Antidiabetic and anti-oxidant effects of methanol leaf extract of Momordica charantia following alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia in rats

Subject Areas : Journal of Medicinal Herbs, "J. Med Herb" (Formerly known as Journal of Herbal Drugs or J. Herb Drug)

ساندی  افوگ ¹ (گروه فارماکولوژی و سم شناسی دامپزشکی ، دانشگاه ابادان ، نیجریه؛)
الوفکه  فلایی ² (گروه فارماکولوژی و سم شناسی دامپزشکی ، دانشگاه ابادان ، نیجریه؛)
بلسین  اگونپلو ³ (گروه دامپزشکی ، دانشگاه ابادان ، نیجریه؛)
آدمولا  اویابمی ⁴ (گروه فیزیولوژی دامپزشکی و بیوشیمی ، دانشگاه ابادان ، نیجریه؛)
تمیدایو  اوموبوال ⁵ (گروه دامپزشکی ، دانشگاه ابادان ، نیجریه؛)
مومو  یکوبو ⁶ (گروه علوم محیط زیست و علوم بین رشته ای ، COSET ، دانشگاه جنوبی تگزاس ، هیوستون ، TX ، ایالات متحده ؛)
اولووافمی  اوگونتیبجو ⁷ (گروه علوم زیست پزشکی ، دانشگاه صنعتی شبه جزیره کیپ ، بلزویل ، آفریقای جنوبی؛)
آدلو  آدداپو ⁸ (گروه فارماکولوژی و سم شناسی دامپزشکی ، دانشگاه ابادان ، نیجریه؛)

Received: 2020-05-02 Accepted : 2020-08-03 Published : 2019-08-01

Keywords: Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, Diabetes mellitus, Alloxan, hydrogen peroxide, Glutathione peroxidase, Momordica charantia,

Abstract :

Background & Aim:The plant Momordica charantia is highly valuable having a wide range of medicinal uses with tropical and subtropical regions distribution. This study was conducted to appraise the medicative properties of methanol leaf extract of Momordica charantia (MEMC) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Experimental: The antidiabetic influence of methanol leaf extract of Momordica charantia (MEMC) was investigated in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. 50 rats allocated into five groups (A-E) (n =10) were utilized in this study: group A was normal control, groups B to E were induced with alloxan with diabetes established, while group B was not treated, group C received glibenclamide treatment while groups D and E were administered extracts at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses, respectively, in a study that continued for 28 days. Changes in blood glucose levels, body weight, haematology, serum chemistry, antioxidant system and histopathology changes were evaluated. Results: MEMC elicited significant drop in blood glucose level from diabetic to near normal level, restoring the body weight, haematological and serum biochemical parameters to the basal non diabetic level; likewise the MEMC-treated group elicited a decreased level of oxidant markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) but increased concentration of protein thiols (PT), non-protein thiols (NPT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) indicating its anti-oxidant potential. The pancreas section also revealed repair of distorted pancreatic architecture in MEMC-treated group compared to diabetic group. Recommended applications/industries: The plant exhibited anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant abilities hence could be explored for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

References:

Adeghate, E. and Ponery, A. 2002. GABA in the endocrine pancreas: cellular localization and function in normal and diabetic rats. Tissue Cell, 34: 1-6.

Allain, C.C., Poon, L.S., Chan, C.S., Richmond, W. and Fu, P.C. 1974. Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clinical Chemistry, 20: 470-475.

American Diabetes Association 2009. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 32(1): S62–S67.

Anees, A.S., Shadab, A.S., Suhail, A., Seemi, S., Iftikhar, A. and Kapendra, S. 2013. Diabetes: Mechanism, Pathophysiology and Management-A Review. International Journal of Drug Development, 5(2): 1-23.

Anouar, H. and Jacques, G. 2015. High density lipoproteins: Measurement techniques and potential biomarkers of cardiovascular risk. BBA Clinical, 3: 175-188

Ankur, R. and Shahjad, A. 2012. Alloxan Induced Diabetes: Mechanisms and Effects. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 3 (2): 819-823.

Aslan, M., Orhan, D.D., Orhan, N., Sezik, E. and Yesilada, E. 2006. In-vivo antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of Helichrysum plicatum spp.in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 109: 54–59.

Asmat, U., Abad, K. and Ismail, K. 2016. Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress—A concise review. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 24(5): 547-553.

Aytaç, G. 2016. Influence of Total Anthocyanins from Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia Linn.) as Antidiabetic and Radical Scavenging Agents. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 15(1): 301–309.

Basavaraj, S.A. and Siva Rami R.E. 2017. Momordica charantia of phytochemical study: A review. International Journal of Homoeopathic Sciences, 1:01-04.

Betty, R.K. and Jonathan, A.C. 2003. Essential Medical Statistics. 2^nd Edition. Willy-Blackwell science 15-409. USA.

Birari, R. and Bhutani, K. 2007. Pancreatic lipase inhibitors from natural sources: unexplored potentials. Drug Discovery Today, 12: 879-889.

Blumenreich, M.S. 1990. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition.

Christine, J.W. and Joseph, J.C. 2010.  Measurement of Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase and Glutathione peroxidase. National Protocol, 5: 51–66.

Chude, M.A., Orisakwe, O.E., Afonne, O.J., Gamanial, K.S., Vongtau, O.H. and, Obi. E., Ghosh, S. and Suryawanshi, S.A. 2001. Effect of Vinca rosea extracts in treatment of alloxan diabetic male albino rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 39: 748-759.

Coles, E.H. 1986. Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 4th Edition, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 17-19.

Drury, R.A., Wallington, E.A. and Cancerson, R. 1976. Carlton’s histopathological techniques, fourth edn. University press, Oxford.

Duncan, J.R., Prasse, K.W. and Mahaffey, E.A. 1994. Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology. 3^rd Edn., Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.

Fallon, K.L., Jean, W.H., Franklyn, I.B., Asha, V.B.,  Norma, M.A., Georgiana, M.G., Rosemarie, A.W., Farook, J. and Michael, S.B. 2018. Glutathione metabolism in type 2 diabetes and its relationship with microvascular complications and glycemia. PLoS One, 13(6): e0198626

Gul, A. and Rahman, M.A. 2006. Comparison of blood protein levels between diabetic and non diabetic patients with retinopathy. Journal of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan,. 16(6): 408-811.

Iciar, M.T., Cristina, S.C., María, G.D., Juan José, M.P., Beatriz, U.A., Francisco, J.C. 2018. Update on the Management of Diabetic Dyslipidaemia.EMJ Diabetologia, 6[1]: 53-61.

Jacobson, T., Miller, M. and Schaefer, E. 2007. Hypertriglyceridemia and cardiovascular risk reduction. Clinical Therapeutics, 29: 763-77.

Jain, N.C. 1986. Schalm’s Veterinary Haematology. 4^th ed. Lea and Febiger, 600. Washington square, Philadelphia, USA.

Jakob, R.W. and Colin, T. 2014. Quantification of Thiols and Disulfides. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1840:10.

Joseph, B. and Jini, D. 2013. Antidiabetic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) and its medicinal potency. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Diseases, 2013; 3:93–102.

Kandangath, R.A., Garlapati, P.K. and Nallamuthu, I. 2015. Nutritional, pharmacological and medicinal properties of Momordica charantia. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 4:75-83.

Lila, M.P., Ali, F., Mohamadbagher, M., Taghi, G. and Mohamadreza, E. 2014. Activity Assay of Glutathione S-Transferase (GSTs) Enzyme as a Diagnostic Biomarker for Liver Hydatid Cyst in Vitro. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 43:994–999.

Matthias, N. and Nader, R. 2000. Analytical performance and clinical efficacy of three routine procedures for LDL cholesterol measurement compared with the ultracentrifugation-dextran sulfate-Mg²⁺ method. Clinical and Chemical Acta, 294: 77–92.

Mijitaba, H., Amanda, C., Smith, R., Carter Jr, E. and Jimmy, K.T. 2013. Antioxidative properties of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo). Emirate Journal of Food and Agriculture, 25 (9): 641-647

Murphy, J.M. 2000. Preoperative considerations with herbal medicines. American Organization of Registered Nurses Journal, 69:173–183.

Nguyen, P.M. 2014. Extraction of polyphenol in bitter melon (Momordica charantia). International Journal of Medical Research and Development, 1: 115-125.

Noor, A., Gunasekaran, S., Manickam, A.S. and Vijayalakshmi, M.A. 2008. Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera and histology of organs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Current Science, 94 (8): 1070- 1076.

Omamoto, H., Ucgigata, Y. and Hiroskitckan, A. 1981. STZ and alloxan induces DNA strand breaks and poly (ADP ribose) synthatase in pancreatic islet. Nature, 294: 284-286.

Pastore, A., Federici, G., Bertini, E. and Piemonte, F. 2003. Analysis of glutathione: implication in redox and detoxification. Clinical Chim Acta, 333(1):19–39.

Patel, N., Raval, S., Goriya, H., Jhala, M. and Joshi, B. 2007. Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Coldenia procumbens in Alloxan-Induced Diabetes in Rat. Journal of Herb and Pharmacotherapy, 7:13–23.

Preeti, K.,Vermal, R.B., Gulzar, A.N. and Solankey, S.S. 2017. Antioxidant potential and health benefits of bitter gourd (Momordica charantiaL). Journal of Postharvest Technology, 05:1-8.

Sheweita, A.A., Newairy, H.A. and Mansour, M.I. 2002. Effect of some hypoglycemic herbs on the activity of phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Toxicology, 174: 131–139.

Shuo, J., Mingyue, S., Fan, Z. and Jianhua, X. 2017. Recent Advances in Momordica charantia: Functional Components and Biological Activities. International Journal of Molecular Science, 18(12): 2555.

Spinas, G. 1999. The dual role of nitric oxide in islets beta cells. News in Physiological Science, 14: 49-54.

Tasaduq, S.A., Singh, S.A., Sethi, S.A., Sharma, S.A., Bedi, S.A. and Singh, S.A. 2003. Hepatocurative and antioxidant profile of HP-1, a polyherbal phytomedicine. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 22: 639-45.

Thirumalai, T., Viviyan, T.S., Elumalai, E.K. and David E. 2011. Hypoglycemic effect of Brassica juncea (seeds) on streptozotocin induced diabetic male albino rat. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1 (4): 323-325.

Tormo, M.A., Martinez, I.M., Romero de Tejada, A., Gil-Exodo, I. and Campillo, J.E. 2002. Morphological and enzymatic changes of the small intestine in an n0-STZ diabetes rat model. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes, 110(3): 119-123 · 

Trent, E.T. and Lynette, K.R. 2012. Methods for the Determination of Plasma or Tissue Glutathione Levels. Methods in Molecular Biology, 889: 315–324.

Trinder, P. 1969. Determination of blood glucose using an oxidase peroxidase system with a noncarcinogenic chromogen. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 22: 158–161.

Upendra, M., Sreenivasuki, M. and Chengaiah, B. 2010. Microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2: 1883-1892.

Varshney, R. and Kale, R.K. 1990. Effect of calmodulin antagonists on radiation induced lipid peroxidation in microsomes. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 58: 733-743.

Vergès, B. 2015. Pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidaemia: where are we? Diabetologia, 58(5): 886–899

Wayne, C.H. and Craig, A. 1990. Automated continuous-flow colorimetric determination of glutathione peroxidase with dichloroindophenol. Analytical Biochemistry,186:46-52.

Werner E (2003). Determination of cellular H₂O₂ production. Science STKE, 168.

Zoppi, F. and Fellini, D. 1976. Enzymatic colorimetric cholesterol determination. Clinical Chemistry, 22: 690-691.