Antioxidant activity of the methanol stem bark extract of Uapaca togoensis (pax) in mice exposed to Plasmodium berghei NK65
Subject Areas : Journal of Medicinal Herbs, "J. Med Herb" (Formerly known as Journal of Herbal Drugs or J. Herb Drug)امینا بوسولا اولوروکوبا 1 , بن احمد چیدو 2 , یحیی محمدثانی 3
1 - Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
2 - Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
3 - Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
Keywords: Lipid peroxidation, Antioxidant enzymes, Oxidative stress, Uapaca togoensis,
Abstract :
Background & Aim:Oxidative stress has been linked to the development of systemic complications in malaria infection. Recent approaches in treatment of malaria suggest that the control of oxidative stress in infected patients may be of therapeutic advantage. The stem bark and leaves ofUapaca togoensisare used locally in the treatment of various diseases including malaria. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the methanol stem bark extract of the plant inPlasmodium bergheiinfected mice. Experimental:Mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.2 ml of parasitized erythrocytes and parasitemia level assessed after 72 h by the preparation of thin blood films stained with Geimsa stain. The mice were divided into five groups of six mice each. Groups I and V were administered with distilled water (10 ml/kg) and chloroquine (5 mg/kg) orally for four days. The extract at doses of 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg were orally administered to groups II, III and IV, respectively, for the same period. Mice were sacrificed under light chloroform. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture and centrifuged at 2,500 rpm for 15 minutes to obtain the serum. The serum was then analyzed to determine the levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde - MDA). Results:Oral median lethal dose of the methanol stem bark extract ofUapacatogoensiswas estimated to be greater than 5,000 mg/kg. Administration of the extract toP.bergheiinfected mice produced a significant (p<0.05) increase in superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and catalase levels in. However, a significant (p<0.05) decrease in lipid peroxidation activity in the parasitized mice was observed. Recommended applications/industries:The plant possesses antioxidant property which can be exploited in the management of oxidative stress caused by malaria.
Adedapo, A.D., Olayinka, J.N., Abiodun, O.O., Oyagbemi, A.A., Azeez, O., Adedapo, A.A., Adeyemi, A.A. and Moody, J.O. 2014. Evaluation of antimalarial and antioxidant activities of the methanol seed extract of Adenanthera pavonina (Linn) in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 5(4): 45-49.
Adil, R., Sumit, K., Varshney, M., Shahid, M.K. Haris, M., Ashraf Malik, A., Abbas, F.S. and Mahdi, A. 2013. Lipid peroxidation in cerebral malaria and Role of antioxidants, IOSR-PHR, 3(1): 15-18.
Aebi, H.E. 1983. Catalase. In: Methods of Enzymatic analysis, 3rd edition (Bergmeyer, H. U. Edition) Weinhein, Deerfield Beach, Fl. pp. 273- 285.
Agbafor, K.N., Uraku, A.J., Okaka, A.N.C., Ibiam, U.A., Ajah, P.M. and Obasi, O. U. 2015. Antioxidant activities of ethanoilc extracts of Spilanthes uliginosa, Ocimum basilicum, Hyptis spicigera and Cymbopogon citrates against Swiss mice exposed to Plasmodium berghei Anka 65. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 6 (1): 64-72.
Aja, A.J., Odeh, C.O., Uraku, A.J. and Offor, C.E. 2015. Evaluation of antioxidant activities of ethanol leaf extracts of Cymbopogon citratus and Hyptis spicigera in mice exposed to Plasmodium berghei. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 4(10): 382-393.
Al-Adhroey, A.H., Nor, Z.M., Al-Mekhlafi, H.M., Amran, A.A., and Mahmud, R. 2011. Antimalarial activity of methanolic leaf extract of Piper betle L., Molecules, 16(1):107-118.
Amelo, W., Nagpal, P. and Makonnen, E. 2014. Antiplasmodial activity of solvent fractions of methanolic root extract of Dodonaea angustifolia in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14: 462-9.
Asagba, S.O., Eriyamremu, G.E., George, B.O. and Okoro, I. 2010. Biochemical indices of severity in human malaria. Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(4): 87-92.
Azokou, A., Koné, M.W., Koudo, B.G. and Tra Bi, H.F. 2013. Larvicidal potential of some plants from West Africa against Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) and Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Vector Borne Disease, 50(2): 103–110.
Bretler, F.J. 2013. Uapaca (Phyllanthaceae) in the Guineo-Congolian Forest Region: A Synoptic Revision. Plant Ecology and Evolution, 146(1): 75–94.
Cabrales, P., Zanini, G.M., Meays, D., Frangos, J.A., Carvalho, L.J.M. 2011. Nitric Oxide protection against murine cerebral malaria is associated with improved cerebral microcirculatory physiology. Journal of Infectious Disease, 203(10):1454–1463.
Chanda, S. and Dave, R. 2009.In vitro models for antioxidant activity evaluation and some medicinal plants possessing antioxidant properties: An overview. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 3(13): 981-996.
Chelikani, P., Fita, I. and Loewen P. C. 2004.Diversity of structures and properties among catalases. CellMolecular Life Sciences, 61(2): 192-208.
David, A.F., Philip, J.R., Simon, L.C., Reto, B. and Solomon, N. 2004. Antimalarial drug discovery: Efficacy models for compound screening. Nature Reviews, 3: 509-520.
Ellman, G.L. 1959. Tissue sulphydryl groups. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 82(1): 72-77.
Erel, O., Kocyigit, A., Avci, S., Aktepe, N. and Bulut, V. 1997.Oxidative stress and antioxidative status of plasma and erythrocytes in patients with vivax malaria. Clinical Biochemistry, 30(8): 631-639.
Fabbri, C., de Cássia Mascarenhas-Netto, R., Lalwani, P., Melo, G.C., Magalhães, B.M., Alexandre, M.A., Lacerda, M.V. and Lima, E.S. 2013. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activity in Plasmodium vivax malaria patients evolving with cholestatic jaundice. Malaria journal, 12: 315.
Guha, M., Kumar, S., Choubey, V., Maity, P. and Bandyopadhya, U. 2006. Apoptosis in liver during malaria: Role of oxidative stress and implication of mitochondrial pathway. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal, 20(8): 439-449.
Ibrahim, H.A., Imam, I.A., Bello, A.M., Umar, U., Muhammed, S. and Abdullahi, S.A. 2012. The potential of Nigerian medicinal plants as antimalarial agent: A review. International Journal of Science and Technology, 2(8): 600-605.
Iribhogbe, O.I., Agbeje, E.O., Oregba, I.A., Aina, O.O. and Ota, A.D. 2013. Oxidative stress and micronutrient therapy in malaria: an in vivo study in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(4): 160-167.
Kadiri, A.B., Ayodele, A.E., Olowokudejo, J.D. and Uchemunefa, D. 2013. Comparative leaf epidermal morphology of Five West African species of Uapaca bail (Phyllanthaceae Pro Forma Euphorbiaceae). Nigerian Journal of Botany, 7:54-60.
Koné, W.M., Atindehou, K.K., Kacou-N'Douba, A. and Dossod, M. 2007. Evaluation of 17 medicinal plants from Northern Côte D'Ivoire for their In Vitro activity against Streptococcus Pneumoniae. African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 4(1): 17–22.
Koracevic, D., Koracenc, G.D. and Djevic, V. 2001. Method for the measurement of antioxidant activity in human fluids. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 54(5): 356-61.
Kuete, V., Sandjo, L. P., Seukep, J. A., Zeino, M., Mbaveng, A. T., Ngadjui, B. and Efferth, T. 2015. Cytotoxic Compounds from the Fruits of Uapaca togoensis towards Multifactorial Drug-Resistant Cancer Cells. Planta Medica, 81(1): 32-8.
Mishra, S.K., Tisel, S.M., Orestes, P., Bhangoo, S.K. and Hoon, M.A. (2011). TRPV1-lineage neurons are required for thermal sensation. European Molecular Biology Organization, 30(3): 582–593.
Momoh. J., Longe. A.O., Aina. O.O. and Ajibaye.O. 2015. In-vivo anti-plasmodial activity and in-vitro antioxidant properties of methanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica and its positive effect on hematological and lipid parameters in swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei NK 65. European Scientific Journal, 1(1): 456-467.
Nigam, V. and Sodhi, J.S. 2014. Some medicinal plants with antioxidant activity: a review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 4(1): 173-178.
Ogbuehi, I., Adikwu, E. and Oputiri, D. 2014. Effect of Acalypha wilkesiana Muell Arg leaf extract on the oxidative indices, liver enzymes and liver integrity of rats infected with Plasmodium berghei. British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 5(2): 68-74.
Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N. and Yagi, K. 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry, 95(2): 351-358.
Ojezele, M.O., Moke, E.G. and Onyesom, I. 2017. Impact of generic antimalarial or Phyllanthus amarus and vitamin co-administration on antioxidant status of experimental mice infested with Plasmodium berghei. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(3): 260-265.
Okokon, J.E., Augustine, N.B. and Mohanakrishnan, D. 2017. Antimalarial, antiplasmodial and analgesic activities of root extract of Alchornea laxiflora, Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1): 1022-1031.
Olorukooba, B.A., Maiha, B.B., Chindo, A.B., Ejiofor, J.I., Nasir, H.A., Sani, B.M., and Balogun, S.M. 2018. Antimalarial activity of the n-Butanol fraction of Uapaca togoensis (Pax) stem bark in mice. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 2(1): 29-33.
Omachi, A.A., Ndukwe, G.I., Sallau, M.S. and Ayo, R.G. 2015. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of Uapaca togoensis (pax) stem bark extracts. The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 4(6): 24-28.
Onyesom, I., Osioma, E. and Okerek, P. C. 2015. Nauclealatifolia aqueous leaf extract eliminates hepatic and cerebral Plasmodium berghei parasite in experimental mice. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(7): 546-551.
Opajobi, O.A., Ezedom, T., Chris-Ozoko, L.E., Onyesom, I. 2018. Blood schizonticidal activity of Phyllanthus amarus enhances defense capacity in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 2(3):150-157.
Rice-Evans, C. 2004. Flavonoids and isoflavones: absorption, metabolism and bioactivity. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 36(7): 827-828.
Sarr, D., Cooper, C.A., Bracken, T.C., Martinez-Uribe, O., Nagy, T. and Moore, J.M. 2017. Oxidative stress: A potential therapeutic target in placental malaria. Immuno Horizon, 1(4): 29-41.
Seukep, J.A., Sandjo, L.P., Ngadjui, B.T. and Kuete, V. 2016. Antibacterial activities of the methanol extracts and compounds from Uapaca togoensis against Gram-negative multi-drug resistant phenotypes. South African Journal of Botany, 103: 1-5.
Tcherniuk, S.O., Chesnokova, O., Oleinikov, I.V., Potopalsky, A I. and Oleinikov, A.V. 2015. Anti-malarial effect of semi-synthetic drug Amitozyn. Malaria Journal, 14: 425.
Trease, G.E. and Evans, W.C. (2002). Phytochemistry, In: Textbook of Pharmacognosy 13th Edition, Balliere, Tindall and Cansell Ltd. London.
Valko, M., Morris, H. and Cronin, M.T. 2007. Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 12(10):1161–1208.
Weydert, C.J. and Cullen, J.J. 2010. Measurement of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in cultured cells and tissue. Nature Protocols, 5(1): 51-56.
World Health Organization. 2017. Malaria Fact Sheet No 94. World Health Organization Geneva 27, Switzerland.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/.
World Health Organization. 2018. World Malaria Report.2018.https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2018/en/.