Phytochemical analysis, mineral composition and antimicrobial activities of ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Morinda lucida against some clinical isolated pathogenic microorganisms: A comparative study

Subject Areas : Journal of Medicinal Herbs, "J. Med Herb" (Formerly known as Journal of Herbal Drugs or J. Herb Drug)

ساویور  یوسین ¹ (گروه بیوشیمی پزشکی، دانشکده علوم پزشکی پایه، دانشگاه صنعتی کراس ریور، پردیس اوکوکو، یالا، ایالت کراس ریور، نیجریه.)
اولواتویین  دارمولا ² (گروه فناوری آزمایشگاه علوم، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی، پلی تکنیک، اوکورو، ایالت اوگون، نیجریه؛)
اولوابونمی  اولوگ بنگا ³ (گروه فناوری آزمایشگاه علوم، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی، پلی تکنیک، اوکورو، ایالت اوگون، نیجریه؛)
فیدلیکس  ایوبامی ⁴ (گروه علوم زیست پزشکی، دانشکده علوم زیستی، دانشگاه قبرس، نیکوزیا، قبرس.)
اولایمی  روتیمی ⁵ (گروه بیوشیمی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه ایالتی اکیتی، آدو اکیتی، ایالت اکیتی، نیجریه.)
ادمیلوا  کریستینا ⁶ (گروه بیوشیمی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه ایالتی اکیتی، آدو اکیتی، ایالت اکیتی، نیجریه.)
آددوئین  دارمولا ⁷ (گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده آموزش، دانشگاه بنین، شهر بنین، ایالت ادو، نیجریه.)

Received: 2022-09-12 Accepted : 2023-01-22 Published : 2023-02-20

Keywords: Antimicrobial, Phytochemical, mineral composition, Morinda lucida, Vernonia amygdalina,

Abstract :

Background & Aim: Medicinal plants with antimicrobial activities have been used extensively in the West Africa regions. These plants of medicinal important have been proven to be very effective even where treatments with antibiotics failed. This study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of Morinda lucida and Vernonia amygdalina leaves extracts on some pathogenic microorganisms isolated from clinical samples.Experimental: The antimicrobial activities were assayed using the agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated using standard microbiological techniques. Phytochemical and mineral compositions of all the extracts were determined.Results: Phytochemicals such as saponins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinone and alkaloids were present in both extracts of the plants with alkaloids having a higher percentage. Minerals such as K, Ca, Fe, Na and Fe were presented in appreciable quantities in both extracts of the plants with the K and Ca levels in the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Morinda lucida significantly higher than that of V. amygdalina, while Na and Fe levels of Vernonia amygdalina was found to be higher than that of Morinda lucida. Heavy metals like Pb, Cd and As were presented in significant quantities in both extracts of the plants. All the extracts exhibited varying degrees of concentration-based antimicrobial activities against the tested pathogens. Both ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Morinda lucida showed a high significant antifungal activity against Trichophyton sp and Candida sp while the ethanol extract of Vernonia amygdalina showed a high significant antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella sp and Candida sp.Recommended applications/industries: The study provides information on the antimicrobial activities, phytochemical and mineral components of Morinda lucida and Vernonia amygdalina leaves. Also, it contributes to the development of alternative therapeutic agents against the pathogens tested in this study.

References:

Aborisade, A. B., Adetutu, A. and Owoade, A. O. 2017. Phytochemical and proximate analysis of some medicinal leaves. Clinical Medicine Research, 6(6): 209-214.

Adeleye, O. O., Ayeni, O. J. and Ajamu, M. A. 2018. Traditional and medicinal uses of Morinda lucida. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 6(2): 249-254.

Akerele, J. O., Obasuyi, O., Ebomoyi, M. I., Oboh, I. E. and Umumarongie, O. H. 2008. Antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract and fractions of the seeds of Garcinia kola Heckel (Guttiferae). African Journal of Biotechnology, 7: 169-172.

Akpaso, M. I., Atangwho, I. J., Akpantah, A., Fischer, V. A., Igiri, A. and Ebong, E. 2011. Effect of combined leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter leaf) and Gongronema latifolium (Utazi) on the pancreatic β-cells of streptozotocin. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, 1(1): 24-34.

Alara, O. R., Abdurahman, N. H. and Olalere, O. A. 2017. Ethanolic extraction of flavonoids, phenolics and antioxidants from Vernonia amygdalina leaf using two-level factorial design. Journal of King Saud University – Science, 32(1): 7-16.

Al-Harbi, R., Al-Wegaisi, R., Moharram, F., Shaaban, M. and El-Rahman, O. A. 2017. Antibacterial and anti-hemolitic activity of tannins from Pimentadioica against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 12: 63–68.

Anand, U., Jacobo-Herrera, N., Altemimi, A. and Lakhssassi, N. 2019. A comprehensive review on medicinal plants as antimicrobial therapeutics: potential avenues of biocompatible drug discovery. Metabolites, 9: 258.

Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2000) Official Methods of Analysis. 18^th Edition, The Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC, USA.

Babalola, A. S., Idowu, O. A., Ademolu, K. O., Olukunle, J. and Rahman, S. A. 2020. Antiplasmodial activities and abortifacient properties of three commonly used African indigenous anti-malarial plants in Plasmodium berghei infected pregnant mice: implication for maternal and fetal health. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44: 153.

Balogun, I. O. and Olatidoye, O. P. 2012. Chemical composition and nutritional evaluation of Velvet bean seeds (mucumautilisis) for domestic composition and industrial utilization in Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 11(2): 116.

Bauer, A. W., Kirby, W. M. M., Sherris, J. C. and Turk, M. 1996. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45: 493-496.

Bazzaz, B. S. F., Khameneh, B., Ostad, M. R. Z. and Hosseinzadeh, H. 2018. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of verbascoside, lemon verbena extract and caffeine in combination with gentamicin against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli clinical isolates. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 8: 246–253.

Bussmann, R. W., Hening, L., Giannis, A., Ortwein, J., Kutchan, T. M. and Feng, X. (2013). Anthraquinone content in Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.). Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013(12): 208378.

Chokki, M., Zongo, C., Dah-Nouvlessounon, D., Cudalbeanu, M., Noumavo, P., Ghinea, I. O., Furdui, B., Savadogo, A., Dinica, R. M., Baba-Moussa, L. and Baba-Moussa, F. 2020. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Momordica charantia L. and Morinda lucida Benth extracts from Benin. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 14(8): 426-435.

Ejikeme, C. M., Ezeonu, C. S. and Eboatu, A. N. (2014). Determination of physical and phytochemical constituents of some tropical timbers indigenous to Niger Delta Area of Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 10(18): 247–270.

Eloff, J. N. 1998. Which extractant should be used for the screening and isolation of antimicrobial components from plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 60: 1–8.

Enemor, V. H. A., Nnaemeka, J. O. and Okonkwo, C. J. 2014. Minerals, vitamins and phytochemical profile of Gongronema latifolium: Indices for assessment of its free radical scavenging, nutritional and antinutritional qualities. International Research Journal of Biological Science, 3(1): 17-21.

Fakoya, A., Owojuyigbe, O. S., Fakoya, S. and Adeoye, S. O. 2014. Possible antimicrobial activity of Morinda lucida stem bark, leaf and root extracts. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(3): 471-475.

Falana, M. B. 2021. Estimation of phytochemical compounds and antimicrobial studies of different solvent extracts of Garcinia kola against some pathogens. Nigeria Journal of Microbiology, 35(2): 5721–5734.

Gashe, F. and Zeleke, G. 2017. Antimicrobial activities of Vernonia amygdalina and Prunus africana extracts against multidrug resistant clinical strains. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 11:142–147.

Geissler, C. and Singh, M. 2011. Iron, meat and health. Nutrients, 3(3): 283-316.

Iheagwam, N. F., Okeke, C. O., Decampos, O. C., Okere, D. U., Ogunlana, O. O. and Chinedu, S. N. 2019. Safety evaluation of Terminalia catappa Linn (Combretaceae) aqueous leaf extract: Sub-acute cardio-toxicopathological studies in albino Wistar rats. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1299 012109:1-6.

Inusa, A., Sanusi, S. B., Linatoc, A. C., Mainassara, M. M. and Awawu, J. J. 2018. Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) collected from lapai, Niger State, Nigeria on some selected pathogenic microorganisms. Science World Journal, 13(3): 15-18.

Movahhedin, N., Zengin, G., Bahadori, M. B., Sarikurkcu, C., Bahadori, S. and Dinparast, L. 2016.Ajuga chamaecistus subsp. scoparia (Boiss.) Rech.f.: A new source of phytochemicals for antidiabetic, skincare, and neuroprotective uses. Industrial Crops and Products, 94: 89–96.

Murray, R. K., Granner, D. K., Meyes, P. A. and Rodwell, V. 2000. Harper’s Biochemistry, 25th edition, McGraw-Hill, Health Profession Division, USA.

National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 2000. Analysis and Presentation of Cumulative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Data—Proposed Guideline M39-P. NCCLS, Wayne, PA, USA.

Obadoni, B. O. and Ochuko, P. O. (2001). Phytochemical studies and comparative efficacy of the crude extracts of some homeostatic plants in Edo and Delta states of Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Science, 8: 203-208.

Ochei, J. and Kolhatkar, A. 2008. Medical Laboratory Science, Theory and Practices, Tata McGraw-Hill, Page 311-347.

Odoh, U. E., Okwoli, D. A. and Osuala, F. N. 2020. Studies on the Pharmacognostic Profiling and Anticonvulsant Activity of Morinda lucida Leaves Benth (Rubiaceae). British Journal of Medical and Health Research, 7(6): 45-68.

Omachi, A. 2021. Assessing the phytochemical contents and antimicrobial activity of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) on micro-organisms. International Journal of Advanced Research, 9(4): 477-483.

Paul, B. K., Saleh-e-In, M. M., Ara, A. and Roy, S. K. 2013. Minerals and nutritional composition of radhuni (Carumrox burghianum Benth.) seeds. International Food Research Journal, 20(4): 1731-1737.

Pizent, A., Tariba, B. and Živković, T. 2012. Reproductive toxicity of metals in men. Arhivzahigijenuradaitoksikologiju, 63(1):35–46.

Punithal, S. R., Shirwaika, A. and Shirwaikar, A. 2005. Anti-diabetic activity of benzyl tetraisoquinoline alkaloid, berberine, in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetologian Croatia, 34(4): 117-121.

Rajakumar, S., Revanth, M. P., Kasi, A. and Sujitha, P. 2022. Evaluating the antibacterial efficacy and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of three different herbal extracts on recalcitrant endodontic pathogens - An in vitro study. Journal of International Oral Health, 14: 266-272.

Rezaeikahkha, M., Kaykhaii, M. and Ebrahimzadeh, G. 2015. Optimization of affective parameter on cadmium removal from an aqueous solution by Citrullus colocynthis powdered fruits by response Surface. Health Scope, 4(1): e20667.

Sobukola, O. P., Dairo, O. U., Sanni, L. O., Odunewu, A. V. and Fafiolu, B. O. 2007. Thin layer drying process of some leafy vegetables under open sun. Food Science and Technology International, 13(1):35–40.

Sofowora, A. (1995). A medicinal plants and traditional medicine in West Africa, 3^rd edn. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. New York. Pp. 200-203.

Tchinda, C. F., Voukeng, I. K., Beng, V. P. and Kuete, V. 2016. Antibacterial activities of the methanol extracts of Albizia adianthifolia, Alchornea laxiflora, Laporte aovalifolia and three other Cameroonian plants against multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacteria. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 650:1-21.

Ukwe, C. V., Ubaka, C. M., Adibe, M. O., Okonkwo, C. J. and Akah, P. A. 2010. Antiulcer activity of roots of Zapote caportoricensis. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 1:185-186.

Umar, M. B., Ogbadoyi, E. O., Ilumi, J. Y., Salawu, A. O., Tijani, A. Y. and Hassan, I. M. 2013. Antiplasmodial efficacy of methanolic root and leaf extracts of Morinda lucida. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 3(2):112-122.

Usin, S. G. and Daramola, O. O. 2022. Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of ethanol and aqueous extracts of Piliostigma thonningii leaf for in vitro antioxidant activities. Nigerian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 37(1):72-81.

Wang, G. X. 2010. In vivo anthelmintic activity of five alkaloids from Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim) Fedde against Dactylogyrus intermedius in Carassius auratus. Veterinary Parasitology, 171:305–313.

Wardlaw, G. M., Hampl, J. S. and DiSilvestro, R. A. 2004. Perspectives in nutrition.6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill.

Zaharaddeen, N. G. and Oviosa, S. 2019. The effect of different drying methods on the elemental and nutritional composition of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf). Journal of Taibah University for Science, 13(1):396-401.

Zainol, M. I., Mohd Yusoff, K. and Mohd Yusof, M. Y. 2013. Antibacterial activity of selected Malaysian honey. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 13: 129.