the in vitro antiarthritic and antihemolytic potential of garlic in aqueous and methanolic extracts. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed to study the presence of functional groups. Experimental: The study involved detection of primary and secondary metabolites in allium sativum i.e garlic. In vitro antiarthritic and heat induced haemolytic assaywas evaluated so that it could be used against haemolytic diseases such as malaria, swine flu etc. FTIR spectra were performed to detect the presence of functional groups. Results: Natural products due to their immense bioactivity, finds applications against various diseases without having side effects. Recommended applications/industrie: This herb is very easily accessible and is edible it can be used as a pharmaceutical agent. Bioactive constituents can be isolated and explored for further activity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - A systematic review and Meta-Analysis on the effect of Cotoneaster manna on Neonatal Jaundice
علیرضا صالحی محدثه استوار مریم مرزبانBackground & Aim: The manna of Cotoneaster nummularia (purgative manna) has been traditionally used in the Persian medicine for the treatment of neonatal jaundice. The effect of Cotoneaster manna on neonatal jaundice was investigated with systematic review and meta- MoreBackground & Aim: The manna of Cotoneaster nummularia (purgative manna) has been traditionally used in the Persian medicine for the treatment of neonatal jaundice. The effect of Cotoneaster manna on neonatal jaundice was investigated with systematic review and meta-analysis. Experimental: This study intended to explore the clinical trials of the efficacy of Cotoneaster manna on neonatal jaundice. The aspects considered in this study included searching for relevant English and Persian data bases up to March 2016. The methodological quality was assessed using the Consort checklist for herbal interventions. Seven studies with low or moderate risk of bias involved 804 participants of which 410 cases versus 394 controls were selected for systematic review and meta-analysis with CMA software version 2.2. Results: Total plasma bilirubin in 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 hours and the duration of hospital stay were checked and no adverse effect was reported. The Meta-analysis exhibited marked heterogeneity of the results (Q-value = 132.446, P< 0.0001, I2 = 87.165, τ = 0.998). However, it showed favorable effect of Cotoneaster manna on reducing neonatal jaundice (n= 804, OR = 0.242, 95% CI: 0.147 to 0.399, P< 0.0001). Also it was effective on reducing duration of hospital stay (n= 804, SMD= -1.154, 95% CI: -1.854 to -0.455, P< 0.001). However, the results obtained were heterogeneous (Q-value= 119.642, P< 0.0001, I2= 94.985, τ= 0.913). Recommended applications/ industries: Although the meta-analysis of Cotoneaster manna showed positive effect on treatment of neonatal jaundice in these studies, it is warranted to carry out further multi-centre randomized clinical trials with larger samples and controlled risk factors, alongside comparison with phototherapy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Introductory study of the medicinal plant species of Kazeroon, Fars province
مهدی دولتخواهی مهدی یوسفی جواد باقرنژاد علی دولتخواهیBackground & Aim: Kazeroon, with an area of about 4060 km², is situated at 110 km in the west of Shiraz, Fars province, Iran. This area is important for plant biodiversity, due to the presence of some important habitats such as international Lake of Parishan in MoreBackground & Aim: Kazeroon, with an area of about 4060 km², is situated at 110 km in the west of Shiraz, Fars province, Iran. This area is important for plant biodiversity, due to the presence of some important habitats such as international Lake of Parishan in the southeast, woodlands of Quercus persica in the east and branches of Shahpoor river in the west of the region. Therefore, for the old antiquity on this city and high biodiversity on plant species; in this work, the medicinal vascular plants were collected, identified and studied for medicinal usages.Martial & Methods: For this purpose, many specimens were collected during the vegetative seasons in 2007 to 2010. All the specimens were prepared as standard herbarium sheets, identified by using available references and stored in the herbaria of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (TARI) and Payam Noor University. Life forms and chorological status of the species were analyzed.Results & Discussion: As a result, 90 species belonging to 87 genera and 39 families of angiosperms were reported from the rangelands around the Kazeroon. Lamiaceae, with 11 species, and Asteraceae with 9 species were the largest families respectively, and Plantago (Plantaginaceae) with 3 species was the largest genus in the medicinal flora of this area.Conclusion: The presence of more than 90 medicinal plant species indicates high biodiversity in the studied region. Furthermore, the findings of this investigation are completely in conformance to the conditions of the area that has a semi-arid climate with dry summers and low rainfall. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Hepatic function status of acidified ethanol induced wister rats treated with ethylacetate extract of Abrus precatorius Linn. seeds
سون موتونرایو اوومول دامیلولا اموبویوواBackground & Aim:Ethanol metabolism by the liver differentially impairs hepatic functions. This study investigated the attenuating potential of Abrus precatorius seeds on liver damage in HCl/EtOH induced rats and evaluated the prophylactic potential of ethylacetate MoreBackground & Aim:Ethanol metabolism by the liver differentially impairs hepatic functions. This study investigated the attenuating potential of Abrus precatorius seeds on liver damage in HCl/EtOH induced rats and evaluated the prophylactic potential of ethylacetate extract of A. precatorius on the hepatic function of acidified ethanol induced rats.Experimental: Rats were pre-treated with ethylacetate extract of A. precatorius seeds and standard drugs for eight consecutive days and 0.15M HCl/EtOH (60%) (1:1) was administered once on the 8th day. Biochemical assay, mRNA expression and liver histo-pathological studies were performed using standard procedures.Results: HCl/EtOH induction significantly (p <0.05) raised hepatic alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase activities that were ameliorated by pre-treatment with 100 and 200mg/kg b.w of A. precatorius seeds extract. The significant (p <0.05) up-regulation of CYP2D3, CYP3A4 and GGT mRNA expression in the liver tissues of HCl/EtOH induced rats were successfully down-regulated upon pre-treatment with the extract. The micro-morphological alteration characterized by severe congestion of central venules and sinusoids, fibrosis at the portal veins and presence of inflammatory cells observed in HCl/EtOH induced rats was reversed by pre-treatment with A. precatorius seeds.Recommended applications/industries: Acidified ethanol used for ulcerative induction could result in liver injury in rats; pre-treatment with A. precatorius seeds extract could exert hepato-protective efficacy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - In vitro investigation of antibacterial properties of Citrus medica essential oil against some human pathogenic bacteria
محدثه شجاعی مهر مصطفی علم هولوBackground & Aim: The medicinal plants are used in treatment of diseases caused by the human pathogenic bacteria due to their antimicrobial compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Citrus medica essential oil on s MoreBackground & Aim: The medicinal plants are used in treatment of diseases caused by the human pathogenic bacteria due to their antimicrobial compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Citrus medica essential oil on some human pathogenic bacteria. Experimental: The plant samples of Citrus medica were collected from North of Iran. Samples were transferred to the biotechnology laboratory, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan. The essential oil was extracted by Clevenger device. Antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by agar well diffusion and by micro dilution broth methods, respectively. Antiradical activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH). Results: The highest and lowest inhibitory activity of essential oil was observed on Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli, respectively. Leaf essential oil showed the highest IC50 value than the skin essential oil. The essential oil of Citrus medica skin showed more inhibitory effect than the leaf essential oil. The MIC of leaf essential oil on B. subtilis, B. cereus and E. aerogenes and the MBC on B. cereus were found to be 3.12 mg ml-1. The MIC of skin essential oil on M. luteus was 1.56 mg ml-1 and the MBC on M. luteus and S. aureus was 3.12 mg ml-1. Recommended applications/industries: The results confirmed the efficacy of C. medica essential oil as natural antimicrobial and suggested the possibility of employing it in drugs for the treatment of diseases caused by the test organisms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Effect of Urtica pilulifera seed mucilage on physico-chemical, rheological and sensory properties of sponge cake
سپیده فولادگر مریم جعفری سید محمد صحافیBackground & aim: Roman nettle(Urtica pilulifera) is a herbaceous annual flowering plant in the family Urticaceae with great nutritional and medicinal value and its various organs have been used to treat diseases for a long time. The seeds of this plant are rich in MoreBackground & aim: Roman nettle(Urtica pilulifera) is a herbaceous annual flowering plant in the family Urticaceae with great nutritional and medicinal value and its various organs have been used to treat diseases for a long time. The seeds of this plant are rich in mucilage. In this study, the effect of Roman nettle mucilage on the physico-chemical and textural properties of the cake was evaluated. Experimental: In this study, the effect of different percentages Roman nettle mucilage (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5%) on the texture and sensory characteristics of sponge cake has been investigated in a completely randomized design. Results: The results showed that the highest apparent density was related to the control sample and the use of nettle seed mucilage reduced this parameter in cake samples. Adding mucilage up to 0.3% reduces the firmness of the cake crust and crumb on the first day and at the end of the storage period (day 30), all samples containing mucilage showed more softness than the control sample. At the end of the storage period, the highest and lowest overall acceptance were related to the samples containing 0.2% mucilage and the control sample, respectively. Recommended applications/ industries: The use of Roman nettle mucilage in bakery products, especially sponge cakes, can improve the rheological properties and increase the shelf life of the products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Effect of extract from Tragopogon graminifolius DC. on properties sensory, shelf life and the viscosity rate yogurt
سحر لطفی زاده دهکردی امیر شاکریان عبدالرضا محمدی نافچیBackground & Aim: Herbal extracts contain the important useful natural compounds. In the food industry are great important due to properties flavoring and aroma's, as well as delaying the corruption and are widely used as condiments, flavorings, preservatives and an MoreBackground & Aim: Herbal extracts contain the important useful natural compounds. In the food industry are great important due to properties flavoring and aroma's, as well as delaying the corruption and are widely used as condiments, flavorings, preservatives and antioxidants.Experimental: The extract of Tragopogon graminifolius was added to milk prepared for yogurt production before packing and adding starter at different concentrations of 500,1000, and1500 parts per million, and produced yogurt was assessed of physical, chemical, sensory and rheological ,within 21 days and at specified time intervals.Results & Discussion: Results indicated that adding extracts salsify has been effective on chemical properties of yogurt. The extract constant acidity and increased shelf life and water-holding capacity (WHC). In addition, the extract reduced among of water in yogurt and undesired on the rheological properties of yogurt such as viscosity.Recommended applications / industries: According to the results of the experiments of physical, chemical, and rheological, concluded the extract from Tragopogon graminifolius was most desirable efficiency of the process changes acidity, pH, WHC, the amount of water coming out of yogurt. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - The Modulatory effects of Allium cepa and quercetin on the atherogenic, serum biochemical, and haematologic indices in potassium bromated induced toxicity in male Wistar rats
سلیمان آگو احمد آکینتولا دبورا مشیویه مایکل گبادگسین اویرونکه اودونولاBackground & Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Allium cepa on the atherogenic, serum biochemical, and hematologic indices in Wistar rats administered KBrO3.Experimental: Forty male rats assigned into 8 groups (n=5) in which groups A, MoreBackground & Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Allium cepa on the atherogenic, serum biochemical, and hematologic indices in Wistar rats administered KBrO3.Experimental: Forty male rats assigned into 8 groups (n=5) in which groups A, B, C, D, and E received distilled water (2 mL), KBrO3 (50 mg/kg), quercetin 70 mg/kg, aqueous extract of Allium cepa (AEAC) at 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, respectively. Groups F, G, and H received KBrO3 with AEAC at 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and quercetin, respectively, on alternate days for 3 months.Results: The phytochemical analysis of the AEAC revealed the presence and absence of some phytochemical constituents. The Acute toxicity result indicated that AEAC has an LD50 above 5000mg/kg. KBrO3 caused a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the haematological parameters relative to the control but administration of KBrO3 with AEAC or quercetin improved the parameters. KBrO3 caused a significant (P<0.05) increase in the levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), but significantly (P<0.05) lower level of HDL-C. Treatment with KBrO3 and AEAC or quercetin significantly (P<0.05) abrogated these KBrO3-induced alterations. Similar ameliorative effects of AEAC were found in KBrO3-induced alterations in atherogenic indices, such as Castelli's Risk Index I (CRI-1), Castelli's Risk Index II (CRI-II), Atherogenic Coefficient (AC), and Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) indices relative to the control.Recommended applications/industries: According to the present results, AEAC showed amelioration against KBrO3-induced derangement in the haematological, lipid, and atherogenic indices and it might be helpful in the management of cardiovascular problems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - A review on hepatoprotective effects of Nigella sativa L.
مهرداد استادپور مجید غلامی آهنگرانBackground & Aim:Nigella sativa L. (Black seeds) which is a member of the Ranunculaceae family, grows in Southwestern Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa. The use ofN. Sativaseeds and oil in traditional remedies goes back more than 2000 years, and the herb is describe MoreBackground & Aim:Nigella sativa L. (Black seeds) which is a member of the Ranunculaceae family, grows in Southwestern Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa. The use ofN. Sativaseeds and oil in traditional remedies goes back more than 2000 years, and the herb is described as ‘the Melanthion’ by hippocrates and dioscorides.Experimental: In the current literature review, key words including N. Sativa, thymoquinone, black seeds, toxicity, protection of hepatocellular were searched in scientific websites such as Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar etc. to compile the protective effects of N. Sativaagainst hepatocellular damage.Results: Many active components of N. Sativahave been identified, including thymoquinone, dithymoquinone, thymohydroquinone, nigellone, melanthin, nigilline, nigelamine, damascenone, p -cymene and pinene. N. Sativais a medicinal plant with antifungal, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-parasite, anti-oxidant, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-tussive, and anti-inflammatory properties. Thymoquinone could prevent many disorders such as neurobehavioral kidney and liver disorders. N. Sativawas also found to be able to relieve the symptoms of patients with several diseases, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, diabetes and natural and chemical toxicities.Recommended applications/industries: According to literature,N. Sativatreatment will decrease the elevated lipid peroxidation, liver enzyme levels and increase antioxidant enzyme levels. N. Sativaadministration can also protect hepatic tissue from deleterious effects of toxic metals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Formulation design and evaluation of the physicotechnical and hypoglycaemic properties of tablets containing Dioscorea dumetorum fraction in alloxanized diabetic rats
آزوبیکه اوکولی چوکووبوکا اومیور کالیستوس نواکیله ابره اوکویی توچوکو او ککه امانوئل اوروناچیBackground & Aim: There is increasing interest in the quest for safe and relatively inexpensive medicines from natural products for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). Thus, the main thrust of this study was to formulate and evaluate the anti-diabetic activity MoreBackground & Aim: There is increasing interest in the quest for safe and relatively inexpensive medicines from natural products for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). Thus, the main thrust of this study was to formulate and evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of tablets containing aqueous fraction of Dioscorea dumetorum (bitter yam).Experimental: D. dumetorum was extracted using ethanol followed by aqueous fractionation. A rational amount (200 mg) of the fraction (drug) was blended used to produce seven batches of granules by wet granulation and their micromeritic profiles were determined. The granules were compressed into seven batches of tablets and quality control tests including weight uniformity, crushing strength, friability, drug content, disintegration, and dissolution profiles were undertaken. Anti-diabetic activity of the tablets was assayed using alloxan-induced diabetic rats.Results: Results showed that the granules had good flow properties and compressibility. Tablets produced had good uniformity of weight (0.64 ± 0.01 to 0.66 ± 0.01 g), hardness (4.33 to 8.67 kgf), were less friable (0.05 ± 0.03 to 0.31 ± 0.04 %) with high drug content (98.91 ± 0.55 to 101.39 ± 0.92 %), had acceptable disintegration time (6.44 ± 0.46 to 14.05 ± 0.42 min) for normal release tablets, and recorded 70 – 100 % drug release in 60 min. The result of the anti-diabetic activity study showed that the tablets had blood glucose lowering ability similar to metformin tablet, and therefore could be used as an important alternative in the treatment of diabetes.Recommended applications/industries: Aqueous fractions of D. dumetorum should be further purified and used in the preparation of tablets for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Extraction and fractionation methods for the plant should be made reproducible for easier industrial application. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Effect of different levels of Boswellia serrata Triana & Planch on immune responses of broilers chicks
سید نورالدین طباطبایی مهرداد مدرسی فریبرز معطر اکبر پیرستانی احسان تولاییانIntroduction & Aim: The aim the present study is to examine the effects of Boswellia serrata Triana & Planch on (immune response) performance and carcass characteristic in broiler chicks.Experimental: In this study, 360 one day old chicks (Ross 308) were allocat MoreIntroduction & Aim: The aim the present study is to examine the effects of Boswellia serrata Triana & Planch on (immune response) performance and carcass characteristic in broiler chicks.Experimental: In this study, 360 one day old chicks (Ross 308) were allocated to six treatments with four replicates in a completely randomized design for a six week period. Treatments consisted of the basal diet supplemented with 0.0 (control), 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5% B. serrata. Results & Discussion: The findings showed that feed intake of broilers fed control diet was significantly (p<0.05) higher than broilers fed 0.50% B. serrata in the grower period, also weight gain of broilers fed control diet was significantly (p<0.05) higher than broilers fed 0.30 and 0.50% B. serrata in the starter and grower period, but feed conversion ratio of broilers fed 0.50 % B. serrata was significantly higher than broilers fed control diet in the grower period. Application diet containing 0.15% of B. serrata led to the best feed conversion ratio in the total period, while the differences were not statistically significant. Percentage of gizzard to body weight, intestinal and seca length of broiler fed diet containing 0.5% of B. serrata was significantly (p<0.05) higher than broiler fed control diet.Industrial and practical recommendations: Although it has some positive effects on immune system of all creatures, according to the findings of this study, using Boswellia serrata especially in first period of broiler chicks, is not recommended and it needs more research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Evaluation the effect of common thistle (Cirsium vulgare) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) derived extracts on cutaneous lesions healing in Holstein heifers
مهدی فرید یاسر رحیمیان محمد علویBackground & Aim: Skin wounds are frequently encountered in heifers because of management practices that use bloody interventions, or owing to lesions caused by unsound installations or fights for establishment of herd hierarchy and lead to the development of myiasi MoreBackground & Aim: Skin wounds are frequently encountered in heifers because of management practices that use bloody interventions, or owing to lesions caused by unsound installations or fights for establishment of herd hierarchy and lead to the development of myiasis with potential economic losses. Plants derived extracts increase healing and tissue regeneration through multiple connected mechanisms and have synergistic effect on the overall wound healing efficiency. Thyme and common thistle active compounds derived extracts have significant effects for proper wound remedy. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of common thistle and thyme derived extracts on Holstein heifer’s cutaneous skin lesions by second intention.Experimental: The twenty Holstein heifers by average age, 15 months and average weight of 250±50 kg were selected to evaluate cutaneous lesions healing after treatment with common thistle and thyme derived extracts. Experimental wound excision model in heifers was created by means of a skin punch of 2cm diameter. The heifers were topically treated for 17 days with a saline control or decoctions of mixed with common thistle and thyme derived extracts with carboxymethyl cellulose. The centripetal retraction, clinical, and histological aspects of the wounds were observed until complete healing.Results: The phototherapeutics agent presents in thyme improved cicatrization of cutaneous lesions in cattle skin during the first days of treatment. The treatments were beneficial to the reparation process. The phytotherapeutics agent present in thyme and common thistle derived extracts exhibited positive effects in the inflammatory phase and on the reparation process. The herbal extract exhibited a positive effect on the macroscopic aspect of cutaneous lesions in cattle only during the first treatment days.Recommended applications/industries: Both thyme and common thistle extracts improved fibroplasia. Phytotherapeutic activity of thyme was the most superior, and they may be used in topical treatment of cutaneous lesions in Holstein heifers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Traditional application of medicinal plants in southern area of Ilam province for treatment diseases and clinical syndromes in small ruminants.
محمود بهمنی مجید آویژگان سیدرضا حسینی حسین نجف زاده وَرزی احسان بهمنی سعید مهرزادیBackground & Aim: Investigation use of medical plants and industrial utilization of phytomedicines is necessary in veterinary medicine. Field investigation of use of medical plants in treatment of diseases of sheep and goat was the aim of present study.Martial & MoreBackground & Aim: Investigation use of medical plants and industrial utilization of phytomedicines is necessary in veterinary medicine. Field investigation of use of medical plants in treatment of diseases of sheep and goat was the aim of present study.Martial & Methods: This study was done in southern area of Ilam province at 2008. At first, question sheet was designed for 36 diseases and clinical syndromes in small ruminants (sheep and goat). The form was filled by 45 owners at 22 villages. The plant samples were collected and sent to plant research center in Ilam for identification. Data such as scientific name, family, Persian and Kurdish name, part which used and rout of application was recorded for each sample.Results & Discussion: After data analysis, it was seen 35 diseases and clinical syndromes in small ruminants were treated by 36 species of plants but 13 species were toxic plants. This wrong use may induce toxicity in animals. Based on study, Phoenix dactylifera was used for treatment of poisoning, Triticum aestivum for mastitis, Peganum harmala for snake bite were used. Pistachia atlantica, Pistachia khinjuk, Amygdalus lycioides, Marsdenia erecta, Nerium indicum, Astragalus golicucanthus were used for treatment respiratory signs of Ostrous ovis. Satureja khuzestanica and Nicotina tabacum were used for treatment infestation of Limnatis nilotica.Conclusion : Several plant were traditionally used in animal in southern area of Ilam province and it is necessary these plant are prepared as industrial drugs and tested clinically in animals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - Biochemical and histological changes associated with Ruzu herbal bitters (RHB) in non-morbid rodents.docx
کنت اونیگبولا گیدئون اولووالویه آیودجی بادموسBackground & Aim: In developing countries, the use of herbal preparations has gained much attraction not only for therapeutic purposes but, also for prophylaxis. This study was conducted to determine the effect of a popular Nigeria commercial herbal preparation; Ruz MoreBackground & Aim: In developing countries, the use of herbal preparations has gained much attraction not only for therapeutic purposes but, also for prophylaxis. This study was conducted to determine the effect of a popular Nigeria commercial herbal preparation; Ruzu herbal bitters (RHB) on some biochemical indicators of liver function as well as histology in non-morbid rats.Experimental: Thirty-five adult Wistar rats divided into seven experimental groups (A-G) of five rats each were used for this investigation. Rats in group A were not treated with RHB and served as control. Rats in groups B-G received 0.2 mL, 0.4 mL, 0.6 mL, 0.8 mL, 1.0 mL and 1.2 mL of RHB twice daily by gavage, respectively. All rats were exposed to experimental conditions for two weeks. Blood was collected and analyzed for Total bilirubin (TB), Direct Bilirubin (DB) as well as activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST). Liver and testicular tissues were processed by standard histological method and stained for microscopy.Results: Rats treated with experimental doses of RHB exhibited lower levels of TB, DB, AST, ALT and ALP in comparison with rats in the control group which had higher values. Rats in the control group had normal liver and testicular tissue morphology while rats given experimental doses of RHB exhibited hepatocellular degeneration, cytoplasmic degeneration, vacuolation, presence of haemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, condensed nuclei and minimal fibrosis in the periportal area. Testicular tissue appeared normal in RHB treated rats. Thus, administration of RHB on non-morbid rats within experimental conditions appears to significantly improve the biochemical indices of liver function (TB, DB, AST, ALT and ALP) but with residual degenerative effects on liver morphology.Recommended applications/industries: RHB is therefore recommended for therapeutics and not for prophylaxis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - Prophylactic effects of Ixora coccinea leaf on the haematological, biochemical, and atherogenic profile in male Wistar rats administered anticancer drug Cisplatin
سولومان آگو ورونیکا اوچیگبو ویکتور آکو اولوو اولوو ناتانیل رابو کریستین ازیBackground & Aim: This study was aimed at investigating the prophylactic effects of hydroethanolic extract of Ixora coccinea leaf (HEICL) on Cisplatin (cis diamminedichloroplatinum-II, CDDP)-induced alteration in atherogenic, haematological, and biochemical profiles MoreBackground & Aim: This study was aimed at investigating the prophylactic effects of hydroethanolic extract of Ixora coccinea leaf (HEICL) on Cisplatin (cis diamminedichloroplatinum-II, CDDP)-induced alteration in atherogenic, haematological, and biochemical profiles in male Wistar ratsExperimental: Thirty male rats were assigned into 6 groups (n=5) in which groups A, B, C, and D received normal saline (0.2 mL), CDDP (10 mg/kg), HEICL at 200 mg/kg, and HEICL at 400mg/kg. Groups E and F received CDDP 10 mg/kg with HEICL at 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Results: The phytochemical analysis of the AEAC revealed the presence of some phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, reducing sugar, phenol, resin, and volatile oil. However, glycosides, steroids, and anthraquinone were absent. The Acute toxicity result indicated that HEICL has an LD50 above 5000mg/kg. CDDP caused a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the haematological parameters relative to the control but administration of CDDP with HEICL improved the parameters. CDDP caused a significant (P<0.05) increase in the levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), but a significantly (P<0.05) lower level of HDL. Treatment with CDDP and HEICL significantly (P<0.05) abrogated these CDDP-induced alterations. Similar ameliorative effects of HEICL were found in CDDP-induced alterations in atherogenic indices, such as Castelli's Risk Index I (CRI-1), Castelli's Risk Index II (CRI-II), Atherogenic Coefficient (AC), and Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) indices relative to the control.Recommended applications/industries: The above study suggests that HEICLmay be useful in treating heart conditions because it protects against CDDP-induced alterations in the haematological, lipid, and atherogenic parameters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - Recent advances in extraction methods of medicinal plant components
بهزاد ذوالفقاری افسانه یکدانهVarious novel techniques including ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction have been developed for the extraction of medicinal plants in order to shorten the extraction time, decrease the solvent consumption, incr MoreVarious novel techniques including ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction have been developed for the extraction of medicinal plants in order to shorten the extraction time, decrease the solvent consumption, increase the extraction yield, and enhance the quality of extracts. This review was conducted to introduce and compare the conventional soxhlet extraction and the new alternative methods used for the extraction of nutraceuticals from plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Antiulcerogenic activity of stem extract and fractions of Homalium Letestui
لوییس آمازو جواد اکوکون لوکی نوییداBackground & Aim: Homalium letestui Pellegr (Flacourtiaceae) used traditionally by the Ibibios of Southern Nigeria to treat stomach ulcer, malaria and other inflammatory diseases was evaluated for antiulcer properties. Experimental: The effects of ethanol stem extr MoreBackground & Aim: Homalium letestui Pellegr (Flacourtiaceae) used traditionally by the Ibibios of Southern Nigeria to treat stomach ulcer, malaria and other inflammatory diseases was evaluated for antiulcer properties. Experimental: The effects of ethanol stem extract of H. letestui (200 – 600 mg/kg) and fractions (Aqueous and Dichloromethane, 400 mg/kg) on experimentally induced ulcer were studied in rats using ethanol, indomethacin, reserpine and histamine –induced ulcer models. Results & Discussion: The extract (200 – 600 mg/kg) inhibited ethanol, indomethacin, reserpine and histamine –induced ulcer models in a dose dependent fashion. The various degrees of inhibitions were statistically significant (p<0.05, 0.01, 0.001). The effects of the extract/fraction were comparable to that of the standard drugs used in indomethacin and ethanol-induced ulcer models with the dichloromethane fraction having the highest activity. Industrial and practical recommendations: The present study demonstrates that stem extract of Homalium letestui might to be useful for the treatment of ulcer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - In vitro production of secondary metabolite using Atropa komarovii Bline&Shal (Solanaceae) hairy root culture via Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC15834
افیلا بنی هاشمی رمضانعلی خاوری نژاد نرگس یاسا فرزانه نجفیBackground & Aim:A new sustainable tissue-based system is presented by plant hairy roots, preserving all of the several specialized types of cell with critical roles in allowing bioactive secondary molecules to be synthesized more consistently as usual. The system i MoreBackground & Aim:A new sustainable tissue-based system is presented by plant hairy roots, preserving all of the several specialized types of cell with critical roles in allowing bioactive secondary molecules to be synthesized more consistently as usual. The system is also essential for studying the production of alkaloid in culture. Experimental: The Atropa komarovii leaves were wounded and infected with soil gram-negative bacterium Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC15834. After three weeks, the transformation roots and control roots without infection, appeared, and for confirming that T-DNA Ri plasmid fragments were transformed and integrated to plant genome, the rolB gene region, was amplified using PCR. HPLC method was then used for assaying how two tropane alkaloids such as atropine (hyosciamine) and scopolamine (hyoscine) were produced in hairy roots,control roots, leaves and roots of plantlet. Results: The data indicated that diagnostic 500bp rol B product amplification was exhibited to be present by all the transformed hairy roots. Scopolamine content in hairy roots was considerably greater than that in control roots but greatest (Hyoscyamine) atropine content was observed in control roots. Analysis of DW, FW and root length showed that fresh and dry root weight increased in hairy roots compared with that in non transformed root.Recommended applications/industries: The present study demonstrated that secondary metabolite production using medicinal plants concerns many researchers worldwide today and hairy root culture is a useful method for producing tropane alkaloids in solanaceae. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Effects of different sources of nitrogen fertilizer and applied rates on essential oil content and composition of peppermints
عادل پشت دار علیرضا ابدالی مشهدی فواد مرادی سید عطا صیادت عبدالمهدی بخشندهBackground & Aim:Peppermint known for its healing properties is a plant from the Labiatae family. Currently, different rates of nitrogenous fertilizers are used in production of peppermint while there is no precise information available about how much of nitrogen fe MoreBackground & Aim:Peppermint known for its healing properties is a plant from the Labiatae family. Currently, different rates of nitrogenous fertilizers are used in production of peppermint while there is no precise information available about how much of nitrogen fertilizer is the optimum rate for this plant. The main purpose of this research was to evaluate the response of peppermint chemical composition to different nitrogen rates and type of nutrition strategy (with control and conventional chemical sources). Experimental: Samples collected from different mint nutrition strategy [conventional: four nitrogen levels from three fertilizers source (UAN, urea and ammonium sulfate), and control (no added fertilizer) in the Khouzestan province at the southwest of Iran. Results: Nitrogen supply led to increase of fresh and dry yield of peppermint. Maximum essential oil obtained from 210 kgN/ha of nitrogen fertilizer in UAN which showed the best results compared to urea, ammonium sulfate and control. The GC/MS data showed that the qualitative of the components appeared to be not constant in different nutrient strategy. Moreover, remarkable variations were found in the amounts of the major of essential oil constituents. A total thirty-five components, comprising 98.87, 97.62, 98.09 and 97.98% of the obtained total essential oils were characterized in control, UAN, urea and ammonium sulfate samples, respectively. Also Menthol (41.22, 33.7, 30.62 and 33.23%), menthone (16.32, 26.25, 27.33 and 26.7 %), menthofuran (4.09, 4.74, 5.81 and 5.14 %) and isomenthone (6.47, 7.48, 7.26 and 7.43%) were the main components of peppermint oil. Recommended applications/industrie: Since, essential oil of peppermint, particularly menthol component, has many application in pharmaceutical and perfumery industry due to antiviral, antibacterial and antispasmodic activity, UAN fertilizers is recommended to be used in addition to control in view of the increasing in quality and quantity of essential oil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Evaluation of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. extract on serum biochemical parameters and hepatica enzymes in the Persian Shepherd dogs
اردلان معینی سام ترکان فاطمه ملک پورBackground & Aim:Nowadays, attention has increasingly been directed toward the treatment of animal’s disease using medicinal herbs. This research was conducted to evaluate the impact of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff extract on dog serum biochemical parameters a MoreBackground & Aim:Nowadays, attention has increasingly been directed toward the treatment of animal’s disease using medicinal herbs. This research was conducted to evaluate the impact of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff extract on dog serum biochemical parameters and hepatica enzymes over time. Experimental: 32 adult dogs were randomly assigned to four groups. The first (control) group did not receive any pharmaceutical compound. The second group received 150 mg/kg of hydro-alcoholic extract of k.odoratissima. The third and the forth groups received 300 and 450 mg/kg of the extract, respectively. Finally, the blood samples were collected on days 0, 5, 10, and 15 for serum biochemical parameters analysis including the level of blood sugar, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferases, and alkaline phosphatase. Results: Comparing to the control group, the levels of fast blood sugar, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, trigliceride, cholesterol, Alanin aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in treated groups were significantly different over time and at various doses of the extract (P<0.05). However, the level of Alkaline-phosphatase (ALP) factor did not change throughout this study (P>0.05). Recommended applications/industries: Considering the results of this study, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic and antioxidant effects of Kelussia odoratissima can be concluded. Then, the possibility of employing K. odoratissima extract in drugs for the treatment of mentioned diseases can be suggested. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - Assessment of knowledge, belief and function of people about herbal medicines who referred to one of clinics dependent to medical university of Shiraz in 2010
نوشین بهشتی پور ندا جمالی مقدم سارا سلیمانی علی حق نگهدار علی رضا صالحیBackground & Aim: Herbal medicine usage is prevalent among world people from a long time ago and, It has been five times from 90th to 97th in the USA. According to increasing usage of herbal drugs and investigating the knowledge, beliefs and function of patients to MoreBackground & Aim: Herbal medicine usage is prevalent among world people from a long time ago and, It has been five times from 90th to 97th in the USA. According to increasing usage of herbal drugs and investigating the knowledge, beliefs and function of patients to herbal drugs, this research was done. Experimental: It is a descriptive, cross sectional study which carried on 30 patients who referred to one of the clinic centers that researchers have referred to this center and have filled out questionnaires that consist of demographic and knowledge, beliefs, and function of patients to herbal medicines. Then data analyzed with SPSS version 15. Results and discussion: Range of woman age was 19-47 y/o with mean 30±8 and rang age of men was 22-50 y/o with mean 27.4±12. About 23.3% are under diploma, 63.3% are diploma and higher, 10% are graduate and higher. The results show that 63.3% of patients had knowledge about herbal medicines and 93.3% of them expressed that recognize special herbal medicines for some disease. Also, 73.3% expressed that herbal medicine use is safe and 96.7% believed herbal medicines. About 30% of them believed that medicinal herbs must be bought from pharmacy. In addition, 93.3% expressed that medicinal herbs use is not limited to Iran. The most prevalent herbs respectively are: thyme (63.3%), borage (56.6%), mint juice (36.6%), four seeds (23.33%), Fumitory juice (20%), camels-thorn juice, green tea, London rocket seeds (16.6%), and lavender (13.33%). The most cause of herbal medicine use is stomach illness, sweating, common cold, relaxing, kidney stones and menstrual disorders. Industrial and practical recommendations: Because 93.3% of the patient referring to clinics used herbal drugs and regarded them safe, giving useful and comprehensive information about herbal drugs and increasing the knowledge of herbalists to prevent from medicinal introduction in order to boost the awareness, belief and function of patients and finally their heath, is so necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Nigella sativa L. on the immune system and blood protein components in mice
مهرداد مدرسیBackground: Black seed (Nigella sativa L.) in traditional medicine is well known that the chemical composition of the immune system with many applications in traditional medicine to fight the infection. This study investigated the effect of the plant's role in the immun MoreBackground: Black seed (Nigella sativa L.) in traditional medicine is well known that the chemical composition of the immune system with many applications in traditional medicine to fight the infection. This study investigated the effect of the plant's role in the immune system and blood protein.Experimental: In this study male mice of Balb/c strain were divided into four groups tested. Control and experimental groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively, 50, 100 and 200 dose mg/Kg of the extract of Nigella sativa seed hydro alcoholic extract in 20 days and injected intraperitoneally received. At the end of the experiment, blood was taken for white cell count and blood protein electrophoresis was used. The data obtained with the SPSS software.Results and discussion: Studies suggest that the extracts of Nigella sativa in the groups are able to increase white blood cell count, protein and albumin, alpha 1 and 2 and the A/G.Industrial/Practical recommendation: According to the survey results appear in the pharmaceutical industry play an effective role in strengthening the immune system of Nigella sativa and, play in this context can be used as a medicinal plant use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - Phytochemical analysis, mineral composition and antimicrobial activities of ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Morinda lucida against some clinical isolated pathogenic microorganisms: A comparative study
ساویور یوسین اولواتویین دارمولا اولوابونمی اولوگ بنگا فیدلیکس ایوبامی اولایمی روتیمی ادمیلوا کریستینا آددوئین دارمولاBackground & Aim: Medicinal plants with antimicrobial activities have been used extensively in the West Africa regions. These plants of medicinal important have been proven to be very effective even where treatments with antibiotics failed. This study was aimed to e MoreBackground & Aim: Medicinal plants with antimicrobial activities have been used extensively in the West Africa regions. These plants of medicinal important have been proven to be very effective even where treatments with antibiotics failed. This study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of Morinda lucida and Vernonia amygdalina leaves extracts on some pathogenic microorganisms isolated from clinical samples.Experimental: The antimicrobial activities were assayed using the agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated using standard microbiological techniques. Phytochemical and mineral compositions of all the extracts were determined.Results: Phytochemicals such as saponins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinone and alkaloids were present in both extracts of the plants with alkaloids having a higher percentage. Minerals such as K, Ca, Fe, Na and Fe were presented in appreciable quantities in both extracts of the plants with the K and Ca levels in the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Morinda lucida significantly higher than that of V. amygdalina, while Na and Fe levels of Vernonia amygdalina was found to be higher than that of Morinda lucida. Heavy metals like Pb, Cd and As were presented in significant quantities in both extracts of the plants. All the extracts exhibited varying degrees of concentration-based antimicrobial activities against the tested pathogens. Both ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Morinda lucida showed a high significant antifungal activity against Trichophyton sp and Candida sp while the ethanol extract of Vernonia amygdalina showed a high significant antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella sp and Candida sp.Recommended applications/industries: The study provides information on the antimicrobial activities, phytochemical and mineral components of Morinda lucida and Vernonia amygdalina leaves. Also, it contributes to the development of alternative therapeutic agents against the pathogens tested in this study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Phytochemical determination and LCMS analysis of the aqueous ethanol leaf extract of Pavonia senegalensis (cav.) Liestner (Malvaceae)
عمر شهو عبدالمومین ابوبکر سالیسو شهو سالیسو اولوالوBackground & Aim: The leaves of Pavonia senegalensis are used in African traditional medicine in the treatment of wounds and bone infection. The aim of this study is to quantify the phytochemical constituents and establish the LCMS profile of the hydroalcoholic extr MoreBackground & Aim: The leaves of Pavonia senegalensis are used in African traditional medicine in the treatment of wounds and bone infection. The aim of this study is to quantify the phytochemical constituents and establish the LCMS profile of the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of P. senegalensis which can be used in the authentication, standardization and quality control of herbal products labelled as the leaves of P. senegalensisExperimental: Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the aqueous ethanol leaf extract were carried out using standard methods. LCMS analysis was carried out for identification of phytochemical compounds in the aqueous ethanol leaf extract of the plant.Results: The phytochemical screening of the aqueous ethanol leaf extract of P. senegalensis showed the presence of phenolic compounds (flavonoids and tannins) and steroids/triterpenes (saponins). The quantitative phtytochemical determination per gram of the plant extract revealed total phenolics 152.5 mg/g, flavonoids 133.4 mg/g, tannins 24.50 mg/g and saponins 81.9 mg/g. Eight compounds were tentatively identified from the LCMS analysis of the plant extract which included the flavonoid glycosides: kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucose-6''-acetate, luteolin-8-C-glucoside, daidzein O-di-hexosidemalonylated, kaempferol hexose glucuronide, malvidin 3-O-glucoside and Dihexosyl luteolin sulfate; and the saponin Oleanolic acid 3-O-glucose acid.Recommended applications/industries: The results of this study can be used in the identification process and help in quality control for authentication and detection of adulteration of herbal medicines labelled as P. senegalensis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - Effect of fermentation on the antioxidant potential and bioactive compounds of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) spp.
صدیقات شدهینده ورونیکا اودوبانجو بلسینگ اولادونجویه ویکتور اولادیمجی ساموئل اولوبود پرشز آکینوسی گانیو اوبوهBackground & Aim: Cocoa has long been prized for its high concentration of antioxidants and bioactive compounds. Fermentation is one of the processes involved in the manufacturing of cocoa. Fermentation has a substantial effect on the antioxidant potential as well a MoreBackground & Aim: Cocoa has long been prized for its high concentration of antioxidants and bioactive compounds. Fermentation is one of the processes involved in the manufacturing of cocoa. Fermentation has a substantial effect on the antioxidant potential as well as the bioactive compounds of cocoa beans according to studies. This present study sought to determine and compare the effect of fermentation on phenolic contents and antioxidant potentials of cocoa beans.Experimental: The experiment was accomplished by following the procedures. The cocoa pod was broken and the beans were extracted and separated into 3 groups. The cocoa beans of each group were wrapped with polyethylene and then subjected to different hours of fermentation (24, 72 and 120 hours). After aqueous extraction, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging ability assay, the ferric reducing property (FRAP) assay, the 2, 2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay, total phenol content assay, total flavonoid content assay were carried out using standard procedures.Results: The research found that fermentation enhances DPPH radical scavenging capacity, boosts ferric reducing antioxidant potential, has no effect on ABTS radical scavenging ability, decreases phenolic content, and increases flavonoid content of cocoa beans after a series of biochemical assays.Recommended applications/industries: cocoa has long been thought to aid in the prevention of disease because of its antioxidant properties. However, various industrial procedures that it goes through during manufacture, including fermentation, may have an impact on its antioxidant capability. Understanding the effects of fermentation on cocoa could lead to the development of more efficient manufacturing methods, potentially increasing cocoa's antioxidant potential. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - Comparison of the antibacterial, antiplaque and anti-gingivitis activity of herbal mouthwash with chlorhexidine in dog
سعادت مشکلانی محمد جواهری کوپایی حسن ممتازdiseases are most common diseases in pets, especially dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potency of herbal composition containing green tea extract as a mouthwash on preventing plaque formation and oral diseases in dogs. Experimental: In order to achieve th Morediseases are most common diseases in pets, especially dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potency of herbal composition containing green tea extract as a mouthwash on preventing plaque formation and oral diseases in dogs. Experimental: In order to achieve this goal, 20 male dogs selected and were divided randomly in to two groups including control (Chlorhexidine 0.1%) and treatment (herbal mouthwash) groups. total microbial cunt was performed in swab samples were taken from each dog-oral cavity. In addition, Silness-Loe Plaque Index System was used to evaluate the Improvement of dental plaque and gingivitis. Results: Percentage of colonies reduction on the last day of the study compared with the first day in control and treatment groups are 84.90% and 73.41%, respectively. In addition, Silness-Loe Plaque Index for control and treatment groups is 0.71 and 0.75, respectively. Results of the present study indicate a favorable effect of herbal mouthwash to prevention and reduce plaque and bacteria in the mouth of pet animals. Recommended applications/industries: The herbal mouthwash could reduce the aerobic mouth bacterial load and may prevent plaque formation on teeth and come over halitosis due to infection of the bacteria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Anti-diabetic and toxicological profile of aqueous leaves extract of Ocimum gratissimum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
عبدالکریم محمود بوخاری محمود آدنیک اولادیجیBackground & Aim:Ocimum gratissimumis an aromatic plants used among traditional medicine practitioners in the treatment of warts, diarrhoea, headache, diabetes etc. This study aimed at evaluating the anti-diabetic and toxicity profile of aqueous leaf extract of the MoreBackground & Aim:Ocimum gratissimumis an aromatic plants used among traditional medicine practitioners in the treatment of warts, diarrhoea, headache, diabetes etc. This study aimed at evaluating the anti-diabetic and toxicity profile of aqueous leaf extract of the plant in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.Experimental: Thirty albino rats (111.33 ±1.50g) were grouped into six (A-F) groups of animals. Group A received 0.5 ml distilled water (p.o) for eight days. Diabetes was induced in group B-F animals using 160 mg/kg alloxan (i.p ) and thereafter administered 2.5 metformin, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg aqueous leaves extract of Ocimum gratissimum, respectively (p.o) for 8 consecutive days. Blood sugar level was taken 1 h after drug administration every other day. Body weights of animals were taken before induction, after induction, and on the 8th day. Blood samples and organs (liver, kidney, and pancreas) were collected for biochemical assays and histopathological examinations.Results: Alloxan significantly (p <0.05) increased the glucose, albumin, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alanine transaminase (ALT) levels of rats compared with the distilled water group. The aqueous leaves extract of Ocimum gratissimum significantly (p <0.05) reduced the glucose, albumin, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, ALP, AST and ALT levels compared with the diabetic untreated rats. There were no significant histological changes in the liver, pancreas and kidneys of diabetic treated rats compared with diabetic untreated rats which exhibited moderately distorted organ degeneration.Recommended applications/industries: Aqueous leaves extract of Ocimum gratissimum possesses anti-hyperglycemic effects and is relatively safe for use in the treatment of diabetics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Preparation of Echium amoenum herbal tea enriched by Malva and Althaea rosea var. nigra
افشین جعفرپور درسا نبی بخشBackground & Aim: Echium amoenum is most commonly used herb after tea with high nutritional values. The purpose of this research was to produce Echium amoenum herbal tea, enriched by Malva and Althaea rosea var. nigra, in order to enhance the sensory properties and MoreBackground & Aim: Echium amoenum is most commonly used herb after tea with high nutritional values. The purpose of this research was to produce Echium amoenum herbal tea, enriched by Malva and Althaea rosea var. nigra, in order to enhance the sensory properties and antioxidant activity of herbal tea. Experimental: In this study, antioxidant activity of alcoholic extract was evaluated by DPPH method. The turbidity was determined using spectrophotometer at 800 nm wavelength. Total ash, insoluble ash in acid, moisture content and sensory evaluation were performed according to the national standard methods. The moisture content of the whole samples was higher than the standard range for Echium amoenum. Therefore, for better grinding, the Echium amoenum will be dried again before the packaging process to remove additional moisture absorbed from the environment. Results & Discussion: The results showed that all samples had high antioxidant activity, but the sample containing 0% of the Malva, 30% of Althaea rosea var. nigra and 35% of Echium amoenum showed the most radical inhibition properties (95.04%) (p <0.05). Also, in sensory evaluation, this sample had the highest point with a significant difference (p <0.05) compared to other samples. So, it can be concluded that such a combination of studied herbs is suitable for preparation of herbal tea with high antioxidant and acceptable sensory properties. Industrial/ practical recommendations: The results of this study showed that the use of Echium amoenum and Althaea rosea var. nigra can produce herbal tea as a new product, with high antioxidant and desirable sensory properties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - Herbal remedy to relieve of dysmenorrhea by students of Iranshahr Universities in 2010
تهمینه صالحیان فرانک صفدری آرزو پیرک زهرا عطاردیBackground & Aim: Treatment with herbal medicines is very popular in all over the World. Nowadays, using medicinal plants has increased because of undesirable effects of the chemical drugs. More than 10000 plant species are used for medicinal purposes, mainly as tra MoreBackground & Aim: Treatment with herbal medicines is very popular in all over the World. Nowadays, using medicinal plants has increased because of undesirable effects of the chemical drugs. More than 10000 plant species are used for medicinal purposes, mainly as traditional medicines in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. The aim of this study was determining the rate of herbal remedies to relieve dysmenorrhea by universities students of Iranshahr in 2010. Experimental: This cross-sectional study was performed on 1080 female students in Iranshahr universities. Data were collected by means of questionnaire including open-ended questions. We asked them about self-comforting strategies and herbal remedies that they use to relieve their discomfort of dysmenorrhoea. Data analyzed by SPSS and descriptive statistics. Results & Discussion: 580 students used medicinal plants for reveling dysmenorrhoea. The average age of participants was 23.14±0.76 years; menarche occurred around age 12.78±1.27 years. The current survey revealed that 29 species of medicinal plants were used by the students. According to 66 percents of participants, medicinal plants were effective in reducing their discomfort of dysmenorrhoea. The most plants frequently used to treat dysmenorrhoea were ginger, dill, Cinnamon, thyme, fennel, chamomile, cumin, saffron and yarrow. Industrial and practical recommendations: The results of this study showed that 69.8 percents of the students used. So clinical trials are needed for investigating the efficacy of this herbal drug in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - Antidiabetes, antidyslipidemia, hemoprotective, nehproprotective and hepatoprotective effect of ethanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf against alloxan induced diabetes in rats
چیکا اونبو اوبینا آجا چینوندو نوروم جوزفات اونووسونیه کیوما دورو اوبینا جوئلBackground & Aim: Management/ treatment of illness and maintenance of well-being using herbal medicines is the oldest and most popular form of healthcare practice known to humankind that has been practiced by all cultures in all ages throughout the history of evolut MoreBackground & Aim: Management/ treatment of illness and maintenance of well-being using herbal medicines is the oldest and most popular form of healthcare practice known to humankind that has been practiced by all cultures in all ages throughout the history of evolution. The ethanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leave was evaluated for it pharmacological potency in alloxan-induced diabetes in albino rats.Experimental: Twenty-four adult male albino rats weighing 120-180g were randomly divided into six groups of four rats per group. Group I (Normal control) were given 0.2 mL of water. Group II (Negative control): were untreated diabetic rats. Group III were Diabetic rats treated with reference drug (glibenclamide at 5 mg/kg b.wt) which served as positive control. Group IV – VI were Diabetic rats treated with Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg b.wt, 400 mg/kg b.wt, and 600 mg/kg b.wt, respectively. Administrations were done orally for 14 days. Blood was collected from the tail of the rats to determine the blood glucose level on the 4th, 9th and 14th day of the study.Results: The extract significantly reduced the blood glucose level. The Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extract showed dose dependent significant (P<0.05) decrease in the triacylglycerol (TAG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), Cholesterol, total white blood cell (TWBC), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin, urea, creatinine level as well as significant (P<0.05) increase in hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and albumin level when compared with diabetic untreated group (negative control). Diabetic-related alteration in rat serum biochemical indices were significantly improved by the extract.Recommended applications/industries: The outcome of the research gave credence to the folk use Jatropha tanjorensis leaf in the treatment of diabetes and its health related dysfunctions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - Phytochemical diversity of Rosa damascene Mill populations in the north of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province
خسرو داوودی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی فاطمه ملک پورمقدمه و هدف: یکی از گونه های ارزشمند ودارویی تیره ی گلسرخ(Rosaceae)، گل محمدی با نام علمی (RosadamasceneMill.) می باشد. اسانس این گیاه خاصیت ضدباکتریایی، ضدمیکروبی و آنتی اکسیدانی دارد. به منظور بررسی خصوصیات فیتوشیمیایی این گونه در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، تحقیق Moreمقدمه و هدف: یکی از گونه های ارزشمند ودارویی تیره ی گلسرخ(Rosaceae)، گل محمدی با نام علمی (RosadamasceneMill.) می باشد. اسانس این گیاه خاصیت ضدباکتریایی، ضدمیکروبی و آنتی اکسیدانی دارد. به منظور بررسی خصوصیات فیتوشیمیایی این گونه در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، تحقیق حاضر در رویشگاه های مختلف شمال استان چهارمحال و بختیاری در بهار سال 1396 انجام شد. روش تحقیق: این گیاه از پنج منطقه در استان، شامل شهرکرد، سامان، چمچنگ، چغاخور و منطقه بن در مرحله ی گلدهی کامل جمع آوری شد. از نمونه های گیاهی جمع آوری شده در سه تکرار با روش تقطیر با آب، اسانس گیری به عمل آمد. اسانس ها با استفاده از گازکروماتوگرافی متصل به طیف سنج جرمی GC/MS تجزیه ی شیمیایی شدند. نتایج و بحث: با توجه به نتایج تجزیه فیتوشیمی اسانس، حدود 19 ترکیب شناسایی شد که تقریباً در حدود 100-80 درصد از کل اسانس را شامل می شود. مهمترین ترکیبات عبارت از: سیکلوهگزان، منتون، منتول، سیترونلول، تیمول، متیل استات، ایزوبوتیل فتالات، هپتادکان، نانودکان، هنیکوزان، تریکوزان بودند. نتایج تجزیه داد ه ها نشان داد که تفاوت معنی داری بین ترکیبات گیاه گل محمدی در مناطق مورد مطالعه وجود دارد. بهترین اکوتیپ به لحاظ داشتن هنیکوزان و هپتادکان جمعیت های جمع آوری شده از منطقه چمچنگ، به لحاظ داشتن تیمول، جمعیت جمع آوری شده از منطقه شهرکرد و بهترین جمعیت از لحاظ سیترونلول منطقه چغاخور و بهترین اکوتیپ از لحاظ منتول منطقه بن، بهترین منطقه از لحاظ منتون و سیکلوهگزان منطقه سامان می باشد. توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی: می توان نتیجه گرفت علاوه بر عوامل ژنتیکی، عوامل محیطی هم به عنوان عامل اصلی در میزان ترکیبات ثانویه گیاه نقش دارند و بر اساس ترکیبات دارویی مورد نیاز می توان اقدام به جمع آوری گل محمدی از مناطق مختلف نمود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - Evaluation of phytochemicals, antioxidant contents and in vitro antioxidant activities of a combined ethanol extract of Spermacoce radiata and Hypselodelphys poggeana leaves
رابرت اوروکو چیندو آگووامبا چینومسو آرون پوئل نیوجی-آنیالوو مرسیلین اوچهBackground & Aim: Oxidative stress causes lipid peroxidation, damages various macromolecules, tissues and organs, and is involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Antioxidant supplementation could help scavenge free radicals and prevent oxidative stress. Thi MoreBackground & Aim: Oxidative stress causes lipid peroxidation, damages various macromolecules, tissues and organs, and is involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Antioxidant supplementation could help scavenge free radicals and prevent oxidative stress. This study evaluated the phytochemicals, antioxidant compositions and in vitro antioxidant activities of a combined extract of Spermacoce radiata and Hypselodelphy spoggeana leaves (CEESH).Experimental: This study determined phytochemicals and antioxidant vitamins contained in CEESH. The in vitro antioxidant activities of CEESH comprising DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), nitric oxide, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were assayed.Results: The phytochemical results indicated substantial amounts of total phenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids, along with moderate amounts of tannins, flavonoids, and steroids in CEESH with a low glycoside concentration, but saponin was not detected. The plant extract also showed substantial concentrations of vitamins A, C, and E.The DPPH, nitric oxide, FRAP, TAC and TBARS for the CEESH indicated that the extract has substantial free radical scavenging activities. The CEESH demonstrated a dose-dependent significant increase in the nitric oxide, TAC, and TBARS scavenging activities, while the CEESH showed dose-dependent marked increase in FRAP within a concentration range of 40–640 µg/mL. The half-optimal effective concentration (EC50) values of the CEESH for DPPH, nitric oxide, and TBARS were 7.23, 39.40, and 63.41 µg/mL, respectively.Recommended applications/industries: These findings suggest that CEESH contains abundant phytochemicals and antioxidant vitamins and possesses high free radical scavenging potential. Therefore, CEESH could be a viable therapeutic agent for managing oxidative stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Investigation of input energy efficiency in dill (Anethum graveolens L.) farming in Rodehen region
ناصر حسینی الهام توکلی دینانیBackground & Aim: Energy is one of important debates in agriculture ecology and for this reason; the ratio of output and input energy in different agriculture ecosystems has been calculated. If one can reduce, input energy level into farms through the indices like p MoreBackground & Aim: Energy is one of important debates in agriculture ecology and for this reason; the ratio of output and input energy in different agriculture ecosystems has been calculated. If one can reduce, input energy level into farms through the indices like poisons, fertilization, tractor energy and lab our force. In addition to the net income of the farmers, this issue would play a significant role in preserving farm ecosystem from pollution and wrecker factors.Martial & Methods: For this reason, energy balance sheet in dill farms as well as input and output energy in 2009-2010 researched by distributing and questionnaire among farmers Rodehen region. Then, the input energy amount into farms via energy-consuming factors, mentioned above, with regard to special coefficients was computed. Energy was computed based on seed function, chemical compound and its content as well. Results & Discussion: In this investigation, evaluated the level of stored energy 64668971.48 kcal per hectare and level of output energy 804640 kcal per hectare. Energy efficiency on the basis of seed function 0.011 were estimated that the greatest part of energy depended on irrigation and nitrate fertilizer that with right management may reduce consumptive energy in farm and nitrate fertilizer and, on the other hand, to increase balance sheet. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Chemical components of essential oils of four Eucalyptus L'Her. species cultivated in Kashan’s botanical garden, Iran
حسین بتولی عبدالحمید بامنیری عبدالرسول حقیر ابراهیمآبادی جواد صفائی قمیBackground & Aim: Eucalyptus L'Her. [an aromatic genera of the family (Myrtaceae)] is native to Australia and other tropical species is planted worldwide. The purpose of this study is to extract and identify the essential oils components of four species of Eucalyptu MoreBackground & Aim: Eucalyptus L'Her. [an aromatic genera of the family (Myrtaceae)] is native to Australia and other tropical species is planted worldwide. The purpose of this study is to extract and identify the essential oils components of four species of Eucalyptus L'Her. cultivated in botanical garden of Kashan, Central Iran. Experimental: Leaves of E. largiflorens, E. intertexta, E. torquata and E. loxophleba, were collected from the botanical garden in Kashan. Extracting was done by hydro-distillation method and Clevenger approach. Components of essential oils were identified using GC and GC/MS analysis. Results & Discussion: The essential oil yield of E. largiflorens was 1.85% (v/w) and, nineteen compounds were identified. The major components in the essential oil were 1,8-cineol (58.71%), p-cymene (12.42%), α–pinene (5.61%) and terpinen-4-ol (4.53%). Yield of the essential oil of E. intertexta was 1.5% (v/w) and, sixteen components were identified which the major components were 1,8-cineol (69.45%), α–pinene (14.26%), globulol (4.02%) and terpinen-4-ol (1.79%). Yield of the essential oil of E. torquata was 1.2% (v/w) and, twenty components were identified which the main compounds were 1,8-cineol (33.86%), α–pinene (26.14%), aromadendrene (8.99%) and globulol (7.28%). The essential oil yield of E. loxophleba was 1.54% (v/w) which the major components were identified including 1,8-cineol (25.71%), globulol (21.63%), aromadendrene (20.43%) and 4-metyl-2-pentyl acetate (14/98%). The highest amount of terpenoides in essential oil of leaves E. largiflorens, E. intertexta, and E. torquata were monoterpenes, while the highest amount of terpenoides in essential oil of E. loxophleba were sesquiterpenes. Industrial and practical recommendations: According to the results of this research and the value of different species of medicinal Eucalyptus L'Her essential oils (in particular, the combination of 1,8-cineol), cultivation and exploitation of E. intertexta for pharmaceutical industry is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - Antibacterial activity and chemical profiling of Bombax glabrum (Pasq.) A. Robyns leaves
اولوفونمی وسو پل اوگانباموو ساموئل بانکول اولامیلکان آتدو روفیات ائیدیرانBackground & Aim:Bombax glabrum is used in traditional medicine for the relief of general pain and digestive problems. The aim of this study was to establish the antibacterial activity, to characterize and identify the bioactive compounds in the leaves of the plant. MoreBackground & Aim:Bombax glabrum is used in traditional medicine for the relief of general pain and digestive problems. The aim of this study was to establish the antibacterial activity, to characterize and identify the bioactive compounds in the leaves of the plant.Experimental: The powdered leave samples were sequentially extracted with n-hexane and chloroform using a soxhlet apparatus. Phytochemical screening was done using standard analytical procedures and the antibacterial activity of both extracts was tested against Bacillus subtills, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia using modified agar disc diffusion method. The chloroform extract was subjected to column chromatography separation in combination with TLC. Contact autobiography was carried out on two active spot(s) while purified fractions of these spots were analyzed using GC-MS.Results: Phytochemical screening shows the presence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and sterols. The plant has inhibitory activity against S. aureus and E. coli; while the GC-MS of two active spots of the chloroform extract (with Rf of 0.60 and 0.82) yielded 12 and 17 compounds for band C3 and C5, respectively, which were active against S. aureus only. Most abundant compounds are bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (34.54) and 2-pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl (41.81 %), respectively.Recommended applications/industries: The presence of bioactive compounds could account for the plant’s inhibitory action against S. aureus and E. coli which may justify its use in managing infections Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - Studies on Ethnobotany of important medicinal plants in Sistan.
محبوبه ایران منش شهلا نجفی مهدی یوسفیBackground & Aim: Medicinal plants, Since time immemorial, have been used in virtually all cultures as a source of medicine and ethnobotany has prevent to be a valuable method to find new herbal medicine and plant derived drugs.Material & Methods: This study det MoreBackground & Aim: Medicinal plants, Since time immemorial, have been used in virtually all cultures as a source of medicine and ethnobotany has prevent to be a valuable method to find new herbal medicine and plant derived drugs.Material & Methods: This study determined medicinally important plants that are most frequently by the local inhabitants of Sistan to treat human diseases. In current consideration, identification, classification and introduction of these plants in Sistan have been conducted using physiognomic methods, public knowledge, corresponding with document studies. Medicinal plants were collected from various places of Sistan and recognized by using flora. For each plant species, botanical name, vernacular name, part (s) used, popular medicinal use, forms of preparation and application of the herbal remedies are provided.Results & Discussion: These plants are used in traditional medicine as diuretic, stomach improver, wound healing agent , antipyretic , anti wound healing agent , expectorant, etc.Conclusion: Some important medicinal species which were identified including Citrullus colocynthis, Aloe vera, Peganum harmala, Ziziphus jujube, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, etc. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - Histopathological investigation of the effect of Viola odorata and Pistacia atlantica extract on acute tendonitis in rats
امیرحسین چراغیان الهام مقتداییBackground & Aim: Tendon is the connective tissue between bone and muscle. Because of poor blood flow and the possibility of adhesions during repair, tendon injury management is particularlyimportant.Therefore, finding a quick way to repair tendon tissue is one of t MoreBackground & Aim: Tendon is the connective tissue between bone and muscle. Because of poor blood flow and the possibility of adhesions during repair, tendon injury management is particularlyimportant.Therefore, finding a quick way to repair tendon tissue is one of the targets that has been pursued over the years.Experimental: In this study, 24 male rats were divided into 4 groups, including first group without any treatment, second group receiving dexamethasone (1mg/kg), third group receiving 250 mg/kg Viola odorata and Pistacia atlantica extract, fourth group receiving 500 mg/kg and Pistacia atlantica and Viola odorata extract. After anesthesia of rat acute tendonitis developed. Al the mentioned groups were injected subcutaneously on bigining day, 7 and 21 days after surgery and histopathological evaluation was performed on day 21.Results: The results showed no statistical significance in the number of fibroblasts between different groups. However, dexamethasone groups and the one receiving 500 mg/kg of extract differed significantly from the control group in terms of inflammation and bleeding. Furthermore, the number of fibrocytes in the groups receiving 500 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg doses of Viola odorata and Pistacia atlantica extracts was significantly different from the control and dexamethasone groups (P <0.05).Recommended applications/industries: According to the results, the amount of collagen and fibrocytes in the group treated with 500 mg/kg had a significant difference, compared to other groups, probably due to the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Viola odorata and Pistacia atlantica. They can be used in traditional medicine along with other medicines. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - Folk Herbal Veterinary Medicines of Zilberchay Watershed of East Azerbaijan (Iran)
اردوان قربانی فرزاد میرزایی رقیه ولی زاده یونجالیBackground & Aim: Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants of Iran are not scientifically well known, but they have been using traditionally especially in rural areas.This study was carried out to identify the Folk Herbal Veterinary Medicines (FHVM) of ZilberChay watershed MoreBackground & Aim: Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants of Iran are not scientifically well known, but they have been using traditionally especially in rural areas.This study was carried out to identify the Folk Herbal Veterinary Medicines (FHVM) of ZilberChay watershed in east Azerbaijan province in northwest of Iran. Experimental: FHVM plants were identified by collecting plant species from the study area and comparing them with previous studies to identify the plant with FHVM value. Overall, 493 plant species that were belong to 243 genera and 59 families were collected. From those, 42 species belong to 37 genera and 23 families were identified as FHVM. Results: These plants can be used for treatment of different disease and syndromes in livestock, such as internal parasites, mastitis, burns, skin disease, gastrointestinal tract problems, diarrhea, etc. Results showed that most of the FHVM belong to the families including: Fabaceae (14.29%), Asteraceae (14.29%), Apiaceae (7.14%), Poaceae (7.14%), Rosaceae (7.14%), Cupressaceae (4.76%), Lamiaceae(4.76%) and Moraceae (4.76%). Moreover, results showed that chrotypes of identified FHVM belong to IT (Irano-Toranian) with 49.1%, Plur (Plural) with 27.27%, ES (Euro-Siberian) with 18.18 % and M (Mediterranean) regions with 5.45%, respectively. Furthermore, identified FHVM belong to life forms of He (Hemicryptophytes) with 55%; Ph (Phanerophytes) with 26.19%; Th (Therophytes) with 14.28% and Ch (Chamaephytes) with 4.76%, respectively. Recommended applications/industries: Identifying FHVM of ZilberChay and their application in treating domestic animals can give us opportunity to increase our knowledge about FHVM and attempt to conserve the area and its plant species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - The Beneficial Effect of Hydro-alcoholic Extract of Punica Granatum L. Leaves & Flower on Ethylene Glycol-Induced Kidney Calculi in Rats
شهرام پرارین لیلا روحی عبداله قاسمی پیربلوطیBackground & Aim:Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) is a widely used plant that has high nutritional value .This study evaluated prevention effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Punica granatum flower and leaves ethylene glycol-induced Nephrolithiasis in Wistar rats. MoreBackground & Aim:Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) is a widely used plant that has high nutritional value .This study evaluated prevention effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Punica granatum flower and leaves ethylene glycol-induced Nephrolithiasis in Wistar rats. Experimental: 20 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. Group I served as positive control and received distilled water for 28 days. Group II to IV received 1% (V/V) ethylene glycol (EG) in distilled water for 28 days. Group II served as EG or negative control. Group III and IV (preventive groups) received hydroalceholic extract of Punica granatum flower asand leaves orally for 28 days in dose of 400 mg/kg respectively. 24-hour urine samples were collected on day 0 and 28. Urine volume and urine oxalate levels were measured. On day 28, blood was collected for biochemical parameters (craetinine, urea and uric acid). Animals were sacrificed and kidneys were harvested, histopathologically evaluated for calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals. Results: EG significantly increased urine oxalate and calcium, serum creatinine, urea and uric acid levels. It also significantly decreased urine citrate level in group III and IV resulted in significantly lower levels of urine oxalate and serum creatinine, urea and uric acid as compared to Group II (P < 0.001). Recommended applications/industrie: Hydro alcoholic extracts of Punica granatum flowers and leaves are effective in prevention of EG- induced nephrolithiasis in Wistar rats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - Chemical Composition of the Volatile Fraction of Perovskia abrotanoides and Nepeta glomerulosa. Growing Wild in Iran by Different Extraction Methods
پرویز آبرومند آذز کامبیز لاریجانی نرجس کلانتریBackground & Aim: Essential oils are isolated from different sections of plants such as flowers, seeds, leaves, stems and roots. Essential oils are applied extensively in producing of perfumes, cosmetics, foods, beverages and confectioneries and as ingredients of di MoreBackground & Aim: Essential oils are isolated from different sections of plants such as flowers, seeds, leaves, stems and roots. Essential oils are applied extensively in producing of perfumes, cosmetics, foods, beverages and confectioneries and as ingredients of disinfectants and insecticides. Experimental: Essential oil are obtained by several isolation methods, such as hydrodistillation (HD), steam distillation (SD), solid phase micro extraction (SPME), microwave assisted distillation (MAD) and solvent free microwave extraction (SFME). Hydrodistillation, solvent free microwave extraction (SFME) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) methods has been applied to extraction of essential oil from Perovskia abrotanoides and Nepeta glomerulosa growing in Iran. Results & Discussion: Camphor (15.2, 15.50 and 9.02%), 1,8-cineole (15.03, 14.21 and 9.87%) and §-carene (6.4, 7.19 and 9.78%) were the main compounds in the Perovskia abrotanoides essential oil, respectively. Geraniol(12.74%) and β-caryophyllene (10.05%) identified by hydrodistillation whereas carvacrol (70.52%) and β-caryophyllene (4.13%) identified by solvent free microwave extraction that were the main compounds in the Nepeta glomerulosa essential oil. Industrial and practical recommendations: Hence, it can be High amount of sesquiterpenes and low quantity of hydrocarbon monoterpenes were identified in each essential oil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - Chemical composition and anti-inflamatory, anti-nociceptive and antipyretic activity of rhizome essential oil of Globba sessiliflora Sims. collected from Garhwal region of Uttarakhand
راوندرا کومار پراکاش ام پانت آنیل کومار ماهش ایسیدورو والاری اسزپانیاک لچBackground & Aim:Family Zingiberaceae is worldwide in distribution. Plants of the zingiberaceae family are used in traditional herbal folk medicine besides their uses in spices, cosmetic, ornamental, food preservatives etc. In Uttarakhand the herbs grow from sub- MoreBackground & Aim:Family Zingiberaceae is worldwide in distribution. Plants of the zingiberaceae family are used in traditional herbal folk medicine besides their uses in spices, cosmetic, ornamental, food preservatives etc. In Uttarakhand the herbs grow from sub-tropical to temperate region. Globba sessiliflora Simsrhizomes were collected at maturity stage in November from Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. In present communication the medicinal use of various zingiberaceous herb provoked us to study the chemical diversity and pharmacological activity determination of this important traditional herb. Experimental: The essential oil was extracted using hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC-MS. Anti-inflamatory, anti-nociceptive and antipyretic activities of essential oil were experimently determined using mice model. Results: The major compounds identified were β-eudesmol (27.6%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (24.3%), α-humulene (3.0%), (6E)-nerolidol (4.1%), caryophyllene oxide (9.7%), γ-eudesmol (6.4%) and τ-muurolol (8.3%) besides other minor constituents. Essential oil of G. sessiliflora rhizome showed good anti-inflamatory, anti-nociceptive and antipyretic activities at the dose level of 100 mg/kg body weight. The oral administration of the essential oil exhibited no toxicity at 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg b.wt. concentration. Ibuprofen, indomthacin and paracetamol were used as standard drugs for comparison.Recommended applications/industries: G. sessiliflora essential oil can be used as herbal remedy for its nontoxicityanti-inflamatory, anti-nociceptive and antipyretic activities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - Comparison of antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Malva neglecta Wallr.
مجید دوست محمدی پیمان عبداله زاده حامد علیزادهBackground & Aim: Very studies results show that many plants can be used safety and successfully to treat bacterial diseases without presenting the disadvantages affects and antibiotic resistance. Eucalyptus globulus and Malva neglecta are native plants in Iran that MoreBackground & Aim: Very studies results show that many plants can be used safety and successfully to treat bacterial diseases without presenting the disadvantages affects and antibiotic resistance. Eucalyptus globulus and Malva neglecta are native plants in Iran that due to containing different chemical compounds have been antimicrobial activity against some bacteria. The aim of this study is comparison of antibacterial effects of Eucalyptus globulus and Malva neglecta extracts on Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Experimental: In this study, at the first time aquatic, ethanolic, acetonic and chlorophormic extracts of E. globulus and M. neglecta dried leaves prepared. Then MIC and MBC of the extracts for the bacteria with micro-dilution method and well diffusion method performed for dosage depending effect.Results & Discussion: The results showed that both plant extracts have antimicrobial activity against bacteria, but antibacterial activity of various extracts of E. globulus is more than M. neglecta extracts and, this extracts can be used in the manufacture of new drugs of plant origin.Industrial/Practical recommendation: According to antimicrobial effects of Eucalyptus globulus and Malva neglecta extracts in this study recommended after human studies, it is prepared herbal drug from this plant and presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - α-Amylase inhibition and antioxidant activity of Singhnad Guggul in vitro
اشوک کومار سالیمولا خان گوپی ستی ساران ناوین کومار لوکانت ویBackground & Aim: Singhnad Guggulu is a traditional Ayurvedic formula for detoxifying and rejuvenating the joints. The present study was to investigate the α-amylase inhibition and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Singhnad Guggul (AESG). Experimen MoreBackground & Aim: Singhnad Guggulu is a traditional Ayurvedic formula for detoxifying and rejuvenating the joints. The present study was to investigate the α-amylase inhibition and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Singhnad Guggul (AESG). Experimental: α-Amylase inhibition assay by dinitro-salicylic acid method and antioxidant activity by ferric chelating and ferrous reducing assay. Results: AESG indicated that potent α-amylase inhibition activity (IC50= 84.00 µg/ml). AESG also showed ferric chelating and ferrous reducing activities. Recommended applications/industries: Our studies showed that Singhnad Guggulu possess alpha- amylase and antioxidant properties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Ameliorative properties of methanol leaf extract of Momordica charantia following alloxan-induced cardiotoxicity in rats
ساندی افوب آدمولا اویابمی تمیدایو اومواله ادورابنرو آدداپو آبیدون آیودل مومح یاکوبو الوفمی اگانتیبجو آدلو آدداپوBackground & Aim:Momordica charantiais an extensively distributed plant that is broadly prescribed in African medical system for treatment of various ailments. The plant has a comprehensive range of therapeutic uses. The present study reveals the antioxidative and c MoreBackground & Aim:Momordica charantiais an extensively distributed plant that is broadly prescribed in African medical system for treatment of various ailments. The plant has a comprehensive range of therapeutic uses. The present study reveals the antioxidative and cardioprotective abilities of methanol leaf extract of Momordica charantia (MLEMC) against cardiotoxicity using alloxan-induced animal model. Experimental: The ameliorative effect of the methanol leaf extract of Momordica charantia (MLEMC) was studied in alloxan-induced cardiac injury in 50 rats divided into five groups (A-E) (n =10) i.e. group A control, group B was toxicant group, group C animals received glibenclamide treatment while groups D and E received extracts at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses, respectively, for 28 days. Histopathological changes, serum cardiac injury markers such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, nitric oxide (NO) contents; oxidative status, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, cardiac P38 and CRP were evaluated. Results: The extract-treated group showed a decreased level of oxidant markers such as malondialdehyde(MDA) and hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) but increased levels of protein thiols, non-protein thiols, glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) indicating its anti-oxidant potential. Heart sections revealed mild distortion of the cardiac architecture compared to toxicant group while decreased expression of cardiac P38 and CRP in extract-treated groups was observed. Recommended applications/industries: The plant extract exhibited anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, thereby displaying cardio-protective property which propose the plant as a good natural source for herbal nutraceuticals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - Apoptosis induced by Zizyphus jujuba seed essential oil in colorectal cancer cells line HT-29
زهرا زمانی الهام قدوسی دهنوی رضا حاجی حسینی محمد ارجمند سیما نصریBackground & Aim: In traditional medicine, Zizyphus jujuba (jujube) has been used due to its medicinal properties and various physiological functions such as antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was conducted to study anti-cancer and MoreBackground & Aim: In traditional medicine, Zizyphus jujuba (jujube) has been used due to its medicinal properties and various physiological functions such as antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was conducted to study anti-cancer and apoptotic effects of essential oil from Zizyphus jujuba seeds and to evaluate the effect of essential oils on p53, APC and KRAS genes expression in HT-29 colorectal cell line.Experimental: In this study, the essential oil of jujube seeds collected from orchards in Isfahan was prepared by Clevenger apparatus and then analyzed by GC-MS. The effects of toxicity and cell viability were determined using Trypan Blue, MTT and clonogenic methods. DNA fragmentation and apoptosis techniques were used to evaluate the mechanism of the effects of essential oil on cell death by flow cytometry. Finally, Real-time PCR was used to evaluate the expression of p53, APC and KRAS genes and their role in induction of apoptosis.Results: Essential oil of Zizyphus jujuba seeds reduced the viability of cells by concentration and time-dependent manner as compared to the control group. The essential oil also induced apoptosis by increasing gene expression p53 and suppressing gene expression KRAS.Recommended applications/industries: The present results indicated that essential oil of Zizyphus jujuba seeds induces apoptosis by targeting genes involved in colon carcinogenesis. However, further investigations on signaling pathways are needed to fully confirm the results of this study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - Antioxidant effects of strawberry fruits at two phenological stages
گیتا امینی سعید ایریان احمد مجد صدیقه مهربانBackground & Aim: Strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) is a plant belonging to the Rosaceae family with medicinal properties, including antioxidant activity. The present study aimed at investigating the antioxidant properties of strawberry. Experimental method: To examine MoreBackground & Aim: Strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) is a plant belonging to the Rosaceae family with medicinal properties, including antioxidant activity. The present study aimed at investigating the antioxidant properties of strawberry. Experimental method: To examine the antioxidant effect, fruit extracts at two phonological stages of growth (ripe and unripe strawberry) were prepared. In addition, four different solvents, including 80% ethanol, 80% methanol, acetone and distilled water were used for the preparation of plant extracts. In total, eight different plant extracts were prepared and their properties comparatively studied. To study the antioxidant effect, potassium ferricyanide and reducing power determination method were used. Results & Discussion: Results indicated that strawberry fruit had antioxidant effects in both of two stages. That is due to the presence of the higher pigments and phenolic compounds in ripe fruit than unripe fruit. Recommended applications/industries: The results of present indicated the red fruit had the highest antioxidant activity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - Investigating the antibacterial and phytochemical effect of methanol and acetone extracts of the Cupressus sempervirens and Juniperus excelsa on some important foodborne diseases
سیما یزدانی منیر دودی زهرا رضایتمند لادن رحیم زاده ترابیBackground & Aim: The unfettered usage of antibiotics has engendered a mounting resistance of bacteria to these agents, thereby necessitating the discovery and development of novel compounds and medications to a greater extent than previously. The focal point of thi MoreBackground & Aim: The unfettered usage of antibiotics has engendered a mounting resistance of bacteria to these agents, thereby necessitating the discovery and development of novel compounds and medications to a greater extent than previously. The focal point of this research was to explore the chemical constituents of acetone and methanol-extracted samples of Cupressus sempervirens and Juniperus excelsa, as well as their potential inhibitory actions against a prevalent food-borne pathogen.Experimental: This experimental investigation was conducted on standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus (PTCC 1430), Bacillus cereus (PTCC 1431), Listeria monocytogenes (PTCC 1298), Escherichia coli (PTCC 1399), and Shigella dysentery (PTCC 1188). Following the preparation of methanol and acetone extracts derived from Juniperus excelsa and Cupressus sempervirens using Clevenger apparatus, the antimicrobial efficacy was assessed by both qualitative agar well diffusion method and quantitative macrodilution method. The active constituents present in the methanol and acetone extracts of the plants were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analytical method. Means were compared with Duncan's test at the 5% probability level.Results: The findings of this investigation pertaining to the antimicrobial potency of the extracts, ascertained via the qualitative agar well diffusion method, indicated its efficacy against Gram-positive strains including S. aureus and B. cereus. The methanol extracts of the J. Excelsa were found to produce smaller inhibition zones on the tested bacteria compared to other plant extracts. The highest sensitivity to the acetone extract of C. sempervirens and J. excelsa observed in S. aureus and B. cereus. The extracts obtained from the two plant did not demonstrate any discernible impact on the Gram-negative bacteria that are commonly associated with foodborne pathogens. The findings obtained through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) indicated the presence of efficacious components such as Benzene 1,2,4,5-tetramethyl, and Cyclopropane cyclopenta in J. excels extract. The acetone extract of J. excelsa showed more potent antimicrobial constituents than its methanolic counterpart. It is anticipated that in forthcoming times, the acetone extract derived from this botanical specimen may be employed to prevent bacterial-induced foodborne illnesses.Recommended applications/industries: Duo to the existence of a range of bioactive compounds in the acetone extracts obtained from C. sempervirens and J. excels, these extracts have the potential to be used against the development of foodborne infections and diseases caused by bacterial agents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - Effect of diluents on the compaction and compressional characteristics of the stem bark extract of Terminalia avicennoides
جانسون ایساک اولوبونمی اولایمی کوکونه ایکره رشیدا عبدالهی یوهانس اوبوغاره جودیت جان ابراهیم مهدی کریستیانا ایسیمیBackground & Aim: Herbal medicines have historical use and is currently being used in treatment of various diseases largely due to its relative availability and cheap cost. Standardization and development of suitable dosage forms for herbal medicines is therefore pe MoreBackground & Aim: Herbal medicines have historical use and is currently being used in treatment of various diseases largely due to its relative availability and cheap cost. Standardization and development of suitable dosage forms for herbal medicines is therefore pertinent for both practitioners and patients. This study aims to evaluate effect of diluents (microcrystalline cellulose, lactose and magnesium carbonate) on the compaction and compression properties of the stem bark extract of Terminalia avicennoides.Experimental: The crushed powdered stem bark was macerated in 70 % ethanol for 72 h at room temperature with intermittent stirring. The filtrate was concentrated over a water bath at 100 °C to obtain the dried extract (TAE). Granules of the extract were prepared by wet granulation. Flow properties and moisture content of the granules were determined. Compatibility between the extract and the diluents was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Compacts were made and properties evaluated using the Heckel and Kawakita models.Results: Results of FTIR spectra showed no interaction between the ingredients of the tablet formulations. Granules prepared with microcrystalline cellulose (T-MCC) possessed better flow and showed more propensities to be compacted than the other tablet batches. All the tablet formulations were observed to exhibit plastic deformation but T-MCC showed faster onset of deformation, closer packing, less cohesiveness, greater densification and easier compaction ability than tablets prepared with lactose (T-LAC) and magnesium carbonate (T-MAG). Although T-MAG showed the highest tensile strength, it was the only formulation that disintegrated within the 30 min official specification for herbal tablets.Recommended applications/industries: However, based on other parameters apart from disintegration time, microcrystalline cellulose is considered as the diluent of choice for preparation of standardized and robust tablets of stem bark extract of Terminalia avicennoides. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - The methodology of research in Traditional Medicine
مجید آویژگان مائده محب نسبIn countries having traditional medicine (TM), one of the main challenges for any researcher is research methodology. Current methodologies are different with what was in past. The main purpose of this article is to present the steps (herbs, claims and methodology) of r MoreIn countries having traditional medicine (TM), one of the main challenges for any researcher is research methodology. Current methodologies are different with what was in past. The main purpose of this article is to present the steps (herbs, claims and methodology) of research in TM fields.1. Assessment of herbsHistory, method of study, quality assessment, efficacy, safety, toxicity and therapeutic effect are included in this part.2. Efficacy and safety of herbsBotany, therapeutic effect, toxicology methods, how to study toxicity will be explained in this part.3. Assessment of TM productsThis part contains herb identification, certification, standardization, claims for therapeutic effect, confirmation of safety of herb.4. Claims for efficacy of herbsIt includes various claims, concept, features, base, importance, and evidence to confirm these claims.5. Method of studyThis includes for in vitro/in vivo studies (observational and interventional). In addition, the role of Meta analysis will be discussed.6. Ethical committeeEthics in research, ethical committee, their activity, check list of committee for any study will be explained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - Formulation and characterization of a functional dairy dessert containing Moringa oleifera extract and Inulin
پویا حسن نژاد زهرا بیگ محمدی نفیسه جهانبخشیانBackground & Aim: Today, due to the importance of nutrition and the role of food on human health, attention has been paid towards the production of foods rich in functional and beneficial compounds, as well as low calorie products to reduce various diseases such as MoreBackground & Aim: Today, due to the importance of nutrition and the role of food on human health, attention has been paid towards the production of foods rich in functional and beneficial compounds, as well as low calorie products to reduce various diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, etc. The aim of this research was to develop a functional and low-calorie dairy dessert using long-chain inulin and Moringa oleifera extract.Experimental: Moringa oleifera extract (ME) was prepared by the percolation method and used in combination with inulin in the formulation of low-calorie dairy dessert based on maltitol and sucralose as sweeteners. ME was used at 1%, 2% and 3% (w/w) levels and inulin at 5% and 7% levels. The moisture, ash, fat, protein and carbohydrate content, as well as calorie, pH, acidity, soluble solids (brix), syneresis, viscosity, color indices, antioxidant capacity and sensory characteristics (color, flavor, texture, mouth feel and overall acceptability) of the dairy dessert treatments were examined after production.Results: The addition of inulin and ME showed a significant effect on the chemical composition of the desserts and reduced the calories of the treatments compared to the control. Increasing the level of ME did not affect the syneresis and viscosity of the desserts, while by increasing the level of inulin from 5% to 7%, viscosity increased and syneresis decreased significantly (P<0.05). Incorporation of ME into the formulation of dairy dessert also reduced the L* and a* and increased the b* values of the samples (P<0.05). By adding ME and increasing its level from 1% to 3% in the formulation, significant improvement in the antioxidant capacity of the desserts was observed, so that the highest antioxidants capacity was evaluated in the samples containing 7% ME (37.53-37.82%). The results of sensory evaluation indicated that all treatments were acceptable, and the desserts containing lower levels of ME obtained higher flavor, color and overall acceptability scores.Recommended applications/industries: The results of this research demonstrated that inulin as a prebiotic and Moringa oleifera extract as a rich source of bioactive and antioxidant compounds can be used to develop a functional low-calorie dairy dessert. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - Different aspects of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) medicinal plant: A review
مرضیه الله دادیBackground & Aim: Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is a medicinal plant of Asteraceae. This plant is native to the southern Mediterranean and North Africa, and today it is cultivated in many parts of the world for medicinal and nutritional purposes. Capitols are the e MoreBackground & Aim: Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is a medicinal plant of Asteraceae. This plant is native to the southern Mediterranean and North Africa, and today it is cultivated in many parts of the world for medicinal and nutritional purposes. Capitols are the edible part of the plant and its leaves are used in the pharmaceutical industry. Artichoke has a special place in the pharmaceutical and traditional medicine industry due to its various polyphenols and flavonoids, with an important pharmaceutical and antioxidant effect. Artichokes leaf has anti-oxidative, antibacterial, choleretic and diuretic. In addition, artichoke extract reduces cholesterol and lipids due to the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Chlorogenic acid and cynarin are the major components of the plant and the medicinal properties are mainly related to them. The present study addresses the different aspects of this plant. Industrial/ Practical recommendations: Considerable amounts of different phytochemicals can be found in Artichoke which make it suitable for herbal remedies. More studies about the other useful and unknown properties of this multipurpose plant are essential. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
190 - Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Achillea wilhelmsii C.Koch essential oil against selected bacterial and fungal pathogens of fish
میلاد عادل آرمین عابدین امیری مریم دیوبند رضا سفری الهام خلیلیBackground & Aim: By increasing resistance of fish pathogens to chemical drugs, using herbal plants with antimicrobial properties is necessary.In this study, the composition of the essential oil and antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of Achillea wilhelmsii C.Koc MoreBackground & Aim: By increasing resistance of fish pathogens to chemical drugs, using herbal plants with antimicrobial properties is necessary.In this study, the composition of the essential oil and antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of Achillea wilhelmsii C.Koch growing wild in Zagross mountain (Southwest of Iran) was analyzed against common bacterial and fungal pathogens of fish. Experimental: In the present study, aerial parts of A. Wilhelmsii were tested against five bacterial strains including Streptococcus iniae, Yersinia ruckeri, Vibrio angularum, Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and four pathogenic fungi namely Saprolegnia sp., Fusarium solani, Candida albicansand Aspergillus flavus. Also, the oil constituents of A. Wilhelmsii were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results & Discussion: The major composition of the essential oil of A. Wilhelmsii was 1.8-cineol (25.2%), Camphor (18.9%), Linalool (6.9%), Borneol (5.7%) and Artemisia alcohol (4.3). All microorganisms showed more sensitivity to essential oil of A. Wilhelmsii than the control antibiotics. Maximum antibacterial and antifungal activity was observed against Y. ruckeri (25.4 mm)and C. albicans (25 mm) respectively, while S. iniae (16.4 mm)and A. flavus (14 mm)exhibited the least sensitivity. In addition, MIC test showed that minimum concentrations of the essential oil ranged from 125 to 800 μg/l were able to inhibit the growth of the selected bacterial and fungal pathogens. Industrial and practical recommendations: The results showed that the essential oil of A. Wilhelmsii could be a potential source of new and effective antibacterial components in aquaculture industry. Although, more study needed to purify, fractional and characterize various antimicrobial compounds from the essential oil of A. Wilhelmsii. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
191 - Cytotoxic effect of hydroalcoholic extract from Thymus daenesis Celak on MCF-7 cancer cells line
فاطمه صادقی سامانی حسین سازگار عبداله قاسمی پیربلوطیBackground & Aim:Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women after lung cancer. Given that the herbal ingredients are used for centuries to treat cancer,The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic effect of hydroalcholic extract from Thymus daen MoreBackground & Aim:Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women after lung cancer. Given that the herbal ingredients are used for centuries to treat cancer,The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic effect of hydroalcholic extract from Thymus daenesisCelak on MCF-7 cancer cells line. Experimental: Breast cancer cells MCF-7 and natural fibroblast cells were cultured in DMEM medium containing fetal bovine serum and antibiotics. The cells were exposed to different doses ofhydroalcholic extract ofThymus daenesisCelak(0.156, 0.312, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5mg/ml)and incubated for 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively. After incubation, the modified MTT colorimetric test was used to determine cytotoxicity. Results: The results of MTT test showed thathydroalcholic extractof Thymus daenesisCelak has dose- and time-dependent anti-cancer effect on MCF-7 cancer cells, so that by increasing the concentration and 72h incubation, the most cell death was observed (P<0.05). Plant extract did not show significant cytotoxicity on natural fibroblast cells. Then, it seems that its compounds can be used in treating cancer through more future research. Recommended applications/industrie: With regard to the increasing use of herbal medicines to treat many diseases, hydroalcholic extract of Thymus daenesis Celak can be used to treat cancer with drug therapy due to having antioxidant properties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - Anti-proliferative effect of Trifolium pratense extract on Raji cell line in Burkitt's lymphoma
مرتضی داودی شهریار سعیدیان رضا صغیری زهرا زمانی غلام رضا بخشی خانیکیBackground & Aim: In folk medicine, red clover (Trifolium pratense) use to treat some diseases such as whooping cough, asthma, eczema, and some ophthalmic dysfunction. Due to its phytoestrogens and antioxidant-rich compounds, it is recommended to alleviate some canc MoreBackground & Aim: In folk medicine, red clover (Trifolium pratense) use to treat some diseases such as whooping cough, asthma, eczema, and some ophthalmic dysfunction. Due to its phytoestrogens and antioxidant-rich compounds, it is recommended to alleviate some cancers. This paper was conducted to study the anti-cancer and apoptosis effects of red clover extract (RCE) on the Raji cell line in Burkitt's lymphoma.Experimental: Red clover lyophilized powder (CAS = 85085-25-2) with a fixed ratio of Formononetin, Biochanin A, Daidzein, and Genistein was acquired from Sigma Aldrich German company. Raji cells were obtained from the Pasteur Institute of Iran-Tehran. Raji cells were treated with different concentrations of RCE, and viable cells were measured at an interval of 24, 48, and 72 hours incubation in three days by MTT assay. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to determine the DNA degradation. Annexin V-FITC/PI kit and flow cytometry assay were used to determine the percent of apoptotic and necrotic treated Raji cells. Also, expression changes incMYC,ID3, andP53genes were measured by real-time PCR.Results: Red clover extract can prevent in vitro proliferation of the Raji cells in a time and dose-dependent manner. RCE, as well asc-MYCgene suppression and induction ofID3andP53genes, enters the Raji cells in the apoptosis stages with an acceptable percentage and has complication cure potential in Burkitt's lymphoma.Recommended applications/industries: The extract used in this studycombines four components. The individual evaluation effects ofFormononetin, Biochanin A, Daidzein, and Genistein on Raji cells are recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - The anti-parasite activity of garlic tablet on Limnatis nilotica
طاهره فرخنده پریسا صدیق آرا احسان بهمنی مجید غلامی آهنگران الهام مقتداییBackground & Aim: Today, the use of medicinal plants has been growing because of less side effects than chemical drugs in the treatment of diseases particularly infectious diseases. According to the available scientific evidence, garlic is an effective anti-parasiti MoreBackground & Aim: Today, the use of medicinal plants has been growing because of less side effects than chemical drugs in the treatment of diseases particularly infectious diseases. According to the available scientific evidence, garlic is an effective anti-parasitic drug. In the present research will be study the inhibitory effect of garlic tablet on Limnatis nilotica. Material & Methods: To study the garlic tablet effect on paralysis and mortality of leech Leeches were placed in plastic vessels containing 600 ml of water and adding ground garlic tablet 400, 800, 1200 mg. From 1 to 4 hours after the exposure paralysis and death rate of the leeches were recorded accurately. Results & Discussion: The results indicated no effect of garlic tablet on motor response and mortality rate of the leeches. This problem probably caused by removal of thiosulfinate group of garlic tablet. Conclusion: This Study confirming the role of thiosulfinate compound to cause anti-parasitic property of garlic. Possibly, extract of garlic can be effective for leech infestation due to thiosulfinate compound. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - A furostan saponin isolated from the rhizome of Costus spectabilis (Costaceae) exerts cataract ameliorative effect in-vitro
سالیسو شهو عمر دانمالم نجما الیاس محمد دانجوما علیو موسیBackground & Aim: Extracts from plants, such as C. spectabilis (rhizome) traditionally used for the treatment of cataract may potentially contain anticataract lead compound(s). The current study aimed to isolate the constituent(s) of the extract of C. spectabilis an MoreBackground & Aim: Extracts from plants, such as C. spectabilis (rhizome) traditionally used for the treatment of cataract may potentially contain anticataract lead compound(s). The current study aimed to isolate the constituent(s) of the extract of C. spectabilis and evaluate its anticataract effect.Experimental: The isolation of the constituent was achieved using silica gel, sephadex column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography of the n-butanol fraction of aqueous ethanol extract of the rhizome, followed by analysis using NMR spectroscopy. The anticataract effect was investigated using H2O2-induced cataract model. Lenses freshly obtained from rats were cultured in the presence or absence of hydrogen peroxide (0.5 mM), and or in the presence of H2O2 (0.5 mM) with any of the three concentrations of compound SL1 (0.5 mgmL-1, 0.25 mgmL-1, or 0.125 mgmL-1 ) over a period of 24 hrs. Lens opacity (index of cataract) was quantified by scoring and image analysis. The lens total protein, antioxidant bio-molecules (GSH, SOD) and lipid peroxidation (MDA level) were determined according to standard methods.Results: Chromatographic fractionation of the extract led to the isolation of a compound characterised as 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (25R)-furost-5-ene-3β, 22α, 26-triol-26-O- β-D-glucopyranoside based on its NMR data. The lenses treated with hydrogen peroxide (only) demonstrated significantly higher indices of opacity compared to the normal or compound treated. The groups treated with the compound (at 0.5 and 0.25 mgmL-1 concentrations) significantly (P≤ 0.001) exhibited lower score of opacity and grey image pixel intensity compared to the untreated group. Although the compound significantly (P≤0.05) prevented the depletion of lens total protein at all concentrations used, the loss of GSH, SOD and increase in MDA levels induced by H2O2 were not prevented significantly.Recommended applications/industries: The compound isolated can serve as a promising lead for the development of anticataract drug. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
195 - Six months chronic toxicity of Dryopteris filix –mas (L.) Schott ethanol leaf extract on Wistar rats
ارنست اریهیه امانوئل ایلودیگوهBackground & Aim: Dryopteris filix-mas (D. filix-mas) is used among the Southern Nigerian populace in the management of rheumatoid arthritis, treatment of wounds, worm infestations, among other diseases. We evaluated the 6 months chronic exposure effects of its etha MoreBackground & Aim: Dryopteris filix-mas (D. filix-mas) is used among the Southern Nigerian populace in the management of rheumatoid arthritis, treatment of wounds, worm infestations, among other diseases. We evaluated the 6 months chronic exposure effects of its ethanol leaf extract in Wistar rat.Experimental: A total of 48 rats were randomized into four groups of 12 each as follows; group A (control) and the test groups B-D received 31.25, 62.5 and 125 mg/kg of the leaf extract, respectively. Blood samples were collected via retro-orbital puncture for baseline determination of haematological and biochemical parameters. Thereafter, rats were dosed orally (p.o) for 180 days (6 months) and blood samples were collected for the determination of haematological, biochemical parameters on the 181st day. Liver and kidneys were harvested for histopathology analyses. A 28 - day recovery study was also conducted to determine reversibility in toxicological effects.Results: There was no significant alteration (P>0.05) in heamatological, lipid profile and electrolyte parameters as well as body weight gain and relative organ weights of animals that were exposed to the extract when compared with control group. However, there was significant (P<0.005) reductions in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as well as elevation in urea and creatinine levels of extract treated groups. Histological sections did not reveal toxicity of liver architecture on day 181st, except dose dependent kidney toxicity, which was reversed following the recovery study.Recommended applications/industries: The leaf extract of Dryopteris filix-mas may be nephrotoxic following 6 months exposure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - Ethnoveterinary study of medicinal plants in Mehrabad village, Shahrbabak city, Kerman Province, Iran
نوید حسن آبادی الهام خوش بین زهرا مهدوی میمندBackground & Aim: The Mehrabad village people in Shahrbabak and Province Kerman, Southeast Iran, have used medicinal plants and traditional remedies for ethnoveterinary practices, such as treating domestic animals during livestock breeding, since ancient times.Exper MoreBackground & Aim: The Mehrabad village people in Shahrbabak and Province Kerman, Southeast Iran, have used medicinal plants and traditional remedies for ethnoveterinary practices, such as treating domestic animals during livestock breeding, since ancient times.Experimental: This study aimed to identify the plants used in their conventional ethnoveterinary methods and to propose suggestions for future conservation and sustainable use of this knowledge between 2019 and 2020. Data were collected from the local Buyi people through semi-structured interviews.Results: A total of 36 plant species, belonging to 25 families, used in ethnoveterinary practices by the Mehrabad people. During the survey, it was observed that the most prevalent families concerning the number of species were Apiaceae (13.51%), Followed by Papilionaceae (10.81%) followed by Chenopodiaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Rosaceae, and Solanaceae (5.40% each), and the remaining families (2.70%) species. Sources and habits of medicinal plant types of growth that were herbs (60.97%), shrubs (24.39%), and trees (14.63%). Leaves (23.80%) were the most widely used plant parts for ethnoveterinary medicine, followed by Seeds (19.05), Aerial parts (19.05), and Fruits (16.66). Oral administration was the most common (70.45. %), followed by cutaneous (topical) administration (13.63%), chewing (9.09%), and smoking (6.81%). Older farmers had more excellent EVM knowledge than those who were younger.Recommended applications/industries: The information obtained in this study may help in the use and discovery of new drugs and further studies are needed to prevent the extinction of traditional veterinary knowledge (ethnoveterinary). Oral administration was the most common (42.76%), followed by cutaneous (topical) administration (36.18%). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - Chemical compositions, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Echinophora cinerea essential oil
مریم پاس مرضیه رشیدی پور غلام رضا طالعی بهروز دوستیBackground & Aim: Echinophora cinerea is a plant of the Apiaceae family, which reaches to a height of 30 to 100 cm. The essential oil of Echinophora cinerea contains alkaloids and flavonoids etc. Phenolic composition is one of the best sources of natural antioxidant MoreBackground & Aim: Echinophora cinerea is a plant of the Apiaceae family, which reaches to a height of 30 to 100 cm. The essential oil of Echinophora cinerea contains alkaloids and flavonoids etc. Phenolic composition is one of the best sources of natural antioxidants. The goal of this study is to examine the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of E. cinerea. Experimental: In order preparation and identification of chemical compounds of essential oils, hydrodistillation approach and gas chromatography coupling with a mass spectrometer (GC, GC-MS) were used. Antioxidant capacity of the essential oil was determined by DPPH assay and, compared with standard antioxidants (BHT). Antibacterial test had done by broth microdilution and disk diffusion methods, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of these oils after 24 and 48 h were determined and compared to antibiotic standards against food-borne pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and MRSA. Results & discussion: Results of GC and GC-MS showed that the major components of essential oil of E. cinerea were α-phellandrene (32.09%), limonene (16.28%), p-cymene (10.75%), α-pinene (9.79%), carvacrol (3.79%) and β-myrcene (2.65%). Results of antioxidant test indicated that IC50 for oil of Echinophora cinerea was 740 μg/ml while for BHT was 50.6 μg/ml. The highest antibacterial effects of essential oil were observed on standard bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus with MIC= 0.16 μg/ml and MBC= 0.63 μg/ml. This effect on MRSA-resistant Staphylococcus and E. coli was weaker. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to essential oil. Industrial and practical recommendations: According to results of present study, the essential oil E. cinerea can be used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and health industry and flavoring. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - Ethno-medicinal practices in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers in Kano state, north-western Nigeria
ساکینا سانی بالا علیو محمد هایاتو موسی علیو عبداللهی بلارابه نظیفی یوسف نوهوBackground & Aim: Diabetic foot ulceration is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus that results in considerable ill health, financial burden and mortality. Many people in Nigeria utilize medicinal plants to treat diabetic foot ulcer and related complications, MoreBackground & Aim: Diabetic foot ulceration is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus that results in considerable ill health, financial burden and mortality. Many people in Nigeria utilize medicinal plants to treat diabetic foot ulcer and related complications, nonetheless, the utilization of such plants has not been acknowledged. This study was done to validate and document the medicinal plants used in the remedy of diabetic foot ulcer in Kano State, Nigeria.Experimental: The target group of the study were herbalists and diabetic foot ulcer patients. The ethnobotanical information was obtained from willing respondents through an oral interview and a semi-structured questionnaire.Results: A total of 300 respondents were consulted in this study, and they exposed the utilization of 36 medicinal plants against diabetic foot ulcer. The frequently used plant families were Fabaceae and Rhamnaceae. Stem bark and leaves were the commonly reported plant parts used. The methods of preparation are usually by decoction or pounding the plant parts into powder; and the preparations are administered via topical (51%), oral (27%) and topical/oral (19%) routes. Moringa oleifera, Anisopus manni and Cadaba farinosa were the first three frequently cited species, while Ficus glumosa, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Guiera senegalensis were among the most preferred medicinal plants. Approximately 92% have been reported to be pharmacologically active, while 36% have similar ethno-medical claims in certain regions of the world.Recommended applications/industries: This study revealed the ethno-medicinal practices against diabetic foot ulcer in Kano State. Scientific validation of the efficacy and safety of these plants would assist towards development of better drugs and integrating some of the species into orthodox medicine. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - Evaluation of chemical composition, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of Eugenia caryophyllata buds essential oil
عماد خلیل زاده رضا حضرتی غلامرضا وفایی سیاحBackground & Aim: Eugenia caryophyllata well known as Clove is a tree from Myrtaceae family that several parts of this plant traditionally used in dental care as an analgesic. This study aimed to assess the chemical composition, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptiv MoreBackground & Aim: Eugenia caryophyllata well known as Clove is a tree from Myrtaceae family that several parts of this plant traditionally used in dental care as an analgesic. This study aimed to assess the chemical composition, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of the essential oil extracted from Clove buds. Experimental: The essential oil of Clove buds (EOC) was extracted by Clevenger type apparatus and its chemical composition determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Analgesic activities of EOC were measured by formalin-induced orofacial pain and tail immersion test in rat. Also anti-inflammatory effect of the EOC was evaluated by using xylene induced ear edema test in mice. Results: EOC (100, 200 mg/kg, SC) and ketoprofen (80 and 160 mg/kg, IP) inhibit only the second phase of orofacial pain. Morphine (5 mg/kg) as a positive control significantly (p <0.05) reduced pain response in the both phases of pain. Pre-treatment of animals with naloxone did not prevent the EOC (200 mg/kg) analgesic activity. Co-administration of sub-analgesic doses of EOC (50 mg/kg) and ketoprofen (40 mg/kg) significantly (p <0.05) reduced nociceptive behavior in second phase. Also EOC (100 and 200 mg/kg) failed to increase nociceptive response latency in the tail immersion test. Meanwhile, EOC (100 and 200 mg/kg) and ketoprofen (80 mg/kg) significantly (p <0.001) attenuated xylene-induced ear edema in mice. Also according to GC-MS results the major components of the EOC were eugenol (54.86%), β-Caryophyllene (20.19%), α-Humulene (7.11%), eugenol acetat (4.85%) and Chavibetol (2.23%). Recommended applications/industries: These data showed that EOC possessed potent anti-inflammatory activity and produced non-opioid mediated analgesia in the second phase of orofacial pain without any effect on tail immersion response. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
200 - Effect of some of plant extracts on the growth of two Aspergillus species
سیما یحیی آبادی الناز زیبانژاد منیر دودیBackground & Aim: In recent years using from plant product has been considered wildly as main factor for preventing pathogenic diseases cassed by attacking viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. There are some funguses which could be the factors for affliction of s MoreBackground & Aim: In recent years using from plant product has been considered wildly as main factor for preventing pathogenic diseases cassed by attacking viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. There are some funguses which could be the factors for affliction of some diseases in human, plants and animals. Plant extracts are those which could act and be used as preventing from these diseases as product of opposed fungus. The main aim of this article is considering the effects of Anethum graveolens, Thymus vulgaris, Coriandrum sativum and Rosa damascena is on standard strains and separated as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus. Experimental: The sink was used for preventing the development of plant extract and not growing different density of extract were considered separately. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was calculated by the serial diluted method. Results & Discussion: The result showed that Aspergillus flavus standard (PTCC 5006), nystatin and extracts of A. graveolens, C. sativum and T. vulgaris in equal amount and finally R. damascena had more effects in opposed fungus. About separated strain of this fungus from the environment, nystatin, T. vulgaris, A. graveolens, C. sativum and finally R. damascena had the most effect against fungus. About standard Aspergillus fumigatus (PTCC 5009), the most effective mixtures against fungus were included extracts of A. graveolens, R. damascena, and C. sativum respectively. About separated strain of this fungus until the most effective mixture of opposed fungus respectively were including nystatin, A. graveolens, T. vulgaris, C. sativum and finally R. damascena. The result of this investigation shows that the existence extracts will be the main cause of reducing the growth of fungi. In this case by increasing the extracts of A. graveolens, T. vulgaris, C. sativum and R. damascena will be increased. Industrial/Practical recommendation: By proving the effect distributing the extracts leaves of Anethum graveolens, Thymus vulgaris, Coriandrum sativum and Rosa damascena on growing of two kinds of Aspergillus containing as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus, there will be a hope that in future, by delivering the effective substances of above plants, and doing more experiment and investigation we would be able to reach an acceptable effects and having less side effect and complications for curing fungus infection diseases. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
201 - Rheological properties of the gum fractions from psyllium (Plantago psyllium L.)
محمد حجت الاسلامی فاطمه رییسی معصومه اسدی مهران محمدیان نرگس سامانیانBackground & Aim: Psyllium (Plantago psyllium L.) is a native plant that grows widely in India and Iran. Different cases of using psyllium gum for its suitable rheological properties in a wide range of food products exist in nature. Experimental: In this study, diff MoreBackground & Aim: Psyllium (Plantago psyllium L.) is a native plant that grows widely in India and Iran. Different cases of using psyllium gum for its suitable rheological properties in a wide range of food products exist in nature. Experimental: In this study, different fractions of psyllium gum were extracted by water and alkali treatments. Rheological properties of these fractions were measured by Brookfield rheometer (RV DVIII). The obtained data was fitted by Herschel-bulkly model in three temperatures 30, 60 and 80°C. Results & Discussion: Results indicated that fractions show different behaviours during heating treatment. Recommended applications/industries: According to results of present study, the largest variations were observed in AEG0.5 fraction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia virgata Jacq
احمدرضا گلپرور امین هادی پناه محمدمهدی قیصری داوود نادری شیما رحمانیان مجتبی خرمیBackground & Aim:The genus Salvia (commonly known as sage) is a broad genus belonging to the family Lamiaceae. This study is aimed at assessing the essential oil composition and antimicrobial activities of two Salvia species. Experimental: The chemical composition o MoreBackground & Aim:The genus Salvia (commonly known as sage) is a broad genus belonging to the family Lamiaceae. This study is aimed at assessing the essential oil composition and antimicrobial activities of two Salvia species. Experimental: The chemical composition of the essential oils of Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia virgata Jacq, cultivated in Estahban (Fars, South Iran), was studied by means of GC-MSanalyses. Antimicrobial activity was tested against a panel of microorganisms including one Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis PTCC NO. 1435) and one Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and three fungal strain (Alternaria alternata PTCC NO. 5224, Penicillium funiculosum PTCC NO. 5301 and P. funiculosum PTCC NO. 5169) using the disk diffusion and agar-well diffusion methods and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) technique. Results: In all, 57 compounds were identified, 42 for S. officinalis, accounting for 98.94% ofthe total oil, 29 for S. virgata (98.81%). The major components of S. officinalis essential oil were α-thujone (37.18%), 1,8-cineole (12.71%), β-thujone (9.10%) and the major components of S. virgata essential oil were caryophyllene oxide (30.23%), β-caryophyllene (22.63%), sabinene (11.82%). The antimicrobial activity of the total essential oil evaluated by the agar-well diffusion method, the results showed that the highest active against S. epidermidis and also the least active against E. coli. Inhibition of growth was tested by the disk diffusion method, the results showed that essential oil of S. officinalis and S. virgata were highest active against E. coli and P. funiculosum (PTCC NO. 5301), respectively. Also the least active against A. alternata. Recommended applications/industries: The results showed thatS. officinalis oil had higher antimicrobial activity compare to S. virgata Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
203 - Effect of Spirulina platensis on the immunological and hematological factors in comparison with levamisole in Persian shepherd dogs
سام ترکان محمد جواد عکاشهBackground & Aim: Spirulina microalgae is known to has beneficial effects in the treatment of many animals diseases. Effects of Spirulina platensis microalgae, singly or in comparison with levamisole drug are not still studied in dogs. Thus, the present study was co MoreBackground & Aim: Spirulina microalgae is known to has beneficial effects in the treatment of many animals diseases. Effects of Spirulina platensis microalgae, singly or in comparison with levamisole drug are not still studied in dogs. Thus, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of this microalgae on hematological and immunological parameters in dogs.Experimental: In this research, 24 native breed dogs were used for 30 days. The dogs were divided into three groups of eight randomly, including a control group, treatment group (received 2 g Spirulina orally) and the third group received 5 mg/kg Levamisole. At the end of mentioned period, hematocrit percent, Hb, RBC, WBC, Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Eosinophil, monocyte, basophil levels and immunological factors including IgM, total protein and phagocytic precent were measured.Results: Hematocrit in levamisole receiving group increased significantly (P<0.05). Results showed that RBC and Hb levels in Spirulina receiving group were significantly higher than the control and levamisole groups. Alb and Neutrophil levels in Spirulina receiving group were lower than the other two groups. In addition, Eosinophil and WBC levels in control group were significantly lower than the other two groups, but monocyte and Lymphocyte levels in control group increased significantly (P<0.001). Also, on the 30th day, total protein and phagocytic percent in Spirulina receiving group were significantly higher than others groups. In addition, in Spirulina and levamisole groups a significant increase in IgM level was observed (P<0.001).Recommended applications/industries: It can be concluded that the use of Spirulina in dogs for a short time could improve hematological and immunological factors and the effects of Spirulina alga in the most factors is comparable to levamisole drug. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
204 - Physico-chemical properties of nettle seed oils grown in Iran
مریم جعفری سارا امیری سامانی زهرا جعفری -
Open Access Article
205 - Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Chlorophytum alismifolium extract in murine models
عبدالحکیم ابوبکر امینا نازو عبدالهی نظیفی زهاتو محمد ادریس ماج نوحو محمدBackground & Aim:Medical conditions associated with pains and inflammation are prevalent in the global population. The tubers of Chlorophytum alismifolium are widely used traditionally in Nigeria for the management of pain and inflammation. This study aims to establ MoreBackground & Aim:Medical conditions associated with pains and inflammation are prevalent in the global population. The tubers of Chlorophytum alismifolium are widely used traditionally in Nigeria for the management of pain and inflammation. This study aims to establish the chemical profile and evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the hexane extract of C. alismifolium (HECA) tubers in experimental animals. Experimental: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), phytochemical screening and acute toxicity studies were conducted according to standard protocols. Analgesic activity was investigated with graded doses of HECA (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) using acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice and formalin-induced pain in rats; while the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw oedema model in rats. Results: The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eighteen compounds covering an area of approximately 100%. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and triterpenes while the oral median lethal dose was estimated to be >5000 mg/kg in rats and mice. In the 4th and 5th hour of the carrageenan test, HECA at 500 and 1000 mg/kg significantly (p <0.01) reduced the oedema index, respectively. In the analgesic study, HECA significantly (p <0.001) reduced the mean number of writhes with the highest inhibition (79.67%) obtained at 500 mg/kg. In the formalin test, HECA at 250 mg/kg significantly (p <0.05) reduced the mean pain scores in both phases of the test.Recommended applications/industries: The findings depict that HECA possesses pharmacologically active compounds that can be applied in the management of inflammation and pain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
206 - Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Zea mays leaves
جود اکوکون کوفره دیویز باسی آنتیاBackground & Aim:Zea mays leaf used traditionally in Ibibio ethno medicine in Southern Nigeria to treat malaria and other inflammatory diseases. These anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties were evaluated against experimentally induced inflammation and pains usi MoreBackground & Aim:Zea mays leaf used traditionally in Ibibio ethno medicine in Southern Nigeria to treat malaria and other inflammatory diseases. These anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties were evaluated against experimentally induced inflammation and pains using standard models. Experimental: The effects of ethanol leaf extract of Zea mays (170 -510 mg/kg) on experimentally induced inflammation and pain were studied in rats using Carrageenin, egg albumin and xylene-induced inflammation as well as acetic acid-induced writhing and thermal induced pain models. The GCMS analysis of the most active fraction was carried out. Results: The extract (170 -520 mg/kg) inhibited inflammation and pains caused by different phlogistic agents used in a dose dependent fashion. The various degrees of inhibitions were statistically significant (p<0.05, 0.01, 0.001), though incomparable to that of the standard drugs used (ASA and indomethacin). The GC-MS revealed the present of polyunsaturated fatty acids and phenolic compounds which may be responsible for the observed activities of the extract. Recommended applications/industries: The present study demonstrates that leaf extract of Zea mays might to be useful for the treatment of inflammation and pains. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
207 - The effects of hydro-alcohol extract of follower of marshmallow (Althaea officinalis L.) on some biochemical and hematological parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
فهیمه فلاح پور مهدی بنایی نرگس جوادزادهBackground & Aim: Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) is one of the most popular medicinal plants used in traditional medicine with antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of marshmallow extract (Althaea officinalis L MoreBackground & Aim: Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) is one of the most popular medicinal plants used in traditional medicine with antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of marshmallow extract (Althaea officinalis L.) administration on blood cells and biochemical parameters of carp liver. Experimental: 150 carp (weighing 37.65 ± 4.40 g) were fed with diets containing 0.0 (control diet), 2.5, 5, and 10 g marshmallow extract for 60 days. Then, red blood cell indices (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCH), white blood cells differential count and biochemical parameters of liver such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured on days 30 and 60 of the experiment. Results & Discussion: On days 30 and 60 of the experiment, red blood cell indices (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCH), white blood cells differential count and biochemical parameters of liver such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured. On day 60, no significant difference was found (p>0.05) in RBC, Hb, Htc, MCV, MCH count, number of neutrophils, basophils, and eosophils in fish fed with different concentrations of marshmallow extract. Administration of marshmallow extract (5 g) significantly increased (p<0.05) WBC and lymphocytes on day 60. On the other hand, administration with 5 and 10 g of marshmallow extract decreased monocytes (p<0.05) on day 30. The significant increase was observed in AST, ALT, ALP and LDH levels in liver of fish fed with 10 g of marshmallow extract may be attributed to cytotoxicity, however 2.5 and 5 g of extract did not have adverse effects on liver enzymes. Industrial and practical recommendations: According to the results, it was concluded that preclinical administration of certain concentrations of marshmallow extract (2.5 and 5 g) was beneficial for carp. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
208 - Vitexin modifying the expression of APC, p53, KRAS genes with metabolome profile changes in HT-29 colorectal cancer cell line
الهام قدوسی دهنوی رضا حاجی حسینی محمد ارجمند سیما نصری زهرا زمانیBackground & Aim: Colorectal canceris a clinically heterogeneous disease resulting from metabolome pattern alterations of many metabolites and their genetic factor interactions in man. Chemotherapy in colorectal cancer is generally followed by multiple side effects, MoreBackground & Aim: Colorectal canceris a clinically heterogeneous disease resulting from metabolome pattern alterations of many metabolites and their genetic factor interactions in man. Chemotherapy in colorectal cancer is generally followed by multiple side effects, including drug resistance; It is well established that herbal medicines are gaining worldwide interest in treating many cancers. Vitexin is an apigenin flavone glycoside present in hawthorn has exhibited therapeutic properties. This study was performed to assess the antitumor properties of Vitexin on the expression of p53, KRAS, and APC genes and the metabolome profile alterations associated with these genetic modifications.Experimental: Cells were treated with different concentrations of Vitexin, and toxicity and cell growth inhibition were ascertained in vitro using the MTT assay method. Cells were treated with Vitexin, and gene expression was determined. Following metabolome 1HNMR spectroscopy with 1D NOESY protocol and the resulting spectra scrutinized to classify differentiated metabolites and their biochemical pathways. Integrative systems biology analysis software examined the metabolites and the genes, and the main pathways modulated by gene expression were identified.Results: Our finding revealed that a 50% inhibitory concentration for Vitexin was 16.32 μM, while the relative expression of tumor suppressor genes APC and p53 in treated cells enhanced and the expression of the KRAS oncogene gene decreased significantly compared to the control group. The crucial changes in convergent metabolic phenotype with genes were identified in this investigation.Recommended applications/industries: Our findings revealed that Vitexin exhibits antitumor properties by targeting a specific biochemical pathway in the cell's metabolome profile due to changes in genes involved in colon cancer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - Chemical compounds of essential oil in Satureja mutica and Satureja spicigera under dry farming: extraction, identification and comparison
برزو یوسفی فاطمه سفیدکن حسن خمیس آبادی نسترن جلیلیانBackground & Aim: The genus Satureja has 38 species distributed throughout the Mediterranean Area, Caucasus and West Asia. Satureja Mutica and Satureja spicigera is two Iranian native species that are distributed in the North of Iran. Essential oil (EO) of Satureja MoreBackground & Aim: The genus Satureja has 38 species distributed throughout the Mediterranean Area, Caucasus and West Asia. Satureja Mutica and Satureja spicigera is two Iranian native species that are distributed in the North of Iran. Essential oil (EO) of Satureja specious was used to some medicinal, food and industrial purposes. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical compounds of EO in Satureja mutica and Satureja spicigera under dry farming. Experimental: In early April, before the effective rain fall, the seedlings were transferred to the main land in mid-March. In the %50 flowering stage, plants were harvested and 100 g of plant dried powder used for EO extraction. The EO was extracted by water distillation method and chemical components of essential oils were identified and subsequently characterized using GC and GC/MS techniques.Results: The EO percent in S. spicigera was 2.52% in first year and 3.08% in second years. The EO percent of S. mutica was 2.04% in first year and 2% in second year. In creeping savory EO, thirteen compounds were identified that were formed the major constituents of EO (about 98.74% in first year and 97.53% in second year). The main compounds of essential oil (more than 5%) were thymol (28.60- 28.96%), carvacrol (23.18- 24.47%), ρ-cymene (21.00- 24.25%) and γ-terpinene (18.57-13.05%). In white savory EO, nine different chemical compounds were identified which made up more than about 95.32% of EO content in the first year and 97.48% in the second year. The major compounds of EO were Thymol (48.25-48.60%), γ-terpinene (20.84- 21.89%), ρ-cymene (12.34- 12.61%) and Carvacrol (6.71- 6.95%) respectively.Recommended applications/industries: Thymol and carvacrol contents in savory essential oil are the two important factors in pharmaceutical properties of savory EO. White and Creeping Savory can be used to pharmaceutical and food industries. Also we recommended the increase of EO content, thymol and carvacrol compounds in white and creeping savory using different cropping and breeding methods for further studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - Chemical compositions of the essential oil from peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) cultivated in Isfahan conditions
احمدرضا گل پرور امین هادی پناهBackground & Aim: Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) oil is one of the most popular and widely used as an essential oil. The aim of this study was to identify of the chemical components of peppermint cultivated in Isfahan climatic conditions. Experimental: The aerial p MoreBackground & Aim: Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) oil is one of the most popular and widely used as an essential oil. The aim of this study was to identify of the chemical components of peppermint cultivated in Isfahan climatic conditions. Experimental: The aerial parts of the plants were collected from a filed in Meymeh, Isfahan province in 2012. The essential oil was extracted by a Clevenger approach and analyzed using GC/MS. Results & Discussion: In total, 29 compounds were identified in the essential oil from the aerial parts peppermint. The results obtained in our study indicated that the major components in the oil were camphane (14.01%), menthone (13.89%), menthol (12.37%) β-pinene (7.62%), pulegone (6.41%), β-cubebene (4.95%), α-pinene (4.743%), γ-terpinene (4.08%), delta-carane (3.81%) and piperiton (3.04%). Recommended applications/industries: The oil contents of peppermint varied slightly from year to year mostly due to variations in yearly growing weather conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - Effect of ethanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf on lipid profile, renal and hepatic function biomarkers of high salt fed Albino rats
اوبینا آجا چیکا اونبو چوکودی اونووسونیه چیوندو نوروم کیوما دوروBackground & Aim: Salt is an essential electrolyte; however, high salt loading is associated with numerous adverse effects including alterations in many biochemical parameters. This study investigated the effect of ethanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves on t MoreBackground & Aim: Salt is an essential electrolyte; however, high salt loading is associated with numerous adverse effects including alterations in many biochemical parameters. This study investigated the effect of ethanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves on the biochemical indices of high salt-fed albino rats.Experimental: Twenty-four male healthy albino rats weighing 110-150g were randomly divided into four groups of six rats per group. Group 1 was administered with feed and water, which was the normal control. Group 2 was administered with 10 mL/kg of 18% NaCl only (Negative control), and groups 3 and 4 were administered with 10 mL/kg of 18% NaCl as well as 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the extract, respectively.Results: The acute toxicity of the methanol leaves extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum in rats recorded no mortality even at a high dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight of the animal, thus LD50 could not be determined. The negative control group was significantly (P<0.05) higher in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, cholesterol (CHOL), triacylglycerol (TAG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and bilirubin level when compared with other groups. There was a significant reduction in the Urea and Creatinine levels in the group administered with 400 mg/kg extract. The administration of high salt (18%) increased serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, Bilirubin, Urea, creatinine, TAG, Cholesterol, and LDL and reduced the high-density lipoprotein (HDL).Recommended applications/industries: The result of the high salt-fed untreated rats suggested inflammation of the liver and lipid dysfunction; however, the extract showed a highly potent effect in preventing cell damage that could be caused by high salt intake. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - Effect of foliar application of Jasmonic Acid (JA) on essential oil yield and its compositions of Thymus daenensis Celak
محمد اشرافی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی مهدی رحیم ملک بهزاد حامدیBackground & aim: Recent researches have been done on effects of plant growth regulators (PGR) on growth and production of different crops whose results indicate the effectiveness of most of these hormones on qualitative and quantitative growth of herbs. The applica MoreBackground & aim: Recent researches have been done on effects of plant growth regulators (PGR) on growth and production of different crops whose results indicate the effectiveness of most of these hormones on qualitative and quantitative growth of herbs. The application of regulators and inhibitors of growth on herbs may, in addition to growth, also lead to secondary metabolites stimulation. Jasmonic acid (JA) and its volatile methyl ester (MJ) collectively termed jasmonates, are regarded as endogenous regulators that play important roles in regulating stress responses, plant growth and development. This study was carried out to survey the effect of spraying of jasmonic acid (JA) on T. daenensis Celak in Shahrekord, Southwest Iran at 2010-2011. Experimental: A pot experiment was conducted in a CRD with six treatments and seven replications. The treatments including I: distilled water (control), II: distilled water and solution (acetone), III-VI: JA in various concentrations (50, 100, 200 and 400 µM). The treatments were applied before flowering stage. The aerial parts were characterized by Clevenger approach and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Results & discussion: Results of analysis of variance of the experiment showed that different levels of the foliar application of JA do have significant impacts on chemical constitutes in the essential oil of T. daenensis. Various concentrations of foliar application of JA caused decrease or increase some of secondary metabolites in essential oil. In comparison with other treatments, there is a significant difference between amount of thymol and carvacrol, as two main compounds in essential oil of T. daenensis, having 100 µM JA. The application of acetone solvent with distilled water also caused the increase in some of constitutes of the essential oil. Industrial and practical recommendations: In metabolic cultivation, for producing a special metabolite, the main agronomic and processing management should be regarded in order to increase the rate of essence and metabolites. Finally, some of secondary metabolite production in Thymus daenensis Celak could be partially changed by supplementation of different elicitors such as JA. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
213 - Antioxidant activity of the extracts from Salvia officinalis, Brassica oleracea, Juglans regia, Melilotus officinalis, and Crataegus oxyacantha at different temperatures
محمد مؤمن هروی شهلا دانش مهر علی مرسلیBackground & Aim: Medicinal plants can be a good replacement for common cancer treatment including chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery because they don’t have many side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on the MoreBackground & Aim: Medicinal plants can be a good replacement for common cancer treatment including chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery because they don’t have many side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on the free radical scavenging in the presence of medicinal plants.Experimental: For determination of free radical scavenging activity was used the stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay at different temperatures. Ethanolic extracts of Sage (Salvia officinalis), red cabbage (Brassica oleracea), walnut (Juglans regia L.), yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) and hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) one by one and then the mixtures of each pair of plants were investigated.Results: The most free radical scavenging percentages are related to plants in single forms not mixtures. The results demonstrated that with increasing temperature, free radical scavenging increased in the presence of sage, while it decreased in the presence of hawthorn. The highest free radical scavenging percentages at temperatures ranging from ambient to body and fever are related to sage at 25˚C, and then walnut leaves at 37˚C and finally, hawthorn at 40˚C.Recommended applications/industries: The results indicated that for preventing herb-herb interactions, medicinal plants as tea, food and fruit are used alone. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
214 - Use of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench as an additive in poultry nutrition
نصیر لندی فرشید خیریBackground & Aim: Feed additives have been widely used to stimulate appetite, improve growth performance and immune system function in livestock nutrition. For many years antibiotics have been used in livestock production to improve growth performance. Following the MoreBackground & Aim: Feed additives have been widely used to stimulate appetite, improve growth performance and immune system function in livestock nutrition. For many years antibiotics have been used in livestock production to improve growth performance. Following the ban on the use of antibiotic growth promoters in animal feeds in European Union and increasing demand for organic products, natural additives are needed, which can maintain health and enhance growth performance. Results & Discussion: Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench is one of the phytogenic additives that has been used for immune system stimulation. The effects of Echinacea in laboratory animals have been effectively studied and investigated in human for potential clinical effects. Echinacea contains effective ingredients which are effective in treatment of various diseases and promoting immune system function. These active substances include alkamides, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, cinnamic acids, essential oils and flavonoids. Industrial / Practical recommendation: Research on the use of Echinacea in poultry feed are limited, although they can be used as a guideline for further studies. In this paper, we have tried to discuss about present knowledge and the effects of active substances in improving the performance, health and function of the poultry immune system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
215 - Regulation of Intestinal GLP-1 and GLUT2 genes underlie hypoglycemia in Desplatsia subericarpa (Bocq)-Fed Wistar Rats
الاپسی اموتیووای اوواکپری-یوو اقال ایدو مکدونالدBackground & Aim:Indigenous people of West Africa use the whole-leaf of Desplatsia subericarpa (Bocq) in anti-diabetic soup delicacy. This study was designed to validate the anti-diabetic claims and delineating possible mechanisms. Experimental:RT-PCR method was use MoreBackground & Aim:Indigenous people of West Africa use the whole-leaf of Desplatsia subericarpa (Bocq) in anti-diabetic soup delicacy. This study was designed to validate the anti-diabetic claims and delineating possible mechanisms. Experimental:RT-PCR method was used to investigate regulation of intestinal glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and pancreatic insulin, L-type voltage-gated calcium channel genes. Insulin exocytosis was also monitored using ELISA method. The kidney sample was investigated for biomarkers of injury (kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and interleukin-1-β (IL-1β)). Results: GLP-1 up-regulation, GLUT2 down-regulation and increased insulin exocytosis but not increased insulin gene expression was observed in animals after a 3-day culinary exposure to D. Subericarpa leaves. This mechanism may explain hypoglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in animals in this study. KIM-1 and IL-1-β genes were marked up regulated in normal animals exposed (14-day) to D. Subericarpa. Recommended applications/industries: D. Subericarpa whole leaf contains phytochemicals principles with anti-diabetic potency but may be nephrotoxic. Therefore, for clinical use, selective fractionation of active components from the toxic components is desirable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - Nitrite reduction in sausage using tomato powder and Satureja bachtiarica Bunge essential oil by response surface methodology
بنفشه محمدی نفیسه جهانبخشیان مریم جعفریBackground & Aim: The use of synthetic additives is one of the main approaches for preventing microbial growth and oxidative reactions in meat products. These preservatives were recently marked as unhealthy to humans; therefore, the consumers demand for fresh, natur MoreBackground & Aim: The use of synthetic additives is one of the main approaches for preventing microbial growth and oxidative reactions in meat products. These preservatives were recently marked as unhealthy to humans; therefore, the consumers demand for fresh, natural, and negligibly processed products with lower content of artificial additives is increasing.Experimental: The effect of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge essential oil (EO) and tomato powder (TP) to optimize sausage formulation with reduced nitrite content was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the effects of different levels of EO (200-400 ppm), TP (5-15%) as Hurdles, and sodium nitrite (SN) (0-300 ppm) in sausage formulation during storage (0- 24 days). Dependent variables including residual nitrite, pH, color indices, microbial load, and hardness were investigated and finally model optimization and validation were conducted.Results: The results showed that residual nitrite was strongly depending on initial added nitrite and storage time (p<0.001), so the use of nitrite substituent was undeniable to have an improved sausage formulation without microbial defect. RSM represented a quadratic model for all responses except in texture which was linear and the pH and microbial load showed interaction. The optimized predicted values for SN, EO and TP were 56 ppm, 378 ppm and 5%, respectively. The model validation revealed that the results of the experiments were in good agreement with the predicted values.Recommended applications/industries: The results of the present study can be useful for consideration in meat products industry to reduce the nitrite level in sausage formulation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - Preparation and formulation of beneficial mayonnaise based on the antioxidant properties of green algae and Ganoderma lucidum and evaluation of its qualitative and physicochemical properties
فاطمه حاجی شعبان علیرضا رحمن عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطیمقدمه و هدف: ریزجلبک ها، یکی از منابع نویدبخش برای غذاهای جدید ومحصولات غذایی فراسودمند بوده و به دلیل داشتن ترکیب شیمیایی متعادل، می توانند به منظور افزایش ارزش تغذیه ای غذاها مورد استفاده قرار گیرند. دانستن ویژگی های فیزیکوشیمیایی آن ها، به منظور انتخاب مناسب ترین ریز Moreمقدمه و هدف: ریزجلبک ها، یکی از منابع نویدبخش برای غذاهای جدید ومحصولات غذایی فراسودمند بوده و به دلیل داشتن ترکیب شیمیایی متعادل، می توانند به منظور افزایش ارزش تغذیه ای غذاها مورد استفاده قرار گیرند. دانستن ویژگی های فیزیکوشیمیایی آن ها، به منظور انتخاب مناسب ترین ریزجلبک برای برنامه های کاربردی فناوری غذایی و توسعه غذاهای جدید لازم است. روش تحقیق: در این تحقیق سس مایونز با درصد های 1/0 ، 3/0 و 5/0 درصد از هر یک از جلبک ها اسپیرولیناپلاتنسیس و کلرلاولگاریس و همچنین قارچ گانودرما در فرمولاسیون سس مایونز مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. آزمون های پایداری امولسیونی، ویسکوزیته، عدد پراکسید، pH، اندازه ذرات، خصوصیات رنگ سنجی و همچنین کپک و مخمر در بازه های زمانی روز تولید، ماه اول، ماه دوم و ماه سوم نگهداری مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج آزمون ها با روش آنالیز واریانس دو طرفه و در سطح معنی داری 05/0 درصد و با نرم افزار Minitab 16مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج و بحث: نتایج نشان داد که شاخص های ویسکوزیته و اندازه ذرات افزایش، پایداری امولسیونی، عدد پراکسید، pH، شاخص روشنایی و همچنین جمعیت کپک و مخمر کاهش معنی داری یافت. نهایتا تیمار T10با مقادیر 1/0 درصد از هریک از جلبک های اسپیرولیناپلاتنسیس، کلرلاولگاریس و گانودرما لوسیدوم به عنوان تیمار بهینه انتخاب شد. توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی: ریزجلبک ها غنی از پروتئین، رنگیزه، کربوهیدرات، اسیدهای چرب و ویتامین و مواد معدنی پروتئین هستند که می توانند در غنی سازی مواد غذایی مورد استفاده قرار بگیرند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - Effect of sowing season on growth and oil chemical composition of ajowain (Carum capticom L.) under salinity stress
سهیلا دخانی فروغ مرتضائی نژاد سعید دوازده امامیBackground & aim: Saline lands can be utilized by planting native medicinal plants tolerant to salinity. The quantity and quality these plants are changed during various seasons in agriculture systems. Thus, this study carried out under salinity stress in order to e MoreBackground & aim: Saline lands can be utilized by planting native medicinal plants tolerant to salinity. The quantity and quality these plants are changed during various seasons in agriculture systems. Thus, this study carried out under salinity stress in order to examine the effect of sowing in two seasons on growth characteristics and essential oil components of ajowan (Carum capticum L.), Experimental: Different salinity treatments (EC= 0.3, 4, 8 and 12 dS/m) were used before flowering stage of ajowan in pot experimental at Khorasgan (Isfahan), Iran. Growth characteristics were measured and, the essential oil analyzed by GC/MS apparatus. Results & discussion: Results showed that increasing salinity caused decrease plant height in spring planting and increase in number of branching in summer planting. The amounts of plant height, number of umbel, number of flower in main umbel and number of floret in main umbel in summer sowing was higher than spring sowing. Interaction effects of salinity and sowing season on growth characteristics showed that the highest plant height was obtained from summer sowing under salinity 4 dS/m treatment and the lowest amount of plant height obtained from spring sowing under salinity 12 dS/m treatment. In spring and summer sowing, ten and thirteen components were identified in the essential oil of C. capticum, respectively. The major compounds in the essential oil of C. capticum were of thymol and γ-terpinene. Industrial and practical recommendations: According to results of this study, It seems that sowing of C. capticum under saline soils (~EC=12 dS/m) for metabolic agronomy (especially thymol) in spring sowing could be is suitable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
219 - Effects of cell phone radiation on estrogen and progesterone levels and ovarian changes in rats treated with garlic (Allium sativum L.) hydro-alcoholic extract
بهناز حاجیونBackground & Aim: Electromagnetic waves can damage sex organs and cause hormonal disorders, whereas garlic is known as reducing risk factors for various diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the probable effects of mobile phone radiation and consumption MoreBackground & Aim: Electromagnetic waves can damage sex organs and cause hormonal disorders, whereas garlic is known as reducing risk factors for various diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the probable effects of mobile phone radiation and consumption of garlic on estrogen and progesterone levels and ovarian changes. Experimental: Five groups of rats (n = 8) were used which groups included control, sham (exposed to 900 MHz wavelength), receiving garlic extract, and receiving both extract and microwaves. After a month, rats were weighed and serum levels of estrogen and progesterone were measured. Ovaries were also removed, weighed and their probable histological changes were studied. Results & Discussion: The mean body weights in different groups showed no significant changes, whereas a significant increase was seen in serum level of progesterone in experimental groups-II and III. Also, there were no observable histological changes in the ovaries of different groups. Recommended applications/industries: Although microwaves can cause weight lost in mails and presence of allicin and vitamins A and B in garlic can compensate some of this weight lost, this isn’t the case in females. In addition, both microwaves and garlic extract have less effect on female reproductive system, reflected only in the serum progesterone concentration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
220 - Investigation of mineral composition of some wild Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.)
ندا نایب پور حسینعلی اسدی قارنهBackground & Aim: Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) is usually a wild plant and classified in Anacardiaceae family. The fruits are used as a medicine for curing fever, diarrhea, stomachache, dermatitis disease and some other important disease like cancer, stroke, diabetes an MoreBackground & Aim: Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) is usually a wild plant and classified in Anacardiaceae family. The fruits are used as a medicine for curing fever, diarrhea, stomachache, dermatitis disease and some other important disease like cancer, stroke, diabetes and liver disease. In this study, some Iranian wild sumac ecotypes were investigated in terms of mineral compositions. Detecting medicinal plants chemical composition is useful for phytochemical scientific source. Experimental: Mature and ripe fruits were collected and dried in laboratory condition, and then the minerals content like Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, P, K, and Zn were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: In Yahya-Abad samples, potassium, sodium, zinc, phosphorous and manganes were the most abundant minerals. The amount of calcium in Yahya-Abad samples and Firizhand samples was the highest. In Firizhand samples the amount of copper and magnesium were higher than other ecotypes and in Malmir samples, iron was significantly higher than other ecotypes. Also, results from this study indicated that all samples are significantly different from each other in terms of mineral elements. The samples from Yahya-Abad was found to contain appreciable amounts of different minerals. Recommended applications/industries: Minerals are vital chemical elements for the human health and must be in the diet. These findings would be useful for food scientists and nutritionists interested in the nutritive value of plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
221 - Identification and application of anthocyanine from wild safflower (Carthamus oxyacanthus) seed coat color
محمدرضا سبزعلیان فرهنگ تیرگیر آقافخر میرلوحی قدرت اله سعیدیBackground & Aim: Despite valuable medicinal properties of safflower, breeding new varieties and development of the crop culture area has been limited due to the lack of genetic variation for some crucial characteristics as resistance to diseases and pests like saff MoreBackground & Aim: Despite valuable medicinal properties of safflower, breeding new varieties and development of the crop culture area has been limited due to the lack of genetic variation for some crucial characteristics as resistance to diseases and pests like safflower fly. In this study, populations of wild safflower, C. oxyacanthus were collected from western, central and southern regions of Iran to investigate their genetic variation for resistance to safflower fly, Acanthiophilus helianthi. Then mechanisms of plant resistance to safflower fly and effective bio-chemical compounds involved in the resistance were also investigated. Experimental: Germplasm collection of wild safflower, C. oxyacanthus, was carried out from central, southern and western Iran including provinces Fars, Kohgiluyeh, Isfahan, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, Markazi, Tehran, Lorestan, Kordestan, Ilam, Kermanshah and Hamadan. In each province, 3 to 5 samples were gathered from collection sites 50-100 km apart from each other. Each accession was composed of seeds from 30 to 50 individual plants in each collection site. Accessions were planted and evaluated in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications for resistance to safflower fly (Acanthiophilus helianthi) in terms of dead larvae frequency. Results & Discussion: Fresh brown-black and white seed coats from immature seeds of C. oxyacanthus were soaked for 48 h in DMF in three replications. The extracted solution was chromatographed on TLC. The compounds isolated by chromatography were dissolved in 1 mL of DMSO-d6 and 1D proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) and carbon nuclear resonance (C-NMR) spectra were recorded. The results showed that brown-black seed coat color in C. oxyacanthus is due to the presence in high concentration of a main anthocyanidin. The compound in the seed coats predominantly undergoes polymerization due to desiccation and exposition to atmosphere during ripening and performs as indigestible and anti-nutritional polymers against fly larvae feeding. Industrial and practical recommendations: Safflower varieties with black seeds containing high amount of anthocyanidin may help to overcome or alleviate insects and diseases problems in front of developing safflower production area and to extract novel metabolites for medicinal purposes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
222 - Hypericum perforatum and probiotic effects on performance, carcass characteristics and intestinal morphology in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica)
مصطفی بنی شریف فرشید خیری سید محمدعلی جلالیBackground & Aim:Hypericum perforatum L. is native to Iran. This herb is one of the most important medicinal plants and had many medical effects.This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding Hypericum perforatum and protexin on performance, car MoreBackground & Aim:Hypericum perforatum L. is native to Iran. This herb is one of the most important medicinal plants and had many medical effects.This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding Hypericum perforatum and protexin on performance, carcass characteristics and intestinal morphology Japanese quails. Experimental: A total of 240 ten days old quails were divided into eight treatments with three replicates as factorial randomized design. The treatments were divided as basal diet with no protexin and Hypericum perforatum kept as control, and 0.2% (H1), 0.4% (H2) and 0.6 % (H3) Hypericum perforatum with 0.02 % or without protexin as P0 and P1 were used respectively. The live body weight gains, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of quails were calculated weekly. At the end of the trial two birds (male) form each replicates were slaughtered and dressing percentage were calculated and some carcass traits were weighed separately as percentage of carcass weight. Results: Data indicated that using of protexin and Hypericum perforatum increased feed intake (FI) in treatments compared to control group. Also body weight (BW) (g/d) and Pre-slaughter weight (g) were higher in protexin and Hypericum perforatum compared to the control. There were no significant differences (p<0.05) for feed conversation ratio (FCR) among treatments. Recommended applications/industries: Considering that body weight gain of Japanese quails can improve by increasing the level of Hypericum perforatum in diet, this herb is recommended for industrial poultry farm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - Traditional uses of locally available medicinal plants in Bardiya district, Nepal
دیراجان پاریار ماهاماد میا آمیت آدیکاریBackground & Aim: Medicinal plants are traditionally used worldwide for primary healthcare. Documentation of such traditional ethnomedicinal knowledge is essential because it might be lost after loss of knowledgeable people. This study was conducted to document the MoreBackground & Aim: Medicinal plants are traditionally used worldwide for primary healthcare. Documentation of such traditional ethnomedicinal knowledge is essential because it might be lost after loss of knowledgeable people. This study was conducted to document the traditional uses of locally available medicinal plants in Bardiya district of Nepal during March and April 2021.Experimental: Questionnaire survey method was used to collect the information about uses, local name and parts used of the medicinal plant species found in the study area. Secondary data were collected through online portals like Google Scholar and Researchgate. Data was pooled and analyzed in Excel software. The data were presented in table, graphs and pie-chart.Results: A total of 63 species of medicinal plants from 59 genera and 39 families were found to be used to treat 51 types of diseases. Fabaceae family represented the maximum number of plant species used (n=8). Herbs were used most frequently (n=29) among the different habit of plants. Similarly, leaf was used most frequently (n=26) to cure diseases.Recommended applications/industries: The finding of the present study would be the baseline for further exploration of medicinal plants in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - Mechanism of antinociceptive activity of the methanol leaf extract of Senna italica (Mill) in murine model of pain
آمینا اولوروکوبا اسماو حمزه عایشا موسیBackground & Aim: Senna italica leaf (SIL) is extensively used in traditional medicine for the management of various types of pain including stomach cramps, back ache, joint pains, headache, and migraine. The current study was designed to scientifically investigate MoreBackground & Aim: Senna italica leaf (SIL) is extensively used in traditional medicine for the management of various types of pain including stomach cramps, back ache, joint pains, headache, and migraine. The current study was designed to scientifically investigate the purported uses of the leaves as an analgesic agent and to elucidate its possible mechanism of antinociceptive action.Experimental: Phytochemical screening and oral acute toxicity studies were conducted using standard protocols. Antinociceptive potentials were evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests in mice. The possible pharmacological mechanism(s) involved in the anti-nociceptive activity were investigated by pretreating mice with Naloxone (2 mg/kg), L-arginine (50 mg/kg), Propranolol (20 mg/kg), Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg), and Prazosin (1 mg/kg)15 min prior to SIL (1000 mg/kg) administration, then assessed using acetic acid-induced writhing 1 h later. Data was analyzed using One-way Anova followed by Bonferroni post hoc test.Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and triterpenes. Oral median lethal dose of SIL was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. SIL at the doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg demonstrated significant (P<0.05) dose-dependent protection against acetic acid-induced writhes in mice. The extract at the highest dose (1000 mg/kg) also significantly (P<0.05) increased the reaction time of mice to thermal stimulus in the hot plate test. Pretreatment with naloxone, prazosin, L-arginine, and propranolol significantly (P<0.05) reduced the antinociceptive activity of the extract. However, pretreatment with glibenclamide showed no effect on its antinociceptive activity.Recommended applications/industries: The findings of this research has validated the traditional use of the plant in the management of pain through possible involvement of opioidergic, α-adrenergic, β-adrenergic systems including the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
225 - Antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic activities of Solenostemon monostachyus
جواد اکوکون لوییس آمازو لوکی نوییداBackground & Aim: Solenostemon monostachyus has remain invincible in Ibibio ethnomedicine for the management of numerous ailment including diabetes mellitus. Many of these ethnomedicinal claims are yet to be pharmacologically verified. The purpose of this study ther MoreBackground & Aim: Solenostemon monostachyus has remain invincible in Ibibio ethnomedicine for the management of numerous ailment including diabetes mellitus. Many of these ethnomedicinal claims are yet to be pharmacologically verified. The purpose of this study therefore was to subject the extract/fractions of Solenostemon monostachyus used in folkloric management of diabetes to scientific assay. Experimental: The crude extract and fractions of S. monostachyus (75 -225 mg/kg) were evaluated for antidiabetic activity in alloxan – induced diabetic rats. The antidiabetic activity during acute and prolong studies were investigated. Glibenclamide, 10 mg/kg, was used as positive control. The Blood Glucose Level (BGL) was measured by using a glucometer and the various lipids level were estimated using Randox diagnostic kits. Results & Discussion: Treatment of alloxan diabetic rats with the extract/fractions caused a significant (P<0.001) reductions in BGL of the diabetic rats both in acute and prolong treatment (2 weeks). The activities of extract and fractions were comparable to that of glibenclamide in prolonged study. S. monostachyus treatment showed considerable lowering of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol and an increase in HDL cholesterol in the treated diabetic group. Industrial and practical recommendations: These results suggest that the extract of S. monostachyus possesses antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic effect on alloxan-induced diabetic rats which can be exploited in the management of diabetes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
226 - Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of sesame oil
حسن غزالی وردنجانی سمیه تقیان مهدی عمو حیدریBackground & Aim: Sesame is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world and is one of the oldest oily products used by humans. Sesame oil is an important industrial, oral and medicinal oil. Today, the use of ultrasound has grown significantly due to its effects MoreBackground & Aim: Sesame is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world and is one of the oldest oily products used by humans. Sesame oil is an important industrial, oral and medicinal oil. Today, the use of ultrasound has grown significantly due to its effects on food storage and processing. Experimental: In this research, the response level model was used to study the effects of two variables of grain to solvent ratio and extraction time by fractional irradiation on dependent variables of extraction efficiency, peroxide number, 2- tiobarbituric acid, L, a, and b colorparameters and type and amount of fatty acids. Results & Discussion: The results of variance analysis showed that the increase in solvent to seed and extraction time by ultrasound had a significant effect (P≤0.01) on extraction efficiency. Optimum operating conditions for maximum efficiency were extraction time of 55 min and solvent to seed ratio of 0.25. Industrial/ practical recommendations: It is important to mention that the ultrasonic extraction process with less processing time resulted in more efficiency than the Soxhlet method. It was also shown that ultrasound did not have an inappropriate effect on the extracted oil color and in some cases, it even improved the color of the extracted oil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
227 - Comparative evaluation of different extraction methods for the assay of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of Valeriana officinalis roots
الناز حسینی نیا سیمین عربی ملک حکمتیBackground & Aim:Medicinal plants are rich sources of substances with nutraceutical and health benefits. Valeriana officinalis L. (Valerianaceae) is a known medicinal plant used in traditional medicine throughout the world. The present study aimed to evaluate the ef MoreBackground & Aim:Medicinal plants are rich sources of substances with nutraceutical and health benefits. Valeriana officinalis L. (Valerianaceae) is a known medicinal plant used in traditional medicine throughout the world. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiencies of three methods for antioxidant extraction from Valeriana officinalis, and the impact of extraction methods on total phenollic and flavonoids contents and antioxidant activities of valeriana root was studied. Experimental: The dried-root was extracted by three different methods including maceration, ultrasonic assisted, and Soxhlet assisted extraction. Antioxidant capacity of the extracts was assessed using DPPH and nitric oxide (NO) free radicals scavenging, reducing power and iron chelating activity. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also identified. Results: The ultrasonic extract showed the highest amount of total phenolics and flavonoids contents. In DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power assay, the ultrasonic assisted extract, (IC50=0.546 mg/ml) showed higher activity than the other extracts. In DPPH radical scavenging activity, IC50 for ultrasonic extract, soxhlet assisted extraction and maceration extract were 0.546, 0.816 and 0.678 mg/ml, respectively. The results clearly showed that the extraction methods used in this study significantly affected antioxidant capacities and total phenolic and flavonoids contents. It was found that ultrasonic assisted extraction and Soxhlet methods are more efficient in extraction of antioxidant components from Valeriana officinalis L. Recommended applications/industries: Considering result of study, it can be inferred that the herb may be a good source of bioactive compounds and can work as an antioxidant to prevent the oxidative deteriorative activity of food materials. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
228 - Effect of the extract from Gundelia tournefortii on immature mouse oocytes
آزاده عابدی لیلا روحی عبداله قاسمی پیربلوطیBackground & Aim: Considering that antioxidants are known as effective free radicals scavenger, it may be able to improve the in vitro oocyte maturation and the fetal quality. This study was designed to determine the effect of Gundelia tournefortii leaves (GTE) hydr MoreBackground & Aim: Considering that antioxidants are known as effective free radicals scavenger, it may be able to improve the in vitro oocyte maturation and the fetal quality. This study was designed to determine the effect of Gundelia tournefortii leaves (GTE) hydro-alcoholic extract as a source of antioxidant on in vitro oocyte maturation. Experimental: Germinal vasicle (GV) were recovered from 6-8 weeks old NMRI ovaries. GV were cultured for 24 hours in maturation medium in MEMα supplemented with 7.5 IU/ml hCG, 100 mIU/ml rhFSH, 5% FCS (control group) and adding different doses of GTE extract (group I: 10 µg/ml, group II: 20 µg/ml, and group III: 40 µg/ml) and then in vitro maturation stages and resumption of meiotic in all groups was recorded by inverted microscope. Results: In group I, maturation rates were improved compared to the control group. But this difference was not significant. In group II, maturation rates showed a significant increase compared to the control group (p<0.05). In group III, also maturation rates showed a significant increase compared to the control group (p<0.05). Recommended applications/industries: The results of this study showed that the extract from Gundelia tournefortii leaves has a positive effect on oocyte maturation that is doses dependent. With increasing concentration of the extract, the rate of maturation immature oocytes increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
229 - Effect of Different Drying Methods on Some Biochemical Properties of Iranian Ox-tongue (Echium amoenum Fisch. & Mey.)
آرش سعیدی حسینعلی اسدی قارنهBackground & Aim:Iranian ox-tongue (Echium amoenum Fisch. & Mey.) is an endemic Iranian medicinal plant belongs to Boraginaceae family. The violet-blue petals of this plant have been used in traditional medicine. Drying is one of the most critical and fundamenta MoreBackground & Aim:Iranian ox-tongue (Echium amoenum Fisch. & Mey.) is an endemic Iranian medicinal plant belongs to Boraginaceae family. The violet-blue petals of this plant have been used in traditional medicine. Drying is one of the most critical and fundamental operations in the post-harvest processing of medicinal plants. Experimental: This research was carried out in Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch in 2015. The experiment was arranged based on completely randomized design with three repetitions. Drying methods are including sun and shade drying, oven-drying (45, 65 and 85∘C) and microwave drying (200, 300 and 400 W). Drying time of Iranian Ox-tongue petals and some biochemical properties such as total chlorophyll, the amount of carotenoids, anthocyanin content and total flavonoids were measured. Results: The results showed that different drying methods had significant effects on drying time, chlorophyll, carotenoids, total flavonoid and anthocyanin contents of Iranian ox-tongue petals. The maximum and minimum drying times were measured in shade drying and microwave 400 W, respectively. The anthocyanin content gradually decreased with the increase of oven temperatures and microwave powers. Also shade drying method had the highest amount of total chlorophyll and carotenoids. Generally, regarding the biochemical composition, traditional shade drying is the optimum method for dying of Iranian ox-tongue petals. Recommended applications/industries: According to this study, shade drying could be recommended in terms of qualitative characteristics of mentioned medicinal plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
230 - Effect of jasmonic (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) on phytochemical properties of Salvia officinalis L.
مهدی رحیم ملک شکوفه آزاد مهراب یادگاری عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطیBackground & aim: Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is a perennial medicinal herb which belongs to Lamiales order and Lamiaceae family. This plant has economical value for four years. Nowadays the use of plant growth regulators (PGR) has an important role for increasing MoreBackground & aim: Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is a perennial medicinal herb which belongs to Lamiales order and Lamiaceae family. This plant has economical value for four years. Nowadays the use of plant growth regulators (PGR) has an important role for increasing the secondary metabolites in plants. Among PGRs Jasmonic (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) have many applications in medicinal plants.Experimental: This study was carried out to survey the effect of spraying of various concentrations JA and SA on S. officinalis L. in field experiment of Hormozgan, South Iran at 2010-2011. A pot experiment was conducted in a CRD with ten treatments with three replicates. The treatments including I: distilled water (control), II: distilled water and solution (acetone), III-VI: SA in different concentrations (1, 10, 20 and 40 mol/l, VII-X: JA in various concentrations including 50, 100, 200 and 400 µM. The leaves were harvested at before flowering and, the essential oil extracted by Clevenger approach then the compounds were characterized using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).Results & Discussion: Results showed that various concentrations of foliar application of JA and SA lead to decrease or increasing of some secondary metabolites in essential oil of S. officinalis L. Compounds such as a-pinene, camphene, b-pinene, 1,8-cineole, cis-thujane, trans-thujane, borneol, bornyl acetate and camphor were affected from JA and SA treatments.Industrial and practical recommendations: According to the results of present study it suggests to increase the major compounds of essential oil of Salvia officinalis L.using SA and JA. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
231 - Antioxidant activities, polyphenolic composition and their correlation analysis on Hibiscus sabdarifa L. (sabdariffa) calices
حکیمه علومی شهریار شاکری مجید بهزادیBackground & Aim:Extracts of Roselle calyx, possess compounds which could be considered as a great source of natural antioxidants. In this project, antioxidant activities, phenolic compounds content and their correlation analysis on calices of Roselle (Hibiscus s MoreBackground & Aim:Extracts of Roselle calyx, possess compounds which could be considered as a great source of natural antioxidants. In this project, antioxidant activities, phenolic compounds content and their correlation analysis on calices of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) was investigated. Experimental: Total polyphenolic compound, flavonoids and anthocyanins were determined spectrophotometrically. Catalase and peroxidase activity was estimated based on unit per milligram protein. Total antioxidant capacities of the extract were studied using phosphomolybdate assay, DPPH assay and FRAP method. Results: The hibiscus calices were rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids and anthocyanins. Peroxidase and catalase activity was estimated as 3.13 and 0.05 unit mg-1 protein, respectively. Calyx extract showed high antioxidant activities specially based on DPPH assay. Correlation analysis was also performed between parameters. There was a positive significant correlation between the levels of polyphenolics and flavonoids, anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity of calices at PRecommended applications/industries: Extracts of H. sabdariffa L. (sabdariffa) calices are rich in antioxidant compounds including total phenolic compounds, flavonoids content, and anthocyanins. Based on all the method of measuring antioxidant capacities in this project, the calices showed an acceptable antioxidant activity. Thus, H. sabdariffa L. (sabdariffa) may be suggested as a potential source of natural antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical industry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
232 - The effect of salinity on seed yield and oil of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.
نسرین قوامی حسنعلی نقدی بادی علی اکبر رامین علی مهرآفرینBackground & Aim: Milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn] is an annual or biennial plant, native to the Mediterranean area, which has spread in north and south of Iran. A fruit of milk thistle contains a relatively high amount (approx. 20%) of oil, which exhibit MoreBackground & Aim: Milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn] is an annual or biennial plant, native to the Mediterranean area, which has spread in north and south of Iran. A fruit of milk thistle contains a relatively high amount (approx. 20%) of oil, which exhibits wound-healing, anti-burn, and hepatoprotective properties. Experimental: In this research, a pot experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with seven level of salinities [1.09(control), 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 dS/m] for two genotypes, Ahvaz wild type and cultivated German origin (Royston). Results & Discussion: At the harvest, the results have showed that both genotypes grow satisfactorily and had a normal size in soils up to salinity of 9 dS/m, compared to the control plants. However, growth parameters such as number of capitula per plant, main shoot capitulum's diameter, and seed yield and yield components per plant was reduced with salinity greater than 9dS/m in both genotypes. The seed oil content reduced with salinity greater than 9 dS/m slightly. Industrial and practical recommendations: Our results suggested that both types of milk thistle could survive salinity up to 15 dS/m and produced seeds but maximum yield seed get in up to 9 dS/m. Growing milk thistle in low fertile soil and under moderate salinity (≤9.0 dS/m) conditions could be important not only such as a cover crop against soil erosions but also for producing seeds of greater value for medicinal and nutrition purposes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
233 - Isolation of borneol and bornyl acetate from Ferulago macrocarpa by microwave irradiation
ژیلا اصغری محمد صالحی محسن مظاهری تهرانیBackground & Aim: A simple and rapid microwave- assisted extraction (MAE) procedure was developed and optimized for the isolation of borneol and bornyl acetate from Ferulago macrocarpa. Ferulago macrocarpa (Apiaceae) is an endemic plant in Iran. Experimental: Dried MoreBackground & Aim: A simple and rapid microwave- assisted extraction (MAE) procedure was developed and optimized for the isolation of borneol and bornyl acetate from Ferulago macrocarpa. Ferulago macrocarpa (Apiaceae) is an endemic plant in Iran. Experimental: Dried powdered aerial parts of plants were soaked in water and irradiated with microwave in a Clevenger extraction approach under optimum conditions (520 W and 0.5 h). Results & Discussion: Compared to traditional heating methods by Clevenger, the present method is more efficiency and proceeds in a short time. The isolation rates of borneol and bornyl acetate increased by about 2 and 1.3, respectively, as compared to the conventional thermal methods. Low cost, easy extraction, high purity of the extracted products and high efficiency are the advantages of this method. Furthermore, solvent free extraction of the essential oils is a good method for the development of green chemistry. Recommended applications/industries: The essential oil of this plant obtained by MAHD and HD methods, contained bornyl acetate as the most abundant component. The extracted essential oil by MAHD was qualitatively similar to that obtained by HD however; it was achieved in a much short time. Therefore pilot microwave reactor might be proven suitable for large scale extraction with potential industrial applications. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
234 - An overview on genus Thymus
عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی زهره امامی بیستگانی فاطمه ملک پورThe genus Thymus L. belongs to the Lamiaceae family, consist of about 215 species of herbaceous perennials and small shrubs in the world. They originated from Mediterranean region. This genus is presented in Iranian flora by 14 species, including: T. daenensis,T. carman MoreThe genus Thymus L. belongs to the Lamiaceae family, consist of about 215 species of herbaceous perennials and small shrubs in the world. They originated from Mediterranean region. This genus is presented in Iranian flora by 14 species, including: T. daenensis,T. carmanicus, T. fallax, T. persicus, T. trautvetteri, T. migricus, T. kotschyanus,T. pubesens, T. nummularius, T. transcaspicus, T. eriocalyx, T. caucasicus, T. transcaucasicus, and T. fedtschenkoi. Thyme is an aromatic and medicinal herb that has been widely used in folk medicine, food preservatives and pharmaceutical preparations. Overall, this genus is one of the most popular plants throughout the entire world due to its volatile constituents. Thymol and carvacrol are the major compounds in most of the Thymus essential oils. The therapeutic potential of thyme rests on contents of thymol, carvacrol, flavonoids, eugenol, aliphatic phenols as well as luteolin, saponins, and tetra methoxylated flavones. The essential oil of thyme has antibacterial, antiseptic, antifungal, anti-parasitic and antioxidant activity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
235 - Neuroprotective role of vitamin E, green tea extract, and spirulina in rats treated with cadmium chloride
امیر علی شهبازفر سید جمال امامی رضا اسدپورBackground & Aim: Spirulina (Spirulina plantesis) and Tea (Camellia sinensis) has a long history of use in folk medicine. Recently, They have been widely studied for their potential antioxidant properties. The present study investigated neuroprotective effect of Spi MoreBackground & Aim: Spirulina (Spirulina plantesis) and Tea (Camellia sinensis) has a long history of use in folk medicine. Recently, They have been widely studied for their potential antioxidant properties. The present study investigated neuroprotective effect of Spirulina and green tea extract against Cadmium [Cd]-induced brain lesions and to compare these effects with neuroprotective effect of Vitamin E. Experimental: The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups and were treated with the following treatment for a period of 4 weeks. Control, CdCl2 alone, Vitamin E with CdCl2, Green tea extract with CdCl2, Spirulina solution with CdCl2. On the 29th day, animals were sacrificed humanely and their brains were placed in formalin. Hippocampus, caudate putamen, corpus callosum, cerebellum, and cerebrum were studied by light microscopy. Results: Neuronophagia, satellitosis of oligodendrocytes, hyperemia, hemorrhage, neuronal necrosis, central chromatolysis, neuronal atrophy, laminar necrosis, and status spongiosus were the observed changes. Thickness of granular layer and molecular layer of cerebellum and size/diametr of purkenje cells reduced when cadmium used alone at PRecommended applications/industries: The results shows Spirullina as excellent antioxidant source indicating its use possibly in combination with vitamin E and other antioxidant agent in order to prevent adverse effects of free radicals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
236 - Comparative study of the effect of Eucalyptus extract on Candida albicans and human pathogenic bacteria
زهرا دهباشی فروغ فرقانی سید کاظم صباغ سعیده سعیدیBackground & Aim:During recent decades, infections disease resulting from opportunistic fungi such as Candida albicans and resistance increasing of human pathogenic bacteria to current antibiotics has led to many problems for treating of these diseases. The aims of MoreBackground & Aim:During recent decades, infections disease resulting from opportunistic fungi such as Candida albicans and resistance increasing of human pathogenic bacteria to current antibiotics has led to many problems for treating of these diseases. The aims of the present study was to investigate anti-fungi and anti-bacterial effects of Eucalyptus extract on Candida albicans species isolated from clinical samples and some standard human pathogenic bacteria. Experimental: Eucalyptus extract was provided using rotary apparatus and maceration method. Thirty isolates of Candida albicans were isolated from referred patients to gynecologist and then were purified and identified by valid keys. Finally, 30 isolated were used to growth inhibitory activity assay. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of eucalyptus extract against 5 standard bacteria inculding: Staphylococcus aureu, Shigella dysenteriae, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio cholera and Bacillus cereus were evaluated using micro broth dilution method. Results: Our results indicated that in compare to bacterial strains, fungus isolates showed more sensitivity to eucalyptus extract. The highest and lowest MIC of extract was recorded at 12.5 and 3.1 ppm for S. aureus and B. cereus, respectively. As MIC, the maximum MBC (20ppm) and minimum MBC (5ppm) of extract was recorded fro S. aureus and B. cereus respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration of extract to fungal growth inhibitory was 50 ppm, whereas the maximum inhibiting concentration was 150 ppm. Recommended applications/industries: The positive and interesting results suggest the essential oil of E. globulus could be exploited antibiotic for the treatment of candidiasous disease caused by Candida albicans fungi, and some human pathogenic bacteria studied in this work. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
237 - Antidiabetic and anti-oxidant effects of methanol leaf extract of Momordica charantia following alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia in rats
ساندی افوگ الوفکه فلایی بلسین اگونپلو آدمولا اویابمی تمیدایو اوموبوال مومو یکوبو اولووافمی اوگونتیبجو آدلو آدداپوBackground & Aim:The plant Momordica charantia is highly valuable having a wide range of medicinal uses with tropical and subtropical regions distribution. This study was conducted to appraise the medicative properties of methanol leaf extract of Momordica charantia MoreBackground & Aim:The plant Momordica charantia is highly valuable having a wide range of medicinal uses with tropical and subtropical regions distribution. This study was conducted to appraise the medicative properties of methanol leaf extract of Momordica charantia (MEMC) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Experimental: The antidiabetic influence of methanol leaf extract of Momordica charantia (MEMC) was investigated in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. 50 rats allocated into five groups (A-E) (n =10) were utilized in this study: group A was normal control, groups B to E were induced with alloxan with diabetes established, while group B was not treated, group C received glibenclamide treatment while groups D and E were administered extracts at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses, respectively, in a study that continued for 28 days. Changes in blood glucose levels, body weight, haematology, serum chemistry, antioxidant system and histopathology changes were evaluated. Results: MEMC elicited significant drop in blood glucose level from diabetic to near normal level, restoring the body weight, haematological and serum biochemical parameters to the basal non diabetic level; likewise the MEMC-treated group elicited a decreased level of oxidant markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) but increased concentration of protein thiols (PT), non-protein thiols (NPT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) indicating its anti-oxidant potential. The pancreas section also revealed repair of distorted pancreatic architecture in MEMC-treated group compared to diabetic group. Recommended applications/industries: The plant exhibited anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant abilities hence could be explored for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
238 - Effect of different treatments of organic fertilizers on growth characteristics and yield of Cassia angustifolia Vahl.
امین نیک خواه حسن علی نقدی بادی محمدحسن شیرزادی علی مهر آفرین نیلوفر طاهریانBackground & aim: In sustainable agriculture, organic fertilizers are considered as important alternatives for chemical ones and are of great importance in organic producing of medicinal plants. This study was conducted to study the effects of organic fertilizers on MoreBackground & aim: In sustainable agriculture, organic fertilizers are considered as important alternatives for chemical ones and are of great importance in organic producing of medicinal plants. This study was conducted to study the effects of organic fertilizers on Cassia angustifolia Vahl in dry and subtropical climate. Experimental: This study was carried out in Jiroft region, Kerman (Iran), at 2009-2010 in a randomized complete block design with three replications and thirteen fertilizer treatments. Results & discussion: The results of analysis of variance showed that treatments had significant effects on plant height, leaf width, number of branches, fresh weight of leaves, dry weight of leaves, fresh weight of shoot and dry weight of shoot (ppIndustrial and practical recommendations: In environmental conditions of the studied region, the integrated application of organic fertilizers containing nitrogen can improve quantitative yield of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Therefore application of organic fertilizers can improve sustainable agriculture and organic production of medicinal plants in addition to decrease of chemical fertilizers application. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
239 - Evaluation of plant pigments existence in medicinal plant, sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) at two different seasons
عذرا عرب مجید طالبی بدرالدین ابراهیم سید طباطبایی مهدی رحیم ملکBackground & Aim: The pigments inside the leaf chloroplasts receive sunlight energy and transport it to photosynthesis reaction center. The most important of these pigments is chlorophyll. In this study, the pigments existence in medicinal plant, sumac (Rhus coriari MoreBackground & Aim: The pigments inside the leaf chloroplasts receive sunlight energy and transport it to photosynthesis reaction center. The most important of these pigments is chlorophyll. In this study, the pigments existence in medicinal plant, sumac (Rhus coriaria L.), was investigated at Biotechnology Laboratory, Isfahan University of Technology. Experimental: Experiments were performed in three replicates by using the upper, middle and lower leaves of sumac. Pigments were extracted by 80% acetone from fresh leaves of the sumac. Extracts have been used for the reading at 645, 663 and 470 nm absorption wavelength for chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids, respectively. Results & Discussion: The results showed significant difference between the amounts of pigments in different seasons (p< 0.05). The amount of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids was obtained in spring on average 0.78, 0.24, 1.02 and 3.32 mg/g of leaf, whereas it was 1.55, 0.46, 2.01 and 6.61 mg/g of leaf for winter, respectively. The total amount of carotenoid was higher than chlorophylls and both of them were high in early winter. Totally, chlorophyll a content was higher than chlorophyll b in both seasons, as well as other plants. Recommended applications/industries: Chlorophyll, carotenoids and their derivatives are important antioxidants that there are plenty of them in sumac, it reveals the potential for its use in the food industry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
240 - Identifying some medicinal kinds at risk of extinction in Kallar Mountain in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province
اصغر شاهرخی حمزه علی شیرمردی مریم قائد امینیBackground & Aim: Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province contains several major floristic plant associations of central Zagros Mountains. Kallar species were used for medicines nutrias in this area. However, these valuable species have been threatened and even become at MoreBackground & Aim: Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province contains several major floristic plant associations of central Zagros Mountains. Kallar species were used for medicines nutrias in this area. However, these valuable species have been threatened and even become at risk of extinction due to habitat fragmentation and disturbance. Therefore, the first step in protecting theses species is identify species habitats in particular in those with major plant associations. One of the important centers in the province of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province is Kallar Mountain; It is an area of approximately 5,086 hectares and, is located at the center of the province. Range of the mountain is between 1900 and 3814 meters above sea level. The average annual rainfall of 511.4 mg and average temperature is 10.45 ºC.Experimental: Various parts of the mountain were sampled more than 30 times and all the plants species were identified. A-biotic factors were also collected.Results & Discussion: The results showed that Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province has about 1,300 species of choromophyta among which about 600 plant species were found in Kallar. There are 91 medical species belong 38 family, 80 geniuses. 67 Iranian endemic plant species were found in Kallar among which 28 species medical were identified as medical such as Achillea kellalensis Boiss. & Haus and Satureja kallarica Jamzad. 84 species are listed in Red Data Book of Iran, among which 61 species LR, are 12 species are (vu), 11 species (DD) were identified in Kallar.Industrial and practical recommendations: Most endangered plants are medicinal and endemic by protecting, reproducing and rehabilitation of their habitats; major steps are likely to take in order to conserve plant genetic resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
241 - Screening of the profiles of the essential oils from the aerial parts of Nepeta racemosa using classical and microwave-based methods: Comparison with the volatiles using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction
مجید محمدحسینیBackground & Aim:Nepeta racemosa is an herbal and medicinal plant and this report aims to identify chemical compositions of the essential oils and volatiles of its aerial parts through classical and advanced methods. Experimental: Chemical profiles of the essentia MoreBackground & Aim:Nepeta racemosa is an herbal and medicinal plant and this report aims to identify chemical compositions of the essential oils and volatiles of its aerial parts through classical and advanced methods. Experimental: Chemical profiles of the essential oils and volatile compounds from the aerial parts of Nepeta racemosa obtained through hydrodistillation (HD), solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME), microwave assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) methods were subsequently investigated by means of GC and GC-MS instruments. Results: Totally, 25, 26, 24, and 24 components were identified in the chemical profiles, representing 98.1%, 96.6%, 97.7% and 96.4% of the total compositions when using the HD, HS-SPME, SFME and MAHD methods, respectively. In all samples, oxygenated monoterpenes were the major fractions of the chemical profiles with the exception of chemical composition of the essential oil of N. racemosa obtained by using the MAHD approach in which monoterpene hydrocarbons were dominant constituting compounds. In final, 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone was the most abundant compound in the chemical profiles of HD, HS-SPME and SFME approaches while 4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone oxygenated monoterpene was the most frequent compound in the MAHD profile. Recommended applications/industries: Using the advanced separation methods for isolation of the essential oils are economic, time saving and eminently suited compared with the classical and traditional separation methods. Moreover, the significance of this study relates to the fact that the essential oils, which are rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes could be regarded as powerful food preservatives and novel antioxidants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
242 - Histomorphometric study on the effect of pine tree gum on wound healing of Wistar rats
احمد روزبهانی الهام مقتدایی مصطفی نوربخشBackground & Aim: The most therapeutic properties of different species of Pinus class are antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory characteristics, soothing effect, resolver of skin itches, wound, acne and rash healer and improvement of ulcers and chronic lesions. In anc MoreBackground & Aim: The most therapeutic properties of different species of Pinus class are antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory characteristics, soothing effect, resolver of skin itches, wound, acne and rash healer and improvement of ulcers and chronic lesions. In ancient medical literature of Iran, different parts of Pinus classes, particularly its resin, had been used for treating the chronic lesions. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of resin extract of Pinus eldarica on skin wound healing process in rats. Experimental: In this research, ointment was prepared with 40% of Pinus eldarica resin. Then, 24 Wistar rats divided into 4 groups of 6 rats including resin recipient group (experimental group), positive control group (topical phenytoin), negative control group (Eucerin group) and the control group which received no treatment. After anesthesia, a 2 × 2 cm lesion was created on the lumbar area of the rats. After wounding, ointments plastering was conducted until 21 days after incision. Results & Discussion: On day 3, 7, 21 after incision, morphological and histological characteristics of the wounds were examined. Statistical analysis of results showed that on different days, wound surface was meaningfully decreased (p<0.05) and the effect of phenytoin and pine tree resin on wound healing was equal without significant differences (p<0.05). On the other hand, reducing the wound surface in all three experimented group were greater than the control group. Histopathologically, in resin recipient group, the collagen fiber arrangements were in the best condition and the inflammatory cells were in their lowest numbers maybe because of the effect on fibroblasts. Therefore, preparation and plastering of pine tree resin are recommended for flesh wounds. Industrial/ Practical recommendations: Considering the positive effects of pine resin on wound healing, it can be used in the preparation of burning ointments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
243 - Histopathological evidences for effect beneficial of Satureja hortensis extract on hepatic lesion by cadmium–induced in Rat
الهام مقتدایی خوراسگانی عبداله قاسمی پیربلوطی ش. ادیبیBackground & Aim:Cadmium is an important industrial and environmental pollutant. Cadmium is one of the most toxic and carcinogenic heavy metals to organisms. This heavy metal mainly distributes to the liver and kidney in humans and animal and, causing acute hepatic MoreBackground & Aim:Cadmium is an important industrial and environmental pollutant. Cadmium is one of the most toxic and carcinogenic heavy metals to organisms. This heavy metal mainly distributes to the liver and kidney in humans and animal and, causing acute hepatic injury. Experimental: The ethanol extract of Satureja hortensis L. (Lamiaceae family), was evaluated for its activity against cadmium–induced in male Wister rats (150 – 180 g). The ethanol extract of S. hortensis (100 and 200 mg/kg/day for six weeks) was examined on serum bicochemical and hepatic histopathological characteristic of rats subcutaneously received with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) at 3 mg/kg/day for six weeks. Results: The biochemical results indicated that aspartate transminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) significantly increased in serum by cadmium–induced. The liver histopathological results revealed that the ethanol extract of S. hortensis treatment at 200 mg/kg/day significantly reduced toxicity by cadmium–induced. The ethanol extract of S. hortensis prevents the cadmium–induced lesions in hepatic function. Recommended applications/industries: Known antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihepatotoxic, nephroprotective potentials of the extract of S. hortensis may be the mechanisms by which this plant protects animals against experimentally cadmium–induced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
244 - Phytochemistry analysis of essential oils of Heracleum lasiopetalum fruits, Thymus carmanicus aerial parts, and Myrtus communis leaves
لیلا صداقت بروجنی محمد حجت الاسلامی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی هومان مولویBackground & Aim: The use of herbs in traditional medicine to treatment of diseases and other purposes in the food industry and cosmetics has since long been considered. Considering thatHeracleum lasiopetalum, Thymus carmanicus and Myrtus communis have many health b MoreBackground & Aim: The use of herbs in traditional medicine to treatment of diseases and other purposes in the food industry and cosmetics has since long been considered. Considering thatHeracleum lasiopetalum, Thymus carmanicus and Myrtus communis have many health benefits therefore this research were performed to investigate the chemical composition of essential oils from these plants. Experimental: The essential oil from the fruits of H. lasiopetalum, aerial parts of T. carmanicus and leaves of M. communis were extracted using a Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by GC/MS. Also content of the extracted essential oils were calculated. Results & Discussion: Results indicated the amount of essential oils of H. lasiopetalum, T. carmanicus M. communis were significant and they had volatile. The main constituents of essential oils were hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, phenols, ethers with phenolic and terpenes origin. Recommended applications/industries: Due to the health benefits and antioxidant compounds found in the essential oils of these plants are examined in vitro and in food. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
245 - Effect of different level water and nitrogen on morphological and physiological traits of Matricaria aurea L.
فیروزه قانی دهکردی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی بهزاد حامدی فاطمه ملک پورBackground & Aim: Matricaria aure is one of medicinal plants belonging to Asteraceae family. They naturally grow in some regions of the country and have different medical properties and various applications in medicine production and traditional medications. Ecologi MoreBackground & Aim: Matricaria aure is one of medicinal plants belonging to Asteraceae family. They naturally grow in some regions of the country and have different medical properties and various applications in medicine production and traditional medications. Ecological conditions have a significant impact on growth, performance, and quality of medical plants. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of two important ecological factors (nitrogen and water) on the growth, performance and essential oil from Matricaria aure.Experimental: The present research has been carried out at the researches centre of medical plants in Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, in 2008. In this research, the factorial experiment with completely random bases and three replications were used. Five different levels of nitrogen (0, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 mg/pot) and three levels of irrigation (0, 25, and 50 % depletion of the soil moisture) were studied.Results & Discussion: The result of analysis of variance of the experiment for Matricaria aurea showed that different levels of nitrogen do have significant impacts on the plant height, chlorophyll content, total dry matter and % essential oil. Also, the impact of different levels of water on all characteristics was significant.Industrial and practical recommendations: The findings of this research indicated that the appropriate nutrition of nitrogen and not receiving drought stress can boost the essence production in Matricaria aure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
246 - Quantitative estimation of different phytoconstituents in Alangium salvifolium parts: A comparative study
اس.وی بدگوجار اس.اچ میشرا -
Open Access Article
247 - The effect of foliar application of chitosan on yield and essential oil of savory (Saturejaisophylla L.) under salt stress
سمیه صالحی زهرا رضایتمندBackground & Aim:Satureja Isophylla L. is a medicinal herb which belongs to the family Lamiacease. Salinity affects the growth, the quality and quantity of essential oils of medicinal plants. Chitosan is also considered as a biological elicitor which plays a role in MoreBackground & Aim:Satureja Isophylla L. is a medicinal herb which belongs to the family Lamiacease. Salinity affects the growth, the quality and quantity of essential oils of medicinal plants. Chitosan is also considered as a biological elicitor which plays a role in improving production of secondary metabolites of medicinal herbs. The current project was conducted to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of chitosan on growth indices and the quality and quantity of essential oil under salt stress (salinity). Experimental:In this study, savory was treated by chitosan at three levels (0, 0.2 and 0.4 g/l) and NaCl with three concentrations (0, 50, and 100mM). After a two-week treatment, the dry weight of the root and the stem, the herb height, and the number of leaves and lateral branches were measured. In addition, the composition of the herb's essential oil was analyzed and identified by GC/MS. Results: The results showed that salt stress decreased the dry weight of the root and stem, the herb height, and its number of leaves and lateral stems. Chitosan treatment could amend this reduction. Sodium chloride mutual treatment with the concentration of 50 mM as well as that of chitosan with the concentration of 0.2 g/l had a significant effect on the increase of the yield and quality of the essential oil. The results of the GC/MS analysis showed that 14 main compositions were detected in the essential oil, in which the major amount belonged to P-Cymene (3.13%), Y-Terpinene (28.97%) and Caryacrol ( 59.64%). The findings indicated that the utmost amount of Carvacrol was obtained by the increment of salt stress at the salt concentration of 100 mM and with chitosan concentration of 0.4 g/l; moreover, the greatest amount of P-Cymene and Y-Terpinene was obtained by the increment of salt stress with salt concentration of 50 mM and chitosan concentration of 0.4 g/l. Recommended applications/industries: Chitosan is recommended to be exploited in industry as it has moderating effects against salt stress in addition of the increment influence on the certain secondary metabolites of savory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
248 - The effect of Policosanol on decrease of cholesterol, triglyceride and the other lipid metabolite levels in blood of Wistar rats
فاطمه فروهی منصور امرایی هادی زمانیBackground & Aim: Policosanol is a component from main alcohol groups with long-chain that extracted from cane sugar. In the present research, the effect of policosanol was investigated on decrease of lipid metabolite levels in blood of hypercholesterolemia rats.Exp MoreBackground & Aim: Policosanol is a component from main alcohol groups with long-chain that extracted from cane sugar. In the present research, the effect of policosanol was investigated on decrease of lipid metabolite levels in blood of hypercholesterolemia rats.Experimental: A number of 32 male Wistar rats race with average weight of 250 g was divided into four groups including negative control group (n=8) that had normal diet, positive control and experimental groups I and II (n=8) with high cholesterol diet of 2% cholestroled, and respectively they received placebo and policosanol with concentrations 0.25 and 0.5 mg/day. After four weeks, following the treatment of animals and bloodletting, the biochemical traits such as cholesterol biochemical, triglyceride, and LDL-C and HDL-C factors were measured.Results & Discussion: The results showed that in experimental group (I) there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the rate of cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride, and significant increase (p<0.05) in HDL-C compared with control group. In experimental group II, there also was a significant decrease (p<0.01) in the rate of cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride, and significant increase (p<0.01) in HDL-C compared with control group.Industrial and practical recommendations: Policosanol can be an effective component in decreasing the rate of cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride and increasing HDL-C. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
249 - مروری بر خصوصیات دارویی، آرایشی بهداشتی و صنعتی روغن جوجوبا
سیده فاطمه احمدی سیده خدیجه احمدیمقدمه و هدف: با توجه به تأثیرات نامطلوب بجا مانده از ترکیبات شیمیایی، بهرهگیری از خواص گیاهان دارویی، از نوآوریهای مهم جوامع پیشرفته میباشد. جوجوبا درسلسله گیاهان منحصر به فرد است و به طور خودرو در جنوب غربی آمریکا و شمال غربی مکزیک میروید. این گیاه در کنترل سیلاب ن Moreمقدمه و هدف: با توجه به تأثیرات نامطلوب بجا مانده از ترکیبات شیمیایی، بهرهگیری از خواص گیاهان دارویی، از نوآوریهای مهم جوامع پیشرفته میباشد. جوجوبا درسلسله گیاهان منحصر به فرد است و به طور خودرو در جنوب غربی آمریکا و شمال غربی مکزیک میروید. این گیاه در کنترل سیلاب نقش بسیار مهمی ایفا می نماید. با توجه به قدرت سازش بالای این گیاه به شرایط خشک و مقاومت به کم آبی وشوری خاک، کشت چنین گونههای گیاهی در مناطق خشک وکم آب در سراسر دنیا از جمله در مناطق مرکزی و جنوبی ایران، سادهترین و کم هزینهترین راه استفاده از این خاکها برای تولید محصولات ارزشمند به شمار میآید. بذر آن حاوی 60 درصد روغن و 26 تا 33 درصد پروتئین می باشد. روغن جوجوبا فاقد کلسترول بوده و با مسیر متابولیکی معمول شکسته نمیشود. بنابراین به عنوان روغنی کم کالری معرفی میشود. این روغن همچنین به عنوان یک ضد کف در تولید آنتیبیوتیک استفاده میشود. ویژگی های منحصر بفرد این روغن باعث شده که در صنایع دیگری مثل شمعسازی، ساخت شویندهها و چرمسازی نیز استفاده گردد. توصیه کاربردی/صنعتی: بهدلیل ویژگیهای چند منظوره زراعی و صنعتی جوجوبا و خصوصیات ویژه روغن آن در صنایع مختلف، گیاه جوجوبا را میتوان از جمله گیاهانی با پتانسیل بالا برای کشت و توسعه در نواحی نیمه خشک کشور محسوب کرد. علاوه بر مصارف علوفهای و دارویی، به دلیل سازگاری مناسب روغن جوجوبا با پوست،90% از تولید جهانی آن به مصارف آرایشی بهداشتی میرسد. ترکیب شیمیایی جوجوبا به چربی پوست نزدیک است و تقریباً تمامی یتامینهای مورد نیاز برای پوست و مو را دارد. همچنین به آسانی جذب شده، آنتیباکتریال، ضد التهاب و غیر سمی میباشد و با توجه به این خصوصیات میتوان از آن در صنایع مختلف از جمله بهداشتی- آرایشی استفاده نمود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
250 - Chemical composition of essential oil from the aerial parts of Salvia spinosa L. collected from Isfahan
سعید صالحی احمد رضا گل پرور امین هادی پناهBackground & Aim: Salvia spinosa L. is a perennial shrub and aromatic plant belongs to the family Lamiaceae. S. spinosa grows wild in some districts of Iran. The aim of this study was to identify of the chemical components of S. spinosa in Isfahan climatic condition MoreBackground & Aim: Salvia spinosa L. is a perennial shrub and aromatic plant belongs to the family Lamiaceae. S. spinosa grows wild in some districts of Iran. The aim of this study was to identify of the chemical components of S. spinosa in Isfahan climatic conditions.Experimental: The aerial parts of the plants were collected from Isfahan province in 2014. The essential oil was extracted by a Clevenger approach and analyzed using GC/MS.Results: In total, 21 compounds were identified in the essential oil from the aerial parts of S. spinosa. Results indicated that the major components in the oil of S. spinosa were α-terpinolene (32.73%), β-ocimene (30.92%), β-patchoulene (12.78%), β-bourbonene (4.26%), and 1,8-cineol (2.88%).Recommended applications/industries: There is only little report on the essential oil composition of S. spinosa from Isfahan, Iran, that S.spinosa can use in traditional medicines for activity antimicrobial. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
251 - The influence of reduced irrigation on herbage, essential oil yield and quality of Thymus vulgaris and Thymus daenensis
سید محمد علوی سامانی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی مهرداد عطایی کچویی بهزاد حامدیBackground & Aim: Drought stress, as a main abiotic stress, has a significant influence on growth and metabolic activities of plant species. In this study, the influence of reduced irrigation on dry herbage, essential oil yield, and chemical components of two thyme MoreBackground & Aim: Drought stress, as a main abiotic stress, has a significant influence on growth and metabolic activities of plant species. In this study, the influence of reduced irrigation on dry herbage, essential oil yield, and chemical components of two thyme species were investigated. Experimental: This study was done in an experimental greenhouse, I.A.U., Shahrekord Branch, Iran at 2012 in a CRD with three replications. Three irrigation levels were I1 (irrigated in field capacity or control), I2 (slightdroughtstressor irrigation in 75% fieldcapacity), and I3 (milddroughtstressor irrigation in 50% fieldcapacity). Two thyme species included Thymus daenensis and T. vulgaris. The essential oils obtained by hydro-distillation and were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Results & Discussion: Results indicated that irrigation levels had a significant effect on many morphological and physiological characteristics, including dry matter, plant height, and leaf area index (LAI). In addition, levels of irrigation affected on oil yield and some major constituents in the essential oils. Carvacrol, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene contents in the essential oils were significantly increased under stressed conditions, whereas thymol amount was significantly reduced under stressed conditions. Recommended applications/industries: According to the results of this study, droughtstress reduces the essential oil yields and dry herbage in both species of thyme. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
252 - Acute and sub-chronic toxicity study of methanol stem bark extract of Bombax costatum Pellgr. Et Vuillet (Bombacaceae) in mice
نونو محمد جوسف آنوکا علیو موسی جامیلو یاوBackground & Aim:Bombax costatumis widely used in the African traditional medicine for the management of liver diseases, fever, epilepsy and pain but its safety on prolong administration have not been evaluated. The present study aimed at evaluating the toxicologica MoreBackground & Aim:Bombax costatumis widely used in the African traditional medicine for the management of liver diseases, fever, epilepsy and pain but its safety on prolong administration have not been evaluated. The present study aimed at evaluating the toxicological properties of the methanol stem bark extract (MSBE) of Bombax costatum. Experimental: Oral median lethal dose (LD50) was estimated. Effects of methanol stem bark extract of Bombax costatum (MSBE)(31.25, 62.5 and 125 mg/kg) on mean body weight, relative organ weight (ROW), liver function, kidney function, lipid profile, haematological parameters and histopathological changes in some organs were evaluated following 28 days daily oral administration to mice. Results: Oral LD50 of MSBE of B. costatum was estimated to be >5000 mg/kg. There was significant (p >0.005) increase in mean body weight of mice over time. The extract caused significant (p <0.05) increase in ROW of liver and significant (p <0.05) decrease in ROW of the kidneys at 125mg/kg. Significant increase in alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase were also observed at 125 mg/kg when compared to normal control group. Mild to moderate necrosis were also observed in the liver and kidneys of treated groups. Recommended applications/industries: The results suggested that prolong oral administration of methanol stem bark extract of B.costatum at doses higher than 62.5 mg/kg might be toxic to the liver and kidneys. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
253 - Phytochemical investigation of the essential oils from the leaf and stem of(Apiaceae) in Central Zagros, Iran
فاخته زندپور محمدرضا وهابی علیرضا علافچیان حمیدرضا فرهنگBackground & Aim:Dorema ammoniacum D. Don. (ammoniac plant) belongs to Apiaceae family and Dorema genus. It is one of the most important endemic medicinal plants in its family which grows in the arid and semi-arid areas in the regions of Iran and some of the Asi MoreBackground & Aim:Dorema ammoniacum D. Don. (ammoniac plant) belongs to Apiaceae family and Dorema genus. It is one of the most important endemic medicinal plants in its family which grows in the arid and semi-arid areas in the regions of Iran and some of the Asian countries such as Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. This study was carried out with aim of the extraction and identification of constituents of D. ammoniacum D. Don. in the western areas of Isfahan province, Iran. Experimental: For this purpose, after the plant collecting in the mentioned area its target organs namely stem and leaf were separated, air dried, milled and weighted in the certain amount. Then the essential oil of the plant was isolated by hydrodistillationmethod and analyzed by GC/MS device. Results: The results indicated that major components were Limonene (49.18%), Neophytadiene (10.21%), beta Caryophyllene (3.54%), Phytol (2.61%) and Neryl acetone (1.46%). Recommended applications/industries: Several therapeutic cases have been reported in traditional medicine and currently in contemporary medicine for Dorema ammoniacum D. Don. that some of them are include the treatment of cough, vasodilator, anti-flatulence and anti-microbial. Also, the mentioned plant has varied applications in the fields of foods, cosmetic and detergent industries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
254 - Study of phytohormones effects on UV-B stress seeds of thyme species
مهراب یادگاریBackground & Aim: Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus daenensis Celak (Thyme), members of the family Lamiaceae, are widely used in Iranian folk medicine. The aim of this research was to study how salicylic acid (SA), gibberellin (GA), and indole acetic acid (IAA)-seed pri MoreBackground & Aim: Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus daenensis Celak (Thyme), members of the family Lamiaceae, are widely used in Iranian folk medicine. The aim of this research was to study how salicylic acid (SA), gibberellin (GA), and indole acetic acid (IAA)-seed priming affect UV-B radiation in seeds of Thyme (T. vulgaris, T. daenensis Celak) under both laboratory and outdoor conditions. Experimental: The effects of phytohormones (200, 400, 600 ppm) and irradiation performed in a 60 Co Gamma cell 220 source at a dose of 3 kGy (10, 20 and 30 min) on seeds of Thyme species were studied. Seeds were tested under in vitro and outdoor conditions in a complete randomized factorial layout with 4 and 3 replications, respectively. The characters measured under in vitro condition were seed germination percentage, mean time of germination, root and stem length. On the field, the characters evaluated were number of leaf, length of plant, root and shoot dry matter and essential oil. Results: SA treatment was better under in vitro conditions. No significant effects were obtained from GA and IAA. The most destructive effects and the best beneficial phytohormones were UV 30 min and SA (200 and 400 ppm), respectively. The effects of foliar application of hormones were determined on growth and essential oil production in medicinal plants in two consecutive years. Shoot dry matter increased in both years with SA applications but IAA and GA had no beneficial effects on germination characters after UV radiation.Recommended applications/industries: SA-priming of seeds protects thyme seedlings against UV-B radiation. The results of this study also showed that elevation of free SA levels in plants, either by exogenous feeding or genetically may enhance their tolerance to abiotic stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
255 - Essential Oil Composition of Elaeagnus angustifolia and Elaeagnus orientalis from Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran
مالک طاهر مقصودلو نسیم کاظمی پور روح اله جعفرآزاد ناهید راه نشانBackground & Aim: Elaeagnus angustifolia and Elaeagnus orientalis have a lot of medical utilization. In folk medicine, the fruit and flower of these plants are used as a tonic and antipyretic agent. The aim of the present study was to chemical analysis of volatile c MoreBackground & Aim: Elaeagnus angustifolia and Elaeagnus orientalis have a lot of medical utilization. In folk medicine, the fruit and flower of these plants are used as a tonic and antipyretic agent. The aim of the present study was to chemical analysis of volatile constituents of E. angustifolia and E. orientalis flowers. Experimental: The essential oils of E. angustifolia and E. orientalis flowers collected from Zahedan in Sistan and Baluchestan province were obtained by hydro-distillation. Chemical composition of oils were determined by GC/MS. Results & Discussion: 12 compounds representing 100% were identified in the essential oil of E. angustifolia flowers in which Ethyl cinnamate (73.24%(, Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, ethenyl ester (6.94%(, Isobutyl cinnamate (4.74%), Palmitic acid (4.39%), Buthyl cinnamate (2.38%), Ethanol (2.24%) and Methyl 9,9- Dideutero- Octadecanoate (2.05%( were the major constituents. In the essential oil of E. orientalis flowers twelve constituents representing 100% were identified in which Ethyl cinnamate (84.80 %(, Ethanol (7.86%), Tetra hydrogeranyl acetone (2.18%) and Phenantrenol (1.26%) were the major ones. The results showed that there are some differences and similarities between the oil compositions of Elaeagnus species growing in the same weather conditions. Although the main component of the essential oils of Elaeagnusspecies was Ethyl cinnamate, but its relative content was higher in the oil of E. orientalis. The percentage of Ethanol in the oil of Elaeagnusspecies also was less than 10%. Moreover, although the Isobutyl cinnamate, Buthyl cinnamate and Methyl 9, 9- Dideutero- Octadecanoate compounds were the main component of the essential oil of E. angustifolia flowers, but these compounds were not identified in the essential oil of E. orientalis. Industrial and practical recommendations: The results of the present study showed that the E. angustifolia and E. orientalis flower oils can be utilized as cheap commercially sources to isolation Ethyl cinnamate. In addition, extraction of the identified components can be useful for medicinal uses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
256 - Ethno-botany of medicinal plants by Mobarakeh’s people (Isfahan)
شاهین مردانی نژاد منصوره وزیرپورBackground and aim: From long time ago, traditional medicine was integrated with popular culture and various aspects of treatment have been allocated to it. At the present time, the use rate of this method depends on people’s belief and recognition. Experimental: MoreBackground and aim: From long time ago, traditional medicine was integrated with popular culture and various aspects of treatment have been allocated to it. At the present time, the use rate of this method depends on people’s belief and recognition. Experimental: The research was conducted in the region Mobarakeh, Iran, in order to identify the priorities for application of medicinal plants by indigenous people. Results & Discussion: The results showed the more use of plants is in the field of gastrointestinal problems with frequency 17% and 53 used plant species. About 20 plant species were used for relieving diarrhea by indigenous people. Application frequency of effective plants on skin and hair was about 14% which eight plant species from 32 species were used for removing facial burble. Frequency of use as anti-inflammatory and anti-infection was about 11 % with 12 plant species. Frequency of effective application on circulatory system was 9% (eight medicinal plants). Frequency of use as urinary tract and kidneys was about 8% with 12 herb species. Effective applications of plants on endocrine problems, neurological problems and respiratory problems were seven, six and five percent. Medicinal plants also the effect on oral, dental and muscle problems respectively were three and two percent respectively. Industrial and practical recommendations: Examinations showed that most use of medicinal plants in the area is to remove digestive problems. Also, awareness of these applications can be a policy for obtaining the new drug applications of these plants which has never been reported in available sources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
257 - Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Sardasht , Western Azerbaijan, Iran
حاج رضا عزیزی مریم کشاورزیBackground & Aim: The traditional knowledge about medicinal plants is the basic step in many drug productions. Traditional medicine and herbal drug have absorbed attraction of many world authorities. Using medicinal plants has developed in many countries even those MoreBackground & Aim: The traditional knowledge about medicinal plants is the basic step in many drug productions. Traditional medicine and herbal drug have absorbed attraction of many world authorities. Using medicinal plants has developed in many countries even those with a vast use of chemical drugs. Ethno-botanical studies result in documentation of many useful plants. In these studies the main aim is to identify such plants and introduce their active and biologic ingredients. Iran is a proper case of ethno-botanical studies due to its different habitats and rich plant vegetation types. Nowadays using new medicinal plants components and optimized usage of rich natural resources is a necessity. Experimental: In present project medicinal plants of Sardasht with local importance have been collected and identified during 2011 & 2012 growth seasons. Careful uses of medicinal herbs were determined by interview with native people. Scientific names and local medicinal uses are mentioned. Results & Discussion: There were totally recognized 70 medicinal species of 29 families. Results of present study showed that local people mainly used Asteraceae and Apiaceae then Lamiaceae, Rosaceae and Fabaceae medicinal taxa. Medical plants in this region are mainly used to treat circulatory system problems such as Diabetics and blood lipid. Industrial and practical recommendations: According to results of this study, the preservation and conservation of some herbs species is essential. This document can play a role in preserving the indigenous knowledge of using these plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
258 - Using elicitors for enhanced production of secondary metabolites in plant cell and organ suspension cultures
مریم محمدی فارسانی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطیIn biotechnology has been concentrated to review alternative routes for the production of natural compounds. Plant cell culture systems are viable alternatives for the production of secondary metabolites that are of commercial importance in food and pharmaceutical indus MoreIn biotechnology has been concentrated to review alternative routes for the production of natural compounds. Plant cell culture systems are viable alternatives for the production of secondary metabolites that are of commercial importance in food and pharmaceutical industries. However, relatively very few cultures synthesize these compounds over extended periods in amounts comparable to those found in whole plants. Various strategies have been employed to increase the production of secondary metabolites in cell cultures. These include manipulation of culture media (hormonal and nutrient stress) and environmental conditions (temperature, pH and osmotic stress), precursor addition, elicitation and combination of these strategies. Nowadays, genetic manipulation of biosynthetic pathways by metabolic engineering has also become a powerful technique for enhanced production of desired metabolites. Studies have shown that both biotic and abiotic elicitors synthesis of secondary metabolites increases in plant cell culture medium. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
259 - Assessment of use traditional and native medicinal plants in the North of Iran (case study: series 81 and 83 forestry project of natural resources department of Mazandaran-Sari)
سید زکریا علوی الهه ربیعی حمیدرضا سعیدی گراغانی قهرمان قوردویی میلانBackground & Aim: In recent years, Iran and other countries pay special attention to side effects of chemical plants. This interest in plants and their derivatives leads to business of medicinal plants. In Caspian region, in forestry projects there are many plant sp MoreBackground & Aim: In recent years, Iran and other countries pay special attention to side effects of chemical plants. This interest in plants and their derivatives leads to business of medicinal plants. In Caspian region, in forestry projects there are many plant species with medicinal uses from which the locale indigenous used due to traditional experience without any especial processing in past centuries. In this regard, the forestry projects of the 83th area (series one, two and three) including 25429 hectares located at 80 km from south part of Behshahr and the 81th area including 14528 hectares located at 70 km from south part of Neka were selected to be studied. Experimental: In order to introduce the species of medicinal and aromatic plants, the collected ones from the region have been identified after transferring to herbarium by using various floras. Then, using the local data obtained from direct interviews and questionnaires and related books, their pharmacological profile were recorded and, the processing and analysis were performed on raw data. Results & Discussion: The results of this study showed that there are 210 species which belong to 47 families in the studied area, among which 30 families have 76 species from which 24 species of rangeland plant and 6 species of tree and shrub are used by local people. This study showed that local people used these plants after converting some useable parts of them into nectars, jams, pickles sauce, or boiled plants. Also, using the green parts of plants as edible vegetables and food flavoring is of great importance. Industrial and practical recommendations: Research on understanding and how to use rangeland medicinal plants can be helpful so to pharmaceutical industry. So the supportive actions to identify preserve and increase the valuable species of medicinal plants in this region are recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
260 - Antibacterial activity of essential oils from Thymus vulgaris, Trachyspermum ammi and Mentha aquatica against Erwinia carotovora in vitro
مهرداد جعفرپور احمدرضا گل پرور امین لطفیBackground & Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the bactericidal effect of three medicinal plant species, including Thymus vulgaris, Trachyspermum ammi, and Mentha aquatica on Erwinia carotovora growth. Experimental: This research was done in a factorial to c MoreBackground & Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the bactericidal effect of three medicinal plant species, including Thymus vulgaris, Trachyspermum ammi, and Mentha aquatica on Erwinia carotovora growth. Experimental: This research was done in a factorial to completely randomized design with three concentrations, and three replicates on nutrient agar culture medium. Results &Discussion: Results of this study indicated that the essential oils from the studied plants were effective against Erwinia carotovora. At 300 ppm concentration, diameter of growth inhabitation was 43 mm. Results indicated the essential oil from T. ammi, especially at 300 and 400 ppm concentrations had the highest antibacterial activity against Erwinia carotovora with 43.00 and 46.67 mm diameter of growth inhabitation. In addition, there was no significant difference between 300 and 400 ppm concentrations of M. aquatica and at concentrations of 200, 300, and 400 ppm for T. vulgaris. Recommended applications/industries: The overall results indicated the essential oils, especially Trachyspermum ammi have antibacterial activity against Erwinia carotovora; it seems that the essential oils can be employed in manufacturing desirable bactericidal agents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
261 - Effect of different drying methods on quantity and quality of active substances of Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpureae L.)
طالب قبائی سمیه نظیرزاده حسن نورافکنBackground & Aim: The genus Echinacea (family Asteraceae), commonly known as purple coneflower, is an important medicinal plant that has been used for centuries, customarily as a treatment for the common cold, coughs, bronchitis, upper respiratory infections, and so MoreBackground & Aim: The genus Echinacea (family Asteraceae), commonly known as purple coneflower, is an important medicinal plant that has been used for centuries, customarily as a treatment for the common cold, coughs, bronchitis, upper respiratory infections, and some inflammatory conditions . The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of six different methods of drying to obtain the highest of active substances from Echinacea purpurea. Experimental: To determine the effect of drying methods on quantity and quality of active substances, the samples were dried with six drying methods (sun, shade, greenhouse and industrial-drying at 50° C, 60° C and 80 ° C). Active substances of aerial parts were extracted by ultrasonic method and the amounts caffeic acid derivatives, alkamides (8/9) were measured by using high performance liquid chromatography analysis, and also total phenolics determined with spectrophotometer. Results: The results showed that different drying methods had significant effects on active substances. Samples dried in greenhouse had higher amounts of chlorogenic acid (3.18 mg/g.dw), echinacoside (4.29 mg/g.dw), cynarin (1.55 mg/g.dw) and total phenols contents (363 mg / g.dw). Also, samples dried in shade had higher amounts of caftaric acid (25.8 mg / g.dw), cichoric acid (36.57 mg / g.dw) and alkamides (361.1 μg / g.dw). Recommended applications/ industries: Greenhouse drying and shade-drying were proper methods of drying to achieve more amounts of active compounds in E. purpurea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
262 - Main ingredients in herbal formulation may act as preservative agent
محدثه محبوبی مریم معمار کرمانی حسن کرباسی زادهBackground & Aim:Nowadays, the use of chemical preservatives has been limited due to the controversial adverse effects. In this study, we evaluated the preservative potency of product with active herbal ingredients (Barij Baby cream) in contrast with the same produc MoreBackground & Aim:Nowadays, the use of chemical preservatives has been limited due to the controversial adverse effects. In this study, we evaluated the preservative potency of product with active herbal ingredients (Barij Baby cream) in contrast with the same products with two different chemical preservatives including methylparaben plus propylparaben and potassium sorbate plus sodium benzoate. Experimental: The efficacy of herbal formulation against pathogens (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, A. niger, S. aureus) was evaluated by antimicrobial effectiveness test during 28 days. Results: 2 log reductions in bacterial counts at 14 days from the initial count, and no growth in bacterial and fungal (molds and yeasts) counts at 28 days from the 14 days is essential for accepting the antimicrobial effectiveness of category 2 products in United States Pharmcopia (USP). Our results of antimicrobial effectiveness test showed that the active herbal ingredients in Barij Baby cream passed the USP criteria as chemical preservatives in the same product. Recommended applications/industries: Therefore, in designing new herbal products, it is essential to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of products before supplemented the product with chemical preservatives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
263 - A review on the effect of knotweed (Polygonum avicular) on biological and fertility indices of sperm
مجید غلامی مریم کریمی دهکردیBackground & Aim:Infertility in humans and animals has always been a common concern, which is important in animals economically and emotionally in humans. The reluctance to use synthetic drugs, as well as the emphasis on the use of traditional medicine to treat impo MoreBackground & Aim:Infertility in humans and animals has always been a common concern, which is important in animals economically and emotionally in humans. The reluctance to use synthetic drugs, as well as the emphasis on the use of traditional medicine to treat impotence, has led to many attempts to use of medicinal plants. Experimental: In the current literature review key words including Polygonum avicular, knotweed, fertility and sperm were searched in scientific websites such as Science Direct, PubMed and Google Scholar to compile the effects of Polygonum avicular on fertility of sperm. Results: The reviews of studies showed that knotweed (Polygonum avicular) due to the presence of phenolic compounds active in its chemical structure and therefore having strong antioxidant properties) can be a suitable alternative to synthetic assisted reproductive drugs. This herbal medicine improves the quality of semen and increases the fertility potential of sperm by disrupting the production of free radicals, dissolving the chain reactions of oxidation and reducing oxidative stress. The antioxidant properties of knotweed cause the formation of health sperm with normal morphological structure (head, middle part and tail), and more integrated chromatin. The results of various studies on the effect of knotweed on fertility indicators showed that the rate of DNA failure and mitochondrial genome damage decreased in treated sperms. The treated sperm cells have the highest progressive motility, the highest viability and the best fertility. Recommended applications/industries: According to the results of previous studies, the use of knotweed in animal and human can increase sperm fertility and hatchability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
264 - Influence of chitosan concentration on morpho-physiological traits, essential oil and phenolic content under different fertilizers application in Thymus daenensis
زهره امامی بستگانی سید عطا سیادت عبدالمهدی بخشنده عبداله قاسمی پیربلوطی مسعود هاشمیBackground & Aim:Thymus daenensis is recognized as aromatic herbs, which used in food, flavoring, pharmaceutical, and perfumery industries. This study was conducted to investigate the response of T.daenensis to different fertilizers (chemical and organic) along w MoreBackground & Aim:Thymus daenensis is recognized as aromatic herbs, which used in food, flavoring, pharmaceutical, and perfumery industries. This study was conducted to investigate the response of T.daenensis to different fertilizers (chemical and organic) along with chitosan. Experimental: Treatments consisted of different fertilizers including: F1 =C (control without manure and fertilizer); F2 = CF (chemical fertilizers 100-150-100 kg ha−1NPK, respectively), F3= CM (cow manure, 20 tonha−1), F4= VC (vermicompost, 10 tonha−1), F5=CF+CM+VC (chemical fertilizers + cow manure + vermicompost) and three chitosan levels (0, 0.2%, 0.4%) and acetic acid. This experiment conducted in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications during the period from 2014 to 2015 in Shahrekord, Iran. Morphological traits, essential oil yield from aerial parts and phenolic content were studied. Results: Results indicated that canopy diameter, lateral branches, number of flower and leaf area index increased by CF+CM+VC treatment as compared to the control in 2014 and 2015. Chitosan increased biomass yield in both of growing year. Phenolic content increased in CF+CM+VC treatment in 2015 and it was also affected by application of 0.4% chitosan. Recommended applications/industries: Since essential oil of T. daenensis, especially thymol and carvacrol, have a lot of applications in pharmacological and also has antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, the use of integrated fertilizer along with chitosan as a elicitor is recommended to obtain more essential oil yield and phenolic content. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
265 - Effect of Ferulago angulata sub. carduchorum on total serum antioxidant activity and some of the humoral immune responses in broiler chicks
رضا گواهی غلامرضا قلمکاری مجید طغیانی شهین اقبال سعید محمد محمدرضایی مهدی شهریاری علیرضا دهقانی ابریBackground & Aim: Ferulago angulata sub. carduchorum (locally name: Chavir or Chavil) is an important medicinal plant in Iran. The powder of aerial parts of this plant contains variety of components with different therapeutical effects such as antioxidant activities MoreBackground & Aim: Ferulago angulata sub. carduchorum (locally name: Chavir or Chavil) is an important medicinal plant in Iran. The powder of aerial parts of this plant contains variety of components with different therapeutical effects such as antioxidant activities (AOA). This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation powder of aerial parts of this plant on total activities of serum antioxidant and some of the humoral immune responses in broiler chicks. Experimental: Three hundred of 16 days-old commercial chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to six treatments with five replicates. The dietary treatments consisted of the basal diet as control (A), 100 ppm (150 IU) of vitamin E (B), 70 g / 100 kg Flavofosfolipol (C), 0.3% (D), 0.6% (E), and 1% (F) of the powder of the aerial parts of this plant added to the basal diet. At 25 days, from each treatment of experiment, two chicks were randomly selected and sheep red blood cell (SRBC) was injected through their wings veins. At 30 days, blood samples (ten sample of per treatment) for the test of antibody measurement produced against SRBC, the influenza virus and Newcastle were prepared. Moreover, with the blood extension and numbering of Hetrophil and Lymphocyte calculated and hetrophil to lymphocyte ratio were estimated. At 42 days, blood samples (ten samples per treatment) were taken for measuring total activities of serum antioxidant. Results & Discussion: Results indicated that supplementing of 0.6% of F. angulata significantly increased total activities of serum antioxidant compared to control birds (p ≤ 0.05). There is no significant difference among the treatments of experiment in the number of Hetrophil, Lymphocyte their ratio and the antibody against the virus of Newcastle and SRBC. However, this antibody against the influenza virus at the treatment of 3 g/kg F. angulata in comparison to control treatment was more. Recommended applications/industries: Use of F. angulata in broiler diet could be increase total serum antioxidant activity and improve humoral immunity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
266 - Effect of Sucrose Replacement by Stevia as a Non-Nutritive Sweetener and Bulking Compounds on Physiochemical Properties of Foodstuffs
آلاله نکویی امیرپویا قندهاری یزدی مینا شمسایی لیلا صداقت بروجنیBackground & Aim: Changes in lifestyle, decrease in physical exercise along with incidence of obesity, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases indicate a need for low calorie formulations. The sweetness of Stevia, a natural sweetener, is estimated to be 300 times a MoreBackground & Aim: Changes in lifestyle, decrease in physical exercise along with incidence of obesity, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases indicate a need for low calorie formulations. The sweetness of Stevia, a natural sweetener, is estimated to be 300 times as much as that of sugar. Extraction of stevia leaves is considered a promoter of calorie balance and a beneficial part of a healthy diet. Stevia is also used to treat diabetes, obesity, tooth decay, hypertension, exhaustion and depression. Experimental: Regarding the aforementioned applications and critical role of sucrose in the creation of texture, color and taste, the replacement of sucrose is an important issue. Most researches indicate the fact that sugar-free products are not pleasant and acceptable; thus, the presence of sugar is inevitable i.e. in case of complete substitution, concurrent consumption of both sugar and stevia (different combinations) seemingly gives it more flavors and makes it the most demanded product. This article reviews effective parameters in sucrose substitution with stevia and the results obtained from it. Industrial and practical recommendations: Its bitter aftertaste can diminish its consumption in food formulation; however, other flavoring agents and fillers can modify this problem. With regard to its high sweetness (300 times as much as sucrose), its consumption is low and thus it is economically justifiable. Using this sweetener in daily industries, fruit juices and confectioneries as a sucrose substitute is possible with respect to the research findings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
267 - Preparation and physicochemical analysis of a traditional beverage based on D. Sophia
فرنوش حسن پور محمد حجت الاسلامی محمد فاضل نجف آبادیBackground & Aim:The main aim of this study was stabilizing D. Sophia beverage and reduce its sedimentation rate. Experimental: Xanthan and Carboxy methyl cellulose gums have been used in three levels (0.05, .01 and .02 gr/lit) and mixture of Guar-xanthan and carbox MoreBackground & Aim:The main aim of this study was stabilizing D. Sophia beverage and reduce its sedimentation rate. Experimental: Xanthan and Carboxy methyl cellulose gums have been used in three levels (0.05, .01 and .02 gr/lit) and mixture of Guar-xanthan and carboxymethyl cellulose (each .1 g/l) and extracted dried gum from D. Sophia in (1, 2 and 4 g/l) levels were added to beverage. Physicochemical, microbial and sensorial tests have been applied. Results: Results indicated that pH, acidity, color and turbidity have been changed by gum addition while sedimentation rate has been reduced that resulted more stable beverage. The relationship between sedimentation rate and viscosity also has been investigated which showed other factors more than viscosity were effective in sedimentation rate. Increasing absorption of matrix illustrated that other factors more than viscosity were effective in sedimentation rate. Increasing absorption of matrix during the time showed that dissolved material has been increased over the time. Microbial analysis showed increment during storage. Sensory evaluation indicated that commercial gums have no significant effect on acceptability of beverages while D. Sophia`s gum has undesirable effect on it.Recommended applications/industries: According to the obtained data, it was determined that mixture of xanthan – guar gum and xanthan gum in 0.05g level had the best effect on the D. sophia particles stabilization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
268 - Essential oil composition of Tanacetum chiliophyllum var. oligocephalum from Iran
مهران مجرد آشنا آباد علی سنبلی ناصر نصیریBackground & Aim: The genus Tanacetum L. belongs to the family Asteraceae and tribe Anthemideae. According to the recent findings the number of Tanacetum species in Iran is 36, of which 12 are endemic. In this study the essential oil composition of Tanacetum chiliop MoreBackground & Aim: The genus Tanacetum L. belongs to the family Asteraceae and tribe Anthemideae. According to the recent findings the number of Tanacetum species in Iran is 36, of which 12 are endemic. In this study the essential oil composition of Tanacetum chiliophyllum var. oligocephalum was investigated for the first time. Experimental: The plant was collected during flowering stage from west Azerbaijan province of Iran, Naghadeh. The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Results & Discussion: The oil with the yield of 0.5% (w/w) based on the dry weight of plant was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS and identified. Twenty-seven components were identified representing 99.7% of the total essential oil. 1,8-Cineole (28.8%), camphor (12.8%), santolina alcohol (11.7%) and linalool (7.1%) were determined as major compounds. Recommended applications/industries: Different members of the genus Tanacetum have compounds with high medicinal value. Essential oil of the studied species with respect to the high amount of 1,8-cineole, camphor and linalool can be considered as a natural source of these valuable medicinal compounds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
269 - Effect of methanol and ethanol application on yield of Echinacea purpurea L. in Karaj region
محمدتقی خسروی علی مهرآفرین حسنعلی نقدی بادی رضا حاجی آقایی اسماعیل خسرویBackground & Aim: This experiment investigated the effect of foliar application of methanol and ethanol on the biomass yield of medicinal plant Echinacea purpurea. Purple coneflower is an herbaceous perennial in the Asteraceae family that is used in therapy of respi MoreBackground & Aim: This experiment investigated the effect of foliar application of methanol and ethanol on the biomass yield of medicinal plant Echinacea purpurea. Purple coneflower is an herbaceous perennial in the Asteraceae family that is used in therapy of respiratory tract infection and bacterial otitis.Experimental: This experiment was conducted in randomized complete block designed with 15 treatments and 3 replications in institute of medicinal plant (ACECR (in Karaj region in spring in 2010. The following is the treatment of this study: aqueous solution of methanol with levels of (10, 20, 30, 40, 50%), and aqueous solution of ethanol with levels (10, 20, 30, 40, 50%), and aqueous solution of mixed ethanol and methanol with the levels of (5, 15, 25%), and distilled water treatment and control treatment without spraying.Results & Discussion: The result of this study indicated that the effect of treatments on 23 evaluated index has significant difference (p<0.01). Maximum of plants height, stem diameter, capitule diameter , leaf length, leaf width, root fresh weight, root dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, length of root, numbers of stem's leaves, fresh plant weight, and dry plant weight related to foliar application of 40% methanol, and the maximum of number of stem's, shoot antlers of root, leaf area, chlorophyll (SPAD) were obtained by foliar application of 30% methanol, also capitule fresh weight, seed weight, and capitule dry weight was obtained by solution of 50% methanol, and diameter of root and thousand seeds weight was obtained by 50% ethanol, and maximum number of capitule was obtain by foliar application of 40% ethanol.Industrial and practical recommendations: Allgemein in this study can be concluded that foliar application of alcohol solution such as methanol and ethanol source and the bio stimulate can increase the biomass of purple coneflower. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
270 - Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the central district of the Zanjan county, Zanjan province, Iran
لیلا مقانلو فرخ قهرمانی نژاد مهناز وفادارBackground & Aim: The aim of this study was to document the medicinal uses of plants in the central district of Zanjan county. Experimental: In the frequent field trips, plants species were collected, and their ethnopharmacological importance were reported by person MoreBackground & Aim: The aim of this study was to document the medicinal uses of plants in the central district of Zanjan county. Experimental: In the frequent field trips, plants species were collected, and their ethnopharmacological importance were reported by personal visits to a total of 32 informants. Results& Discussion: 77 plant species belonging to 32 families were reported. Results revealed that from the total of 32 families, Asteraceae with 14 species was the largest medicinal plant family. The most frequently used plant parts were shoot (27%). Among the 77 species, Achillea millefolium, Achillea tenuifolia, Achillea wilhelmsii, Alcea transcaucasica, Anchusa strigosa, Cichorium intybus, Cichorium pumilum, Descurainia sophia, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Falcaria vulgaris, Fumaria asepala, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Juglans regia, Malva neglecta, Mentha longifolia, Nasturtium officinalis, Peganum harmala, Rosa canina, Stachys lavandulifolia, Thymus kotschyanus, Tragopogon graminifolius, with 32 number of informants was the highest which showed that they were well known and therefore used by most residents. FIC were calculated for each of the 14 categories of disease, and the values revealed that Cold & Pulmonary problems had the highest agreement with an FIC value of 0.92.Recommended applications/ industries: Considering the great variety of medicinal plants in the region, ethnobotany studies is essential to preserving a valuable treasure of medical experience, preservation and conservation the existing herb resources, cultivating and developing medicinal plants that are adapted to the ecological conditions of the region, acquiring new drugs and advancing the pharmaceutical industry and developing employment plans. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
271 - Quantitative and qualitative assessment of fatty acids of seeds in Armenian cucumber (Cucumis melo var. flexuosus)
ابوالفضل امینی حسینعلی اسدی قارنه الهام فروزندهBackground & Aim:Armenian cucumber (Cucumis melo var. flexuosus) is one of the varieties of Cucurbitaceae family that is freshly consumed in Iran, while due to the presence of useful fatty acids and minerals, it can play a special role in the health diet. The aim of MoreBackground & Aim:Armenian cucumber (Cucumis melo var. flexuosus) is one of the varieties of Cucurbitaceae family that is freshly consumed in Iran, while due to the presence of useful fatty acids and minerals, it can play a special role in the health diet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative of fatty acids in the seeds of Armenian cucumber. Experimental: Fruits were harvested in summer of 2018 at a fully ripened stage.The seeds were manually separated from the fruits and dried in roomtemperature. Evaluation of morphological traits was performed in the laboratory of horticulture sciences department. The seed oil extraction was done using Soxhlet apparatus and fatty acids analysis was performed by gas chromatography at Central Research Institute of Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch. Results: The mean of 100-seed weight was 4.08 g, the mean of seed length and diameter were 12.46 and 4.84 mm, respectively, andthe ratio of kernel to seed shellwas 2.75. The seed oil content was 34.8% and included of 24 kind of different fatty acids. The most important unsaturated fatty acids were linoleic with 51.62% and oleic acid with 28.31% and the most important saturated fatty acids were palmitic and stearic acids with 11.16% and 7.16%, respectively. The sum of unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids and the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids were 19.46, 80.54 and 4.13, respectively. Recommended applications/industries: According to the results of this research, America cucumber seeds are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids that will make them suitable for food, pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
272 - Chemical composition in two species of Verbascum collected from natural habitats, southern Iran
وحید کریمیان محمدرضا وهابی محمد فضیلتی فاطمه سلیمانیBackground & Aim: In the present research, we investigated phytochemical characteristics of two important species of Verbascum genus. Enormous reconnaissance and field surveys were conducted to identify the most important natural habitats of Verbascum species in Koh MoreBackground & Aim: In the present research, we investigated phytochemical characteristics of two important species of Verbascum genus. Enormous reconnaissance and field surveys were conducted to identify the most important natural habitats of Verbascum species in Kohgiluyeh va Buyerahmad province, southern Iran. Experimental: The aerial parts of Verbascum songaricum and V. cheirantifolium were collected at flowering stage in July 2011. The extraction was conducted by digestion method, and then to analysis and identify extracts used by GC-MS. Totally, the number of 60 and 52 compositions from different V. songaricum and V. cheirantifolium extracts identified, respectively. In order to compare different compositions present in parts between both species, first compositions were classified into six functional groups (alcohol, amin, ester, hydrocarbon, ketone, and acid), then these groups were analyzed. Results & Discussion: Results indicated that there were significant differences among various parts of flowers, leaves, and stems in both species in terms of alcohol, amin, ester, hydrocarbon, and ketone. Given that enhancement of medicinal qualitative and quantitative yields not only depends on ecological conditions, but also varies in respect to various extractions methods, etc. In addition, this is associated o plant genetically architecture. Results obtained from V. songaricum and V. cheirantifolium showed that although both species grow close together. Recommended applications/industries: The leaves of species of Verbascum have the higher chemical variation than other plant organs such as flower and stem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
273 - The comparison of anti-diarrhea effects of two herbal compounds namely Elaeagnus Angustifolia (Oleaster) and Plantago major powders in Dogs
علیرضا لطفی سام ترکان محسن جعفریان دهکردیBackground & Aim:Increasing the tendency in families for taking care of pets makes people pay more attention to their disease especially the common ones. In recent years the tendency to use of herbal drugs has increased in animals. Herbal drugs are plants that on MoreBackground & Aim:Increasing the tendency in families for taking care of pets makes people pay more attention to their disease especially the common ones. In recent years the tendency to use of herbal drugs has increased in animals. Herbal drugs are plants that one or some of their members have effective. We supposed that the Elaeagnus angustifolia(oleaster) powder has the plantagel. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the oleaster powder herbal compounds and plantagel as anti-diarrhea in dogs. Experimental: This study was done on 12 male dogs collar (3 quadri groups) with the similar approximate weight and similar age in veterinary clinic of Islamic azad university of Shahrekord branch. Sana flower herbal syrup was used to cause the diarrhea in all 3 groups. They received 15 mg/kg every 12 hours and all groups were suffering from diarrhea. Three groups were studied including testifier group without remedy, the first care group that received 5 mg/kg of oleaster and the second care group that received the plantagel powder every day and during this period of time the whole index related to diarrhea were exanimate whether on aspect of clinical or mortal factors. Results: By looking at the mortal indices, it was observed that the percentage of hematocrit in plantagel and oleaster groups in comparison with testifier group in recovery time was significantly different (P>0.05), that shows the recovery of mortal hematocrit index. Also the percentage of neutrophils in oleastergroup with testifier and plantagel groups was observed a meaningful difference which is reducethat is a sample of meaningful increase in comparison with other groups (P>0.05). Also by sampling from excrement, the numbers of the bacteria showed a meaningful difference in oleaster and plantagel group in comparison with testifier group (P>0.05). Recommended applications/ industries: The use of oleaster powder as dose and time dependent causes reducing the duration of diarrhea because of the prehensile materials in oleaster. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
274 - Effect of explants and growth regulators on direct organogenesis of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. via tissue culture technique
محمود اطرشی کوثر مرادیBackground & Aim: Dracocephalum genus belongs to the Lamiaceae family which has eight species in Iran. Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss is an important medicinal and aromatic plant that use in pharmaceutical industry. In addition, this species is used in Iranian traditi MoreBackground & Aim: Dracocephalum genus belongs to the Lamiaceae family which has eight species in Iran. Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss is an important medicinal and aromatic plant that use in pharmaceutical industry. In addition, this species is used in Iranian traditional medicine. The aim of current study was to examine the various growth regulations and explants on direct organogenesis of Dracocephalum kotschyi using tissue culture technique. Experimental: Various concentrations of BAP, IBA and NAA belong to auxin and cytokinin, as two important plant growth regulators (PGR), with shoot tip explants; hypocotyl and cotyledon were investigated in plant micropropagation of Dracocephalum kotschyi. Results & Discussion: Results indicated that the best treatment and explants on regeneration Dracocephalum kotschyi was MS medium containing 5 mg/L BAP, and 0.2 mg/L NAA on shoot tip explants. Regenerated explants on MS medium containing 1 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L IBA had elongation growth and the elongation growth medium, plantlets were rooted. Rooted plantlets were then transferred to the hardening. After consistency of the regeneration plant seedlings Dracocephalum kotschyi, about 95% of seedling transferred to greenhouse suitable growing. Industrial and practical recommendations: According to the results of this research, we can start to proliferate and produce the effective matter of medicinal plant, such as Dracocephalum kotschyi. The most important benefit of this method is to prevent from extinction and to protect the species out of the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
275 - A review of pharmacological properties and functional of Cinnamon
امیرپویا قندهاری یزدی آلاله نیکویی لیلا صداقت بروجنیBackground & Aim: Considering the inevitable side effects of chemical drugs, nowadays, herbal medicine has gained a special importance. Cinnamon of Lauraceae Family, is commonly used as a food spice and medicine. It is famous to be, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti MoreBackground & Aim: Considering the inevitable side effects of chemical drugs, nowadays, herbal medicine has gained a special importance. Cinnamon of Lauraceae Family, is commonly used as a food spice and medicine. It is famous to be, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-viral, and antispastic. It also prevents abdominal bloating, increases sweating and uterus muscle constrictions. Cinnamon’s essence is known to have anti-fungal and antibacterial effects, which most presumably reflects the presence of ortho methoxy cinnamic aldehyde components in it (OR which is due to the presence of ortho methoxy cinnamic aldehyde components). Cinnamon extracts contain eugenol compounds which characterizes the fibrinolytic effects of it.Furthermore, Cinemon and its derivatives can also influence the central nervous system and alleviate the pain. Additionally, cinnamon compounds can influence insulin effects and reduce the insulin resistance and consequently result in positive effects on blood sugar level. One of its most important effects is the effect on increased sexual drive. Direct or indirect effect of cinemon compounds in increasing hormonal production and release could well be due to increase of nitric acid synthesis. It also contains volatile and non-volatile non-phenolic ingredients that most probably bring about its anti-oxidant effects. Recommended applications/industries: Considering the mentioned effects of cinnamon and its extracts and additional ease of extraction and its cost effectiveness, it can be easily used in pharmaceutical and food industries. In food industry, it's anti-microbial and anti-oxidants effects and even for packaging strategies as a natural conservator cinnamon can be an effective candidate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
276 - Effect of ultrasound on the production of Carvone as a secondary metabolite in callus derived from Bunium persicum Boiss.
محمود اطرشی الهام توکلی دینانی محمد تقی درزی جواد هاشمی شیرین روزبه امیر معصومیBackground & Aim: Medicinal plants are most valuable and useful sources as productive factors of drugs. Production and extraction of secondary metabolites have a huge economical importance in recent years. Carvone is a compound in Bunium persicum fruit and shoot and MoreBackground & Aim: Medicinal plants are most valuable and useful sources as productive factors of drugs. Production and extraction of secondary metabolites have a huge economical importance in recent years. Carvone is a compound in Bunium persicum fruit and shoot and, it is one of the wide range varieties of valuable and useful secondary metabolites. Due to limited crop production, using appropriate stimulating factors, such as ultrasound is an efficient way in the production of secondary metabolites in plant cell culture.Experimental: In this study, callus in suspension environment influenced by treatments once or twice, with times 0, 5, 20, 35, 50 and 240 seconds by means of ultrasonic bath with a frequency of 38.5 kHz and constant power examined. After extraction of Carvone, the amount of this secondary metabolite was measured by High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.Results & Discussion: Stimulating effect of ultrasound increased the synthesis of Carvone dramatically. According to the observations, combination of hormone with using the bath for 2 times and each time for 35 seconds, created highest rate of Carvone. By contrast, controlling the all cases showed the lowest level of Carvone.Industrial and practical recommendations: Ultrasound irradiation can act as a potent abiotic elicitor to induce the defense responses of plant cells and to stimulate secondary metabolite production in plant cell cultures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
277 - Identification of phytochemicals, plant compounds Smirnovia iranica.
منصوره قوام حسین آذرنیوند مریم اخباریBackground & Aim: Fabaceae plant family cow tail (Smirnovia iranica) is one of the valuable species of native shrubs and sand dunes in the central region of Iran which is consistent with the production of forage and soil conservation and creating a beautiful landsca MoreBackground & Aim: Fabaceae plant family cow tail (Smirnovia iranica) is one of the valuable species of native shrubs and sand dunes in the central region of Iran which is consistent with the production of forage and soil conservation and creating a beautiful landscape; it has the active ingredients of medicinal values. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of some phytochemicals in this plant for the first time. Experimental: The habitat of the plant, located in Kashan sand dunes four study sites were chosen from a distance of 30 km. Phytochemical study during the third week of April 1391 flowering branches and leaves collected at each site using soxhlet apparatus for 8 h were extracted by methanol extract of leaves and flowers. Mayer and Wagner's reagent for alkaloids detected the test for determining anthocyanins and flavonoids cyanidin, Chloroferric solution to test for the presence of tannins and test the reaction of anthraquinone Bourne - Tragr was used. Results & Discussion: The results indicate the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, anthocyanins and tannins, and the presence or absence of low- anthraquinone in both the body and the whole site. The final conclusion in terms of the priority phytochemicals valuable plant in flower organs and the optimum harvest Qasim Abad is the preferred site. Recommended applications/industries: Based on the results of this study , this native plant have worth phytochemicals that preservation and resuscitation and Advantage of its be considered Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
278 - In-vitro antioxidant capacity and hepato-protective potential of Blighia sapida stem bark ether fractions in STZ induced diabetes rats
دامیلولا اوموبوا امانوئل آکینتیمین سلمنت آکینوبی توهیب بالگونBackground & Aim:Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that affects all systems in the body, including the liver. This study evaluated the in-vitro antioxidant capacity and liver function status of STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with petroleum and diethyl ethe MoreBackground & Aim:Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that affects all systems in the body, including the liver. This study evaluated the in-vitro antioxidant capacity and liver function status of STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with petroleum and diethyl ether fractions of Blighia sapida stem barkfor 14 days. Experimental: The antioxidant ability of the petroleum and diethyl ether fraction of Blighia sapida stem bark was evaluated by total flavonoids and phenolic content (TFC and TPC) and DPPH scavenging activity using standard protocol. Thirty-five rats in seven groups were used. Plasma transaminases (ALT and AST) activities and bilirubin level was determined using standard procedure. Results: The TFC and TPC of petroleum ether fraction of B. sapida (PEFBS) (47.16 mg QUE/100g and 39.87 mg GAE/100g) was observed to be higher compared to diethyl ether fraction of B. sapida (DEFBS) (37.44 mg QUE/100 g and 36.74 mg/GAE/100g). The DPPH scavenging activity of the fractions were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced across the concentrations compared to the standard (gallic acid). STZ induced diabetes rats administered 2 ml/kg b. w. of normal saline significantly (p < 0.05) increased plasma ALT, AST activities and bilirubin level compared to the normal control rats while treatment of diabetic rats with petroleum and diethyl ether fraction of B. sapida at both dosesreduced the activities of these enzymes and level of bilirubin. Recommended applications/industries: The results sustain the fact that, the fractions of B. sapida have an immense potential to be developed further into a therapeutic agent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
279 - Antibacterial activity of the essential oils from five endemic herbs (Lamiaceae)
بهزاد حامدی زینب محمدی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطیBackground & Aim: The major aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of the essential oils from five medicinal plants. Experimental: The hydro-distillation essential oils from five plant species, including Satureja bachtiarica, Zataria multiflor MoreBackground & Aim: The major aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of the essential oils from five medicinal plants. Experimental: The hydro-distillation essential oils from five plant species, including Satureja bachtiarica, Zataria multiflora, Thymus daenensis, Thymus carmanicus, and Ziziphora tenuior (Lamiaceae) which are endemic in Iran. In-vitro antibacterial test was done by agar disc diffusion and serial dilution assays. Results & Discussion: Most of the essential oils indicated relatively antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria with the diameter of inhibition zone ranging between 7 and 33 mm. Recommended applications/industries: The essential oils from Iranian herbs could be used as natural antimicrobial agents in food preservation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
280 - Traditional application of Èfó Wòròwó (Solanecio biafrae) to reduce weight and fats in pre-obesity
ماتیو اولانیانBackground & Aim: Èfó Wòròwó (Solanecio biafrae) an important vegetable in Nigeria has many health benefits non-scientific claims in herbal practice. This work was designed to evaluate the traditional application of Èf&oacut MoreBackground & Aim: Èfó Wòròwó (Solanecio biafrae) an important vegetable in Nigeria has many health benefits non-scientific claims in herbal practice. This work was designed to evaluate the traditional application of Èfó Wòròwó (Solanecio biafrae) to reduce weight and fats in pre-obesity. Experimental:31 pre-obese individuals (35-70 years; females – 20; Males - 11) with BMI of 27 ± 4.0 kg/m2 who were not on any fat or weight reduction medication and 45 age-matched non-obese volunteers with BMI of 19 ± 2.0 kg/m2 were investigated as control test and control subjects respectively. Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were measured by spectrophotometry method while BMI was determined by standard method. Results: There was a significantly lower BMI, plasma Total cholesterol and triglycerides in pre-obese subjects after treatment than before treatment (p<0.05). There was a significantly higher total cholesterol, BMI and plasma total triglycerides in pre-obese subjects before treatment than the results obtained in the control subjects (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in plasma total cholesterol, BMI and plasma total triglycerides in pre-obese subjects after treatment compared with the results obtained in the control subjects (p>0.05). Recommended applications/industries: This work confirms the traditional health benefit claim of Èfó Wòròwó (Solaneciobiafrae) at reducing plasma total cholesterol, BMI and plasma total triglycerides in pre-obese subjects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
281 - Survey on quality and quantity of essential oil cultivated accessions of Thymus fedtschenkoi Ronneger in province Yazd
عباس زارع زاده مهدی میرزا ابراهیم شریفی عاشورآبادی علی میرحسینی محمدرضا عربزادهBackground & Aim: The genus Thymus belonging to the family of lamiaceae and consist over 215 different species throughout the word. Eighteen species grow naturally in Iran of which four species are endemic. Experimental: This reseach has been carried in medicinal p MoreBackground & Aim: The genus Thymus belonging to the family of lamiaceae and consist over 215 different species throughout the word. Eighteen species grow naturally in Iran of which four species are endemic. Experimental: This reseach has been carried in medicinal plants research station in Yazd province with the coordinates of longitude and latitude 55 31 49 northly, 27 15 54 east to heigh of 1209 meters above Sea level in the region Gerdefaramarz city of Yazd shahedial. In order to in 2011 year seeds 5 accession of T. fedtschenkoi collected from West Azarbayejan, Semnan and Zanjan provinces, were planted in jifypot. The aeril parts of plants were collected 50% flowering stage and then were dried in shadow and hydro– distilled for obtaining their essential oil. Analysis and identification of chemical composition of the oil were performed by GC and GC/MS. Results & Discussion: The highest amount of oil yield respectively were related to accession TF3 from Semnan (4.2%), and lowest was related to accession TF5 from West Azarbayejan(0.8%). The highest amount of oil production respectively was related to accession TF3 (32/8kg/ha) and lowest was related to TF5 (3kg/ha). Results showed that maximum compositions of essential oil Thymol, P-cymen, carvacrol, borneol, Terpineol, γ-terpinene, 1,8 cineol, E-caryophyllene and linalool, respectively TF1 (70/1%), TF5 (20/2%), TF4 (18/1%), TF4 (10/4%), TF3(4/5%), TF5 (4/1%), TF4 (3/6%), TF3 (3/3%) and TF5 (3/1%) Generally, with regard to oil yield, oil production and main composition of essential oil accession TF3 with 4/2% and rate of oil production 32/8kg/hectare and 66/3% Thymol was selected as superior accession. Recommended applications / industries: Since the accession TF3 yield, oil yield and thymol is high. for planting in the same climate zones is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
282 - Optimization of antioxidant compounds extraction from almond shell by response surface method
غلامرضا ایسپره فاطمه نجاتی مریم جعفریBackground and aim: Extraction of natural antioxidant compounds has recently attracted the attention of researchers. Almond is one of the native products of Iran, which annually during the process of production , large volumes of waste is achieved. The aim of this study MoreBackground and aim: Extraction of natural antioxidant compounds has recently attracted the attention of researchers. Almond is one of the native products of Iran, which annually during the process of production , large volumes of waste is achieved. The aim of this study is investigating the impact of two parameters (time and ethanol percentage) on the extraction of phenol and antioxidant compounds from almond shell optimization of these parameters using the RSM method. In this study, extraction process was assisted by ultrasound. Experimental: The fine powder was prepared from dried almond green shell. The powder was mixed with water- ethanol solvent in the ratio of 1:20 and exposed to ultrasound for a sufficient time at 35 °C. The tow variables of this study, eg the ethanol concentration (%) and time of extraction (each in 3 levels), were determined by the Design Expert software, and totally 13 experiments were performed for extraction. Afterwards, the concentration of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were analysed by Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH methods, respectively. Results and discussion:According to the results of the optimization, the optimal condition for extraction of maximum antioxidant compounds determined as 35.74 min, using a solvent contains 43.69 % of ethanol. In this condition, the antioxidant activity and concentration of phenolic compounds were 47.19 % and 0.917 (mg/mol) respectively. These results were confirmed by experimental analysis and it was shown that the model could well predict efficiency at the optimal point. Industrial and practical recommendations: This study showed that the green shell of almonds can be as a cheap and accessible source for extracting the compounds or antioxidant activities. Furthermore, we showed that the ultrasonic-assisted extraction is an efficient and quick method for extraction of antioxidant compounds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
283 - Effect of different distillation methods on quantity and quality of essential oil of two Ziziphora L. species
حسین بتولی مریم اخباری سید محمد جواد حسینیزادهBackground & Aim: Ziziphora L. genus belongs to the Lamiaceae family, which has important medicinal and aromatic plant species. In current study, essential oil chemical compositions of two Ziziphora L. species (Z. tenuior L. and Z. clinopodioides Lam.) were investig MoreBackground & Aim: Ziziphora L. genus belongs to the Lamiaceae family, which has important medicinal and aromatic plant species. In current study, essential oil chemical compositions of two Ziziphora L. species (Z. tenuior L. and Z. clinopodioides Lam.) were investigated. Experimental: The flowering branches of Z. tenuior and Z. clinopodioides were collected in spring and summer 2011. The aerial parts dried in shade at room temperature. The flowering branches of these species subjected to volatile fraction were isolated by simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE), hydro distillation (using a Clevenger-type apparatus), steam-cooled distillation (ultrasonic) and steam distillation. The analysis of the oils was performed by using GC and GC-MS. Results & Discussion: The results indicated the essential oil yield of Z. tenuior ranged 0.2% to 2.3% (w/w), and Z. clinopodioides ranged 0.3% to 1.3% (w/w(. In total, 18 components were identified in Z. tenuior essential oil, and 33 components were identified in Z. clinopodioides essential oil. The main components of Z. tenuior essential oil were pulegon (80.01% - 90.10%), and piperitenone (4.5% - 7.14%). The major compounds in Z. clinopodioides essential oil were pulegon (25.87% - 35.20%), piperitenone (10.11% - 27.88%), menthol (11.41%-17.50%), and menthon (0 - 7.69%). The highest percentage of menthol in essential oil in two species obtained from SDE method. Industrial and practical recommendations: According to the purity 81% of pulegon combination in essential oil of Ziziphora with 2% essential oil yield, can be purified in production of Ziziphora. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
284 - Effect of Gibberllic acid and Salicylic acid on Secondary metabolites in leaf of Curcuma longa L.
مریم وکیل زاده انارکی فروغ مرتضایی نژاد فریبا خلیلی محمد مهدی قیصری مهتاب اصفهانی زاده حسین پورBackground & Aim: Turmeric, scientifically named (Curcuma longa L.), a member of ginger (Zingiberaceae) family, is a perennial plant, with pharmaceutical properties and with a rhizome. This plant has many medicinal characteristics including anti-cancer, anti-bacteri MoreBackground & Aim: Turmeric, scientifically named (Curcuma longa L.), a member of ginger (Zingiberaceae) family, is a perennial plant, with pharmaceutical properties and with a rhizome. This plant has many medicinal characteristics including anti-cancer, anti-bacteria and anti-hepatitis properties. Experimental: To study the effects of Gibberellic acid and Salicylic acid on leaf, the rhizome was obtained from Thailand and was cultured for two years in the greenhouses of Khorasgan University (Isfahan). Before culture, the rhizome was soaking in 150 ppm of Gibberellic acid for four hour and 400 ppm of Salicylic acid for one hour. The rhizomes were then planted in three blocks in the model of randomized complete blocks. The extract was taken by soxhlet afterwards. Detection of the substances was done by GC/MS. Results & Discussion: Metabolic analysis on the plant showed that most of the metabolites on the leaf include Camphor, pinene, beta- Ocimene and 1,8 Cineole. Consequence of using Gibberllic acid is increasing the amount of Camphor, 1,8 Cineole, Camphene, α-pinene and new terpen components such as Vitamin E, α-Thujone and Limonene in leaves of this plant, also amount of some metabolites such as Camphor, 1,8 Cineole, Camphene increased by using of salicylic acid. Recommended applications/industries: Considering the medicinal specifications of curcuma,in metabolic productionthe amount of some secnedary metabolits can be increased by Growth regulators. because of having some important metabolites curcuma is one of the most important medicinal plants in our traditional and modern medicin.increasing in amount of seconedary metabolites is the result of using Gibbrllic acid and salicylic acid that can make a variety in both number and amount of metabolites. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
285 - Effects of biofertilizers on yield and essential oil of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)
میثم پورهادیBackground & Aim: Nowadays, tendency to agricultural biotic product sustainable agriculture instead of chemical ‎fertilizers has been going up in all over the world. So, most pharmaceutical industries prefer to ‎use raw material which is produced from organi MoreBackground & Aim: Nowadays, tendency to agricultural biotic product sustainable agriculture instead of chemical ‎fertilizers has been going up in all over the world. So, most pharmaceutical industries prefer to ‎use raw material which is produced from organic and stable system. Producing organic ‎medicinal plants, such as peppermint, seems important in economical, ecological and ‎bio environmental aspects. Experimental: Three biological fertilizers effect (Nitroxyn, Supernitroplus, Biosulfore) and urea on qualitative ‎and quantitative character of peppermint is the aim of this project which was done in a farm of ‎Jihad Daneshgahi Institute of Iran during 2008-2009, as a complete randomized block design ‎with 9 treatment fertilizer and 3 replications. Nine treatments were as follows: Azospirillum/Azotobacter (Nitroxin 4 and 8 Kg/ha), Azospirillum / Bacillus subtilis/Pseudomonas ‎fluorescens (Super Nitro Plus 4 and 8 Kg/ha), (Biosulfur 4 and 8 Kg/ha, Urea fertilizer (75 and ‎‎100 Kg/ha), and control treatment with no fertilizer.‎. Results & Discussion: The results indicated that all fertilizer treatment (biologic & urea) had a significant increase in most ‎character comparing to control treatment and among biofertilizers, Nitroxin and supernitroplus ‎‎ (8 kg/ha) on par with urea fertilizer had the most effect additive on most characters. Based on ‎this results, the above mentioned biofertilizers increased qualitative and quantitative yield of ‎peppermint. Industrial and practical recommendations: According to the findings of this experiment, biological fertilizers led to increasing the qualitative and quantitative functions of peppermint. Using biofertelizer including Nitroxin and supernitroplus the utilization of nitrogen chemical fertilizers originated from urea can be reduced which is an efficient step in achieving to a stable agriculture and decreasing biochemical pollution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
286 - The effect of Kardeh (Biarum Bovei) Hydro-alcoholic extract on pain threshold in STZ induced diabetic rats
معصومه سیفی زنگنه مریم رفیعی راد حسین سازگارBackground & Aim: Diabetes mellitus in long-term through various means such as augmented oxidative stress is associated with disturbances such as pain and cognition in humans and laboratory animals. According to the evidence of anti-diabetic extract of Biarum Bovei MoreBackground & Aim: Diabetes mellitus in long-term through various means such as augmented oxidative stress is associated with disturbances such as pain and cognition in humans and laboratory animals. According to the evidence of anti-diabetic extract of Biarum Bovei (BB), Effect of oral administration of this extract was evaluated on blood glucose level and pain threshold in diabetic rats. Experimental: Animals were divided into; Control (intact), diabetic (STZ 70 mg /kg) and diabetic group that received Biarum Bovei Extract (BBE) (50, 100, 200, 400, 800 mg/kg) for two weeks by gavage. Blood glucose was measured from tail blood, then performed tail filick test to measure pain threshold. The results were analyzed statistically through SPSS, One way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Diabetes led to a decrease in blood glucose (p < 0.001) and pain threshold (p <0.001) prescribed doses (100, 200 mg/kg) BBE resulted a decrease in blood glucose (p Results & Discussion: The findings of this study showed that Hydro-alcoholic extract of kadeh (BB) possibly with high-antioxidant property is able to reduce blood glucose and diabetes complications such as pain in animals. Recommended applications/industries: Considering the low side effects of herbal medicines, especially antioxidants including Kardeh can be used to reduce the complications of diabetes with drug therapy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
287 - Phytochemical of essential oil of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. collected from a natural habitat in western Isfahan, Iran
فاطمه سلیمانی میمند محمدرضا وهابی محمد فضیلتی وحید کریمیانBackground & Aim: The Lamiaceae family is one of the largest and most distinctive families of flowering plants, with about 220 genera and almost 4000 species worldwide. The genus Stachys is one of the largest representative genera of the Lamiaceae family and include MoreBackground & Aim: The Lamiaceae family is one of the largest and most distinctive families of flowering plants, with about 220 genera and almost 4000 species worldwide. The genus Stachys is one of the largest representative genera of the Lamiaceae family and includes about 300 species, in the subtropical and tropical regions of both hemispheres. In Iran this genus is represented by 34 species. Isfahan province has different medical plants such as species Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. This study was aimed at investigating of phytochemical of S. lavandulifolia in the west of Isfahan province. Experimental: The aerial parts of S. lavandulifolia were air-dried. The essential oil of the plant was isolated by hydro-distillation with a yield of 0.25% (v/w). The chemical composition of volatile oil was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/ MS. Results & Discussion: Result indicated that main components were germacrene-D (15.96%), thymol (14.64%), γ-cadinene (13.33%), α-pinene (7.80%), and trans-caryophyllene (6.91%). Industrial and practical recommendations: Stachy lavandulifolia Vahl is a medical plant that can be a potential source of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
288 - Clinical studies on the treatment of psoriasis in Unani system of medicine: A systemic review
عدنان مستانBackground & Aim:Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. In Unani system of medicine, psoriasis is termed as Daus Sadaf or Taqashshur-i Jild which has been treated successfully since antiquity with various single and compound drugs. In recent years, variou MoreBackground & Aim:Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. In Unani system of medicine, psoriasis is termed as Daus Sadaf or Taqashshur-i Jild which has been treated successfully since antiquity with various single and compound drugs. In recent years, various clinical studies have been conducted to validate the claims of Unani medicine in the management of psoriasis. The aim of this study was to review the published scientific clinical studies, performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Unani drugs in the treatment of psoriasis. Experimental: Author searched four databases for psoriasis, using the terms “Daus Sadaf OR psoriasis”, “Taqashshur-i Jild OR psoriasis”, “Unani medicine and psoriasis”. Author also hand searched journals available in the library of Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine & Jamia Hamdard (New Delhi) and All India Institute of Medical Sciences (Raipur). All published clinical studies with Unani intervention were included in this review. Results: A total of 58 articles were reviewed; out of them 46 articles based on animal studies, epidemiological reports, studies of general concepts were discarded leading to inclusion of 12 articles. Different Unani drugs were used in the trials. Although each clinical study reported beneficial effect, but there were very few trials that were controlled and randomized. Recommended applications/industries: Various clinical studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of Unani drugs in the treatment of psoriasis have been carried out, but well-designed randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) still need to be conducted using standardized tools to scientifically validate the safety and efficacy of Unani drugs in the treatment of psoriasis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
289 - Study the knowledge of rural and nomadic people of Semirom from medicinal plants for treatment of digestive diseases
علیرضا صفری منصوره قوام سعید دوازده امامیBackground & Aim:Indigenous knowledge is a part of the unique culture of each country, which has been adapted to the environmental conditions of a particular ecosystem through experience and it has gradually become as a part of the social and productive culture of t MoreBackground & Aim:Indigenous knowledge is a part of the unique culture of each country, which has been adapted to the environmental conditions of a particular ecosystem through experience and it has gradually become as a part of the social and productive culture of that community. The purpose of this study was to collect medicinal herbs and treatments associated with gastrointestinal motility by villagers and Semiramis tribes. Experimental:Medicinal plants were collected from different parts of Semirom and transferred to Isfahan Province Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. Data collection was done by questionnaire and randomly collected from indigenous peoples of the region (village and tribes) regarding the use of medicinal plants for various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the method of use, how to prepare and the parts used. Finally, data were recorded in the tables and charts and interpreted. Results:The results showed that the interviewed 26 people referred to various gastrointestinal diseases, which mostly used the limb. Recommended applications/ industries: The indigenous people of the Semirom region had fairly large information of plant and medicinal plant in environments around them, especially among nomadic people, because they had to leave for three to four months a year due to changes in the seasons. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
290 - Investigation of main constituents of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil under sowing date and plant density in Mazandaran province
مهران محمدپور بهلول عباس زاده محمد آزاد بخت جواد مینویی مقدمBackground and aim: The genus Satureja L. (Lamiaceae) includes 12 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plant in Iran. Satureja species have economic and medicinal importance because of their high essential oil content. In addition, they are used as culinary herbs MoreBackground and aim: The genus Satureja L. (Lamiaceae) includes 12 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plant in Iran. Satureja species have economic and medicinal importance because of their high essential oil content. In addition, they are used as culinary herbs and in the food, perfume and cosmetic industries. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sowing date and plant density on the quantity and quality yields of Satureja hortensis L. essential oils in Sari climatic condition. Experimental: A field experiment was conducted in Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources university by using of split-plot design in the base of randomized complete blocks with three replications in 2010. Main factors were three sowing dates (11 April, 22 April and 3 May) and sub factors were three plant density (15*35, 25*35 and 35*35cm). The plants were investigated in full flowering stage. Aerial parts of the plant were subjected to Hydro-distillation for 3 h using a Clevenger-type apparatus to produce essential oil. Chemical compositions of the essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results and discussion: Sowing date had significant effect on essential oils content and dry shoot yield. The result of mean comparison showed that first sowing date had highest essential oils content (2.15) and delay in sowing time increased dry shoot yield significantly(p<0.05). The dry shoot yield (3023.1 and 2663.9 kg/h) at third and second sowing times was the highest. Plant density and interaction of sowing date and plant density had no significant effect on dry shoot yield and essential oils content. The results indicated that the essential oil yield and main essential oil components (carvacrol, γ-terpinene, ρ-cymene, α-terpinene and camphene) were not affected by sowing date and plant density. Industrial and practical recommendations: Dry shoot yield, essential oil and main constituents of the essential oils of Satureja hortensis L. can be increased with good management and choose of suitable solutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
291 - A review on application of plant essential oils in food packaging films
الهه امانی امیرپویا قندهاری یزدی لیلا صداقت بروجنیIntroduction: Active packaging is one of the innovations in food packaging industry that would be a respons to the changing needs of consumers and markets. In this technique, materials such as adsorbents oxygen, moisture, carbon dioxide, ethylene and carbon dioxide-rele MoreIntroduction: Active packaging is one of the innovations in food packaging industry that would be a respons to the changing needs of consumers and markets. In this technique, materials such as adsorbents oxygen, moisture, carbon dioxide, ethylene and carbon dioxide-releasing flavor compounds, antimicrobials, antioxidants and various aromatic compounds are used. In the last decade, great attention are paid to application of antimicrobial compounds for food packaging and food contact surfaces, the plant essential oils are one of the active constituents in this area. In this article, different kinds of plant essential oils, constituents, antimicrobial properties, mutagenicity and anti-mutation effect of these compounds and their use in food packaging and its impact on the physicochemical properties of packaging and food packaging are discussed. Results: Plant essential oils and its compounds such as linalool, thymol, cinnamaldehyde, vanillin, carvacrol, and many other compounds because of their characteristics such as anti-microbial, anti-fungal and anti-oxidant activity are acceptable for using in the food industry and increasing shelf life of corruptible materials. Nowadays, many studies have shown that most of these substances are not harmful to human health; therefore, has found considerable acceptability in industry and among consumers. Conclusion: Antimicrobial packaging is a type of active packaging that is effective on shelf life, health and food safety. Various materials such as plant essential oils are used in this type of packaging which increase the shelf life and product quality. However, the safety of these compounds before using in industry must be determined. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
292 - بررسی اثر خشک کردن بر استخراج اینولین از کاسنی ریشه ای (Cichuriumintybus L.)
حمیده وکیلی محمد حجت الاسلامیمقدمه و هدف: اینولین یک پلی ساکارید ذخیره ای از دسته فروکتون ها با خواص تغذیهای و تکنولوژیکی منحصر بفردی است و ریشه کاسنی ریشهای (چیکوری) حاوی اینولین با زنجیرهای بلند و پایدار بعنوان تنها منبع ریشه ای برای تولید صنعتی اینولین میباشد. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی مقایسه مق Moreمقدمه و هدف: اینولین یک پلی ساکارید ذخیره ای از دسته فروکتون ها با خواص تغذیهای و تکنولوژیکی منحصر بفردی است و ریشه کاسنی ریشهای (چیکوری) حاوی اینولین با زنجیرهای بلند و پایدار بعنوان تنها منبع ریشه ای برای تولید صنعتی اینولین میباشد. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی مقایسه مقدار و زمان استخراج بیشینه اینولین و رنگ عصاره استخراجی از ریشه چیکوری تازه و خشک در طول زمان استخراج میباشد. روش تحقیق: ریشه چیکوری کاشته شده در مجتمع کشت و صنعت قزوین برداشت و برای استخراج عصاره از روش دیفوزیون و نسبت آب به خلال ۵ به ۱ و دمای ۶۰ درجه سانتیگراد و pHبرابر با ۵ استفاده شد. خشک کردن خلال ها در آون سیرکوله دار ودمای ۷۰ درجه سانتیگراد انجام گرفت. برای اندازه گیری اینولین از دستگاه HPLC و برای اندازه گیری رنگ عصاره از دستگاه رنگ سنج در طول موج ۴۲۰ نانومتر استفاده گردید. نتایج و بحث: بیشترین مقدار اینولین برای خلال تازه در زمان ۶۰ و درمورد خلال خشک در زمان ۱۱۰ دقیقه استخراج گردید. اگرچه خشک کردن به طور معنی دار باعث کاهش در میزان اینولین در ریشه چیکوری نمیشود اما به طور چشمگیر باعث افزایش زمان استخراج تا ۲ برابر میگردد.همینطورخشک کردن به طور معنادار باعث کاهش رنگ عصاره استخراج شده از خلال چیکوری میشود که بدلیل اثر آنزیم بری در حین فرایند خشک کردن میباشد. توصیه کاربردی/صنعتی: با توجه به محدود بودن زمان برداشت گیاه و در عین حال محدودیت ظرفیت کارخانه جهت استخراج، خشک کردن روش مناسبی جهت نگهداری ریشه ها برای استفاده در فصول دیگر سال میباشد بدون اینکه اثر نامطلوبی بر راندمان استخراج داشته باشد و همچنین خشک کردن ریشه ها در محل کاشت، باعث کاهش حجم ریشه و کاهش هزینه حمل و نقل آن به کارخانه میگردد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
293 - Effects of different medium on morphophysiological traits of Lippia citriodora H.B.K. during in vitro culture condition
حسن نورافکن فاطمه سفیدکن سیدامیر موسوی مظفر شریفی احمد خلیقیBackground & Aim: Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora H.B.K.) is a richly scented herb and has a long history as a sacred and medicinal plant. Select an appropriate medium in tissue culture is a necessity for success Experimental: To evaluate the effect of 10 medium of MoreBackground & Aim: Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora H.B.K.) is a richly scented herb and has a long history as a sacred and medicinal plant. Select an appropriate medium in tissue culture is a necessity for success Experimental: To evaluate the effect of 10 medium of previous researches for Lippia micropropagation (1- MS medium supplemented with BAP (3 mgL-1) + IBA (0.1 mgL-1) + activated charcoal (1 gL-1) 2- MS medium supplemented with BAP (1 mgL-1) + IBA (0.5 mgL-1) + activated charcoal (1 gL-1) 3- 1/2MS 4- MS medium supplemented with BAP (5 mgL-1) 5- MS medium supplemented with BAP (1 mgL-1) 6- MS medium supplemented with activated charcoal (1 gL-1) 7- MS medium supplemented with BAP (1 mgL-1) + activated charcoal (1 gL-1) 8- MS medium supplemented with BAP (1 mgL-1) + AgNO3 (5 mgL-1) 9- MS medium supplemented with AgNO3 (5 mgL-1) 10- MS (control)), an experiment was conducted as a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates and three explants per replication. Results & Discussion: The results showed positive effects for BAP (5 mgL-1) and somewhat active charcoal, but contrary to predictions, AgNO3 had no effect on reducing senescence and leaf necrosis. Recommended applications/industries: Therefore, Based on the finding, the four medium (MS medium supplemented with BAP (5 mgL-1)) with the highest rates of shoot fresh weight, leaf number, internodes number, shoot number, root fresh weight, callus diameter and root dry weight can be introduced as a suitable medium of tissue culture in this experimental conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
294 - Chemical composition of essential oils of three ecotypes of Mentha spicata L. from Kohgiluyeh va Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran
محمدجواد عادلپور احمدرضا گلپرورBackground & Aim: Lamiaceae is one of the most important families of plants with global transmittal. The family is divided to two major groups: Lamioideae and Nepetoideae. Mentha L. genus has high genetic variation because of different ploidy levels and interspecifi MoreBackground & Aim: Lamiaceae is one of the most important families of plants with global transmittal. The family is divided to two major groups: Lamioideae and Nepetoideae. Mentha L. genus has high genetic variation because of different ploidy levels and interspecific interspecific hybridization thus that is possible to select genotypes with excelsior traits as essence content. The genus includes 25 to 30 species that grow in temperate regions of Eurasia, Australia and South Africa. M. spicata, as the main specie belonging to the family Lamiaceae, is used in Iranian traditional medicine as a stomach pain-relieving agent, antispasmodic, digestive, and carminative. Experimental: This study was done to identify composition of the essential oil from the aerial parts of M. spicata L. that were collected from three natural habitats, including Yasouj (S1), C.Sakht (S2), and Bahram-Beigi (S3) at KohgiluyehvaBoyer-AhmadProvince, Iran in 2012. The essential oil extracted by Clevenger apparatus, and analyzed by GC and identified by using GC/MS. Results & Discussion: Result indicated that there were 10, 14, and 10 compounds in essential oils from the aerial parts of the plants of S1, S2, and S3 populations, respectively. The major components in S1 were carvone (74.57%), 1,8-cineole (10.28%), limonene (8.41%), whereas S2 had piperitenone oxide (53.19%), 1,8-cineole (27.47%), β-caryophyllene (3.55%), and the main components of S3 were 1,8-cineole (8.79%), carvone (79.6%), and lmonene (3.53%). Recommended applications/industries: Ecotypes harvested from CSakht and Bahram-Beigi are promising genetic stocks to increase piperitenone oxide and carvone as medicinal components in breeding programs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
295 - Herbal medicines: knowledge, attitude, dispensing practice and the barriers among dental practitioners in Chennai city, Tamilnadu
پریانکا کداگانالور پیچومانی دارشانرام Dharshanram مادان کومارBackground & Aim:In the recent past, traditional medicines have gained increased awareness among the scientific community and general public owing to the intrinsic value of these systems. They are considered because of the drug resistance and side effects associated MoreBackground & Aim:In the recent past, traditional medicines have gained increased awareness among the scientific community and general public owing to the intrinsic value of these systems. They are considered because of the drug resistance and side effects associated with allopathic medicines. Also, in a country like India, where there is availability of rich medicinal flora, herbal medicine can serve as a great alternative to overcome these disadvantages. Hence, a study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of herbal drugs among dental practitioners in Chennai, Tamilnadu. Experimental:A cross-sectional study was designed where 300 practicing dentists were selected by non-probability convenience sampling. It comprised of 150 dentists with undergraduate qualification and 150 dentists with a postgraduate degree from Chennai, Tamilnadu. A questionnaire was framed containing 17 questions testing the knowledge, attitude and practice of herbal medicines. Results:When the knowledge about herbal medicines was assessed among dental practitioners, it was found that 76% were aware about herbal drugs in general and 86% were aware of its side effects. 94.7% of the dentists were aware of the interactions of herbal drugs with other conventional medications. Even though dentists seem to have adequate knowledge and attitude of herbal drugs, there seems to be a significant variation in the practice of herbal drugs in clinical scenario Recommended applications/ industries:From the present study, a clear cut lack in the understanding of herbal drugs is evident. Dentists and other medical practitioners are willing to learn more about it, but find it difficult to access trustworthy information and clinical evidence on the practice of such drugs. The availability of a comprehensive list of herbal drugs is imperative at this juncture, and inter-professional research has to be encouraged to bring out the highest efficiency of such drugs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
296 - Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Natanz region (Kashan), Iran
شبنم عباسی سعید افشارزاده عبدالرضا مهاجریBackground & Aim: Iran has a long history in ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology. The indigenous people in YahyaAbad area, is located in the conserved area of the Karkas mountains, are used many plants and natural material for treatment their diseases. YahyaAbad area MoreBackground & Aim: Iran has a long history in ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology. The indigenous people in YahyaAbad area, is located in the conserved area of the Karkas mountains, are used many plants and natural material for treatment their diseases. YahyaAbad area is an important part of central mountains of Kashan, Central Iran. There are many plant species in this area which have medicinal uses. The aim of this research was ethnobotanical study on medicinal herbs of YahyaAbad area in order to recognize custom, tradition, and application way of plants by the people.Experimental: In current study, plant species were collected at several times. Plant identities were confirmed by botanist and references. An analysis was made of the species used, parts of the plant employed, preparation methods, administration means, and the ailments treated in relation to pathological groups.Results & Discussion: In total, 65 medicinal plant species collected and identified in YahyaAbad area. Results indicated some of medicinal plants are used commonly by the indigenous people. Many of medicinal plants are used for eliminating different pains. Generally, some of the uses were found to be new when compared with published literature on ethnomedicine of Iran. Industrial and practical recommendations: According to medicinal value of some plants in studied area, and non suitable climate condition such as droughts which caused to intensify livestock's grazing and irregular plants harvest, it seems using adopting the appropriate methods and conservation policies, we can prevent from this issue. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
297 - Evaluation of hexane extract of Chlorophytum alismifolium on hyperglycaemia and neuropathic pain in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats
عبدالحکیم ابوبکر ادریس محمد ماج یوسف تانکو جوسف آنوکا عزالدین عبدالرحمن عبدالهی نظیفیBackground & Aim:Diabetes mellitus is an intricate metabolic disorder of the endocrine system associated with complications that result in morbidity and mortality. This study was carried out to establish the antihyperglycaemic profile and the effect of hexane extrac MoreBackground & Aim:Diabetes mellitus is an intricate metabolic disorder of the endocrine system associated with complications that result in morbidity and mortality. This study was carried out to establish the antihyperglycaemic profile and the effect of hexane extract of Chlorophytum alismifolium (HECA) on diabetic neuropathy in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemic Wistar rats. Experimental: C. alismifolium tubers were extracted with n-hexane using a soxhlet apparatus. The LD50 was determined using the OECD 425 guideline. The animals were served high fat diet for 6 weeks and then administered 40 mg/kg of streptozotocin to induce diabetes. Experimental groups were set up using normal rats in group I and hyperglycaemic rats in 5 groups of 5 rats each. Group I and II were the normal and hyperglycaemic controls given distilled water (1 mL/kg); groups III, IV and V were given categorized doses of HECA (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg) respectively. Group VI received pioglitazone (20 mg/kg). Fasting glycaemic level was evaluated and diabetic neuropathy was investigated using thermal and mechanical methods. Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and triterpenes while the oral median toxic dose was estimated to be >5000 mg/kg. Administration of HECA at all doses evidently (p < 0.05) reduced the glycaemic level relative to the hyperglycaemic group and over time. Treatment with HECA also remarkably (p < 0.05) lowered the withdrawal times in both thermal and mechanical hyperalgesic methods of diabetic neuropathy compared to the hyperglycaemic control. Recommended applications/industries: The findings revealed that the hexane extract of Chlorophytum alismifolium has beneficial effects and can be applied in the management of diabetes and some of its complications. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
298 - Effect of Hydro-alcoholic Extract of Punica Granatum L. Peel on Ethylene Glycol-Induced Kidney Calculi in Wistar Rats
مصطفی مرتضوی لیلا روحیBackground & Aim: This study evaluated prevention effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of punica granatum Peel ethylene glycol-induced Nephrolithiasis in wistar rats. Experimental: 20 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. Group I animals served a MoreBackground & Aim: This study evaluated prevention effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of punica granatum Peel ethylene glycol-induced Nephrolithiasis in wistar rats. Experimental: 20 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. Group I animals served as normal control (A) and received distilled water for 28 days. Group II to IV animals received 1% v/v ethylene glycol (EG) in distilled water for 28 days. Group II served as EG or negative control (B). Group III and IV (preventive groups) received hydro-alcoholic extract of punica granatum Peel orally for 28 days in dose of 200 mg/kg (C) and 400 mg/kg (D) respectively. 24-hour urine samples were collected on day 0 and 28. Urine volume and urine parameters levels (oxalate, calcium and citrate) were measured. On day 28, blood was collected for biochemical parameters (craetinine, urea and uric acid). Animals were sacrificed and kidneys were harvested, histopathologically evaluated for calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals. Results & Discussion: EG significantly increased urine oxalate and calcium, serum creatinine, urea and uric acid levels. It also significantly decreased urine citrate level. In C and D group resulted in lower levels of urine oxalate, calcium and serum creatinine, urea and uric acid as compared to Group II. Also resulted in significantly higher levels citrate as compared to Group II (P<0.05). Industrial and practical recommendations: hydro-alcoholic extract of punica granatum peel is effective in prevention of EG- induced nephrolithiasis in Wistar rats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
299 - The essential oils of some medicinal plants on the immune system and growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی اسماعیل پیرعلی غلام رضا پیشکار سید محمدعلی جلالی مهدی رئیسی محسن جعفریان دهکردی بهزاد حامدیBackground & Aim: In present study, some of the Iranian endemic medicinal plants were used to evaluate potential as well as therapeutic agent and immunostimulants in aquaculture. The essential oils of five species from leaves and inflorescence were used to determina MoreBackground & Aim: In present study, some of the Iranian endemic medicinal plants were used to evaluate potential as well as therapeutic agent and immunostimulants in aquaculture. The essential oils of five species from leaves and inflorescence were used to determinate the effects on immune system in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Experimental: The experimental in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments and 3 replicates and each replicate fish was divided into 12 pieces. An experiment with 252 fishes with average weight 50±5 g for 8 weeks was conducted. The experimental treatments were: essential oil of 1. Satureja bachtiarica Bunge; 2. Thymus daenensis Celak; 3. Satureja Khuzestanica Jamzad; 4. Dracocephalum multicaule Benth; 5. Mentha longifolia L) 1% oil); 6. Normal diet + olive oil; 7. Normal diet (control). Results & Discussion: The results of analysis of variance showed significant different (p≤0.05) between almost of factors of immune system and growth of rainbow trout. The results showed the highest levels of immune factors relating to the percentage of phagocytosis and the number and rate of crime phagosite Igm three essential oils of M. longifolia, S. khuzestanica, and D. multicaule. Lymphocytes in the blood and blood heterophile between yourself and the control diet containing the essential oil of Satureja bachtiarica significant difference (p≤0.05) was observed. There was no significant difference between some of the factors of immune system and growth of rainbow trout (hematocrit, hemoglobin, monocytes and etc). Industrial and practical recommendations: The use of essential oils and herbs, especially the Mentha longifolia and Satureja bachtiarica can improve the status indicator. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
300 - Possible allergic effects and haematological changes induced by oral intake of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) compared to levamisole in dogs
علی وحید دستجردی محسن جعفریان دهکردی سام ترکانBackground and Aim: Since prior to any research on the drugs, it should be aware of its allergic dose, and considering the importance of hematological system, which reveals the changes in the body, in this study, we decided to investigate the hematologic effects of suma MoreBackground and Aim: Since prior to any research on the drugs, it should be aware of its allergic dose, and considering the importance of hematological system, which reveals the changes in the body, in this study, we decided to investigate the hematologic effects of sumac plant and compare it with a chemical agent (levamisole). Therefore, in future studies, it will be used with confidence of its valuable properties especially antibacterial effects and may be replaced with some drugs, including levamisole. Experimental: In this study, 8 native breed dogs were tested for ten days. They were divided into four groups of two, which included the control group, the group receiving levamisole, the group receiving the sumac at a dose of 10 mg/kg, and the group receiving the sumac at a dose of 5 mg/kg. After the end of the period of sumac and levamisol powder administration, blood samples were taken and then the related tests were carried out. Results and Discussion: Given that in most allergies and poisoning, there is an increase in eosinophils and basophils, as well as red blood cell lysis, and also decrease in hematocrit can be observed, and because no studies have been conducted so far on allergic factors such as eosinophils and basophils, there was no significant difference between treatment and control group (p>0.05) in the dose of sumac used in this study. So the lack of allergy to this plant is assured. Industrial and Practical recommendation: According to the same hematologic results of sumac plant and levamisole obtained in this study, it is possible to use the valuable properties of the sumac plant, especially the antimicrobial and immune plus effects in future studies, without worrying about allergic reactions and hematologic side effects at the dose specified in this study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
301 - Antioxidant activity of the methanol stem bark extract of Uapaca togoensis (pax) in mice exposed to Plasmodium berghei NK65
امینا بوسولا اولوروکوبا بن احمد چیدو یحیی محمدثانیBackground & Aim:Oxidative stress has been linked to the development of systemic complications in malaria infection. Recent approaches in treatment of malaria suggest that the control of oxidative stress in infected patients may be of therapeutic advantage. The stem MoreBackground & Aim:Oxidative stress has been linked to the development of systemic complications in malaria infection. Recent approaches in treatment of malaria suggest that the control of oxidative stress in infected patients may be of therapeutic advantage. The stem bark and leaves ofUapaca togoensisare used locally in the treatment of various diseases including malaria. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the methanol stem bark extract of the plant inPlasmodium bergheiinfected mice. Experimental:Mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.2 ml of parasitized erythrocytes and parasitemia level assessed after 72 h by the preparation of thin blood films stained with Geimsa stain. The mice were divided into five groups of six mice each. Groups I and V were administered with distilled water (10 ml/kg) and chloroquine (5 mg/kg) orally for four days. The extract at doses of 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg were orally administered to groups II, III and IV, respectively, for the same period. Mice were sacrificed under light chloroform. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture and centrifuged at 2,500 rpm for 15 minutes to obtain the serum. The serum was then analyzed to determine the levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde - MDA). Results:Oral median lethal dose of the methanol stem bark extract ofUapacatogoensiswas estimated to be greater than 5,000 mg/kg. Administration of the extract toP.bergheiinfected mice produced a significant (p<0.05) increase in superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and catalase levels in. However, a significant (p<0.05) decrease in lipid peroxidation activity in the parasitized mice was observed. Recommended applications/industries:The plant possesses antioxidant property which can be exploited in the management of oxidative stress caused by malaria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
302 - Performance development of broiler chickens fed diets containing the seeds of Silybum marianum L. and Thymus vulgaris L.
امید فانی مکی محمود قزاقی حسین انصاری نیکBackground & Aim: Medicinal plants is very potential to be used as a supplementary feed as well as feed additive in broilers.This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of milk thistle (MT) and thyme seeds (TS) on the performance in broilers. Experiment MoreBackground & Aim: Medicinal plants is very potential to be used as a supplementary feed as well as feed additive in broilers.This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of milk thistle (MT) and thyme seeds (TS) on the performance in broilers. Experimental: In this study, 160 one-day-old (Ross 308) male broiler chicks were divided randomly into four major groups with 4 replicates based on a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments was included; i.e., (A) Control, (B) diet with 20 mg per kg of MT, (C) diet with 20 mg per kg of TS and (D) diet with 20 + 20 mg per kg of MT and TS, respectively. The birds were reared for 35 days in wooden pens. Also, feed and water were provided ad libitum. Feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) were measured in 3 stage (one-14, 14-28 and 28-35 days) for each replicate and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. Results: At One to 28 days of age, feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were no affected by dietary supplementation, while the percentage of abdominal fat was reduced by 3.14%, 3.11% and 3.32% for groups (B), (C), and (D), compared to group (A) 4.23%, respectively (P < 0.05). Birds fed the (D) supplemented treatment (MT plus TS) had the greatest FI and BWG levels (P < 0.05) than the control birds (group A) at 28 to 35 days. However, dietary supplementation (MT and/or TS) reduced (P < 0.05) the conversion ratio levels in the 28 to 35 days of study, and this effect was more pronounced for the (D) treatment (MT plus TS). Recommended applications/industries: In conclusion, the present research indicated that supplements of powdered thistle seeds and/or thyme seeds have a protective influence on the growth performance in broiler chicks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
303 - The Study of Economic Dimensions of Amygdalus lycioides Production in the Charmahal-o-bakhtiyari province
محمود بخشی نژاد جمشید پیک فلکBackground & Aim: Medicinal Plants of the raw materials necessary for the manufacturing industry provides, One of the main products of the country are, On the other hand, the villages, the economic development, the central role, the key is unmatched, To achieve this MoreBackground & Aim: Medicinal Plants of the raw materials necessary for the manufacturing industry provides, One of the main products of the country are, On the other hand, the villages, the economic development, the central role, the key is unmatched, To achieve this must be provided opportunities to increase revenue in villages, And one of these occasions, in the province of Charmahal-o-bakhtiyari medicinal plants, along with other agricultural activities And even grow new crops such as herbs instead of replacing traditional crops in the province. In this study the economic aspects of the operation of peanuts as a medicinal species native to the province, has been studied. Experimental: Required data obtained through interviews with a random sample of And the Domestic Resource Cost (DRC) analyzes have been. Results & Discussion: Results showed that province, this product has a potential comparative advantage in the production and Collecting and selling peanuts prone areas of the product net profit of 40130000 Rials for farmers involved. Recommended applications/industries: Considering that the native peanut Zagros region in the country, Agricultural Organization of training needed for planting and harvesting this product will provide effective methods to farmers. In this case, in addition to increasing farmers' income, In this case, in addition to increasing farmers' income, provided the raw material for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, as well as rural migration to urban areas reduces the Mya. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
304 - Effect of oven and shade drying methods on essential oil yield and chemical composition of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff.
فرنام میرحسینی مهدی رحیم ملک عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطیBackground & Aim: Kelussiaodoratissima Mozaff is a valuable plant of Apiaceae family that is used as medicinal and aromatic herb. According to the importance of drying treatment on quality and quantity of essential oil, the effect of different drying methods on esse MoreBackground & Aim: Kelussiaodoratissima Mozaff is a valuable plant of Apiaceae family that is used as medicinal and aromatic herb. According to the importance of drying treatment on quality and quantity of essential oil, the effect of different drying methods on essential oil yield and chemical composition of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff was examined in this research. Experimental: This research done in completely randomized design with three replications at Research Center for Medicinal Plants, I.A.U., Shahrekord Branch, Iran. Drying methods, included air drying at shade and ambient temperature, oven 45 °C and fresh sample. The hydro-distillation essential oil was analyzed using GC and GC/MS. Results & Discussion: The results indicated that there was significant difference among drying methods on the essential oil yield and chemical composition. The main component was (Z)-ligustilide that significantly increased in oven-drying (68.3%), while this compound significantly decreased in fresh sample (16.6%). The main compound in fresh sample was thymol with 12.3% that had significant difference with drying treatments. Recommended applications/industries: The results indicated the positive effect drying methodology on essential oil content and oil compositions of Kelussiaodoratissima. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
305 - Evaluation of two methods of manual and mechanized harvesting Echium Amoenum L. and determine the most appropriate method of harvesting
عادل رنجی حمید آقا گل زاده محدثه پورعلی اشکلک محمد مهدی امیری خوریهBorage herbs, wild herbs and is one year with significant economic value are highly regarded local market Due to the high economic value of borage any study to improve the quality of harvest and increase product seems necessary, Two Rahim Abad (GILAN) district in the pr MoreBorage herbs, wild herbs and is one year with significant economic value are highly regarded local market Due to the high economic value of borage any study to improve the quality of harvest and increase product seems necessary, Two Rahim Abad (GILAN) district in the province Eshkourat the highest level of production as the location of choice, and studies of the factors in determining the best way to harvest borage done, Location and climatic characteristics and parameters measured included plant height, height of flower, plant spacing, colors, flowers, field capacity, accuracy and speed in manual and mechanized methods of harvesting and harvesting costs; The results showed that both the mean density of seven plants per square meter, the average plant height and total height of the match between 9/476 mm and 2/15 mm, respectively measurements; Hand-picked farm capacity in approximately 1/0 kg borage varies in time and is expected to field capacity in mechanized harvesting between 3/0 to 4/0 kg per hour borage Influenced by the density of field capacity, operator skill, the roughness of the area and is Cost per kilogram to about 800 thousand riyals borage manual method and automated method are predicted to be between 300 and 400 thousand riyals; The results indicate that the accuracy and speed of harvest mechanization methods than Manual method is higher, according to the results of the study can be stated that mechanized methods, More appropriately than in the style of hand-picked harvest borage and development of mechanized harvesting methods to increase the acreage of crop production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
306 - Phyto-pharmacological review of Calotropis procera – A natures drug house in tropical countries
الوک میتانی ورشا پارکا نور فاطما دیپاک کومار سانتوش کومار کارنBackground & Aim:The use of traditional medicine and medicinal plants in most developing countries, as a normative basis for the maintenance of good health, has been widely observed. In the last century, approximately 121 pharmaceutical products have been discovered MoreBackground & Aim:The use of traditional medicine and medicinal plants in most developing countries, as a normative basis for the maintenance of good health, has been widely observed. In the last century, approximately 121 pharmaceutical products have been discovered based on the information obtained from the traditional healers. In the present study, we thoroughly investigated the phyto-pharmacological potential of Calotropis procera which is extremely effective as medicine and its phyto-constituents show strong antioxidant properties. Results: The world health organization has estimated that world population of about 80 % from developing countries depends on herbal medicine for their basic health care needs. Calotropis procera is an important drug of Ayurvedic medicine and researchers are exploring the therapeutic potential of this plant. Calotropis is a plant with excellent medicinal properties which is used for curing different human ailments. Recommended applications/industries: The present review article provides a viewpoint on phytopharmacological potential of Calotropis procera which could be beneficial for future research on development of better and economically superior therapeutic agents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
307 - The examination of intellectual right of medicinal plants and the issue of bio-theft due to agreement of TRIPS
مریم احمدی ابوطالب کوشاOver the past two decades, the role of intellectual property rights in all areas of science and technology has exploded globally– primarily due to the rules prescribed by the World Trade Organization’s TRIPS and by bilateral/regional trade agreements. The TR MoreOver the past two decades, the role of intellectual property rights in all areas of science and technology has exploded globally– primarily due to the rules prescribed by the World Trade Organization’s TRIPS and by bilateral/regional trade agreements. The TRIPS agreement obligates all WTO member countries to adopt and enforce minimum standards of intellectual property rights. The TRIPS agreement requires member countries to make patents available for inventions, whether products or processes, in all fields of technology without discrimination, subject to the standard patent criteria (novelty, inventiveness and industrial applicability).During the negotiations on the TRIPS agreement, consensus was not reached on the controversial area of biotechnological inventions. The US and some other developed countries pushed for no exclusions to patentability, while some developing country members preferred to exclude all biological diversity-related inventions from IP laws. For many developing countries the patenting of life forms and exclusive monopoly protection on biological products and processes that originate in developing countries (or that are based on traditional knowledge) continues to be controversial. The major genetic resources are in the southern states and so, many companies are seeking to access to genes, microbes, plants, animals and even native human populations to seize them as a monopoly product. Critics call the establishment of intellectual property rights to these resources for the industrial countries biopiracy and know the obligation of developing nations to pay royalties to wealthy industrial countries for the products that obtained from their own genetic resources and traditional knowledge “biological colonialism”. Pharmaceutical industries are the biggest thieves of genetic and natural resources at the international level. This is the third world countries' responsibility while preserving their vital resources and reserves, ensure optimal use of these natural blessings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
308 - Optimization of callus induction and cell suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus
زیبا فولادوند بهمن فاضلی نسب رضا دریکوند عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطیBackground & Aim: Investigation of suspension cell culture and callus production in Catharanthus roseus. Catharanthus roseus is an herbaceous perennial plant belongs to the family Apocynaceae. C. roseus is important as commercial medicinal plant because of its alkal MoreBackground & Aim: Investigation of suspension cell culture and callus production in Catharanthus roseus. Catharanthus roseus is an herbaceous perennial plant belongs to the family Apocynaceae. C. roseus is important as commercial medicinal plant because of its alkaloidal content. Whole plant contains about 130 alkaloids those are classified as vinca alkaloids. Vincristine and vinblastine; two anti-microtubular agents of vinca alkaloids are the first natural drugs utilized in cancer therapy. Monomeric alkaloids such as vindoline and catharanthin are precuser for other alkolids. These reasons are motives to its production by tissue culture. The goal of this investigation is to characterize the best level plant hormones in the in vitro culture. Experimental: Improvement experiment of production callus carried out in Factorial arrangement with three agents, Explant, amount of plant hormones (2, 4-D, and BAP). Comparison mean showed leave explants had callus in number of treatments but these callus were strong and stem explants had medium callus production in more treatment than leave explants. For improvement suspension culture used of Randomized complete with six treatment of plant hormones (2, 4-D, BAP, and KN) in three repeats. Results & Discussion: Number of the cell and dried weight cell measured for mean comparison. Variance analysis number of cells showed that had significant difference in p>0.01 and second treatment produced most cell numbers and so in dried weight cells had significant difference in p>0.01 and third treat produced most biomass in all treatments. Recommended applications/industries: Results of this study indicated that 2.5 mg/L 2, 4-D and 2 mg/L BAP are suitable for suspension cell culture and callus production in Catharanthus roseus. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
309 - Essential fatty acids extracted from Portulaca oleracea L. leaves
ژیلا اصغری سهره علی محمد زاده محسن مظاهری تهرانیBackground & Aim: Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), belongs to the Portulacaceace family, grows in many parts of Iran. Results of previous studies were indicated purslane is a rich source of essential fatty acids of omega-3 and omega-6. Portulaca oleracea is a wides MoreBackground & Aim: Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), belongs to the Portulacaceace family, grows in many parts of Iran. Results of previous studies were indicated purslane is a rich source of essential fatty acids of omega-3 and omega-6. Portulaca oleracea is a widespread weed, being the eighth common plants of the world. The Aim of current study was to compare the essential fatty acids composition in two populations of Portulaca oleracea from Gorgan and Sardasht regions.Experimental: The oil of purslane leaves was extracted by Soxhlent apparatus using petroleum ether. Extracted oil was change into methyl ester, before analysis by gas chromatography.Results & Discussion: The total fat contents of Gorgan and Sardasht populations were 4.71% and 4.81%, respectively. In both populations, three the essential fatty acids were detected. Linolenic acid, ranged from 105.43 to 148.97 mg FA/g, linoleic acid ranged from 30.13 to 39.31 mg FA/g, and the lowest was recorded for Arashidonic acid which ranged from 5.16 to 8.30 mg FA/g for the Gorgan and Sardasht populations, respectively.Industrial and practical recommendations: The oil and the essential fatty acids content of purslane leaves in the Sardasht population were higher than the Gorgan population. Since the oil and essential fatty acid content were affected by different climatic and cultivation factors, the western province of Iran is better suited for cultivation of medicinal plants having great oil and essential fatty acid contents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
310 - Effect of the extract from some medicinal plants against Hyalomma marginatum
امیرحسین مهدویان سید رضا حسینی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی رحمان عبدی زادهHyalomma marginatumis a hard-bodiedtickfound on animals. This tick has been implicated in the transmission ofBahig virus, apathogenicarboviruspreviously thought to be transmitted only by mosquitoes.Hyalomma marginatumis a hard-bodiedtickfound on animals. This tick has been implicated in the transmission ofBahig virus, apathogenicarboviruspreviously thought to be transmitted only by mosquitoes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
311 - Effect of different growth regulators and wound treatment in increasing rooting of Myrtus Communis cuttings
حمیدرضا منصوریان عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی جلیل نوربخشیان فاطمه ملک پور -
Open Access Article
312 - Dose-dependent effects of Gundelia Tournefortii root extract on meiosis resumption and in vitro maturation in mouse immature oocytes
مرضیه خدابنده لیلا روحی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطیBackground & Aim: Oocytes in vitro maturation is an enormously promising technology for the treatment of infertility, yet its clinical application remains limited owing to poor success rates. Therefore this study was designed to determine the effect of Gundelia Tour MoreBackground & Aim: Oocytes in vitro maturation is an enormously promising technology for the treatment of infertility, yet its clinical application remains limited owing to poor success rates. Therefore this study was designed to determine the effect of Gundelia Tournefortii root hydro alcoholic extract as a source of antioxidant on in vitro oocyte maturation. Experimental: In this study, the immature oocytes nucleated were obtained from NMRI mice (6-8 weeks). Germinal vesicles (GV) were cultured for 24 hours in maturation medium in MEMα supplemented with 7.5IU/ml hCG, 100mIU/ml rhFSH, 5% FCS (control group) and adding 10µg/ml Gundelia Tournefortii extract (group 1), 20µg/ml Gundelia Tournefortii extract (group 2) and 40µg/ml Gundelia Tournefortii extract (group 3). Then in vitro maturation stages and resumption of meiotic in all groups was recorded by inverted microscope. Results & Discussion: In group 1 that the oocytes were exposed 10µg/ml of Gundelia Tournefortiiroot extract,maturation rates was significantly higher compared with the control group (p<0/05). In group 2, the oocytes were exposed 20µg/ml of Gundelia Tournefortiirootextract, maturation rates showed a significant increase compared to the control group (p<0/05). In group 3 the oocytes were exposed 40 µg/ml of Gundelia Tournefortiirootextract, also maturation rates showed a significant increase compared to the control group (p<0/05). Industrial and practical recommendations: The results of this study showed that the Gundelia Tournefortiirootextract, has a positive doses dependent effect on oocyte maturation. So with increasing concentration of Gundelia Tournefortiirootextract, the rate of maturation immature oocytes is increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
313 - A retrospective clinical study of the safety and efficacy of AFA mixture, an herbal antihypertensive product
برنارد کوفی ترکسان اگنس ابوگی پل اوسی کوفی تونی منسا اچاب امنوئل یونه ویوم عربا یامونکا ترکسانBackground & Aim: Hypertension is an incurable disease which has become a common major risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Besides increasing the risk of heart diseases and stroke, hypertension can also lead to other health conditions such as ren MoreBackground & Aim: Hypertension is an incurable disease which has become a common major risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Besides increasing the risk of heart diseases and stroke, hypertension can also lead to other health conditions such as renal disease and diabetes. The prolong use of orthodox antihypertensive are usually associated with many side effects coupled with the millions of dollars spent annually for the treatment and detection of heart diseases. However, herbal products with antihypertensive properties offer an alternative and effective way to decrease the rising number of people with hypertension. AFA Mixture is a bi-herbal antihypertensive product on the essential herbal medicine list of the Ministry Of Health of Ghana, used at the pilot centers by Medical Herbalists for about eight years, for the management of hypertension. It is composed of the aqueous stem back extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria and Alstonia boonei. Experimental: This study reports on the retrospective clinical study of AFA Mixture, for hypertensive patients reporting at Tafo Government Hospital, Herbal Medicine Unit. Data on two hundred (200) patients who were diagnosed of hypertension from January 2018 to June 2018 were assessed. Results: The results indicated a decline in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, with a mean systolic pressure of 130 mmHg from an initial reading of 160mmHg and a mean diastolic pressure of 90 mmHg from an initial reading of 110mmHg. Kidney and liver function tests were within normal range at the end of the study. Recommended applications/industries: It was concluded that AFA Mixture could be safe and effective in the management of hypertension in motivated clients. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
314 - Effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract on some heamatological parameters and immune response of rainbow trout fingerlings
سید پرویز دادوران منصوره قائنی ابوالفضل عسکری ساریBackground & Aim: Continuous use of antibiotics leads to drug resistance and thereby to a reduced efficacy of the drugs. Antibiotics accumulate in the environment and fish pose a potential risk to consumers and to the environment.Increased public awareness of the ne MoreBackground & Aim: Continuous use of antibiotics leads to drug resistance and thereby to a reduced efficacy of the drugs. Antibiotics accumulate in the environment and fish pose a potential risk to consumers and to the environment.Increased public awareness of the negative effects caused by overexposure to synthetic chemicals has led to the search for ‘‘green drugs’’, such as organic and synthetic chemical-free food products. The main goal this work was effect of Allium sativum on some parameters and immune response of rainbow trout fingerlings. Experimental: A 500 fish with weight 10.47±0.29 g were purchased from a fish farm of Yasoj, Southern Iran. In this study, 15 fiberglass tanks (300 L) were used. Experimental treatments were different levels of A. satinum extract included 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 g/kg that were added to the diet. Control group was no add supplement to the diet. In final, biochemicals and hematologals were analyzed. Results & Discussion: Results indicated that 0.05 g/kg garlic extract no had on some paramteres, including RBC, hematocrite percent, hemoglobin and white blood cell, while other experimental groups had significant effects on the paramters serum. The most of albomin and globulin were obtined from 0.05 g/kg garlic extract trteatment. The highest of lysozyme activity was observed in 0.1 g/kg garlic extract and the lowest lysozyme activity was obtined from control group. Recommended applications/industries: The obtained results indicated that A. sativum extract had immunostimulatory effect on these immunological variables of fingelings of rainbow trout and the best levels of extract effect 0.15 g/kg is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
315 - Compare the effect of ginger extract and aspirin on COX-2 gene expression in colon cancer cell line HT-29
آرزو حقیقی نوشا ضیا جهرمیBackground and aim: Colon cancer is the third most prevalent cancer in Iran. Prolonged colon inflammation is an important factor, in the development of colon cancer. Ginger has anti-inflammatory properties due to its content of [6]-gingerol and hence can play a role in MoreBackground and aim: Colon cancer is the third most prevalent cancer in Iran. Prolonged colon inflammation is an important factor, in the development of colon cancer. Ginger has anti-inflammatory properties due to its content of [6]-gingerol and hence can play a role in the prevention of colon cancer. In this research the effects of ginger extract on reducing expression of the Cox-2 gene in HT-29 cells was studied in colon cancer. Methodology: In this laboratory research, HT-29 cells of colon cancer were and the cells were trypsinated at the third passage and 5000 of them were cultured in the wells of 96-well plates. Ginger extract at four concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/mL) was added to the wells, and the plates were incubated at 37˚C for 24, 48, and 72 hours in a 5% Co2 atmosphere. To study the effects of ginger extract on the cells, the MTT test was performed and the densities of the plates were read using an ELISA instrument. Total cellular RNA was extracted and expression of the COX-2 gene was investigated using the RT-PCR method. Results and Discussion: The measured IC50 concentration of the ginger extract was 20 mg/ml. Determination of the expression of the COX-2 gene using the RT-PCR method indicated that the ginger extract at 20 mg/ml reduced expression of the COX-2 gene compared to using Aspirin. Therefore, ginger extract could be used as an anti-inflammatory drug against the HT-29 cells of colon cancer. Reduction of inflammation is important in patients with colon cancer, and results of this research indicated use of ginger extract could play an important role in decreasing inflammation and in reducing the expression of the COX-2 gene, which has a significant role in the synthesis of prostaglandins and in causing inflammation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
316 - Effect of ethanolic extract of Melia azedarach L. seeds on oviposition and egg hatching of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)
مهلا اشرف جو کمال احمدی حاجی محمد تکلوزاده یکتا بنی آدمی آزیتا نظریانBackground & Aim: Tetranychus urticae Koch is one of the most important pests of crops, ornamental and greenhouse plants in the world and, can damage to 900 plant species. Resistances to pesticides and acaricides have guided researches to introduce new methods to co MoreBackground & Aim: Tetranychus urticae Koch is one of the most important pests of crops, ornamental and greenhouse plants in the world and, can damage to 900 plant species. Resistances to pesticides and acaricides have guided researches to introduce new methods to control T. urticae. Botanical pesticides are an important group of natural productions that are usually safer than conventional pesticides for humans and the environment. Extracts of genus Melia have insecticidal and anti-nutritional effects. The effect of ethanolic extracts of M. azedarach seeds on eggs hatching (hatching time & hatching rate) and egg-laying of T. urticae were investigated under laboratory conditions. Experimental: Treatments included the ethanolic plant extract (36 mg/ml) and control (ethanol 95%). The sub-lethal effect of the plant extracts was determined using a spraying bioassay. Results & Discussion: The duration of egg stage of T. urticae after exposing to plant extracts were significantly longer than control treatment with a mean±SE of 5.24±0.05 and 4.85±0.04 days, respectively. In control treatment, hatching rate of the spider mite eggs was significantly more than in plant extract treatment. The ethanolic plant extracts had significant deleterious effects on the oviposition behavior of the spider mite. So that, during four days of the experiment, the mean±SE of total oviposition of the mites was 2.95±0.65 and 12.17±1.33 in plant extract and control treatments, respectively. Industrial and practical recommendations: According to this result, substituting conventional pesticides with ethanolic seed extract of M. azedarach can be useful. However, formulating the plant extract is essential for commercial use of the acaricidal extracts. Therefore, it needs more scientific studies levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
317 - Pharmacognostical and physico-phytochemical evaluation of Trisama-an unexplored ayurvedic formulation
آمیت پاتل ناریا موکشکومار هاریشا سی آر وی جی شوکلاBackground & Aim: The major problem of pharmaceutical industry for herbal product in current scenario is authentication of raw material, and availability of standards. The quality control and quality assurance of herbal drugs still remains a challenge because of the MoreBackground & Aim: The major problem of pharmaceutical industry for herbal product in current scenario is authentication of raw material, and availability of standards. The quality control and quality assurance of herbal drugs still remains a challenge because of the high variability of chemical components involved. Experimental: In present research work details of Trisama formulationwere noted including preliminary pharmacognostical study. The physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation of Trisama formulation was done using various laboratory chemicals and reagents. Results:Microscopical characters like boarder pitted vessel, brown content, compound starch grain, cork in surface view, stone cell, lignified collenchyma cell, sclerides, scleriform vessel etc are seen. Physicochemical and phytochemicals parameters also performed in both dosage forms however difference is seen in parameters result. Still both the dosage forms fulfill the minimum qualitative standards at a preliminary level. The following study will improve the quality of drugs as well as help to get more involved in the standardizations of formulations.Recommended applications/industries: The abundant chemical constituents and significant potential could be well and new source of unexplored Ayurvedic formulation in industry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
318 - Chemical composition of the essential oils Ziziphora clinopodioides collected from Tuyserkan (Hamadan), Iran
زینب دهقان سید مهدی امامی فاطمه سفیدکنBackground & Aim: Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam (Kakuty-e-Kohi) is an aromatic and medicinal plant belonging to the family Labiaceae. The essential from this species contains pulegune that having effects such as sedative, stomach tonic, to treat colds, depression, di MoreBackground & Aim: Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam (Kakuty-e-Kohi) is an aromatic and medicinal plant belonging to the family Labiaceae. The essential from this species contains pulegune that having effects such as sedative, stomach tonic, to treat colds, depression, diarrhea, cough, migraine, fever, and antiseptic. This study aimed to identify the chemical composition of essential oil Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. collected from Tuserkan, Hamadan, Western Iran. Experimental: The aerial parts in full flowering were collected. Forming compounds from plant oils using GC and GC / MS analysis were identified. Results & Discussion: Results this study indicated that the main components in the oil were pulegone , caryphyllene, and 1,8-cineole. Recommended applications/industries: Recommended for industrial applications with regard to the use of herbal medicines to treat many diseases are on the rise, due to the presence plant in its essence, is a high antioxidant effect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
319 - Cytogenetic study of two Alhagi species
مریم ابراهیم پورنورآبادی زهرا یزدان بخش مریم کشاورزیBackground & Aim: Alhagi genus has two important medicinal plant species in Iran, including Alhagi pseudoalhagi, and A. graecorum (known “Kharshotor” in Persian). These plants are distributed in Iran like weeds. Generally, Alhagi is used as an anti-hemor MoreBackground & Aim: Alhagi genus has two important medicinal plant species in Iran, including Alhagi pseudoalhagi, and A. graecorum (known “Kharshotor” in Persian). These plants are distributed in Iran like weeds. Generally, Alhagi is used as an anti-hemorrhoid, laxative and diuretic. Manna in both species produced by activity of a kind of insect on Alhagi branches which has medicinal properties and been used in Iranian traditional medicine. In this study, cytogenetic of 17 populations of A. graecorum and A. pseudoalhagi were studied. Experimental: In order to study the cytogenetic, pollen mother cells were studied in different meiotic developmental steps, and photographed. Pollen fertility test was done for studied populations. Data were statistically analyzed by SPSS software.Results & Discussion: Chromosome number in all species were 2n=2x= 16. Studied populations showed regular meiosis while some abnormalities as anaphase bridge in anaphase I, chromosomes stickiness in metaphase I, laggard chromosomes in metaphase I, and anaphase I, presence of rod and circular bivalent, univalent, quadrivalent and tri-polar were observed. Such structural modifications cause to increase in genetic variation and adaptation to environmental conditions. B chromosomes (I-V) were observed.Industrial and practical recommendations: Results of current study can lead to further researches in order to increase and optimize the medicinal effective substances in Alhagi by genetic modification. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
320 - Methanol leaf extract of Momordica charantia protects alloxan-induced nephropathy through modulation of BCL2/ NF-κB signalling pathways in rats
ساندی افوبه آدمولا اویابمی تمیدایو اوبوموال ادورابنرو آدداپو آبیدون آدوله مومو یاکوبو آلوفمی انتیبجو آدلو آدداپوBackground & Aim: Nephropathy is one of the major complications of diabetes with oxidative stress as one of the possible mechanisms mediating the event. Natural products with antioxidant property may be a promising therapeutic approach to ameliorate renal damage fro MoreBackground & Aim: Nephropathy is one of the major complications of diabetes with oxidative stress as one of the possible mechanisms mediating the event. Natural products with antioxidant property may be a promising therapeutic approach to ameliorate renal damage from diabetic nephropathy hence the renoprotective activity of methanolic leaf extract of Momordica charantia (MEMC) was assessed.Experimental: The effects of MEMC on alloxan-induced nephrotoxicity were examined where toxicity was induced by intraperitoneal administration of alloxan to 50 rats divided into five groups of 10 rats each. MEMC was administered to two groups at the doses of 200and 400 mg/kg for 28 days; glibenclamide administered to another group of diabetic rats. While another group was left untreated, a group of normal rats received only distilled water. Nephroprotective effect of the extract was studied by assessing its effect on oxidative stress markers, antioxidant defence system, immunohistochemistry, histological and serum urea and creatinine analysis.Results: Alloxan administration altered renal biomarkers (increased serum urea and creatinine levels), increased renal H2O2 malondialdehyde levels, and decreased reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. Histological studies showed glomerular degeneration and hypercellularity. However, administration of glibenclamide (4 mg/kg) and MEMC ameliorated the alloxan-induced nephrotoxicity. Immunohistochemical studies revealed lower expressions of BCL2 but greater expressions of NF-κB in the kidney of the toxicant non-treated rats compared with the control, glibenclamide treated and MEMC treated rats.Recommended applications/industries: MEMC showed renoprotective activity in alloxan-induced nephropathy mediated through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This extract could be used in the treatment of acute kidney failure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
321 - Gastroprotective effects of Thymus daenensis hydroalcoholic extract against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal ulcers in rats
فیروزه سقایی محمد صالحی محمد جواد نمازی محمد باقریBackground & Aim: Ulcer index is one of the most common diseases among people. Current therapies include acid secretion inhibitors which have various side effects. Herbal medicines are considered as adjuvant therapy for this disease. Hydroalcoholic extract of Thymus MoreBackground & Aim: Ulcer index is one of the most common diseases among people. Current therapies include acid secretion inhibitors which have various side effects. Herbal medicines are considered as adjuvant therapy for this disease. Hydroalcoholic extract of Thymus daenensis has various components such as flavonoids which contribute to gastroprotection. Experimental: 35 Sprague Dawley rats (200-250 g weight) were randomly divided into 7 groups: Group 1 received salin, Groups 2 and 3 and 4 (experimental groups) received ethanolic extract of Thymus daenensis (500 and 1000 and 1500 mg/kg respectively), Group 5 received omeprazole 20 mg/kg., Group 6 received orally carboxy methyl cellulose (omeprazol vehicle), Group 7(negative control) received saline. One hour later absolute ethanol was given orally to all rats except group 7 to induce gastric mucosal injury. After 4 hrs. the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed. Blood samples were collected through heart and were administrated to SOD measurement and gastric tissues were removed for histopathologic study and MDA assessment. Results & Discussion: The extract of plant was a significant and dose dependent effect to reduce ulcer index and to increase the percentage of ulcer inhibition. The study also indicated a significant increase in SOD activity in serum, whereas a significant decrease in MDA was observed. The ulcer protective effect of this plant may possibly be due to antioxidant effects and reduction of oxidative stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
322 - A comparative study of some biochemical characteristics of peroxidase isoenzymes in rosemary plant (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)
شیلر شمس سارا خاوری نژاد اکرم عیدیBackground & Aim: Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) includes species that have high drug and nutritional values. Considering the importance of the antioxidant enzyme system as an effective factor in increasing the resistance of plants to different environmental s MoreBackground & Aim: Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) includes species that have high drug and nutritional values. Considering the importance of the antioxidant enzyme system as an effective factor in increasing the resistance of plants to different environmental stresses, in this research, some biochemical properties of catalase and peroxidase enzymes of rosemary plants were investigated in three different situations. Experimental: Rosemary plant was kept at home after being prepared from the greenhouse. For live situation, leaves were extracted directly and for carved situations, they were first airborne for 10 days. For dried sample, plant leaves were exposed to air during 10 days at first and then were completely dried for 2 minutes with 100% microwave power. Extraction of all 3 samples was done separately. The catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) and peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) enzymes were extracted from the leaves using 0.1 pH phosphate buffer with pH 7.2. Results & Discussion: According to results, the presence of an isoenzyme catalase with pH optimum 7 and three isoenzymes of peroxidase with optimum pH of 5 and 7 was confirmed in this plant by gel electrophoresis of Rosemary extract. In the enzyme peroxidase, the active isoenzymes in pH 5 were more resistant to temperature rising in the live plant compared to active isoenzyme at pH. Also, the catalase enzyme had higher resistance compared to peroxidase and its activity increased during stress. Industrial/ Practical recommendation: This study showed that rosemary plant is an inexpensive and available source for the extraction of antioxidative compounds such as catalase and peroxidase enzymes. Also, this research with the gaining of more effective herbal ingredients can be of great help to the pharmaceutical industry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
323 - The effect of climatic conditions on the concentration of stevioside in Stevia production in different regions of Iran and optimization of stevioside extraction
آلاله نیکوئی محمد حجت الاسلامی جواد کرامت حسین کیانیBackground & Aim: According to the increase in diseases such as diabetes and obesity, using of saccharose alternatives for producing of low-calorie and sugar-free alternatives, are taken into consideration of researchers and industrialists. Among them, steviosidewit MoreBackground & Aim: According to the increase in diseases such as diabetes and obesity, using of saccharose alternatives for producing of low-calorie and sugar-free alternatives, are taken into consideration of researchers and industrialists. Among them, steviosidewith the 300 times more sweetness than saccharose has special place, due to is a natural. The aim of this study is optimizing of stevioside extraction conditions from leaves of stevia (the solvent, temperature and time) and evaluation the effect of different climates on the stevioside concentration. Experimental: At first, optimizing extraction of stevioside (the solvent, temperature and time) was done. Then, obtained results on the plants in five regions with different climates (Tehran: dry and semi-dry, Kashan: warm and dryIsfahan: temperate and mountainous, Shahrekord : cold and mountainous Shiraz: warm and mountainous) was applied, and finally concentration steviosidewas investigated using high performance liquid chromatography. Results and discussion: According to the results, the best extraction conditions is at the time of 120 minutes, 50 ° C and 160 ml of solvent (ethanol). After that, by applying the results on the cultured plants in five cities: Tehran, Isfahan and Shiraz, Kashan and Shahrekord, results showed climate conditions have effect on product. So that, among them, the cultured plants in Isfahan have the highest level of production efficiency (tons per hectare); although, have the most impurities. Recommended applications/industries: According to rise in consumtion of stevioside sweetener and increase in price of mentioned sweetener, its cultivation is very important in Iran. The survey results indicate that application of it in country can be achieved by solvent. However, more research on the other extraction methods is necessary and important. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
324 - Antimalarial activities of Breynia Nivosa
جود اکوکون کوفرش داویس آزار ب.آBackground & Aim: Antiplasmodial activity of leaf extract of Breynia nivosawas evaluated to ascertain the folkloric claim of its antimalarial activity. Experimental: The crude leaf extract (75 – 225 mg/kg), of Breynia nivosawas investigated for antiplasmodial MoreBackground & Aim: Antiplasmodial activity of leaf extract of Breynia nivosawas evaluated to ascertain the folkloric claim of its antimalarial activity. Experimental: The crude leaf extract (75 – 225 mg/kg), of Breynia nivosawas investigated for antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei infections in mice. The antiplasmodial activity during early and established infections as well as prophylactic were investigated. Artesunate 5 mg/kg and pyrimethamine 1.2 mg/kg were used as positive controls. Thin films made from tail blood of each mouse were used to assess the level of parasitaemia of the mice. Results & Discussion: The extract dose-dependently reduced parasitaemia induced by chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei infection in prophylactic, suppressive and curative models in mice. These reductions were statistically significant (p<0.001). They also improved the mean survival time (MST) from 11 to 27 days relative to control control (p Industrial and practical recommendations: The plant, Breynia nivosa, possesses antimalarial property which can be exploited in the treatment of malaria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
325 - Effects of aluminosilicate zeolite application on morphological traits and chemical compositions of Aloe (Aloe vera L.) under drought stress
سارا یاری پژمان مرادی فرحناز خلیقی سیگارودیBackground & Aim: Aloe vera is used in the food and pharmaceutical as an aid to effective treatment. The purpose of this study is to improve growth, increase production of valuable metabolites and increase the sugars in Aloe vera gel with low cost and high efficienc MoreBackground & Aim: Aloe vera is used in the food and pharmaceutical as an aid to effective treatment. The purpose of this study is to improve growth, increase production of valuable metabolites and increase the sugars in Aloe vera gel with low cost and high efficiency under water stress conditions. Experimental: In this study, Aloe vera potted in greenhouse conditions with four levels of zeolite including 0, 11, 22, and 44 g in 5 kg pots of soil in three replications. The pots were treated under three irrigation levels for five months. Experimental treatments included irrigation in once a week, once every two weeks, and once every three weeks. Some characteristics, as well as amount of production barbaloin and sugars in the plant were measured by HPLC. The data were analyzed using the MSTATC statistical software. Results & Discussion: The study of simple effects and interactions of zeolite application and levels of irrigation, The best results traits were obtained from 22 g Zeolite treatment in 5 kg pots of soil and once every three weeks irrigation. The highest amount of barbaloin was observed in 44 g Zeolite treatment in 5 kg pots of soil with once a week irrigation. The highest amount different sugars was obtained from 44 g Zeolite treatment in 5 kg pots of soil with once every two weeks irrigation. Recommended applications/industries: Zeolite is effective in improving the morphological traits, which in this study increased amount of barbaloin, and levels of polysaccharides in Aloe vera gel under water stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
326 - Bioactivities of essential oil of Eucalyptus globolus L. against Tribolium castaneum
فریبا باقری محمود محمدی شریف علیرضا هادیزاده بهنام امیری بشلیBackground & Aim: The use of herbal extracts as safe and effective factors for eradicating of stores pests has attracted much attention. In this paper, the bio-effects of fumigation and repellent effects of essential oil of Eucalyptus globolus were investigated on r MoreBackground & Aim: The use of herbal extracts as safe and effective factors for eradicating of stores pests has attracted much attention. In this paper, the bio-effects of fumigation and repellent effects of essential oil of Eucalyptus globolus were investigated on red flour beetle. Experimental: In this study, the toxicity, fumigation and repellency contacts were assayed by topical application and impregnation of filter papers (Whatman N°1). One micro liter of different essential oil concentrations were placed on thorax of adults by micro-applicator apparatus in topical application experiments. For impregnation method, treated filter papers were attached to top or bottom of Petri plates in two different assays in order to separation of fumigant and contact toxicity. Fumigation bioassays were carried out in 40 ml glass vials. For evaluating repellency value of the essential oil, the numbers of insects present on treated compared to untreated surface of filter papers were recorded after 2h of exposure and percentage repellency (PR). The essential oil achieved LD50 at 0.22 µl Insect-1 in topical method. It needs three time more essential oil for control of 90 percent of insects (LD90 = 0.69 µl/I) based on pro-bit analysis of data. Results & Discussion: We rejected the current method of contact toxicity evaluating as fumigation had more ‎contribution in filter paper treating assays. Percentage mortalities of ‎ 20.4 ‎, ‎ 14.8 ‎ and ‎ 14.8 ‎ were ‎evaluated by ‎ 1.04 ‎, ‎ 0.52 ‎ and ‎ 0.56 ‎ µl/cm 2 ‎ of essential oil following subtraction of fumigant ‎toxicity portion. The LC 50 ‎ of ‎ 113.6 ‎ µl/L of air were estimated in fumigation bioassays. Here ‎the equivalent LD 90 ‎ was only ‎ 168.9 µl/L of air. The average repellency value of the four ‎concentrations, 0.93 ‎, ‎ 0.62 ‎, ‎ 0.31 ‎ and ‎ 0.1 ‎ µl/cm 2 ‎ were ‎ 83.2 percent that is of group V (‎ 100-80.1 ‎‎‎% repellency). Industrial and practical recommendations: The limitation and prohibition of using chemical fumigation compositions appropriate have made the need of alternative pesticides more tangible. The considerable quantity of Eucalyptus extract, being harmless for biologic systems and its appropriate effectiveness on store pets are the factors that make this herbal composition important to be substituted for dangerous chemical compositions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
327 - Variation in yield and yield components in cultivated accessions of Satureja macrantha in Yazd
عباس زارع زاده فاطمه سفیدکن سیدرضا طبایی عقدایی علی میرحسینی محمدرضا عربزادهBackground & Aim: The genus Satureja belonging to the family of lamiaceae and consists of over 235 different species throughout the world. Fourteen species grow naturally in IRAN of which eleven species are endemic. Different species of Satureja are used in food, He MoreBackground & Aim: The genus Satureja belonging to the family of lamiaceae and consists of over 235 different species throughout the world. Fourteen species grow naturally in IRAN of which eleven species are endemic. Different species of Satureja are used in food, Healthy, cosmetic and medical industry. This reseach has been carried due to selection and introduction of suitable germplasm in Satureja macrantha accessions. Experimental: This reseach has been carried in medicinal plants research station inYazd province with the coordinates of longitude and latitude 55 31 49 northly, 27 15 54 east to a heigh of 1209 meters above Sea level in the region Gerdefaramarz city of Yazd shahedial. In order to in the first year seeds 3 accession of Satureja macrantha obtained from the research institute of forsts and Rangelands, were planted in jifypot and in the green house. Then seedling in case of randomized complete block with three replication were planted on the main floor. Rate of plant establishment, canopy diameter, plant height, yield, essential oil yield per hectare, percentage of essential oil, were meseared and recorded. Results & Discussion:The results showed, analysis of variance rate of plant establishment at the level of one percent was significant and plant heigh, canopy diameter, yield, essential oil yield per hectare, percentage of essential oil, dry weight of shoot and leaf, were not significant. Regarding to yield, percentage of essential oil, essential oil yield per hectare and amount plant stablishment accessions SM1 with mean of yield(2410 kg/ha), percentage of essential oil(1.03%), oil yield(15.8kg/ha) and amount plant stablishment(42.7%) with origin East Azarbayejan province was selected superior accessions. Recommended applications / industries: Because of that in Satureja macrantha is essential oil and high yield. for planting in the same climate zones is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
328 - Effect of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid on polyphenol and flavenoids in extract of Calendula officinalis L. flower
عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی سید عباس موسوی هریس فرهنگ تیرگیر بهزاد حامدیBackground & Aim: Marigold or Calendula officinalis L. is a annual herb belongs to the Asteraceae family. Marigold is a valuable medicinal plant which is used in pharmaceutical industry. In addition, this plant is cultivated as an ornamental plant. Aim of current st MoreBackground & Aim: Marigold or Calendula officinalis L. is a annual herb belongs to the Asteraceae family. Marigold is a valuable medicinal plant which is used in pharmaceutical industry. In addition, this plant is cultivated as an ornamental plant. Aim of current study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) on phytochemical properties of Calendula officinalis L. flower. Experimental: A pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with six treatments, and seven replications. The treatments, including four concentrations of SA (1, 10, 20, and 40 μmol/L), and JA in three levels (50, 100, and 200 μl/L). The treatments were sprayed before the early flowering stage of growth. Results & discussion: Results of analysis of variance indicated the various concentrations of the foliar application of JA, and SA do have significant impacts on polyphenol, carotenoid and flavenoids contents in the extracts of C. officinalis. In addition, results indicated the correlation between traits by Pearson method that there was a significant and positive relation between polyphenol and carotenoid (0.603**). Industrial and practical recommendations: In metabolic cultivation, for producing a special metabolite, the main agronomic and processing management should be regarded in order to increase the rate of essence and metabolites. Finally, the treatment of solution of JA 100 μl may be suitable because of increased content of carotenoid and polyphenol contents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
329 - Chemical composition of the leaf essential oil of Smirnovia iranica Sabeti from Iran
منصوره قوامBackground & Aim: Smirnova iranica Sabeti is one of the valuable and adapted shrub species native to the sandy fields of Central Iran and of Fabaceae family that in terms of the production of forage and soil conservation and creating a beautiful landscape and medici MoreBackground & Aim: Smirnova iranica Sabeti is one of the valuable and adapted shrub species native to the sandy fields of Central Iran and of Fabaceae family that in terms of the production of forage and soil conservation and creating a beautiful landscape and medicinal value is critically important. No study has been conducted on this plant essence in Iran, so far. Experimental: In the habitat of the plant, located in Kashan sandy areas, during flowering in the third week of April, leaves were collected and after extraction of essential oils using simultaneous method of distillation and extraction using organic solvents, a chromatography device connected to a mass spectrometer (GC / MS) was used in order to identify the combinations of essential oils. Results & Discussion: The essence yield was 0.04% and the color of essential oils was yellowish. The important and main combinations of essential oils were β-Ionone, dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, Phytol and (Z, Z, Z) -9,12,15-Octadecatrien-1-ol which consisted more than 6 percent of the composition. Industrial and practical recommendations: Hence, it can be concluded that Smirnova iranica sabeti is a versatile plant found in sandy fields of Iran with medicinal, anti-virus, anti-cancer and anti-bacterial properties and is rich in vitamin A precursor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
330 - Effect of different concentrations of L-phenylalanine on chemical compositions and yield of essential oil of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis)
ماهی جان بهارلو عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی فاطمه ملک پورBackground & Aim: Melissa officinalis (lemon balm), belongs to the family Lamiaceae is a known herb that has long been used in traditional medicine to treat many disorders and give fragrance to different food and beverage products. In this study, the effects of the MoreBackground & Aim: Melissa officinalis (lemon balm), belongs to the family Lamiaceae is a known herb that has long been used in traditional medicine to treat many disorders and give fragrance to different food and beverage products. In this study, the effects of the foliar spray of L-phenylalanine on essential oil content and chemical composition of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), at field condition in Horeh, Saman city of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, southwestern Iran, were investigated. Experimental: This study was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments were including three levels of the foliar application of L-phenylalanine including 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/L. Distilled water was used as a control. Results: The essential oil contents of the treatments ranged between 0.11 to 0.19% (v/w). Statistical analysis indicated that there were significant differences among treatments for essential oil contents of M. officinalis. Neral, Z-Citral, E-Citral, Geranial, Citronellal and β-Caryophyllene were the six major compounds of M. officinalis essential oil. The results indicated that the foliar application of L-phenylalanine have significant impacts on main constitutes of the essential oil and generally the application of L-phenylalanine spraying have beneficial and effective role in improving the essential oil content and some of chemical composition of lemon balm. Recommended applications/industries: The plant biostimulants as environmentally friendly products can be effective for increasing the quantity and quality of lemon balm essential oil. Application of L-phenylalanine can be a promising strategy in achieving organic production of medicinal plants such as lemon balm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
331 - Hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic effect of Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic male rats
فرشته شهرام فر لیلا روحی خدیجه روستاییمقدمه و هدف: دیابت یکی از شایع ترین بیماری های قرن حاضر است. در این پژوهش تاثیر عصاره هیدروالکلی گیاه آوندول بر رتهای دیابتی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. روش تحقیق:در این مطالعه تجربی، ۴۰ سر رت نژاد ویستار به طور تصادفی به 5 گروه یکسان تقسیم شدند. گروه 1 (کنترل سالم): رتهایی Moreمقدمه و هدف: دیابت یکی از شایع ترین بیماری های قرن حاضر است. در این پژوهش تاثیر عصاره هیدروالکلی گیاه آوندول بر رتهای دیابتی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. روش تحقیق:در این مطالعه تجربی، ۴۰ سر رت نژاد ویستار به طور تصادفی به 5 گروه یکسان تقسیم شدند. گروه 1 (کنترل سالم): رتهایی سالم و غیر دیابتی که در شرایط نوری، آب و غذای یکسان با سایر گروه ها نگهداری شدند. گروه 2 (کنترل دیابتی) رتهایی که استرپتوزوتوستین با دوز 6/0 mg/kg به صورت داخل صفاقی دریافت کردند. گروه 3 (گروه دارو) رتهایی دیابتی که روزانه 5/0 سیسی گلیبنکلامید با دوز 6/0 mg/kgوزن بدن را به صورت گاواژ دریافت کردند. گروه 4 و 5 (گروه تیمار ۱ و ۲) رتهایی که روزانه 5/0 سیسی از عصاره هیدروالکلی برگ گیاه آوندول با دوزهای 200 و 400mg/kgوزن بدن را به صورت گاواژ دریافت کردند. در پایان تیمار 28 روزه، از قلب همه رتها خون گرفته شد و سطح گلوکز به روش آنزیمی و کلسترول و تریگلیسیرید با کیتهای شرکت پارس آزمون به روش اسپکتروفتومتری تعیین شد. نتایج و بحث: این مطالعه نشان داد که فاکتورهای گلوکز، تری گلیسیرید و کلسترول در نتیجه تیمار با عصاره هیدروالکلی برگ گیاه آوندول (Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss) به طور معنی داری کاهش یافت (P<0.05). توصیه کاربردی/صنعتی: این گیاه با داشتن اثرات هیپوگلیسمیک و هیپولیپیدمیک و به دلیل عوارض جانبی کمتر، در مقایسه با داروهای شیمیایی، در درمان دیابت توصیه میشود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
332 - Day time trend in the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Azadirachta indica leaves
پاول اگونبامو الامیلکان اوتدوBackground & Aim:Medicinal plants have been of immense therapeutic values to many communities, some traditional folklore places emphasis on collecting plants during the day for medicinal purpose. This study examined the effect of collection time on the phytochemical MoreBackground & Aim:Medicinal plants have been of immense therapeutic values to many communities, some traditional folklore places emphasis on collecting plants during the day for medicinal purpose. This study examined the effect of collection time on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Azadirachta indica leaves. Experimental: Leaves samples were collected at six hour intervals between 6AM to 6PM, phytochemical quantification was done using standard methods; antioxidant assays were done after ethanol extraction via reducing power and nitric oxide scavenging assay (NO). Results: Saponin concentration ranged from 1.08-1.24%, Tannin 0.22-0.31%, Steroid 0.08-0.14%, Glycoside 0.090-0.104%, Alkaloids 3.88-4.27%, Flavonoids 0.050-0.080% and 1.16-1.32% for Phenolics in the leaves of A. indica collected at different time of the day. The effect of time of sample collection on the phytochemical constituents shows that phytochemicals such as saponin, tannin, glycoside, alkaloids and phenolics are significantly (p<0.05) more concentrated in the leaves in the evening time (6PM) compared to other time period while steroid and flavonoid are also significantly more concentrated in the noon time (12PM). Reducing power assay shows that leave samples collected at 12PM exhibited the highest reducing power which is comparable with the samples collected at 6PM. The early morning samples showed the least reducing power while the standard antioxidant had higher reducing power than the three sample extracts. The highest percentage NO inhibition was observed in leave samples collected at 12PM (72.40%), but this is less than the ascorbic acid (standard antioxidant) which shows 84.47% inhibition. Analysis of the IC50 revealed that the afternoon sample (12PM) had the least value (23.29 μg/ml) thus, possessing better antioxidant capacity with respect to the NO scavenging; this is to a lower extent than the IC50 value (12.71 μg/ml) of the standard antioxidant.Recommended applications/industries: From the foregoing, variation exists in daytime concentrations of phytochemical in A. indica leaves which may impact on its pharmacological actions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
333 - The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of hydro alcoholic extract of Satureja bachtiarica on mouse
فیروزه سقایی صادق معتمدیBackground & Aim: The use of anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory drugs in clinical medicine is necessary and unavoidable. Since the use of synthetic drugs is associated with numerous side effects, the application of complementary therapies such as herbal medicine MoreBackground & Aim: The use of anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory drugs in clinical medicine is necessary and unavoidable. Since the use of synthetic drugs is associated with numerous side effects, the application of complementary therapies such as herbal medicine can accompany with less side effects while having anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Satureja bachtiarica contains different active compounds such as Thymol, Para syman, Menton and Carvacrol which may be involved in the control of nociception and/or inflammation. Experimental: 75 male mice (weighing 30 -20 g) were divided to 15 groups. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of hydroalcoholic Satureja bachtiarica extract at doses of 400, 600, 800 mg/kg were evaluated by writhing, formalin and xylene tests. Morphine (10 mg /kg) and dexamethasone (10 mg/kg) were considered as positive controls in analgesic and anti-inflammatory tests, respectively. Results & Discussion: Different doses of hydroalcoholic extract of Satureja bachtiarica significantly reduced pain in comparison to control groups, however, the anti-inflammatory effect of this drug evaluated by xylene test, has not been established which needs further examination through other tests. Industrial / Practical recommendation: According to present results, the analgesic effect of Satureja bachtiarica was comparable to morphine. However, it seems that further research is needed in the future to take advantage of this plant in relieving pain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
334 - Investigate the possibility of using medicinal plant’s seeds substitute for agar gel in plant tissue culture and determine the optimal practical conditions of them
محمود اطرشی الهام توکلی دینانی امیر معصومیBackground & Aim: Investigating the possibility of using medicinal plant’s seeds substitute for agar gel in plant tissue culture and determining the optimal practical conditions of them is the aim of this study. Experimental: In order to study the new gelling MoreBackground & Aim: Investigating the possibility of using medicinal plant’s seeds substitute for agar gel in plant tissue culture and determining the optimal practical conditions of them is the aim of this study. Experimental: In order to study the new gelling agents for using in plant tissue culture, we designed a tow part experiment by means of the seeds of medicinal plants such as Linum usitatissimum L., Citrus medica L., Lepidium sativum L. and Plantago ovata Forssk. These Experiments were carried out at the Tissue Culture Lab of the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, in 2010. Each experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replications. In first experiment, we were cultured explants of Stevia rubiana on prepared MS medium with different concentrations of four kinds of seeds (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g) instead of agar and control (use of agar with no seed). Second experiment was carried out to assess the best amount of Planta ovata’s seed in prepared standard MS medium. Results & Discussion: The highest value for all investigated factors was observed with Planta ovata. The results showed that 1 g of Planta ovata’s seed + charcoal is the best treatment for growing all parameters in Stevia explants, and it might be a good advice to use of Planta ovata’s seeds instead of agar in near future. Industrial and practical recommendations: According to the findings of this study, using Planta ovata’s seed can be recommended because of having mucilage as an alternative agar for gelling in plant tissue culture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
335 - Pharmacological potential of plants used in dental care: A Review
آنیل کومار آمیت لاتر ویکاش کومار - وینیش رنو شراوات وایبهاو تایاگیBackground & Aim:The major teeth problems associated with adults are: Plaque, Tartar, Tooth decay, Gingivitis, Periodontal disease. There is a long and venerable history of the use of plants to improve dental health and promote oral hygiene. There are a number of tr MoreBackground & Aim:The major teeth problems associated with adults are: Plaque, Tartar, Tooth decay, Gingivitis, Periodontal disease. There is a long and venerable history of the use of plants to improve dental health and promote oral hygiene. There are a number of traditional herbal remedies for the treatment and management of diseases related to teeth, gum and oral hygiene. Good oral hygiene is necessary for the healthy teeth, gum and fresh breath.This review explains the pharmacological potential of medicinal plants used for the treatment of various dental problems. Experimental & Results: A number of formulation and method are used in oral hygiene to prevent and cure oral diseases. But now day’s number of medicinal plants plays an important role in oral hygiene. Recommended applications/industries: This review provides recently available knowledge of plants and their part for dental science in the treatment of various disease of oral cavity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
336 - Identification of chemical composition of essential oil from the leaves of Achillea millefolium subsp. elbursensis
منصوره قوامBackground & Aim: Achillea millefolium is one of the most valuable medicinal and industrial species, which is available in the Iran pastures, and it belongs to the Asteraceae family. This plant wild grows in plains, roadsides and mountain areas. Therapeutically, it MoreBackground & Aim: Achillea millefolium is one of the most valuable medicinal and industrial species, which is available in the Iran pastures, and it belongs to the Asteraceae family. This plant wild grows in plains, roadsides and mountain areas. Therapeutically, it has been a healer of wounds, and due to having tannins and bitter and aromatic substances, it has an effect on the nervous system and heart. The plant has two subspecies in Iran, including Achillea millefolium subsp. elbursensis and Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium. These two subspecies, in terms of the apparent specificities, have been very similar, and only in terms of the height, size and color of the inflorescence, are different from each other. The main aim of this study was to identify chemical composition of essential oil from the leaves of Achillea millefolium subsp. elbursensis. Experimental: The samples of leaves of Achillea millefolium subsp. elbursensis, during flowering, were collected from a natural habitat in Dizin (3350 m a.s.l). The essential oil of the plant was isolated by hydro-distillation. Chemical composition of volatile oil of A. millefolium subsp. elbursensis was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/ MS. Results & Discussion: Results indicated that essential oil yield of A. millefolium subsp. elbursensis was 0.82% (v/w). According to results of GC/MS analysis for the essential oil, 20 compounds identified. The main constituents in the essential oil of A. millefolium subsp. elbursensis was chamazulene (69.2%), 1,8-cineole (4.9%), and E-caryophyllene (4.4%). Recommended applications/industries: Based on the results of this study, the subspecies elbursensis, is a rich and unique source for chamazulene, which should be preserved as an indigenous genetic resource, in the natural environment, and strategies for its culture and building mass, must be provided. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
337 - Effect of drought stress on some physiological properties and antioxidant activity of Achillea tenuifolia Lam.
شیما غریبی بدرالدین ابراهیم سید طباطبایی قدرت الله سعیدی سید امیرحسین گلی مجید طالبیBackground & Aim: Osmotic stress in plants lead to increase free radicals and plants use different mechanisms to scavenge these radicals. So, researchers apply stresses especially drought stress to increase secondary metabolites such as phenolics, and antioxidants. MoreBackground & Aim: Osmotic stress in plants lead to increase free radicals and plants use different mechanisms to scavenge these radicals. So, researchers apply stresses especially drought stress to increase secondary metabolites such as phenolics, and antioxidants. One of the valuable medicinal plants is yarrow (Achillea tenuifolia) which is a perennial plant with different medicinal applications.Experimental: In order to assess the effect of drought stress, four different treatments (25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of Field Capacity) with four replicates was done in plastic pots at greenhouse. After 30 days, leaves of samples were used to evaluate total phenolics, antioxidant activity using three model systems including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy (DPPH), ferric thiocyanate (FTC), and β-carotene-linoleic acid assay. In addition, malone dialdehyde (MDA), and proline content were evaluated.Results & Discussion: Drought stress in A.tenuifolia significantly increased total phenoloics, and antioxidant activity (in DPPH and β-carotene-linoleic acid assay). In addition, proline and malone dialdehyde were elevated by stress, while according to FTC model, there was no significant differences between 25% and 50% FC treatments.Industrial and practical recommendations: According to the results of present study, the 50% FC treatment can be introduced as acceptable drought level to produce sufficient phenolics and acceptable plant yield. Finally, more studies suggested for assessing the effect of drought stress on amount of other compounds in this medicinal plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
338 - The effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Berberies vulgaris on multidrug- resistant gram-negative pathogenic bacteria
زهرا عطائی کچوئی سیما یحیی آبادی منیر دودیBackground and Aim: In recent years, due to the indiscriminate and irrational use of synthetic drugs, the resistance of pathogenic microorganisms has increased; therefore, new compounds are vitally needed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ethan MoreBackground and Aim: In recent years, due to the indiscriminate and irrational use of synthetic drugs, the resistance of pathogenic microorganisms has increased; therefore, new compounds are vitally needed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Berberis vulgaris on Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter frundi, Enterobacter aerugenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in standard conditions. Material and methods: Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of B. vulgaris were prepared by maceration method. After the bacteria were identified, antibiotic resistance was determined by agar disk diffusion method. Antibacterial effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of B. vulgaris on multidrug resistant bacteria was examined at four concentrations of 50, 100, 400 and 800 mg/ml, and (MIC) and (MBC) of these extracts on macro dilution method was also used. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS Software and Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results and Conclusion: The results showed that ethanolic and aqueous extracts of B. vulgaris had an antibacterial effect on a multi-drug-resistant bacteria (MDR). The MIC and MBC of the extracts were reported 50 and 100 mg/ml, respectively. Industrial and practical recommendations: After further investigations, extract B. vulgaris was recommended to be utilized as an alternative to antibiotics for treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
339 - Total phenolic contents in sponge cake with different concentrations of the leaves of lemon balm
ندا سادات نوری زاده محمد حجت الاسلامی جواد کرامتBackground & Aim: Nowdays consumers prefer to eat healthier foods, therefore producers and researchers are involved to improve the variety, quality, taste of food products. Lemon balm is a perennial, aromatic, herb that contains many phenolic compounds. In this rese MoreBackground & Aim: Nowdays consumers prefer to eat healthier foods, therefore producers and researchers are involved to improve the variety, quality, taste of food products. Lemon balm is a perennial, aromatic, herb that contains many phenolic compounds. In this research the effect of additing lemon balm powder (by reducing of wheat flour in formulation, instead) on qualities of sponge cakes were investigated.Experimental: Samples were prepared by different addiing lemon balm powder (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 percent), the control sample was also prepared according to standard sponge cake formulation.then, phenolic compounds amount were analyzed by HPLC.Results & Discussion: The samples contained up to 7.5 percent lemon balm powder had a good acceptance and it could be considered as a food containing more phenolic compound. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
340 - Effect of drought stress on expression of HSP70 protein and miR398 in Echinacea purpurea L.
کوثر مرادی فریبا خلیلیBackground & Aim:Drought is a natural and recurrent climatic characteristic in most parts of the world and plays an important and restrictive role in crop yield. One of these defense mechanisms is the reprogramming of gene expression using microRNAs. MiRNAs regulate MoreBackground & Aim:Drought is a natural and recurrent climatic characteristic in most parts of the world and plays an important and restrictive role in crop yield. One of these defense mechanisms is the reprogramming of gene expression using microRNAs. MiRNAs regulate the gene expression more by inhibiting the translation of mRNA and reducing the expression of target protein expression. Experimental: In the present study, the expression pattern of miR398 and its target gene (NtTG5b) in the leaf tissue of purple coneflower under controlled conditions and four levels of drought stress (85, 75, 50 and 25% Field Capacity (FC) were investigated using qRT-PCR method. To ensure the applying the stress on plants, the heat shock protein (HSP) expression was evaluated as a criterion. Results: The results showed increased expression of HSP in leaf tissue, therefore the selected levels for drought stress were confirmed. The expression of miR398 at each stress level was often the same, and the process of expression of the target genes in most cases revealed an inconsistent process that could be due to the difference between the target cell and the cell in which the miRNA was expressed, so this shows the complex regulatory network of miRNAs. Recommended applications/industries: Finally, it can be concluded that miR398 is a drought-responsive miRNA that may play its effects through leaf development control. This could be an important aspect for future studies, because increasing leaf biomass in conditions that have water constraints can be an incentive to use purple coneflower as a plant for medicine. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
341 - Ethnobotanical study of Sojasrood medicinal plants (Zanjan Province)
مسلم سعادت پور حسین بارانی احمد عابدی سروستانی محمد رحیم فروزهBackground & Aim: Nowadays, medicinal plants play a special role in the health and well-being of the community and they are always at the forefront of scientific and research centers. Traditional medicine and ethnobotany are two of the topics of interest in many cou MoreBackground & Aim: Nowadays, medicinal plants play a special role in the health and well-being of the community and they are always at the forefront of scientific and research centers. Traditional medicine and ethnobotany are two of the topics of interest in many countries in the world, including Iran which obtain from indigenous people in a region. Iran with a long historical, cultural and geographical diversity can be the origin suitable for such studies. The present study aims to collect, identify and Ethnobutanical study of medicinal plants of Sajasrood area and their traditional uses have been implemented. Experimental: In this study, which is a qualitative research in the field of ethnobotany, qualitative techniques for data collection was used such as an unstructured interview and participatory observation and some information including time of collection, ecological distribution, local name, therapeutic properties, method of use, and medication usage for plants were recorded. Results & Discussion: A total of 52 drug species belonging to 22 families were identified in the region. The highest number of species belongs to the Lamiaceae family with 11 species and the Asteraceae family with 7 species. The highest local application was also reported to gastrointestinal diseases treatment. Industrial/ Practical recommendation: It seems that ethnobotanical studies of plants are essential for herbal therapy and Iran has the potential to develop this field in medicine. Also, due to limitations in domestic resources, development of employment plans based on the cultivation and development of medicinal plants compatible with the ecological conditions of the area can be a good way to maintain resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
342 - The examination of the changes in serum biochemical factors caused by the ingestion of oral Sumac in dogs
حسن میرمحمدی سام ترکان محسن جعفریان دهکردیIntroduction and goal: Today, the researchers have found that many recent diseases are due to cellular oxidative stress which is caused by the imbalance of the formation and neutralization of free radicals. Including weak immune system, cancers, inflectional diseases, a MoreIntroduction and goal: Today, the researchers have found that many recent diseases are due to cellular oxidative stress which is caused by the imbalance of the formation and neutralization of free radicals. Including weak immune system, cancers, inflectional diseases, aging body and Diabetes. Diabetes is the most common endocrine disease in the world that is referred to as the mother of the diseases for affecting the whole body such as digestive system, kidneys, eyes and most importantly cardiovascular system (atherosclerosis) which is the main cause of death in the developed world. Materials and Method: In this research 6 local dogs were used for 10 days and divided into 3 groups of 2:the control group, the group receiving 10 mg/kg of Sumac and the group receiving 5 mg/kg of Sumac. At the end of the oral Sumac ingestion, blood samples were taken and the relevant tests were done. Results and Discussion: The results of the present research indicated that adding Sumac powder in dog feed for 10 days, significantly decreased serum glucose, triglyceride and liver enzymes Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) parameters (p< 0.05). However, there was no significant differences between the cholesterol level of the examined groups during the research specified period of time (p> 0.05). Industrial / Practical recommendation: Considering that the results of the present study are consistent with similar research, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic and antioxidant effects of Sumac can be concluded. It can also be used as a replacement for chemical drugs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
343 - Genetic improvement of quantity/quality yield of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) ecotypes cultivated in Iran climatic conditions
سعید صالحی اسد رخ زدی قربان نورمحمدی سید محمدجواد میرهادی احمدرضا گلپرورBackground & Aim: Black seed or black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) belongs the family Ranunculaceae. Black seed is one of these species, which is naturally distributed in different parts of the country. It is extensively cultivated in various regions of Iran. Experime MoreBackground & Aim: Black seed or black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) belongs the family Ranunculaceae. Black seed is one of these species, which is naturally distributed in different parts of the country. It is extensively cultivated in various regions of Iran. Experimental: The experiment was achieved using randomized complete block design with three replications in the research field of Islamic Azad University of Isfahan Branch during 2013. Seed of ten ecotypes namely; Semirom, Zawareh, Golpayegan, Fereydan, Meymeh, Kashan, Khansar, Daran, Ardestan and Isfahan were cultivated in the plots comprising four rows. The essential oil was extracted by a Clevenger type apparatus andanalyzed by using GC/MS. Results & Discussion: Statistical analysis indicated that there was significant difference among all traits. The results of regression and path analysis indicated that the number of branches, grain filling rate and days to blooming traits were the best indirect selection criteria to improve yield in black cumin. According to the results of this research, Fereydan and Daran ecotypes showed the optimum amount of essential oil content andmorphological traits. Furthermore, cross between these ecotypes has suitable advantage to increase seed and oil yield in black cumin breeding programs. Industrial and practical recommendations: There are few researches about breeding of black cumin. The results of present study could be applied in research centers as well by farmers to cultivate commercially and production black cumin especially for seed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
344 - Evaluation of The Essential Oil Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Achillea eriophora as a Medicinal Plant
مالک طاهر مقصودلو جعفر ولی زاده جواد متقی پیشه ناهید راه نشانBackground & Aim: Achillea (Fam. Asteraceae) is a medicinal plant and different species of it have several uses in the folk medicine all around the world. Achillea species are used for feverish conditions, common cold, digestive complaints, slow healing wounds and s MoreBackground & Aim: Achillea (Fam. Asteraceae) is a medicinal plant and different species of it have several uses in the folk medicine all around the world. Achillea species are used for feverish conditions, common cold, digestive complaints, slow healing wounds and skin inflammations. This study aims to investigate the essential oil composition and antioxidant activities from the aerial parts of Achillea eriophora collected from Khash city in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Experimental: Chemical composition of the essential oils was obtained by hydro-distillation method using a Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed by GC/MS. Results and Discussion: In the essential oil of Achillea eriophora 33 compounds representing 100%, were identified in which Camphor (21.55 %), Artemesia ketone (13.84%), Alpha-Thujone (11.85%), Borneole (8.94%), Yomogi alcohol (7.74%), 1,8-cineole (5.19%), Terpinene-4-ol (4.23%) and Myrtenol (3.10%) were the major constituents. In addition, the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of Achillea eriophora was analyzed using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging. According to antioxidant activity outcomes, the amount of IC50 of ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of the aerial parts of Achillea eriophora and also butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) as a standard was 245.20 ppm, 89.25 ppm and 45.58 ppm, respectively. Ultimately, it was highlighted that the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract was weaker than ethanolic extract. The antioxidant activity of both of them were also weaker than BHT as a synthetic antioxidant. Some compounds like 1, 8-cineole and terpinen-4-ol can be responsible for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, while Camphor and borneol have not been proven to be strong antioxidant agents as emphasized elsewhere. Recommended applications/ industries: The results of the present study showed that Achillea eriophora from Sistan and Baluchestan may be considered as source of natural antioxidant to be used in medicinal and food products to promote human health and prevent diseases. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
345 - Humidity effect on coefficient of static friction of rosemary and lavender by friction - electric meter
فرزاد جلیلیان تبار رشید غلامی علی نجات لرستانیBackground & Aim: Increasing economic role of medicinal herbs in recent society and complexity of modern technologies in production (planting and harvesting), transportation, storage, processing, quality evaluation, distribution, marketing and consumption of these p MoreBackground & Aim: Increasing economic role of medicinal herbs in recent society and complexity of modern technologies in production (planting and harvesting), transportation, storage, processing, quality evaluation, distribution, marketing and consumption of these products require a thorough understanding of their physical properties. Coefficient of friction of plant on the various surfaces is needed in designing of silos, storage of agricultural products and handling equipment, such as conveyors, and design of other equipment used in post harvest processing. Experimental: In this study, static coefficient of friction for two values of water content (wet basis) 58% and 53% for rosemary and, 65% and 63% for lavender on three surfaces, galvanized steel, glass and wood was investigate. For this purpose an apparatus made that includes an electrical motor and an optical sensor for precise measurement of the slipping moment of the product and its coefficient of friction. Results & discussion: Average values of maximum and minimum of static coefficient of friction that obtained for rosemary at 58 percent of water content were 0.87 on the wood surface and 0.46 on the glass, respectively. While at 53 percent water content, the maximum and minimum average values of coefficient of static friction obtained for rosemary were on wood, 0.66 and glass 0.38, respectively. The minimum average value of coefficient of friction for the lavender at 65 percent water content was 0.66 and on the glass however after the reduction of water content, at 63 percent water content, obtained 0.56 on the glass, too. Industrial and practical recommendations: The understanding of the engineering properties of herbal drugs for creating appropriate industrial procreation methods is of great importance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
346 - Phytochemical analysis, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Caryopteris odorata D.Don.Robin
آرکانا جوشی آنیل پانت اَوم پراکاش مارکین استوکی والاری ایزیدورBackground & Aim:Caryopteris odorata is an aromatic shrub of family verbenaceae growing in tropical to subtropical regions. Various traditional applications of this plant have been documented guiding us to investigate the pharmacological activities and to further in MoreBackground & Aim:Caryopteris odorata is an aromatic shrub of family verbenaceae growing in tropical to subtropical regions. Various traditional applications of this plant have been documented guiding us to investigate the pharmacological activities and to further investigate the chemical composition. Experimental: Methanolic extract of aerial parts of Caryopteris odorata was investigated for antioxidant activity and the major phyto-constituents and total phenolic content were screened. The antioxidant activity was determined by measuring the scavenging activity using DPPH radical scavenging, NO radical scavenging, so radical scavenging activity, Metal chelating and reducing power assay. The antimicrobial efficacy was determined using agar well diffusion method against gram positive as well as gram negative bacteria. Sensitivity in terms of zones of inhibition and phytochemical composition of the extracts were also determined. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin denaturation method. Diclofenec Sodium was used as a standard drug for the study of anti-inflammatory activity. Results: The results revealed that, methanolic extracts possess broad spectrum antibacterial activity against three microorganisms. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of diterpenes carbohydrates, glycosides, sterols and triterpenoids, aliphatic acids , tocopherols and phenolics. The methenolic extract exhibit strong antioxidant activity (IC50 values for DPPH assay 164.60 ±0.37 mg/ml, for metal chelating 280.30 ± 3.28 mg/ml, for reducing assay 80.38 ± 0.79 mg/ml, respectively). The extract also showed in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the heat induced albumin denaturation with IC50 value as 497.22 ± 1.34 mg/ml, respectively. From the result, it is concluded that the C.odorata possess a rich amount of different class of compounds and further the phytochemicals present in the C.odorata extract may be responsible for the antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Recommended applications/industries: The results obtained from various activities suggest Caryopteris odorata application as natural alternative antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial reagent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
347 - Phytochemistry of essential oil from different parts of Artemisia aucheri Boiss collected from Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province, Iran
سپیده میرزائیان مهدی اورعی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی -
Open Access Article
348 - Effect of ecological factors on chemical compounds of Verbascum songaricum leaves
وحید کریمیان محمد رضا وهابی محمد فضیلتی مصطفی ترکش اصفهانیBackground & Aim: Verbascum songaricum is a perennial herbaceous belongs to the Scrophulariaceae (snapdragon) family. Current study was done to study the environmental conditions effect on phytochemical properties of Verbascum songaricum leaves for extracting the ef MoreBackground & Aim: Verbascum songaricum is a perennial herbaceous belongs to the Scrophulariaceae (snapdragon) family. Current study was done to study the environmental conditions effect on phytochemical properties of Verbascum songaricum leaves for extracting the effective materials.Experimental: This study was conducted at five range sites, including Hoze valley, Ghahiz, Someirom, Ghale Gadam, and Dena in two provinces (Isfahan and Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad) Iran. The specimens were collected in flower stage on July 2011. Leaves extract was obtained using digestion method and then analyzed by GM-MS to identify the main compounds in extract.Results & Discussion: Results indicated the ketone and alcoholic compounds in Ghazis and Someirom and Dena were the higher than Hoze Valley and Ghale Gadam regions. Soil pH was as an important ecological factor affect on the main components in the extract of V. songaricum leaves. The highest amount of hydro-carbonic and amine compounds detected in Ghazis and Someirom and Dena regions.Industrial and practical recommendations: According to the results, it is recommended that with respect to the recognition of some ecological factors of Verbascum songaricum, the fields for widespread cultivating and producing of this plant can be prepared. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
349 - Effect of ellagic acid on thiol levels in different brain tissue in an animal model of Parkinson's disease
مریم رفیعی راد زینب عیدی پورBackground & Aim: Parkinson's disease (PD) can be created with loss of dopaminergic substantial nigra neurons which is widely associated with oxidative stress and reduced glutathione (GSH), as the most important and abundant thiol in tissues and one of the antioxida MoreBackground & Aim: Parkinson's disease (PD) can be created with loss of dopaminergic substantial nigra neurons which is widely associated with oxidative stress and reduced glutathione (GSH), as the most important and abundant thiol in tissues and one of the antioxidant defense, is one of the earliest biochemical events related to Parkinson's and consumption of antioxidants has a protective effect. In the present study, effect of ellagic acid on the rate of thiol groups has been studied within the hippocampus, striatum, cortex and cerebellum tissues in Parkinson's disease. Experimental: In this study were used 40 adult male rats that were divided randomly into eight groups: control, Parkinson's, and three Parkinson groups that once daily for 14 days received the gavage from doses 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg of ellagic acid. Parkinson's disease was induced with injection of 8 µg of 6_ hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA) nerve toxin in 2 ml of saline containing 1% ascorbic acid in the middle-anterior bundle (MFB) of the left cerebral hemisphere of rats. After 14 days all rat brain were collected for the isolation and measurement of tissue thiol. Results & Discussion: In the PD group, in the all tissues observed a significant decrease in the thiol levels than the control group and administered ellagic acid in particular, 25 and 50 mg/kg was able to induce the effect of increase in the all tissues. This increase was significant in all tissues except cerebellum than PD group. Recommended applications/industries: Ellagic acid with having the ability to increase thiol can be used for treating and preventing progression of Parkinson's disease that created by oxidative stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
350 - Comparative polyphenol contents, free radical scavenging properties and effects on adipogenesis of Chorisia Chodatii and Chorisia Speciosa
جون رفعت ثمر یهیا دسوکی محمد احمد رامادان محمد صالح کامل جونکیو هان هیرکو ایسوداBackground & Aim: Chorisia is an important Bombacaceous plant that is traditionally used for a variety of ailments. Due to its richness in several bioactive phytocompounds, some Chorisia species showed a wide range of important biological effects. Accordingly, the p MoreBackground & Aim: Chorisia is an important Bombacaceous plant that is traditionally used for a variety of ailments. Due to its richness in several bioactive phytocompounds, some Chorisia species showed a wide range of important biological effects. Accordingly, the present work was undertaken to comparatively evaluate the antioxidant potential and effects on adipogenesis of Chorisia chodatii Hassl. and Chorisia speciosa A. St.-Hil. in relation to their phenolic contents. Experimental: Total polyphenol contents and free radical scavenging potentials of the total ethanol extracts of leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of both species, in addition to four main fractions of their leaf and flower extracts, were evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu's method and the DPPH assay, respectively. Besides, their effects on adipogenesis were studied using the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes model. A phytochemical screening of their different phytoconstituents was also considered. Results & Discussion: Total ethanol extracts along with their successive fractions of various parts of both species caused a concentration-dependent induction of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiation, but with a noticeable reduction of the size of the lipid droplets at the lower concentrations 5 and 10 µg/ml. In addition, these extracts showed a strong evidence of their richness in free radical scavengers. The ethyl acetate, aqueous and chloroform fractions of different plant parts exhibited the greatest effects on adipogenesis, substantial free radical scavenging properties and the highest polyphenol contents, respectively. Industrial and practical recommendations: Results collectively revealed that the observed effects of both Chorisia species on adipogenesis as well as their anti-radical properties are positively related to their pool of flavonoids and other phenolics. They also suggest their potential value in obesity-related disorders and for prevention of free radical mediated diseases. Further studies for investigating the molecular basis of their effects on adipogenesis accompanied by detailed phytochemical analysis, especially of their polar and flavonoids-rich extracts, will also be strongly recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
351 - Micro-morphology of fruit and pollen in Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad.
الهام معلم عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی صدیقه یوسف نعناییBackground & Aim: Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad. is an aromatic and medicinal perennial plant belongs to family mint (Lamiaceae). It is also an Iranian exclusive endemic species, its essential oil components are widely used in medicinal, culinary, and perfume industr MoreBackground & Aim: Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad. is an aromatic and medicinal perennial plant belongs to family mint (Lamiaceae). It is also an Iranian exclusive endemic species, its essential oil components are widely used in medicinal, culinary, and perfume industries. Experimental: Flowers were collected in 10 regions in Khuzistan and Lorestan provinces, Iran at early anthesis during 2009. Micro-morphology of pollen and nutlet was studied through SEM observation. Results & discussion: Insignificant pollens of S. khuzistanica were hexacolpate, radially symmetrical, oblate-spheroidal, and isopolar. Exine sculpturing is bireticulate and pitted. The nutlets showed undulate-reticulate pattern formed by hexagonal cells. Industrial and practical recommendations: Micro-morphology comparison of nutlet and pollen in S. khuzistanica with other genus of Lamiaceae imports for taxonomy this genus. The S. khuzistanica pollen is like other types and species of family Lamiaceae and all of these differences and similarities can help in more exact taxonomy of this species, along with other researches. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
352 - The effect of using of bitter cucumber fruit powder, Citrullus colocynthis, and probiotic on growth performance and intestinal morphology of broiler chicks
مجید هاشمی سید محمدعلی جلالی فرشید خیریBackground & aim: The fruit of Citrullus colocynthis has a bitter taste and antibacterial properties against pathogen factors.The aim of current research was to study the effects of different dietary level of bitter cucumber fruit powderwith and without protexin pro MoreBackground & aim: The fruit of Citrullus colocynthis has a bitter taste and antibacterial properties against pathogen factors.The aim of current research was to study the effects of different dietary level of bitter cucumber fruit powderwith and without protexin probiotic supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits and intestinal morphology of broiler chicks. Experimental: Two hundred forty of one-days old of Ross broiler chicks at a 4×2 factorial experiment design (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%bitter cucumber with 0 and 0.01%protexin) were randomly distributed to eight dietary treatments with three replicates and fed 42 days. Feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of birds were measured during the experiment. At the end of experiment the internal organs of chicks were weight and intestinal morphology was evaluated. Results: Feed intake of chicks significantly reduced by 0.4 and 0.6% bitter cucumber fruit treatments and body weight gain of chicks were significantly improved (p<0.05). Feed conversion ratio significantly reduced in bitter cucumber fruit powder treatments (p<0.05) but probiotic supplement didn’t show any effect on this parameter. The bitter cucumber fruit powder significantly increased the yield of carcass, breast meat and heart of chicks. The villus height, width, crypt depth, and thickness of muscle mucosal of intestinal chicks were significantly increased by 0.6% bitter cucumber dietary treatment and probiotic supplement significantly increased villus height and thickness of muscle mucosal of chicks (p<0.05). Recommended applications/industries: The results of this experiment showed that dietary supplementation of bitter cucumber fruit powder at 0.4% with protexin probiotics could be used as a symbiotic supplement in diets of broiler chicks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
353 - Identification and characterization of chemical composition of Rhus coriaria L. fruit from Hamadan, Western Iran
حمیدرضا اردلانی مریم حسن پور مقدم امین هادی پناه فرنوش فتوت علی عزیزی جلال سلطانیBackground & Aim: Identification, characterization and detection of medicinal plants chemical composition are very important for phytochemical scientific source. Sumac is one of the medicinal plants in the world that uses for industrial and pharmacological applicati MoreBackground & Aim: Identification, characterization and detection of medicinal plants chemical composition are very important for phytochemical scientific source. Sumac is one of the medicinal plants in the world that uses for industrial and pharmacological application. In this study, chemical composition of Rhus coriaria has been investigated. Experimental: Chemical composition of the mature and ripe fruit of Rhus coriaria cultivated in Hamedan (Iran) climatic conditions has been analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Results & Discussion: In total 191 compounds were identified in sumac fruit including, 78 hydrolysable tannins (Gallic acid), 59 flavonoid such as, Apigenin, 40 other compounds such as Butein, 9 anthocyanins such as Cyanidin. Industrial and practical recommendations: The results indicated that this plant is one of the extensive sources of bioactive phytochemical, phenolic compounds and as a source of functional ingredients in chemical, pharmaceutical industries, traditional medicine and herbal drugs as widespread uses in the world. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
354 - Effect of alcoholic extract of Sheng and Ziziphora medicinal plants on physico-chemical properties and microbial quality of set yogurt
الهه نصوحیان جواد کرامت محمد گلیBackground & Aim: Natural compounds can prolong the shelf life of food by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Sheng and Ziziphora alcoholic extracts (at concentrations of 500, 10 MoreBackground & Aim: Natural compounds can prolong the shelf life of food by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Sheng and Ziziphora alcoholic extracts (at concentrations of 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm) on physico chemical properties and microbial quality of yogurt. Experimental: The sterilized extracts of the above plants were added to the yoghurt formulations in concentrations of 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm under sterile conditions. After inoculation, the inoculated milk was incubated at 45 ° C to reach 4 pH for approximately 3 hours. After reaching the desired pH, the yoghurts are cooled to a temperature of 6 ° C and then, at the same temperature were stored in order to undergo a secondary course of acidifying and producing aromatic compounds. After that, the physicochemical and microbial properties of yogurt were evaluated for 20 days on days 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20. Results & Discussion: Results showed thataddition of Sheng extract can control the acidity in yogurt and prevent yogurt from getting sour over time. It was found that the best concentration of Sheng extract for controlling acidity in yogurt and preventing it from being sourded over time was 1500 ppm. Adding both extracts did not have a negative effect on the viscosity of yogurt. In the case of sheng concentration of 1500 and Ziziphora with a concentration of 500 ppm, were more effective on viscosity over storage time. Also, adding both Shang and Ziziphora extracts at a concentration of 1500 ppm increased the shelf life of yogurt by reducing the growth of molds and yeasts. Industrial/ Practical recommendation: With the addition of alcoholic extract of Sheng and Ziziphora herbs to set yogurt, a product with a longer shelf life and expire time of more than 20 days can be produced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
355 - Methanol stem extract of Parquetina nigrescens (Asclepiadaceae) possesses memory-enhancing potential in acute mice models of cognition
محمود بخاری آیشاتو شهو یحیی محمد سانی گاربا محمد ماگاجیBackground and Aim: Parquetina nigrescens is an important plant in the Southwestern part of Nigeria used as memory enhancer. This study aimed to investigate the memory enhancing effect of the methanol stem extract of P. nigrescens (MSEPN). Experimental: Phytochemical sc MoreBackground and Aim: Parquetina nigrescens is an important plant in the Southwestern part of Nigeria used as memory enhancer. This study aimed to investigate the memory enhancing effect of the methanol stem extract of P. nigrescens (MSEPN). Experimental: Phytochemical screening was carried out on the extract and the oral median lethal dose (LD50) determined using the OECD 425 limit test. The effects of MPN (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) on learning and memory was evaluated in elevated plus maze (EPM), Barnes maze (BM) and novel object recognition test (NORT). The locomotive activity was studied using the open field test (OFT). The antiamnesic effect of the extract was assessed in EPM. Results: The phytochemical constituents in MSEPN were tannins, saponins, phenolics, carbohydrates and unsaturated sterols. The LD50 was ≥ 5000mg/kg. Piracetam and the extract significantly (p≤0.05) decreased transfer latencies (TL) on day 1 and 2 in EPM. In the BM, the escape latencies and escape errors were decreased significantly (p≤ 0.05, p≤ 0.01) at 250 and 1000 mg/kg, respectively. The time spent in target quadrant (TSQ) was significantly (p≤ 0.01) increased at 250 and 500 mg/kg of extract. Piracetam significantly decreased escape latency (p≤ 0.05), escape errors (p ≤ 0.01) and increased TSQ. Discrimination index in the NORT was significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased. The extract did not significantly alter the number of square cross (NSC) and rearing (NR) but significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased TL increased by diazepam on day 1. Piracetam increased NSC and NR and significantly (p≤ 0.01, p≤ 0.05) decreased TL on day 1 and 2 in EPM. Recommended applications/industries: The memory enhancing potential of MSEPN can be applied in the treatment of amnesia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
356 - Effect of seasonal variation on essential oil yield, and morpho-physiological properties of Achillea filipendulina Lam.
الهام زینلی مهدی رحیم ملکBackground & Aim: Achillea filipendulina is one of the most important species of the family Asteraceae and, it considered as one of the most valuable medicinal and ornamental plants. Environmental factors affected on quality and quantity of the essential oil of medi MoreBackground & Aim: Achillea filipendulina is one of the most important species of the family Asteraceae and, it considered as one of the most valuable medicinal and ornamental plants. Environmental factors affected on quality and quantity of the essential oil of medicinal and aromatic plants. So, selecting of appropriate season for harvesting can lead to increase quality and quantity yield. The aims of the present study were to assess the effect of seasonal variation on essential oil yield and some morphophysiological traits of A. filipendulina. Experimental: In this research, split plot experiment based on complete block design was conducted in three replicates. The aerial parts were harvested and the essential oil extracted by Clevenger approach in different seasons. Results & Discussion: Afc genotype showed the lowest amount concerning the plant height, leaf length and leaf width in winter, while Af21 had the highest height and leaf width in summer. The essential oil yield varied between 0.01 to 0.84% in all seasons. The highest and the lowest essential oil yield belonged to Afc in summer and Af21 in winter, respectively. The lowest and the highest hydrogen peroxide accumulation were in Af21 in spring and Afc in summer, respectively. Furthermore, malonede-aldehide (MDA) accumulation varied from 0.3 to 3.37 ng/fw. Afc in spring and Af21 in summer showed the lowest and the highest MDA, respectively. Recommended applications/industries: According to the results of present study, in order to increase dry matter and essential oil yield of Achillea filipendulina, harvesting for essential oil extraction is suggested in early summer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
357 - Regional variations of antioxidant capacity and phenolic properties in the Iranian jujube collection
علی عزیزی مریم پیربداقیBackground & Aim: Fruits from the jujube plant (Ziziphus jujuba) possess health-promoting effects and medicinal properties. Jujube has a long history of usage as a remedy in Iranian traditional medicine and is recommended for the treatment of some diseases. This stu MoreBackground & Aim: Fruits from the jujube plant (Ziziphus jujuba) possess health-promoting effects and medicinal properties. Jujube has a long history of usage as a remedy in Iranian traditional medicine and is recommended for the treatment of some diseases. This study investigated the variations in antioxidant capacities (AOX), total phenol (TPH), total flavonoid (TF) and total anthocyanin (TA) contents of fruit extracts among 29 jujube accessions originating from 7 provinces of Iran. Experimental: The fruits from 29 accessions were extracted with methanol (85%). DPPH assay were performed for determination of antioxidant capacity of each extract. The total phenols were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu method and total flavonoids evaluated using the aluminum chloride colorimetric procedure while total anthocyanins were determined by pH-differential method. Results & Discussion: The results from the analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the examined accessions of Z. jujuba were highly variable in all evaluated phytochemical traits (P <0.01). Principal component analysis (PCA) based on four phytochemical characters confirmed this broad variation and also identified three distinct group among the accessions. The accessions Hamidabad (Mazandaran), Bayaziyeh (Isfahan) and kuhpayeh2 (Isfahan) can considered by their high values for the TPH, TF, and TA values, respectively. On the other hand, accessions Ardestan (Isfahan), Ghaziolya (Ghom) and Maroon (Ghom) showed high AOX. No correlation was found between total phenol content and antioxidant activity. Industrial and practical recommendations: These findings suggest the importance of genotype and origin for determining antioxidant potential and phenolic contents of jujube plants. The knowledge of the diversities, found in this study, will allow a better plant exploitation related to pharmaceutical uses and also a better conduction of breeding programs for Ziziphus jujubaecotypes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
358 - Quantitative and qualitative changes of essential oil of Artemisia haussckenechtii in different phenological stages
حمزه امیری مسعود گودرزیBackground & Aim: Artemisia species with common Persian name of Dermaneh are found all over Iran and are used for treatment in infectious diseases such as malaria, hepatitis and other diseases. Some Artemisia species are used in traditionally as tonic and anti-helmi MoreBackground & Aim: Artemisia species with common Persian name of Dermaneh are found all over Iran and are used for treatment in infectious diseases such as malaria, hepatitis and other diseases. Some Artemisia species are used in traditionally as tonic and anti-helmintic in north of Iran. Artemisia haussknechtii is used in dyspepsia and other gastrointestinal disorders by local people in the western part of Iran. Experimental: The plant materials were collected from Chamashk in South of Khoramabad in Lorestan province at three stages including before flowering, full flowering and post flowering stages and subjected to hydrodistillation using a Cleavenger type apparatus for 2 h. Results & Discussion: The results showed that yields of essential oil were 1.2%, 2.5% and 1.6% w/w before flowering, full flowering and fruiting stages, respectively. Thirty three, sixteen and twenty nine compounds were identified in oils before flowering, full flowering and post flowering stages, respectively. Camphor, 1,8-cineol and cis-Davanone and limonene were the main components of essential oil of different growth stages. Also camphor as the main constituent was obtained from flowering stage Recommended applications/industries: Camphor as the main component of essential oil has shown health benefits as a stimulant, antispasmodic, antiseptic, decongestant, anesthetic, sedative, anti-inflammatory, and insecticide substance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
359 - Evaluation of the effect of Eucalyptus and Thyme essential oils and aqueous extract of Artemisia annum and synergistic combination of pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine on acute toxoplasmosis in Balb / c mice
سید رضا حسینی آرین اسعدپور بهزادیIntroduction & Objective: Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii parasite and is one of the most common parasitic infections in humans and other warm-blooded animals. In this study, the effect of Eucalyptus and Thyme essential oils and aqueous ext MoreIntroduction & Objective: Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii parasite and is one of the most common parasitic infections in humans and other warm-blooded animals. In this study, the effect of Eucalyptus and Thyme essential oils and aqueous extract of Artemisia as well as the synergistic combination of pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine on acute toxoplasmosis in a mouse model was investigated.Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of Eucalyptus and Thyme essential oils and Artemisia aqueous extract as well as the synergistic composition of pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine on acute toxoplasmosis in a mouse model, 44 Balb / c mice with Tuxvit tux Peritoneal infection was divided into 11 groups of 4. To 9 groups of concentrations of 150 mg / kg / day, 300 mg / kg / day and 600 mg / kg / day of eucalyptus and thyme essential oils and aqueous extract of Artemisia 24 hours after infection for 7 days orally Was fed. One group was treated orally with the chemical combination of pyrimethamine (dose 10 mg / kg / day) and sulfadiazine (dose 50 mg / kg / day) for 10 hours after infection for 10 days and another group as The patient's control was considered.Results and Discussion: The results showed that there was no obvious difference in terms of survival time between the groups treated with essential oil and plant extracts and the patient control group and all died by the sixth day, while consuming mice. The chemicals all survived, and after the peritoneal fluid and brain of one of the mice in this group were inoculated separately into two groups of healthy mice intraperitoneally, it was observed that the mice given the peritoneal fluid Inoculated, all survived, while mice inoculated with brain all perished. This result indicated that the combination of pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine in this dose is quite effective on acute toxoplasmosis, but is not able to eradicate and eliminate parasitic cysts in the brain.Practical / Industrial Recommendation: It is better to do more comprehensive research on the effects of different species of these plants on Toxoplasmosis in vitro and in vivo so that an effective and safe drug against Toxoplasmosis can be presented in the world. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
360 - Comparative Study of Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil Extracted from Acorus calamus L. Leaves
پینکی چابی آرکانا پارکی ام پراکاش راوندرا کومار ای. کا پانتBackground & Aim: Acorus calamus L. is a native herb in India. The herb belongs to family Acoraceae. It is perennial and grows in marshy land with scented rhizomes and tapered reed like leaves with 80-100 cm in height. The leaves generally arise from the rhizomes. I MoreBackground & Aim: Acorus calamus L. is a native herb in India. The herb belongs to family Acoraceae. It is perennial and grows in marshy land with scented rhizomes and tapered reed like leaves with 80-100 cm in height. The leaves generally arise from the rhizomes. It is also known as sweet flag in English and vernacularly as Bach. The present investigation reveals the chemical diversity and antioxidant activity of Acorus calamus leaf essential oils from different altitudinal regions of Uttarakhand. Experimental: The essential oil composition of Acorus calamus (Araceae) leaves, collected from twenty different ecological niches of Uttarakhand, in India with oil yield ranged between 0.2-1.4 percent, were analyzed by GC/MS. DPPH assay were performed for determination of antioxidant activity of each oil. Results: The major component ranging 43.4-60.7% of the total oil was identified as β- asarone. The other predominant constituents were α-asarone (2.6-7.9%), shyobunone (3.4-6.3%) and Z- isoelemicin (3.2-5.4%). The antioxidant activity of essential oil was studied by their ability to scavenge free radicals with different IC50 values (10.79-106.44 μg/ml) in comparison to standard antioxidant. Recommended applications/industries: The vast chemical diversity of the herb essential oil and its antioxidant potential can be good natural source for herbal neutraceuticals and phenyl propanoids, the biologically important class of terpenoids. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
361 - Identification and determination of different alkaloids from Atropa belladonna L. by Gas chromatography method
سجاد صداقت رضا حاجی آقایی رحیم تقی زاد فرید زهره کدخدا سید وحید قاسمی حسن علی نقدی بادی فرهاد حریری اکبری شمس علی رضازادهBackground & Aim: A. belladonna (family: Solanaceae) is one of important pharmaceutical plants which contain tropane ‎alkaloids. Tropane alkaloids are distinct group of secondary metabolites of the ‎Solanaceae family. The most important alkaloids of A. bella MoreBackground & Aim: A. belladonna (family: Solanaceae) is one of important pharmaceutical plants which contain tropane ‎alkaloids. Tropane alkaloids are distinct group of secondary metabolites of the ‎Solanaceae family. The most important alkaloids of A. belladonna are atropine and hyoscine that are used extensively because of their medicinal properties. Therefore Identification and ‎Determination of Different Alkaloids rate by Gas chromatography (GC) Method in Iran various areas are necessary. Experimental: The accessions were collected from five different regions including Ardabil, Marzanabad, Tonekabon, Karaj and Ramsar (Iran) and all of plant organs were dried. Using ‎change of pH and solvents, the alkaloids contents were extracted and the identified and finally ‎the amount of each alkaloid was determined. Results & Discussion: Atropine contents in the accessions of Ardebil, Marzanabad, Tonekabon, Karaj, and Ramsar were ‎determined 1.8, 1.62, 1.01, 0.76 and 0.67 % respectively. Hyoscine contents were determined 0.47, ‎‎0.23, 1.23, 0.16 and 0.09 % respectively. And amount of both total alkaloids were determined 2.66, ‎‎1.85, 2.24, 0.92 and 0.76 % respectively. In this study, the highest amount of atropine (1.8 %), and both ‎total alkaloids which extracted from all dried plant organs belong to the accessions from Ardebil and the ‎highest amount of hyoscine (0.46 %) were determined in the accessions from Tonekabon. The lowest ‎amount of hyoscine, atropine and both total alkaloids belong to the accessions were from Ramsar‎. Industrial and practical recommendations: According to the findings of this study, for extraction more atropine and collection of atropine and hyoscine from Atropa bladonna, the samples of Ardabil region can be recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
362 - Flavonoids as the emerging therapeutic agents: A review of their bioactivity, chemoprevention and chemotherapy approach
آبیچه ایکالو جامز داماهابیلابBackground and aim: The aim of the review is to study the bioactivity, chemoprevention and chemotherapy approach of flavonoids as the emerging therapeutic agents. Results: The quickest way of managing health challenges in the developing world is by the uses of herbs. Th MoreBackground and aim: The aim of the review is to study the bioactivity, chemoprevention and chemotherapy approach of flavonoids as the emerging therapeutic agents. Results: The quickest way of managing health challenges in the developing world is by the uses of herbs. These medicinal plants are known to contain phytochemicals that conferred on them these pharmacological potentials. Among these chemical constituents are the flavonoids which become the emergent therapeutic agents because of their vast pharmacological properties. Among reported activities of plants derived phytochemicals, flavonoids have shown various pharmacological activities. Many flavonoids have shown significant anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities. Therefore, researches have focused on developing potent bioactive flavonoids. Recent researchers have focused on the development of potent drugs with minimal toxicity for cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. The antibacterial activities of flavonoids against a wide range of microorganisms and their radical-scavenging ability are well known and reported. Therefore, one can conclude that flavonoids have actually become emerging therapeutic agents. Recommended applications/industries: In view of the pharmaceutical properties of various flavonoids such as anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities, they could be used in pharmaceutical industries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
363 - Anti bacterial effect , extent of phenol compound, and anti oxidant operate of alcoholic essence of Allium hirtifolium Boiss
الهه آل ابراهیم دهکردی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی محمود رفیعیان کوپاییIntroduction: Shallot is a plant which belongs to Alium and Albale family , this is a native plant from Iran which is self – grown in high Zones. By regard to further use of medicine and plant’s product , use of herbal plants has on important nole in medical MoreIntroduction: Shallot is a plant which belongs to Alium and Albale family , this is a native plant from Iran which is self – grown in high Zones. By regard to further use of medicine and plant’s product , use of herbal plants has on important nole in medical treatment and preventi of diseale. The purpose of this study is the photo chemistry properties and anti – bacterial effects of this plant. Method and research : In this study we prepared plant’s essence by use of maceration method and specify the extent of phenol and compound by use of folin eiocalteu and Aluminium V method . In order to effect , the DPPH method and in onder to investigate anti – bacterial effect , the method has been used . Analysis of data u(a) done by use of SPSS & dnausing the graphs was done by Excel. Results and discussion : The most amount of phenol and compound in each gnam of dried essence is : 13/5, 0/77 , 9/59 . Moneouer , anti – bacterial results showed that of shallot’s leaf and onion has acceptable fatal and disincentive effects on staphylococcus accrues and Ancinetobacter baumanni The lowest fatal concentatti on staphylococcus bacteria has been observed has been observed in 1280micrognam / ml. Practicable and industrial advices : The results show that Allium hartifolium Boiss has anti – oxidant effect and it’s leaf has more phenol compounds in nelatti to the onion and can disincentive the DDPH free ladical . Also shallot’s leaf and onion has anti – bacterial effect and can be use as anti – bacterial compound. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
364 - Systematically study of medicinal plants in Bushehr province, Southern Iran
مهدی دولتخواهی ایرج نبی پورBackground & Aim: Bushehrwith an area of about 177.1km² is situated in center of Bushehr province, southern Iran. Existence beach line with Persian gulf and Helle river cause of settlement diversity in this zone. With attention in this settlement diversity in t MoreBackground & Aim: Bushehrwith an area of about 177.1km² is situated in center of Bushehr province, southern Iran. Existence beach line with Persian gulf and Helle river cause of settlement diversity in this zone. With attention in this settlement diversity in this zone transaction of this work is necessary. Experimental: Many specimens were collected during the vegetative seasons in 2011to 2013. All the specimens were prepared as standard herbarium sheets, identified by using available references flora and stored in the herbarium of Medical Sciences University Bushehr Center. An analysis was made of the species used, parts of the plant employed, preparation methods, administration means, and the ailments treated in relation to pathological groups. . Results & Discussion: According to results, in study area about 63 species belonging to 55 genera and 36 families have been recognized. The largest family of the region is Asteraceae with nine species. Plantago genus with five species is the largest genus among the existing genera. Recommended applications/industries: According to results of this study, the presence of more than 63 medicinal plant species indicated high biodiversity in the studied region (Bushehr). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
365 - Rosa foetida Herrm. flowers as a future natural antibacterial agent against the main cause of skin burn wound infections, Pseudomonas aeroginosa.
مائده رزقی سید رضا حسینی دوست ژینوس عسگرپناهBackground & Aim:Belongs to Rosaecea family, Rosa foetida is one the Persian native plants which has not been investigated biologically. As it is traditionally used topically as poultice to treat infectious skin burns, the present paper focused on the assessment of MoreBackground & Aim:Belongs to Rosaecea family, Rosa foetida is one the Persian native plants which has not been investigated biologically. As it is traditionally used topically as poultice to treat infectious skin burns, the present paper focused on the assessment of the antibacterial activities of different extracts of R. foetida flowers against the main cause of skin burn wounds infections, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Experimental: The antibacterial activity and MIC value determination were investigated by cup plate method and micro plate dilution method respectively. Results: All R. foetid extracts had inhibition activity on the growth of P. aeruginosa of which the aqueous and methanol extracts exhibited the strongest activities. Inhibition zone diameter and MIC values of the concentration of 125 mg/ml of both extracts were found to be somehow the same as those of the standard drug, Imipenem/Cilastatin (8/8 μg/ml). Recommended applications/industries: Results demonstrated that the plant is effective against the standard and pathogenic strains of P. aeruginosa and could be a potential source of effective natural antibacterial compounds to be applied in further phytochemical and invivo biological studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
366 - Study the ethno-veterinary of medicinal plants in Kerman province, Iran
عابد کوهپایه عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی محمد مهدی یزدان پناه راوری الهام پور محسنی نسب دل آرام ارجمندBackground & Aim: The aim of this research is investigation and familiarity with the important herbal drugs that have used for traditional curing of animal diseases in different areas of Kerman province, Iran. From a long time ago native farmers and tribes of differ MoreBackground & Aim: The aim of this research is investigation and familiarity with the important herbal drugs that have used for traditional curing of animal diseases in different areas of Kerman province, Iran. From a long time ago native farmers and tribes of different regions used the available natural herbs which existed in those regions to cure animal diseases in different areas of Kerman province. Experimental: In the present study, firstly the prepared questionnaires are used to gather information of traditional farmers and native tribes of the region regarding the use of herbs such as: when to use them, how to use them and the part of them which is used in the treatment of animal diseases and then the collection of natural herbs takes place by field search method. After that the collected herbs from different regions were dried and after the preparation of herbarium, they were transferred to Pharmacy School of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Results & Discussion: After investigation, 77 types of herbs were finally gathered from different areas of Kerman province which were used in the treatment of animal diseases by farmers and native tribes. The information related to each of these plants (when to use, how to use, and the part of the plant which is used) is recorded in the questionnaires. The identified herbs in traditional medicine are used as Ajuga chamaecistus in removing the lice and skin parasites in goat and sheep and Cercis siliquastrum in treatment of deep and infectious wound in livestock and Dendrosllera lessertii in treatment of colic and bloating in sheep in the treatment of different domestic animals. Industrial and practical recommendations: The results of this study showed that with respect to the rich amount of fluor in the province of Kerman from the herbal point of view and the long history of farming in this province, more studies in this area can pave the way for the production of new herbal medicines to cure animal diseases. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
367 - Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil from two Thymus species
امین هادی پناه مجتبی خرمیBackground & Aim: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the bacterial pathogens and the most important factor in hospitalized infections in human community. This bacterium is becoming resistance to chemical drugs quickly. Lots of countries are trying to find new compositi MoreBackground & Aim: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the bacterial pathogens and the most important factor in hospitalized infections in human community. This bacterium is becoming resistance to chemical drugs quickly. Lots of countries are trying to find new compositions as a suitable replacement for these antibiotics. The aim of this study was antibacterial activity and chemical composition of (Thymus vulgaris L.) and (Thymus daenensis Celak) cultivated in Iran. Experimental: The aerial parts of T. vulgaris and T. daenensis were collected from stages beginning of blooming set at Estahban (Fars province) in South Iran, during 2014.The essential oil was extracted by a Clevenger approach and analyzed using GC/MS. This essential oil was examined on S. aureus with different sensitivity levels to vancomycin, methicilin and oxacillin antibiotics. Results & Discussion: In T. vulgaris and T. daenensisoil, 28, 26 compounds were identified, respectively. The major constituents of the T. vulgaris oil were thymol (63.14%), p-cymene (9.45%), g-terpinene (8.67%) and carvacrol (3.14%).The major constituents of the T. daenensis oil were; thymol (71.2%), g-terpinene (8.81%), p-cymene (3.8%) and carvacrol (2.4%). According to these results, MIC and MBC of T. vulgaris and T. Daenensis oil on S. aureus were estimated 0.1 to 0.5 micro l/ml respectively. Industrial and practical recommendations: In conclusion, the results obtained in our study indicated that Thymus daenensis oil had a high suppressing and fatal effects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
368 - Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of the Essential Oil of Melissa officinalis L., Cultivated in Southwestern, Iran
هاله محمدپور عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی فاطمه ملک پور بهزاد حامدیBackground & Aim: Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) a valuable medicinal plant in herbal medicine is native to the eastern Mediterranean region and western Asia. It is a traditional herbal medicine, which enjoys contemporary usage as a mild sedative, spasmolytic a MoreBackground & Aim: Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) a valuable medicinal plant in herbal medicine is native to the eastern Mediterranean region and western Asia. It is a traditional herbal medicine, which enjoys contemporary usage as a mild sedative, spasmolytic and antibacterial agent. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of climate on quality and quantity of the essential oil of M. officinalis at Shahrekord climate, southwestern (Iran) and evaluate the antioxidant activity of the oil. Experimental: Plants were cultivated during 22-25th March 2016 in the greenhouse and transferred to the main site after three months (May), and finally harvested at the full flowering stage during August.Dried plant material (100 g) was powdered and subjected to hydro–distillation for three hours using a Clevenger–type apparatus. The hydrodistillated essential oil analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. The antioxidant activity was determined by using DPPH method. Results: Results indicated that the major essential oil constituents of M.officinalis L. were β-caryophyllene (23.06%), E-citral (17.61%), Z-citral (13.64%), and caryophyllene oxide (10.83%). The antioxidant activityof the essential oil showed moderate antioxidant activity (IC50=749.60 µg/g), that was lower compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Recommended applications/industries: This potential applicability can be used as antioxidant agents for food and pharmaceutical industries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
369 - Antimicrobial Activity of Salvia officinalis Acetone Extract against Pathogenic Isolates
قزلباش ق. ر پریشانی م. ر فویوانی م .حBackground & Aim: Salvia officinalis is known as a traditional medicine for several diseases in countries like Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, etc. In addition, S. officinalis has been subjected to several studies in a try to specify its medicinal effects. This study aims t MoreBackground & Aim: Salvia officinalis is known as a traditional medicine for several diseases in countries like Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, etc. In addition, S. officinalis has been subjected to several studies in a try to specify its medicinal effects. This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of this plant. The aim of the present research was to study antibacterial effects of S. officinalis on some bacteria. Experimental: Three solvent extracts (de-ionized distilled water, Acetone, and Ethanol) of the plant were investigated against Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus by using disc diffusion method. Results & Discussion: Ethanol extracts showed moderate antimicrobial effect, while acetone extracts showed the most powerful antimicrobial effect, especially acetone leaves extracts. However, the de-ionized distilled water extracts showed no antimicrobial activity against the bacteria tested. The results indicate the inhibitory effects of acetone extract of S. officinalis with MIC= 10 mg/ml for B. anthracis and MIC=30 mg/ml for S. aureus. Gram-negative microorganisms presented larger sensitivity for the extracts. As a result, organic solvent extracts (especially acetone leaves extracts) of this plant can be used as natural antimicrobial product. Results are in the aid of the fact as the polarity of the solvent decreases the antimicrobial compounds, and hence activity of the extracts, increases. Industrial and practical recommendations: Salvia officinalis extract can be used as ointment for wound treatment. Science this extract has activity against B. anthracis we can introduce a new drug for B. anthracis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
370 - Phytochemical characteristics variation of different populations of Tanacetum parthenium cultivated in Shahrekord climatic
راضیه عبدالهی ارجنکیBackground and aim: Tanacetum parthenium L. is herbaceous perennial medicinal plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. Feverfew is used as an analgesic, housing, fever-lowering, anti-rheumatism and migraines in traditional medicine. The most important active ingredient MoreBackground and aim: Tanacetum parthenium L. is herbaceous perennial medicinal plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. Feverfew is used as an analgesic, housing, fever-lowering, anti-rheumatism and migraines in traditional medicine. The most important active ingredient of the herb is essential oil. Variation on genetic and environmental conditions play a major role in the growth, development, quality and quantity of active ingredients of medicinal plants, so this study was conducted to evaluate the diversity of phytochemical characteristics of eight different populations of Tanacetum parthenium at 2014 in Shahrekord region, southwestern Iran. Material and methods: In this study, Tanacetum parthenium seeds were collected from eight regions of Iran. After preparing the seedlings in greenhouses at Research Center in Islamic Azad University of Shahrekord, the plantlets were transferred to the field of University in early April 2014. Aerial part of the plants were harvested at two stages (50% and 100%) of flowering. Hydro-distillated essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Results & Discussion: The highest essential oil yield was obtained from the Gilan population at 100% flowering and the lowest essential oil yield was obtained from the Ziarat population at 50% flowering. The results showed that the major compounds were camphor and bornyl acetate and the highest percentage of camphor was identified in the Shahrood population with 49.05% at fifty stage of flowering. Recommended applications / industries: According to essential oil yield and composition (especially comphor and bornyl acetate content) results indicated that two populations of Gilan and Shahrood are suitable to cultivate at Shahrekord climate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
371 - Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Salvia aethiopis L. on circulatory system of rat
مصطفی اسدبگی رویا کرمیان پریسا حسنین مسعود رنجبر رامتین پاکزادBackground & Aim: Free radicals play a crucial role in the development of tissue damage in various human diseases such as cancer, aging, neurodegenerative disease, malaria and arteriosclerosis, and pathological events in living organisms. Antioxidants may have an im MoreBackground & Aim: Free radicals play a crucial role in the development of tissue damage in various human diseases such as cancer, aging, neurodegenerative disease, malaria and arteriosclerosis, and pathological events in living organisms. Antioxidants may have an important role in the prevention of these diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate potency of scavenging of DPPH free radicals in the circulatory system of rats by the methanolic extracts of Salvia aethiopis. This species belongs to the genus Salvia of the family Lamiaceae, many species of which are valuable in food and medicine. Further studies will indicate whether this plant can be as a suitable candidate for pharmacological and industrial applications. Experimental: Ten female rats (200-250 g) were randomly selected and then divided in three groups. The rats were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical in methanol (3×10-4 M), 1 ml of methanolic extract of S. aethiopis (1 mg/ml) along with 0.5 ml of methanolic solution of DPPH and 1 ml of ascorbic acid along with 0.5 ml of methanolic solution of DPPH as positive control, respectively. The absorbance of DPPH solution in the blood serum of rats was measured by spectrophotometric method in 517 nm. Results & discussion: Decrease in absorbance of DPPH free radical (1.85 nm) in circulatory system of the rats in presence of ascorbic acid as positive control (1.07 nm) and S. aethiopis extract (0.78 nm) as sample. It can be concluded that the potency of free radical scavenging by the metabolic extract of S. aethiopis in circulatory system of the rats is more than that of ascorbic acid. Industrial and practical recommendations: The Results from present investigation showed that S. aethiopis extract can be used as a natural compound with a high antioxidant activity in future studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
372 - Evaluation of Cucurbita pepo L. fruit shell by proximate and mineral analyses
اولیفونسو آدینی آنه آدامBackground & Aim: The leaves, fruit pulp and seeds of Cucurbita pepo are widely consumed as vegetables, and as food additives. They are used as condiments in some part of the country and also for their medicinal properties. This study, however investigated the fruit MoreBackground & Aim: The leaves, fruit pulp and seeds of Cucurbita pepo are widely consumed as vegetables, and as food additives. They are used as condiments in some part of the country and also for their medicinal properties. This study, however investigated the fruit shell of Cucurbita pepo for its proximate and mineral composition using standard analytical methods. Experimental: The fruit shell was separated from the pulp and seeds, washed, dried and homogenized. Proximate composition was determined using standard procedures; the sample was later digested with concentrated nitric acid and perchloric acid for mineral analysis. Results: The proximate composition showed that the fruit shell is rich in carbohydrates (44.60±0.06%) and crude fiber (28.53±0.08%). Protein, ash, moisture and fat were also present in considerable amounts. Minerals such as Na, K, P, Cu, Mg, Fe, Ca and Mn were present at varying concentrations while Zn and Cr were not detected. Findings from this study which correlate with previous works show that C. pepo fruit shell is a natural repository of nutrients which play a range of important roles in different metabolisms of the body. Recommended applications/industries: The results showed that C. pepo fruit shell is nutritious and can be used in formulating feed for livestocks, hence its disposal should be discouraged. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
373 - Hepatoprotective Properties of Ethanol Seed Extract of Citrus paradisi Macfad (Grape Fruit) Against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Rats
گادویل جی اودوم اومونیی کا یمیتان امم ای اومو اچ. او. سی ماگوو اکمینی ای یوکپه پول اس. توماسBackground & Aim: The human body has the liver as one of its largest organs. It serves as the major site for metabolism and excretion. Injury to the liver or impairment of its functions may complicate one’s health and therefore, constitutes one of the serious MoreBackground & Aim: The human body has the liver as one of its largest organs. It serves as the major site for metabolism and excretion. Injury to the liver or impairment of its functions may complicate one’s health and therefore, constitutes one of the serious public health challenges. The ethanol seed extract of Citrus paradisi Macfad (CPE) was carried out to evaluate its protective usefulness on the liver against paracematol-induced liver injury. Experimental: Thirty adult male Wistar rats were randomly allotted to five groups (6/group) and orally-treated daily with 100 mg/kg body weight of silymarin (positive Control), 10 ml/kg body weight of distilled water (negative control) and CPE (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) body weight, respectively for 7 days. On the eighth day, all groups were administered 2 g/kg body weight of paracetamol. 24 h thereafter, animals were sacrificed under diethyl ether anesthesia and blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for biochemical and haematological investigations. Results: Compared to the negative control, extract (200 – 600 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.05)reduced the activities of ALP, ALT and AST dose-dependently. Extract significantly (p<0.05) elevated all blood parameters except for neutrophil differentials. Recommended applications/industries: Grapefruit seed extract possesses hepatoprotective potential and can be used as an antidote against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
374 - Recognition of Sulfur Compounds in Tissue Culture Different Organs of Persian Shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss) by GC/MS
مهتاب اصفهانی زاده حسین پور فروغ مرتضایی نژادBackground & Aim: Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss) with common name of "Musir" is one of the endemic medicinal plants in Iran. Leaves and bulbs with antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, anti-diabetes and anti-obesity effects are edible parts of this plan MoreBackground & Aim: Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss) with common name of "Musir" is one of the endemic medicinal plants in Iran. Leaves and bulbs with antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, anti-diabetes and anti-obesity effects are edible parts of this plant. The tissue culture is an influential method to multiply plant productions in order to meet demands of pharmacy and food industries. Therefore this article will focus on levels and structures of sulfur compounds in seeds, grassland bulbs and compare them with those of leaves, roots, bulbs and callus obtained from the tissue culture using the headspace- Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC/MS) method. Experimental: At the first of the study, seeds and stem-discs of grassland bulbs were cultured in MS media. After 90 days seeds, grassland bulbs, seed-leaves, seed-bulbs, leaves and roots of seed-bulbs, stem-disc bulbs, and callus of stem-discs analyzed by GC/MS-headspace method. Results & Discussion: The results of analysis showed the highest variety of sulfur compounds was in seed bulb roots, while lowest levels were found in seeds, seed bulb leaves and callus. And also the highest level of sulfur compounds was discovered in stem-disc bulbs (28.31%), seed bulb roots (18.61%) and grassland bulbs (6.23%). Industrial and practical recommendations: Our findings has been shown Persian shallot sulfur compounds have mono, di and tri sulfur in structures and the best source for these metabolites were roots and stem-disc bulbs producing by in vitro culture method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
375 - Mechanisms of non-enzymatic antioxidant defense system of different organs of Catharanthus roseus for protective of cell membrane
شاهین مردانی نژاد رمضانعلی خاوری نژاد سارا سعادتمند فرزانه نجفی پرویز آبرومند آذرBackground & Aim: When the level of free radicals is increased and also when both the enzymatic systems and low molecular antioxidants are not sufficient to protect the organism, it seems necessary to get antioxidants from external sources. This study aimed to evalu MoreBackground & Aim: When the level of free radicals is increased and also when both the enzymatic systems and low molecular antioxidants are not sufficient to protect the organism, it seems necessary to get antioxidants from external sources. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of different parts of Catharantus roseus Experimental: The antioxidant potential of ethanol extracts of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seed pods and seeds of C. roseus plant were measured based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation by ferric thiocyanate (FTC), and malondialdehyde inhibition by thiobarbituric acid method (TBA) against the standards: Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and ascorbic acid. Results & Discussion: The phenolic content in the root (61.61 ± 2.58 µg of gallic acid per mg of dried weight extract) according to Folin–Ciocalteu method were more than any other organs. In scavenging a half of DPPH• free radicals (IC50), the extract of root, seed, and leaf (238.9 ± 2.02, 253.78 ± 1.42, 277.95 ± 2.56 µg mL-1),respectively, had the best performance. In the inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, the root extract had the best inhibitory power after ascorbic acid and BHT, and the leaf and seed extract had the performance similar to BHA. The root (78.68 ± 0.54%), and seed (77.44 ± 0.66%) had the best performance in the inhibition of MDA compared with other extracts. Pearson correlation coefficients between the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of extracts were high and equal to -0.838, 0.895, and 0.740, respectively, according to DPPH, FTC and TBA methods. Industrial and practical recommendations: The results of this study can be promising in the potential of other applications of the plant organ especially in the inhibition of free radicals and lipids' peroxidation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
376 - A review on botany and ethnobotany of NepetabracteataBenth. grown in KhorasanRazavi province
هاجر ملتی محمد کافی فریدون ملتی فرزاد نجفیBackground & Aim: Nepetabracteata Benth is a medicinal plant belongs to the Lamiaceae family which wildly grows in Khorasan province. This herb is used by the indigenous people as afolkloric medicine in Khorasan. This paper aimed to study the situation and applicati MoreBackground & Aim: Nepetabracteata Benth is a medicinal plant belongs to the Lamiaceae family which wildly grows in Khorasan province. This herb is used by the indigenous people as afolkloric medicine in Khorasan. This paper aimed to study the situation and application of this plant in traditional medicine of Khorasan province. Experimental: Current study was done by questionnaire and interview with apothecaries andvillagers living near the natural habitats of N.bracteatain spring to summer 2012. Results & Discussion: Results of this study indicated that the aerial parts, especially the flowers of N.bracteata are used by the indigenous people for treatmentof many diseases, including asthma, cold, headache, and stress. In addition, this herb has used as a sedative. The flowers of N.bracteataare used for treatment of respiratorydiseases, including asthma, lungspasms, seasonalallergies, and coughsdue tocold, chesttightnessorcongestion, wheezing, chronic inflammation of the respiratory tracts, tonsillar infection, even lung cancer, neurological disease, stress,digestivediseases including stomachache, colic, stomachandintestinal infections, and forremoving body weakness and strengthening theimmune system, preventing fromhair loss and relievingmenstrualirregularity. The most common preparation methods are brewing, boiling and distillation. Recommended applications/industries: This paper having investigated the native and traditional usages of N.bracteata which can provide valuable research fields for researchers to remove disambiguation about using this plant and provide its widespread domestication and utilization field based on native knowledge and modern technologies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
377 - Comparison effect of ethanolic seed extract of Melia Azedarach L. (Meliaceae) against two Aphid species
الهام سالاری کمال احمدی رضا زمانی ده یعقوبیBackground & Aim: Aphids are of serious pests and vectors of multitude of viral diseases of field crops, vegetables, ‎and greenhouse crops. They have displayed a remarkable ability to establish resistance to ‎almost every insecticide with which it has been t MoreBackground & Aim: Aphids are of serious pests and vectors of multitude of viral diseases of field crops, vegetables, ‎and greenhouse crops. They have displayed a remarkable ability to establish resistance to ‎almost every insecticide with which it has been treated. To reduce the damage of these pests ‎and dependence on the sometimes unwise use of synthetic pesticides in crop and vegetable ‎plantations, the toxicity of ethanolic seed extract of Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) was ‎assayed against 3-4 days-old individuals of Aphis gossypii Glover and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) ‎‎(Hemiptera: Aphididae).‎Experimental: In this study, M. azedarach L. seeds were collected from Kerman, Iran. They were milled and ‎powdered and extracted with ethanol (95%) solvent. All experiments with different ‎concentrations were conducted by topical test bioassay in laboratory. The treated aphids were ‎reared at 25±1 °C temperature, relative humidity of 60±10 % and 16 hours of artificial light at ‎an intensity of about 4000 lux. Ethanol (95%) was used as control treatments. ‎Results & Discussion: The results indicated that in the concentration 60 µl/ml, the mortality of A. gossypii treatment ‎after 24 h was 95% and it was significantly higher than M. persicae treatment (p<0.005). ‎Also the LC50 of ethanol seed extracts of M. azedarach for A. gossypii and M. persicae after ‎‎24 hr was 13.7 and 15.0 µl/ml, respectively. ‎ It is concluded that the ethanolic seed extract ‎of M. azedarach may be applicable as a safe insecticide to aphid's control in IPM programs . Industrial and Practical Recommendations: According to this research, ethanolic seed extract of Melia azedarach L has good pesticide effects and can be used as a low-risk pesticide for controlling aphids in IPM. Due to the less destructive effects of herbal pesticides on humans and environment than chemical ones, these compositions can be recommended as a low-risk pesticide or as a model for making new pesticides for eradicating the pests. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
378 - Cytotoxic Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract from Satureja bachtiarica Bunge on Hela Cancer Cells Line
آناهیتا اروند شوشتر حسین سازگار عبداله قاسمی پیربلوطیBackground & Aim:Cervical cancer is the most common female genital cancer and the second most common cancer in women in the world. Since the herbal ingredients have been used for centuries to treat cancer, purpose of the present study was to determine the cytotox MoreBackground & Aim:Cervical cancer is the most common female genital cancer and the second most common cancer in women in the world. Since the herbal ingredients have been used for centuries to treat cancer, purpose of the present study was to determine the cytotoxic effect of hydroalcoholic extract from Satureja bachtiarica Bungeon Hela cancer cells line. Experimental: Hela cells line and natural fibroblast cells line were cultured in RPMI 1640 and DMEM Containing fetal bovine serum and antibiotics, respectively. The cells were exposed to different doses of hydroalcoholic extract of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge (0.156, 0.312, 0.625, 1.25, and 2.5 mg/ml) and were incubated for 24, 48 and 72 hr, respectively. After the incubation period, the modified MTT colorimetric test was used in order to determine cell toxicity of the extract. Results: The results of MTT test Showed that hydroalcoholic extract of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge has dose-dependent anti-cancer effect on Hela cancer cells, so that by increasing the concentration of extract and incubation in 72h, the most percentage of cell death was observed (p < 0.05). The extract of plant didn’t show any significant cytotoxicity on natural fibroblast cell line. Therefore, it seems that its compounds will be applied in treating cancer through more researches. Recommended applications/industries: Considering the low side effects of herbal medicines, especially antioxidants including Satureja bachtiarica Bunge can be used to treat cancer with drug therapy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
379 - Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria enhance oil content and physiological status of Thymus daenensis Celak. under drought stress
علی عبداللهی محمد فیضیان غزاله مهدی پوریانBackground & Aim:Currently, the use of beneficial microorganisms with the hope to reduce the adverse effects of drought has been the focus of attention. In present study, the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and drought stress on essential oil MoreBackground & Aim:Currently, the use of beneficial microorganisms with the hope to reduce the adverse effects of drought has been the focus of attention. In present study, the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and drought stress on essential oil (EO) and physiological status of Thymus daenensis Celak, were investigated. Experimental: The experiment was arranged as a factorial pattern in a randomized complete design with three replications. Factors were four irrigation regimes included: well-watered (A: absence of stress), irrigation after depletion of 20-25% of field capacity (L: low stress), irrigation after depletion of the 35-40% of field capacity (M: mild stress) and irrigation after depletion of the 55-60% of field capacity (S: severe stress). Also, two PGPR treatments, non-inoculation (C: control) and inoculation with PGPR were conducted. Results:The results showed that drought stress reduced root and shoot dry weight, relative water content, photosynthetic pigments and gas change parameters but PGPR inoculation improved all of them. Proline, malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage and stomatal resistance increased with increasing water stress, but PGPR inoculation ameliorate these increases in corresponding treatments. PGPR inoculation increased essential oil production although this increase was not statistically significant but water stress decreased it.Recommended applications/industries:The results suggest that PGPR inoculation could be an excellent strategy to alleviate adverse effects of water stress in Thymus daenensis cultivation in drought stress conditions. Therefore, farmers in semiarid regions could produce T. daenensis by using of PGPR at low water stress for the highest economic amount of extracted essential oil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
380 - Antidepressant activity of methanol stem bark extract of Ficus platyphylla Del (Moraceae) in mice
شیهو آیشاتو نبارا اومی ماگاجی محمد گاربا یو جمیلو احمد ابوبکرBackground &Aim: Depression is a heterogeneous mood disorder affecting both people in developing and developed countries. The drugs used in its management are associated with adverse effects and delayed response which compromise their therapeutic benefits. This make MoreBackground &Aim: Depression is a heterogeneous mood disorder affecting both people in developing and developed countries. The drugs used in its management are associated with adverse effects and delayed response which compromise their therapeutic benefits. This makes it worthwhile to look for antidepressants plants with proven advantage and favourable benefit-to-risk ratio. Ficusplatyphylla is used traditionally in West Africa for the management of mental illnesses.The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidepressant potential of the methanol stem bark extract of F.platyphylla. Experimental: Thin layer chromatographic finger prints of the extract was established. The oral median lethal dose of the extract was estimated using OECD 420 guidelines. Antidepressant activity of the extract at doses of 125-500 mg/kg was evaluated using tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST). The Effects of the extract on motor co-ordination deficit and locomotion were evaluated using beam walking assay (BWA) and open field test (OFT) respectively. Results and Discussion: The chromatographic profile suggested the presence of steroids, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins. The LD50 was found to be ≥2000 mg/kg orally. The extract significantly (p<0.01) and dose dependently (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) decrease the duration immobility in the TST and FST. There is no significant increase in the number of lines crossed and on the number of foot slips in the OFT and BWA respectively. Industrial and Practical recommendations: The methanol stem bark extract of F.platyphylla possesses antidepressant activity. The phytoconstituents found present in the plant assumed to be responsible for the activity can be characterized and isolated to serve as lead compounds in the treatment of depression. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
381 - Chemical compositions of the essential oil of Gundelia tournefortii L. (Asteraceae) from Central Zagros, Iran
حمیدرضا فرهنگ محمدرضا وهابی علیرضا علافچیانBackground & Aim: Gundelia tournefortii L. (Tumbleweed) has been identified as one of the well-known and widely distributed plants with various applications in some of Asian and North African countries. It belongs to the (Asteraceae) family and grows in the Middle E MoreBackground & Aim: Gundelia tournefortii L. (Tumbleweed) has been identified as one of the well-known and widely distributed plants with various applications in some of Asian and North African countries. It belongs to the (Asteraceae) family and grows in the Middle East particularly in the temperate, mountainous and semi desert areas of countries such as Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Jordan, Syria, Egypt, Turkmenistan and some regions of Azerbaijan and Armenia. The aim of this study was to identify of the chemical components of G.Tournefortii L. in some of its habitats into Central Zagros area, Iran. Experimental: In this regard, G. tournefortii L. was collected from some of its natural habitats in the mentioned area and air dried. The essential oil of the plant was isolated by hydro-distillation with a yield of 0.8 % (v/w). Also, the chemical compositions of volatile oil were analyzed using GC-MS. Results & Discussion: The results indicated that major components were palmitic acid (12.48 %), lauric acid (10.59 %), alpha ionene (6.68 %), myristic acid (4.45 %), 1-hexadecanol, 2-methyl (3.61 %), phytol (3.6 %), and beta turmerone (3.4 %). Industrial and practical recommendations: Gundelia tournefortii L. is known as a plants with many therapeutic properties especially in traditional and contemporary medicine in the world. Also, this plant has a useful nutritional solute such as potassium and calcium. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
382 - Seed germination and growth improvement in Heracleum persicum Desf. by osmo-primming
فاطمه چراغی سهراب محمودی مجید جامی الاحمدی سهیل پارساBackground & Aim: Because of seed germination ability of medicinal plants seed is low and, generally exposed to problem. Priming is one of the techniques that help seeds to be germinated faster and uniformly.Experimental: A laboratory experiment was carried out on g MoreBackground & Aim: Because of seed germination ability of medicinal plants seed is low and, generally exposed to problem. Priming is one of the techniques that help seeds to be germinated faster and uniformly.Experimental: A laboratory experiment was carried out on germination and growth improvement in Heracleum persicum Desf. by seed osmo-primming in Seed Technology Laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture in Birjand University, Iran. Statistical design was factorial RCBD with three replications. Factors were priming media (Polyethylen glycol 6000 (PEG), KNO3 and CaCl2), osmotic potential of solution (-0.5, -1 and -1.5 MPa) and time of treatment (12 and 24 h).Results & Discussion: The results showed that priming media had significant effect on all of evaluated characteristics. Germination rate significantly was affected by osmotic potential of solutions. Time of treatment was also effective on germination rate and MGT. However, CaCl2 in 24h and -0.5 MPa, PEG in 24h and -1 MPa, PEG in 12h and -1.5 MPa and KNO3 in 24h and -1 Mpa were best treatments in germination percentage and rate, seedling vigor index and MGT respectively. Therefore, suitable priming treatments are able to improve germination traits in Heracleum persicum.Industrial and Practical Recommendations: The findings showed that priming leads to increasing the traits of blossoming in hogweed. Since cumarin is used in various industries and its seed is week in blossoming, using priming can be helpful for blossoming and fixating of this plant and can be increase the production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
383 - The Comparison of intravenous and oral administration of anise plant on BALB/c mice with listeriosis
امین هاشم پور محمد حسین صادقی زالی صابر یوسفیBackground & Aim:Anise studies have demonstrated different properties such as anti-cancer, anti-fungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, strengthen the liver, gastrointestinal tract, wounds heal and strengthen the nerve cells. Outbreaks of listeriosis in the general p MoreBackground & Aim:Anise studies have demonstrated different properties such as anti-cancer, anti-fungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, strengthen the liver, gastrointestinal tract, wounds heal and strengthen the nerve cells. Outbreaks of listeriosis in the general population are 7.0 per 100,000 populations. Pregnant women, infants, the elderly and immunocompromised patients or those weaknesses comprise most cases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of intravenous and oral administration of anise herb to BALB/c race of mice with listeriosis. Experimental: 2 units of listeria monocytogenes were prepared in 0.5 Mc Farland concentrations and injected to BALB/c trace mouse intraperitoneal. Before and after treatment, the mice were examined for agglutination test.Results: The results of this study indicated that the effect of oral treatment with aqueous extract is better than injection of essential oil of anise. Recommended applications/industries: According to results of the present study, anise aqueous extract was recommended as a potential antibacterial agent against listeria monocytogenes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
384 - Phytochemical diversity on essential oils from Myrtus communis leaves of different populations collected from Fars and Kohkeloyeh va Boyerahmad provinces
لیلا مهرآور غلامرضا باژیان عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی مجتبی جعفرنیاBackground & Aim: Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.), is an important medicinal plant that is used for pharmacological uses and conservation of environments (for example preventing the soil erosion) regards to its specific condition habitat. Experimental: In this research, MoreBackground & Aim: Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.), is an important medicinal plant that is used for pharmacological uses and conservation of environments (for example preventing the soil erosion) regards to its specific condition habitat. Experimental: In this research, phytochemical variations of the essential oils from different populations of myrtle collected from Fars (Saydan, Cheshme-Ali, and Simakan), and Kohkeloyeh va Boyerahmad (Dehdasht and Gachsaran) provinces using GC-MS were analyzed. Results & Discussion: Results of GC/MS analysis indicated that α–pinene, 1,8–cineole, linalool, linalyl acetate, α–terpineol, and linalool oxide were the main components in the essential oils from all populations. The essential oils from the leaves of myrtle were characterized by high levels of oxygenated monoterpenes, hydrocarbon monoterpenes, phenylpropanoids and sesquiterpenes. Monoterpenes were the main constituents of the essential oil of the leaves of the collected plants. Cluster analysis based on Euclidean distance square by UPGMA method classified the samples into three groups. In this classification, samples referred to the Gachsaran and Dehdasht populations (Kohkeloyeh va Boyerahmad province), and the Saydan population (Fars province) were at the same group. Recommended applications/industries: Results indicated the main source of variability in chemical composition and oil yield of the studied populations seemed to be due to differences in environmental conditions and chemotypes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
385 - A systematic review of clinical trials examining the effectiveness of Unani drugs on skin diseases
موشیر انصاری نسرین جهان عبید علی تنزیل احمدBackground & Aim:Throughout the past three decades, scientific attention has been increased in examining Unani drugs for a potential therapeutic or preventive agent in the management of a number of health disorders in general and skin disorder in particular. The pur MoreBackground & Aim:Throughout the past three decades, scientific attention has been increased in examining Unani drugs for a potential therapeutic or preventive agent in the management of a number of health disorders in general and skin disorder in particular. The purpose of this systematic review is to analyze and categorize the current state of scientific evidence from clinical studies regarding the efficacy of Unani drugs in skin diseases. Experimental:Electronic and non-electronic systematic searches were carried out to identify all relevant clinical research on Unani drugs. Reference lists of articles that met the inclusion criteria were searched. Only studies reported in English were reviewed. Studies on single Unani drugs and compound formulations in various skin diseases were included, in accordance with the PRISMA statement that included studies must measure a physiological and/or a behavioral outcome. Results:The studies that met our inclusion criteria are effects of Unani drugs on Acne (n=5), Melasma (n=2), Pityriasis (n=1), Vitiligo (n=2), Urticaria (n=2), Ring worm (n=2), Psoriasis (n= 3), Eczema (n = 2), and Scabies (n = 1). The data from these studies support the efficacy of Unani drugs as compared to placebo and standard drugs in improving Acne, Melasma, Pityriasis, Vitiligo, Urticaria, Ring worm, Psoriasis, Eczema and Scabies. Recommended applications/industries:Findings from initial clinical trials suggest that Unani drugs may improve the clinical manifestations of skin diseases. However, larger multi-site clinical trials are needed to extend these preliminary findings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
386 - Comparative analysis of chemical composition of Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds
احمدرضا گلپرور امین هادی پناه محمدمهدی قیصری سعید صالحی رضا خلیلی اذر امید قاسمیBackground & Aim:Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds is an aromatic perennial herb that belongs to the family Lamiaceae. The aim of this study was to identify chemical composition of aerial parts (including leaf, stem and flowers) of M. longifolia collected from (Kamu mo MoreBackground & Aim:Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds is an aromatic perennial herb that belongs to the family Lamiaceae. The aim of this study was to identify chemical composition of aerial parts (including leaf, stem and flowers) of M. longifolia collected from (Kamu mountain) Isfahan province. Experimental: The essential oils were extracted using the hydrodistillation method and analysed by GC-MS. Results: The essential oil yields obtained from the aerial parts of M. Longifolia were1.34, 0.76 and 0.97 ml/100 g dry matter in leaf, stem and flowers, respectively. Results indicated significant differences (p < 0.01) among the aerial parts for the main constituents in the essential oil. The major constituents of the leaf oil were 1,8-cineole (37.16%), piperitenone oxide (18.97%), sabinene (13.94%), α-pinene (8.92%) and pulegone (6.14%). The major constituents of the stem oil were 1,8-cineole (36.81%), pulegone (18.61%), piperitenone oxide (12.21%), sabinene (7.05%) and the major constituents of the flower oil were piperitenone oxide (37.67%), 1,8-cineole (23.02%), sabinene (13.56%) and α-pinene (10.45%).Recommended applications/industries: Differences in the volatile composition of the plant material could be attributed to the growth and cultivation conditions of the plant, to the methods of extraction and to the harvesting time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
387 - Study of qualitative characteristics of saffron cultivated in different regions of Iran
نسیبه شریفی محمد حجت الاسلامی مریم جعفریBackground & Aim: Saffron is one of the expensive spices known since antiquity for its color, flavor and medicinal properties. Saffron is the dried stigma of crocus sativus plant. The three basic components of the stigma on which the qualitative characteristics of S MoreBackground & Aim: Saffron is one of the expensive spices known since antiquity for its color, flavor and medicinal properties. Saffron is the dried stigma of crocus sativus plant. The three basic components of the stigma on which the qualitative characteristics of Saffron depend are crocin (color), picrocrocin (taste), and safranal (aroma). The quality of saffron is a function of climatic conditions, soil type, as well as method of drying, packaging, and storage. Experimental: In this research, the saffron growing in different regions of Iran including Kerman, Shiraz, Arak, Natanz, Ghaen, Shahrekord, and Dolatabad has been studied with regard to its humidity, ash, phenolic compounds, crocin, safranal, and picrocrocin for its classification. Results & Discussion: The saffron of Shiraz and that of Kerman showed the maximum and minimum amount for ash with a value of 8.02% and 5.38%, respectively. With a view to moisture content, Natanz and Shahrekord saffron showed the highest and the lowest moisture content with a value of 11.97% and 9.7%, respectively. The phenolic compounds were determined by spectrophotometry and ranged from 17.43 mg gallic acid/g dry weight of saffron in Kerman sample to 8.87mg gallic acid/g dry weight in Dolatabad saffron. The highest level of safranal, crocin, and picrocrocin belonged to Shahrekord, Dolatabad, and Shahrekord saffron with a rate of 84.43, 234.4 and 38.4 (strength/ g dry matter) based on the most absorption over three wavelengths of 257, 440, and 330nm, respectively. Industrial and practical recommendations: With regard to variable applications of saffron as flavoring and coloring in food industry, the results of this study can be used for appropriate usage of saffron cultivated in different regions according to their specifications. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
388 - Comparison of Two Spectrophotometric Methods for Quantifying Total Hydroxycinnamic Acids in Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) Preparations
حسین مهدوی محمد رضا نادری محمدحسین اسماعیلیBackground & Aim: Hydroxycinnamic acids are one of the most important bioactive substances of Echinacea drugs. These compounds possess immuno-enhancing activity and thus, total hydroxycinnamic acids are mostly used as the main criterion for quality control of Echina MoreBackground & Aim: Hydroxycinnamic acids are one of the most important bioactive substances of Echinacea drugs. These compounds possess immuno-enhancing activity and thus, total hydroxycinnamic acids are mostly used as the main criterion for quality control of Echinacea purpurea and its drugs. Hence, the quality control of Echinacea requires to developing the reliable methods which are simple and also have a suitable accuracy in measuring total hydroxycinnamic acids.The current study was performed in order to sets a simple method for quantifying total hydroxycinnamic acids of Echinacea and then, comparison of this method which named as the AlCl3 method with the method of European pharmacopoeia (EP). Experimental: Total hydroxycinnamic acids of 10 coneflower samples were determined using AlCl3 and EP methods and the amounts obtained by these two methods, were compared using statistical criterion. Results: Accuracy of AlCl3 method in measuring total hydroxycinnamic acids of Echinacea was not suitable, as the relative difference between amounts measured by this method and those measured by EP method was 50-130%. Comparison of this method with EP method indicated that performance of AlCl3 method for quantifying total hydroxycinnamic acids of Echinacea drugs was very poor and low value of willmott index of agreement (d= 0.53) and high value of relative error (RE= 0.83) were obtained. Recommended applications/industries: Due to non-selective reaction of Al(III) with hydroxycinnamic acids, the AlCl3 method is not suitable for measuring the total hydroxycinnamic acids of Echinacea and its preparations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
389 - Effects of Melia azedarach L. and Peganum harmala L. extracts on nymphal and pupal developmental duration of Trialeurodes vaporariorum
مهسا دهقانی کمال احمدیBackground & Aim: The plants of the greenhouse have been affected by infestation of the pest Trialeurodes vaporariorum, called greenhouse whitefly, which markedly reduced production. Synthetic insecticides have been widely developed and, their extensive use has brou MoreBackground & Aim: The plants of the greenhouse have been affected by infestation of the pest Trialeurodes vaporariorum, called greenhouse whitefly, which markedly reduced production. Synthetic insecticides have been widely developed and, their extensive use has brought about disadvantages, like environmental disturbance, pest resistance, lethal effects on non target organisms and toxicity to users and consumers. One alternative for control this invasive pest is the use of natural insecticides, active component isolated from the plants. Green insecticides tend to have broad spectrum activity relatively specific in their mode of action and easy to process and use. The effects of methanolic extracts of Melia azedarach L. and Peganum harmala L. on nymphal and pupal developmental duration of T. vaporariorum investigated under laboratory condition.Experimental: In both of the experiments, the leaf discs of bean plants with new hatched nymphs or pupae were placed into the round plastic petri-dishes (5 cm diameter) that filled with agar gel. The individuals of the nymph and pupa instars were treated with the concentration of M. azedarach and P. harmala extracts (80 mg/ml). In control group, water distilled was applied.Results & Discussion: The results indicate that the both methannolic extracts significantly increased nymphal developmental duration as compared to control. While, there was no significantly difference on pupal developmental duration in different treatments. The effect of plant extracts on nymphal developmental duration could be controlled on population dynamic of T. vaporariorum. Also, they could be delayed immature stages of greenhouse whitefly. Moreover, botanical pesticides appear to have potential as a good organic insecticide and provide for pest control an alternative to currently used pesticides.Industrial and Practical Recommendations: According to this experiment, substituting conventional pesticides with methanol extracts of M. azedarach and P. harmala are an attractive prospect. However, formulating the plant extract is essential for commercial use of the botanical extracts. Therefore, scientific studies on tech-biochemistry of the extract are necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
390 - Effect of the extract of Hypericum perforatum on digestive organs morphometry in Wistar rats
مریم مدحج صالح طباطبایی وکیلی محسن ساری محسن ساری اسرافیل منصوریBackground & Aim: St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) contains hypericin and hyperforin as the main components of the extract that binds with GABA and sigma opioid receptors. This herb has many pharmacological effects, including analgesic, sedative, soothing, a MoreBackground & Aim: St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) contains hypericin and hyperforin as the main components of the extract that binds with GABA and sigma opioid receptors. This herb has many pharmacological effects, including analgesic, sedative, soothing, antispasmodic, anticonvulsant, anti-depressant, and anti-bacteria. In this study examined the effect of two concentrations of Hypericum perforatum extract on digestive organs morphometric in male Wistar rats. Experimental: Among the 54 rats tested with six repetitions, effect of Hypericum perforatum extract was assessed in three groups. Experimental treatments were control (receiving water), groups two and three that received Hypericum perforatum extract (250 and 500 mg /kg.bw) respectively. Rats were treated with Hypericum perforatum for 03days, through the Gavage method Results & Discussion: Results indicated that big intestine weight in the 250 mg/kg.bw Hypericum perforatum treatment significantly was more than the control group (p ≤ 0.05), and also the length of big intestine was taller in 250 and 500 mg/kg.bw treatments than control group (p ≤ 0.05). Recommended application: According to results, the extract of Hypericum perforatum can use for weight increasing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
391 - Anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extract of Solanum anomalum
جود اکوکون کوفره دیویز لوییس آمازو امام یوموهBackground & Aim: Solanum anomalum Thonn. ex Schumach. (familySolanaceae) is a shrub growing up to 2 metres tall. The edible fruits are gathered from the wild and consumed locally and the leaves are used locally in the treatment of various diseases. Evaluation of an MoreBackground & Aim: Solanum anomalum Thonn. ex Schumach. (familySolanaceae) is a shrub growing up to 2 metres tall. The edible fruits are gathered from the wild and consumed locally and the leaves are used locally in the treatment of various diseases. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extract of Solanum anomalum was carried out to ascertain its uses in traditional medicine. Experimental: The crude leaf extract (70 – 210 mg/kg) of Solanum anomalum was investigated for anti-inflammatory activity using various experimental models; carragenin, egg albumin and xylene induced oedema. Results: The extract (70 -210 mg/kg) caused a significant (p Recommended applications/industries: The plant, Breynia nivosa, possesses antiinflammatory property which can be exploited in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
392 - Antibacterial, Antifungal Properties and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Satureja hortensis L. and Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad
احمدرضا گلپرور محمد مهدی قیصری امین هادی پناه مجتبی خرمیBackground & Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial, antifungal properties and chemical composition screening of essential oils of Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad and Satureja hortensis L. Experimental: For determination of antibacterial and an MoreBackground & Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial, antifungal properties and chemical composition screening of essential oils of Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad and Satureja hortensis L. Experimental: For determination of antibacterial and antifungal activity of these essential oils, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were targeted, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of each essential oil were determined individually. Also, chemical composition of essential oils was identified and characterized by gas chromatography armed by mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results: The total of 22 and 21 compounds were identified in the essential oils of aerial parts of S. hortensis and S. khuzestanica, respectively. The major components of S. hortensis essence were carvacrol (56.36%), γ-terpinene (24.75%), p-cymene (5.81%) and the major constituents of S. khuzestanica essence was reported carvacrol (69.62%), γ-terpinene (9.25%) and p-cymene (8.36%). The obtained results showed the antibacterial and antifungal activity of both extracted essential oils against the tested pathogens. The MIC and MBC of S. hortensis and S. khuzistanica essential oils against S. aureus were determined 0.1 and 0.5 μl/ml, and 0.1 and 0.2 μl/ml against C. albicans, respectively. Recommended applications/industries: The results showed that S.hortensis oil had higher antimicrobial activity compare to S. khuzistanica. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
393 - Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Acorus calamus L. accessions from different altitudes of Uttarakhand Himalayas
آرکانا پارکی پینکی کوبی ام پراکاش راوندرا کومار آنیل پانتBackground & Aim: Acorus calamus L. (Araceae) is an herb traditionally used in Indian and Chinees system of medicine. It is a perennial herb with long, cylindrical scented rhizomes which are creeping and extensively branched with the thickness up to 2.5 cm. The rhiz MoreBackground & Aim: Acorus calamus L. (Araceae) is an herb traditionally used in Indian and Chinees system of medicine. It is a perennial herb with long, cylindrical scented rhizomes which are creeping and extensively branched with the thickness up to 2.5 cm. The rhizomes are whitish internally and brownish externally in appearance. It is vernacularly known as Bach in India. The present investigation reveals the phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of the rhizome and leaves methanolic extracts of A calamus from three different altitudes of Uttarakhand. Experimental: The extracts compositions of Acorus calamus rhizomes and leaves collected from three different altitudes of Uttarakhand Himalayas, India. The yield of extracts ranged from 0.3- 4.8% w/v, were analyzed by GC/MS and in-vitro antioxidant assay were done by different methods. Results: Over 65 contributing 80.90-90.55 % in different extracts among all the accessions were identified. The major compounds identified were β-asarone (44.9-51.9%), shyobunone (1.1%- 5.3%), Z-methyl isoeugenol (0.1%-2.4%), leinoleic acid (6.4%-18.9%), α-asarone(0.1%-4.6%) and Z-isoelemicin (2.2%-15.8%). The amount of phenolics in rhizome extracts, ranged from 4.10 mg-4.80 mg GAE/g respectively, whereas in leaf extracts the amounts were 2.40-3.26mg GAE/g respectively.All the extracts exhibited good in vitro antioxidant activity with the IC50 values ranging from 0.3- 4.8 % w/v determined by different methods compared to standard antioxidant. Recommended applications/industries: Based on above observations it can be inferred that the herb may be a good source of bioactive compounds and can work as an antioxidant to prevent the oxidative deteriorative activity of food materials beside generation of database for its scientific and judicious in-situ exploitation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
394 - Effects of essential oils of Thymus deanensis and Satureja bachtiarica on plasma lipoproteins in rats feeding with a fatty diet
مهرنوش نظری رامش منجمی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی محسن جعفریان دهکردی مجید ریاحی دهکردیBackground & Aim: Hyper lipidemy is one of the main factors in progressing cardiovascular diseases. Thymus deanensis celak and Satureja bachtiarica Bunge are medicinal herbs which are used in folklore medicine in Iran. In this research, hypolipidemic effects of esse MoreBackground & Aim: Hyper lipidemy is one of the main factors in progressing cardiovascular diseases. Thymus deanensis celak and Satureja bachtiarica Bunge are medicinal herbs which are used in folklore medicine in Iran. In this research, hypolipidemic effects of essential oils of these herbs in rats fed with a fatty diet were investigated. Experimental: 40 male and femade adult rats (20 rats in each group) with 190 - 220 g weight were divided to five groups randomly (8 rats in each group). Experimental groups were 1) control, 2) control + fatty ration, 3) standard drug () + fatty ration, 4) T. deanensis (200 mg/kg) + fatty ration, and 5) S. bachtiarica (200 mg/kg) + fatty ration. At one week after starting special dietary ration, animal treated by the essential oils for three weeks. In final, serum and plasma were separated for measuring lipids and doing the other biochemical experiments. Results & Discussion: Results indicated that the essential oil of T. deanensis in rats fed with fatty dietary ration decreased level of low density lipoproteins (LDL) significantly (p ≤ 0.05). There was a significant difference in amount of triglycerides of blood serum in rats (p ≤ 0.05), The lowest and highest amounts of triglycerides obtained from T. deanensis and control + fatty ration groups, respectively. Recommended applications/industries: Results indicated the essential oil of T. deanensis had hypolipidemic effect in rats fed with a fatty diet. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
395 - Effect of harvest times on quantity (morphological) and quality characteristics of Thymus daenensis Celak. in Isfahan
احمدرضا گل پرور عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی حسین زینلی امین هادی پناهBackground & Aim: Deanaie thyme (Thymus daenensis Celak.), a member of the Lamiaceae family. Thymus in one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants that was used in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics hygienic industries in most of developed countries. Recent MoreBackground & Aim: Deanaie thyme (Thymus daenensis Celak.), a member of the Lamiaceae family. Thymus in one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants that was used in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics hygienic industries in most of developed countries. Recent studies have showed that thyme have strong antibacterial, antifungal, spasmolytic and antioxidant activities.Experimental: This experiment was done in a random block design with three replications conducted in field of Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan (Isfahan) 2010. Treatment phonological stages such as: before flowering stage; at beginning of flowering stage; 50% flowering stage; at full flowering stage and at fruit set stageResults & Discussion: The results obtained in our study, showed that effects phonological stages had very significant effect (p<0.01) on plant height, diameter, fresh and dry herb weight and thymol percentage. The highest plant height (31.83 cm) and highest plant diameter (38.50 cm) were at the fruit set stage. The highest fresh herb weight (10621 kg/ha) and the highest dry herb weight (4243 kg/ha) was at the fruit set stage. The lowest Fresh herb weight (5545 kg/ha) and the lowest dry herb weight (2035 kg/ha) was at the before flowering stage. The highest essential oil content (1.41%) was extracted at the 50% flowering stage. The highest thymol content (84.1%) was extracted at the before flowering stage.Industrial and Practical Recommendations: According to the findings of this research, the fruit set stage can be introduce as a the most appropriate time of harvesting for gaining the highest function of wet and dry Thymus daenensis, but for achieving to highest rate of thymol , the flowering stage can be recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
396 - Antioxidant activity of essential oil of Heracleum lasiopetalum fruits on chemical properties of potato chips
لیلا صداقت بروجنی محمد حجت الاسلامی جواد کرامت عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطیBackground & Aim: Chemicals antioxidants and lipid oxidation products are known as cancer-causing factors in food systems. In this study, the effect of essential oil from Heracleum lasiopetalum fruits on lipid oxidation and physicochemical properties of potato chips MoreBackground & Aim: Chemicals antioxidants and lipid oxidation products are known as cancer-causing factors in food systems. In this study, the effect of essential oil from Heracleum lasiopetalum fruits on lipid oxidation and physicochemical properties of potato chips in comparison with commercial antioxidant has been investigated. Experimental: The essential oil of H. lasiopetalum extracted using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and analyzed by GC/MS. The essential oil was added to the frying oil of potato chips in concentration level 3000 ppm, and its antioxidant effect on produced chips was analyzed by peroxide value, TBA and acidity of the essential oils from potato chips. BHA and TBHQ were added as the commercial antioxidant in 200 ppm and antioxidant reduction evaluated in 45 days period. Results & Discussion: Results indicated the essential oil of H. lasiopetalum fruits could reduce oxidation of potato chips the same as synthetic antioxidants. TBA test indicated the essential oil of H. lasiopetalum is higher effective than BHA in reduction of the primary TBA reaction but TBHQ is the lowest. Recommended applications/industries: The essential oil of H. lasiopetalum had antioxidant effect which it can use as natural antioxidant in foods during storage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
397 - Evaluation of antibacterialic activity of methanol extracts of Francoeuria Undulata in two harvest times on several aerobic bacteria causing vaginal infections
لیلا فیروزیان لیلا امجد منیر دودیBackground & Aim:Vaginal disease has always been a great concern of women. Medicinal plants as natural resources with fewer side effects can effectively treat these infections given the diversity of these infections, resistance to antibiotics and side effects of exi MoreBackground & Aim:Vaginal disease has always been a great concern of women. Medicinal plants as natural resources with fewer side effects can effectively treat these infections given the diversity of these infections, resistance to antibiotics and side effects of existing drugs. The present study aimed to compare antimicrobial effects of methanol extract of Francoeuria Undulata on growth of several gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria causing vaginal infections.Experimental: Francoeuria Undulata as an indigenous Iranian plant was collected in two harvest times (T1 and T2). Methanol extract of aerial parts of the plant was prepared. The effects of various concentrations (62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg/ml)of methanol extracts were studied onKlebsiella and Enterobacter as gram-negative pathogens. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of bacterial growth and MinimumBactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined using macro-dilution method. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA.Results: The results showed that methanol extracts of aerial parts of Francoeuria Undulata inhibit bacterial growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes. MICs varied from 125mg/ml to 250 mg/ml in the old and new harvest times. Therefore, the smallest diameter of inhibition zone belonged to Klebsiella pneumoniae at 62.5mg/ml concentration in the old harvest time and the largestdiameter of inhibitory zone belonged tothe second strains of Klebsiellapneumoniae at 500mg/ml concentration in the new harvest time.Recommended applications/industries: The findings of the study indicated that methanol extracts of Francoeuria Undulata at two old and new harvest times had strong antibacterial and inhibitory effects on gram-negative bacteria causing vaginal infections. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
398 - Antimicrobial Effects of Zataria multiflora Essential Oils on Acinetobacter Strains Isolated from Clinical Specimens
خدیجه رضایی کیخواهی غلامرضا باقری مهدی حسن شاهیان سعیده سعیدیBackground & Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of Zataria multiflora against some Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical samples. Experimental: Twelve strains of Acinetobacter baumannii were isolated from referr MoreBackground & Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of Zataria multiflora against some Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical samples. Experimental: Twelve strains of Acinetobacter baumannii were isolated from referred patients in Zabol hospital. Essential oil of Zataria multifloraspecies was extracted using Clevenger device. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bacterial Concentration (MBC) of essential oil on mentioned bacteria were determined using micro dilution broth method at six different concentrations. Results: The results of this study showed that the lowest inhibitory concentration of essential oil against bacteria was 0.31 mg/ml, and only one strain of bacteria was inhibited. However, the highest inhibitory concentration was estimated 10 mg/ml. Recommended applications/industries: The results showed that the antimicrobial effects increased with increasing in essential oil concentration and the essence showed good antimicrobial activity even at low concentrations. With the use of essential oil of Zataria multiflora against bacterial pathogens, a good antimicrobial agent can be obtained without any side effects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
399 - Effects of temperature and seed aged on seed dormancy breaking and germination characteristics of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff.
ساره ظفریان سعدالله هوشمند وحید روحیBackground & Aim: Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. (Apiaceae) is one of the medicinal plants and endemic in Zagros Mountains, Iran, which unfortunately due to illegal harvest is endangered. In order to break dormancy and to evaluation of effect of different treatments MoreBackground & Aim: Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. (Apiaceae) is one of the medicinal plants and endemic in Zagros Mountains, Iran, which unfortunately due to illegal harvest is endangered. In order to break dormancy and to evaluation of effect of different treatments on traits a factorial experiment base on completely randomized design was created on the seed zone Sar-aghaseyed functions in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province, in four replications in Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Iran. The treatments were included three temperatures 4, 8 and 22 °C and years in the successive years 2009 and 2010. Experimental: In this experiment, germination characteristics, rootlet length and diameter, hypocotyls, and petiole, and also leaf length and width were recorded 100 days after planting. The results indicated germination was affected significantly (pResults & Discussion: The traits means comparison of 4 °C and 8 °C degreases indicated all the traits were expressed better in 8 °C degrees with the exception of germination, However leaf length and width were significantly (p Industrial and Practical Recommendations: Since the most important reason in decreasing the percentage of this plant is the rate of sleep duration of seed, using the findings of this research can help to decrease the duration of germination and, as a result, to domesticate this kind of medicinal plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
400 - Antimicrobial Effect of Polylophium involucratum Essential Oil on Oral Bacteria
سامان ایوبی زینب حاجیان حبیب حبیب پور سیده صفا کاظمی جعفر آقاجانی پونه یزدانیBackground & Aim: Due to the prevalence of oral bacteria, their complications and increased microbial resistance and also recognition of the antibacterial properties of Polylophium involucratum, in this study, the antimicrobial properties of this plant essential oil MoreBackground & Aim: Due to the prevalence of oral bacteria, their complications and increased microbial resistance and also recognition of the antibacterial properties of Polylophium involucratum, in this study, the antimicrobial properties of this plant essential oil were tested in different dilutions on oral bacteria at the Faculty of Microbiology of the Islamic Azad University of Lahijan in 2015. Experimental: In this study, the antibacterial properties of Polylophium involucratum essential oil at different concentrations of1: 6, 1: 12, 1: 24, 1: 48 and 1: 96, were tested on oral bacteria including Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis with disk fusion method. Results: According to results, the Polylophium involucratum essential oil had a greater antibacterial effect on the Streptococcus sanguinis than the Streptococcus mutans. The highest inhibition zone values were observed against the Streptococcus sanguinis, ranging from 18mm to 27mm. Also, the antibacterial properties of polylophium involucratum essential oil were higher than other chemical drugs.Recommended applications/ industries: The results of this study indicated the antibacterial effect of the Polylophium involucratum essential oil on some pathogenic bacteria, especially Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus Sanguis, which can be used as a herbal antibiotic with fewer complications than usual antibiotics for treatment of disease. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
401 - Oleuropein content in olive leaves extract of sponge cake
فریبا عطایی جواد کرامت محمد حجت الاسلامی مریم میرلوحیBackground & Aim: Oleuropein has pharmacologic properties and is the main component of olive leaves which is considered to be the most pharmacologic compounds of olive (Olea europaea L.). The aim of this work was to investigate the possible using of the extract of t MoreBackground & Aim: Oleuropein has pharmacologic properties and is the main component of olive leaves which is considered to be the most pharmacologic compounds of olive (Olea europaea L.). The aim of this work was to investigate the possible using of the extract of this plant in food industry (sponge cake) in order to take advantage of its medicinal properties. Experimental: Ethanolic extract of olive leaves was added to sponge cake formula (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 for 100g flour) and oleuropein content of the samples was determined using HPLC. In addition, the sensory qualities of the samples, such as taste, off flavor, texture, color, odor and overall acceptability were measured by a five point hedonic sensory test which performed by twenty panelists. Results & Discussion: According to the sensory evaluation, no significant difference in respect to taste and off flavor was found between the samples containing 0.5 g of extract and the reference samples. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed between the samples containing 0.5 and 0.2 g extract and reference samples in respect to the texture. On the whole the sample containing 0.5 g extract was the only product that showed to be accepted by the panelists contained 0.003 g (63 ppm) oleuropein was presented. There was no significant difference between the samples, including reference in respect to their protein, fat and mineral contents. Recommended applications/industries: Olive leaves containing oleuropein and rich in phenolic compound having pharmacologic properties could be used in food industry (sponge cake). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
402 - Rapid screening of antioxidant activity, fracture rate and scavenging of free radicals by hairy root of Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L. G. Don)
شاهین مردانی نژادBackground & Aim:Oxidative stresses caused by free radicals are known to promote many diseases such as inflammation and cancer; therefore, any plant product that can inhibit free radical production can play an important role in preventing diseases. We aimed to compa MoreBackground & Aim:Oxidative stresses caused by free radicals are known to promote many diseases such as inflammation and cancer; therefore, any plant product that can inhibit free radical production can play an important role in preventing diseases. We aimed to compare the fracture rate and the scavenging activity of free radicals, and the antioxidant composition of rolB-transformed hairy root of Catharanthus roseus with those of the plants natural root and leaf. Experimental: Hairy root of the Madagascar periwinkle (C. roseus) were induced using Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATCC 15834 to transfer the rolB gene. PCRanalysis was used to identify the geneʼs presence in the transformed hairy root. Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and HPLC were used to determine total phenolics and gallic acid. This study also entailed rapid screening of antioxidant by dot-blot DPPH staining on thin-layer chromatography (TLC), radicals fracture rate, free radical scavenging by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and nitric oxide-scavenging activities by Griess reagent. Results: Our results showed that phenolic and gallic acid content in the ethanol extract of hairy root was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than that naturally found in the root and leaf of C. roseus. The hairy root extract had the highest dot-blot staining and fracture rate of radicals and the lowest IC50 for inhibition of DPPH• and •NO. The transgenic hairy root of C. roseus showed high number of scavenging radicals, whereas the most active ethanol extract of hairy root registered by the highest level of gallic acid and total phenolic content. Recommended applications/industries: The transformed hairy roots can be considered as a rich natural source of antioxidants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
403 - The effect of hydro-alcohol extract of Trigonella foenum- graceum L. on reproductive system in Balb/c
مهرداد مدرسی بهناز مهدیانBackground & Aim: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graceum L.) is a medicinal and edible plant in the family Fabaceae. The aim of this study was the effect of hydro-alcohol extract of fenugreek seed on reproductive system of female Balb/c mice. Experimental: The animal MoreBackground & Aim: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graceum L.) is a medicinal and edible plant in the family Fabaceae. The aim of this study was the effect of hydro-alcohol extract of fenugreek seed on reproductive system of female Balb/c mice. Experimental: The animals divided to five groups of ten members: control group, placebo and three experimental groups. At first all animals synchronized. The control group received no drugs, while placebo group received physiologic serum. The three experimental groups received i.p injection of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/2days extract for 20 days. After 10 injections, blood samples were taken from all groups, hormonal measurement, including FSH, LH, progesterone and estradiol were performed by RIA technique. The results are analyzed to use of analysis of unilaterally variance and Duncan’s test by SPSS version11.5 program. Then these groups compared with control group. Ovaries were sectioned and observed by light microscope. Results & Discussion: The data presented in this study showed significant decrease in the level of LH and FSH, also significant increase the level of estradiol in the whole experimental groups, while the level of progesterone only increased in the experimental groups. The results of histological studies of sections showed significant decrease in the folliculogenesis in the three experimental groups. Also significant increase the number of corpus luteum in experimental groups. The degeneration of ovary was observed in experimental group (200 mg/kg/2days extract). Industrial and Practical Recommendations: According to the results of folliculogenesis the ovary tissue in high dosage that indicates anti-fertility effect in female mice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
404 - Qualitative and quantitative changes in the essential oil of sage (Salvia hydrangea DC exBenth.) as affected by different drying methods
فروغ مهدیان عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی فاطمه ملک پورBackground & Aim: Salvia hydrangea is one of the medicinal plants belonging to Lamiaceae family. Medicinal plants can be marketed as fresh or dried products; however aromatic plants are often dried before extraction to reduce moisture content. The aim of this study MoreBackground & Aim: Salvia hydrangea is one of the medicinal plants belonging to Lamiaceae family. Medicinal plants can be marketed as fresh or dried products; however aromatic plants are often dried before extraction to reduce moisture content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different drying methods on qualitative and quantitative changes in essential oil of sage. Experimental: To determine the effect of drying methods on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the plant essential oil, samples were dried in sunlight, shade, mechanical oven at 65ºC and then compared with fresh samples. The essential oils of all samples were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC and GC–MS. Results: The results showed that different drying methods had significant effects on essential oil content. According to results fresh herbs had the highest essential oil content followed by shade drying, sun drying and oven drying samples, respectively. Significant changes in chemical compound amount of the essential oils were observed which associated with the drying methods. Significant differences occurred among several constituents in the extracted essential oils, including a-pinene, camphene, phellandrene, 1,8-cineole and bornylacetate. Recommended applications/industries: Drying of Salvia hydrangea aerial parts in the shade is more suitable for obtaining higher amount of oil yield and percentage of a-pinene and 1,8-cineole. Therefore, shade drying could be recommended for extraction of essential oil from this plant on an industrial scale. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
405 - Evaluation of anti-leishmanial efficacy by extract of Artemisia auchery Boiss. on Leishmania major in Balb/c
معصومه رستمی حسین نهروانیان مهین فرهمند هاجر ضیایی مهدی شریف فاطمه صغری مقصودلو رادBackground & Aim: Cutaneous infection caused by protozoa the genus Leishmania are a major worldwide health problem, with high endemicity in developing countries including Middle East, Africa and Latin America. In the absence of a vaccine, there is an urgent need for MoreBackground & Aim: Cutaneous infection caused by protozoa the genus Leishmania are a major worldwide health problem, with high endemicity in developing countries including Middle East, Africa and Latin America. In the absence of a vaccine, there is an urgent need for effective drugs to replace and supplement those in current use. Experimental: In this study, the in vivo efficacy of Artemisia auchery extract on Leishmania major cutaneouse infection in murine model in susceptible Balb/c mice. To carry out this investigation, mice were assigned to five groups (each with 5 mice) as healthy negative control, non-treated control, glucantim-treated, treated-groups with herbal extract and normal salin group. Experimental Leishmaniasis was initiated by the subcutaneous (s.c.) application of the 2×106 promastigotes of L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) into the basal tail of all groups except the healthy negative control group. The development of lesions was determined weekly by measuring the diameters. At the end of treatment course, all mice were killed humanely by terminal anaestheisa and target tissues including lymph node, spleen and liver from each mouse were removed and weighted and their impression smears were also prepared. Results & Discussion: The results indicated that herbal extract was able to affect on lesion size, its performance and to prevent visceralization of the parasite. This is the first report indicating visceralization caused by the cutaneous form of L. major in the Balb/c mice. During this experiment, no side effects were observed due to the application of herbal extract in the treated-mice. The impression smears showed a reduction of parasite burdens in spleen, liver and lymph node. Industrial and Practical Recommendations: In comparison with glucantim; the present herbal combination was more effective on this murine Leishmaniasis. Therefore, it could be suggested as a substitute for glucantime in treatment of Leishmaniasis for human and animal purposes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
406 - Investigation of Compositions and Effects of Local Herbal Silybum marianum and Foeniculum vulgare extractions on Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI) and Cell Line of liver Cancer (HepG2) by MTT assays
گلثوم صمدی اندزاگی هاشم یعقوبی مسعود فردینBackground & Aim: Increasing of drug resistances and more attention to the hazards of side effects of synthetic drugs has caused extensive researches on medicinal plant resources. The aim of this study was to determination of the chemical composition of native Silyb MoreBackground & Aim: Increasing of drug resistances and more attention to the hazards of side effects of synthetic drugs has caused extensive researches on medicinal plant resources. The aim of this study was to determination of the chemical composition of native Silybum marianum and Foeniculum vulgare extractions in Ardabil, Iran; and investigation of their anticancer effect on liver cancer cell line HepG2 and antimicrobial effects on Staphylococcusaureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to propose a solution to control or treatment. Experimental: The chemical compositions of extractions performed through Soxhlet were analyzed by GC/MS system. The anticancer effect was assayed by MTT method and their antimicrobial activities were tested using disc-diffusion assay as well as MIC and MBC values estimated according to the microdilution method. Results: The analysis of S. marianum extract showed the presence of 29 compounds, mostly (2.63%) Nonane, (4.68%) Camphor, (2.84%) Borneol, (3.65%) Trans-anethole, (8.78%) Viridiflorol, (34.26%) α–Selinene, (2.34%) Longiborn-9-ene, (2.52%) amorphane-B, (5.00%) Erucylamide, (10.15%) o-Terphenyl and (46.8%) α-androst-8-ene;F. vulgare extract contained 14 compounds, mainly (5.53%) Fenchone, (5.53%) α- Thujone, (2.84%) Nonane, (79.10%) trans-Anethol and (2.51%) Hentriacontane. The effects of F. vulgare extract on Staphylococcus and S. marianum extract on Pseudomonas were remarkable. In the combined design, there was no clear effect. MIC and MBC values confirmed the results of the sensitivity test. The cytotoxic effects of extractions on liver cancer cells were the optimum in 25μg/ml after 48 hours. Recommended applications/industries: According to the results, these compounds are able to replace by chemical preservatives in food and drugs industries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
407 - Effect of periodically use of garlic powder on growth performance and antibody titer to Newcastle and infectious Bursal diseases in broiler chickens
مهدی رئیسی سیدعلی اوسط حسینی علی آباد محمدباقر پاشا زانوسی امیر روفچاییBackground & Aim: A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of periodically use of garlic on growth ‎performance, and antibody titer to Newcastle and infectious bursal diseases in broiler ‎chickens. Experimental: Ross broiler chicks randomly al MoreBackground & Aim: A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of periodically use of garlic on growth ‎performance, and antibody titer to Newcastle and infectious bursal diseases in broiler ‎chickens. Experimental: Ross broiler chicks randomly allocated into the 10 dietary treatments ‎for 6 weeks. A 3 × 4 factorial experiment was used as three periods of feeding (starter, grower and ‎finisher) and four levels of garlic powder (0, 0.5, 1 and 3 %). Results & Discussion: Feed intake was significantly higher in control group (ppppp Industrial and Practical Recommendations: According to the findings, garlic powder, because of having antibacterial properties and other composition, can have some positive effects on growth function and immune system of broiler chickens. So, using it in culture units and producer companies of animal food for producing of healthy and organic production can be recommended. Manuscript profile