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Open Access Article
1 - Modeling of copper removal from electroplating industry wastewaters using zinc oxide nano adsorbent supported on graphene oxide
Mahin Moradi Soroor Sadeghi Sara SharifiA new nano adsorbent was prepared using zinc oxide nanoparticles supported on graphene oxide to separate copper from electroplating industry wastewater. Graphene oxide was synthesized via Hummer's modified method, and its surface morphology was characterized through FTI MoreA new nano adsorbent was prepared using zinc oxide nanoparticles supported on graphene oxide to separate copper from electroplating industry wastewater. Graphene oxide was synthesized via Hummer's modified method, and its surface morphology was characterized through FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A systematic study of the adsorption process was conducted, varying pH, initial copper concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. The experimental results revealed that the maximum adsorption capacity, with 89.77% efficiency, was achieved at a pH of 7 when 0.5 g of adsorbent was in contact with a 200 mg/L copper solution at 20°C for 30 minutes. The nano adsorbent exhibited a high adsorption capacity in both simulated and real industrial wastewater samples, effectively removing up to 99% of copper from industrial samples. Adsorption isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies were performed to elucidate the adsorption mechanism. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order models and the Freundlich isotherm. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption of copper ions on ZnO/GO was a spontaneous and exothermic reaction with an enthalpy of -6361.21 J/mol. This study demonstrates that nano ZnO/GO can be utilized as an effective, low-cost, and environmentally friendly nano adsorbent for electroplating wastewater treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Environmental Challenges of Waste in International Law
زینب پورخاقان شاهرضایی Zahra sadat HosseiniToday, environmental risks caused by the mismanagement of waste are recognized as a fundamental issue worldwide. With the rapid advancement of technology, waste and its management have emerged as crucial topics in the field of international environmental laws. These law MoreToday, environmental risks caused by the mismanagement of waste are recognized as a fundamental issue worldwide. With the rapid advancement of technology, waste and its management have emerged as crucial topics in the field of international environmental laws. These laws go beyond the protection of nature and the environment; rather, they constitute a comprehensive framework of norms, institutions, and methods specifically crafted for waste management, taking into account diverse global dimensions. This study uses an analytical-descriptive method to explore the environmental challenges associated with waste in international law. The research methodology is library-based, relying on the review of existing studies, international laws, and regulations about waste. The research findings emphasize that pollution resulting from waste is a primary global concern, leading to the approval of numerous international documents addressing environmental challenges posed by waste at both domestic and international levels. These documents establish environmental responsibilities for governments. Additionally, the advancement of technology and increase in the production of electronic wastes have introduced new challenges in environmental protection for countries, with recycling standing out as a crucial factor in waste management. The issue of waste is not limited to the internal laws and policies of individual countries; it necessitates global cooperation. It is recommended that relevant organizations take proactive measures to establish a unified procedure in waste management, backed by robust executive guarantees. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Potential measurement of waste and cellulosic waste recycling in Tehran
Kazem Roghani Shahrzad Khoramnejhadian Samira Ghiasi ali dehghan banadakiIntroduction: Various sections of the urban ecosystem in Tehran produce waste containing lignin. This type of waste is either incinerated or transferred to landfill sites. This research examines the amount of wooden waste generated in different sectors of Tehran. Green MoreIntroduction: Various sections of the urban ecosystem in Tehran produce waste containing lignin. This type of waste is either incinerated or transferred to landfill sites. This research examines the amount of wooden waste generated in different sectors of Tehran. Green spaces, tree pruning, fruit crates in fruit markets, and used wooden furniture are the primary sources of waste production based on wood. The objective of this study is to estimate the amount of wooden waste in Tehran and determine its resource allocation. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the amount of wooden waste entering 22 districts and the hay markets in the year 1400 has been investigated. The relevant information was obtained through field visits, 100 questionnaires in each region, and sampling of abandoned waste and waste processing stations. Questionnaires were distributed in the 22 districts of Tehran city. The results from the questionnaires and the physical analysis of wooden waste were utilized as primary data for analyzing the status of wooden waste in Tehran. Results and Discussion: The results show that 79% of the volume of wooden waste in Tehran is attributed to tree pruning and branches. The production of wooden waste is seasonal, with the highest amount produced in late winter, particularly in February. The majority of wooden waste production is related to branches, tree pruning, and bulky waste in the month of Esfand (February/March). Districts 4 and 5 have the highest amount of household pruning waste, while District 9 has the lowest. About 29% of the wooden waste consists of bulky items such as furniture and cabinets, and only 1% is allocated to green space waste. Conclusion: The conducted investigations have revealed that wooden wastes constitute a significant portion of Tehran's municipal waste. Result shown that the highest amount of wooden waste is generated by furniture manufacturers. Pruning waste is seasonal, with consistently moderate levels in all seasons. It is recommended that solutions for organizing and recovering these wastes be proposed to better manage the substantial volume of wooden waste in Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - The Effectiveness of Waste Segregation Training on the Environmental Attitude of Female Members of Isfahan Municipality Cultural Centers
محمد علی نادی Hamid Reza RezvaniThe rapid population growth, urbanization, continuous economic development, industrialization, and increased well-being of people have led to a rise in the production of municipal solid waste. One effective approach to promote recycling in waste management is to educate MoreThe rapid population growth, urbanization, continuous economic development, industrialization, and increased well-being of people have led to a rise in the production of municipal solid waste. One effective approach to promote recycling in waste management is to educate individuals on waste separation at its source. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of waste segregation training on the environmental attitudes of female members of Isfahan Municipality Cultural Centers. This study is practical in its purpose and follows a two-stage exploratory research design, utilizing a mixed-methods approach (qualitative and quantitative). The first stage involved qualitative research, where a waste segregation training package was developed based on thematic analysis. The second stage was quantitative, aiming to determine the effectiveness of the waste segregation training. In the quantitative phase, a semi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design was conducted. Sixty female members of cultural centers in Isfahan city were selected and assigned to experimental and control groups. Data analysis was performed using SPSS23 software. The results revealed a significant difference in the environmental attitude variable between the control and experimental groups in both the post-test and follow-up phases (p < 0.001). The average environmental attitude scores in both the post-test and follow-up stages were higher in the experimental group than the control group. Considering the study's findings and the importance of waste management, we recommend that the government and high-level officials provide financial support for environmental training programs in society. Environmental education, particularly waste separation education, supports environmental preservation and leads to substantial savings in energy consumption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Analysis of factors affecting the location of smart facilities in iran water and wastewater industry
majid kalantari Jalal Haghighat monfared Mohammad ali KeramatiDespite the focus on smart management systems in the water and wastewater sector of Iran, little attention has been paid to the operational objectives and the prerequisites of their implementation. Furthermore, despite the huge investments made, the neglect of this issu MoreDespite the focus on smart management systems in the water and wastewater sector of Iran, little attention has been paid to the operational objectives and the prerequisites of their implementation. Furthermore, despite the huge investments made, the neglect of this issue has undermined their effectiveness. Accordingly, In order to analyze the factors affecting the location of smart water and wastewater facilities, this research has been done from the perspective of their establishment requirements. After reviewing the available documentation, Interviewing, Thematic analysis, Focus group formation and Thematic network design, in the second step, to check the validity of the themes, questionnaire design, Sample size and Normality test, KMO coefficient, Bartlett's Spear test, Factor Analysis and goodness-of-fit tests were used to identify the factors affecting the location of smart facilities and finally, Factor loading were used to rank the measurable variables.The results show that the latent variable of smart water management mystem deployment prerequisites is more effective than the latent variable of deployment goals of the mentioned system. option "Have a proper implementation strategy" of the components required to deploy the smart water system has the most impact and "Smart distribution network management" of the deployment goals variables have the most impact on the implementation of smart facilities in the water and wastewater industry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Presenting a Model for Predicting and Improving Production Quality Using Decision Tree Algorithms and Linear Planning (Case Study: TIBA Wave Generating Companies in Iran)
Nadereh Sadat Rastghalam Roya Roya M.ahari Ahmad Reza Shekarchizadeh Atefeh AmindostToday, most industries and factories in the country use statistical quality control tools to improve product quality, but due to the high volume of data, now there is a need for a more powerful tool that can control statistical quality control processes, given the exten MoreToday, most industries and factories in the country use statistical quality control tools to improve product quality, but due to the high volume of data, now there is a need for a more powerful tool that can control statistical quality control processes, given the extent Data Mining Algorithms and Its Ability to Discover Rules In this research, data mining tools have been used to improve the quality control process and increase it. The method is that first the failure database is formed and after collecting quality control data, the accuracy of predicting the quality of parts is determined using different decision tree algorithms and in the next step using Modeling, Coverage Analysis, Data Each of the rules is evaluated, and finally the workstations are evaluated using the rules that apply to each workstation. Accordingly, in this study, the statistical population of all Tiba surge arresters in 1398. The attributes consist of 9 workstations. Based on the results, the best algorithm in predicting C5 failure is and the most important attributes selected by it are determined as the most important attributes, which are: Cooling quality, hole quality and cutting quality. Also, the evaluation of the rules has been done using the model of cover analysis, data and the most important rules have been extracted. Finally, based on solving the model, the devices that will be in the corrective priority for the current year are: Rowling , Solder and cutting Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Determining The Relationships Between Research and Development Activities and Production Efficiency (Case Study: China Industries of IRAN)
M. Taleghani M.B.G. ArianezhadExplaining and analyzing of factors related to production efficiency (PE) in direction of research and development (R&D) activities in china industries of Iran has been the main object of this research and the researcher is going to examine this problem base on a pa MoreExplaining and analyzing of factors related to production efficiency (PE) in direction of research and development (R&D) activities in china industries of Iran has been the main object of this research and the researcher is going to examine this problem base on a particular model which the research and development (R&D) activities through what kind of process and factors concluded to production efficiency (PE)? According to research’s point of view, research and development (R&D) activities is effected on applying modern knowledge and also it can be effected to quality improvement (QI) and waste reduction (WR) due to the development of production efficiency(PE) (Research model). For this purpose, the researcher analyses and reviews as per to this thesis, the situation of the units of research and development (R&D) activities china industries country and by using model testing analysied and evaluated of the rate of effectiveness the quality improvement (QI) and waste reduction (WR) properties to production efficiency (PE) assumed industries. In this manner it can be recognized the main points of production efficiency (PE) and developed the dimensions of quantitative and qualitative. This research is included in six chapters that in the first chapter, it discussed on general of research design according to precise technical which represented. In the second chapter the researcher has a summary survey on theorical principles of research literature frame and in the end of this chapter the studies and researches related to research objective has been analyzed and reviewed, too. In the third chapter has a glance at ratio theorical framework of causal models. In the fourth chapter, researcher tries to study and review the research methodology. In the most important chapter i.e the fifth chapter the researcher represents his scientific analysis about statistical statistical studies of research. And finally in the sixth chapter the researcher will bring to an end doing a series of conclution and represent some execution solution in order to production efficiency (PE) development in china industries of country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Chemical and pharmaceutical waste disposal with thermal plasma pyrolysis-melting
Shahrooz Saviz Davoud Dorranian Amir Hossein Sari -
Open Access Article
9 - A Comparative Study of Façade Samples in Residential Buildings of Tehran by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Mohammad-Hosein Shirazian Seyed-Bagher Hosseini Saeid Norouzian-MalekiNowadays, there is a rapid growth in residential construction in Tehran. Part of the growth is related to providing housing for citizen and reconstruction of old urban fabrics. Yet many difficulties and barriers may arise in the future due to the relative paucity of tec MoreNowadays, there is a rapid growth in residential construction in Tehran. Part of the growth is related to providing housing for citizen and reconstruction of old urban fabrics. Yet many difficulties and barriers may arise in the future due to the relative paucity of technical standards. The façade skin is considered as one of the most effective ways in aesthetic elements of the urban landscape. The facade plays a vital role in the distinction between interior and exterior spaces. Additionally, it is one of the most vulnerable elements of structures, when they are subjected to earthquakes. Tehran is placed in the one of the world’s most active seismic belts and has sustained repeated considerabledamages due to high magnitude earthquake activitieshappening in some 150 year cycle. Already 182 years have passed since the last one in 1830. It is feared that a major earthquake in Tehran, a megalopolis of over 8 million inhabitants, situated on among active faults, could well lead to substantial loss of life at some 380,000 in the worst case scenario and considerable financial damages particularly due to rapid urbanization started in the 1950s.The main objective of this research is to determine the most appropriate facade system for residential buildings in Tehran. Two types of double-skin facades (twin wall or incorporated shuttering wall and lightweight 3D sandwich panel) and single-skin facades (insulating concrete form and fiber cement board facade) have been selected based on the available studies of facade systems. Data was gathered through Delphi technique.The Delphi technique is an approach used to gain consensus among a panel of experts. This is normally achieved through a series of rounds where information is fed back to panel members using questionnaires.Fourcriteria were selected in the research. Thesecriteria are as follows: earthquake resistance, cost and speed of performance, heat insulation and architectural aesthetics. Weights of them were analyzed by analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method and the systems are compared. An AHP hierarchy is a structured means of modeling the decision at hand. It consists of an overall goal, a group of options or alternatives for reaching the goal, and a group of factors or criteria that relate the alternatives to the goal.Sincepairwisecomparisons are the keystone of these decision-making processes, correctly quantifying them is the most decisivestep inmulti-criteria decision-making methods which use qualitative data. Pairwise comparisons are quantified by using a scale. Such a scale is an one–to-one mapping between the set of discrete linguistic choices available to the decision maker and a discrete set of numbers which indicate the importance, or weightof the previous linguistic choices.In the final step of the process, numerical priorities are calculated for each of the decision alternatives. These numbers represent the alternatives’ relative ability to attain the decision goal, so they allow a straightforward consideration of the various courses of action.Accordingly, lightweight 3D sandwich panel is suggested as the most appropriate for residential buildings in the earthquakeprone areas of Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Elimination of Waste and Inefficient Facilities in Existing Buildings for Sustainability in Developing Nations
Adegbenga Adeyemi David Martin Rozilah Kazim -
Open Access Article
11 - The Effect of Waste Control, Lean Techniques and Visual Systems Factors on Lean Management in the Hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU)
sara safavi jamaledin tabibi leila riahi mahmood mahmoodiIntroduction: The philosophical dimensions of lean management in health section, and especially in hospitals which could renew their function and contribute to their development in providing improved services are of particular importance.The present study aims to invest MoreIntroduction: The philosophical dimensions of lean management in health section, and especially in hospitals which could renew their function and contribute to their development in providing improved services are of particular importance.The present study aims to investigate the effect of waste control, lean techniques and visual systems on lean management in hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU). Methods: Considering the results, the present case study falls in the applied category. The research populations were managers at different levels of senior, middle, and operational in the SBMU teaching hospitals. The data were obtained through researcher-made questionnaire that its validity confirmed by a group of elite scientific and executive experts in the field of lean management and its reliability calculated 82 percent using Cronbach's alpha. Results: The obtained findings revealed that all the three factors of waste control, lean techniques, and visual systems significantly loaded on the lean management. The results of the conducted factor analysis on the basis of goodness of fit indices NFI=95%, GFI=92%, and RMSEA=0.052% verified fitness of the model. Conclusion: Considering the effect of waste control, lean techniques, and visual systems on lean management in the teaching hospitals, examining hospital infrastructures and the use of self-assessment system for feasibility of lean execution could be effective in establishment of lean management in hospitals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - E-Waste-Concept, Problems and Solution Policies in India
J. E. Rajput -
Open Access Article
13 - Re-examining the jurisprudential foundations of the civil responsibility of the media نماد «مورد تأیید انجمن»
maryam pourbabaei fariba pahlevani abbas samavatiAbstract:The importance of the media in today's era is not hidden from anyone. In today's world, the media is considered as one of the most important and influential tools in people's lives and their thoughts. The expansion of media and the use of it by humanity in vari MoreAbstract:The importance of the media in today's era is not hidden from anyone. In today's world, the media is considered as one of the most important and influential tools in people's lives and their thoughts. The expansion of media and the use of it by humanity in various fields has caused it to be one of the most important challenges in the last century. The lack of strong laws in various fields of media and the violation of ethics and human privacy in the media have prompted governments to seriously reconsider the legislation in the field of media. Now the question is, who is responsible for compensation if a loss is caused by the media? Because in Iran, the laws and rights are derived from Islamic principles. Considering the damage that some media causes to the rights of individuals, this researchAn analysis has tried to examine the jurisprudential foundations of the civil responsibility of the media in order to make the correct decision of the Islamic State in the matter of legislation.Keywords: media, civil responsibility, waste rule, harmless ruleنماد «مورد تأیید انجمن»نماد «مورد تأیید انجمن» Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Environmental Accounting with Emphasis on Solid Waste Management
Rezvan Hejazi Kimiya EslamiMain goal is following to identify indicators for calculation of environmental expenditures in waste area, with review effective factors to creation pollution and prevention of pollution ways. Such that calculating environmental expenditures and render financial reporti MoreMain goal is following to identify indicators for calculation of environmental expenditures in waste area, with review effective factors to creation pollution and prevention of pollution ways. Such that calculating environmental expenditures and render financial reporting to users. At this research, first classification creation pollution methods and human correlate with this and then distributed questionnaires among decision makers (municipal executives and citizens) and specialist (accountant and specialists of environmental) than by analyzing they and by SPSS could be identify environmental indicators. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Evaluation Improving Financial Operations by Implementing Knowledge Management System
رضا رادفر نرگس رضائی ملک محمد رضائی ملکAbstractToday base knowledge companies are most powerful and successful firms in the world, sohaving knowledge management system become one of preference strategic on companies.According to international economic condition, most of companies are looking for specialway f MoreAbstractToday base knowledge companies are most powerful and successful firms in the world, sohaving knowledge management system become one of preference strategic on companies.According to international economic condition, most of companies are looking for specialway for improving financial operations. This study assessed the impact the implementation ofknowledge management systems to improve financial operations in private company. Byimproving financial operation, company’s income, advantage have increased and waste costhas decreased that it caused company’s marketing share have good progress. In this researchby interviewing with experts, and studding previous research has identified the effectiveindices. The required data were collected by using questionnaires. Techniques has used isstructural equation model and regression. The results had shown positive effect (75%) ofknowledge management on financial operations in organization. With implementationknowledge management, marketing share and income increased and waste cost decreased.With this strategy could be able to decrease the prohibition economic pressure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Biogas Technology, Applications, Perspectives and Implications
Sh. Shokri -
Open Access Article
17 - The potential of compost-based organic nano-adsorbent (Compost/Fe3O4NPs) for contaminated soil remediation
laleh Ghafghazi Lobat Taghavi Behnam Rasekh Hadi Farahani Amir hesam HassaniOne of the most important emerging pollutants in human health, food safety, and environmental protection challenges is phthalate esters. Among these, the contamination of agricultural soils with the endocrine-disrupting chemical Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has be MoreOne of the most important emerging pollutants in human health, food safety, and environmental protection challenges is phthalate esters. Among these, the contamination of agricultural soils with the endocrine-disrupting chemical Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been confirmed globally. In this research, the DEHP-absorption potential of compost enriched with Fe3O4 NPs was identified. The effects of the sorbent dose in the range of 2–5 g.L-1, 3–11 pH, and DEHP concentration at 5–10 mg.L-1 on absorption efficiency (%) were optimized via response surface methodology in design expert software. The kinetic equilibrium experiment results showed a two-step process, requiring 6 hours of equilibrium time for the exothermic adsorption process at 25ºC. The adsorption process of DEHP fitted best to the pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2 = 0.9932) and the linear form of the Freundlich isotherm models. In the central composite design, the significant quadratic model was validated and used to predict the interaction of variables (P-value <0.0001, adjusted R2 = 0.9753). The optimum conditions of absorption efficiency (74.173%) were obtained at a sorbent dosage of 4.157 g.L-1, pH 5.85, and a DEHP concentration of 4.88 mg.L-1 with a desirability of 0.987. The comparison of FTIR absorption spectra confirmed the active participation of O-H bands (functional groups of phenol, alcohol, and carboxyl) and primary amine (N-H) in the DEHP absorption through interaction with the oxygen atom of the phthalate ester group (C=O). As a result of its successful and acceptable efficiency, using compost/Fe3O4 NP absorbent based on organic wastes is a low-cost and eco-friendly technique for DEHP removal from sensitive ecosystems and also to improve the efficiency of bioremediation in agricultural soils amended by compost. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Investigation of the effect of adding melamine resin impregnated paper waste on physical and mechanical properties of medium-density fiberboard (MDF)
Fatemeh Ramezanian Sani Ali-Akbar EnayatiTo investigate the effect of melamine resin impregnated paper waste on physical and mechanical properties of medium-density fiberboard (MDF), a mixture of melamine resin impregnated paper waste and wood fibers in the ratio of 0.100, 10/90, 20/80, 70.30 was used. After g MoreTo investigate the effect of melamine resin impregnated paper waste on physical and mechanical properties of medium-density fiberboard (MDF), a mixture of melamine resin impregnated paper waste and wood fibers in the ratio of 0.100, 10/90, 20/80, 70.30 was used. After gluing the fibers with urea-formaldehyde adhesive in 10% (relative to the dry weight of the fibers), the fiber cake in a laboratory press at a temperature of 170 °C, under the pressure of 35-40 bar and pressing time of 6 min to they were compressed to a thickness of 15 mm. The results obtained from zeasuring the physical and mechanical properties of the boards showed that increasing the amount of melamine resin impregnated paper waste in the boards led to increase the modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bonding, while the thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours of immersion was decreased. Therefore, the findings of the present study statistical analysis showed that the best treatment in this study is the use of 20% melamine resin impregnated paper waste in the production of medium-density fiberboard, while achieving the desired levels of physical and mechanical properties specified in the standard range related to this type of board, can be prevent waste loss and environmental pollution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Environmental education effect on fish farmers’ attitude and behavior to decrease rainbow trout farm’s wastewater pollution
mohammad reza farzaneh maryam larijani mohammad rezvaniAquaculture and environment have considerable interaction impacts on each other. In this study, the effect of education on environmental attitudes and behavior of trout farmers were investigated. The experiment was applicable using a researcher-made questionnaires and e MoreAquaculture and environment have considerable interaction impacts on each other. In this study, the effect of education on environmental attitudes and behavior of trout farmers were investigated. The experiment was applicable using a researcher-made questionnaires and environmental training package. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed by the university professors and researchers of Fisheries Organization. Reliability of the Questionnaire with 15 tests showed Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.84. The statistical population was included 150 farmers with monoculture farms that their farms’ effluent had been discharged to surface water. The sample consisted of 63 persons in two control and experimental groups. The results showed inappropriate attitude of respondents before offering environmental training package (About 34% correct answers), while their acquaintance was significantly changed after presentation of the training package (p<0.05). Besides, 79% of respondents are not used any wastewater refining methods. However, training package could change behaviors in the experimental group and they announced readiness to wastewater treatment with low-cost procedures. No significant correlation was observed between age, education and aquaculture acquaintance with environmental behavior and attitudes. The results of present study showed that education had an important role in the environmental behavior of coldwater fish farmers, especially to prevent the pollution caused by farms’ waste water. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Study of Photooxidative Degradation of Reactive Dyes from Aqueous Solutions by UV/ C102 Process
S. Hashemian K. Zare -
Open Access Article
21 - Removal of betamethasone sodium phosphate from wastewater using zinc oxide nanoparticles
M. Giahi H. Taghavi S. Habibi Habibi R. Sariri -
Open Access Article
22 - Gender differencesin attitude and participation on Waste Management Plan in the 5th region of Tehran
zahra zareWaste management is one of the requirements of modern urban society and social development. People is a key to program of waste management and their attitudes and behavior is very important. public attitudes in areas of urban management knows more important role for wom MoreWaste management is one of the requirements of modern urban society and social development. People is a key to program of waste management and their attitudes and behavior is very important. public attitudes in areas of urban management knows more important role for women especially housewives in this plan. Many programs are be planned and implemented for women. This study aimed to compare women and men in attitudes and participate in waste management and This judgment has to be examined.In this study, suvrey with person questionnaire has been used. Statistical population are citizens of of region 5 of Tehran. Samples were 800 people who were questioned by multistep cluster sampling from all communities in this region.According to t-tests, significant differences have not seen in attitude and behavior in waste management plan between men and women in 5th region of Tehran.Good general tendency is in citizens of region 5 of Tehran regardless of gender, which can be a good potential to be used in the field of waste management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Social Thought and Social Responsibility in Imamiyah and Sunni Jurisprudence
Iraj Charkhchi Naser Marivani محمد علی ضیائیIslamic jurisprudence is responsible for understanding divine laws and responding to human needs in the context of individual and social laws and regulations that specify the general rights of individuals to the community, as well as the proper structure of these relati MoreIslamic jurisprudence is responsible for understanding divine laws and responding to human needs in the context of individual and social laws and regulations that specify the general rights of individuals to the community, as well as the proper structure of these relationships, and rules such as law, loss, discipline. And he remembers your stewardship ... Guarantees are among the most important and controversial topics in the field of law. Most importantly, because it is the most afflicted, and most controversial, in spite of the wide range of opinions and writings on this subject, there are still disagreements. Social thought has been a well-known customary and institutional founding of human societies and its origin is respect for the property, rights, and other matters in which the guarantor is concerned, and thus in all religions and law schools, the general principle of the guarantor notwithstanding. It has been recognized and legitimized and proven in the toys. Therefore, the root of the customary establishment of the guarantee must be traced back to property and other individual and social rights that have been accepted by human beings in all historical periods for the sake of social interest and justice. The product of social institution is the guarantee of social order, security and justice. Assigning a variety of responsibilities is also a new approach to the science of law. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Gender Differences in Attitude and Participation on Waste Management Plan in the 5th Region of Tehran
Zahra ZareWaste management is one of the requirements of modern urban society and social development. People is a key to program of waste management and their attitudes and behavior is very important. Public attitudes in areas of urban management knows more important role for wom MoreWaste management is one of the requirements of modern urban society and social development. People is a key to program of waste management and their attitudes and behavior is very important. Public attitudes in areas of urban management knows more important role for women especially housewives in this plan. Many programs are be planned and implemented for women. This study aimed to compare women and men in attitudes and participate in waste management and this judgment has to be examined. In this study, survey with person questionnaire has been used. Statistical population are citizens of region 5 of Tehran. Samples were 800 people who were questioned by multistep cluster sampling from all communities in this region. According to t-tests, significant differences have not seen in attitude and behavior in waste management plan between men and women in 5th region of Tehran. Good general tendency is in citizens of region 5 of Tehran regardless of gender, which can be a good potential to be used in the field of waste management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Evaluation the wastewater treatment location of Bojnord city and selecting the right location
atefeh sedaghati حمید طالب خواهStudy aim is evaluating of Bojnord wastewater treatment location based on indicators in locating the wastewater treatment. 15 information layer contain 8 indicators affecting the location and 7 right privacy Is processing in GIS software. To identify the weight of each MoreStudy aim is evaluating of Bojnord wastewater treatment location based on indicators in locating the wastewater treatment. 15 information layer contain 8 indicators affecting the location and 7 right privacy Is processing in GIS software. To identify the weight of each index, the questionnaire was distributed between 25 experts of related sciences. Then, using AHP hierarchical decision making final weight of each indicator was calculated. In final step of combining weights and information layer in GIS software and remove areas with restrictions, Bojnord wastewater treatment location was evaluated. "Slop" and "the height difference to the city" variables by the final weight of approximately 0/20 and 0/21, have the greatest impact on the refinery location. Also, wastewater treatment current location, based on the principles and indicators, is located in unsuitable zone. In conclusion, the 3 proposed options with regard to the established criteria and restrictions, for the Bojnord wastewater treatment location, with the help of SAW model, related to the MADM methods collection, were studied that alternative number1, by placing in petrology area of arjelity argillaceous with shale interlayers, contains ammonites, akinopad and numerous orbitolina, in terms of status of most of indicators and privacy, were identified better than other options. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Ahwaz municipal solid waste sanitary burial location using software models and software Arc Gis Visual PROMETHEE
سیروس قنبری محسن شایان اکبر دهبان نژادیانChoose landfill is an important step in the management of municipal solid waste according to environmental impact, economic and ecological waste, the landfill must be done carefully and in a scientific process. . Choose a suitable place to bury garbage, requires conside MoreChoose landfill is an important step in the management of municipal solid waste according to environmental impact, economic and ecological waste, the landfill must be done carefully and in a scientific process. . Choose a suitable place to bury garbage, requires consideration of many factors and criteria (criteria distance from the airport, distance from fault, distance from the town, away from the river, away from the city, close to land use, soil type, wind direction, distance residential areas, away from the ground and the distance of communication) is. The purpose of this study, the optimal location city landfill Ahvazba geographic information system and software application and version is Visual PROMETHEE. The type used in this article is an applied research - development and its method is descriptive and analytical. The results show the importance of considering all measures, the proposed locations for waste sanitary burial in the city of Ahvaz, East and North-East part of the city that these places are the standards to accomplish this. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - An intelligent Hybrid Algorithm for Urban waste Collection Problem
heydar Lotfi Babak sadeghiThis paper presents an Algorithm to solve an urban waste collection problem bydelivering suitable route in each separate areas of Tehran in order to minimize the costof waste collection. We know the fuel consuming has a direct relation ship withdriving distances by coll MoreThis paper presents an Algorithm to solve an urban waste collection problem bydelivering suitable route in each separate areas of Tehran in order to minimize the costof waste collection. We know the fuel consuming has a direct relation ship withdriving distances by collection vehicles, so, by minimize the cost of fuel consumingbecause waste collection consist of 50%-70% of totally collection expenses.Mathematical programming used to solve this problem base on integerprogramming with three variables and four limits.We propose a practical solution method which consists of three components: zoningAlgorithm, route generating Algorithm and combination Algorithm.Zoning Algorithm: a separated area divides in to small areas which each areaconsist of many big trash bins and surrounded between four streets, each points onborder could be considered as a start or end points.Route generating Algorithm: find the smallest routes between start and end points.Combination Algorithm: find the suitable neighborhood areas by consideration ofthe collection vehicles and capacities in each area. Until to minimize the traversedcompletely. Our topological limitations are: deadened streets, boulevards, traffic laws,such as one way streets in order to become closer in the real in the real word scale.The experimental results on real word problem, using data from 3 separate areas ofTehran, showed the superiority of the solution generated by the porposed intelligentAlgorithm to the solution generated by human experts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - A Survey on locating of solid waste inhume in GIS by linear programing (case study: khorasan razavi state area)
Heydar Lofti Yousef Ali Ziari Babak SadeghiSolid waste is the natural outcome of human societies. Nowadays in Iran, the treat of mismanagmentof solid wastes are the main problems, in addition to the various other environment issues such as air and water pollutions. According to the problems of solid waste disp MoreSolid waste is the natural outcome of human societies. Nowadays in Iran, the treat of mismanagmentof solid wastes are the main problems, in addition to the various other environment issues such as air and water pollutions. According to the problems of solid waste disposal management in the county of Mashad. It is needed to select a site for land filling or in huming in a suitable place. For site selection, application of geographical information system(GIS) software is the scientific method. Factors and criteria such as topography ,slope,soil type, geology, hydrologhy, distance from surface water, ground water table, population centers and access road, sources of solid waste production and others are the base data for laying the maps are used in the GIS. This paper based on several maps 2 suitable and 2 very suitable sites were been found. All of the selected lands were acceptable for land filling. The municipality of mashad can choose each of the sites with respect to the cost of the financial badget. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Cities, The World Greenhouse
زهره FaniCities are contaminator with over consumption. Because of this situation, they aresubjected to many ecologic dangers and pressures. Therefore they distinct as unevenand unequal places; This process far away them from sustainable eco-city. This papersearch and study sust MoreCities are contaminator with over consumption. Because of this situation, they aresubjected to many ecologic dangers and pressures. Therefore they distinct as unevenand unequal places; This process far away them from sustainable eco-city. This papersearch and study sustainable eco-cities; the ways of structural reforms in the diseasedcities for instance; Limits of physical growth, Demanding Health, Transport and size –shape of cities, Food, Water and Waste.The World Bank was pronouncing that sustainable urban development and ecocityhave conditions as follow:-The livable;-The efficient local management;-Be able to competition;-The prosperity from bank credits;. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Site Selection of Waste Water Treatment Plant using GIS and TOPSIS (Case Study: Qeshm Island)
Mahdi Fallah Manouchehr Farajzadeh Hassan Vagharfard Ali Nik kheslatToday there is a high demand for water, particularly in arid regions, which is attributed due tothe increasing world population with its agricultural and industrial activities from the one sideand, over the last few years, increasing drought from the other side.Thus it MoreToday there is a high demand for water, particularly in arid regions, which is attributed due tothe increasing world population with its agricultural and industrial activities from the one sideand, over the last few years, increasing drought from the other side.Thus it is a priority toinvestigate the proper site selection of a waste water treatment plant. In this study, locationsfor the waste water treatment plant for the city of Qeshm, Hormozgan Province wereinvestigated. Treatment plant operation requires a number of policies, regulations and data.The importance of the above mentioned factors are essential in consideration of site selection.Therefore, we considered the slope of the land, elevation difference with respect to Qeshm,land cover, land use, distance from town and additional data for this project. We gavedifferent weights to each data, according to AHP, and determined which slope received themost weight value. Following this process, we categorized the data into four classes accordingto the TOPSIS model. This model selects the shortest distance from the highest level of theclasses and the longest distance from the lowest class. The end result showed that the modelselected 109 km2 of Qeshm Island that would be a suitable area for creating a waste watertreatment plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Locate suitable sites for burial of solid waste management strategies in using Gis (case of study: shooshtar)
Ahmad Poor Ahmed Mohsen Ranjbar Seyed Abbas Rajai Marzieh Hemmati zadehWaste production, including problems of urban management is today one of the major problems of big cities into Has been. In this study, geographical information systems for optimal positioning and management buried urban waste have been used. For this purpose 20 layers MoreWaste production, including problems of urban management is today one of the major problems of big cities into Has been. In this study, geographical information systems for optimal positioning and management buried urban waste have been used. For this purpose 20 layers of information involved in the positioning buried in GIS environment prepared on the layer processing was done and then using AHP, weight through the matrix compared to a couple practices and by the two models of Boolean and fuzzy layers with The final compilation and analysis carried out and appropriate areas of extraction and analysis has been selected points. Study results show that the selected points from a place of highest priority are to bury. Two points due to lack of appropriate follow rock, high groundwater levels, high erodability for burial have not been a priority. Finally ¬ selected location compared with the current location and then determine the appropriate place in the city Shooshtar is presented and management strategies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Obstacles and strategies of privatization of water and wastewater companies (according to law of correcting articles of forth plan of country development) case study: Tehran
رضا نجف بیگی علیرضا محمودیWater is as a valuable material that is limited and is used for economic sections such as production, infrastructure and services. Urban water distribution network and healthy sewerage system like many other utilities, traditionally was the duties of government. But cur MoreWater is as a valuable material that is limited and is used for economic sections such as production, infrastructure and services. Urban water distribution network and healthy sewerage system like many other utilities, traditionally was the duties of government. But current experiments show that provision of utilities needed wasn't according to expectations. In law of amendment of article of fourth plan of government development, privatization has been chosen as a solution for solving these problems. What are obstacles of privatization of water and wastewater companies (Tehran)? To know obstacles, some descriptive research with applicatory aim was done. In first questionnaire, 39 experts' opinions were taken about (Tehran) water and wastewater industry section which were faculty member of water and sewage department of university in water and electricity industry, and in second questionnaire 15 persons' opinions was taken. The result of research according to current hypothesis is that there are structural, economic, social and cultural, legal, and political obstacles in privatization of water and sewage companies especially in Tehran to private sector. By using dematel and fuzzy logy, economic, “social and cultural” obstacles as effective and other “legal”, “structural” and “political” obstacles are influenced by two former obstacles. So by decreasing economic, social and cultural obstacles because of affecting on other obstacles, changes in direction of decreasing legal, structural and political obstacles would happen. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Assessing factors influencing the effectiveness of face to face training of Tehrancitizens' behavior regarding urbanwaste management issues (Case study of 18th zone of Tehran City)
محمدمهدی مظاهری حسین کرامتی نژادIntroductionandObjective:Training programs can only be reliable and valid evidence to justify their value in improving the effectiveness of training on participant behavior and thus the interest of people and the area. Itwould not bepossiblewithout theprovision ofa comp MoreIntroductionandObjective:Training programs can only be reliable and valid evidence to justify their value in improving the effectiveness of training on participant behavior and thus the interest of people and the area. Itwould not bepossiblewithout theprovision ofa comprehensiveand effectivetrainingthattheyshouldalladversefactorsaffecting thegreater effectivenessof this trainingconsider.In this context, this study aims to determine thefactors that affectthe effectiveness offace to face trainingcoursesTehran Municipalityofurbanwaste managementissuessurrounding thecitizen's behavior has been developed. Methods:.The study of research methods and the nature of relationship (first part) and a causal-comparative (second part) on the issue of measuring the impact of training on the face are considered citizens.However, the first section reviews the factors influencing their effectiveness in terms of research training, surveys and the target is applied.The first section reviews the factors influencing their effectiveness in terms of research training, surveys and the target application is placed on the agenda and measure the impact of education on the part of the citizens of the three levels of knowledge, vision and action in the next five Dimensions of citizens behavior. The data are housewives in their family.A total of 384 people have been calculated according to Cochran's formula but based on the response received letters that have the ability to take advantage of the 341 patients are being employed.To collect the data needed to achieve the research objectives, a variety of methods such as observation, interviews with experts and education experts, archival and library research, Internet search and the questionnaire (research tool) based on Likert was used.This information is analyzed in two steps.First, descriptive statistics such as percentage, mean, variance, frequency tables and the data are described, then the inferential statistics such as correlation, regression analysis and test research hypotheses and inferences are in. Findings:29.6% of the population in terms ofageless than30years old and52.8percent werebetween30 and 50years of age.Educationlevel ofthe subjectsshowedthat among341cases studied, the most frequent is thediplomalevel.Ethnicstatus checkshows34.9% of the study populationare Turks, 10.3% Lors, 10% Kords, 12.6%Gilak& the restis Fars.Dataanalysisshows thatthe vastpopulationofreligious people (fine ortoohigh). Conclusions: Theresults fromthe studyindicatethatfactors such astimecourses, spiritualmotivation, quality ofcourses, ethnicity, religion, education, age, explainedthe objectives ofthe course, according to thevictims' attitudes and ability toteachlearnerswitheffectivetrainingin thefaceto face of citizens' behavior regardingwaste managementissueswill make a meaning.Butassumptionsrelatedaids, instilland motivateenforcementtrainingmaterialonconceptualmodelshave been rejected. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Waste Separation & Its Role in Increasing the Recycling Process
مراد کردی سعید تیموری احمد مرادعلیانThe daily increase of urban population in Tehran, along with the creation of new populated centers, the lack or weakness of policy-making and the evaluation of various urban functions and activities based on comprehensive and large-scale national plan, the change of con MoreThe daily increase of urban population in Tehran, along with the creation of new populated centers, the lack or weakness of policy-making and the evaluation of various urban functions and activities based on comprehensive and large-scale national plan, the change of consumption patterns and the continuity of waste discharge of the urban environment are the factors that create crisis which has caused after-crisis and has put to various risks many natural environments and the quality of health in humans; also, it has caused the discard of over 7000 tons of waste material. The discards are consisted of valuable metals, useable glass dishes, paper, recyclable plastic, pet, food waste and etc which are rich in nutrients. Among these useful waste materials, substances such as mercury in batteries, cadmium of fluorescent bulbs, toxic chemical cleaners also exist. Separating the bad waste materials from the good ones extremely helps in keeping the environment and human life healthy and helps the society to save more money. Today's urban management professionals have decided to find a way which helps people save more money and at the same time protect the environment and human health. This article states the importance and necessity of the waste separation plan and illustrates the problems caused by the unsuccessful implementation of the project and mentions the strategies which help the better implement of optimal plan coverage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Identify the factors affecting the adoption of waste management by the citizens of Tehran
Shaghayegh Kheiri Akram Azad ArmakiIntroduction and purpose of research: Wastes generated in Tehran that is true dirty gold and entering the valuable water and soil resources, Ecosystems will lead to more pollution and there are many diseases. Due to this the correct way to collect waste in the city have MoreIntroduction and purpose of research: Wastes generated in Tehran that is true dirty gold and entering the valuable water and soil resources, Ecosystems will lead to more pollution and there are many diseases. Due to this the correct way to collect waste in the city have been emphasized therefore the aim of the study it was Identify the factors affecting the adoption of waste management.Method: The study was the applied and descriptive – correlational method. The research population was all in Tehran Housewives. The sample size was determined by Cochran's formula (n= 385). Proportional stratified random sampling method was used. Data was collected through an instrument that developed by researchers. Validity estimated by a panel of experts in University and Environmental experts, department of Tehran city. Reliability was conducted by a Pilot test study and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient assumed (0/78≤ α ≤ 0/95) which show its suit for research conduct.Findings: the result showed that there was a significant difference between seven variables Education, citizenship education, citizen participation, the role of the media, economic, political and cultural factors in the adoption of waste management among citizens of Tehran.Conclusions: Spearman test with 95% confidence significant positive relationship between education and the adoption of waste management revealed citizens. Pearson test with 99% confidence significant positive relationship between cultural factors, political, economic, media's role, participation and citizenship education and Waste Management Admission indicated. Due to the above factors can be co-citizens in waste management (waste separation, etc.) to be optimized Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Analyzing the Improvement Criteria of Urban Waste Management Based on Internet-of-Thing (IoT) Technology Using Dimatel Method
Nadi Alizadeh Masoud ahmadigorjiIntroduction and Aim: Waste management is a key issue of stable environmental development stimulated the relevant authorities to appropriately manage it. In recent years, the operational costs of waste management have increased which most of it assigned to collect MoreIntroduction and Aim: Waste management is a key issue of stable environmental development stimulated the relevant authorities to appropriately manage it. In recent years, the operational costs of waste management have increased which most of it assigned to collection and transportation section. Hence, it is required to examine the substituent approaches using the modern technologies. Parallel to sophisticated challenge of resources management, health, pollution, traffic and waste management, we encounter with emerging of technology-based smart cities their standards and exploitations approaches are not still elucidated. The main purpose of this research is to analytically evaluate the improvement criteria of the urban waste management based on internet-of-thing (IoT) technology.Method: Dematel method is utilized to identify and assess the mutual relation between criteria and network equations' mapping.Achievements: The smart infrastructure criterion is the most effective factor and the smart interface layer is the most affectable factor. Additionally, the smart interface layer has the most relation with other system factors. Conclusion: With the aim of reduction in operational cost, the IoT technology can optimize the waste collection services based on conversion of the waste management to data-based collection procedures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Ways of Reducing Environmental Hazards of Chemical Waste Intakes from the Viewpoints of Agri-Jihad and Environment Organization Experts in the City of Sari
Hossein i Ahmadi Gorji Kheil Seyed Mehdi Mirdamadi Maryam Omidi najafabadiThe aim of this study was to identifying ways of reducing the environmental hazards of chemical inputs from the experts' point of view in Agricultural Jihad and Environment Organization of Sari, Mazandaran province. The statistical population of the study consisted of 1 MoreThe aim of this study was to identifying ways of reducing the environmental hazards of chemical inputs from the experts' point of view in Agricultural Jihad and Environment Organization of Sari, Mazandaran province. The statistical population of the study consisted of 106 experts working in the Jihad-e-Agriculture and Environment Organization of Sari. Data were collected using a census method, using a questionnaire its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was reported by Cronbach's alpha of 0.938 Factor analysis showed that the solutions were classified into five factors that explain the educational strategies as the first factor of 9.467% of total dispersion. The second factor, called the ‘’Social-Political’’ strategies, was 8.616%, the third factor called the ‘’Economic’’ strategies 7.066%, the fourth factor called the‘’Motivational’’strategies of 6.915%, and finally the fifth factor, called the ‘’Technical’’ solutions, was 6.81% of the variation of total of the above mentioned factors could explain 38.873% of the total variation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Fuzzy Network DEA Model for Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants
Mahboubeh Sadeghpour Mohammad Fallah -
Open Access Article
39 - Effect of natural and artificial moisture absorbents on delay of permanent wilting point coefficient
نقی حقیقت علی محمدی ترکاشوند ابراهیم پذیراManagement practices and applying advanced techniques for conserving soil moisture is an appropriate way to exploit water resources. In this research, the effect of some organic wastes and a superabsorbent on soil available water and delay in permanent wilting point of MoreManagement practices and applying advanced techniques for conserving soil moisture is an appropriate way to exploit water resources. In this research, the effect of some organic wastes and a superabsorbent on soil available water and delay in permanent wilting point of a soil in steep slopes of Roodbar, Guilan province was investigated. Treatments including 10, 20 and 50% volumetric of tea waste, olive waste and municipal waste compost with the values 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 g of a super absorbent (A200) in a completely randomized design were used in a roofed outdoor of Islamic Azad University at temperature range of 28-26 °C. In order to provide moisture retention curve and determination of field capacity (FC) and wilting point (PWP) in treatments from filter paper method was used. After soil saturation, the time to reach a saturated soil to PWP was calculated. Results showed that the effect of treatments on the moisture coefficients of FC and PWP was significant at 1% level. The most significant delays in PWP coefficient (at 1% level) in 50% municipal wastes compost and 16 g/kg superabsorbent respectively with a delay of 19 and 30 days were obtained. In general, the use of agricultural wastes (10%) in combination of superabsorbent (a rate of 5 g/kg) is associated with favorable outcomes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Investigating the effects of soil and sewage sludge on some vegetative traits of Garadagh plant (Nitraria schoberi)
رحیم رضایی حمیدرضا کریم زاده شهباز مهرابیMore than two thirds of Iran is located in arid and semiarid regions encountered with the challenges of water shortages. This emphasizes the need to reduce water consumption and to use other water sources. For this the present study deals with effect of sewage and waste MoreMore than two thirds of Iran is located in arid and semiarid regions encountered with the challenges of water shortages. This emphasizes the need to reduce water consumption and to use other water sources. For this the present study deals with effect of sewage and wastewater on some vegetative traits of Nitraria schuberi as a species adapted to arid and semiarid areas. Its design was a split plot design with six replications in desert Research Station, plain Segzy Isfahan. This study had irrigation with wastewater treatment at five levels ( 0 , 25 , 50 , 75 and 100 % ) , sludge at two levels ( presence or absence of sludge ) and two soil types ( soil and soil Segzy plain ) and analyzes morphological characteristics of the plant using a software SPSS software was used. Results showed that the highest rate of increase in height and canopy, basal diameter and canopy in prairie soil treatment sludge 100 percent and non- sludge effluent level for height, basal area and canopy diameter was 100, 50 and75% respectively. Also, results showed that the lowest height, basal diameter and canopy cover for Segzy soil under control treatment for height, basal diameter and canopy cover was 0, 25 and 25% respectively. Also, as for soils under sewage treatment for height, basal diameter and canopy cover were 0, 25 and 50% respectively and for wastewater application treatment it was 75,0 and 0% respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Soil nitrate transport in subsurface drip irrigation with different lateral spacing under turfgrass culture using municipal wastewater
سید حسن طباطبائی سیدمحمد موسویThe main objective of this study was determination of the effects of water quality, installation depth and space of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) laterals on soil nitrate under turfgrass culture at the experimental farm of the Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. MoreThe main objective of this study was determination of the effects of water quality, installation depth and space of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) laterals on soil nitrate under turfgrass culture at the experimental farm of the Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. Split Split Plot was employed as the experimental design with experimental arrangement of completely randomized block design including 16 treatments and three replications. Treatments included two types of water quality: fresh water (W) and treated wastewater (WW), two installation spacing of SDI laterals (45 and 60 cm) and four depths of placement of SDI dripper (15, 20, 25 and 30 cm). Soil samples were collected from two layers (0-30 and 30-60 cm) and analyzed for No3- at the end of the experiment. The ANOVA results show that interaction of irrigation water quality × lateral spacing × installation depth of SDI laterals was significant on No3- concentration in the layers. The results indicated that irrigation with the wastewater as compared to fresh water causes higher No3- concentration. The No3- concentration in the first and second layers increased by increasing lateral spacing. Also in the first layer, by increasing of lateral depth No3- concentration decreased at first, then increased, whereas in the second layer with increasing lateral depth, decreased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - The Effects of Irrigation with Innovative Compost Tea from Food Waste on Some Tomato Traits
Nasim Golestanehzadeh Javad Razmi Masoud HonarvarBackground and Aim: Food waste is one of the biggest challenges in today’s modern world and leads to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming issues. Converting organic waste into vermicompost and compost tea by efficient biotechnology methods could prevent nat MoreBackground and Aim: Food waste is one of the biggest challenges in today’s modern world and leads to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming issues. Converting organic waste into vermicompost and compost tea by efficient biotechnology methods could prevent natural resources depletion and decrease carbon footprint. These soil conditioners promote soil fertility, crop yields, soil resources conservation, and community health.Method: Based on this study, organic waste of the industrial kitchen of the science and research branch university, was converted to vermicompost. The compost tea was produced by a mixture of seaweed, vermicompost, molasses, and humic acid. Greenhouse studies to compare the effect of experimental treatments including irrigation level with compost tea 25, 50, and 100% and chemical fertilizer containing calcium nitrate, potassium sulfate, and 10-52-10 fertilizer on vegetative and biochemical traits of tomato (Karun variety) in six replications were performed.Results: The results showed that irrigation with 100% compost tea and chemical fertilizer, were not significantly different from each other and had the highest effect compared to other treatments. Irrigation with 100% compost tea had the greatest effect on leaf number (66 pieces), plant height (29.8 mm), root length (660 mm), and root fresh weight (29.84 mg). The highest number of flower clusters (8.94 clusters), root diameter (8.94 mm), peroxidase enzyme (3.5 µmol mg-1 protein min-1), chlorophyll a (14.44 mg g-1 FM), and total chlorophyll content (191.91 mg g-1 FM) obtained from 25% compost tea.Conclusion: There was no difference between irrigation with 25 and 100% compost tea, and chemical fertilizers. Furthermore, they had similar effects on most of the studied traits. So, irrigation with compost tea can decrease chemical fertilizers in tomato fields and leads to soil conservation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Investigating the Spread of Pollution in the Porous Environment of the Babol Aquifer by MODFLOW and MODPATH Models
Yaser Ghandehari Alireza Zamani Nouri Babak AminnejadBackground and Aim: Due to the sharp decline of the underground water in the country's plains due to their indiscriminate extraction for agricultural purposes, managers are looking for solutions to manage and restore underground water tables. One of the solutions to com MoreBackground and Aim: Due to the sharp decline of the underground water in the country's plains due to their indiscriminate extraction for agricultural purposes, managers are looking for solutions to manage and restore underground water tables. One of the solutions to compensate for the drop in the underground water level, which is one of the most effective factors in destroying the discharge capacity and increasing the quality in the underground water area, scenarios of reducing withdrawal of farming wells and prepare prohibition plans with the least uncertainty based on the regional sensitivity to pollution. The purpose of this research is to predict the flow and pollution conditions of the area based on numerical models, so that the level network and the direction of the underground water flow of the plain using MODFLOW software in a long-term period and the development of the prediction model using Calibration and validation operations should be performed on the base period of the studies in order to be able to implement the forecast scenarios by applying restrictions and reducing harvesting on aquifer exploitation resources, and specifically agricultural wells, until the stage of stable hydrograph extraction of the plain.Method: This research was carried out with the aim of estimating and predicting the state of pollution in the urban pollution site, using MODFLOW and MODPATH computer programs in GMS software. To achieve this goal, in the first step, the numerical model of the aquifer flow was prepared and calibrated by the MODFLOW code. Then, the MODPATH code was used to track the contaminated particles in the steady-state progressive method. In the second stage, the impact of the scenario of increasing and decreasing the pumping from the exploitation wells on the travel time, the length of the path and the catchment area of the leachate particles leading to them was predicted and evaluated by the regressive method. In the third step, the tracking of particles leading to qualitative sampling wells in the plain was predicted and evaluated by regressive method in steady state. Results: According to the automatic calibration and validation approach, the underground water flow model produced the least statistical deviation on the optimization parameters. Also, the particle transfer quality model was correctly implemented on the groundwater flow prediction model. In the Babol aquifer, the waste disposal area outside the designated aquifer is saturated. It was observed that, by adjusting the parameters of the simulation of the transfer of residual pollution cloud particles, an estimate of the concentration was applied to the permeable boundaries and the channel network. This means that in the simulation of particle transport, here the source of pollution spread is the channel network and permeable boundaries, which will be directly affected by pollution during periods of rainfall and especially floods. The concentration limit was given to the model in the form of variable figures based on discharge and precipitation in the range and equal to the primary stable threshold of the research subject (landfill). Based on the cumulative diagram of the outlet concentration from the permeable boundary and flow channel in the southeast region, the trend of changes in the cloud pollution concentration diagram, in the qualitative modeling of the plain, shows that in the forecast period, the increase in concentration will increase linearly. Considering that the waste disposal location is outside the plain, the rate of increase in pollution was not very high until the end of the initial simulation. However, the reason for the increase in concentration accumulation volume can be related to the existence of permeable boundaries and severe drop of underground water in this area. In other words, when the underground water level drops too much in the saturation area of the plain, the direction of the flow will move the volume of polluted water towards the aquifer at a higher speed.Conclusion: If the situation of groundwater withdrawals continues in the same way, in addition to the reduction of the groundwater storage of the plain, the quality of the remaining water storage will also decrease. This causes more serious problems in the agricultural situation of the region. The results of the implementation of quantitative and qualitative model in order to investigate the infiltration of polluted water from the landfill based on the concentration of pollution, showed that there is a high probability of the infiltration of polluted particles from the south wall side to the aquifer during periods of rainfall Event that current is run in the channels accidently. and then the expansion to the sea will actually occur due to the drop in the water level of the Caspian Sea. Water infiltration is more likely in the eastern regions than in the western regions. The reason for choosing the spread of pollution from the eastern waste disposal site in order to show the accumulation of polluted particles and the repulsion from the sea was the same. It is suggested that in the field of policy making, in order to control the plain's leachate crisis, appropriate bed construction and walling of the waste accumulation area should be applied based on the flow direction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Effects of quality of irrigation water on selected soil physical properties in rice cultivation lands (Oryza Sativa)
Najmeh Khodadadi Shoja Ghorbani Dashtaki Shahram KianiGrowing population and increasing industrial and agricultural activities and successive droughts have caused more attention to soil and water conservation. To achieve this propose using wastewater for irrigating agricultural lands increased in recent decades. This study MoreGrowing population and increasing industrial and agricultural activities and successive droughts have caused more attention to soil and water conservation. To achieve this propose using wastewater for irrigating agricultural lands increased in recent decades. This study aimed investigating the effects of wastewater including municipal, industrial wastewater and river water on some soil physical characteristics. This research done in the area of agricultural lands located in the city Lenjan Zarrin Shahr. The lands area that have the same parent material and irrigated with municipal and industrial wastewaters (each for 8 years) and river water (20 years) where were selected for treatment. After detailed analysis for each of the treatments listed in 4 replications and tests were used to predict and physical properties include were measured. The result showed that irrigation with municipal and industrial wastewaters increased the bulk density 1.3 g/cm3 (in river water treatment) to 1.63 and 1.76 g/cm3. Irrigation with this wastewaters caused increase in aggregate stability to 0.67 and 0.69 mm in municipal and industrial wastewaters compare to river water (0.27 mm). Decreasing the saturation soil hydraulic conductivity and infiltration and bimodal retention curve were other soil physical properties reactions to using municipal and industrial wastewaters. The result showed that irrigation with wastewater had negative effect on physical properties and caused change in particle size distribution and recommended that monitored effect of long-term using of wastewater on physical properties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - The effects of lateral flushing on clogging of PCJ and Uniram drippers in terms of using treated wastewater
Azime Asgari Mahdi Gheysari Fateme SafarianNowadays, the use of wastewater in irrigation of agricultural crops for the protection of water resources and eliminating the water crisis and shortages and also to reduce environmental hazards caused by increased production of wastewater has increased. Drip irrigation MoreNowadays, the use of wastewater in irrigation of agricultural crops for the protection of water resources and eliminating the water crisis and shortages and also to reduce environmental hazards caused by increased production of wastewater has increased. Drip irrigation system is the best method for using wastewater; however, emitter clogging is the biggest problem with drip irrigation systems. Lateral flushing is one of the appropriate tasks for control of emitter clogging. The objective of this study was to investigate the amount of clogging of PCJ (2 L/h), PCJ (4 L/h), and UniRam (3.5 L/h) emitters in terms of use of treated wastewater and also to determine the effects of lateral flushing on reducing or eliminating emitter clogging. For this purpose, the changes of relative discharge rate, emission uniformity, Christiansen’s uniformity coefficient and the statistical uniformity coefficient of studied emitters for use of treated wastewater and lateral flushing, during the 504 hours of irrigation, were investigated. The results showed that the amount of emitter clogging of studied emitters in terms of use of treated wastewater was not considerable. Generally, PCJ (2 L/h), PCJ (4 L/h), and UniRam (3.5 L/h) emitters respectively with 6.4, 0.9 and 0.5 percent of flow reduction were more sensitive to clogging. Lateral flushing reduced emitter clogging. Additionally, the performance of studied emitters in the indices of relative discharge rate, emission uniformity, Christiansen’s uniformity coefficient and statistical uniformity coefficient during the test was in the range of good to very good. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Impact of weekly flushing on hydraulic performance of emitters when using treated wastewater
Mehrnaz Zardari Parviz FathiLimitation of water resources in countries that are located in arid and semi-arid areas, urbanization development and population growth and pressure on conventional water resources, besides the difficulties and sanitation costs, caused more attention towards using waste MoreLimitation of water resources in countries that are located in arid and semi-arid areas, urbanization development and population growth and pressure on conventional water resources, besides the difficulties and sanitation costs, caused more attention towards using wastewater in agriculture. Several investigations have shown that among different irrigation methods, drip irrigation has the best compatibility with wastewater applications. However, emitters clogging is the most important disadvantages of wastewater application in drip irrigation. To investigate the effect of weekly flushing on performance of emitters when using treated wastewater, a physical model of drip irrigation system was designed and constructed. Consequently, four prevalent types of emitters including Microflapper, Netafim, Emitting pipe and Antelco were selected and used. The results showed that flushing management treatment cause to increase the discharge rate, distribution uniformity, absolute distribution and Christiansen uniformity coefficient and to reduce the coefficient of variation of all the emitters when treated wastewater was applied. However, this increasing was depended on the type of emitters, such that the largest impact was obtained on Antelco emitter. The result further showed that Netafim and Microflapper dripper, with 8.5 and 27.8 percents, respectively, have the minimum and maximum discharge reductions when treated wastewater was used. Netafim dripper had high performance when flushing management practice was applied and it proven to have better performance than other emitters for long time period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Using agricultural wastes and food residues for algal cultivation
yasamin fayaz Masoud HonarvarIntroduction: In recent years, algae have been considered as a rich source of valuable nutrients and diverse bioactive compounds in different studies and have got noticed by many researchers. Providing a suitable carbon source for algae cultivation with the aim of nutri MoreIntroduction: In recent years, algae have been considered as a rich source of valuable nutrients and diverse bioactive compounds in different studies and have got noticed by many researchers. Providing a suitable carbon source for algae cultivation with the aim of nutritional and medicinal uses, has made the production process expensive.Materials and methods: Recently, various studies have been carried out on cultivation techniques of different types of algae based on the use of new and inexpensive carbon sources. Agricultural and food waste are rich sources of carbon. Annually, 1.3 percent of the total volume of food in the world is turned into waste. Therefore, many studies have investigated the use of food waste as a substrate for algae cultivation. For example the use of various wastes and by-products of food factories, surplus products and agricultural products and even food industry wastewater for algae cultivation. This article discusses some of the research conducted in this field.Results: Due to the significant sugar and carbon content in agricultural and food waste, they can be regarded as a great substrate for algae cultivation for using them toward various food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Independence of light in mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation has significantly reduced costs and space compared to autotrophic culture.Conclusion: According to the results of various studies, it can be expected that the heterotrophic method for cultivating algae by use of agricultural wastes and food residues will play an important role in meeting future nutritional needs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Review of Unsegregated Food Wastes’ Circular Bioeconomy by Insects’ Assistance
Nassim Golestanehzadeh M. HonarvarIntroduction: Currently, unsegregated food waste in our country is one of the environmental and economic problems. while in some countries, there are some precise superseded and retributive legal rules to prevent the release of not separated household or commercial food MoreIntroduction: Currently, unsegregated food waste in our country is one of the environmental and economic problems. while in some countries, there are some precise superseded and retributive legal rules to prevent the release of not separated household or commercial food waste, thus, refusal these orders are accompanied by financial or social penalties.Materials and Methods: The last 5 years literature review on the management of these kind of wastes have been reviewed. Results: There are over 1,900 known species of edible insects. Cockroaches, caterpillars, bees, flies, and ants are the most popular. In this article, the use of these edible insects, which are used in some countries for human consumption, extraction of various sources such as protein or animal feed, has been mentioned and discussed as a solution for the use of these nonseparated food wastes containing plastics, which consequently, could be the aim of creating a green economic cycle for returning to nature and make economic exploitation.Results: Totally, the use of insects as a part of natural life cycles and as food and feed, especially in some developed and developing countries, has become one of the cost-effective and economic solutions to adjust the problem of non-separated food waste.Conclusion: Considering the country's economic and currency conditions, this can be an alternative solution, and these insects can be used as a source of protein for food and feed, or be used for biodiesels or agricultural purposes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Use of Potato Waste for Pigments Production by Monascus purpureus in Submerged Cultivation
F. Kamali M. Jahadi E. Khosravi N. GhasemiseproIntroduction: Among the pigment-producing microorganisms, Monascus purpureus is important for controlling diabetes and preventing and reducing fat due to the production of red and orange pigments with therapeutic properties such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory. & MoreIntroduction: Among the pigment-producing microorganisms, Monascus purpureus is important for controlling diabetes and preventing and reducing fat due to the production of red and orange pigments with therapeutic properties such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory. Materials and Methods: In this study, the effect of replacement of potato starch waste (RPSW) (20-100%), sodium chloride (6-14 g) and thermal stress time of spore suspension (TST) (50-90 seconds) on the growth of M. purpureus and production of red and orange pigments at 30 ° C in submerge culture were studied by the central composite design at 95% confidence level. Results: The results showed that increasing the RPSW by up to 50% significantly reduced red and orange pigments and increased biomass production (p <0.05). On the other hand, increasing the TST of spore suspension to 73 seconds and increasing the amount of sodium chloride at the concentrations above 9 g / l significantly increased the production of biomass and red and orange pigments (p <0.05). At the two optimal point with the RPSW (20.3, 42.5) (%), TDT spore suspension (65, 81)(s) and concentration of sodium chloride (12, 6) (g/l) respectively, the biomass (g / l), red and orange pigments (OD/l) (5.24, 4.55 and 3.5) and (4.55, 4.37 and 5.4), respectively, were obtained.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that since the replacement of potato starch waste increased biomass production but reduced the production of red and orange pigments Monascus purpureus, its amount should be used optimally in culture to achieve the best productivity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Study of Effective Factors on Extraction of Astaxanthin Super Antioxidant from White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
F. Saber baghban sh. shabani R. Azizi NezhadIntroduction: Shrimp waste might be used as the cheapest raw material to extract the carotenoid pigments, astaxanthin and employed to replace the synthetic dyes. In the present study, effective factors on extraction of astaxanthin super antioxidant from white shrimp was MoreIntroduction: Shrimp waste might be used as the cheapest raw material to extract the carotenoid pigments, astaxanthin and employed to replace the synthetic dyes. In the present study, effective factors on extraction of astaxanthin super antioxidant from white shrimp was evaluated.Materials and Methods: In this study, extraction with solid material ratio (cooked/ dried shrimp/ mill/ sieve) to ethanol solvent (g/ml) in 3 levels of one to five, one to seven and one to nine, with stirring time of 1, 5 and 10 minutes in ultrasonic bath was performed in 3 levels of 10, 20 and 30 minutes and centrifuge temperature 4, 12 and 21 ºC in triplicate order. After evaluating the carotenoid extraction efficiency of dry and wet wastes in the spectrophotometer, the best extraction method was selected by data analysis using SPSS.20 software using Duncan's multiple range method, finally, astaxanthin treatment 1 (cooked/ Dry/ mill/ sieve) and treatment 2 (crude/ mill) were optimized, purified, measured and identified by HPLC and the optimal treatment was selected.Results: Experiments showed that the sample to solvent ratio of 1: 5 and one minute stirring time, 10 minutes ultrasonic and 21 ° C centrifuge are suitable for optimal extraction. Data from HPLC analysis also showed that astaxanthin was extracted from treatment 1, 3 mgastaxanthin/gextract and treatment 2, 2.7 mgastaxanthin/gextract.Conclusion: Shrimp waste might be used as an available and economical raw material to extract carotenoid pigments to replace the synthetic dyes and antioxidants in the food industry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Efficiency Assessment of Pomegranate Peel for Nickel and Chromium Removal from Industrial Wastewater and Experimental Design Using Response Surface Methodology
Nasrin Hashemi Masoud Honarvar Elahe GharekhaniAbstract Water pollution with toxic heavy metals due to industrial wastewater discharge is a global environmental issue. The removal of heavy metals from industrial effluents is a significant concern in the field of water pollution and a serious challenge in reducing MoreAbstract Water pollution with toxic heavy metals due to industrial wastewater discharge is a global environmental issue. The removal of heavy metals from industrial effluents is a significant concern in the field of water pollution and a serious challenge in reducing water quality. Multiple metals such as nickel, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc are notably toxic. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of pomegranate peel as a cost-effective adsorbent in removing nickel and chromium metals. Pomegranate peels were initially treated with a 0.1 N sulfuric acid solution, and their adsorption capacity was examined. The effect of sulfuric acid on the adsorbent was assessed using CHN, FT-IR, and SEM techniques. The results indicated that the modification of the adsorbent with sulfuric acid was effective in removing chromium and nickel ions from industrial wastewater. Adsorption experiments were carried out at various adsorbent concentrations, times, temperatures, and pH levels. Data analysis revealed that the optimal conditions for nickel ions (II) are a concentration of 4.5 g/L of the adsorbent, pH 6, a temperature of 308.15 K, and a time of 60 minutes. The optimal conditions for chromium ions (VI) are a concentration of 4 g/L of the adsorbent, pH 5.5, a temperature of 300.65 K, and a time of 100 minutes. The research conducted and the results obtained suggest that, considering the potential benefits, the use of this adsorbent for the removal of nickel and chromium in industrial wastewater is a promising and environmentally friendly approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Antioxidant Extract from Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Wastes and Evaluation of the Antioxidative Activity
N. Ahmadi Kamazani A. H. Elhamirad M. Ghavami M. Moridi Farimani M. ArminIntroduction: In spite of the high antioxidant activity in lettuce wastes, there is not any reports on the application of the antioxidant extract from lettuce wastes to stabilize the edible oils. The aims of this study were to investigate the recovery of antioxidant ext MoreIntroduction: In spite of the high antioxidant activity in lettuce wastes, there is not any reports on the application of the antioxidant extract from lettuce wastes to stabilize the edible oils. The aims of this study were to investigate the recovery of antioxidant extract from outer leaves of lettuce as the wastes via ultrasonic extraction and evaluate the antioxidative effect of the extract. Materials and Methods: The powdered lettuce sample was extracted with ethanol/H2O (70:30, V/V) using ultrasonic extraction at the temperature of 50˚C and time of 30 minutes with the frequency of 40 KHZ and solid to solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/v) in an ultrasound water bath. The extractive yield, total phenolic compound (TPC) and IC50 were determined. The yielded extract was added to tallow olein in order to study its stabilizing effect. The protective effects of the extracts at different concentrations were evaluated by monitoring the peroxide, p-anisidine, totox values and oxidative stability index levels under accelerated oxidation. The antioxidant activities of the extract of the lettuce wastes at different concentrations to stabilise tallow olein were compared to BHA and BHT at 200 ppm concentration. Results: The extractive yield, TPC and IC50 were 30.45 ± 1.20 (%), 600.15 ± 6.29 (mg GAE /100g DW) and 174.05 ppm, respectively. The results indicated that the extract at 2000 ppm have a good activity as compared to BHT at 200 ppm. Conclusion: The antioxidant extract of the lettuce wastes might used as a natural antioxidant in retarding the oxidation rate of edible oils. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Ethanol Washing, Pectinase Pretreatment and Oleoresin Saponification of Tomato Waste to Increase Lycopene Purity
A. Ranjbar Nedamani Y. Maghsoudlou M. Ghorbani A. R. Sadeghi MahounakIntroduction: In this study the best method of extracting lycopene from tomato skin, waste and the effect of pectinase enzyme pre-treatment at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ml/Kg concentrations and 30, 60, 90 minutes of effective times for tomato waste and also washing with 94% et MoreIntroduction: In this study the best method of extracting lycopene from tomato skin, waste and the effect of pectinase enzyme pre-treatment at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ml/Kg concentrations and 30, 60, 90 minutes of effective times for tomato waste and also washing with 94% ethanol at 60 °C for 5 seconds were studied in order to determine the best method of increasing lycopene purity in oleoresin. Materials and Methods: Lycopene extraction was performed at 30 °C for 16 hours with hexane: ethanol: acetone (1:1:2) at ratios of 1:10 to dried samples with gentle stirring. In order to prevent the lycopene oxidation 0.05 percent w/w of BHT was used. The effect of oleoresin saponification to increase the purity of lycopene in oleoresin was also studied by propylene glycol and potassium hydroxide 45% (w/w) and deionized water at the concentration of 30%, 10% and 10% oleoresin by weight, respectively. Results: The effect of enzyme pretreatment and ethanol and also oleoresin saponification had a significant effect on oleoresin and lycopene extraction and extraction efficiency from tomato waste (P<0.01). Ethanol treatment significantly increased lycopene purity in oleoresin (P<0.01). In waste samples treating with 10 ml/kg enzyme concentration at 90 minutes of effective time resulted in highest extraction of lycopene (279.5 mg/100g oleoresin). Conclusion: It has been shown that if saponification is not employed in lycopene extraction from tomato waste the ethanol washing pre-treatments should not be applied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Evaluation of Some Mineral Elements and Heavy Metals in Rapeseed, Alfalfa, and Spinach after Irrigation with Different Levels of Domestic Waste water
Hamid Mozafari Amir Hossein Shirani Rad Jahanfar DaneshianIntroduction: Some mineral elements and heavy metals such as cadmium and lead if consumed regularly for a long period might be quite harmful to human health. In order to investigate the effects of domestic waste water on some mineral elements and heavy metals three plan MoreIntroduction: Some mineral elements and heavy metals such as cadmium and lead if consumed regularly for a long period might be quite harmful to human health. In order to investigate the effects of domestic waste water on some mineral elements and heavy metals three plants namely rapeseed, alfalfa, and spinach were selected and the experimental works were carried out at research station at Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, in the year 2011.Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications was implemented. Experimental factors including irrigation water with different degrees of pollution in four-level including the control were applied to rapeseed, alfalfa, and spinach plants.Results: The results indicated that there was significant differences between mineral elements namely potassium, phosphorus and sodium and the concentrations of these elements were highest in the plants that were irrigated with domestic waste water as compared to the control. The concentrations of cadmium and lead did not show significant differences among the sample examined.Conclusion: Irrigation with refined domestic waste water increased mineral elements such as sodium, potassium and phosphorus however significant differences were not observed among heavy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Evaluation of Arachidonic Acid Production by Mortierella alpina in Solid State Fermentation Using Date Waste
seyedeh zeinab asadi hoshamg nikopour kianoush khosravi darani hosein bakhodaIntroduction: Arachidonic acid (ARA) is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that plays important roles in human’s health. The species of Mortierella genus are able to produce a wide range of PUFAs and investigations have shown that production of PUFAs e MoreIntroduction: Arachidonic acid (ARA) is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that plays important roles in human’s health. The species of Mortierella genus are able to produce a wide range of PUFAs and investigations have shown that production of PUFAs especially ARA is influenced by several factors. Recently, Microbial production of ARA by M. alpina, using solid state fermentation (SSF) has been of great attention.Materials and Methods: ARA production was performed on date waste by Mortierell alpina CBS 528.72 in solid state fermentation (SSF) by Plackett Burman Design (PBD). In order to provide an appropriate source of nitrogen, soybean meal was added. The effect of eleven variables including substrate particle size, initial moisture content and pH of substrate, carbon to nitrogen ratio of substrate, supplementation of soybean and linseed oil (LSO), inoculation age, incubation temperature and time, heating pre-treatment time and supplementation of the nitrogen on the fourth day, were investigated.Results: In the range of studied variables in this research, substrate initial moisture content of 70-75%, addition of 10 % (w.w-1) LSO, substrate particle size of 1.2-1.7 mm and addition of 4 % (w.w-1) nitrogen supplementations and inoculum age of 96 h, had significant effect on the increasing production of ARA. Maximum amount of arachidonic acid produced in this study was 4.66 mg.g-1 dry fermented substrate.Conclusion: By modifing the substrate and considering the above mentioned factors, a single cell oil with maximum amount of ARA by M. alpina can be abtained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - The Effect of 1 – methy Cyclopropene and Nano Particles of Potassium Permanganat on Qualitive Characteristics and Storage Life of Two Apple Cultivars
Bahram Pashazadeh Seyyed mahdi Seyedin Ardabili Hassan Hajnajari Farrokh Shavakhi Gholam hassan AsadiIntroduction: Apple is one of the most important horticultural crop that storage and post-harvest problems attract the growing interest of researchers and industry’s authorities. In this study, the effect of 1 - methyl cyclopropene (1-MCP) and ethylene nano-absorb MoreIntroduction: Apple is one of the most important horticultural crop that storage and post-harvest problems attract the growing interest of researchers and industry’s authorities. In this study, the effect of 1 - methyl cyclopropene (1-MCP) and ethylene nano-absorbent (potassium permanganat) as a new combination, effective and low cast treatment on the durability of apple and its storage was investigated.Materials and Methods: Two commercial apple cultivars, Wealthy and the native Dirras-e Mashhad, present in National Horticultural Research Station, kamalshahr-karaj were selected. The samples were harvested according to the starch index (2-2.5) and were pre-cooled for 24 hours and then treated with 1 ppm concentration of 1-methyl cyclopropene by spraying in an impenetrable atmosphere and maintained for 8 hours at room temperature and finally transferred into the cold room. Ethylene treatment was performed by placing the nano absorbent packets of 5 gr within the cardboard containers together with the non treated fruits as control. The samples were stored at 0.5 °C and 90% of relative humidity. Series of tests consisting of fruit weight, flesh firmness, ascorbic acid concentration, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA) and pH measurement were carried out on the sampls once a month in triplicate order. Sensory evaluations were carried out at the end of five months of storage period, comparing the treated samples of both cultivars with the control. The experiment was organized as completely randomized design and the collected data were analyzed by SAS software.Results: weight loss and flesh firmness in both experimental samples demonstrated less reduction as compared to the control the use of 1-MCP affected TSS, pH and TA significantly (p<0.05) and inhibited the rise pH and reduced also acidity TA during storage, while no significant effect (p>0/05) was noted by the use of nano-absorbent. The native 'Dirras-e Mashhad' showed higher pH value than 'Wealthy' under the combination of ENA and 1-MCP.Conclusion: The results showed that this technique can increase most characteristics of apples duringthe storage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - The Effects of 1-Methyl Cyclopropene on the Physicochemical Properties of Tomato (Rapsona Cultivar)
سمیه سادات Mehrzad علی Mohamadi SaniIntroduction: Tomato is an important economical vegetable crop in Iran. Approximately30% of the crop is lost during the harvest to consumption chain. The high generation ofethylene production in tomato is the main reason. In this study we investigate and evaluate theeff MoreIntroduction: Tomato is an important economical vegetable crop in Iran. Approximately30% of the crop is lost during the harvest to consumption chain. The high generation ofethylene production in tomato is the main reason. In this study we investigate and evaluate theeffect of different concentrations of MCP on the physicochemical properties of this popularvegetable product.Materials and Methods: The Respona cultivator was selected from a farm in the city ofAsadabad. Tomatoes were collected at the point of colour change. Tomatoes were treated with1-MCP at different concentrations (0.35, 0.70, 1.00 and 1.35 ) for the period of 12 and 24hours and during storage for 4 weeks at 12± 2 with relative humidity of 85-90% wereexamined for total soluble solid, total acidity, colour and ethylene concentration. Thisexamination was carried out in a completely randomized design in triplicate order. Thestatistical analyses were carried out using SPSS software.Results: The results indicated that 1-MCP had significant effect (p<0.05) on the total solublesolid percent, acidity, colour and ethylene concentration. 1-MCP solution at concentrations of1.0 and 1.351l/l had the highest effect in the prevention of increased Brix of tomatoes.Ethylene concentration was decreased for all the samples as compared to the control andreductions were proportional to the increased concentrations of 1-MCP. 1-MCP also causeddecreases in the acidity and colour.Conclusion: The results showed the significant effect of MCP (p<0.05) on the soluble solids,acidity, color and accumulation of ethylene concentration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Batch and Continuous Removal of Pb (Ⅱ) By Sonochemically Treated Phanerocate Chrysosporium From Aqueous Solutions: Kinetics and Thermodynamics
Z. Kaveh S. Askari G. Ghaffari Asl R. Marandi -
Open Access Article
59 - Modeling Red Monascus Pigment Production on Date Waste Substrate Using Submerged Cultivation
F. Bakhshi M. Jahadi N. Ghasemisepro S. Jahanfar -
Open Access Article
60 - Antimicrobial Effects of Grape and Pomegranate Waste Extracts against two Foodborne Pathogens
M. Javanmard -
Open Access Article
61 - Functional, Sensory and Microbial Properties of Milk Fortified by Bioactive Peptides Derived from Fish Waste Collagen
A. Samimiazad M.R. Ehsani Sh. Shabani -
Open Access Article
62 - Investigation of the Quality and Pollution Level of Waste Water Obtained from Recycling of MDF Wastes
bita moeizi Mohamad Ahmadi Aida Moezzipour Ali AbdolkhaniBackground and Objectives: The cellulose industry is one of the most important and influential industries in developed and developing countries. Waste recycling is one of the activities that have recently been considered in this industry. Despite the enormous economic a MoreBackground and Objectives: The cellulose industry is one of the most important and influential industries in developed and developing countries. Waste recycling is one of the activities that have recently been considered in this industry. Despite the enormous economic and environmental benefits of recycling, this process results in the generation of effluent which is important for the study of its pollution. Method: For recycling of MDF wastes two different method including hydrothermal and ohmic heating were utilized. Hydrothermal method was done at 105˚C for 150 min and ohmic heating method was carried at 100 ˚C for 2 different time duration (2 and 4 min).The chemicals contained in waste waters obtained from recycling of MDF wastes were determined using of chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) test. Additionally, pH value, BOD, COD, TDS and TSS for all kinds of waste waters were measured. Finding: The results showed that the nitrogenous compounds had the most concentration in waste water obtained from hydrothermal method, and in the wastewater produced by ohmic method, both the 2 and 4 mins. Discussion and Conclusion: The most active materials were the acids. The obtained waste waters included chloride phenol compounds, tannins and lignin derivatives and their BOD, COD and suspended compounds were higher than the requirements defined in standard. Filtration method can be used for decreasing the amount of suspended solids. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Environmental Design of Civic Wastes Location, with Emphasis on Ecological Landscape Design (Case study: Kahrizak landfill of Tehran)
seyed fazel ghazavi fereshteh habib Sara NahibiBackground and Objective: Landfills cause environmental degradation and pollution by producing greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide and producing leachate as well as contaminating surface and ground water. Recently, the ecological design approach as a fra MoreBackground and Objective: Landfills cause environmental degradation and pollution by producing greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide and producing leachate as well as contaminating surface and ground water. Recently, the ecological design approach as a framework for reducing environmental degradation by adapting municipal solid waste management to environmental processes is expanding widely. Ecological design strives to maximize comfort by minimizing damage to the environment and natural processes while enhancing people's quality of life. Ecological design strives to adapt to nature through the use of natural materials as well as environmental considerations.Method: In the present study, according to the definition of sustainable design and understanding its applications, in order to achieve the best, most complete and practical design for the site in question, existing maps of the area, including aerial maps, topography , GIS, vegetation, upstream maps, site development plans, survey of active sites in Landfill, survey of contaminant types, study of COD and BOD indices of the site have been studied, as well as review and identification of existing status (Environmental, Physical, Climatic, Landscape, Land Use, Transportation, Biological) through observation, photography and interviewing strategic design of this area is provided with ecological-based approach by site staff and residents of neighboring neighborhoods in accordance with the principles and principles governing the design of industrial environments.Findings: The existing plan prevents contamination of groundwater levels and prevents contaminated surrounding urban areas and agricultural lands. Restoration of damaged parts of the landfill, reduction of the risk of contamination by animals and noise pollution and unpleasant odors and its release into the atmosphere. The landfill is one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the country through biogas production from landfill gas collection and reduction of fossil fuel use. By collecting and using Landfill gases as fuel and power generation, the rate of emissions to the atmosphere is reduced. Maximum use of biogas is due to the greater use of digesters.Discussion & Conclusion: Design criteria are mainly based on existing constraints and needs and make the designer's policy clearer and significantly help in locating applications. Applying these criteria will help to enhance opportunities and take advantage of existing opportunities and make the project less threatening. After developing the strategies, designing from different perspectives is done to finally select the best plan for implementation by reviewing the concepts and comparing them with each other and in accordance with international standards. At the end of the study, the three concepts are finally selected and after examining these three concepts together, the winning concept is selected for the execution phase. Landfill is an inevitable step in waste management. In today's growing population, landfill has become an integral part of communities, but landfills should not be used as a last resort, but rather as a mean to create new uses for it. Converting landfills to recreational uses while also providing a pleasant place to meet the recreational and sporting needs of the area's inhabitants. Human landfill contaminates the area and destroys many animals and causes major disturbance in nature. Brings to enhance the quality of the landfills and with as the landfill site becomes more prone to disruption, it is necessary to look at the area as a demolished mosaic and take steps to repair it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - An economic model for food packaging waste management with a sustainable development approach
avideh Asadollahi Hamid Tohidi Ahmad ShojaBackground and Objective: Today, food packaging waste management is a challenge on a global scale that has faced many economic constraints in developing countries. If this waste is not managed properly, it will have irreparable consequences on the quality of the environ MoreBackground and Objective: Today, food packaging waste management is a challenge on a global scale that has faced many economic constraints in developing countries. If this waste is not managed properly, it will have irreparable consequences on the quality of the environment and human health. The purpose of this paper is to select sustainable scenarios for packaging waste management based on product design. Material and Methodology: In this research, by simulating a mathematical model, the costs of waste management scenarios and at the same time the detrimental effects on environmental quality and human health have been minimized. The proposed model, which can be used in various industries, has been implemented using binary genetic optimization algorithm, taking into account the design details, life cycle analysis and end-of-life options (in the form of 9 management scenarios). Findings: In general, estimating the optimal solution of the proposed model in each product group, shows the winning scenario appropriate to the optimal design alternative, which is an economic option with the least destructive effects on the environment and human health. The results of model implementation for a real example show in seven product groups defined four scenarios (25% source reduction, 25% recycling and 45% incineration and only 5% landfill) and scenario five (source reduction by 60% and incineration of 30% of waste and 10% landfill) are the winning options for optimal designs in most product groups. Discussion and Conclusion: The simulated model helps manufacturers to have a proper estimate of the environmental and economic consequences of the designed product. This research also enables decision makers and policy makers to achieve the goals of sustainable development, by legislating more manufacturers to accept responsibility for end-of-life management of their products as well as municipalities to set up a network. Encourage urban waste management systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Investigation of Remediation of Contaminated Soils with Heavy Metals Using Helianthus Annuus L. Plant
Mohamad Jafari Esfandiar Jahantab Mehdi MoameriBackground and Objectives: Heavy metals are one of the most serious environmental problems that are spreading around the world. The present study was conducted to investigate the treatment of heavy metal contaminated soils by sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) under MoreBackground and Objectives: Heavy metals are one of the most serious environmental problems that are spreading around the world. The present study was conducted to investigate the treatment of heavy metal contaminated soils by sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) under two natural remedies including municipal waste compost and biochar (each at three levels of 0, 1% and 2% by weight) done. Method: Design experiment was done in a completely randomized design with 5 replications. After planting period, aerial and underground parts of plant have collected and some soil important characteristics and plant morphological properties and metals have measured. ICP-OES is used for heavy metals measurement. Statistical analysis of measured data for the analysis of variance in SPSS software and comparison of data from the test at least significant difference (LSD). Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the application of treatments used in this study in the concentrations of cadmium, lead, zinc, chromium and nickel of shoots and roots of sunflower and the amount of total cadmium and soil exchange. Urban waste and biochar compost treatments increase the uptake of heavy metals cadmium, lead, zinc and chromium into the soil by sunflower. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it can be generally stated that the sunflower species based on the values of TF, BCF and BAC indices can be used as a plant suitable for phytoremediation of contaminated soils in the region through the plant process. Introduce stabilization. According to the results of this study, sunflower can be used as an adsorbent of pollutants and is recommended in soils contaminated with heavy metals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Environmental Impact Assessment of Proposed Location of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Case Study: Hidaj City (Zanjan Province) Environmental Impact Assessment of Proposed Location of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Case Study: Hidaj City (Zanjan Province) Environmental Impact Assessment of Proposed Location of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Case Study: Hidaj City (Zanjan Province)
Younes Khosravi Abdolhossein Parizanganeh Mi Ali Asgha Mokhtari Khadije SalehiBackground and Objective: The high rapid urbanization, unappropriated patterns of consumption, changes in living standards and diversity of productions are the main factors of increasing of waste generation and changes in the composition of wastes that cause many proble MoreBackground and Objective: The high rapid urbanization, unappropriated patterns of consumption, changes in living standards and diversity of productions are the main factors of increasing of waste generation and changes in the composition of wastes that cause many problems in the environment. Accordingly, selecting a suitable site for landfill can prevent their adverse environmental impacts. Materials and Methods: This investigation is an applied research using descriptive-analytical methods and was aimed to determine appropriate location for waste landfilling of Hidaj city in Zanjan province. For this purpose, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and ArcGIS 10.3 software were used. Accordingly, and given the required parameters for choosing the optimum site that have an important role in site selection, weighting using hierarchical method was performed and thereafter the layers were overlaid and the optimum sites were identified. Results: According to the results, the suitable area for landfill was diagnosed in the eastern part of the Hidaj city. The required area of land for landfill was determined based on the average rate of population growth, density of generated waste, volume of waste mass, and the average per capita of waste generation in the study area. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that the selected area likely has high potential for landfilling of municipal solid wastes of Hidaj for the next 20-year period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Presentation of Strategic Management Program for Disposal of Hospital Wastes Using Combination of SPACE and Freeman Methods. (Case Study Dr. Shariati Hospital of Tehran)
pooya farhani seyed ali jozi saeed malmasiBackground and purpose: Ignoring hospital wastes management has caused numerous problems. So the consequences of neglecting the management of these wastes have threatened the environment and human health. This research is done in 1394 and is a case study in Dr. Shariati MoreBackground and purpose: Ignoring hospital wastes management has caused numerous problems. So the consequences of neglecting the management of these wastes have threatened the environment and human health. This research is done in 1394 and is a case study in Dr. Shariati hospital of Tehran. The aim was to assess the current situation of hospital wastes management system and propose practical strategies and suggestions for improving the management system of hospital wastes. Material and Methods: To determine the current status, after observing the place and controlling wastes management condition during 3 months a questionnaire was distributed through SWOT method and Likert scoring scale within 30 persons and its results were used to complete internal and external factors Matrix and tables of SPACE and Freeman methods. Results: The analyses showed scoring of external and internal factors are 2/34 and 2/61 respectively. In order to determine each external and internal factors weight more accurately, the hierarchy structure and paired comparison was established using AHP method and Expert Choice software. To set the position of the hospital, SPACE method was used and the hospital rank was in SO position. At the end, Freeman method was used to prioritize the strategies from stake holders’ point of views and “accurate wastes management” became first by +75 score. Conclusion: As a result, it can be concluded that Freeman and SPACE methods are suitable and efficient for presenting strategic programs in hospital wastes management Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Biogas Production from Sugar Beet Wastes in an Overload Bioreactor with pH Adjustment
Misagh Keramati Hossein BeikiBackground and Objective: Considering the importance of environmental protection and necessity of using new energy sources and innovative fuels, in this study, biogas production from sugar beet wastes using a batch lab-scale bioreactor was investigated experimentally. MoreBackground and Objective: Considering the importance of environmental protection and necessity of using new energy sources and innovative fuels, in this study, biogas production from sugar beet wastes using a batch lab-scale bioreactor was investigated experimentally. Method: All experiments were done at constant temperature of 37±1 oC with using water bath. Four reactors with the same feed concentration and condition put in a circulated water bath. pH was adjusted in the reactors for the first 4 days on 7, 8 and 9. Substrate to inoculum (S/I) ratio in the reactors was constant and equal to 6:1. Finding: In the over load mono-digester system with high S/I ratio, due to the sharp drop in pH, biogas couldn’t be produced. By adjusting the pH, even for such a system, biogas production can be achieved, although the efficiency of the process is low. Discussion and Conclusion: The results revealed that, whilst biogas was not produced in the reactor with high S/I ratio, pH adjustment made it possible to generate biogas. Mole fraction of methane in biogas produced in the reactors with pH adjustment were 35-50%. Biogas production occurred with long time delay, so that after 14 days, very little or no biogas was produced. Maximum volume of biogas was produced in reactor with pH=8. Whilst in the reactor with pH=9, biogas produced with high methane purity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Quantity and quality evaluation of the Cellulose Nanocrystalline Production from Date Palms (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) by Hydrolysis Method
Ali khaziri Hassan Zaki Dizaji Mohammad Reza Fathi EmadabadiBackground and Objective: Cellulose in the wastes and losses of the agricultural branch can be a good source to produce cellulose-based valuable materials in the industry. Cellulose and nanocrystalline cellulose are extracted and produced by various processes from diffe MoreBackground and Objective: Cellulose in the wastes and losses of the agricultural branch can be a good source to produce cellulose-based valuable materials in the industry. Cellulose and nanocrystalline cellulose are extracted and produced by various processes from different natural sources. The subject of this study was to investigate the conditions of acid hydrolysis on the structure of cellulose nanocrystals produced from palm waste. Material and Methodology: In this research, cellulose was first extracted from Date palm leaves, and it was then converted to the cellulose nanocrystal by acid hydrolysis of the nanocrystal cellulose. In this research, the effect of 3 temperature parameters (at 30, 45 and 60 ° C) and 3 time (at 45, 60 and 120 minutes on three levels) on the quality and quantity of nanocrystals from palm tree leaves were investigated. Several experiments with infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size measurement (PSA) techniques were used to analyze qualitative and quantitative qualities such as factor groups, morphology, diameter distribution and shape Nanocrystals have been studied. Findings: The results showed that more severe treatments produce smaller Nano-crystals. The results of the Particle Measurement (PSA) showed that most extractive particles have dimensions ranging from 5 to 100 nanometers and are mostly 30 nm. Also, the results (XRD) showed that extractive nanocellulose had a purity of between 70 and 80 percent. In this study, the time of 60 minutes and 60 Celsius temperatures were identified as the best factors among similar factors. In this treatment, 50% of particles have a mean diameter of 1.37 nm. The maximum and minimum diameter of the observed particles was 6.34 and 0.41 nm, respectively. Also, the results of cellulose extraction from palm leaf showed that increasing the temperature in the lignification and coloring step increases the purity of the extracellular cellulose. In addition, the increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in the amount of cellulose produced, possibly due to the increased effect of chemical treatments and cellulose degradation. Discussion and conclusion: The results showed that if the extracted cellulose nanocrystals were transformed into a network, they had the potential to be used in nano filters and nano-scaffolds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Efficiency of Iron Nanoparticles and Cellulosic Wastes for Reclamation of Lead Contaminated Soil and Oak Seedling Establishments
Mahya Tafazoli Seyed Mohammad Hojjati Pourya Biparva Yahya Kooch Norbert Lamersdorf Background and Objective: Due to the contamination of northern forests with heavy metals by activities such as mining, the aim of this study was to use zero-valent iron-nano-particles and cellulosic-waste for reclamation of soil contaminated with lead and to esta More Background and Objective: Due to the contamination of northern forests with heavy metals by activities such as mining, the aim of this study was to use zero-valent iron-nano-particles and cellulosic-waste for reclamation of soil contaminated with lead and to establish oak seedlings. Method: One-year-old oak seedlings were planted in plastic-pots filled with nursery soil in March-2014. Lead was added to the pots at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 300 (mgkg-1) using lead-nitrate solution. Cellulosic-waste with levels of 0, 10% (W1), 20 %( W2) and 30 %( W2) was added to the pots at the same time of planting. Zero-valent iron-nanoparticles with levels of 0, 1(N1), 2(N2) and 3(N3) mgkg-1 was injected into the soil. The diameter, height, dry weight, bioavailable concentration of lead and amendments efficiency was measured at the end of the growing season. Findings: With increasing levels of amendments (from 10 to 30% for cellulosic-waste and from 1 to 3 mg kg-1 for iron-nanoparticles), an increasing trend in seedlings biomass was observed for all levels of contamination. The highest efficiency for all contamination levels was observed in highest level of each amendment. The efficiency of N3 treatment for Pb 100, Pb 200 and Pb 300 was 79.5, 84.4 and 67.8%, respectively and the efficiency of W3 treatment was 55.6, 74.9 and 63.1%, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: The use of zero-valent nano-particles had a better efficiency than cellulosic-waste to reduce the bioavailability of lead; therefore, planting native species and using such amendments in planting holes can help the reforestation of contaminated areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Forecasting Municipal Solid Waste Quantity by Intelligent Models and Their Uncertainty Analysis
Maryam Abbasi Malihe Fallah Nezhad Rooholah Noori Maryam MirabiBackground and Objective: The first step in design of municipal waste management systems is complete understanding of waste generation quantity. Forecasting waste generation is one of the most complex engineering problems due to the effect of various and out of control MoreBackground and Objective: The first step in design of municipal waste management systems is complete understanding of waste generation quantity. Forecasting waste generation is one of the most complex engineering problems due to the effect of various and out of control parameters on waste generation. Therefore, it is obvious that it is necessary to develop approaches to a model such complex events. The objective of this study is forecasting waste generation quantity using intelligent models as well as their comparisons and uncertainty analysis.Method: In this study, Mashhad city was selected as a case study and waste generation time series of waste generation in 1380 to 1390 were used for weekly prediction. Intelligent models including artificial neural network, support vector machine, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system as well as K-nearest neighbors were used for modelling. After optimizing the models’ parameters, models’ accuracy were compared by statistical indices. Finally, result uncertainty of the models was done by Mont Carlo technique.Findings: Results showed that coefficient of determination (R2) of artificial neural network adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, support vector machine, and K-nearest neighbor models were 0.67, 0.69, 0.72 and 0.64 respectively. Uncertainty analysis was also justified the results and demonstrates that support vector machine model had the lowest uncertainty among other models and the lowest sensitivity to input variables.Conclusion: Intelligent models were successfully able to forecast waste quantity and among the studied models, support vector machine was the best predictive model. Moreover, support vector machine produced the results with the lowest uncertainty the other models. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Strategies to Achieve Sustainable Aquaculture in Guilan Province with an Emphasis on Its Environmental Dimension
fatemeh ghorbani piralidehi Hossein Agahi Kumars Zarafshani Mohammad Karim MotamedIntroduction: The aquaculture industry as a very important agricultural activity in the current situation is influenced by the concept of sustainability that can be with minimal harm to the environment ensure of food security and health of rural society. This study was MoreIntroduction: The aquaculture industry as a very important agricultural activity in the current situation is influenced by the concept of sustainability that can be with minimal harm to the environment ensure of food security and health of rural society. This study was carried out with the study the current status of aquaculture to develop strategies to achieve sustainable aquaculture in Guilan province with an emphasis on its environmental dimension. Material and Methods: The general approach of this research is qualitative that was used from qualitative content analysis for the purpose of analyzing data. Sampling was targeted and was confirmed the validity of research findings through triangulation. In the present study various techniques (individual interviews and group discussions) were used. Also data were obtained from various sources such as members and managers of aquaculture cooperative, aquacultures and fishery experts from the directorate general of Guilan province. Results and Discussion: The results showed that in the current situation to achieve sustainable aquaculture inputs management, production management, waste management and control and marketing management is needed. Based on research findings suggestions were made that can help to province aquaculture practitioners to achieve sustainable aquaculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Study on the Effective Process Parameters Simultaneously for Survey of Solid Waste Management of Khomarlu City in Summer 2013
SeyedAlireza Mousavi Abdolah Darghahi Farnaz AziziIntroduction:Increase the amount, varietyandMismanagementof manufacturingwastehas been most importantsocietydifficult that are cause environmental pollutionandhealth risks.The purpose ofthisstudy was to evaluatethe current status of the quantity and qualityofwastekhomar MoreIntroduction:Increase the amount, varietyandMismanagementof manufacturingwastehas been most importantsocietydifficult that are cause environmental pollutionandhealth risks.The purpose ofthisstudy was to evaluatethe current status of the quantity and qualityofwastekhomarloand exposure suitable solution in the summer of1392.Materials &Methods:Thisstudy wascross– sectional that with surveying waste management khomarlo cityperformed in summer 1392. Samplingand Physical analysisof waste,at3months (July, August andSeptember)were done,Eachmonth,three samples were selected for separation. Due to the low amount of municipal waste generated per day (one container), the total daily waste was selected .ByBalance weighing50kg were used.Todetermine thedensityof wasteina containermarkedwith volumedepletion, andwastedensitywas calculatedby dividingweightbyvolumeFindings:According toresearchthe average per capitawasteis 2.02 kg/capita-day inthe summer. Average weight ofputresciblematerials 59.31, plastic17.91, Paper 7.14, the metal 1.97, glass 3.58, textile 3.09,timber 3.87 and other items were 3.13. Averagedensitywas 358.3,Also most percent organicmaterials and paper were in AugustandJuly,respectively.Discussion& Conclusion: According to the findings,59% waste is wetand41% ofthe remainingwasteis drying.thatconditions tobeprovided foradverseenvironmental and health.Therefore,recommendedpublic education toreduce the volumeof waste produced, with emphasis on source separation andaccuratewaste management Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Investigating the most appropriate treatments for ultrasonic duration, temperature and water ratio to the contents of livestock rumen in biogas production (Case study: Khorramabad city slaughterhouse)
Ali Kooshki morteza almassi Mohammad Ghahderijani Hamidreza ShamlouiBackground and Objective: Anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse solid wastes, such as rumen contents, is an appropriate treatment option for managing such residues, because of their significant role in reducing the environmental impacts as well as the potential for biog MoreBackground and Objective: Anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse solid wastes, such as rumen contents, is an appropriate treatment option for managing such residues, because of their significant role in reducing the environmental impacts as well as the potential for biogas production. The objective of this study was determining the appropriate temperature, time and ratio of water to livestock rumen content on the total biogas production.Material and Methodology: This study was conducted at the Khorramabad Industrial Slaughterhouse. After slaughtering livestock the contents of the rumen of five cows and five sheep were mixed together to homogenize and in separate experiments to examine the impact of severity different temperatures (30, 40 and 50° C), different times of Ultrasonic device waving (10, 20 and 30 minutes) and different ratios of mixing contents of rumen and water (50 ml of water to 100 g of rumen contents, 100 ml of water to 100 g of rumen contents and 200 ml of water to 100 g of rumen contents) in process of biogas production was discussed.Findings: In general, the largest amount of total biogas, related to the triple opposite effect of using 30 minutes of ultrasonic pretreatment (t3) * C50 ° (te3) * Combination ratio of visceral contents (r3) with production amount of 350/333 ml which is considered the best results.Discussion and Conclusion: the finding indicated that the total biogas production from rumen content in the process of anaerobic digestion are more effected by the treatment under the conditions of a longer ultrasonic pretreatment, higher temperature and lower concentration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Evaluation and Optimization of Waste Collection and Transportation System in Urmia by Combining the Response Surface and Artificial Neural Network
Saeid JafarzadehGhoushchi Shabnam Hamidi- MoghaddamBackground and Objective: Optimization of urban waste collection and transportation system has the largest part of waste management costs. Therefore, improving this system and reducing its operating costs as a necessity in urban waste management has always been consider MoreBackground and Objective: Optimization of urban waste collection and transportation system has the largest part of waste management costs. Therefore, improving this system and reducing its operating costs as a necessity in urban waste management has always been considered. Method: Due to the high volatility, changes in the size of the waste, climate change and demographic and substructure tissue, the use of artificial neural network system (ANN) is a suitable method for predicting the production waste size, and on the other hand, for The optimization of the management system of these wastes is also used by the surface response method (RSM). Findings The results of this combined method show that the best combination of factors affecting urban waste transport system was proposed by RSM considering the largest loaded pack with about 26 workers, 10 pickups and 6 trucks. This combination is capable of carrying around 34836 tons of cargo at a cost of 596696000 Rials, which represents a high efficiency over actual values. Also, to predict load, the back propagation algorithm (BP) with 9 neurons in the hidden layer was selected as the best model with a predictive power of 99/19% in prediction of weight and 96/62% in cost prediction. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that using the combination of two methods of surface response as a statistical method and artificial neural network as a mathematical method, we can find suitable results for evaluation and optimization of waste collection and transportation system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Evaluation of Effective Parameters in Organic Matters Removal Efficiency of Anaerobic Baffled Reactor Employing Electrolysis Process
Gagik Badalians Gholikandi Behnam Inanloo Beklar Maryam AmouamouhaBackground and Objective: Following the results of the electrolysis process application to upgrade the anaerobic baffled reactor for treating wastewater, the present study was conducted to evaluate the EABR performance efficiency, considering hydraulic retention time (H MoreBackground and Objective: Following the results of the electrolysis process application to upgrade the anaerobic baffled reactor for treating wastewater, the present study was conducted to evaluate the EABR performance efficiency, considering hydraulic retention time (HRT), current density and organic loading. Methods: In this study, a semi-industrial pilot of ABR with total volume of 72 L was studied before and after integration with an electrolysis system. The performance of the reactor was evaluated in terms of COD removal and bacterial adaption time. Findings: The findings revealed that a HRT reduction from 45 to 38 and 29 hours results in a decrease of COD removal efficiency from 77.6 to 74.9 and 72.2 % respectively. Also, a current density reduction from 3 to 2, 1, and 0.5 Mill ampere/cm2 results in a decreasing COD removal efficiency from 77.6 to 73.5, 71.2, and 70 % respectively. Moreover, an increasing organic loading from 700 to 2400 mg/L enhanced the COD removal efficiency from 77.6 to 90.2 %. Result and Discussion: The results showed that by increasing organic loading from 700 to 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2400 mg/L the necessary HRT for achieving operation stability increases from 3 to 8 days, which is less than in conventional ABR. Therefore, employing electrolysis process is a sustainable method for improving ABR performance efficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Removal of Zinc Heavy Metal from Wastewater Using Chitosan/Graphen Oxide Based on Shrimp Wastes
Malihe Amini Atena Naeimi Melika RahimiBackground and Objective: Water pollution with heavy metals is one of the most important environmental problems that affect human life and health by causing serious diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to control their presence in the environment. Despite the high use o MoreBackground and Objective: Water pollution with heavy metals is one of the most important environmental problems that affect human life and health by causing serious diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to control their presence in the environment. Despite the high use of zinc in industry and the pollution of water resources by effluents containing it and the problems caused 0062002y the presence of this metal in drinking water, a study on the use of chitosan nanoparticles taken from the waste of fish breeding workshops and Shrimp has not been done to optimally remove this metal from water sources.Method: Here, a nanocomposite of chitosan and graphene oxide was synthesized at the University of Jiroft in 2019 and used for removal of zinc metal from industrial wastes. The effects of initial solution pH (2-7), chitosan/graphene oxide bio-sorbent dose (0-1.5 g/l), initial zinc (II) concentration (10-200 mg/l) and contact time on the uptake capacity of metal (30- 420 min) were investigated.Findings: This nanocomposite was exhibited the highest metal ions uptake capacity (89.2 mg/g) at pH value of 4.0, biomass dose 0.01 g/l, metal concentration of 200 mg/l and contact time 420 min. The structural stability and efficient adsorption capacity of adsorbent was proved after four times adsorption–desorption cycles and after that uptake capacity was 19.35 mg/g.Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that the synthesized nanocomposite from chitosan and graphene oxide could be used as a potentially good adsorbent to remove Zn2+ simultaneously in aqueous solutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Application of Nano-Gamma Alumina Adsorbent for Nickel and Cobalt Removal from Mining Industry Wastewater
Fariba Soleimani Mohammad Hadi Givianrad Amir Hossein HaghighatyBackground and Objective: The development of urbanization and industries has led to an increase in sewage and wastewater production. The defective and non-standard disposal of these wastewaters has resulted in influx of large amounts of heavy metals into the environment MoreBackground and Objective: The development of urbanization and industries has led to an increase in sewage and wastewater production. The defective and non-standard disposal of these wastewaters has resulted in influx of large amounts of heavy metals into the environment which their removal, as bio-irresolvable contaminants, from water and wastewater are considerably important for protecting environment and public health. Method: In this study, gamma Nano-alumina was synthesized and its structural analysis was characterized, which was applied as a high performance adsorbent for heavy metals Nickel and Cobalt. Moreover, by using DX7 software for experiment design, the effects of different conditions such as heavy metals initial concentration, Nano-adsorbent amount and pH were modified. Findings: The results of XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDX analysis, confirmed the existence of gamma Nano-alumina structure, and Nickel and Cobalt contents were determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. Nano gamma alumina, as a powerful adsorbent, could be adsorbed the high levels of Nickel and Cobalt in alkaline pH-rich environments, then in experimental samples, 98.66% of Nickel and 95.1% of Cobalt and in real samples, 100% was eliminated. Discussion and Conclusion: It was found that synthesized gamma Nano-alumina could be considered as a cost-effective and high-performance Nano-absorbent for heavy metals elimination. Consequently, it was verified by Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, which the adsorption process of these elements with the Nano-alumina absorbent followed by Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption equation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Reuse of Varamin Vegetable Oils Industry Wastewater by Using IFAS Method
Ghazaleh Monazami Tehrani Hasti Borgheipour Alireza NezampourBackground and Objective: Iran is located in the arid and semi-arid region of the world and water supply is a major and future challenge. Therefore, proper wastewater treatment is one of the most important solutions to the water scarcity problem. The main purpose of the MoreBackground and Objective: Iran is located in the arid and semi-arid region of the world and water supply is a major and future challenge. Therefore, proper wastewater treatment is one of the most important solutions to the water scarcity problem. The main purpose of the present research is the wastewater reuse of varamin vegetable oil plant with the approach of industrial and agricultural production. Methods: In this regard, in order to treat the wastewater of the study plant, the necessary measures were taken to design the IFAS laboratory pilot and the effluent was injected into the pilot at different residual times to evaluate the purification ability of the proposed process. Important parameters for reuse in industry as well as important parameters in the standard of discharge to the environment and irrigation were analyzed. Findings: The results show that organic matter and nutrients play the most important role in pollution. Pilot effluent specifications in the factory raw wastewater treatment did not meet the required standard for any of the 4 industrial use groups, while the pilot effluent specifications in the factory effluent treatment had the required standard for the third and fourth groups. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering the purpose of this research and the approach of wastewater usage in industrial, agricultural and irrigation life, it can be stated that IFAS method or combining two methods of IFAS and collagenization due to efficient efficiency and low cost and high flexibility against hydraulic shock and Organic is an appropriate option for treating the sewage plant of varamin vegetable oil factory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Survey of Vermi compost Production by Eisenia Fetida of Fruit and Vegetable Waste
maryam daghestani hossein niknamBackground: Today, Vermi compost production process as one of the very good procedures in terms of economic,health, and environmental sustainability to stabilize the organic waste is discussed. The aim of this study was Vermi compost production from fruit and vegetable MoreBackground: Today, Vermi compost production process as one of the very good procedures in terms of economic,health, and environmental sustainability to stabilize the organic waste is discussed. The aim of this study was Vermi compost production from fruit and vegetable organization waste by earthworm (Eisenia Fetida). Methods: In order to evaluate the quantity of produced Eisenia Foetida and Vermi compost an investigation was conducted in Azadi fruit and vegetable organization. The experiment was completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments were fruit, leaf vegetable and lettuce, non leafly vegatables, paper and combination of four treatments, in similar conditions. Results: the amount of Vermi compost significantly increased by fruit, combination and non leafly vegetables. Also the numbers of mature Eisenia Foetida, significantly increased by fruit and combination. But there were no significant differences in number of immature worms. Total weight of mature and immature worms was increased significantly by using fruit, combination and non-leafy vegetables. The highest increase in the average body length of mature worms and the most used waste were observed during the use of fruit treatment. The results showed that Vermi-compost quality treatments examined were in the standard range and only in terms of the organic matter was higher than the standard level. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that using waste of fruit and vegetable for producing compost from Eisenia Foetida is fully justified. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Providing Optimal Model for Municipal Solid Waste Management System Using Genetic Algorithm Based on Fuzzy Logic (Case Study: Tehran City)
monireh ahani reza arjmandi hasan hoveidi Jamal Ghoddousi mohammad reza miri lavasaniBackground and Purpose: In recent years, a variety of models have been used to evaluate the waste management systems in Tehran in order to select the best waste management options. But the problem of the final disposal of waste in Tehran is still one of the issues relat MoreBackground and Purpose: In recent years, a variety of models have been used to evaluate the waste management systems in Tehran in order to select the best waste management options. But the problem of the final disposal of waste in Tehran is still one of the issues related to the environmental management of the metropolis. The purpose of this study is to provide one model for allocating optimal annual quantities of waste to waste management subsystems of Tehran in order to achieve the highest efficiency, reduce costs and increase system revenue.Materials and Methods: In this research, first by referring to the Arad Kooh complex in Tehran and interviewing with experts and using the information recorded in this complex, the required data was collected. Then, an optimal model proposed for allocating optimal annual amount of municipal waste with considering all of limitations to 5 sub-systems of recycling, aerobic compost, anaerobic digestion, incinerator , landfill using genetic algorithm improved by fuzzy logic with the aim of reducing the total cost of the municipal waste management system in the MATLAB environment and its results were analyzed.Findings: The significant results showed with increasing capacity the subsystems with lower cost and more profitability, the system will not necessarily seek to be optimized and optimal amount of waste allocated to each of the subsystems such as recycling, aerobic compost, anaerobic digestion, incinerator and landfill were estimated about 750,000, 960000, 182000, 325000, 780000 tons in each year, respectively.Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of the optimal model proposed in this study, it is necessary to carefully follow the flow and optimal allocation of waste from the annual production of Tehran to each of the following subsystems: recycling, aerobic compost, anaerobic digestion, incinerator and landfill in order to achieve the high annual efficiency for municipal solid waste management system in Tehran city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Investigation and Feasibility of Reclamation and Remediation of Old and Abandoned Landfills (Case study: Babaheydar Landfill)
Mohammad Sadegh Niknam Mahdi Jalili GhazizadeBackground and Objective: One of the problems in the old landfills in the world is the side environmental pollution. Babaheydar landfill is in the vicinity of the Babaheydar’s dam reservoir and located three kilometers away from the city of the same name in the Ch MoreBackground and Objective: One of the problems in the old landfills in the world is the side environmental pollution. Babaheydar landfill is in the vicinity of the Babaheydar’s dam reservoir and located three kilometers away from the city of the same name in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province and municipal solid waste of Babaheydar city and some surrounding villages is being imported and dumped to this landfill. Since one of the main objectives of Babaheydar’s dam is supplying drinking water and the presence of these landfill can contaminate the dam reservoir water. Therefore, in this study existing methods for facing with this type of landfills was investigating technically, economically and environmentally. Method: In order to select the best option for facing with the landfill, at first, all of the available methods were studied. Then feasible methods such as landfill capping, landfill mining, treatment with soil washing and subsurface cut-off walls were investigated. Findings: Comparison results according to technical, economic and environmental aspects show that soil washing technique in terms of technology and need for special equipment, specialized management, need for water, materials and chemicals, investment and management costs require specific conditions that make the implementation of this method difficult. In opposite, excavation and transfer to a new landfill in terms of above parameters has most potential to execute. The methods of landfill capping and enclosing with subsurface cut-off walls are between two mentioned methods. Discussion and Conclusion: With investigation, feasibility and Comparison of potential executable methods for reclamation and remediation of landfill, it was found that the method of excavation and transfer to a new landfill compared to other methods is more suitable technically, economically and environmentally. Thus, applying of this method is recommended for Babaheydar landfill. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - The relationship between the concentration of heavy metals (lead and cadmium) in soil and seeds of wheat and risk assessment of consumption of wheat
Maryam Gandomi Azita Behbahaninia Maryam FarahaniBackground and Objective: In Asyabk Zarandieh town, located in Central Province, sewage discharge is released within 20 meter from arable land of wheat. This research is to determine the concentration of lead and cadmium in contaminated soils, sewage, irrigation water a MoreBackground and Objective: In Asyabk Zarandieh town, located in Central Province, sewage discharge is released within 20 meter from arable land of wheat. This research is to determine the concentration of lead and cadmium in contaminated soils, sewage, irrigation water and wheat grown in the area around the town Asyabk and the correlation between them and assessing the potential risks arising from the consumption of wheat grown in the region. Method: The sampling of drainage and irrigation water, surface soil, wheat was done by random. Lead and cadmium concentrations in all samples were measured. The results were statistically analyzed. Also the zonation map was prepared by GIS software. Findings: Concentration of lead and cadmium in soil samples obtained less than limit permissible but concentration of Cd and pb in wheat obtained exceeded the national standard of Iran. Based on the correlation results between the amount of lead and cadmium in the wheat samples, soil and irrigation water, there was a strong positive correlation. While there was no relationship between the concentrations of these elements in the wheat samples and the amount of metals in the wastewater samples. Discussion and Conclusion: The lack of correlation between the concentration of lead and cadmium in wheat and wastewater showed sewage spread in the region unaffected in the process of increasing the concentration of lead and cadmium in wheat. The main reason of increase Pb and Cd in wheat samples is related to irrigation water (well water). The risk index (HQ) of wheat consumption in the region obtained smaller than 1 for lead and cadmium. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Isolation and Identification of Phenol Degrading Bacteria from Oil Refinery Effluents
Ramazan Ali Dianati Tilaki Morteza Ghalenoei Masoumeh Eslami farBackground and Objective:Phenol and its derivatives are toxic to all living organism and are found in oil refinery wastewater. Isolation and identification of bacteria from oil refinery wastewater is important to identify aromatic compounds degrading bacteria. The aims MoreBackground and Objective:Phenol and its derivatives are toxic to all living organism and are found in oil refinery wastewater. Isolation and identification of bacteria from oil refinery wastewater is important to identify aromatic compounds degrading bacteria. The aims of this study were isolation and identification of bacteria from Tehran oil refinery wastewater treatment system and determine amount of phenol degradation by these bacteria. Method: This experimental study was conducted by using two series of activated sludge samples collected from Tehran oil refinery wastewater treatment plant. Adaptation of bacteria to phenol was done by culturing in growth medium containing phenol at 30°C in incubator. After that isolation and identification of bacteria was done according to standard method. Isolated bacteria were cultured in growth medium containing different concentration (0.5- 1.2gL-1) of Phenol. Bacteria growth was assayed by measuring optical density at 600nm. Concentration of Phenol in the medium growth solution was measured by spectrophotometric method using 4- Amino antipyrine as color reagent at 510 nm. Findings: Pseudomonas, Acintobacter, E.coli, Enterococcus and Enterobacter spps were isolated from oil wastewater treatment plant. Pseudomonas spp. completely removed 0.9gL-1 of Phenol, Acintobacter and E.coli removed 0.7 gL-1, Enterococcus and Enterobacter removed 0.5 gL-1 of Phenol from growth solution. Discussion and conculation: Pseudomonas spp. isolated from oil refinery wastewater treatment plant has highest phenol removal rate in shorter contact time than other isolated bacteria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Impact of Untreated Municipal Wastewater Irrigation on Heavy Metal Accumulation in Topsoil and Subsoil
Eisa Solgi Mehdi Shahverdi Nick mehdi ramezaniBackground and Objective: Due to the shortage of freshwater for irrigation, wastewater has been used in agricultural irrigation as an important supplement and alternative water resources in recent decades. Irrigation of fields with wastewater can cause potential contami MoreBackground and Objective: Due to the shortage of freshwater for irrigation, wastewater has been used in agricultural irrigation as an important supplement and alternative water resources in recent decades. Irrigation of fields with wastewater can cause potential contamination with heavy metals to soil crops and groundwater, therefore pose a threat to human health and food safety. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of irrigation with untreated municipal wastewater on the accumulation of cadmium lead (Pb), (Cd), copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) in topsoil and subsoil and top soil properties. Method: In the present study in order to collection of topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (0-40 cm) samples from south of the Borujerd city, 13 fields irrigated with untreated wastewater and 7 fields irrigated with well water were selected with same soil texture. Soil samples were analyzed by the standard methods for Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM). Findings: Findings indicated that untreated wastewater irrigated soil contained higher concentrations of all heavy metals in topsoil (with the exception of Cu) and in subsoil, compared to well water irrigated soil. Trend of depth variations of metals in irrigated soil followed this form: 1-With wastewater: Pb and Cu in subsoil>topsoil; Cd and Zn in topsoil > subsoil and 2-With well water: Pb and Cu in topsoil > subsoil; Cd and Zn in subsoil > topsoil. Discussion and Conclusion: It seems that light soil texture has been resulted to transport of the metals to deeper soil layers. Overall, the concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn were lower than the FAO/WHO standards in soil, while Cd higher than this. Thus, in order to ensure food safety and use of wastewater for irrigation, continuous monitoring and pollution control is required. Besides, if treatment of wastewater is done appropriately, accumulation of heavy metals in soils and crops will occur less. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - The Impact of Policies on Domestic Waste Management (Case study: Region 8 of Tehran Municipality)
Sadegh Salehi Jila AhmadiBackground and Objective: Separation of waste from the source is one of the basic strategies in household waste management. To achieve this goal, different policies are adopted by planners and city managers, and the rate of achievement of goals can also vary depending o MoreBackground and Objective: Separation of waste from the source is one of the basic strategies in household waste management. To achieve this goal, different policies are adopted by planners and city managers, and the rate of achievement of goals can also vary depending on the type of policy. To investigate the impact of policies on household waste management in the form of facilities, opportunities and incentives, the present study was conducted in August 2015 in District 8 of Tehran Municipality.Material and Methodology: For this research, 400 samples of Tehran citizens were selected by quota-random sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire and face validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used to assess the validity and reliability of the questions. Data analysis was performed using Spss software version 16 and descriptive and inferential statistics.Findings: The results of testing the research hypotheses showed that the variable of facilities and opportunities for waste segregation is correlated with the behavior of waste segregation. But the economic incentive variable has no significant relationship with waste segregation and this hypothesis was rejected. Further investigation revealed that the tools of economic incentives through factors such as promoting the issue of waste segregation using sources such as writers, radio and television news, etc., as well as citizens' awareness of municipal policies and executive programs in the field of waste management (law Waste management, dry waste collection methods, how to communicate with the municipality, etc.) can be effective on waste segregation.Discussion and Conclusion: The findings suggest the complexity of identifying and determining the factors affecting the behavior of waste segregation and in general the need to consider a set of social factors in predicting environmental behavior. Emphasis on incentive tools and components alone can not affect waste segregation behavior or lead to citizen participation and cooperation. Lack of proper information to citizens regarding municipal programs such as the implementation of the waste segregation plan or lack of awareness about the waste management law are among the factors that have challenged the successful implementation of this plan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Design for Disassembly and Shifting to Eco-Friendly Architecture
Seyed Mehdi Amirkiaei Seyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad Mohammadmehdi RaissamieiBackground and Purpose: Construction and demolition waste management is one the controversial issues in building industry. The “hidden water” and the “hidden energy” of building material are from among the most important issues in designerly appr MoreBackground and Purpose: Construction and demolition waste management is one the controversial issues in building industry. The “hidden water” and the “hidden energy” of building material are from among the most important issues in designerly approach to energy efficiency under the high-performance architecture theory. The aim of the research is to outline the concept of design for disassembly in order to minimize construction and demolition waste (C&DW) and facilitate appropriate disposal. Materials and Methods: Descriptive-analytical method has been adopted in which description of the theoretical concepts has merged with an analytical approach to the expert opinions. Results: Studies have shown that the successful cases in the framework of design for disassembly were deliberately designed with dismantling prediction from the early stage of the design process. Integrated approach toward the life cycle is the key factor in eco-friendly design and construction which is based on recycling, creative reuse, repurposing and upcycling strategies as a part of “green aesthetics”. Discussion and Conclusions:The concept of design for disassembly rots from flexibility in architectural design process and is an influential procedure for C&DW. The life cycle assessment (LCA) is a comprehensive methodology to address gains of the concept of design for disassembly. Moreover it has showed a meaningful relationship between design for disassembly and the environmental impacts which might be addressed as designerly approach to energy efficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Simultaneous Simulation of Gasification Reactor and Steam Cycle of Tehran's Waste Incineration Power Plant
Milad Banaei gholamreza SalehiBackground and Objective: The purpose of this paper is simulationg of gasification and steam cycle of Tehran waste power plant in order to achieve and identify the parameters affecting the efficiency and output of power plant. The information obtained through this simul MoreBackground and Objective: The purpose of this paper is simulationg of gasification and steam cycle of Tehran waste power plant in order to achieve and identify the parameters affecting the efficiency and output of power plant. The information obtained through this simulation, in addition to being used to increase the productivity and efficiency of Tehran power plant, can be used as valuable information in other waste power plants of the country should also be employed. Method: By considering the obtained data from Process Flow Diagram, actual operation condition of this plant, the analyses of Tehran’s urban waste and using Aspen plus software as the simulating and modeling tool. The developed simulation model has been validated by using actual operating condition of the plant and also the experimental results of the verified papers. Findings: The result shows that the moisture content and the composition of the inlet MSW have significant impact on the output power of this plant. The findings indicate that a 10% reduction in the moisture content of inlet MSW cause an increase of 30% in output power. Also, by increasing the wood and the green waste in the combination of inlet MSW, the output power will be reduced. Discussion and Conclusion: Generally, MSW has low thermal value due to its high percentage of biological ingredients. Therefore, identifying the factors which are affecting the efficiency and power output of the power plant is essential and important. In this regard, the simulation shows that the high percentage of wood-containing compounds and green waste in the input waste will reduce the output power of this plant. As a result, implementing necessary measures to reduce the amount of moisture content of incoming waste as well as achieving the combination with the least amount of wood and green waste will increase the efficiency and the output power of this plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Evaluation of efficiency and optimization of Photo- Fenton process parameters in beet sugar wastewater treatment using response surface methodology (RSM)
Abbas Alipour Hajiagha Mojgan Zaeimdar Seyed Ali Jozi nooshin sajadi Arezoo GhadiBackground & Objective: The wastewater obtained from sugar production cannot be naturally degraded due to the presence of various color precursors, colored impurities, lime carbonation sludge and other organic impurities. In this study, optimization of the effective MoreBackground & Objective: The wastewater obtained from sugar production cannot be naturally degraded due to the presence of various color precursors, colored impurities, lime carbonation sludge and other organic impurities. In this study, optimization of the effective parameters for the sugar industry wastewater treatment is investigated using photo- Fenton process and response surface methodology.Material and Methodology: This empirical research was conducted on a laboratory scale on refined wastewater obtained from sugar beet factory (Qazvin, Iran), in ternms of the intensity of contamination, considering the reduction of the three factors including COD, phenolic, and color content using the advanced oxidation process (photo- Fenton process). In order to optimize the ocndions for wastewater treatment, the results of these experiments wre ultimately optimized by response surface methodology.Findings: The results obtained that the optimal condition for color and phenolic removal were: pH of 6.1' reaction time 15 minutes' Fenton's reagent (Fe2+/H2O2) concentrations: 20/1500 of ppm. Under these conditions, the color and phenolic reduction were achieved 73.92% and 93.9%, respectively.Discussion & Conclusions: The photo- Fenton process has a good efficacy in treating the sugar industry wastewater in the removal of important pollution parameters such as color impurities, phenolic compounds, and COD.Also, the statistical results showed that the pH parameter, Fenton's reagent concentration and contact time were significant during treatment process (p<0.05). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Laboratory Investigation of Cow Manure and Digested Synergistic with Municipal Organic Solid Waste in Anaerobic Digestion Process for Efficiency Increasing
Leila yousefi Abbas BahriBackground and Objective: Increasing production rate, biogas volume and pressure, methane composition are increased efficiency. The effect of adding a mixture of cow manure (CM) and digested to municipal organic solid waste (MOSW) for increase productivity of process is MoreBackground and Objective: Increasing production rate, biogas volume and pressure, methane composition are increased efficiency. The effect of adding a mixture of cow manure (CM) and digested to municipal organic solid waste (MOSW) for increase productivity of process is considered.Method: Through three steps single MOSW, CM and digested mixing were treated by laboratory setup. Digested and CM mixing effect with MOSW were studied and evaluated by investigating of physical-chemistry properties, feed and digested elemental analysis, and also biogas pressure and volume measuring, AD time and biogas analysis. Findings: Adding mixture of digested and CM with MOSW increases feed dry part and its carbon and nitrogen content. Transformation rate in MOSW co-digestion with digested and CM mixture (3rd step) compare to co-digestion of MOSW with digested (2rd step) and also conversion percent of mentioned quantities derived from 2rd step compare to single digestion of MOSW (1rd step) are increased. Biogas volume and pressure in base on feed mass unit and also biogas relative component, in 3rd step compare to 2rd and also in 2rd step compare to 1rd are increased.Discussion and Conclusion: Digested and CM mixing with MOSW not only contributes in increasing the organic part of the feed, but also collaborates in inoculation in process and increases the methane generation. Biogas volume and pressure and also methane production efficiency are increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Effect of Municipal Waste Water Irrigation on Heavy Metal Accumulation in Wheat (Case Study: Shahre Rey Fields)
narges rozbeh Shahrzad Khoramnejadian seidreza asemi zavare keivan saebBackground and Objective: Declining water resources caused usage of recycled water that sometimes not purified well. The growing population and consequently increasing water demand, along with a shortage of available freshwater resources have inevitably led to the MoreBackground and Objective: Declining water resources caused usage of recycled water that sometimes not purified well. The growing population and consequently increasing water demand, along with a shortage of available freshwater resources have inevitably led to the use of unconventional water resources. Irrigation lands with urban wastewater requires quality and quantity control for achieving food security. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation with urban wastewater on the concentration of Nickel and Cadmium in soils and their effects on plant, root, shoot, and functional characteristics of wheat.Method: Field sampling was carried out at random from a depth of 0 to 20 cm. Wheat samples were taken at harvest from a 1-meter by 1-meter area. A total of 20 samples for Cadmium metal and 20 samples of Nickel metal were taken.Findings: The results showed that the average concentration of Cadmium and Nickel was 10.6 and 49.43 kg, respectively, which resulted in an accumulation in various parts of the wheat plant. Increasing the concentration of Cadmium and Nickel in the soil increases the accumulation in the root, upper parts, and wheat seeds. Also, increasing the concentration of Cadmium and Nickel in the soil decreases the dry weight of the root, the shoot, and the weight of the thousand seed. However, there was no significant effect on two traits, number of grains per spike and number of spikes per square meter. The effect of Cadmium concentration was higher than that of Nickel.Discussion and Conclusion: Increasing 1 mg of soil Cadmium caused increasing, 0.81, 0.56, 0.6 mg Cadmium in root, upper parts and seed. For Nickel increasing the soil concentrations caused 0.29, 0.29, 0.11 mg in root, upper parts and seed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Optimal location of municipal wastes tanks using GIS (Case study: Shahindezh city)
zahra yazdani Mohammad TalaeianBackground and Objective: Waste management is responsible for carrying out various processes to attract citizens' satisfaction. Proper placement of temporary storage tanks in the city is important. Therefore, the optimal location of municipal waste tanks is very importa MoreBackground and Objective: Waste management is responsible for carrying out various processes to attract citizens' satisfaction. Proper placement of temporary storage tanks in the city is important. Therefore, the optimal location of municipal waste tanks is very important. In addition, not using waste storage tanks in suitable places can cause environmental damage and negative effects on the beauty of the city landscape. The purpose of this study is to locate municipal waste tanks using powerful tools of GIS. Analysis Method: Waste pollution and its dangers are inevitable for communities. Traditional methods such as manually overlay maps are not possible due to the large amount of data. So, in this research a powerful tool such as GIS has been used in locating municipal waste tanks. For this purpose, 58 blocks in 4 regions with a population of 12 thousand households in the city of Shahindezh in West Azerbaijan province have been studied. Findings: According to the map obtained from GPS, the location of the main tanks in the city of Shahindezh was investigated. With having information on population density, production waste per capita, observing the specified distances and using the geographic information system, the centers purposed for the waste location tanks in this study were determined. So that by weighting the layers and superimposing the layers of maps in GIS software, it resulted in providing 804 points for locating reservoirs in the city. Discussion and Conclusion: Looking at the findings and in order to prevent irregular traffic of garbage trucks, reduce fuel, reduce the environmental impact of waste accumulated in inappropriate places and maximize use of the appropriate perspective, using the results of this research, temporary waste storage tanks can be used in appropriate numbers in the right places and created a safe environment which to be environmentally friendly with high security factor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Analysis of Legal Considerations and Challenges of Wastewater Reuse Management
Hossein Shakeri Mostafa Tizghadam Zahra ShakeriWastewater reuse is considered as one of the important tools in the field of water resources management and environmental protection, the need to use it with increasing population is becoming more prominent day by day. This can be examined from different aspects and in MoreWastewater reuse is considered as one of the important tools in the field of water resources management and environmental protection, the need to use it with increasing population is becoming more prominent day by day. This can be examined from different aspects and in addition to health and technical aspects, it also has various legal aspects that have direct and indirect effects on wastewater management and complicate the presentation of the pattern of use of these renewable resources. The main issue is that wastewater reuse, which may pose risks to public health and the environment, is based on legal principles? And if the reuse leads to hazard to people and the environment, how and on what basis is the relevant civil liability explained? Is this liability based on fault? Or should modern systems use pure or absolute responsibility in this regard? The current study tries to examine some of the most important jurisprudential and legal considerations arising from wastewater reuse with an analytical-descriptive method and based on the library process, and finally concludes that the reuse should be done with the principle of precaution and harmlessness. But if it leads to damages, the fault-based system cannot compensate for the damages due to the difficulties it has in the proof process. Therefore, the use of pure / absolute liability system and the promotion of specialized insurance in this regard are recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Application of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Models Based on Geographic Information Systems in Locating Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites (Case Study: Bushehr Province)
Ghazaleh Danesh masoud monavari ghasemali omrani Abdolreza Karbasi Forough FarsadBackground and Objective: Todays, due to the expansion of cities, large quantities of industrial and hazardous materials are produced, which, in order to prevent its long-term and dangerous effects on human and environmental communities, selecting the best site for thes MoreBackground and Objective: Todays, due to the expansion of cities, large quantities of industrial and hazardous materials are produced, which, in order to prevent its long-term and dangerous effects on human and environmental communities, selecting the best site for these wastes has become one of the complex decisions in urban management action. Because of numerous industrial units, especially refineries, in Bushehr province, it is essential to find a management solution for hazardous wastes of this province. Finding the optimal location using multi-criteria decision models based on GIS that has both the lowest environmental risks and economically optimal, is the main goal of this article.Method: In this study, 24 parameters were used to analyze the selection of hazardous waste disposal sites based on the Delphi method in Bushehr province. Selected criteria were divided into two ecological and economic categories and ANP method was used to weight the criteria. At the final stage, suitable sites for these wastes were determined based on the GIS-based WLC method. Findings: The results showed that ecological criteria had the highest score (61/34%) and land use had the highest weight (0/27) and evaporation of the lowest weight (0/0017). Also, 6/13% of the province has a very high potential and 17/7% of the surface area is completely inappropriate for the disposal of hazardous wastes.Discussion and Conclusion: Study results highlighted the importance and significant weight of environmental criteria in prioritizing the proposed areas for hazardous disposal in Bushehr province, and has shown the model's efficiency in integrating GIS and MCDM. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Landfill Site Selection of Construction and Demolition Wastes Using GIS and AHP Method (A Case Study of Hamedan City)
Fateme Jafari Nobakht Mehrdad Cheraghi Bahareh LorestaniBackground and Objectives: Population growth, urban development, and increased human activities will bring various outcomes, including the production and accumulation of waste, followed by environmental pollution. In developing countries, construction waste accounts for MoreBackground and Objectives: Population growth, urban development, and increased human activities will bring various outcomes, including the production and accumulation of waste, followed by environmental pollution. In developing countries, construction waste accounts for a large proportion of municipal waste, which in addition to the high cost of disposal, also has adverse effects on the environment. Because construction debris takes up a lot of space due to its bulk, disposing of it in landfills reduces the useful life of these areas and it is necessary to find a new place to bury construction debris. Method: Searching for a new landfill is a complex and time consuming process and requires a capable and efficient system, as using GIS and combining different layers of information and considering environmental, social and economic criteria, the most suitable landfill can be found. Located a building. In the present study, 16 criteria (slope, land use, residential, commercial and industrial centers, villages, roads (including 3 layers of highways, main roads and side roads), water (including 6 layers of wells, springs, aqueducts, Rivers, dams and waterways), antiquities, airport runways and mines) are involved in the location process, so that privacy and distance maps are prepared first ,then, in order to achieve more reliability, scoring the classes or parameter intervals was done in three ways. Criteria were weighted using Expert Choice software and hierarchical analysis (AHP). Findings: The results of the three types of scoring to multi-criteria analysis showed that there were significant differences in the results of different methods of scoring. Discussion and Conclusions: The results of combining 16 parameters involved in site selection in software Arc GIS9.3 showed that the appropriate zones for construction and demolition wastes buried in Hamadan, often are located in a 90-degree slice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Estimation of Effluent TSS of Ahvaz Wastewater Treatment Plant Using Inelegant Models
Mojtaba Ghaed Rahmati Hadi Moazed Parvaneh TishehzanIntroduction: The limitation of fresh water resources in the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, has inevitably led to the reuse of urban wastewater. One of the most important indicators of sewage pollution and comparison with different standar MoreIntroduction: The limitation of fresh water resources in the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, has inevitably led to the reuse of urban wastewater. One of the most important indicators of sewage pollution and comparison with different standards for reuse or discharge to the water resources is TSS. The present study was conducted in 2016 with the aim of estimation of effluent TSS of Ahvaz wastewater treatment plant using inelegant models. Material and methods: Regard to costly and time-consuming measurement tests of TSS, the capability of multivariate linear regression model, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was studied to estimate (TSS) in wastewater treatment plant output by MATLAB and SPSS 21 software. Accordingly, various compounds of sewage quality parameters were evaluated during the 8-year statistical period (2008-2015) as input of models in two daily and monthly modes. Results: The results of the regression model indicated that the maximum R2 for training and verification were 0.75 and 0.67 in daily and 0.68 and 0.66 in monthly period, respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) in this test was 0.033 and 0.025 in the daily period and 0.053 and 0.053 in the monthly period. The maximum R2 in ANN for training and verification were 0.87 and 0.79 in daily and 0.87 and 0.85 in monthly period, respectively. The RMSE in this test was 0.030 and 0.023 in the daily period and 0.034 and 0.031 in the monthly period. Meanwhile, the maximum R2 in ANFIS for training and verification were 0.91 and 0.83 in daily and 0.89 and 0.87 for monthly period, respectively. The RMSE in this test was 0.026 and 0.025 in the daily period and 0.031 and 0.028 in the monthly period. Conclusion: The results confirmed the application of three models is appropriate, but the ANFIS was considered as a more appropriate model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Using Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling in the impact of consumer attitudes and awareness on Intention to Participate in Electronic Waste Collection System
Fereshteh Hatam Reza Najafbagy MohammadJavad KameliBackground and Objective: Waste and municipal waste management is a major concern in any society and in this regard, the role and participation of citizens is very important. The purpose of this study is to design a model for impact of consumer attitude and awareness on MoreBackground and Objective: Waste and municipal waste management is a major concern in any society and in this regard, the role and participation of citizens is very important. The purpose of this study is to design a model for impact of consumer attitude and awareness on the intention to participate in the electronic waste collection system.Material and Methodology: The present study is an applied study in terms of purpose and a case study in terms of method.After extracting the structures from theoretical foundations and articles, to finalize them from 25 people Experts were consulted. Also, to validate the research model, a sample of 384 citizens of Tehran was selected. A standard questionnaire with a reliability of 0/968 was used to collect data. The model validation method is Bayesian structural equations which was implemented in AMOS 26 software.Findings: Findings showed that environmental factors, mental norm, economic stimulus,infrastructure and attitude from Yang Ko et al. (2017) model are effective on citizens' participationintention. Also, the variables of personal education, responsibility and publicity that were identifiedfrom the article of Tavakoli Nia et al. (2017) were approved by experts. Among the identified factors,the highest impact was related to environmental factors with an impact rate of about 85%.Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that environmental factors, mental norms and attitudesaffect the infrastructure and economic stimulus and also through these two variables affect theintention of citizen participation and have an indirect effect. Finally, publicity and accountabilitythrough environmental factors influence the intention of citizen participation. In addition, the resultsshow that the infrastructure facilitates the conversion of subjective norms and attitudes to intentions,which shows that lack of access to electronic waste collection infrastructure, reduces the impact ofsubjective norms and attitudes on intention. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Wastewater Treatment of Oil Refineries by Using of UV-Assisted Fenton Process
Hadi Shayegh Hamid Kazemi Esfe Hossein HosseiniBackground and Objective: The removal of heavy hydrocarbons and biological wastewater is generally difficult. Finding a suitable way to eliminate or reduce these factors is one of the goals of this research.Materials and Methodology: Although there are special processes MoreBackground and Objective: The removal of heavy hydrocarbons and biological wastewater is generally difficult. Finding a suitable way to eliminate or reduce these factors is one of the goals of this research.Materials and Methodology: Although there are special processes for removing or reducing the hydrocarbon and biological load of water, but in industrial wastewater containing hydrocarbon, the evaluation of advanced oxidation processes can reduce not only the burden of the wastewater but also reduce the Biological bad effects. Therefore, in the present study, an experimental study of COD, BOD and O & G reduction using Fenton reaction with ultra-violet irridiation has been investigated.Results: A sample of industrial waste from one of the refineries was prepared. According to the results, the optimal conditions for COD removal was observed as follow: irradiation time 30 minutes, pH=3, temperature=35°C, water content=85 ml of oxygen dissolved in water than 250 ml of wastewater and COD removal was observed up to 45.44%. The optimal conditions for removing O&G were: 23 min, pH=3, temperature 35°C, dissolved oxygen content of 85 ml, compared to 250 ml of wastewater. Also O&G was eliminated to 89.8%. The optimal conditions for removing BOD were: the irradiation time is 20 minutes, pH=4, the temperature is 25°C, the soluble oxygen content is 65 ml, compared to 250 ml of the wastewater and the removal of BOD was observed to be 49.82%.Discussion and Conclusion: Laboratory study of COD, BOD and O&G reduction in wastewater was investigated by using Fenton reaction with ultraviolet irridiation. It was found that the Fenton method with ultraviolet irridiation is a suitable method for the removal or reduction of COD, BOD and O&G in refinery wastewater. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Investigation of Quality and Quantity of Waste Generation in South Azadegan Oil Field (Southwest of Iran)
Zhinoos Tavakoli Hossein Sakhaeinia Farshid Pajoum ShariatiBackground and Objective: Oil fields can be considered as a major waste resource that leads to considerable adverse effects on human health and the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality, quantity and type of waste generated in the oil field o MoreBackground and Objective: Oil fields can be considered as a major waste resource that leads to considerable adverse effects on human health and the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality, quantity and type of waste generated in the oil field of South Azadegan. Material and Methodology: The present work reviewed the quality and quantity of waste generated in the south Azadegan oil field (Southwest of Iran) according to the production point and operation unit and waste classification. The present work was conducted in 2020 and firstly the various sectors of waste generation were identified and classified. Then a questionnaire was provided and distributed to all sectors for data collection. Ethical issues were considered at all stages. Fidings: The results showed that some recyclable wastes (approximately 35%) and organic waste (63.5%) were generated in the restaurant unit and the total weight of healthcare waste was 50Kg/year that include 28% non-infectious and 72% infectious waste. The engineering and sanitation unit of south Azadegan. produce the most waste generated in this area and the most wastes generated in this unit was drilling rig and fluids. Also, the chemical analysis of drilling rigs showed that the concentration of heavy metals in these samples is high. Discussion & Conclusion: According to the results, it should take into consideration that various wastes have been generated in studied area, some of which are hazardous, and new strategies should be used to protect the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Environmental and Sanitary Risk Assessment of the waste water treatment plant in west of Ahwaz Using AHP and TOPSIS methods
hamidreza pourkhabbaz azin azizi saeide javanmardi Ali Reza PourkhabbazBackground and Objective: Employed workers in wastewater treatment plants are always exposed to threats of risk factors in the workplace such as harmful physical, chemical and biological factors. Therefore, the present study assesses the safety, health and environmental MoreBackground and Objective: Employed workers in wastewater treatment plants are always exposed to threats of risk factors in the workplace such as harmful physical, chemical and biological factors. Therefore, the present study assesses the safety, health and environmental risks in the wastewater treatment plant in west of Ahwaz city to investigate these risks and provide the necessary solutions. Material and Methodology: After the field visits, interviews to experts and staffs of treatment plant and internet researches (2018), a list of the most important risks was identified and given to the experts and staffs. In order to analyze and prioritize the risks, it was used from AHP and TOPSIS, which are multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) and as well as the entropy technique to calculate the weight of the indicators. In Continuation to prioritizing strategies of factors, in order to removing the conflict between TOPSIS and AHP results, it was used the ranks mean.Findings: According to the results of AHP and TOPSIS, the most important safety and environmental risks that were identified, are impact to rotating parts of systems, entry of toxic materials and impermissible industrial wastewater and the dispersion of biogas from sludge digestion reservoirs. Also, according to the results of the ranks mean method, among the safety and health risks, it was Assigned impact to rotating parts of systems to score 1/5 the first priority, the electric shock and the dispersion of bad gas from wastewater to score of 3 and 3/5 were the second and third priority respectively. Among the environmental risks, it was Assigned entry of toxic materials and impermissible industrial waste water, the dispersion of biogas from sludge digestion reservoirs to score of 2 first priority, fire and explosion score of 3 second priority and fluctuations of waste wate discharge score of 3/5 the third priority.Disscotion & Conclusion: Given that the performance of wastewater treatment plants is a function of various human, natural, equipment and functional factors at the exploitation stage, therefore, management of these factors will help to improve the process of exploitation. In the present study, one of the most important management actions to reduce the level of risks identified, can pointed to apply of work safety guidelines, establishing of facilities and necessary equipment to burn additional gases and prevent their dangerous accumulation in the treatment plant environment, perform pre- treatment of industrial wastewater and continuous monitoring of effluent wastes to match with environmental standards. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Investigation and evaluation of methane production using standard mathematical models by municipal solid waste
Seyed Ali Asghar Shariat Hosseini Kazem Bashirnezhad Peyman Bashi ShahabiBackground and Objective: Due to the increasing use of biomass technologies, especially methane gas produced from the decomposition of organic matter in municipal solid waste and its use as a source of energy production, and the importance of methods used in estimating MoreBackground and Objective: Due to the increasing use of biomass technologies, especially methane gas produced from the decomposition of organic matter in municipal solid waste and its use as a source of energy production, and the importance of methods used in estimating methane gas and Energy production, a study based on the use of mathematical models to estimate the methane gas produced at the Mashhad landfill. Material and Methodology: This research was conducted in 1398 in Mashhad. The method used in this study is based on the use of IPCC mathematical models developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Findings: According to mass balance and stoichiometric calculations performed for two categories of fast biodegradable and slow biodegradable materials, about 53.89% of the total landfill gases are methane and 46.11% are carbon dioxide. According to the calculations, the potential for methane production capacity is 115.33 cubic meters of methane per megagram of waste and the methane production rate is 0.021 per year. The data were analyzed in Landgem software. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results obtained in 1414, the maximum volumetric flow of methane produced is 2.6×107 cubic meters per year. Also, the high and low thermal values of landfill gas are 21.484 and 19.361 megajoules per cubic meter, respectively. In case of direct use of landfill gas in power generators, in 1414, the highest net output power with high and low thermal value of landfill gas can be obtained 11503.633 kw and 10366.83 kw, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Roadmap of nuclear technology application in the environment
Zahra Soltani AmirMohammad BeigzadehBackground and Objective: Today, the use of advanced environmental pollutants based on nuclear technology in processes associated with the production of gaseous, liquid and solid pollutants is highly recommended. Developing a strategy and planning for the development of MoreBackground and Objective: Today, the use of advanced environmental pollutants based on nuclear technology in processes associated with the production of gaseous, liquid and solid pollutants is highly recommended. Developing a strategy and planning for the development of the application of nuclear technology in the environment is necessary because this technology is advanced, complex and in the growth stage and requires high investment, highly specialized forces and cooperation and coordination of a series of projects. Material and Methodology: In order to develop a roadmap for the application of nuclear technology in the environment, first, by reviewing research in the field of applications of nuclear technology in the environment, potentials and key technologies in this field were identified. Then, by performing process steps through reviewing scientific articles and texts, the market was identified and then the types of products were determined. Findings: The most important markets for nuclear technology-based treatment systems are power plants, chemical and petrochemical industries, and waste industries. Gaseous decontamination facilities, sludge and wastewater treatment and industrial waste facilities are classified in the product category. According to the roadmap, the acquisition of accelerator technology and gamma-rayirradiator systems is possible through technology transfer and equipment purchase. Since all stages of research and development of solid-state purification systems can be done with the existing facilities in the country and also the simplicity of the process, during the first three years, the focus on solid state purification systems was determined and in parallel by gaining the necessary experience, it is possible to transfer technology to liquid and gas purification systems. Discussion and Conclusion: Purification systems based on advanced nuclear technology are cost-effective, more efficient and environmentally friendly. In this regard, the use of roadmap as one of the most important management tools for planning the development of this technology is essential. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Investigation of effective factors on the ammonia removal efficiency in the wastewater treatment plants using the air stripping process
Arezoo Zangeneh Sima Sabzalipour Afshin Takdastan Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh Morteza Abullatif KhafaieBackground and Objective: Removal of ammonia from wastewater in the treatment plants due to its dangerous and toxic effects on human health and biotic resources is essential. This study was aimed to investigate the effective operational parameters on the efficiency of t MoreBackground and Objective: Removal of ammonia from wastewater in the treatment plants due to its dangerous and toxic effects on human health and biotic resources is essential. This study was aimed to investigate the effective operational parameters on the efficiency of the air stripping process, determine their priority and degree of effect on ammonia removal and compare the ammonia removal efficiency during the air stripping process in the municipal wastetewater treatment plants using synthetic and real wastewater. Material and Methodology: In this study, the effect of each operating parameter on the ammonia removal efficiency including initial ammonia concentration, pH and temperature during the air stripping process for synthetic and real wastewater, respectively, based on standard methods (the Nesslerization method, preparation of standard solutions) using a spectrophotometer, pH meter and temperature module were evaluated. Findings: The results of this study showed that the maximum of ARE for synthetic wastewater with Air to water ratio 80 and an initial ammonia concentration of 59. 6 mg /l, pH 12.05 and temperature 46.3°C was %91. Also, the results of the study on the ARE during the air stripping process showed that the maximum of ARE (%91) for real wastewater (primary sedimentation tank effluent (PST)) with Air to water ratio 80 and an initial ammonia concentration of 61.04 mg/l, pH 12.53 and temperature 45.9 ° C was obtained. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the results of univariate regression model, initial ammonia concentration˃ temperature˃ pH have the greatest effect on the ammonia removal efficiency in synthetic wastewater and real wastewater, respectively. In the multivariate regression model, the effect of temperature and pH on the ammonia removal efficiency in synthetic and real wastewater is increasing and decreasing, respectively. Based on the findings of this study, the air stripping process can be successfully used to remove ammonia from wastewater in the municipal treatment plants, especially in the tropics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Study of treatment of simulated electroplating wastewater containing heavy-metal Nickel by forward osmosis
Esmaeil Koohestanian mohammad nematzadehBackground and Objective: One of the most hazardous industrial wastewater is electroplating industry wastewater. Nowadays, the forward osmosis (FO) process with potential capabilities has been considered by many researchers for its various membrane applications. Hence, MoreBackground and Objective: One of the most hazardous industrial wastewater is electroplating industry wastewater. Nowadays, the forward osmosis (FO) process with potential capabilities has been considered by many researchers for its various membrane applications. Hence, in the present study, for the treatment of simulated electroplating wastewater containing heavy-metal Nickel, has been investigated the FO process. Furthermore, the influence of process variables such as temperature, osmotic pressure and feed concentration have been evaluated on the performance of the FO process for water flux and Nickel rejection efficiency.Material and Methodology: In order to analyze the data and to reduce the cost of conducting the test and saving time, to design of experiment and analyze the data have been used the Minitab software and the Taguchi method.Finding: The results of the experiments showed that the forward osmosis process has the ability to produce water flux and even remove heavy metal Nickel to over 98% in different operating conditions.Discussion & Conclusion: The increase of the osmotic pressure and feed solution concentration increased and reduced the water flux and Nickel rejection, respectively, but with increasing temperature, the amount of water flux increased and the amount of nickel removal was reduced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - The influence of biochar and phytoremediation of Heavy Metals (Cr, As & Pb) in a soil contaminated by oil drilling waste
sara sharifi hoseini Ahmad Landi Saied Hojati Neemat JaafarzadehBackground and Objective: Soils and waters are frequently subject to contamination by inorganic elements including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn, mainly due to anthropogenic activities, such as mining, incineration of wastes, drilling of petroleum shaft and agr MoreBackground and Objective: Soils and waters are frequently subject to contamination by inorganic elements including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn, mainly due to anthropogenic activities, such as mining, incineration of wastes, drilling of petroleum shaft and agricultural practices (i.e., pesticides and sewage sludge application). Phytoremediation employs the use of plants to degrade, remediate and stabilize various environmental contaminants in soil, water and air. Biochar (BC) can be produced from a wide range of organic wastes via pyrolysis. It has great potential as an amendment for phytoremediation but its effects depend on the type of feedstock it derives from. This study was conducted to identify the effects of biochar addition and phytoremediation on As, Cr, and Pb concentrations in a soils polluted by oil drilling wastes.Material and Methodology: The current study was carried out to examine the heavy metal immobilizing effect of biochar produced from sugar cane waste and subsequent heavy metal uptake by Sorghum, Atriplex sp. and prosopis farcta. Sugar cane wastage biochar was incorporated into four application rates (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 % (w/w)) and soil biochar mixtures were examined for an incubation period of 2 months (so that the contaminated material could be distributed evenly in the soil particles). Then pot trials were provided for cultivation of Sorghum, Atriplex sp and Prosopis farcta so that for each plant, a row of 12 pots and a total of 36 pots for the three under-study plants.Findings: The results showed, average of Cr, As and pb concentration in contaminated soil is 56, 53.4 and 582 ppm. Average of Cr, As and pb concentration in contaminated soil is Amendment with BC is 30, 21.5 and 224. Average of Cr, As and pb concentration in contaminated soil is Amendment with Sorghum is 22, 7.2 and 43, Amendment with Atriplex sp is 16, 15.3 and 141, Amendment with prosopis farcta is 18, 19.9 and 192 ppm.Discussion and Conclusion: Effective treatment of Cr was prosopis farcta and 1 % (w/w) biochar, Sorghum and 2 % (w/w) biochar for As and pb. Although heavy metal-contaminated soils can be reclaimed effectively by application of biochar, further research is needed to explore its long-term environmental and economic aspect to gain maximum benefits from this novel material Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Evaluation of Sustainable Agricultural Patterns for Irrigation with Wastewater Treatment Plant's Effluent from Sabzevar
Seyed Mehdi Hosseinishad Mohammad Hadi Mehdinejad Esmail NasrabadiBackground and Objective: A large part of the water used in big cities change as wastewater. Due to lack of water resources, municipal wastewater treatment plant's effluent can use as one of the important sources of new water in order to the development of green spaces, MoreBackground and Objective: A large part of the water used in big cities change as wastewater. Due to lack of water resources, municipal wastewater treatment plant's effluent can use as one of the important sources of new water in order to the development of green spaces, green belt in around cities and agriculture purposes. Material and Methodology: In this analytical-descriptive study, the degrees of compatibility of various crops with water used in irrigation were studied. For surveying a suitable pattern by wastewater treatment plant's effluent for irrigation agriculture, the quantity and physical and chemical properties of wastewater treatment plant's effluent in sabzevar city have been analyzed. Findings: The results showed that the quantity of wastewater treatment plant's effluent is daily 2000m3. Due to having hot and dry climate and included sand and light soil, crops such as barley, corn, millet, forage, cotton and alfalfa and discreet wheat are good. Discussion and Conclusion: to cropping of legumes and vegetables due to viral and parasitic pollution were avoided and the warm climate in the region which is an increase of salts in the soil surface is avoided. The best irrigation method is subsurface irrigation system. To expand the area under crops in the region was caused stabilizing soil and reduce the adverse effects from winds on the lives in sabzevar city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Study of the Environmental Effects of Wastewater Treatment Plant of Yazd using the ENTROPY Method
Farshid Saee Sahar Rezaian Razieh RahimiBackground and Objective: This research studies the environmental factors that may be influenced, considering the nature of the project and the way the various stages of utilization exert their influence, and the environmental resources that may be affected by the execu MoreBackground and Objective: This research studies the environmental factors that may be influenced, considering the nature of the project and the way the various stages of utilization exert their influence, and the environmental resources that may be affected by the execution of the different stages of the project. Environmental influences are various changes caused by different activities in the physical, chemical, biological, cultural, economic, and social environments, with each project having different temporal and spatial effects. That is, the consequences and effects resulting from the different stages of construction, utilization, and post-utilization of projects are different.Material and Methodology: The environmental factors considered to study the environmental effects of the wastewater treatment plant in Yazd included the physico-chemical, biological, economic, and social environments. In each of the cases mentioned above, many different parameters are selected, depending on the features of the project, to serve as indices. These indices are used as criteria for comparison of options. In environmental studies of projects, the types of effects are differentiated and employed in environmental analyses. Findings: Considering the decision-making matrix, which included 10 options, and the results obtained from the ENTROPY method, the experts selected the main indices that were the criteriaof the project. Index number 4 (water quality), index number 1 (soil quality), and index number 7 (sanitation and safety), with relative importance weights of 0.192, 0.179, and 0.152, were ranked first to third, respectively.Discussion and Conclusion: It is very necessary to control, monitor and supervise the operation and maintenance issues of a sewage treatment plant in order to produce a standard quality effluent and increase it’s efficiency during the operation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Site selection for construction and demolition waste management facilities using GIS & FVIKOR (Case Study: Karaj)
Zahra Hasannezhad Saeid MehrabianBackground and Objective: Selecting a suitable site for construction and demolition waste management facilities, is one of the critical decision-making issues, which requires a comprehensive evaluation. The high amount of construction and demolition waste produced MoreBackground and Objective: Selecting a suitable site for construction and demolition waste management facilities, is one of the critical decision-making issues, which requires a comprehensive evaluation. The high amount of construction and demolition waste produced compared to the total production of waste makes it absolutely necessary to determine suitable sites for landfilling this type of waste. The objective of this study is to present the methodology to select a suitable site for this kind of waste.Material and Methodology: There are three steps in evaluating the sites in this research. In the first step, after determining the effective factors and determining their weight by the Eigenvector Method and hierarchically, the studied areas were evaluated with 28 criteria in a fuzzy method by geographic information system (GIS). In the second step, the suggested areas by GIS, by 7 other criteria were rated by the use of FVIKOR and the score of each area was found. In the third step Final rating of sites were done by two criteria (the achieved scores of GIS and the achieved scores of the FVIKOR method).Findings The final weight of evaluation criteria by GIS and FVIKOR methods was 0.86 and 0.14, respectively, and 21 places were ranked in three steps.Discussion and Conclusion: The approach used in this study is using (GIS) and fuzzy logic, considering the weight and relative importance of each criterion and use a suitable method for rating that increases accuracy and reliability of assessment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Effect of Rose Wastes on Salinity and Heavy Metals Reduction in Compost and Soil
Anita Kharrati elnaz sabbagh tazehBackground and Objective: In recent years, salinity and pollution due to municipal solid waste compost, has caused many problems. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of mixing rose greenhouse waste with urban waste on the quality of produced c MoreBackground and Objective: In recent years, salinity and pollution due to municipal solid waste compost, has caused many problems. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of mixing rose greenhouse waste with urban waste on the quality of produced compost and the chemical and physical properties of the soil after using this fertilizer.Material and Methodology: An experiment in CRD design as factorial was conducted to investigate the effect of Rose greenhouse wastes on quality of compost with two factors consisted of 1) waste type with 2 rates: a) separated and b) unseparated waste) and 2) amendment ratio with 3 rates: a) 100% waste-0% amendment, b) 80% waste-20% amendment and c) 60% waste-40% amendment, with three replications. Then a field experiment based on CRD, with 7 treatment (consisted of soil mixed with six types of produced compost in previous stage and control) and 3 replications was conducted to investigate the effects of produced compost on some characteristics of soil.Findings: Results showed that the separation of wastes at the source, increased compost nitrogen by 2.75 times, cation exchange capacity by 4.14 times, phosphorus by 2.14 times, water holding capacity by 2 times and organic carbon by 69% compared to the non-separation. But reduced available potassium, pH and sodium of the compost. In soil, it also reduced bulk density, salinity, and cadmium and lead concentrations, and increased soil MWD. Adding Rose greenhouse waste in rate of 40%, reduced compost EC by 58% campared to control. It also reduced available sodium and potassium and increased pH of the compost. In soil, reduced bulk density, salinity and concentration of lead and cadmium. Treatment of soil and separated compost with 40% of amendment, increased soil Si by 0.078 unit and soil organic carbon by 32% compared to the control.Discussion and Conclusion: Results showed that separation of wastes at the source and adding Rose greenhouse waste can improve physical and chemical properties of compost and soil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Identifying the main factors affecting the culturalization of freecycling through social networks in Iran
Ghasem Zarei Zeinab Mahmoodi PachalBackground and Objective: Considering the important role of Freecycle website and Freecycling culture in reducing the amount of waste in collection and disposal sites through the flow of donating extra items from website users to others and thus reducing environmental d MoreBackground and Objective: Considering the important role of Freecycle website and Freecycling culture in reducing the amount of waste in collection and disposal sites through the flow of donating extra items from website users to others and thus reducing environmental damage. ; And on the other hand, the lack of this website and flow in Iran, the current research on the identification of factors influencing the culture of free cycling in Iran through social networks (considering the strong presence of these networks in the daily life of people in the society and their role in culture) creation of environmental protection) is concentrated and therefore it is of the type of applied research. Material and Methodology: The data collection in this research was done through in-depth interviews with experts in the field of media, cyberspace, virtual networks and also experts in the field of environmental protection in the country, and then the data were collected using the method Qualitative content analysis was analyzed through open, central and selective coding and finally a research model was presented. Findings: According to the main problem of the research, the categories related to the factors affecting the culture of free-cycling in Iran were extracted in the form of five main categories: prerequisites-tools-methods-effects-results. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering that the people of Iran have shown and proven their willingness to help their fellow citizens in various and sensitive situations (such as floods, earthquakes, etc.) are willing to provide their additional items to different regions of the country and even abroad; Therefore, it seems that they welcome actions such as participating in free cycling and donating their second-hand and unusable items (but needed by others), especially when its effects are supposed to be on the health of people in the community and the environment. Their lives should return to themselves. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Evaluation of environmental performance of the Starclean composting machine in converting the wet wastes into compost
Hamid Abasalizadeh Arzhang Fathi-Gerdelidani Shahab Khalaj Siavash Jalili ArameshBackground and Objective: Ideal management of urban, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes is important due to high daily production of them, particularly from environmental and hygienic perspective. The aim of this research was to evaluate the environmental perfo MoreBackground and Objective: Ideal management of urban, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes is important due to high daily production of them, particularly from environmental and hygienic perspective. The aim of this research was to evaluate the environmental performance of StarClean composting machine in converting wet wastes at origin to compost fertilizer and chemical and microbial analysis of the produced fertilizer and comparing it with reference national standards.Material and Methodology: One composting machine with a capacity to convert 5-10 kg wet wastes was installed in region 22 of Tehran municipality, then Alicyclobacillus sendaiensis bacteria were added to the machine tank and wet wastes were strewed in it daily and after 24 hours, the produced compost was picked up. Afterwards, microbial and chemical characteristics of the compost were analyzed.Findings: Results showed that heavy metals concentration and Salmonella and Coliform fecal bacteria counts of the machine output compost were lower than permissible limits and completely passed the reference standards. Other chemical properties also were ideal which indicates the produced compost is a high quality organic fertilizer and its use can improve soil fertility.Discussion and Conclusion: the studied composting machine converts wet wastes to compost fertilizer with high quality in a short time without the production of leachate and an unpleasant odor. It also allows to complete separation of wet and dry wastes at source and production of compost fertilizer with high quality. Hence it is suggested to use this composting machine in places of wet waste generation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Enhancing the efficiency of modified polypropylene fumarate (PPF) membrane by graphene oxide / pluronic F68 additive for wastewater treatment of ceramic factories
ehsan ghorban nejad ali arasteh nodeh susan khosroyar mahmoodreza khadangiBackground and Objective: Due to the fact that the wastewater of ceramic factories have higher TDS and turbidity, Poly propylene fumarate (PPF) membranes seems to be suitable for the treatment of this type of wastewater due to their good mechanical performance, adjustab MoreBackground and Objective: Due to the fact that the wastewater of ceramic factories have higher TDS and turbidity, Poly propylene fumarate (PPF) membranes seems to be suitable for the treatment of this type of wastewater due to their good mechanical performance, adjustable biodegradability and easy production. However, the main disadvantage of the PPF in membrane separation related to hydrophobicity property of it which leads to a low membrane flux and is easily susceptible for fouling. Presence of oxygenated functional groups such as hydroxyl, epoxy, and carboxyl in GO causes the modified membranes have high effective flux and better antifouling property. One of main problem associated with preparation of membranes containing GO is possibly related to the more homogenous dispersion of GO into the polymer matrix. The presence of Pluronic F-68 can solve this problem. Material and Methodology: In this work, in order to improve the hydrophilic and morphological properties of PPF membrane, the graphene oxide that has been modified by Pluronic F-68 was added in to the membrane. These membranes were prepared with VIPS method. The effects of the modified additive concentrations and vapor exposure times on hydrophilicity and permeation flux of the PPF membranes in mentioned wastewater treatment were investigated. Findings: Increasing GO/Pluronic F-68 loading from 0 wt. % to 4 wt. %, the hydrophilicity level is increased and the contact angle is decreased by increasing the exposure time up to 30 min due to the high poros­ity of membranes than others. The modificated membranes by Pluronic F-68 /GO present higher pure water permeability in comparison with the neat PPF mem­brane. Discussion and Conclusion: These membranes have higher pure water permeability in comparison with the neat PPF mem­brane. The membrane modified with 4wt. % of GO/Pluronic F-68 (Exposure time of 20 min) has high ability in reduction of wastewater pollution indices in comparison with others. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Studying the effect of beta-cyclodextrin natural polymer for improving dyeing condition and reduction of environmental pollution
akhtar mousavi ahmad akbari seyed kazem mousaviBackground and Objective: environmental and economic limitations that are imposed dramatically on textile and dyeing industry leads to the development of environmentally friendly processes for modifying the properties of fibers and improving the existing traditional pro MoreBackground and Objective: environmental and economic limitations that are imposed dramatically on textile and dyeing industry leads to the development of environmentally friendly processes for modifying the properties of fibers and improving the existing traditional processes. Many efforts have been done for decreasing costs and disposed contaminants which one of them is using natural polymers. The purpose of this study is applying beta-cyclodextrin natural polymer as an appropriate alternative with favorable environmental effects for other chemical additives in dyeing. Material and Methodology: In this study, wool fiber amended/treated by β-Cyclodextrin biocompatible polymer and its dyeing features such as the effect of β-Cyclodextrin composition (%20-0/5), dyeing pH (3-7) and density of the dye (%5-75) on the dyeing capabilities of wool with madder dye color was evaluated and compared. And finally, physical changes of crude fiber and amended fiber after dyeing was amended/treated using SEM analysis. Findings: According to the results, as the β-Cyclodextrin amount increased, the color strength of the samples are considerably enhanced and dye ability (K/S) is better in the case of modified wool rather than aluminium-mordanted wool and pristine wool. Besides, exhaustion of modified wool in neutral pH rather than acidic pH has been increased dramatically while no appreciable changes was observed in pristine wool dye ability with pH changes. Color strength (K/S) data were in the following order of the β-Cyclodextrin modified wool>. Discussion and Conclusions: In general, according to the conditions of modifying wool with β-Cyclodextrin biocompatible polymer and changes in dyeing conditions, not only removing chemical compounds from the wastewater of textile industrial can beapplied, but also the amount of consumed dye and unabsorbed dye remaining in wastewater can be reduced which is environmentally very important. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Investigating the long-term effects of wastewater consumption on different soil depths
iman homayoonnezhad saeed shojaee paria amirianBackground and Objective: Today, the lack of water reserves on the ground, especially in dry climates including our country, has caused the purposeful reuse of wastewater to provide new water sources as a new solution. Currently, countries that are facing the problem of MoreBackground and Objective: Today, the lack of water reserves on the ground, especially in dry climates including our country, has caused the purposeful reuse of wastewater to provide new water sources as a new solution. Currently, countries that are facing the problem of lack of water resources are investigating the feasibility of using wastewater under the title of unconventional waters. But unfortunately, very little research has been done in this regard. Materials and Methodology: In order to investigate the amount of changes in some elements and characteristics of the soil under irrigation with wastewater, for 3 years, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three repetitions. Sampling was done from two depths of soil 0-30 and 30-60 cm, and the parameters of sodium, total calcium and magnesium, acidity and electrical conductivity of the soil in three study locations (without irrigation, irrigation with treated wastewater, and irrigation with water of river) was measured and analyzed. Findings: The effluent from Zahedan treatment plant has caused an acceptable increase in the amount of sodium, total calcium and magnesium, and soil acidity compared to the control area. But regarding the electrical conductivity, irrigation with sewage decreased this amount. Discussion and Conclusion: Effluent causes an effective and acceptable increase of some soil elements, which can be an effective help in soil regeneration and to be used as one of the water sources especially in dry areas that are facing a shortage of water resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - A Hybrid Multi-criteria Decision-making and Allocation Model for Selection of Hospital Waste Disposal Firms
Mohammad amin Sabeti Karajvandani Ghasem Abbasi Omid Amirtaheri Soheila KhishtandarBackground and Objective: In a context where substantial volumes of hospital waste are generated and disposed of daily, the ineffective sanitary disposal of such waste can lead to environmental risks and higher operational expenses. However, hospitals frequently overloo MoreBackground and Objective: In a context where substantial volumes of hospital waste are generated and disposed of daily, the ineffective sanitary disposal of such waste can lead to environmental risks and higher operational expenses. However, hospitals frequently overlook objective criteria when evaluating and selecting waste disposal firms, relying instead on subjective judgment and past experiences. This research proposes a decision-making framework that presents a hybrid model combining multi-criteria decision-making and linear programming. The primary objective of this study is to propose a safe and efficient method for outsourcing disposing of or recycling hospital waste. Material and Methodology: This study presents a framework for decision-making in hospital waste disposal, addressing both single and multiple outsourcing scenarios. Firstly, the literature is reviewed to identify the criteria for evaluating waste disposal firms. The DEMATEL method is employed to explore the cause-and-effect relationships among these criteria, selecting the most significant ones and visualizing their causal relationships in a network format. The analytic network process (ANP) method is then utilized to evaluate and choose the most suitable waste disposal firm in a single outsourcing scenario. Additionally, to mitigate the risks associated with single outsourcing, a linear programming model is introduced for multiple outsourcing. This mathematical model determines the optimal allocation of waste quantities to various waste disposal firms, aiming to maximize the overall amount of waste disposed of by these firms. Fidings: The framework introduced in this study was put into practice to assess and choose hospital waste disposal firms in Tehran. Through a comprehensive literature review, 10 evaluation criteria were identified. Among these, the six most influential criteria were selected using the DEMATEL method, and their causal relationships were depicted in a network. The ANP was employed to assign weights to the evaluation criteria and the candidate firms. The evaluation criteria, in descending order of importance, include qualified human resources, recycling and disposal capacity, experience, cost, collection and transportation infrastructure, and waste disposal and recycling technology. Furthermore, a linear programming model was solved using Lingo software to optimize the allocation of waste among the candidate firms. Discussion & Conclusion: The decision-making model presented in this article offers advantages to both hospital officials and urban pollution control officials in the context of outsourcing sanitary waste disposal. The outcomes obtained from implementing the proposed framework demonstrate that decision-making based on this model not only benefits hospitals in selecting a suitable firm but also helps to mitigate conflicts of interest and disagreements between hospitals, sanitary waste disposal firms, and urban pollution control officials. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Performance of areation systems (activated sludge) with fixed bed for the treatment of wastewater with high organic load
Amir Hesam Hassani Amir Hossein Javid Ali Torabian Seyed Morteza Hosseinian Amir HayatbakhshThis study was conducted to review the performance of aeration systems (activated sludge) with fixed bed for the treatment of wastewater with high organic load through the use of down flow and up flow aerated reactors. To this end, a plaxy tank with three sections was u MoreThis study was conducted to review the performance of aeration systems (activated sludge) with fixed bed for the treatment of wastewater with high organic load through the use of down flow and up flow aerated reactors. To this end, a plaxy tank with three sections was used; the sections include the down flow aerated reactor, the up flow aerated reactor, and the gravity sedimentation unit. These aerated reactors are equipped with media made of PVC, CROSS FLOW, with a specific surface equal to 81.34 m2/m3. The performance of the system was reviewed through COD concentrations of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/l and with organic loadings equal to 16.32, 33.36, 50.40, 34.56, 44.64, 101.52, 63.12, 125.28 and 188.40 gr COD/m2.d. At the end of the performance steps of this study, it is shown that (1) with organic loadings equal to 16.32, 33.36 and 50.40 gr COD/m2.d and COD concentrations equal to 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/l, the average quantity percentages of COD removal were equal to 96.11, 87.93 and 69.67 percent, (2) with organic loadings equal to 34.56, 44.64 and 101.52 gr COD/m2.d and COD concentrations equal to 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/l, the average quantity percentages of COD removal were equal to 93.67, 83.67 and 61.67 percent, and (3) with organic loadings equal to 63.12, 125.28 and 188.40 gr COD/m2.d and COD concentrations equal to 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/l, the average quantity percentages of COD removal were equal to 89.17, 77.33 and 52.83 percent. The results show that with organic loadings equal to 34.56, 44.64 and 101.52 gr COD/m2.d, the optimum quantities of COD are removed. With a concentration equal to 1500 mg/l and the COD removal equal to 52.83%, the system can be used effectively for the pretreatment of wastewater with a high organic load. Also the maximum organic loading for the system is determined with organic loading equal to 188.40 gr COD/m2.d and COD concentration equal to 1500 mg/l. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Investigation of Nanofiltration Process in Nickel, Chromium and Cadmium Removal from Industrial Wastewater
Amir Hessam Hassani seyed mehdi Borgheie Maryam MohammadyWith developing technologies and various industrial activities, the produced wastewater from industrial activities makes a serious threat for environment. When this kind of wastewater, which includes heavy metals from miscellaneous industrial activities, enters to envir MoreWith developing technologies and various industrial activities, the produced wastewater from industrial activities makes a serious threat for environment. When this kind of wastewater, which includes heavy metals from miscellaneous industrial activities, enters to environment prepares adverse effects on human beings and food chain organisms. There are many investigations about heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater based on precipitation, ion exchange, and biological processes. However, these days, the performance of membrane processes such as nanofiltration is focused as an appropriate process and many investigators are working on it. The main purpose of this work is the evaluation of nanofiltration process on heavy metals such as nickel, chrome, and cadmium from synthetic industrial wastewater. Also, the effects of operating parameters on nanofiltration process are investigated. In this work, a nanofiltration pilot with capacity of 40 m3/day, which consists of I and 5 micron filters and a permeable polyamide membrane (NF90- 4040), is used and the effect of heavy metals concentration increase on the removal efficiency of one or mixed of all heavy metals are evaluated. It is concluded that the performance of nanofiltration with increase of heavy metals concentration improved and the maximum heavy metals removal efficiency is occurred when the concentration of heavy metals is equal to 100 mg/L. The average removal efficiency of one and mixed of all heavy metals is 95.4 and 97.5%, respectively. Moreover, the operating pressure of nanofiltration process with increase of heavy metals concentration, decrease but the recovery rate of membrane increase. The average recovery rate of membrane in one and mixed of all heavy metals removal condition is 72.8 and 72.4%, respectively. Also, among the heavy metals the maximum recovery rate and the minimum operating pressure in nanofiltration process belong to cadmium. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - Evaluating the performance of extended aeration process in treatment of hospital wastewater and determining its kinetic coefficients- Case study: Wastewater Treatment Plant of Quds Hospital in Sanandaj
Meghdad Pirsaheb Abdollah Dargahi AliAkbar Zinatizadeh Razieh Khamutian Mojgan Mashirpanahi Hafez GolestanifarBackground and Objective: The most effective issues in biological processes of wastewater treatment are appropriate selection of bio-kinetics issues. Therefore, the goal of this study is to review the operation, to determine the kinetics parameters and to model the biol MoreBackground and Objective: The most effective issues in biological processes of wastewater treatment are appropriate selection of bio-kinetics issues. Therefore, the goal of this study is to review the operation, to determine the kinetics parameters and to model the biological process of the activated sludge unit of Qods hospitals wastewater treatment plant in Sanandaj, Iran. Method: This research is a descriptive sectional one which is conducted in the laboratory of Sanandaj wastewater treatment plant during 3 months in the 2011.As a result, a total of 100 samples were taken from raw wastewater, pond aeration, secondary effluent sludge and returned sludge. In each sample, COD, MLSS, TSS, VSS, discharge of raw sewage, F/M (on a daily basis), and BOD5 (two times a week) were measured. Findings: The results from this study showed that the mean BOD5, COD, TSS in the secondary effluent were 39±11.9, 102±23.6 and 53±30 mg/l, respectively, and the mean of kinetics parameters of K, KS, Y, Kd, and µmax were 2.39±0.14, 36.7±5.97, 0.188±0.028, 0.04±0.01 and 0.39±0.017 respectively. Conclusion: Considering the intended goal (determination of kinetic coefficients) the overall efficiency of the activated sludge system was obtained to beinappropriate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - The Investigation of Heavy Metal Content and Their Chemical Forms in Tehran Sewage Sludge for Agricultural Application
Sumayyah Naji Rad Akbar Ghavidel Hossein Ali Alikhani Ali Ashraf Soltnai ToolaroodBackground and Objective: Among sewage sludge disposal options, land application is more preferred because of economic benefits and decreasing fertilizer cost for farmers. However, if sludge has excess amount of heavy metals and microbial infections, land application ma MoreBackground and Objective: Among sewage sludge disposal options, land application is more preferred because of economic benefits and decreasing fertilizer cost for farmers. However, if sludge has excess amount of heavy metals and microbial infections, land application may lead to soil and environmental pollution. Method: In this research, the amount of total, DTPA-extractable and soluble forms of Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn and Ni and population of coliform bacteria were determined in the sludge samples of three different sewage sludge treatment plants including Shahrak-e-Gharb, Ekbatan and Shoush and the results were compared to the world pollution limit standards of these metals and the coliform population. Findings: Results showed that 0.01% of all metals accumulatively in sewage sludge were in soluble form, 1.32% in DTPA-extractable form and 98.67% in other forms, which are unavailable. Shoush sludge had largest amount of sum of eight metals (39.73 gr/kg dry sludge), Ekbatan sludge (28.42 gr/kg dry sludge) and Shahrak-e-Gharb sludge (22.95 gr/kg dry sludge) were the second and third in the rank, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Because of high amounts of Zn and Cu in the sludge samples in compare to the standards, the samples from all the treatment plants did not categorized as the exceptional quality which can be used in agriculture. A comparison between the coliform population and the standards showed that in this regard, sludge samples were in B quality and there would be limitations in their land application. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Feasibility Investigation of Aluminum and Sulfate Removal of Anodizing Wastewater by Nano-Filtration
Shahab Farajollahi Ali Torabian Torabian Gholamreza Nabi-Bidhendi Aliasghar Ghadimkhani Ali Mohammad pour Nasim Zare Mahdi JangorbanAbstractWastewater treatment of electroplating industries is essential due to high pollution andcontamination of soil and water. Due to high rate of water consumption of these industries, it isimportant to reuse and recycle the treated wastewater. In this research, remo MoreAbstractWastewater treatment of electroplating industries is essential due to high pollution andcontamination of soil and water. Due to high rate of water consumption of these industries, it isimportant to reuse and recycle the treated wastewater. In this research, removal of aluminum andsulfate from the wastewater was studied by using Nano-filtration pilot in aluminum anodizingindustry.Initially, aluminum of wastewater is reduced by neutralization of wastewater and then thepretreated wastewater is studied by nano-filtration. The effective parameters in process weretemperature and pressure which studied through pilot studies. NF-90 used as a Nano-filtration (NF)module which is prepared and manufactured by Filmtech Company. The temperature were 30, 35,40°C and the pressure intervals were 5 to 20 bar.The results demonstrated that the best aluminum and sulfate removal obtained at 7.5 to 12.5 barpressure and temperature of 30°C. The pressure and temperature increments induced to fluxincrement Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Investigating the Performance of Biological Treatment of Textile of Wastewater by a Moving Bed Bio-Reactor (MBBR)
Mehdi Borghei Amir Hesam Hasani Roya SharifiThis research investigates the performance of Moving Bed Biological Reactor (MBBR) for treatment of Textile of wastewater. For this purpose a MBBR reactor was used, fed with synthetic wastewater which was a combination of molasses, urea, salts of buffer phosphate and va MoreThis research investigates the performance of Moving Bed Biological Reactor (MBBR) for treatment of Textile of wastewater. For this purpose a MBBR reactor was used, fed with synthetic wastewater which was a combination of molasses, urea, salts of buffer phosphate and various concentrations of different days. After starting up the reactor by synthetic wastewater with a COD concentration of 1000 mg/L and adjustment of microorganisms according to the existing condition, wastewater with dye concentrations of 1, 10, 15 mg/L at certain periods of time, was added to the reactor. Under the conditions of 23-28°c and hydraulic retention time of 24 ht and, COD concentration of 1000 mg/lit, COD removal efficiency was 68.5%, 89.15%, 90.46% respectively. The color removal was 61.56%, 75.85%, 80.05% accordingly, which showed an increase in COD and color removal efficiency by increasing the color concentration. By feeding the reactor with a COD of 2000 mg/L with color concentration of 15 and 25 mg/L, the COD removal efficiency was 91.78% and 79.50 respectively. Under these conditions the percentage of color removal was 79.7% and 64.21%, respectively. It is concluded that a decrease in COD and color removal efficiency with increasing the COD load is attained. Moreover according to the results, it was observed that under constant concentration of dye, by increasing COD from 1000 to 2000 mg/L, efficiency in substrate and organic removal does not change. The obtained results in this study state that MBBR reactor can be used for removing organics and color in treatment of textile of wastewater Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Effect of retention time and temperature on the efficiency stabilization ponds in treatment of petroleum wastewater
Abdollah Dargahi Meghdad Pirsaheb Mohamadtaghi Savadpoor Mortaza Alighadri Mehrdad FarookhiBiological treatment method is one of the best and most cost-effective methods for the treatment ofcontaminated wastewaters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of retention time andtemperature on the efficiency of stabilization ponds in removing organi MoreBiological treatment method is one of the best and most cost-effective methods for the treatment ofcontaminated wastewaters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of retention time andtemperature on the efficiency of stabilization ponds in removing organic compounds, N-NH3 and PO4from oil refinery wastewater.Materials and Methods:The method used in the present study was of an experimental type, in which an anaerobic stabilizationpond with dimensions of 1 × 0.2× 1 m and a laboratory scale facultative pond with the capacity of 400L were designed, set up and operated, using fiberglass sheet with a thickness of 6 mm. In this study,the hydraulic retention time of 2 and 5 days for anaerobic pond and 5 and 10 days for facultative pondwere set in both hot and cold temperatures. Then, N-NH3 and PO4 parameters were measured at thewavelengths of 425 and 690 nm respectively. Also, TCOD, SCOD, TBOD, SBOD and pH of sampleswere measured according to the standard methods for water and wastewater tests.Results and Discussion:These results indicated that the retention time and temperature had a significant effect on theefficiency of stabilization ponds, so that the efficiency of anaerobic and facultative stabilization pondsin the removal of organic compounds was significantly increased with the increase of retention timeand temperature (p<0.05). The maximum removal efficiency for COD, BOD, N-NH3 and PO4 wasobtained to be 93.31, 93.66, 88.15 and 73.17 % respectively (at the retention time of 5 days ofanaerobic and 10 days of facultative and hot temperature), and the minimum removal efficiency for1-Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Khalkhal Medical, Ardabil University ofMedical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran2-Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University ofMedical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran3- Department of Nursing, School of Khalkhal Medical, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran4-Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of MedicalSciences, Ardabil, Iran5- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Alborz University of MedicalSciences, Karaj, IranJ.Env.Sci,TechJ.Env. Sci. Tech., Vol 16, No.2, Summer 2014153the same parameters was obtained to be 41.47, 40.55, 34.26 and 22.46% respectively (at the retentiontime of 2 days of anaerobic and 5 days of facultative and hot temperature). Also, the single algaavailable in the facultative pond was formidiom and it was able to grow in high concentrations ofsulfur.The results of this study showed that the pilot-scale stabilization ponds in hot temperature, if operatedproprly, have the ability to remove organic compounds with a high efficiency. However, in coldweather, its efficiency is low but in acceptable level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Study on the Application of Wastewater Treatment of Abadan Industrial Estate for Stabilizing Ponds
Iran Baraee Mahdi Farzadkia Nematollah Jafarzadeh Mansour MohammadiThe stabilizing ponds are more effective systems for treating wastewater whit high organic andhydraulic loading. Therefore, those are most popular methods for municipal and many ofindustries of wastewater treatment .The main objective of this study was investigating the MoreThe stabilizing ponds are more effective systems for treating wastewater whit high organic andhydraulic loading. Therefore, those are most popular methods for municipal and many ofindustries of wastewater treatment .The main objective of this study was investigating theefficiency of Abadan industrial estate wastewater treatment plant by stabilizing ponds . Module 1of phase 1 was done in Abadan wastewater treatment plant.In this study, the efficiency of Abadan wastewater treatment plant was studied over ten monthsfrom February 2004 to December 2005 . The general conditions and operation of the plant wereconsidered and wastewater treatment indexes such as pH , COD , BOD5 , TSS , Total coliformand fecal coliform in influent and effluent were determined.The removal efficiency of pollutants had highest rate in July. The average amounts of COD , BOD ,TSS , total and fecal coliform and helminthes ova in effluent in July were 805 mg/l ,440 mg/l ,30mg/l,9/2×105 MPN/100ml 6/1×105MPN/100ml ,22 ova/l respectively.These results showed that the amounts of these parameters (exception of the TSS) had significantdifference with the standard limits recommended by Iran Department of Environment (DOE) forirrigation or discharged to surface water. For sanitary disposal and to reuse this effluent theoptimization of exiting system must be noted Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - A Study on Biodegradation of Phenol by Isolated Native Bacteria from Phenol Wastewater
Somaye Eskandary Arezoo Tahmourespour Mehran HoodajiWastewater of coal tar plants is counted wastewater pollutant for the environment. For degradation wastewater, usage of Biological systems is a common way. The percentage of removal pollutant is depended on rare types of microorganisms activities. Some of the materials MoreWastewater of coal tar plants is counted wastewater pollutant for the environment. For degradation wastewater, usage of Biological systems is a common way. The percentage of removal pollutant is depended on rare types of microorganisms activities. Some of the materials that are presented in wastewater are inhibitors for microorganisms activities such as: toluene and phenol. Phenol and its compounds are so toxic for human and environment which makes this removal very important. There is a lot of ways for removal or degradation of phenol but the best way is biodegradation. In this study isolated phenol degradation bacteria is from a phenol wastewater of Isfahan steal meal plant. It takes some activities such as diagnosis, phenol removal and adaptation to high concentration of phenol. Results show that one of the isolated bacterias removals is 2233(mg/l) phenol which happens during 96 hours and another happens during 120 hours. By usage different isolated bacteria types which are adapted to high concentration of phenol, degradation of it takes much shorter time Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Isolation and molecular identification of the bacteria involved in removing phosphate from industrial wastewater
Seyed Hossein Hosseini Maryam Tabibi Hamidreza Pordeli Reza Najafpour Fatemeh Karimi Sajjad YazdansetadBackground and Objective: Phosphate is one of the most important contaminants entering recipient waters (rivers, lakes, and seas) by wastewater disposal and causative agent of eutrophication due to the enrichment of aquatic ecosystems. In bioremediation process, the pho MoreBackground and Objective: Phosphate is one of the most important contaminants entering recipient waters (rivers, lakes, and seas) by wastewater disposal and causative agent of eutrophication due to the enrichment of aquatic ecosystems. In bioremediation process, the phosphate-removing bacteria accumulate polyphosphate intracellularly and take it away from the environment. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify the bacteria which remove phosphate from industrial wastewater. Method: In this study, phosphate-removing bacteria were isolated from wastewaters of Aq Qlala industrial park of Golestan province. The isolates were identified based on the creation of clear zone in the bacterial lawn, leading to phosphate removal on the specific agar plate Seperb. Finally, the isolates were identified by macroscopical, microscopical, biochemical, and molecular methods. Findings: In total, 3 out of 30 isolates had high ability in phosphate removal regarding their large clear zone on agar. Molecular identification of isolates by 16S rDNA typing method indicated that the isolates belong to the genera Brevundimonas, Ochrobactrum, Exiguobacterium. Conclusion: Variance analysis using SAS 9.2 software indicated a significant difference in phosphate removal by the isolates. The obtained results demonstrated that the isolates are highly efficient in phosphate removing from wastewater and they are suitable candidates for bioremediation along with other methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Guideline for Hazarsous Liguid Waste Designing Disposal Methods by Evaporation Lagoons
Amir Hesam Hasani Amir Hossain Javid Faramarz NaseriOne of the most important issues in environmental science and technology is disposal of hazardous liquid waste, which should be done based on engineering rules and specific standards. Therefore investigation on different ways of disposal is important, considering geogra MoreOne of the most important issues in environmental science and technology is disposal of hazardous liquid waste, which should be done based on engineering rules and specific standards. Therefore investigation on different ways of disposal is important, considering geographic and climate condition and economic status in order to select suitable and optimum approach. In the present research after recognition and classification of hazardous liquid waste, their environmental effects and international standards and rules are investigated, and then different methods of disposal are presented. Considering Irans climate and economic situation, therefore, evaporation lagoon as a technical method of disposal is investigated, and then this system by using Isfahans rain fall and evaporation values (from 1991 to 2000) and assuming waste water maximum flow 14300 m3/year has been designed for a decade and simulated model. According to the results, recommended evaporation pond should be 124 (m) in length, 62(m) in width, 2.5(m) in depth and 1:2 in slope. By controlling the system, maximum depth of waste water in lagoon must be 1.76(m) during operation of 10 years period time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Isolation and Evaluation of Meso-philic, Thermo-philic and SRBs Bacteria and Fungi Effective on the Effluent Wastewater in the Moulding Industrials
Mohammad Hossein Habibollahi Mohammad Kargar Abbasali Damangir Sara NabizadehIntroduction: Nowadays due to attention to progress of environmental laws and the importance of the wastewater purification, treatment and degradation of it have been considered as one of the important subjects. The purpose of this research is isolation and evaluation MoreIntroduction: Nowadays due to attention to progress of environmental laws and the importance of the wastewater purification, treatment and degradation of it have been considered as one of the important subjects. The purpose of this research is isolation and evaluation of aerobes and anaerobes microorganisms effective on oil wastewater. Materials and Methods: The specimens of this research were collected from effluent wastewater containing oil compounds of moulding unit of Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex. Mesophilic, Thermophilic and SRBs bacteria and fungus were isolated in special media. Then all of the colonies were evaluated for purpose of bio-surfactant production by emulsification tests and surface tension reduction by Tensio-meter in M.S.S medium. At last the effects of colonies with the emulsification power of 2.5–4 and surface tension reduction up to 9mN/m on wastewater structure were evaluated by HPLC chromatography. Result and Discussion: Only 15 Mesophilic bacteria of 104 isolated microorganisms have shown the most effect on the wastewater structure. Thermophilic and SRBs bacteria and fungus had insignificant effects on wastewater structure. With due results of this research, omitting heavy and organic compounds from wastewater aerobe and Mesophilic bacteria should be considered more effectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - Developing Wastewater Quality Index (WWQI) for treated municipal wastewater with the wastewater reuse approach
Maliheh Falah Nezhad Tafti Nasser Mehrdadi Ali Torabian Hossein NayebBackground and Objective: Determining the wastewater quality index of municipal wastewater treatment plant for reuse or disposal purposes has always been an important issue. Therefore, developing a wastewater quality index facilitates the investigation and selection of MoreBackground and Objective: Determining the wastewater quality index of municipal wastewater treatment plant for reuse or disposal purposes has always been an important issue. Therefore, developing a wastewater quality index facilitates the investigation and selection of the best option for wastewater reuse or disposal. Thus, determining the important quality parameters and the level of importance of each parameter in terms of the application of the wastewater are essential. Method: In this study, after determining the important quality parameters by Delphi method, the weight of each factor was calculated using the multi-criteria decision making tools in order to develop the wastewater quality index. Then, the matrix for wastewater quality index was presented by defining the sub-indices for each parameter using the standards for wastewater reuse and disposal and by integration methods. Findings: Results indicated that the quality parameters including BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, Fecal Coliform, pH, NH4 PO4 are the most important parameters. Also, developing the wastewater quality index through different methods for reuse and disposal and application of various weights for each parameter was found to be a more accurate and reliable method. This method allows for fast and simple evaluation of wastewater in each treatment plant and comparison of different municipal wastewater treatment plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - Prediction of remained pyrite fraction within a coal waste pile with using of multivariate regression method
Behshad Jodeiri Shokri Faramarz Doulati Ardejani Sadegh KarimpouliBackground and Objective: Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the most environmental problems which is caused by mining activities. It may be generated from oxidation of sulfide minerals (specifically pyrite) in mining wastes, ore and mineral processing. As a result, pre MoreBackground and Objective: Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the most environmental problems which is caused by mining activities. It may be generated from oxidation of sulfide minerals (specifically pyrite) in mining wastes, ore and mineral processing. As a result, prediction and measurement of pyrite can play a key role in investigation of AMD process. In this paper, a relationship based on multivariate regression is suggested for predicting of remained pyrite fraction within a coal waste pile located nearby Alborz- Sharghi coal washing plant. Method: For this purpose, the model uses the most important factors (independent variables) including depth, mole fraction of oxygen, local temperature and cumulative annual precipitation (from the initial deposition of the wastes within the pile) as input parameters and returns the remaining pyrite fraction (dependent variable) in the related depth of the pile as its output. Findings: The results of the laboratory experiments reveal that the fraction of pyrite remaining gradually increased at the lower depth where the oxygen diffuses from the surface to 2 m of the pile. A comprehensive statistical analysis was conducted after obtaining and collecting of the required data which caused all the possible relationships among the target and independent variables to be suggested and presented. Then, the best model (relationship) according to Efroymson’s the step wise regression method was presented to predict of the remained pyrite fraction within the pile. Discussion and discussions: The relatively high confidence level of the suggested model (87%) reveals its appropriate reliability. A strong correlation (R2=90%) between validation data and suggested model also confirms the desirable reliability of the model. The proposed model is recommended to be applied in similar coal waste piles and will economize time and cost in investigation of AMD process on the environmental management issue of mining wastes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Microbial fuel cell: a strategy for bioremediation and energy production
Mehran Jafari Samaneh Sedighi KhavidakBackground and Objective: Application of microbial fuel cells (MFC) is a new method for wastewater treatment and environmentally friendly energy production. This technology converts the chemical energy derived from metabolic activity of living organisms into electrical MoreBackground and Objective: Application of microbial fuel cells (MFC) is a new method for wastewater treatment and environmentally friendly energy production. This technology converts the chemical energy derived from metabolic activity of living organisms into electrical energy. Method: A sample of raw wastewater was prepared as a source of microbial fuel cell substrate from the refinery of Yazd city. This study was carried out using a two-compartment bioreactor with wastewater as substrate and microbial flora. The containers were made of glass with a volume of 550 cc. In the anode chamber, under the anaerobic conditions, the wastewater was catalyzed by microbial flora. In the cathode chamber, potassium phosphate buffer was used to maintain the pH of the solution. The positive ions transferring from anode to cathode was done by positive salt bridge system. Findings: The findings showed that the maximum voltage of 1 V was produced during the early days in this reactor. Then gradually the amount of voltage was reduced and wastewater samples were refined to some extent. The highest rate of produced flow was 248 μA, and then the flow rate was decreased. Therefore, the dual role of the reactor in electricity production and wastewater treatment can be explained. Discussion and Conclusion: In this study, wastewater treatment and also electricity production could be performed using a microbial fuel cell based on salt bridge. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Investigation on Quality and Quantity of Food industrial Wastewaters and Its Effect on the Wastewater System Operation (case study: Minoo industrial company- Khorramdarreh
Amir Hossein Javid Amir Hesam Hassani Somaye GahvarebandAbstractBackground: This research was done on wastewater in Minoo industrial Co. to existing concernsabout the quality and quantity of wastewater industries and its effects on human and environment aswell as existence of different contaminant in this kind of wastewater MoreAbstractBackground: This research was done on wastewater in Minoo industrial Co. to existing concernsabout the quality and quantity of wastewater industries and its effects on human and environment aswell as existence of different contaminant in this kind of wastewater system and lack of informationabout the parameters status and its influence on wastewater system operation.Materials &Methods: For determination of wastewater quality, we took samples from 18 stations ofdifferent wastewater treatment plant and production points during 10 times. The pH, Temperature, Oil& Grease BOD5, COD, TSS about all stations have been determined. The measurement of effluent inentrance point of wastewater treatment plant was done using an installed flow meter. Finally, therelationship between results at different months and stations was done using ANOVA and correlationvariance test in SPSS software.Results : According to the results influent discharge varied in range of 100-150 m3/day, pH, TSS,BOD, COD, Oil & Grease at different stations varied in range of 3.95-10.96, 0-1637.7, 1.9-59674, 6-99600, 0 -1008 mg/l respectively. The removal efficiency of COD, BOD, TSS, Oil & Grease inwastewater treatment plant varied in ranges of 94-99.7%, 99-99.8%,89-98.5%,92.7-100%,respectively.Conclusion: This study shows that changing of seasons , time, type and amount of waste waterproduction effect on pollution and calculation of the BOD5/COD ratio at influent discharge depictedthat by using this type of biological wastewater treatment system is selected properly and can change10-15% used water in factory to the wastewater Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Measurement of water quality parameters and factors Gamasiab
Lima Tayebi Soheil Sobhan ArdakaniIntroduction: In this survey to analyze the effect of Aquaculture Farms on quality of Gamasiab Rive, we selected five sampling station along the river for sampling .Water quality parameters were determined and then compared with standard limits. Materials and Methods MoreIntroduction: In this survey to analyze the effect of Aquaculture Farms on quality of Gamasiab Rive, we selected five sampling station along the river for sampling .Water quality parameters were determined and then compared with standard limits. Materials and Methods: Sampling was done in three months August and September 2007 and March 2008 in the morning and evening because of the effect of Feeding in water quality. The water samples were gathered in polyethylene bottles and DO, pH, EC were determined at the station then samples were transferred to the lab for determining other parameters such as BODs, NH4+, NC)3, NOz and PC)43- Results: The results showed that only EC has no significant difference in stations but other parameters have that. For DO, pH and BOD5 parameters only between Bi station and control station (A) have not showed significant difference. NH4+ and NOa have showed significant difference between control station (A) and the others because of inputting the nutrition particles of aquaculture facility and villages wastewaters in the river. Also, between Aquaculture Farms there are significant difference in some parameters like NH4+ and NOs. For instance Ghazal Danesh farm with producing 100 tone fish entered more pollution to the river comparing with Ghazal Zaghros farm with producing 190 tone fish. Discussion and Conclusions: Comparing the water quality parameters in Gamasiab River with water quality classification table in physical, chemical and biological parameters showed that this river water quality is in ct-meso saprobe until P-meso saprobe. So, at present this river can do self-purification of pollution but because of the policy of developing Aquaculture Industry in Iran, especially Hamedan province and no controlling and monitoring on pollutant sources, this river would have serious problems such as purification in the future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Evaluation of Efficiency of Rice Bran in the Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater
soheil sobhan ardakani hassan Parvizi mosaed Razieh zandi pakRice bran, as an organic solid waste material, has a high adsorption potential in removal of heavy metal ionsfrom wastewater and can be very effective in treating the industrial wastewater which is the main source of waterand soil contamination with heavy metals. In thi MoreRice bran, as an organic solid waste material, has a high adsorption potential in removal of heavy metal ionsfrom wastewater and can be very effective in treating the industrial wastewater which is the main source of waterand soil contamination with heavy metals. In this study, the efficiency of Cr(III) and Cu(II) removals from heavymetals containing solutions was evaluated. Afterwards by adding rice bran to reaction environment, the amountof metal ions removed by rice bran in acidities, amount of adsorbent used, contact times and different initialconcentrations of ions in wastewater were investigated. The results indicated that with an increase in the solutionpH, the percentage heavy metal ions adsorption by rice bran increased and reach the amount maximum in pH=5.Also, percentage of adsorption was dependent on metal type, so that percentages of Cr(III) and Cu(II) adsorptionfrom wastewater were 84.2% and 89.5% in pH=5, respectively.To increase the wastewater initial concentration,first percentage of adsorption was increased and then it was decreased due to saturation of rice bran particles.According to the obtained results, the calculated saturation capacities of rice bran for Cr(III) and Cu (II) were 71and 78 mg/g-1 respectively. Moreover, percentage of ions adsorption was increased with the increase of contacttime. Due to rapid reaction, 50-60% of metal ions was adsorbed after 5 min from start of reaction. In this study,contact time of 30 min was offered as an appropriate contact time. The experimental data were analyzed usingthe Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Bio-Absorption of Lead by Isolated Bacteria from Petrochemical Waste water
Bita Karim Salmani Mohammad Ali Amozegar Javad HamediBio-absorption is presented as an alternative to traditional physicochemical means for removing toxic metals from ground water and wastewater. In this research 99 bacterial strains were isolated from three wastewater samples from one of Iran petrochemical industries. Ex MoreBio-absorption is presented as an alternative to traditional physicochemical means for removing toxic metals from ground water and wastewater. In this research 99 bacterial strains were isolated from three wastewater samples from one of Iran petrochemical industries. Examination of these isolated for Pb2+ tolerance were carried out by using PYT agar medium containing different concentrations of Pb (NO3)2 from 4 to 15 mM. The isolated KAH1, KAH2 and KAH3, had tolerance to Pb 15, 6.5 and 6.5 mM respectively. These high tolerant strains were selected and their ability of lead bio-absorption, were investigated by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The highest ability was observed in the strain KAH1 and this strain decreased Pb concentration from 80 mg/l to 44.4 and 48.2 mg/l after 48 and 96 hours incubation, respectively. The results of the experiments showed that bio-absorption was affected by the initial pH of the medium, initial metal ion and exposure time. According to the morphological, physiological and biochemical characterizations of the strain with that of valid strains, the strain was tentatively identified as Bacillus sp. strain KAH1. The maximum Lead bio-absorption capacity of KAH1 isolate was determined to be 48.25 mg/g (97.67%) at pH 4.0 with 150 mg/l concentration in 4 hours equilibrium time Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Management of glass recycling in Tehran
Ghasem Ali Omrani Seyed Masood Monavari Seyed Ali Jozi Neda ZamaniProducing thousands of tons of glass wastes inTehran, caused by daily, industrial and commercial activities, has made recycling an inevitable issue. Burying or leaving these recyclable wastes in the suburbs is considered a factor causing environmental problems. Besides, MoreProducing thousands of tons of glass wastes inTehran, caused by daily, industrial and commercial activities, has made recycling an inevitable issue. Burying or leaving these recyclable wastes in the suburbs is considered a factor causing environmental problems. Besides, the country’ wealth is wasted as a result of burying or burning such wastes. According to the statistics released by Tehran Municipality Recycling Organization, glass constitutes 2.2 percent of the total weight of solid wastes. Some 52,226 tons of glass is produced inTehranannually, of which unfortunately only a small amount is recycled and the rest is buried with other wastes. In fact, the average monthly rate of glass recycling is about 2 percent in the city ofTehran. Glass recycling leads to saving resources and raw materials, reducing energy consumption, cutting down expenses, decreasing landfills and environmental pollution such as air and water pollution as well as reducing the release of greenhouse gases, providing job opportunities, and increasing the cooperation and general knowledge of people. Recycling can be used to achieve the goal of sustainable development and preservation of resources and environment. Therefore, the authorities are expected to care for the proper, scientific recycling of glass waste and to prevent this valuable material from being buried or left in the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Back setting of Treated Wastewater from Xanthenes Production Process into the New Fermentation Run
Samaneh Sedighi Khavidak Mohammad Reza Soudi Jamshid FooladiParallel to development of biotechnology and fermentation processes in the country, the importance of the wastewater treatment has been increased. One of the cost effective methods in fermentation and wastewater treatment is back setting and recycling wastewater in a ne MoreParallel to development of biotechnology and fermentation processes in the country, the importance of the wastewater treatment has been increased. One of the cost effective methods in fermentation and wastewater treatment is back setting and recycling wastewater in a new run of fermentation which is used in this project to reduce xanthenes fermentation wastewater and water usage. In this project, the main chemical and microbiological characteristics of distilled wastewater were determined. Thereafter distilling was added to new batches of fermentation in different concentrations at different times; and the effect of these additions on xanthenes production quality and quantity were examined. This study showed that the use of different physic – chemical methods is necessary for the distilling treatment before its back setting in a new fermentation batch. For this purpose, in this project, the effect of treated distilling with C18 disk was examined. Further examinations showed that the back setting of distilling treated with C18 disk in 25% concentration in Xanthenes production medium leads to producing of 11.91 g/l crude Xanthenes in comparison with the positive control (culture medium prepared from tap water), 11.68 g/l crude Xanthenes, was produced. Moreover, the increase of 107% crude xanthenes, 75% pure xanthenes and 67% viscosity compared to the negative control (culture medium prepared from raw distillation) is observed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - The effect of "Hydrogen peroxide- Silver ion Complex" on fecal coliform content in aerated lagoon Effluent
Mohammad Khazaei Ramin Nabizadeh Kazem Naddafi Hasan Izanlou Zeinab Yavari Mehdi AsadiAn appropriate disinfectant in water and wastewater applications must have acceptable effect on different kind of micro-organisms especially in minor concentrations which should contain ignorable toxicity on human and animals and its environmental side effects must be v MoreAn appropriate disinfectant in water and wastewater applications must have acceptable effect on different kind of micro-organisms especially in minor concentrations which should contain ignorable toxicity on human and animals and its environmental side effects must be very low. Studies related to finding non-chlorinated disinfectants which have same effects of chlorine and not contain its adverse by-products are continued in recent years. Hydrogen peroxide solution with stabilized formulation and oligo-dynamic amounts of silver ion (trade mark: Nanosil) recently become a popular disinfectant for fruits، vegetables، surfaces، medical instruments and disinfections. This study was based on determining removal efficiency of fecal coliforms from samples taken from Qom wastewater treatment plant effluents after exposing with hydrogen peroxide-silver ion complex. Disinfectant efficiency was studied in six concentrations. Contact time for all concentrations was one hour. Sample size was 12 and sampling was daily. Results reveal that in concentration; 80mg/l، disinfectant achieves 2.1 logarithmic removals of fecal coliforms. In concentration; 480mg/l، fecal coliforms logarithmic removal was 5.3. In CT value 5800(mg/l). Min and more، the fecal coliforms effluent standard for surface water discharge and agriculture irrigation was achieved (Iranian environmental protection agency act). Use of hydrogen peroxide-silver ion complex as a water and wastewater disinfectant، has various benefits such as; don't remain hazardous by products، measurable residual amount an but because of its oxidation nature when contact the organic materials in wastewater and microbial harboring in suspended solids content of effluent، its application in wastewater effluent is more costly than other usual disinfectants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Investigation of Coagulation and Clotting Process of Purge of Environmental Pollutants of Paper Mill’s Wastewater
noshin birjandi Habibollah Yonesi Nader Bahramifar Mojtaba hadavifarIntroduction: Paper mill’s wastewater is the most pollutant industrial wastewaters. Theeffluent causes production sludge, scum formation and loss of aesthetic beauty in theenvironment. They also increase the amount of toxic substances in the water which causesdeat MoreIntroduction: Paper mill’s wastewater is the most pollutant industrial wastewaters. Theeffluent causes production sludge, scum formation and loss of aesthetic beauty in theenvironment. They also increase the amount of toxic substances in the water which causesdeath to the zooplankton and fish.Material and methods: The present research investigated the effect of coagulant of PACLfor reduction of the pollutants in paper mill wastewater. For reduction of the pollutants thequantity and quality of wastewater investigated.Results: This study showed that this wastewater has chemical oxygen demand (COD) =3523mg/l and turbidity= 872. In this test, parameters of turbidity, COD, total solid (TS), optimumpH and dosage of coagulant determined. According to data obtained from studies optimumpH and dosage of PACL were obtained to be 7, 785 mg/l, respectively.Conclusion: The results of the present study revealed that coagulant of PACL could reduce90% of TS, 88% of COD and 93% of turbidity in paper mill wastewater Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Quantitative & Qualitative Study of Chemical Hazardous Waste in Refinery of Tehran with the Propose of Mitigation
Farzaneh Jafarigol Abdulreza Krabasi Parvin NasiriAbstractIn this study, waste product process, type, volume, source and their period of disposal as well asmanagement methods have been identified. Moreover waste and chemical substance classification hasbeen done according to RCRA law and Basel convention by considering MoreAbstractIn this study, waste product process, type, volume, source and their period of disposal as well asmanagement methods have been identified. Moreover waste and chemical substance classification hasbeen done according to RCRA law and Basel convention by considering certain codes for eachsubstance.In general, average produced waste in the study area is estimated about 1750 tones, which means20.4g per each crude oil barrel. Annual average hazardous waste is estimated about 1338.7 tons/year,which is %76.5 of whole produced waste and average amount of non-hazardous waste is %23.5 ofwhole produced waste.According to RCRA classification amongst all substances, only 9 of them have been categorized ashazardous waste listed in K list, 11 substances as hazardous waste from unknown source listed in Flist, 25 substances classified as poisoned hazardous waste listed in U list and 4 substances classified asmajor hazardous have been listed in list P. Generally 49 substances of 133 substances have beenidentified and included in RCRA list.On the other hand according to Basel classification, 14 substances classified by Y codes, 6 substancesby H code and 16 substances goes to both H and Y codes.Results from examinations on soil samples show, that wastes produced by refinery includes heavymetal such as Cd, Co, Cu, Ni and Pb more than standards limits.Soil in Salvage area includes the highest average of Zn, and lowest of Cd.Average density of TPH in regional soil is about 230.58mg per each gram of soil; this clearly showsthe polluted soil with oil-waste in Salvage area Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Back setting of Treated Wastewater from Xanthenes Production Process into the New Fermentation Run
Afshar Alihosseini Nurkhoda Sadeghifard Narjes Sadat i Karbalaei KhomParallel to development of biotechnology and fermentation processes in the country, the importance of the wastewater treatment has been increased. One of the cost effective methods in fermentation and wastewater treatment is back setting and recycling wastewater in a ne MoreParallel to development of biotechnology and fermentation processes in the country, the importance of the wastewater treatment has been increased. One of the cost effective methods in fermentation and wastewater treatment is back setting and recycling wastewater in a new run of fermentation which is used in this project to reduce xanthenes fermentation wastewater and water usage. In this project, the main chemical and microbiological characteristics of distilled wastewater were determined. Thereafter distilling was added to new batches of fermentation in different concentrations at different times; and the effect of these additions on xanthenes production quality and quantity were examined. This study showed that the use of different physic – chemical methods is necessary for the distilling treatment before its back setting in a new fermentation batch. For this purpose, in this project, the effect of treated distilling with C18 disk was examined. Further examinations showed that the back setting of distilling treated with C18 disk in 25% concentration in Xanthenes production medium leads to producing of 11.91 g/l crude Xanthenes in comparison with the positive control (culture medium prepared from tap water), 11.68 g/l crude Xanthenes, was produced. Moreover, the increase of 107% crude xanthenes, 75% pure xanthenes and 67% viscosity compared to the negative control (culture medium prepared from raw distillation) is observed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Treatement of the Wastewater from E-PVC Unit in a Petrochemical Company Using Electrocoagulation Method
Hossein Hosseini Ali-Akabr Azemati Mohammad Reza Mousavinia Background and Objective: Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical process which is proven to be effective in water and wastewater treatment. In this research study, electrocoagulation method which was based on electron exchange, flocculation and flotation was us More Background and Objective: Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical process which is proven to be effective in water and wastewater treatment. In this research study, electrocoagulation method which was based on electron exchange, flocculation and flotation was used for the treatement of wastewater vrom E-PVC unit in Arvand Petrochemical Company. Method: Most of the contaminants from this unit contain suspended solids, dissolved solids and chemical oxygen. In this study, the batch and continuous units of electrocoagulation process were built. The experimental design was carried out by Design Expert 7 software. Findings: Results of the analysis show that density of flow, number of electrodes and PH are the most important parameters. Time and distance between electrodes are less effective than the original parameters listed. In addition, the increased or decreased effect on efficiency of the surface response is evaluated. Results showed that electrocoagulation process could conveniently remove major pollutants from the E-PVC unit. Discussion and Conclusion: The experimental analysis of the wastewater from the E-PVC unit indicate the proper operation of the electrical coagulation process. These results indicate that the electrical coagulation process can easily remove significant pollutants from the wastewater. The function of this process can be expressed as TSS removal: 84-95%, TDS: 51-80%, COD: 80-92%, OD: 80-95%, and TN and TP over 80%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Evaluation of municipal solid waste final disposal scenarios through life cycle assessment and analytic hierarchy process methods (Case study: Tehran)
Somayeh Khan Pouraghdam Mehdi Ghanbarzadeh Lak Mehrdad Mohtadi Mohammad Reza Sabour Background and Objective: An integrated model of life cycle assessment and hierarchical analysis was developed to determine the best practical method for municipal solid waste disposal. The model used for environmental and technical assessments of scenarios inclu More Background and Objective: An integrated model of life cycle assessment and hierarchical analysis was developed to determine the best practical method for municipal solid waste disposal. The model used for environmental and technical assessments of scenarios included (A) landfilling of wastes without energy extraction; (B) waste incineration with energy recovery and ash burial; and (C) production of compost from the organic components and landfilling other wastes. Method: In order to conduct environmental assessments, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) was estimated by life cycle of the disposal method. Technical evaluations were carried out based on the hierarchical analysis method and a survey of experts. In order to analyze the results of the proposed model, Tehran city in Iran was selected as a case study. Findings: The highest greenhouse gas emissions occurred in scenario A, and the lowest was associated with scenario B. Maximum discounts on emissions from burning putrescible wastes, paper and cardboards were obtained in scenario B. In contrast, landfilling of such wastes in scenarios A and C was the main source of methane production. Although the incineration of plastic wastes might lead to more energy extraction in scenario B, the generation of non-biological CO2 had an incremental effect on GHG emissions. Scenarios A and C had a relatively high superiority over scenario B from the perspective of most technical criteria, but the probability of leachate in these scenarios reduced their technical advantages. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the combination of evaluations, the method of landfilling without energy extraction is the most inappropriate option, and waste incineration with energy extraction leads to the lowest greenhouse gas emissions and is technically acceptable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Synthetic Analysis of Nitrogen and Phosphorous Removal from Municipal Wastewater Using Sequencing Batch Bio-film Reactor with Fixed Bed
Mina Khosravi Amirhessam Hassani Mohamadreza Khani Kamyar YaghmaeianBackground: Nitrogen and phosphorus are potential pollutants sources of water resources. They penetrate to the water resources through insufficient treated wastewater that is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of f MoreBackground: Nitrogen and phosphorus are potential pollutants sources of water resources. They penetrate to the water resources through insufficient treated wastewater that is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of fixed bed sequencing batch biofilm reactor in removing nitrogen and phosphorous from municipal wastewater. Methods: In this paper, we study the nitrogen and phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater applying biological method and using sequencing batch biofilm reactor with fixed bed in a volume of 30 liters. For this purpose, we run a pilot study including anaerobic and aerobic/anoxic reactors for duration of 12 months for the treatment of synthetic wastewater with 300, 500, 800, and 1000 mg/L inlet COD concentration, 15 mg/L phosphorus concentration, and 40 mg/L nitrogen concentration. Results: The minimum and maximum system efficiency for organic removal in terms of COD is 98.4 and 76.9%, nitrogen removal is 74.8 and 98.8%, and for the removal of phosphorus is 51.9 and 92.7%, respectively. Synthetic analysis shows significant match of the proposed system with Stover-Kincannon model and in most cases the correlation coefficient is reported 95%. Discussion: FBSBR system shows considerable improvement in removing organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus from municipal wastewater at low and high concentrations. Moreover, the obtained results from synthetic analysis show competitive matching with Stover-Kincannon model and it is suggested for using in optimization and design. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Assesment of Environmental Impact of the Project of Suggested Area for Burying Garbage on the Biological Environment of the City of Tehran
Sayed Masoud Moneavri Mohammad Reza Sadeghi Benis Atefe Isanazar FoomaniExpansion of pollution and increasing of different needs of human societies have raised solid waste productions. Daily average of 7,450 tons of solid waste production and a day-by-day decrease in the capacity of Kahrizak landfill bear, urge the need of a new site for th MoreExpansion of pollution and increasing of different needs of human societies have raised solid waste productions. Daily average of 7,450 tons of solid waste production and a day-by-day decrease in the capacity of Kahrizak landfill bear, urge the need of a new site for this purpose in the city of Tehran This problem, however, requires an Environmental Impact Assessment report at the feasibility and site selection study according to the approved decisions of the High Council of Environment. The proposed site with an area of 1000 hectares is situated at Hassan Abad Road, off Houshang Abad. This area is situated in the hydrological zone of Saveh – Zavieh. Shour River which is located 10 kilometers off the center of the proposed landfill. The soil in this area is Bazark type. The areas vegetation includes native species, which have been sampled during field work. There are rare and endangered species which have been determined. Inhabited Wildlife of the area and the endangered species have been determined. Application of the assessment was carried out by means of Monavari 2001 Method. By this method, the assessment has been considered for each of the construction and operation phases of a matrix. The results show the earthworks have most negative, significant and important impacts on plants and wildlife. There are most long term negative impacts on vegetations. There are no mitigation measures for reduction of vegetation destruction on the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Survey of amount of removed detergents and organic Materials of hospital wastewater with SBR developed method (case study of Yazd city)
Bahman Banaiy Ghahfarrokhi Mohamad hassan Ehramposh Parvin Nasiri Asghar Ghasemee Reza Rezaee JavanmardiIntroduction: There are many different methods for waste water treatment such as Physical, Chemical and Biological and activated sludge process. The most significant aims of waste water treatment include controlling of environmental pollutions, protecting of concinnity MoreIntroduction: There are many different methods for waste water treatment such as Physical, Chemical and Biological and activated sludge process. The most significant aims of waste water treatment include controlling of environmental pollutions, protecting of concinnity of environment and controlling of infectious diseases. Among different type of waste water in a society, hospitals’ waste water are very important because of carrying various type of harmful, pathological and infectious micro-organisms and elements. One the harmful elements are detergents which are counted as biological pollutant in biological waste water treatment process. This research was carried out to eliminate detergents and organic material from hospitals’ waste water through developed SBR method with the aim of expressing of designing parameter and improved SBR potential process in order to use in waste water treatment process in hospitals. Methods: This research is experimental - applied study. At first pilot of advanced system was designed which was carried out in a period of 4 months. To chemical analyses 20 waste water samples were taken out from input and output pilot water and BOD, COD, SVI. MLVSS, SVI and detergents parameters were measured according to the suggested standard methods. Results: results in this research indicated that removal percentage of BOD is %95.54, COD%92.97, detergent 84.995 and average rate of mlss is 4327.65 mg/l, mlvss3172.05 mg/l and volume index 113.97 mg/l SVI obtained and average rate of F/M in this system was 0.0865BOD/kg mlss.d. Conclusion: according to the results obtained from advanced SBR it could be said this method of process treatment has high standard of flexibility against organic and hydraulic shock and was capable to remove BOD, COD and detergents and also it can process the output standards. Also low volume of established sludge and low growth of sulfa bacteria are advantages which cause use of this system in industrial waste waters treatment and competes with other methods of waste water treatment which is an economical and money saving method Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Waste Reduction in Aluminuim Anodizing Industries
Mostafa Khezri Farideh Atabi Mehdi Borghei Fatemeh AkbariThe Aluminium Industries are one of the greatest consumers of water in anodizing unit and also discharge large volumes of wastewater to the environment. Due to the different pH of the materials used in the industry the wastewater produced includes a wide range of pH. Th MoreThe Aluminium Industries are one of the greatest consumers of water in anodizing unit and also discharge large volumes of wastewater to the environment. Due to the different pH of the materials used in the industry the wastewater produced includes a wide range of pH. The purpose of control and minimization of wastes is to reduce pollution loads and wastewater during the process by using different techniques. In order to decrease, more or less, the difficulties of industrial wastewater treatment plants. Basically, waste minimizing programs are complicated and included management responsibility, definition of main targets and economic and technical assessment, accomplishment of programs and permanent assessment. In this study, the aluminium industry’s anodizing section was studied and by recognizing the production line of mentioned unit saloon, general processes were drawn. Main processes include several units such as: grease removal, etching, neutralizing, anodize unit, presealing and sealing operations, color units, and washing. These were drawn after each process. For this reason, wastewater produced by each process had special features. After gathering the necessary information, different ways were suggested to decrease consuming materials and to minimize wastes. Using two-way crane instead of one-way ones, and transferring profiles vertically. Installing electronic taps and sensors in bathtubs instead of manual ones, to prevent discharge. Changing the starting hours of work and using much more of daylight in order to decrease the consumption of electricity. According to the test results on using different coagulants, using 80 mg/lit of Alum as coagulant materials in wastewater treatment plant is suggested, which decrease the produced sludges by about 30% compared to the present amount. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Methane Production from Municipal Solid Waste in Langroud City
Abdorreza Karbasi Seied Masoud Monavari Alireza SoltaniBiological treatment is known as most effective method of organic matter elimination in municipal solid wastes. These include aerobic ad anaerobic compost. Presently anaerobic method is well known as a suitable technique for energy production. The methane production by MoreBiological treatment is known as most effective method of organic matter elimination in municipal solid wastes. These include aerobic ad anaerobic compost. Presently anaerobic method is well known as a suitable technique for energy production. The methane production by anaerobic method is useful for energy production as well as direct fuel and also mechanical functions. Thus، present investigation is carried out in the light f greenhouse gas reduction، environmental protection and reduction of municipal waste management costs. In this research methane production from municipal waste was carried out at laboratory scale. Initially we used wastewater from dairy factory that contains high BOD. The methane production was examined at medium (about 35) and high (about 65) temperatures. All relevant parameters such as humidity، pH، load factor and efficiency were measured. The results show that methane production is more evident at lower temperatures. About 0.21 to 0.65m3 of methane can be produced from each kilogram of waste. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Study of organic matter of loading on the application of wastewater treatment of water refinery of Sewerage of Abadan industrial estate
Iran Baraee Mahdi Farzadkia Nematollah JafarzadehThe stabilization ponds are more effective systems for treating of the wastewater whit high organic and hydraulic loading shocks. Therefore, those are most popular methods for municipal and many of industrial wastewater treatment. Module 1 of phase 1 has been done in Ab MoreThe stabilization ponds are more effective systems for treating of the wastewater whit high organic and hydraulic loading shocks. Therefore, those are most popular methods for municipal and many of industrial wastewater treatment. Module 1 of phase 1 has been done in Abadan wastewater treatment plant. The main objective of this study was investigation of the organic matter of loading on the application of wastewater treatment of Abadan industrial estate. In this study, The efficiency of Abadan wastewater treatment plant was studied over ten months from February 2004 to December 2005 . The general conditions and operation of the plant were considered and wastewater treatment indexes such as pH , COD , BOD5 , TSS , Total coli form and fecal coli form and helminthes ova in influent and effluent and loading of organic matter level were determined. The maximum removal efficiency of pollutants was in July. The average amounts of COD , BOD5 , TSS , total and fecal coli form and helminthes ova in effluent in July were 805 mg/l ,440 mg/l , 30mg/l,9/2×105 MPN/100ml 6/1×105MPN/100ml ,22 ova/l respectively. so, maximum and minimum volume loading level in the anaerobic ponds 694.6 &384.1 g BOD5/m3.d and maximum and minimum surface loading level in the facultative ponds 554 & 272.06 kg BOD5/ha. d were determined. These results showed that the amounts of these parameters (exception of the TSS) had significant difference with the standard limits recommended by Iran Department of Environment (DOE) for irrigation or discharged to surface water and recycling water for agricultural re-use. In this section, problems and proposals have been presented. For sanitary disposal and reuse of this effluent the optimization of existing system must be noted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Biodiesel Production Process from Waste Vegetable Oil and Optimization of its Physical Properties
Mahdy Turkish Boldaji Bahman Najafi Amir hossein Zamzamiyan Reza EbrahimzadehBiodiesel is Alkyl Ester of fatty Acids that is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel compared with diesel fbel contains less sulftir and aromatic compounds, and includes 10% oxygen in its molecular construction which results decreasing in exhaust emi MoreBiodiesel is Alkyl Ester of fatty Acids that is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel compared with diesel fbel contains less sulftir and aromatic compounds, and includes 10% oxygen in its molecular construction which results decreasing in exhaust emission pollutants of diesel engine. In this research biodiesel is produced from waste cooking oil by means ofTrans Esterification method in the presence ofNaOH catalyzes (0.5 % oil weight) and 6:1 of methanoi to oil ratio. For improving some physical properties of biodiesel, such as cloud point and pour point crystallization of ester with n-hexane solvent was used. Some blends with different levels of biodiesel and diesel fuel were obtained from each kind of blend fuel. Physical properties identified and compared to diesel fuel #2. Conclusions show: increasing of biodiesel percent in blend resulted increasing of density and viscosity. High percent of biodiesel in blends, has negative effect on cloud point and pour point, and so compared with diesel fuel, causes increasing these two properties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Evaluation of Karaj Solid Waste Landfill with Regional and Local Screening Method
ُSeyed Masoud monavari Ghasemali Omrani Fatemeh AliowsatiIn regarding to the adverse impacts of solid waste landfilling in improper places, selection of propersites according to the criteria and rules has great importance.In this study Karaj solid waste landfill is evaluated with regional and local screening method. Forevalua MoreIn regarding to the adverse impacts of solid waste landfilling in improper places, selection of propersites according to the criteria and rules has great importance.In this study Karaj solid waste landfill is evaluated with regional and local screening method. Forevaluating this site in regional scale 22 km radius from the center of Karaj city was selected. Thenregional criteria including distance from surface water, distance from residential centers, water grounddepth, geology, etc were studied with producing different layers in geographical information system.In order to inspect these criteria in regional studies; maps were produced from related organizationsand centers. After production of basic maps in order to product the final suitability map in regionalscale according to the pattern, layers were reclassified with three proper, average and improper class.In the end, final reclassified map was produced. According to this map the mensuration of impropersites is 142915/8 hectare, the mensuration of average sites is 5089/3 hectare and the mensuration ofimproper sites is 4046/9 hectare and also the landfill suitability is evaluated as improper.For evaluating needed land for studied solid waste landfill, factors like population growth rate, theamount of yearly solid waste, shape and height of the landfill were studied and the mensuration of thesite was evaluated as improper.Then the landfill was studied in local scale and the criteria like soil depth, natural land cover of thesite and landscape of the site, etc were studied with weight and point method and its suitability wasevaluated as average Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Investigation of the Effect of Different Amounts of Sawdust on Physical and Chemical Parameters of Municipal Solid Waste compost
Javad Yousefi Habibollah YounesiIntroduction: Composting is one of the best methods for solid wastes disposal, therefore, some efforts seem tobe essential for improving its process and its products quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectof sawdust admixture on composting process o MoreIntroduction: Composting is one of the best methods for solid wastes disposal, therefore, some efforts seem tobe essential for improving its process and its products quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectof sawdust admixture on composting process of municipal waste and some physicochemical parameters ofcompost such as temperature, pH, EC, heavy metals concentration and nutrient content.Methods: 4 piles were prepared and different amounts of sawdust were added (0, 16, 32 and 70%). Every daythe temperature was measured within each pile; pH and EC were measured weekly; and heavy metals andnutrient content were measured in final products.Results: The pile without sawdust showed fluctuation in thermophilic temperature, and the gradual decrease intemperature was started on day 33, whereas this decrease was started on day 18 for 16 and 32% treatments. ThepH value was shown to increase on day 21 and then slightly decreased to end of process. The pH value in finalproduct was maximum in 0% treatment (8.1) and it was minimum in 70% treatment (7.73). The EC valueshowed a slight increase in all treatments during the composting process. Treatments with sawdust showed a lowEC value in final products. 0% treatment gave a maximum amount (4.884) of EC and 32% treatment gave aminimum amount (4.235) of EC. The concentration of heavy metals and nutrients, except for Na and K,decreased with sawdust admixture. This was due to dilution effect of sawdust because of low metal content. Naconcentration increased with sawdust admixture due to high content of Na in sawdust and used water.Conclusion: Temperature fluctuation was controlled in composting piles and thermophilic temperature waspreserved in active composting phase with sawdust admixture. Also compost quality was improved and heavymetals content decreased; therefore, the negative effects of compost on human health decreased with addition ofsawdust Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - Assessment of Environmental impact of composting plant of Yazd city
Mohammad Panahandeh Niloofar Abedinzadeh Mokaram RavanbakhshCompost is one of the strategies of house hold solid wastes management that is used to decrease the volume and weight of wastes, odor and leach ate dispersion, resource recycles and decreasing disposal expenses. In order to observe environmental regulations in the frame MoreCompost is one of the strategies of house hold solid wastes management that is used to decrease the volume and weight of wastes, odor and leach ate dispersion, resource recycles and decreasing disposal expenses. In order to observe environmental regulations in the frame of adaptation development projects with environmental concerns, assessment of Environmental impact of composting plants has been delivered. In assessment of environmental impact of Yazd composting company, Questionnaire checklist, interaction matrix and weighting checklist have been used. Our field of observation shows that the nearest residential center to the plant is Yazd city and in other directions according to our visit and land use map, any ecological and economical factor in 7 km from site plant hasn been seen and the land of project is barren and sandy. Only effective factor is prevailing wind which blows from the west/east south. So there isn any hazard for residents of this part of Yazd city. Totally, action alternative with the average of +2.17 has higher score in contrast with non action alternative with the average of -8.13; hence, project is increasingly applicable with considering mitigation measures. According to the survey the long term effects of projects is related to the operation phase in cases of leach ate and probable penetration to ground water, health risk inside plant for staff and outside environment (insects and vermin), odor and contaminated products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - Application of Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP) for environmental and technical assessment of using industrial and construction debris in road pavement layers
Mohammad Delnavaz Hossein Hasanpour Hossein ZangooeiBackground and Objective: The efficient waste management and the environmental protection are important issues in engineering field especially in road construction. Excessive consumption of natural materials for construction and rehabilitation of roads damages the natur MoreBackground and Objective: The efficient waste management and the environmental protection are important issues in engineering field especially in road construction. Excessive consumption of natural materials for construction and rehabilitation of roads damages the natural environment severely. Therefore, in this research, the use of excavation debris and the steel slag in the road pavement evaluated. Methods: for this purpose, the experiments consisted of plastic and liquid limit, sand equivalent (SE), Los Angeles abrasion, soundness of aggregate and CBR test were done and the reliability of the materials was determined by several factors using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Findings: The result of CBR test on debris was obtained 36.2 that indicated the quality of this debris for sub-base layer. On the other hand, the steel slag arising from electric arc furnace cannot be used alone in the pavement layer of road because of lack of adhesion properties and therefore the steel slag was mixed with adhesive materials. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed proper quality of construction debris and steel slag in road pavement by considering different factors especially environmental issues. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - Study of Solid Waste Management of Hotels placed in District No 6 of the City of Tehran
Monireh Majlesi Ghasem Ali Omrani Parisa ElahiIn past times, Tehran citys solid waste management was included mostly collecting and burying waste. Environmental knowledge was increased over times due to improvement in environment technology and sciences and so the relationship between the public health and environm MoreIn past times, Tehran citys solid waste management was included mostly collecting and burying waste. Environmental knowledge was increased over times due to improvement in environment technology and sciences and so the relationship between the public health and environment became more obvious. Main waste producer sections are trading centers such as hotels and restaurants which mostly produce semi-household wastes. According to studies undertaken on District 6 of Tehran city, hotels are the main waste producers. The most part of waste composition includes organic and regenerative matters with plant-and animal-based origin (70%). So solid waste management must concentrate mostly on such materials separations and compost production. Hotels solid waste management is a topic which yet no study has been implemented about it or if any, there is no publication in general and expertise libraries about the subject. The present study has been carried out since 1385 to 1386 aiming to investigate the current status of solid waste management dominated on Tehrans hotels. There are 72 hotels, 180 hostels and 160 restaurants in the city. Study areas include waste production rate, distinction of physical composition, Storage, collecting and transportation systems. To improve waste management task it is necessary to obtain required knowledge about these steps. Data gathering with respect to hotels solid waste management was performed through referral for sampling (random selection), physical analysis and questionnaire completion in which the later was carried out with 11 copies for hotels in District 6. The questionnaires have been standardized according to Delphi method. Among hotels with various ranking in service delivery quality, two hotels were selected randomly and considered for investigation, (in some cases with seemingly more changes, the number was increased to 4 hotels). Sampling of two hotels (Enghelab and Azadi) in the District was carried out with 3 referrals for Physical analysis and waste fractions weight was measured separately. Above mentioned trading units have been selected randomly for physical analysis and because of waste composition similarities in hotels (due to undertaken studies), a bin was selected randomly for every trading unit which then was analyzed physically. Step sampling method has been introduced for final conclusion. Based on the project findings, hotels’ waste production per capita is bout 1-1.5 kg. It was also observed that waste separation is not undertaken in 36.3 percent of hotels but 63.6 percent do the task mostly for dried bread. The study shows the average percent of waste physical composition in hotels is as following: 75.8% wet residual, 14.6% plastic, 1.5% metal cans, 2.5% paper, 3% glass and 2.5% other materials. It was also shown that 27 percent of hotels were not equipped with bin and 45 percent had 1.2 and 3 bins, 27 percent had more than 4 bins. Waste collecting procedure is carried out in un-mechanized collection system in 27.3 percent of hotels which 36.4 percent of them are satisfied with mechanical waste collection and 36.4 percent are very satisfied with the method Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Comparison of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Solid Waste Management Systems Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Mohammad Javad Zoghi Ariayaman Ghavidel Mohsen SaeediBackground and Objective: Municipal solid waste treatment is one of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions sources. Waste management systems can affect GHG emissions from these sources. This study evaluates the current and other three patterns of integrated waste management MoreBackground and Objective: Municipal solid waste treatment is one of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions sources. Waste management systems can affect GHG emissions from these sources. This study evaluates the current and other three patterns of integrated waste management systems (IWMSs) with respect to greenhouse gas emissions, using life cycle assessment (LCA), based on the Lavandevil case. Method: System 1 represents the current MSW management in Lavandevil, including collection, transport and landfilling. Other three IWMSs along with collection, transport, landfilling and incineration include recycling (system 2), anaerobic digestion (system 3) and recycling and anaerobic digestion (system 4). Results: The results show that global warming potential (GWP) from system 1 amounts to 840 Kg CO2 eq, whereas GWP from system 4 reduces to 474 Kg CO2 eq for each ton of Lavandevil’s MSW. Considering the results obtained from this study, in all management systems (system S1-S4), lanfilling has the highest share in GWP increasing. GWP from landfilling can be reduced by power generation from landfill gas (LFG). Therefore, in this study, all management systems (system S1-S4) are assumed under two different methods (landfilling with and without energy recovery). By assumption, 75% recovery of landfill gas results in a GWP reduction of nearly 36% by GWP of landfilling. Conclusion: The results show that source separation and use of separate waste in recycling and anaerobic decomposition processes have the highest impact in GWP reducing. Therefore, this study suhhests that source separation of waste, recycling and anaerobic decomposition treatment should be increased in the country’s waste management systems. On condition that both treatment systems could not be founded together, recycling is favorable over anaerobic digestion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - Hazardous Wastes Landfill Site Selection Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Zanjan Province
Mehdi Boroumandi Mashalah Khamehchyian Mohammad Reza NikoudelRecently, hazardous waste management is a major issue through the world due to increasing ofhazardous wastes in countries. According to numerous industrial units, Zanjan province needs aneffective managing method for hazardous wastes. Landfilling is the most common meth MoreRecently, hazardous waste management is a major issue through the world due to increasing ofhazardous wastes in countries. According to numerous industrial units, Zanjan province needs aneffective managing method for hazardous wastes. Landfilling is the most common method used tohazardous waste management. Determining of optimum location with considering minimumenvironmental risks and cost effective methods are the scope of this paper. The used method in thispaper is combination of geographic Information System (GIS) and multiple criteria Analysis (MCA).Because of several influencing parameters in landfill site selection, using MCA is necessary. A twosteps method of landfill site was done, including elimination exclusionary areas and calculationsuitability index. In order to determine weights of effective parameters, Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) was applied. Simple additive weight method was used for determination of suitability indexand evaluation of study area for hazardous waste landfill. Finally regions with high suitability indexwere suggested for hazardous waste landfills in Zanjan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Study of Solid Waste Management of Hotels placed in District No 6 of the City of Tehran
Ali Akbar Sabziparvar Azadeh KazemiIn past times, Tehran citys solid waste management was included mostly collecting and burying waste. Environmental knowledge was increased over times due to improvement in environment technology and sciences and so the relationship between the public health and environm MoreIn past times, Tehran citys solid waste management was included mostly collecting and burying waste. Environmental knowledge was increased over times due to improvement in environment technology and sciences and so the relationship between the public health and environment became more obvious. Main waste producer sections are trading centers such as hotels and restaurants which mostly produce semi-household wastes. According to studies undertaken on District 6 of Tehran city, hotels are the main waste producers. The most part of waste composition includes organic and regenerative matters with plant-and animal-based origin (70%). So solid waste management must concentrate mostly on such materials separations and compost production. Hotels solid waste management is a topic which yet no study has been implemented about it or if any, there is no publication in general and expertise libraries about the subject. The present study has been carried out since 1385 to 1386 aiming to investigate the current status of solid waste management dominated on Tehrans hotels. There are 72 hotels, 180 hostels and 160 restaurants in the city. Study areas include waste production rate, distinction of physical composition, Storage, collecting and transportation systems. To improve waste management task it is necessary to obtain required knowledge about these steps. Data gathering with respect to hotels solid waste management was performed through referral for sampling (random selection), physical analysis and questionnaire completion in which the later was carried out with 11 copies for hotels in District 6. The questionnaires have been standardized according to Delphi method. Among hotels with various ranking in service delivery quality, two hotels were selected randomly and considered for investigation, (in some cases with seemingly more changes, the number was increased to 4 hotels). Sampling of two hotels (Enghelab and Azadi) in the District was carried out with 3 referrals for Physical analysis and waste fractions weight was measured separately. Above mentioned trading units have been selected randomly for physical analysis and because of waste composition similarities in hotels (due to undertaken studies), a bin was selected randomly for every trading unit which then was analyzed physically. Step sampling method has been introduced for final conclusion. Based on the project findings, hotels’ waste production per capita is bout 1-1.5 kg. It was also observed that waste separation is not undertaken in 36.3 percent of hotels but 63.6 percent do the task mostly for dried bread. The study shows the average percent of waste physical composition in hotels is as following: 75.8% wet residual, 14.6% plastic, 1.5% metal cans, 2.5% paper, 3% glass and 2.5% other materials. It was also shown that 27 percent of hotels were not equipped with bin and 45 percent had 1.2 and 3 bins, 27 percent had more than 4 bins. Waste collecting procedure is carried out in un-mechanized collection system in 27.3 percent of hotels which 36.4 percent of them are satisfied with mechanical waste collection and 36.4 percent are very satisfied with the method Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Investigation on Quality of Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste Landfill and Compost plant (Case Study: Mashhad city)
Alireza Shokooh Edvin Safari Hossein HasheminThe leachate quality of Mashhad landfill and receiving and fermentation units of its composting plantwas studied. Samples were taken during spring and summer, 2006. BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, NO3-N¯,NH4-N+, PO43-, Cl¯, pH, as well 10heavy metals Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, H MoreThe leachate quality of Mashhad landfill and receiving and fermentation units of its composting plantwas studied. Samples were taken during spring and summer, 2006. BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, NO3-N¯,NH4-N+, PO43-, Cl¯, pH, as well 10heavy metals Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn analysisin the samples. Mean COD, NO3¯N¯, and NH4-N+ in landfill, receiving and fermentation units sampleswere obtained 17418, 50512, 91168 mg COD/l and 2.34, 25.40, 25.97 mg NO3-N¯/l, and 658.78,570.89, 633.89 mg NH4-N+/l, respectively. The quality of leachate samples compared with Leachateof Tehran landfill and landfills in USA, Germany, Spain, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Kuwait. Theresults showed the leachate of Tehran and Mashhad landfills and the composting plant have moreorganic materials than the other countries. BOD5/COD that shows biodegradability of organic matterswas 0.44, 0.51, and 0.55 in the leachate of landfill, receiving and fermentation units, respectively. Itmeans biological treatment can be useful for all of them. Heavy metals concentrations were undernational effluent standard in the landfill leachate. But the concentration of Fe, Zn and Mn were abovethe standard in the leachate of receiving and fermentation units. The results showed that it is possibleto meet the national standard by using a combination of physical- chemical and biological treatmentmethods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - Investigation of fixed bed sequencing batch reactor for synthetic wastewater treatment
Sahand Jorfi Mohammad mehdi Mehrbani Ardekani Kamyar YaghmaeyanThis study was carried out for surveying the efficiency of biofilm sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for treatment of wastewater with high organic loading. A cylindrical lab scale biofilm SBR was used in this study. Primary microorganisms for startup of the reactor were ob MoreThis study was carried out for surveying the efficiency of biofilm sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for treatment of wastewater with high organic loading. A cylindrical lab scale biofilm SBR was used in this study. Primary microorganisms for startup of the reactor were obtained from return activated sludge of a municipal waste treatment plant. Reactor was feed with synthetic wastewater containing mono ethylene glycol as the main carbon source and NH4Cl and KH2PO4 as nutrients. Following startup and acclimation of microorganisms, organic loading was increased via influent COD concentrations of 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/L in constant hydraulic retention time. The most removal efficiency of 94% was achieved in influent COD concentration of 100 mg/L. According to data obtained in this work, it can be concluded that biofilm SBR has acceptable efficiency for high strength wastewaters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Eco-technical and environmental evaluation of Electroplating industries wastewater treatment applying AHP
Mohammad Reza Dabaghian Sayed Hossein HashemiIn this research, a systematic approach for selecting the best alternative for the wastewater treatment of electroplating plants is introduced. AHP is one of the systematic approaches applied in complicated multi-criterion decision-making to obtain scientific and reason MoreIn this research, a systematic approach for selecting the best alternative for the wastewater treatment of electroplating plants is introduced. AHP is one of the systematic approaches applied in complicated multi-criterion decision-making to obtain scientific and reasonable results. In this study, four wastewater treatment approaches (Chemical Precipitation, Reverse Osmosis, Ion Exchange, Nano Filtration) were evaluated and compared with one another based on three major parameters, that is, economic, technical and environment-social criteria, each of which including the dimensions of the required land, cost of construction and installation, repair and maintenance, sludge disposal cost, achievement of standards, etc. The results revealed that the Reverse Osmosis (RO) was the optimal choice for the wastewater treatment of electroplating plants Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - The use of System Dynamics Methodology for Analysis of Generation, Collection and Transport Systems of Municipal Solid Waste (The case of metropolitan city of Tehran)
Mohammad Ali Afshar Kazemi Leila Eftekhar Ghasem Ali OmraniIntroduction: The waste generation is the product of different human activities that have been transformed because of the change of life style and multilateral development. By progression in science and technology, waste management has been reviewed scientifically. With MoreIntroduction: The waste generation is the product of different human activities that have been transformed because of the change of life style and multilateral development. By progression in science and technology, waste management has been reviewed scientifically. Within the eight branches of functional elements of municipal solid waste management system, generation, collection and transportation have especial importance. The significance of waste generation is due to being the first loop in the chain of recycling and reducing production is the base of comprehensive solid waste management pyramid .Otherwise the greatest part of costs for managing solid waste systems relates to collection and transportation of wastes. Materials & Method: In this paper we described municipal solid waste management system and dynamic modeling methodology. After that we reviewed the literature research about dynamic modeling of municipal solid waste management systems. In the next step, we illustrated a dynamic model for generation, collection and transportation of wastes in the city of Tehran. Then we analyzed the findings from the base run of model and examined that with validation tests to gain accredited model. Result& Discussion: After achieving a valid model the improved scenario have been built based on 3R techniques and policy and sensitivity analysis. In Tehran city, emphasis on reducing production and decreasing of per capita waste generation, awaken citizens and officials on necessity of separation wet and dry wastes in era and Effort to improving the performance of Dry waste separation plan are the best options to manage generation ,collection and transportation wastes subsystems . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Evaluation of the Influence of Sulfur and Municipal Solid Waste Compost on Soil pH and Uptake of Some of the Micronutrients by Corn.
Mohammad Reza Sabour Morteza Shokri Saeed Samavat Mohammad Reza FarahaniIntroduction: Application of sulfur and organic matters has an important role in improving ofphysicochemical properties in soils. In this research optimizing the mixture design between sulfur andmunicipal solid waste compost for application in an alkaline soil was teste MoreIntroduction: Application of sulfur and organic matters has an important role in improving ofphysicochemical properties in soils. In this research optimizing the mixture design between sulfur andmunicipal solid waste compost for application in an alkaline soil was tested.Materials & Methodology: In this research randomized designs with three replications is used. Theapplied factors were the total fertilizer content of compost and sulfur, M, and the ratio between sulfurand compost in fertilizer, T. M factor had four options, zero,0.5, 1 and 2 percent of soil weight and Tfactor include 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 sulfur to compost ratios.Discussion & Results: The obtained results indicated that all of treatments with 99 percentcontingency decreased the soil pH and T2M4 treatment had the best influence. The content of Znuptake by corn has been significant in 5 percent level in many treatments. The content of Fe uptakehad remarkable incensement in treatments, but it wasn't significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - Investigating the mobility and bioavailability of copper in the soil of rice fields irrigated by wastewater from Amol Industrial Town
Fatemeh Ahmadipour Nader Bahramifar Seyed Mahmoud GhasempouriBackground and Objective: Behavior of metals in soils, such as mobility and bioavailability based on the total concentration of heavy metals, is not predictable. Absorption and toxicity of metals are dependent on their chemical fraction. Therefore, investigation of mobi MoreBackground and Objective: Behavior of metals in soils, such as mobility and bioavailability based on the total concentration of heavy metals, is not predictable. Absorption and toxicity of metals are dependent on their chemical fraction. Therefore, investigation of mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals are very important in the environmental studies. Method: Using BCR modified sequential extraction procedure, different forms Cu in the soil of rice fields irriggated by Amol industrial wastewater were determined in this study. Samples were analyzed by the Atomic Absorption Sens AA model. Results: The results showed that the residual form and the acid soluble, exchangeable, carbonate form were at their maximuum and minimum amounts (77.17 and 2.7), respectively. Moreover, mobility factor and recovery percent were obtained to be 2.39 and 96.6, respectively. Conclusion: Mobility and bioavailability of copper in soil of rice farms in this area are low. Therefore, the possibility of pollution by this metal is low. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - Evaluating and comparing of two methods of compost and waste landfill in Khomein city emphasis on economical aspects and environmental considerations
Mahdiyeh Rezaei Seyed Masoud Monavvari Ghasemali OmraniAbstractAccording to the executed calculations in the site of wastes' landfill in Khomein city, 48 metric tons ofwastes are buried inaccurately daily. This traditional method causes many environmental troubles andindicates the necessity of taking optimized actions to au MoreAbstractAccording to the executed calculations in the site of wastes' landfill in Khomein city, 48 metric tons ofwastes are buried inaccurately daily. This traditional method causes many environmental troubles andindicates the necessity of taking optimized actions to authorities and peoples. Due to reducing troublesof urban waste landfill, municipality of Khomein city in Markazi province decided to construct andutilize compost installations. The area of the project land is 2 hectares and the aim of its developmentis up to 3 hectares. The capacity of this project is 2000 metric tons composts yearly which has thecapability of increasing. By the way, another relevant option in this case in Khomein city or othersimilar cities is sanitizing current method of wastes' landfill and execution sanitary landfill operation.Present study intend to compare compost project by waste' landfill besides evaluating present site ofwaste's landfill by utilizing Oleckno method by executing calculations, which uses economicalconsiderations. Ultimately it finds that selecting sanitary landfill option for the circumstance ofKhomein city concerning ecological situation and acquiring maximum point of Oleckno index islogical and comparison of expenses of 1 kg waste's landfill by two available methods indicatesvariance of 10 tomans.Obviously, in the case of considering the principles of the separation from origin and transformation ofcompost to bio compost by all its aspects and omitting its expensive installations and equipments andcost reduction of economical expenses of this project, we can reach to a better conclusion inneighboring cities in this province or other proximate provinces by localizing the site of compostproject in the interval of several neighboring cities and considering this option by executing moreprecise investigations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Positioning waste management laws in comparison with France's laws and utilizing the Strategic Position and Action Evaluation (SPACE) matrix
Jafar Nouri Seyed Abbas Pourhashemi Reza Arjmandi Fatemeh AlimardaniIntroduction:In this study, a comparative analysis has been made between the environmental laws and regulationsrelated to waste in Iran (as a developing country) and France (as a developed country) to presentmanagement solutions using three models of QSPM, SPACE and SWO MoreIntroduction:In this study, a comparative analysis has been made between the environmental laws and regulationsrelated to waste in Iran (as a developing country) and France (as a developed country) to presentmanagement solutions using three models of QSPM, SPACE and SWOT.Materials and Methods:In the present study, the two systems were initially identified, assessed and analyzed by comparativeanalysis, and after the completion of related questionnaires by some of the professors and experts ofEnvironment and Energy Faculty, the data were normalized. Then the superior strategies of SWOTwere identified by the QSPM model and employed in presenting management solutions.Results and Discussion:Strategic Position and Action Evaluation (SPACE) matrix showed that Iran laws were in a defensiveposition and this means that the internal weaknesses must be rectified and the external threats must beavoided. For the effectiveness of management solutions for reducing adverse effects of waste,rectification of the following legal issues should be given priority: enacting Environmental NationalPolicy law, establishing an environmental special commission in the country’s parliament,establishing special courts for environmental crimes, employing Justice Ministry official experts toaccelerate the settlement of environmental records, amending the law enforcement procedures,motivating and supporting the private sector in recycling the waste from laboratories and hospitals,expediting the preparation of a list of special wastes and providing the necessary legal facilities forreducing the volume of special wastes, and enacting binding legislations for application of up-to-datestandards and environmentally friendly technologies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Assessment of Hospital Waste Management system with focus on disinfection method
keivan saeb Saeed Kardar Farah Salehi Shohreh alidoustBackground and objective: Hospital wastes are the second hazardous wastes after radioactive wastes. Proper management of this wastes cause to affordable disposal of hospital wastes which is also compatible with the environment. The present study has been done to evaluat MoreBackground and objective: Hospital wastes are the second hazardous wastes after radioactive wastes. Proper management of this wastes cause to affordable disposal of hospital wastes which is also compatible with the environment. The present study has been done to evaluate the quantity of waste produced and also the function of safety methods in Sari's hospitals. Method: Required data were collected by going to the production and storage of waste and assessment of the devices function have been done based on biological monitoring of indicator bacteria in infectious wastes. Findings: Average of total wastes produced were 3198 kg per day in Sari's hospitals and per capita waste production were estimated kg per bed per day 2.49. Average of normal wastes, infectious wastes and winning wastes and radiation wastes were determined per bed respectively, 1.56, 0.7, 0.22, 0.01 kg per day. The total wastes and infectious wastes in private hospitals were more than of public hospitals and Social Security. The results showed that 46% and 36% of infectious wastes have been annihilated by incineration and safe methods respectively. Biological monitoring showed that the most of function Safety devices were at an acceptable level in hospitals. They have been eliminated with an average 80% of microorganisms. Discussion and conclusion: Waste production in the most of our hospitals, especially private hospitals, are much higher than usual offered by the World Health Organization. The results show that the size of hospitals (large or small) have no influence in the production of solid waste per bed, and there were related to the type of ownership and management procedures largely. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - Study of photocatalytic decomposition of reactive colorants from textile wastewaters: finite elements numerical modeling and experimental results
Khashayar Badii Faramarz Doulati Ardejani Seyed Zia-e-din Shafaei Tonekaboni Niaz Mohammad Mahmoodi Farrokh Legha AminiWastewaters containing reactive colorants from different industries can be harmful to the environment. Therefore, it is so important to remove colorants from wastewater before they are discharged into the environment. In this research, a simple mathematical model expand MoreWastewaters containing reactive colorants from different industries can be harmful to the environment. Therefore, it is so important to remove colorants from wastewater before they are discharged into the environment. In this research, a simple mathematical model expanded by finite elements method has been proposed which is capable of simulating the process of colorants removal from industrial wastewaters. The proposed model has been solved by a combination between SEEP/W and CTRN/W software. The model was examined by an example. The example was a study on transportation modeling of a pollutant in a porous media water flow by two analytical and numerical solutions. After the calibration of the model, its results were compared with those of an experimental research for decolorization of Reactive Orange 107 (a Cibacron colorant) by photocatalytical process (UV/TiO2/H2O2) at a batch reactor in laboratory scale. The results showed good prediction by the model. The experimental results showed that Cibacron colorants, such as Reactive Orange 107, would be mineralized by the photocatalytic process (UV/TiO2/H2O2). Although, the production of these types of wastewater is almost unavoidable, a suitable environmental management program can be developed to minimize the effects of these pollutants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - Study of Landfill leachate pollution of Rasht City
Masoud Monavari Ghasemali Omrani Fatemeh GhanbariBackground and Objective: Study of landfill of urban solid wastes is important because of its different kind of pollution. The most important pollutants of landfill, is leachate of the resulting from solid wastes. Solid waste leachate may penetrate into surface and unde MoreBackground and Objective: Study of landfill of urban solid wastes is important because of its different kind of pollution. The most important pollutants of landfill, is leachate of the resulting from solid wastes. Solid waste leachate may penetrate into surface and underground water and pollute these resources. This place is located near one of Siahroud River branch. And is named Zarjoub. This river evacuates the pollution resulting from solid waste leachate with other urban, industrial and agricultural pollutants at Anzali wetland. Methods: In this research, the qualification of Rasht landfill and Kacha River were studied for leachate contamination. For purpose BOD, DO, PH, TP and COD parameters were studied in two humid and arid seasons. Findings: The averages of COD, BOD, Do and TP in river are 3862.5 and 1326.25, 0.3 and 6/5 Mg/L. Also the average of pH is 7.01. Discussion and Counclusion: The results show that observed amounts are higher than the standards of environmental protection organization. Furthermore, the pollution resulting from leachate showed remarkable increase in comparison with the results of experiments of 1997. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - Investigation of the Effect of Irrigation with Wastewater on Accumulation of Cadmum and Lead in the Soil and Cultivated Vegetables (Case study: Hamedan city)
Seyed Ali Vaghar Eisa SolgiBackground and Objective: Due to the high potential of Hamedan city for agricultural products and subsequentlly effects of urban wastewaters and agricultural activities such as the use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides on soil quality, plant, and human health, perf MoreBackground and Objective: Due to the high potential of Hamedan city for agricultural products and subsequentlly effects of urban wastewaters and agricultural activities such as the use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides on soil quality, plant, and human health, performing this research was necessary. This research was done by purpose of investigating the effect of wastewater on accumulation of metals Pb and Cd in soil and vegetables. Method: For this purpose, sampling from soil and vegetables was performed randomly in the city of Hamedan. Sampling was done in an area irrigated with well water and in an area irrigated with wastewater. Vegetable Samples were prepared after washing and drying, powdered and prepared for experiment. Also soil samples after air-drying, sieve, and prepared for experiment. Then samples digested with acid mixture and heavy metals measured by Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Finally obtained data were analyzed by SPSS 20. Findings: Results showed that wastewater had important effect on accumulation of Pb and Cd in soil and vegetables which means concentration of these metals in the soil and vegetables that was irrigated with wastewater was higher than those irrigated with well water. Also this is identified that the concentrations of Pb and Cd in studied vegetables was higher or equal to standards and Cd in the soil of both control and treatment were or equal to standards but Pb were lower than standards. Discussion and Conclusion: Since, in the treatment area, the mean concentration of Cd in scallion vegetable and mean concentration of Pb in leek vegetable is higher than standard. Therefore, in order to prevent creating problems for citizens’ health, irrigation of fields by wastewater must be prevented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - Prediction of Flow Pattern in Surface Discharge of Negatively Buoyant Wastewater Compared with the Results from CORMIX Model
Mohsen Saeedi Ozeair Abessi Arash Aliabadi FarahaniBackground and Objective: Surface discharge of dense jet produced in coastal areas is considered as a common way for the disposal of brine in marine environment. Discharging flow patterns varies depending on the characteristic of discharge and receiving ambient water. T MoreBackground and Objective: Surface discharge of dense jet produced in coastal areas is considered as a common way for the disposal of brine in marine environment. Discharging flow patterns varies depending on the characteristic of discharge and receiving ambient water. Three flow patterns: free jet, shoreline attached jet and plume that have been reported in various field and laboratory studies are considered in this research. D-CORMIX is a computer simulation model that is used for the simulation of entrainment and mixing of negatively buoyant flow into water bodies. This model uses the principals of motion for bouyant flow to determin the flow patern in surface discharge. Thus, it seems that significant differences could be observed by comparing the experimental results of flow configurations for dense discharge using D-CORMIX. Method: D-CORMIX model was run for different discharge and ambient conditions. Same conditions simulated with a flume in a laboratory especially designed for the investigation of dense surface discharge from a rectangular channel. Results: The flow pattern predicted from running D-CORMIX model with laboratory observation was developed separately in non-dimensional diagrams in a way that vertical and horizontal cordinates showed the range of experimental conditions, to identify the area that each flow patern happens. Conclusion: Finanly, the differences between two diagrams and the reasons are discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Investigation on the factors for site selection of solid waste transfer stations for 22nd district of Tehran municipally considering environmental issue, air and waste leachate
Qasmly Omrani Amir Hossein Javid Elham RamezanaliThe development of urban communities, growth of urbanism, emergence of metropolises, and subsequent increase in the volume of residues and municipal wastes, besides adding to numerous urban problems, pose serious threats to the environment and peoples health which, toge MoreThe development of urban communities, growth of urbanism, emergence of metropolises, and subsequent increase in the volume of residues and municipal wastes, besides adding to numerous urban problems, pose serious threats to the environment and peoples health which, together with the need for transfer stations for temporary accumulation of wastes, has drawn world attention to this issue. The usage of waste transfer stations is recommended in order to improve and enhance solid wastes transportation system. Most cities posses waste transfer stations, however, it should be mentioned that potential effects of wastes on individuals health and safety are still unclear. Proper site selection, design, and operation of equipments lead into the appropriate management of waste transfer stations so that health, safety, and welfare of society as well as the absence of adverse environmental impacts could be ensured. The purpose of this study is to investigate environmental aspects and sanitary conditions of waste transfer stations in terms of the volume of generated leachate around the stations and emission of unfavorable odors and polluted gases during the operation of stations located at residential areas. To accomplish these goals, sampling and some measurements were carried out at each station in the first step. Investigations showed the lack of health facilities, appropriate accommodation for workers, personal protective equipments, and proper physical conditions in 90% of stations. The obtained results indicate that the level of leachate-induced pollution at the bottom of stations, which ultimately escapes to soil and water resources, is significantly higher than standards recommended by Department of Environment (DOE). Septic tank leachate sampling showed that BOD and COD level of the studied station was 49700 and 31800 mg/l, respectively which, in all cases, are higher than sewage effluent standards. In addition, the amount of particles measured at the eastern side of the station was 153 and 753 microgram/m3 which are higher than air pollutants standards. The level of pollutant gases of NH3 and H2S9NH3 is zero or insignificant. Investigations revealed that the station has septic leachate collection system and its effluent enters absorbing wells. Furthermore, rinsing of waste transporting vehicles leads into flow of polluted water at the station and then, entering absorbing wells. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Landfill locate in Bukan by Boolean logic and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Mostafa Mirabadi Ali Hussein AbdiBackground and Objective: Population growth, industrial development and increase in quality and quantity of consumer products has led to the increase of waste generated. According to Department of Municipal Utilities of Bukan an average of 189 tons of waste is generated MoreBackground and Objective: Population growth, industrial development and increase in quality and quantity of consumer products has led to the increase of waste generated. According to Department of Municipal Utilities of Bukan an average of 189 tons of waste is generated daily, that means per capita waste generation is about 640 to 820 grams per day, which is slightly higher than the country average (the equivalent of 600 to 800 grams per day).Therefore the selection of a municipal waste landfill is one of the most important steps and goals in management of municipal solid waste of Bukan. Method: This study is analytical-descriptive, therefore by full recognition of locating criteria such as communicational lines, distance between rural and urban areas, surface waters privacy, distance from fault, land usage, slope and the direction of slope which play critical rule in selecting the waste landfill site and utilizing Boolean Logic and weighting of layers using AHP model in GIS software, the best location for landfill waste is selected based on mentioned criteria. Findings: Results obtained from the poll of experts in the AHP model has showed that Hydrology criterion with a weight of 0/235 as the most important and land use with a weigh of 0/023 as the least important one have been known. Also after extracting the information layers of criteria from the maps and prioritizing locating ranges in 5 classes, it has been found that there are notable zones to landfill waste in the city of Bokan which ultimately a zone with the area of 138 Hectares is chosen. The selected are is located between Bokan and Simineh and to the south of Kani Shaqaq village. Discussion and Conclusion: Generally, considering the results of the presented research, it can be said that prioritised ranges for positioning can be determined by combining the Boolean logic method and AHP model, acceptably. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - Strategic Planning Management of Solid Waste in Zahedan City Using SWOT Method
Hamid-Reza Rakhshaninasab Khadijeh SafariBackground and Objective: Nowadays, with the advances of sciences and technologies, production and management of solid waste have been significantly transformed. Regarding the fact that in the present age, strategic management is considered as an MoreBackground and Objective: Nowadays, with the advances of sciences and technologies, production and management of solid waste have been significantly transformed. Regarding the fact that in the present age, strategic management is considered as an effective step in attaining organizational successes and also realization of organizational objectives in long-term plans; therefore, in the preset study, the strategic planning management of solid waste in Zahedan City is investigated and presented. Method: In order to present the strategic planning management of the waste of Zahedan City, the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) were employed. In addition, the professional ideas of elites and experts were used. Findings: The findings of the present study indicate that the most strategy with the highest score for realization of the organization's objective and achieving sustainable development in Zahedan City, the government's cooperation and support for allocation of credits is necessary. Providing the situation of attracting and participating private sectors, necessity of education and public acculturation, codifying production approaches and software sections and the lack of executing regulations and laws regarding management of the waste are among the effective strategies in improving solid waste management in Zahedan. Discussion and Conclusion: Strategic priorities obtained from the study can take a significant step in the path of sustainable development for the realization of ecological objectives of management of the waste in Zahedan. On the other hand, municipalities and local organizations can execute and organize the required policies for reinforcing local innovations and Initiatives. Furthermore, families, industries and occupations, offices and providers of services working in the domain of waste are required to execute MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) management system Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - Investigation of compost production from municipal solid waste using solid state bioreactor (Case study: Amol)
Mohammad Hossein Heidarzadeh Hossein Amani Behzad Javadian Hasan Kariminezhad Mojtaba NavaeiBackground and Objective: Due to the large volume of waste produced in Amol and the proximity of the city to the sea and the forest, a proper waste management is urgent necessaryto prevent environmental pollution. On the other hand, organic waste occupies more than 80% MoreBackground and Objective: Due to the large volume of waste produced in Amol and the proximity of the city to the sea and the forest, a proper waste management is urgent necessaryto prevent environmental pollution. On the other hand, organic waste occupies more than 80% of the Amol municipal solid waste. Therefore, a new method for compost production from municipal solid waste and a suitable quality comparison of the produced compost with Iranian National Standards Organization are aims of this study. Method: In this paper, compost production at a greenhouse closed and controlled condition as a novel method using of homemade designed crusher was studied. In this work also a new design of solid state bioreactor was used. In this reactor, aeration and stirring were carefully controlled; therefore, this reactor can be used in a large scale. Also parameters such as temperature, pH, C/N and ash were measured during the compost production. Findings: The results showed that the production of compost from this study obtained during 25 days that is less than the current processes. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen of the final product, pH and the electrical conductivity were 19.89, 7.29 and 7.7 dS/m, respectively. Also, results showed that the produced compost parameters are in agreement with first class compost based on the Iranian National Standards Organization. Discussion & Conclusion: According to the results, the method of this research can be proposed in high scale and high quality compost production from municipal waste. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - Assessing the occupational challenges for Tehran Municipality Waste Management educators
Mojtaba Khanjani Farzam Babaei semiromi Ebrahim TalaeiBackground and Objective: Waste Management Organization (WMO) has always sought to educate and promote citizens in waste separation from the source. WMO, by developing the training programs, seeks to teach the concept of waste management operations to public citizens. T MoreBackground and Objective: Waste Management Organization (WMO) has always sought to educate and promote citizens in waste separation from the source. WMO, by developing the training programs, seeks to teach the concept of waste management operations to public citizens. This can be done through the municipal waste management educators. However, the question that should be addressed in this study is that: what challenges the municipal waste management educators are faced with in carrying out their duties, knowing that the problems and challenges of a career in teaching are usually considered as barriers. Method: This study was carried out based on the questionnaires of Akphilet and Kout, in which 172 educators, working in municipal WMO, responded 5 questions on the Likert scale. Findings: Occupational challenges check reveals that the place of employment has not provided the necessary opportunities for learning and professional development. Yet, 59% of the educators believed that the organization needed to encourage learning and did not provide the basis for more professional development. However, the teachers of 20-25 and over 35 years old are seeking professional development opportunities more than others, and people become less willing to use their professional growth opportunities with the increase of their experience. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that the influence of organizational factors of progress is more than individual factors. The people believe that the organization have to provide the basis for development and professional growth rather than attempting to make development and professional growth by themselves. The regression coefficient calculated for professional development measures showed that different parts affect the process of professional development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Rural Solid Waste of Hormozgan Province and Methods of Management
Mohammad Ali Abduli Farshid Rahimi Reza Samie Fard Mehdi Jalili Ghazi ZadehManagement of Solid waste goes back to ancient times. But modern and enlightened management ofwastes began from 1930. Since 1995, , in Iran studies started on the ground of “Integrated Solid WasteManagement Plan” and these studies finally led to the approval MoreManagement of Solid waste goes back to ancient times. But modern and enlightened management ofwastes began from 1930. Since 1995, , in Iran studies started on the ground of “Integrated Solid WasteManagement Plan” and these studies finally led to the approval of “Waste Management Law” in 2004.Solid waste management in Hormozgan’s villages was the aim of this research. In this study, 26villages, scattered all over the province, were selected. A questionnaire addressing the current status ofsolid waste disposal in rural area was developed. This questionnaire was administered to all 26Dehyaries. Waste sampling was carried out for seven successive days in the middle of the fourseasons. On each sampling day, 65 samples of 1 m3 volume were taken from specified homes in eachof the 26 villages. Numbers obtained from questionnaires and physical and chemical analysis wereused as data to study current situation and suggesting appropriate methods for solid wastemanagement system in rural areas of Hormozgan province. Field studies showed that about 617.3grams of residential solid waste per capita is generated in selected villages every day. There are 360shops in chosen villages and total amount of commercial waste is about 3816 kg per day. The averageamount of medical waste is about 8.8 kg per hygienic unit. Waste Composition in selected villages is:putrescible materials 43.77, paper and cardboard 9.72, plastics 9.62, wood 6.20, metal 10.44, glass7.90, rubber and leather 5.58 and textile 6.79%. The main obstacle to recycling program is theunbiased collection of waste in rural area. It is recommended that for the first five year program,Source separation includes degradable matter and dry wastes (paper, plastics and metals).Source separation of other components such as wood, rubber, glass and textile can be carried out inthe second five year program. From the economical point of view, incineration with energy recoverycannot be a good alternative for rural waste disposal in Hormozgan. Due to the low volume of1- PhD. Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran2- M.Sc. Faculty of Environmental Engineeruing, University of Tehran3- PhD. Student, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, University of Tehran4- Former PhD student of Environmental Sciences of Tehran University, Assistant Professor, Research centre ofEnvironmental Pollutant, University of Shahid Beheshti,.J.Env.Sci,TechJ.Env. Sci. Tech., Vol 16, No.4, Winter 2015209degradable matter, land availability with low cost labor force in rural areas, low technologycomposting is recommended. The quantity of waste generated in each village is not sufficient to bemanaged separately, so a regional solid waste management must be defined to include adjacentvillages. Collection of waste must be carried out by each Dehyari in each village. Waste recovery anddisposal should be managed regionally. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - Determination of optimal percent mixing of cardboard waste in production of non-load bearing concrete
Daryoush Yousefi Kebria Seyyedeh Fatemeh Seyyedalipour Mehdi Dehestaniincineration and disposal methods for their waste production. Hazardous substances contained in thesewastes can contaminate the environment and cause a risk for the human health. Many recent studiesshow that some of the paper and cardboard industry wastes can be used as Moreincineration and disposal methods for their waste production. Hazardous substances contained in thesewastes can contaminate the environment and cause a risk for the human health. Many recent studiesshow that some of the paper and cardboard industry wastes can be used as raw material in theconstruction industry. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal percent mixing of cardboardwaste in production of non-load bearing concrete.Materials and method: In this study, two kinds of recycled paperboard mill wastes (type 1: wastecontains cardboard and sand and type 2: waste containing nylon, cardboard and Yonolit) that have themost volume of the wastes were used. Physical and microbial characteristic of wastes were measuredaccording to ASTM. As well as the chemical composition of the waste consists of various elementswere measured by using an electron microscope. After preparation of the samples, the required testswere carried out to determine the optimal mixture of waste in concrete at the ages of 7, 14 and 28 daysrespectively.Results: Since the pH of fresh concrete containing waste is greater than 12, can be sure that therewill not be any microbiological problem. In general, the use of waste in concrete production reducesthe compressive strength of the samples. Comparing the compressive strength of concrete containingwaste type 1 and concrete samples containing both waste types shows that reducing the amount ofwaste type 2 in compare with waste type 1 improves concrete strength. The results of dry density testshow the density decrease of concrete samples containing waste by increasing the percentage of wastereplacing in the sand. Also using of waste type 2 causes lighter concrete samples in compare withusing waste type 1. Optimal amounts of waste replacement instead of sand for samples containingwaste type 1 and type 2, 70% and 75% ,respectively, as well as for samples containing both wastetypes, 49% of waste type 1 and 21% waste type 2.1- Assistant professor, Department of Civil & Environmental engineering, Babol Noshirvani University ofTechnology, Babol, Iran.2- MSc in Environmental engineering Department of Civil & Environmental engineering, Babol NoshirvaniUniversity of Technology, Babol, Iran.3- 1-Assistant professor, Department of Civil & Eenvironmental engineering, Babol Noshirvani University ofTechnology, Babol, Iran.J.Env.Sci,TechJ.Env. Sci. Tech., Vol 17, No.3, Autumn 2015203Conclusion: According to the results, in terms of economic and environmental benefits, the use ofwaste type 1 in the production of concrete for the lower use of cement is more satisfactory. The use ofpaperboard mill wastes in the production of concrete due to environmental and economical efficiency(profitability and employment, reducing the cost of transferring waste to landfills, reducing structuralweight, using waste instead of buying sand and reduce the environmental pollution caused byincineration and landfilling) is noticeable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - Analysis of Application of the Almond Green Hull Derived Carbon in Hexavalent Chromium Removal from Synthetic Wastewater
Negin Nasseh Behnam Barikbin Lobat Taghavi Alireza HarifiBackground and Objective: The discharge of industrial effluents containing hexavalent Chromium into the environment can be very harmful to living things. Therefore, prior to this discharge into the environment, hexavalent Chromium should be removed from contaminated wat MoreBackground and Objective: The discharge of industrial effluents containing hexavalent Chromium into the environment can be very harmful to living things. Therefore, prior to this discharge into the environment, hexavalent Chromium should be removed from contaminated water and especially from wastewaters. This study aimed to analyze the effects of removal of hexavalent Chromium using derived carbon from almond green hulls. Method: In the present study, derived carbon from almond green hulls of zonal district of South Khorasan (Birjand) were used to remove hexavalent Chromium from Synthetic wastewater while contact time, density, PH, absorbent dosage and temperature were changed. Batch tests were discontinuously performed on Shaker. At the end, to assess hexavalent Chromium, Spectrophotometer UV / VIS Spectrometer T80 at 540 nm wavelength was used. Findings: The findings of the present study revealed that hexavalent Chromium removal was highly dependent on PH. Most of the results showed high removal at PH=2. Furthermore, it was found that as the absorbent dose, contact time and temperatures were increased, removal percentage would increase as well. Surprisingly it was understood that because of limited space in the absorbents, when the initial hexavalent Chromium density was increased, the removal efficiency was decreased. Discussion and Conclusion: Derived carbon from almond green hull and derived carbon, does efficiently remove hexavalent Chromium from industrial water wastes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - Study of Electronic Waste Condition in Yazd City and Effect of Privatization Policies on its Amount (Case study: Computer wastes from governmental, public non-governmental and private organizations in Yazd city)
maedeh dehghani tafti Ehsan Parvane AvalBackground and Objective: Electronic waste management and disposal have been one of the main problems in recent decades. Government policies and management programs in the country have a huge impact on the production and management of electronic waste. Privatization pro MoreBackground and Objective: Electronic waste management and disposal have been one of the main problems in recent decades. Government policies and management programs in the country have a huge impact on the production and management of electronic waste. Privatization programs in the country could lead to fundamental changes in the function of economy and waste management. Method: This study examines the amount of electronic and computer wastes, attitudes and knowledge about environmental and health effects of electronic wastes and the current waste management system in thirty organizations in three types of governmental, non-govermental and private organizations in Yazd and its suburbs using a questionnaire and collection of computer waste data. Findings: The results showed that the public non-governmental organizations have a higher percentage of computer waste production than the total annual purchase of computer (28% and 20% compared to governmental organizations with 3.7%). In this study, the amount of computer waste anually produced in the 30 studied organizations was estimated to be about 2.1 tons. Discussion and Conclusion: The considerable amount of computer waste production along with other electronic waste produced in different parts of the city and its suburbs can be used as raw materials required in electronic waste recycling centers. Electronic waste recycling can save resources, prevent the pollution cused by entry of toxic compounds such as lead and cadmium into the environment, contribute to recovery of valuable metals such as copper, finally leading to economic development and job creation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - Review and assess the social determinants of household waste produced per capita loss (Case Study: Tehran Municipality Region 3 and 10)
Yaghowb Peyvastehgar Jahanbin MirzaiiAbstract Background and Objective: Increasing production of waste in cities is an issue that municipalities deal with it and a significant amount of municipal funds spent on the collection, transport and disposal of the waste, in addition to the many environmental probl MoreAbstract Background and Objective: Increasing production of waste in cities is an issue that municipalities deal with it and a significant amount of municipal funds spent on the collection, transport and disposal of the waste, in addition to the many environmental problems will follow. Method: This paper aims to identify social factors that influence the production of household waste is reduced. For this purpose, the two regions 3 and 10 of Tehran municipality in terms of per capita household waste generation and associated social factors were studied. Because these two regions close together despite the population, in terms of physical and social differences with each other, which can help reduce household waste produced per capita. Then to answer assumptions, based on a survey questionnaire containing open and closed questions was used. Findings: The findings show that many social factors have a direct impact on per capita production of household waste, such as age, gender, marital status, family size, length of stay in Tehran and region, type of home and respect for the separation of waste. Then the two regions based on criteria and indicators of physical, social, environmental and management were evaluated and by region 3, percentage points respectively is 67, 64, 36 and 38 and the region 10 is 47, 46, 33 and 36. Finally, 20 action plan to reduce domestic waste generation per capita was presented with an emphasis on social factors. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of the questionnaire were analyzed by using statistical tests. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - Recognition of industrial wastes production sources and recycling procedures in Caspian region
Mohammad Ali Abduli Tooraj Nasrabadi Ehsn Taheri Gholamali HoshyaripourIn the Caspian region (Mazandaran and Guilan Provinces), there are 176 industrial units, each with a work force of more than 10 persons. One hundred and fifteen of these units are located in Guilan and the others in Mazandaran. The basic industries located in this regio MoreIn the Caspian region (Mazandaran and Guilan Provinces), there are 176 industrial units, each with a work force of more than 10 persons. One hundred and fifteen of these units are located in Guilan and the others in Mazandaran. The basic industries located in this region are textile, cellulose and metal industries. Unlike the solid wastes produced in cities, industrial wastes are generated separately, in large quantities and in a limited number of locations. As a result, recycling such wastes could be carried out more easily and with a higher efficiency. Major industrial waste generators of the region are located around the cities of Rasht, Lahijan, Sari, Bandar Anzali, Babol, Amol and Behshahr. At present, part of the wastes is recycled in some industries; bone powder, yeast powder, low quality paper and cardboard are produced from the wastes of slaughter houses, alcohol production factories, and food and cellulose industries, respectively. In this study, the present status of the generating and recycling industrial wastes in the region is evaluated, and practical suggestions as well as appropriate alternatives are offered. The suggestions mostly emphasize modern recycling technologies. In Caspian region, 32.7 tons of industrial wastes are produced daily. Food industry, textile industry, wooden products industry, paper and cardboard, equipment and machinery are the main waste generators in this region. Regarding the types of wastes and the capacity of the Caspian region, the production of OROPON powder, mushrooms, fruit essence and acids, and pure cellulose (α cellulose) is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Investigation of using butachlor recovered from wastes in rice fields
mohammad ali sayad nejad ebrahim alaei mohammad salimi jamarani Chemical wastes in particular wastes obtained from pesticides production are very dangerous, so control and recovery of them has attracted attention of many researchers and environmental organizations in recent years. Wastes in butachlor industries are formed und More Chemical wastes in particular wastes obtained from pesticides production are very dangerous, so control and recovery of them has attracted attention of many researchers and environmental organizations in recent years. Wastes in butachlor industries are formed under undesirable conditions in the process and also during filtration step and cause serious problems. In this study, recovery of butachlor from waste and its effects on rice plant was investigated. Material and Methods: Waste and off-spec samples containing 55.8% and 63.3% butachlor, respectively, were subjected to solvent extraction. GC/MS and FT-IR were used to identify components of the extracts. The determination of butachlor recovered from waste and off-spec samples was carried out by HPLC and its amount was found to be 88.4% and 89.7%, respectively. Field tests were done on the rice plants to investigate using recovered samples in rice fields. The treatments were exposed at 1.5 Kg active ingredient / hectare of recovered butachlor, waste, off-spec and commercial samples. Results and Discussion: The phytotoxicity degrees of both waste and off-spec samples were 100% and the plants died after 28 days. The phytotoxicity degrees of commercial and recovered butachlor from waste and off-spec samples were 6.5, 8.5 and 8% under the same conditions, respectively, which indicates that the recovered butachlor can be used as effectively as the commercial sample in rice fields. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - Investigating Environmental Management of Municipal Waste Transport in Yazd City Using WAGS Software
Naeimeh Hekmatnia Abdulreza Karbassi Seyyed Ehsan Hatef Seyyed Iman HatefIntroduction: Uncontrolled urban development on one hand and changes in the pattern of consumption on the other hand has faced human with unexpected environmental pollution .Un-doubtfully waste production is among the very significant sources of environmental pollution MoreIntroduction: Uncontrolled urban development on one hand and changes in the pattern of consumption on the other hand has faced human with unexpected environmental pollution .Un-doubtfully waste production is among the very significant sources of environmental pollution which is created by man. Therefore, modern solid waste management is necessary to overcome the created problem. Such management should carefully consider various aspects of waste generation, storage, collection, transportation, recovery, recycling and final disposal. Among these costs the highest costs of waste management belongs to transportation. This includes both collections from residential areas and transporting to transfer stations and finally transporting to the landfill. Methods: In the present investigation, municipality Yazd city is selected to examine cost of transporting using the WAGS software. Result and discussion: The results show that the highest percentages of total transportation cost is allocated to the wages of personnel (almost 51%). The other components such as vehicles, repairs, full and others have a share of 39, 4, 2 and 1% of the total cost of collection and transportation of solid wastes. Conclusion:The overall expenditures of waste collection is about 176700 million Rails that is indicative of need for additional investment equal to 151497 million Rails to the year 2022.At present the cost of collection and transportation of wastes to the transfer station is about 260 Rails/Kg. This amount encompasses all personnel, vehicle, fuel and other associated costs. It is estimated that above mentioned cost will increase from 260 to 210 Rails/Kg in the year 2022.At present each family has to pay 67570 Rails/year as a cost of collection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - Study on the application of membrane technology and performance of nanostructured polyethersulfone (PES) hollow fiber membrane in treatment of oily wastewaters
Zeynab Fallahnejad Gholamreza Bakeri Mostafa RahimnejadBackground and Objective: Nowadays, oily and industrial wastewaters are among the most important environment problems. Conventional methods can hardly reduce the oil content to 1% of the initial concentration and are not able to effectively remove the oil droplets with MoreBackground and Objective: Nowadays, oily and industrial wastewaters are among the most important environment problems. Conventional methods can hardly reduce the oil content to 1% of the initial concentration and are not able to effectively remove the oil droplets with the size less than 20 micrometer. Therefore, oily wastewater treatment is one the most essential environmental challenges which should be resolved in the oilfields. Method: In this study, the performance of different membranes in oily water treatment has been reviewed and furthermore, the performance of nanostructured polyethersulfone (PES) hollow fiber membranes in oil/water separation process has been investigated. Findings: The membrane performance would change with time according to the membrane type, the feed compositions and the process conditions. In this research, the effects of operating parameters such as pressure, oil concentration and cross flow velocity of feed on the membrane performance were studied. Increase of pressure makes more membrane compactness and higher membrane fouling which reduce the performance. Therefore, the optimum operating conditions for oil separation are P = 1 bar, low feed concentration and high cross flow velocity of feed. Due to the increase of mass transfer at high feed flow rates, oil rejection reduces slightly. Conclusion: All the PES membranes in this study showed complete separation of oil from water and can effectively be used in oily water treatment process. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - Performing Sensitivity Analysis of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Process Using AHP
Mahnaz Hosseinzadeh Kalkhoran Shahnaz Hosseinzadeh Ebrahim FataeiBackground and Objective: One of the main issues before the design and construction of any wastewater treatment plant is the selection of the optimal wastewater treatment process, since the wrong choice can have considerable effect in increasing expense, and also led to MoreBackground and Objective: One of the main issues before the design and construction of any wastewater treatment plant is the selection of the optimal wastewater treatment process, since the wrong choice can have considerable effect in increasing expense, and also led to unattainable and undesired result. Method: The current study used the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model to determine the effective criteria in the selection of the appropriate wastewater treatment process, are developing in cities such as Ardebil, Tabriz, and Uremia in order to prioritize and choose the most appropriate treatment process. In such cities the treatment process involved: Aerated Lagoon, Activated sludge, and Biolak. Based on the technical, economic and environmental criteria and related sub-criteria, the processes are weighted through pair wise comparison and the results obtained are assessed using the Expert Choice software. Findings: Finally, Biolak was selected as the optimal process and Activated Sludge and Aerated Lagoon were respectively placed in the next priorities. Sensitivity Analysis is performed on the major factors to investigate the sensitivity of the alternatives in order to apply changes in the priorities of the criteria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - Removal of Nickel (II) from Wastewater and Aqueous Solution Using Activated Carbon from Brown Alga Sargassum SP.
akbar esmaeili samira ghasemi pari beirami abdolhossein rostaeiyan farnaz rafieiIn this work, the batch removal of Ni ions from aqueous solution and wastewater using marine brown alga Sargassum was investigated. Activated carbon, prepared from Sargassum by acid decomposition, was also used for the removal of Ni from aqueous solution and waste MoreIn this work, the batch removal of Ni ions from aqueous solution and wastewater using marine brown alga Sargassum was investigated. Activated carbon, prepared from Sargassum by acid decomposition, was also used for the removal of Ni from aqueous solution and wastewater. The effects of pH, biosorption time, adsorbent dose, metal ions concentration were considered. The most effective pH was found to be 5.0. The maximum uptake rates for nickel with initial concentrations of 30, 50 and 70 mg/L were obtained to be 97.8% , 84.53% and 60.34% respectively at pH=5. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to isotherm models. The adsorption followed second order kinetic. This study shows the application of activated carbon as valuable material for the removal of Ni from aqueous solution and wastewater Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - Investigation of hospital wastes management variables and their adaptation with ISO 14001 standard
Mohammad Saleh Ali-Taleshi Farhad Nejadkoorki Hamidreza Azimzadeh MohammadTaghi Ghaneian Mahdieh NamayandehAbstract Background and Objective: The optimal management of hospital waste is essential to protect the public health and environment. The aim of the present study is to investigate the variables of hospital waste management in terms of their compliance with the ISO 14 MoreAbstract Background and Objective: The optimal management of hospital waste is essential to protect the public health and environment. The aim of the present study is to investigate the variables of hospital waste management in terms of their compliance with the ISO 14001 standard. In addition to identivying the weaknesses of waste management, some strategies are presented overcome them. Method: This study was carried out in 2013. The required data for hospital waste sector were obtained using a questionnaire and the Tables designed by World Health Organization (WHO). Condition of the environmental management of the wastes was described using the questionnaire, the environmental management system standard (ISO 14001), the national standard of Iran, and Likert range. All the data were analyzed by SPSS 16. Findings: Results showed that the conditions in the studied hospitals were lower than the hypothetical average (3) in terms of some variables such as identification of environmental aspects, planning for achieving the macro and micro goals; receiving the necessary training, drafting functions and responsibilities of waste management, and preparation for emergency response. In order to identify the environmental aspects of hospital waste, results showed that from 2307.82 Kg of the waste produced in hospitals daily, 62.23% were general waste, 36.17% were infectious waste and 0.58% were sharp substances. There was a significant correlation between the numbers of provided services in hospitals and the rate of daily generated waste (r= 0.992، P=0.008). Moreover, there was a significant regression relation between the overall area of hospitals and the rate of daily generated waste (P=0.02). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - Analysis of Moringa Oliefera Seed Powder Reaction in Treatment Wastewater Comparing with Aluminum Sulphate and PAC Reaction
Vahid Yazdani Hossein Banejad Alireza RahmaniAbstract Background and Objective: Due to the fact that in arid and semiarid areas, access to high quality water resources my have limitation, using purified wastewater for irrigation plays an important role. Although wastewater are so little comparing with needed irri MoreAbstract Background and Objective: Due to the fact that in arid and semiarid areas, access to high quality water resources my have limitation, using purified wastewater for irrigation plays an important role. Although wastewater are so little comparing with needed irrigation water but using this much water can cause that we use higher quality waters for better consumption. This research has been alone in laboratory and there has been utilized the jar test set. Method: In this research has been attempted to analyze, the effects of moringa seed powders (Oliefera species) in comparison with Alum and Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) in wastewater treatment. For performing the experiments, we utilized urban wastewaters with mediun density. Efficiency of each coagulant was assessed by measuring a number of parameters including the hardness (total, Calcium and Magnesium), turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), acidity, Coliform (fecal and total) before and after the treatment. It is noticeable that all methods of measuring the qualitative parameters were based on those described in the book of Standard Method. Results:This research showed that in optimum concentration Alum, PAC and Oliefera were able to decrease turbidity up to 99.5, 99 and 97.7 percent, respectively. The efficiency of eliminating total, Calcium and Magnesium hardness, fecal and total Coliforms in the best condition were 40 (100 mg Oliefera), 72.5 (100 mg Oliefera), 67(80 mg Oliefera), 99.8 (combination of 100 mg Oliefera and 15 mg Alum) and 99.7 (combination of 100 mg Oliefera and 15 mg Alum) percent, respectively. Discussion and conclusion: The results showed that the efficiency would be higher if Oliefera be combination with Alum or PAC. The Moringa seed powders decreasing sedimentation time, comparing with the Alum and PAC. So much, so that the sedimentation time was decreased from 30 min to 10 min. we have to remark that the bulk produced sludge in Moringa seed powder has less density comparing with the Alum or PAC. It also was easier to drain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - Vermicomposting of Domestic Waste Using Eisenia Foetida Erathworm
Mohammad Ali Abduli Mabubeh Hadipour Mehdi Jalili Ghazizade Hossein Ali AsgharniaBackground: The high percentage of putrescible materials in generated waste in Iran, in one hand, and lack of proper lands for sanitary landfilling of waste (specially in the northern parts of the country), in the other hand, along with problems of collection, transport MoreBackground: The high percentage of putrescible materials in generated waste in Iran, in one hand, and lack of proper lands for sanitary landfilling of waste (specially in the northern parts of the country), in the other hand, along with problems of collection, transportation and disposal of waste all make it necessary to think about vermicompost method as an efficient technique for disposal of organic waste. Method: The present study aims to investigate the degradation of domestic waste using specific earthworm ‘Eisenia foetida’. For this purpose, a wooden pilot including three floors was designed. Length, width and height of the pilot were 45, 25 and 65 cm respectively. Then 500 earthworms were collected manually and put on created media in the pilot. The domestic waste was added every week to the pilot, and after 60 days the compost was taken out. Finally, the important parameters in the produced compost were analyzed in the laboratory. Results: The result shows that providing proper situations like temperature range of 20-30 °C and moisture range of 60-75% and also appropriate aeration can lead to creation of a suitable place for the growth of earthworms and consequently conversion of organic wastes to rich compost. The ratio of C/N in the produced vermicompost was 14.53 (range of C/N is 10-20). Conclusion: One of the other advantages of this method is that it can also be used for increasing the earthworms as a food resource for domesticated animals and aquatic creatures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
190 - Environmental Evaluation of Existing Solid Waste landfill of Semnan in the basis of Site Selection Criteria
Niloofar Abedinzadeh Fatemeh GhanbariIntroduction: Today by increasing the urbanization in bid cities and increasing solid waste percapita for industrialization of societies, waste collection and disposal have hanged to one of the most important issues in municipal solid waste management. Solid waste landf MoreIntroduction: Today by increasing the urbanization in bid cities and increasing solid waste percapita for industrialization of societies, waste collection and disposal have hanged to one of the most important issues in municipal solid waste management. Solid waste landfills have adverse impacts on environment. These impacts will intensify more when landfill sites have chosen without any site selection processes. Therefore it is essential usage of current evaluation techniques for identification of adverse impacts and offer approaches in order to diminishing negative impacts. Methods and materials: Many difference parameters and criteria are used for site selecting and evaluating of landfills. In this study, the landfill of Semnan have been evaluated by using data from slope, topography, land use, soil type and ground water maps via three current methods of evaluating of landfills. Results: This site is classified in good category in Oleckno method, acceptable category by using Monavari method and it is placed in better score range by applying Drastic method. Conclousion: Despite this site has chosen without site selection process, it locates in suitable position. According to this study, it is necessary to attend engineering action and design and landfill management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
191 - Effects of Retention Time and Substrate Type on Biogas and Alkalinity Productions from Anaerobic Digestion of Slaughterhouse Wastes
Amaneh Salimi Shahnaz Danesh Seyed Hadi EbrahimiBackground and Objective: Anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse solid wastes, such as rumen contents, is an appropriate treatment option for managing such residues, because of their significant role in reducing the environmental impacts as well as the potential for biog MoreBackground and Objective: Anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse solid wastes, such as rumen contents, is an appropriate treatment option for managing such residues, because of their significant role in reducing the environmental impacts as well as the potential for biogas production. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of retention time and substrate type on the biogas and alkalinity productions during anaerobic digestion of rumen contents. Method: This study aimed to investigate the effects of retention time and substrate type on biogas and alkalinity productions of slaughterhouse wastes using one liter anaerobic digester with batch flow. Experiments were performed at temperature of 35°C and retention time of 30 days with three types of substrate: cattle rumen contents, sheep rumen contents and their mixture (mixing ratio 1:1) with total solids of 6.5, 9.1 and 8.0%, respectively. Results: Maximum alkalinity was found in the digester containing cattle rumen contents as it increased pH. Thus, the highest cumulative biogas and methane yields obtained for these digesters were 286.1 and 80.7 mL/g VSdegraded respectively. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that in the process of anaerobic digestion of rumen contents (regardless of substrate type and retention time), pH of the reactors can play a major role in biogas and methane productions. Thus, to prevent pH drop and to provide a suitable environment for the growth and activity of microorganisms, addition of an alkaline substance is required. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - Industrial Waste Management;Case Study, Shams Abad Industrial Park
Soude Pazouki Hamid Reza JafariIntroduction: Increasing hazardous industrial waste and lack of necessary regulations for management of them have led to serious problems in some parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the situation of collection, transportation, recycling, and disposal of MoreIntroduction: Increasing hazardous industrial waste and lack of necessary regulations for management of them have led to serious problems in some parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the situation of collection, transportation, recycling, and disposal of hazardous industrial wastes in the Shams Abad Industrial Park of Tehran, Iran. Method: The research was descipttive, cross sectional one. The data was gathered by first referring to industrial units and completion of Iranian Environmental Organization Questionnaire and then analyzing the gathered data.Findings: In the Shams Abad Industrial Park, 532224 ton/year or 1478ton/day of different industrial waste is produced. The biggest proportion of waste includes mineral wastes which are about 426048 ton/year or 805%. The smallest proportion in Cellulose waste is produced at a rate of 30.36 ton/year or 0.005%. 90 percent of the active industries at this park produce solid industrial waste.Results and Discussion: The result of this study showed that disposal of these wastes is mainly done by recycling and re-usage in other industries is about 85%. The best , most economic, and most environment-friendly waste management activity of the Shams Abad Industrial Park is prevention of production, increasing the potential recycling, and reuse of material with emphasis on sorting at the production site, increasing mechanical sorting, and decreasing production of disposable waste. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - Evaluation of Efficiency of Electrochemical Process for COD and TSS Removal from Raisin Finishing Wastewater
Soheil Sobhanardakani Seyed Milad Jafari Majid Ehteshami Background and Objective: In recent years,biological and chemical processes have been widely used in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment. Electrochemical process is a chemical process used for wastewater treatment. In recent years, this process has been More Background and Objective: In recent years,biological and chemical processes have been widely used in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment. Electrochemical process is a chemical process used for wastewater treatment. In recent years, this process has been increasingly employed for treatment of many wastewaters, especially for industrial wastewaters with high COD. Method: The wastewater from raisin-finishing units in Sahand Industrial Town in Malayer with the COD of 26850 mg/L and TSS of 2325 mg/L was collected. Electrolysis process consisted of a reactor with 9 L volume containing two different types of electrodes (Al and stainless steel). The process was conducted without any additives for wastewater treatment enhancing, in three different retention times (10-20 and 30 min) and applied voltages (10, 20 and 30 V). After each experiment, the output wastewater was investigated and the COD removal efficiency was calculated. Results: Results showed that in retention time of 30 min and applied voltage of 30V, removal efficiencies of COD and TSS using Al electrode were 88.28% and 95.05%, respectively. Moreover, the best removal efficiencies for COD and TSS were found to be 76.54% and 67.53%, which were obtained using stainless steel electrode in retention time of 30 min and applied voltage of 30V in 30 and 10 min respectively. Conclusion: According to the results, electrochemical treatment along with other processes, such as adding electrolytes, can be used as a tool for reduction of industrial wastewater pollution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - Investigating the Potential of Biogas and Energy Generation from Biomass Resources in Villages of Iran with Sustainable Development Approach
Maliheh Fallahnejad Tafti Mohammadali Abdoli Farshad Golbabaei KootenaeiAbstract Background and Objective: Energy crisis is the most important crisis threatening mankind. Recently, using biogas has been put under focus due to the problems caused by widespread dependence to oil and scarcity of energy resources. In addition, using biogas as a MoreAbstract Background and Objective: Energy crisis is the most important crisis threatening mankind. Recently, using biogas has been put under focus due to the problems caused by widespread dependence to oil and scarcity of energy resources. In addition, using biogas as a fuel supply can saliently reduce greenhouse gases and consequently reduce global warming. Also, other advantages of biogas generation from biomass resources are waste minimization and sanitary manure generation. The aim of this study was to estimate the potential of biogas and energy production from biomass resources in the villages of Iran with anapproach to supply energy at the consumption place and to reduce transportation costs. Method: In this study, potential of biogas production from cattle refuse is evaluated according to the numbers of cattle existing in Iran villages and determination of cattle refuse quantity. Results: Results show that 11.195 million m3 biogas can be produced from 63 million cattle in villages of Iran. The extractable biogas from rustic biodegradable wastes was also determined. It was found that, annually, 487 million m3 biogas can be produced from 1249000 tons of waste per. Conclusion: Generally, this study revealed that biogas and energy generation from biomass resources in villages of Iran with an approach to supply energy at the consumption place and to reduce transportation costs has economical efficiency and can be as a national strategy for achieving sustainable development Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
195 - Landfill site selection with emphasis on environmental and economical factors in northern Iran (Case study: Astara Township)
Roghaye Baniasadi Seyed Saeedreza Ahmadizade Behrooz Etebari Alireza QomiBackground and Objective: The crucial condition of northern cities in Iran, increases the necessity for a proper landfill site selection. Solid waste is an inseparable part of human life and in its production in different quantities and qualities is the biggest environm MoreBackground and Objective: The crucial condition of northern cities in Iran, increases the necessity for a proper landfill site selection. Solid waste is an inseparable part of human life and in its production in different quantities and qualities is the biggest environmental problem at present. The first and the most important step towards waste management, is finding a suitable place for landfilling. Today, geographic information systems are widely used in environmental planning. Method: In this study, the geographical directions, surface water, faults, protected areas, soil, geology, distance from settlement and land use are investigated in terms of effective environmental factors while distance from main roads, distance from byway, slope and elevation are explored in terms of economical factors. Conclusion: After prioritization of factors with the help of experts’ idea and combining them in ArcGIS9.2, three appropriate locations were selected. Afterwards, the suitable size of the landfill site needed for the city was calculated, and considering the needed size, the final location for landfill was proposed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - Study of the Quality and Quantity of Dry Components in Municipal Solid Waste from Regions 6 and 7 in Shiraz
marziye nouroozi jahan abad Sima SabzalipoorBackground and Objective: Solid waste is an integral part of human life and production of the waste in different quantity and quality is of one of the most important environmental issues of our time. Increase of population growth and solid waste production in urban and MoreBackground and Objective: Solid waste is an integral part of human life and production of the waste in different quantity and quality is of one of the most important environmental issues of our time. Increase of population growth and solid waste production in urban and metropolitan areas have become a social problem. The most important component of municipal solid waste around the world is similar, however, the density and the ratio of its ingredients from country to country and from city to city, based on the level of economic development, social, climatic and geographical situation, are very diverse. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the production and composition of municipal solid waste collected from Shiraz regions 6 and 7. Method: Sampling was randomly done for one week in the study area in [1]May 2015. The method used in this study was analysis manual type. A standard amount of 90 Kg of municipal waste was collected from the houses in the two the regions. Weights of each component of the waste were obtained and then used to draw the diagrams using Excel software. Findings: The highest percentages of waste components in both regions were related to organic materials (perishable), and there was a difference among the components of the waste in the two regions. The amount of waste produced in region 6 was higher than region 7. In region 6, the lowest percentage (1/77) belonged to the pet, whereas in region 7, the lowest percentage (0/55) was related to the special waste. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - Evaluation of the Effect of an Industrial Wastewater Sample on Heavy Metals Contaminated Soil
Azadeh Nasrazadani Mehran HoodajiIntroduction:Agricultural and specifically industrial activities have led to the substantial release of toxic heavy metals into the environment posing a major hazard to ecosystem and human health. Today, contamination of soil, groundwater, sediments, surface water and a MoreIntroduction:Agricultural and specifically industrial activities have led to the substantial release of toxic heavy metals into the environment posing a major hazard to ecosystem and human health. Today, contamination of soil, groundwater, sediments, surface water and air with hazardous and toxic metal is considered as a serious problem worldwide. In assessment of the risk associated with metal contaminated soils, metal absorption by food chain is one of the major problems. Thus, it is highly important to assess and control metal concentration in industrial wastewater before it isreleased to the natural environments. The presence of heavy metals, such as Ni, Cr, Cu, Cd and Pb, that are phenomenally seen in industrial sawage can be toxic to human and other organisms, even at low concentration. Nowadays, soils in many places have been contaminated with heavy metals and these soils have turned into one of the most important problems specially in disposal areas. Material and Methods: In this study, in order to investigate the effect of an industrial wastewater on the heavy metals contaminated soil, it was sampled in 4 points and 4 depths including 0-25, 25-50, 50-75 and 75-100 cm, along the soil draine. Soil samples went through a physical and chemical analysis and were assessed for the heavy metal concentration. The electrical coductivity of soil saturation extract was determined by ohm-meter; soil texture was investigated by the Hydrometer method; the lime percentage was detrmined by Titrimetric method; total heavy metals concentration was specified by the acid nitric digestion method; and cation exchangable capacity in soil samples was identified by the Acetate method. Finally, the data analysis was done by SASS. Results: According to the obtained results and based on the standard limits in agricultural and industrial lands, soil samples were found to be toxic only for Ni, refering to low heavy metal concentration in wastewater samples. Statistical analysis results showed that there is a negative correlation between the soil depth and heavy metal concentration, which refers to low mobility rate of heavy metals specially in soils with a high content of lime and pH. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - Identify challenges disposal domestic waste from the perspective rural the heads of households "Case Study: Sarab- Ghalaeshahin Rural, Sarpole-Zahab Township"
Somayeh Shahbazi Ali Asghar Mirak ZadehBackground and Objective: One of the pillars of sustainable development is pay attention to the physical and ecological aspects of rural. Human activities and changes in lifestyle and consumption patterns, resulteding in increased production of waste material. So is inc MoreBackground and Objective: One of the pillars of sustainable development is pay attention to the physical and ecological aspects of rural. Human activities and changes in lifestyle and consumption patterns, resulteding in increased production of waste material. So is increaseding production of waste less material and how to disposal of the environmental challenges of human society, therefor, the aim of this study is to identify challenges and barriers to domestic waste from the perspective rural heads of households. Method: The investigation is descriptive and the survey was performed, The study sample was the heads of households Sarab- Ghalaeshahin Rural, Sarpole-Zahab Township that way was conducted in this study the census (N= 170), 110 questionnaires were completed and returned them (return rate = 70/64 percent). The research instrument was a questionnaire which content validity examined modified and approved by a number of experts and professors of Department of Agricultural Extension and Education Razi University in Kermanshah. The coefficient of reliability (Cronbach's alpha), was obtained by a pre-test 0/823. Findings: According to the finding, it was 7 challenges domestic waste in the rural of study include. They are: the challenges of inter-sectoral of coordination, educatio - inform, financial, administrative, lack of compiled program, social and cultural.challenges were identified. By considering suitable place for disposal waste domestic, inter-sectoral lack of coordination, in exprienced management for disposal waste domestic and decrease ability management of goverenment (to settle different functions) challenge of inter-sectoral lack of coordination was acquaintanced challenge of disposal waste domestic rural. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - Biogas Production from Chicken Waste and Sheep Manure in Laboratory Scale
Kobra Salehi Seyed Masoom Khazraee fatemeh sadat Hosseini Farnosh Khosravani Pour MostafazadehBackground and purpose: Biogas is a clean and renewable energy that can be a good alternative to the conventional sources of energy. The purpose of this study is to produce biogas from kitchen waste and sheep manure in laboratory scale. Methods: In this study, biogas pr MoreBackground and purpose: Biogas is a clean and renewable energy that can be a good alternative to the conventional sources of energy. The purpose of this study is to produce biogas from kitchen waste and sheep manure in laboratory scale. Methods: In this study, biogas production from kitchen waste was investigated. Anaerobic digestion experiments were performed using one-liter bottles as reactor at the room temperature. The effects of the waste weathering, sheep manure, concentration of solid waste, sheep manure percentage and the time of the preparation of bacterial environment in biogas production efficiency and methane percentage in biogas was investigated. Results: Experimental results showed that kitchen wastes which are not affected by aerobic fermentation can be fermented to methane gas in anaerobic digestion. Also, the addition of sheep manure as a supplier source of anaerobic bacteria increases significantly biogas production. In this case, the mean value of biogas produced was measured about 14/65 ml/(g of dry solid) and 16/25 ml/ (g of dry kitchen waste). In addition, it was concluded, if methanogen source is prepared during about 16-20 days, the biogas production process would be completed in about 24 hours and biogas consists mainly of methane. Discussion and conclusions: Final obtained results from anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste in the presence of methanogen showed that, if the concentration of methanogen bacteria is quite enough before adding to the waste and organic acids production from the first stage of digestion, produced acids are converted to biogas (methane) upon formation and produced gas is mainly methane. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
200 - Industrial Waste Management (Case study: Abbas Abad Industrial Park)
Soudeh Pazouki Hamidreza JafariBackground and Objective: Increasing hazardous industrial waste and lack of necessary regulations for their management have led to serious problems in some parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the situation of collection, transportation, recycling, and d MoreBackground and Objective: Increasing hazardous industrial waste and lack of necessary regulations for their management have led to serious problems in some parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the situation of collection, transportation, recycling, and disposal of hazardous industrial wastes in Abbas Abad Industrial Park of Tehran, Iran. Method: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study performed using questionnaires and local visit during 2013. Findings: In Abbas Abad Industrial Park, 60,000 ton/year or 165ton/day of different industrial waste is produced. The largest proportion of waste includes metal waste which is about 47,232 ton/year or 80%. The smallest proportion is textile waste which is produced at a rate of 34 ton/year or 1%. 90% of the active industries at the Park produce solid industrial waste. Conclusion: Disposal of these wastes is mainly done by selling to trading agencies in amount of about 55%. The wastes of most industrial units at this Park have the potential to be recycled and re-used in other industries in amount of about 33.2%. The best, most economic, and most environment-friendly waste management activity in Abbas Abad Industrial Park is prevention of production, increase in the potential of recycling, and reuse of material with emphasis on sorting at the production site, increase of mechanical sorting, and decrease in production of disposable waste. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
201 - Investigation and prioritization of environmental training methods for separation, collection and management of waste
MajidReza Ganji Lobat Taghavi Ghasemali OmraniBackground and Objective: Since identifying different methods of training for citizens and employing effective ways can pave the way for comprehensive management of residues and solid waste and ultimately sustainable development, they are used to provide a background fo MoreBackground and Objective: Since identifying different methods of training for citizens and employing effective ways can pave the way for comprehensive management of residues and solid waste and ultimately sustainable development, they are used to provide a background for this study. Method: Four instruments were used to collect data including interviews with professors and experts, library studies, documents and questionnaire (main questionnaire specific for Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)). Collected data were analyzed using SPSS and prioritized using AHP technique. In this study, α-Cronbach's value of 0.81 was calculated to obtain reliability. To measure and approve validity, questionnaire was checked out by professors and related experts. Conclusion: Results of AHP technique showed that integration method is the best way to train separation and collection of residues or wastes. Finally, it was concluded thatamong four training methods available in this District 17, integration method is the best one; the best training time is on weekday afternoons; and the best places are schools and parks. It is noteworthy that promoting specialized knowledge of teachers, educators and other individuals related to waste management in municipalities could be effective on efficiency of training methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - Technical and economic study of using Tehran rejected solid waste as a fuel in cement kilns
Azadeh Panahandeh Gholamreza Asadollahfardi Mohsen MirmohammadiBackground and Objective: Daily 7500 tons of municipal solid waste generated in Tehran and after processing, 4000 tons of them remain as rejected waste. Reuse of waste to conserve resources and reduce environmental pollution is necessary. The objective of this study was MoreBackground and Objective: Daily 7500 tons of municipal solid waste generated in Tehran and after processing, 4000 tons of them remain as rejected waste. Reuse of waste to conserve resources and reduce environmental pollution is necessary. The objective of this study was to investigate the technical and economic possibilities of using Tehran rejected waste in cement kilns. Method: The amount of rejected waste was askesd from the Waste Management Organization and their heat value was computed using the Dulong Formula. Then, physical and chemical characteristics of the rejected waste were computed using ultimate analysis. Finally, the cost of producing 1 ton of clinker using gas, Mazut and waste fuel, as well as the cost saving by using waste in kiln No. 8 of the Tehran cement factory were calculated. Findings: Tehran rejected waste contains chemical formulas of C71H107O32NS0.07, 24.72% moisture, 21% ash content and 21.4-23.6 MJ/kg heating value. Therefore, we can produce 3613.54 tons/day of waste fuel with a heat value of 19.63 MJ/kg and 20% moisture content. Also, replacement of 10% of the heating value used in kiln NO. 8 of the Tehran cement factory with waste instead of Mazut will result in a 4.16 billion Rial annual revenue and 282.6 million Rial saving in the cost of waste landfilling. Conclusion: The heating value and sulfur content of Tehran rejected waste meet the requirements of alternative fuel; however, reduction of ash, moisture content and size of waste, as well as increase of heating value of the rejected waste is necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
203 - The effect of waste water on physical and chemical features of soil
Vahid Yazdanee Bijan Ghahreman Kamran Davudee Ebrahim FazeliField and purpose According to huge utilization of domestic and urban wastewaters in planting and agricultural fields around big cities, now a days local researches about this field and observing different outcomes from irrigation by waste water, has got a great importa MoreField and purpose According to huge utilization of domestic and urban wastewaters in planting and agricultural fields around big cities, now a days local researches about this field and observing different outcomes from irrigation by waste water, has got a great importance. Procedure In this research we have used discharging waste water of filtration plant of Parkand Abad of Mashhad (BOD=169.5 & TSS=138 & SAR=14.6) and water of the well (EC=740 micro M per second) as samples. Irrigation and experiments were performed in fields of 4 square meters, which were surrounded by the soil of farm. With waste water and water of the well, fields were irrigated one to five times and every time the amount of irrigation was 150 mm. After that, by using concentric cylinders, absorption potentiality and full hydraulic conduction was estimated. The other chemical and physical parameters of the soil in the fields are presented in standard book of measuring methods. Findings Irrigation with wastewater effects density of the soil and decreases the amount of it. So much so that with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 times increase of wastewater irrigation, relatively we had 2, 6.6, 4, 15.7 and 17.6 percent decrease in density of the soil. Also with increase of irrigation times by wastewater, ions of sodium, phosphorus, nitrates and nickel were increased as well. The maximum increase was seen in nitrates ions (38%) and sodium (84%). The amount of absorption potentiality in irrigated fields with water and wastewater was less than the fields which were not irrigated at all. Besides this absorption was even less in the fields which were irrigated by wastewater. Also from the second irrigation on, because of formation a seleh layer, absorption was suddenly reached to its maximum rate (0.34 mm per minute), which absorption was controlled by this seleh layer. One of the most important reasons of seleh layer formation was existence of sodium particles in wastewater which were absorbed in the soil. It seems that sodium ion causes scattering particles of soil, so due to these fact small particles fills the pores and prevent absorption of water in the soil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
204 - Comparison of the Efficiency of Fe3O4 Magnetite Nanoparticles and Zero-valent Iron Nanoparticles in the Advanced Oxidation Process Based on Diproxipersulfate in Sewage Treatment of Leather Industry
Seyed mohsen Beladi roya mafigholami Ali Hashemi zavarehBackground and Objective: Industrial wastewater treatment is more difficult than urban sewage due to the presence of various pollutants. Sewage produced in the leather industry should be treated to the environment due to having a pollution load and the presence of high MoreBackground and Objective: Industrial wastewater treatment is more difficult than urban sewage due to the presence of various pollutants. Sewage produced in the leather industry should be treated to the environment due to having a pollution load and the presence of high chloride ion before discharge. The advanced oxidation process based on dioxy persulfate is considered a new process in the presence of active agents. This process has a great capability in wastewater treatment with high pollution. In this study, the anion process of persulfate was used with the activation of magnetic iron (Fe3O4) and zero-valent iron at laboratory scale in order to treat and reduce the organic load (COD) waste water of leather industry. Material and Methodology: In this process, the effect of primary pH variables of wastewater (5-9), reaction time (0-60 minutes), Anion concentration of persulfate (50-200 mg per liter) and the amount of iron-containing nanoparticles (0.5-2 grams per liter) were investigated. Findings: The best conditions of the advanced oxidation process in the presence of zero-valent iron include pH 3، The amount of magnetic iron nanoparticles was equal to one gram per liter and the amount of dioxy persulfate was equal to 100 mg per liter. During the mentioned conditions, the efficiency of the process was achieved by 85 percent. The findings revealed that the initial COD (COD process reduced 3,700 milligrams per liter to below 1,000 milligrams per liter ¬COD final to 555 milligrams per liter. Discussion and Conclusion: Advanced oxidation process based on dioxy persulfate in the presence of iron compounds (zero-valent iron and magnetic iron) due to high performance (removal of 85 percent of primary COD and reduction to 555 milligrams per liter, can be used for decomposition and mineralization of pollutants, pollutants, water, especially industrial sewage. The effluent from this system can be drained into municipal wastewater treatment plants, so by reducing COD to 555 mg per liter, it still cannot be used alone. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
205 - Evaluation of Environmental and Technical Risks in the West Ahvaz Wastewater Treatment Plant Construction Project using Hierarchical Analysis Process
Pouria Bizhanzadeh Katayoun Varshosaz Aslan EgdernezhadBackground and Objectives: Considering that urban and industrial sewage are one of the main factors of pollution entering the environment; environmental effects and technical and operational risks resulting from it have always been considered in the operating phase. But MoreBackground and Objectives: Considering that urban and industrial sewage are one of the main factors of pollution entering the environment; environmental effects and technical and operational risks resulting from it have always been considered in the operating phase. But its effects and risks are also important in the construction phase. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the environmental and technical risks of the wastewater treatment plant construction project in the west of Ahvaz with the hierarchical analysis process (AHP) in 2021. Material and Methodology: After the study phase, information related to the project was collected through the survey method and presence at the site of the treatment plant, and all executive processes, equipment and facilities were examined. For this purpose, the E-FMEA method and the opinions of experts were used to identify environmental and technical risks. Then, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used for weighting and prioritizing the parameters of the used method. Findings: In total, 19 environmental risks and 24 technical risks were identified in the processes of the West Ahvaz treatment plant construction project. Environmental and technical risks were similar in the two stages of construction of buildings and installation of tanks and facilities. In other stages, technical risk was more important than environmental. The number difference between the two technical and environmental risks in the stages of excavation, installation of foundation and skeleton of structures was 50, 25 and 66%, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: The comparison of all risks showed that technical risks were about 26% more than environmental risks. In general, the results showed that most of the environmental risks were at an acceptable level and 8 technical risks needed to be resolved as soon as possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
206 - Evaluation of HSE risks in the process of collecting and transferring urban solid waste (Case study of Tehran's 5th and 22nd districts
Manouchehr Omidvari Mahsa Afshari badrloo Farzam BabaeiIntroduction: Waste materials are produced as a result of human activity and work. Population growth and rising living standards increase the quantity of these substances. In other words, solid waste is an integral part of human life. The growth of technology and more u MoreIntroduction: Waste materials are produced as a result of human activity and work. Population growth and rising living standards increase the quantity of these substances. In other words, solid waste is an integral part of human life. The growth of technology and more use of natural resources and energy conversion has increased the size and complexity of solid waste production. These wastes must somehow move away from human habitation or re-enter the material and energy cycle. Today, irrational disposal of waste in addition to many disorders of the ecosystem and the emergence of many dangers in the world. Therefore, it is appropriate to take basic steps in this field to protect the environment and reduce economic losses.Goal: In this study, to achieve general and specific goals, the information collected in the two sections was information related to experts and residents of the two areas of Tehran.Design and Methods: First, Excel software was used to store and analyze information. In this way, the data were entered into Excel software and analyzed, and finally displayed in the form of tables and graphs by regions, and then the criteria and sub-criteria set by experts that the data were collected through a questionnaire. It has been analyzed using super decisions software.Results: The risk assessment form examines three criteria of environmental, safety, and health in two regions 5 and 22, each of which is effective in terms of safety, health, and the environment with weights in both regions 5 and region 22 of Tehran. The main environmental criteria in Zone 5 and the main safety criteria in Zone 22 are the high weight. Risk assessment form (HAZID method) is the environmental criterion of region 5, the highest risk number with 540 is related to dredging activity, washing elements, sweeping, administrative affairs, ..... Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
207 - Identifying and ranking factors influencing the sustainable development of environmental culture in sports
omid mohamadalikhan shahrzad khoramnejadianBackground & Objective: Production of clean energy and elimination of waste is one of the priorities of environmentally friendly societies. By producing biogas from manure, biological pollution in the environment can be reduced and energy can be produced. Phytoremed MoreBackground & Objective: Production of clean energy and elimination of waste is one of the priorities of environmentally friendly societies. By producing biogas from manure, biological pollution in the environment can be reduced and energy can be produced. Phytoremediation is one of the ways to remove soil pollutant. The purpose of this research is to investigate the production of biogas from camel dung and phytoremediation waste and also to identify the variables that improve biogas production using the fuzzy AHP method. Material and Methodology: The loading of camel dung in the digester has been done at different mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures (36-37 and 55). The waste from the lead phytoremediation was mixed with camel dung and was loaded in similar conditions. During 1 month of material loading, biogas production was measured. The results have been analyzed using SPSS software. Findings: The results showed that pH plays an important role in biogas production. The first load was low due to low input feed as well as failing to reach the desired digestion operation, resulting in very low digestive pH, which gradually increased as the number of gas production speeds and gas production increased. It was also found to decrease the amount of biogas production as the amount of refined plant was increased. The parameters were ranked using the fuzzy AHP method. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results, camel dung has a good potential for biogas production. Nitrogen and phosphorus are more important in biogas production and the ratio of volatile solids has the lowest rank according to the fuzzy AHP method. Phytoremediation waste could be used in small amounts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
208 - The efficiency of combined process of electrocoagulation with iron electrodes and a filter columns containing pumice in removing chromium and cyanide from the wastewater of Safa Dasht industrial estate
Seyed mohsen Beladi roya mafigholami mehrad m,ehrdadianBackground and Objectives: Nowadays, environmental preservation is considered a necessary matter for society. Industrial wastewater treatment requires various effective processes, due to their unique physicochemical characteristics. The quality and quantity of industria MoreBackground and Objectives: Nowadays, environmental preservation is considered a necessary matter for society. Industrial wastewater treatment requires various effective processes, due to their unique physicochemical characteristics. The quality and quantity of industrial wastewater are more complicated than human wastewater due to the presence of various industries and must be treated before being discharged into the environment due to their high pollution load. One of the common pollutants in industrial wastewater is heavy metals. The electrocoagulation and filtration process, as an environmentally friendly and integrated process, have a high capability in treating wastewater with high levels of pollution. Material and Methodology: In this study, the electrocoagulation process was used on a laboratory scale to remove chromium (hexavalent) and cyanide metal pollutants. In this process, the effect of various parameters, including the initial pH of the wastewater (5-9), reaction time (0-60 minutes), applied electric current (1-3 Amps), and filtration bed height (10-30 cm) were investigated. Findings: Based on the obtained results, the best conditions for the electrocoagulation process include a pH of 7, a reaction time of 60 minutes, an applied electric current of 3 Amps, and a filter bed height of 30 cm. Under these optimal conditions, the removal efficiency of chromium and cyanide was 92% and 88%, respectively. In this way, in the determined optimal conditions, the concentration of chromium and cyanide decreased from 13 and 0.908 mg/L to 1.56 and 0.72 mg/L, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the standards provided by Iran's Environmental Protection Organization, treated wastewater has the ability to be discharged into the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - An investigation on pollution caused by the changes of physico-chemical characteristic of Saqqez River
Fuad Mustafanejad Amir Hesam HasaniSaqqez River is one of the main source of water resources in Saqqez city that provides water needs for agriculture and drinking water in border river. Human sewage and agricultural resources of this river have pollutants. In this study, physicochemical process of r MoreSaqqez River is one of the main source of water resources in Saqqez city that provides water needs for agriculture and drinking water in border river. Human sewage and agricultural resources of this river have pollutants. In this study, physicochemical process of river pollution in the Saqqez in 1387 and 1388 considered and previous research results in 1383 and 1384 and has been compared. In total during these years the number of 80 samples from 14 stations during 20 sampling Each of the four stations, Tamogha station, Saqqez station, Kani jezhni and Arab oghly removed and the parameters of pH, BOD, COD, DO, TDS, EC, NO3 and ... has been Measurement and analysis. Based on the results, because Saqqez station receiving human sewage and agricultural sources of pollutants in this river Border River provides. Urban wastewater pollution than many other stations are so severe that the increase in BOD5 station, especially in Low water seasons this show has. Overall the situation self-refining river downstream stations BOD5 levels gradually comes down. Agricultural run-off, sewage, human waste and discharge of major pollutants of the river and the danger to the river are. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - Waste management of Food industries in Rasht
Masoud Monavari Zahra Behjat Nejad Zanjani Mahsa AghakhaniRasht, as the center of Gilan province, has the highest number of food industries and since these industries in the northern part of the country, especially Gilan are the most dominant existing ones, it seemed necessary to study management conditions of the food industr MoreRasht, as the center of Gilan province, has the highest number of food industries and since these industries in the northern part of the country, especially Gilan are the most dominant existing ones, it seemed necessary to study management conditions of the food industries’ residuals through observation and filling in topic questionnaires in 40 active industrial units in Rasht. As the first step in this research, the food industries of the city were identified and classified based on their products. Then, active units were specified and their residuals’ management status was studied. Next, obtained data were analyzed using statistical softwares such as SPSS and other softwares were used for drawing relevant tables and diagrams. To study the quality of residuals and their compositions in each food industry group, the temporary storage places were surveyed and through filling in the questionnaires by those in charge the physical analysis of the residuals and the production levels were reviewed the results of which are as follows: Studies showed that the majority of food industries in Rasht did not pay close attention to environmental aspects, particularly the management of their residuals; they did not observe environmental regulations; they considered the cooperation of environment experts costly and problematic and often would not take any measure to analyze their residuals. It is noteworthy that among all food industries of the city only one of them was selected as the “Green Industry”. It was also found that bread, biscuit and drinks producing groups had the highest level of industrial wastes while bread, biscuit and drinks producing groups showed the highest level of domestic wastes. About 63% of the wastes from industrial residuals were recyclable; however only were practically recycled. The most frequent waste disposal methods exercised by the industries were selling (45.6%) and hygienic burying (32%). In addition, some industries burned a part (4.3%) of their wastes in a nonstandard way. The common way of keeping wastes until disposal was open stores in the factory that in itself could cause pollution. The major source of industrial wastes in food industries could be said to be from products (24.32%) and then those of packaging (20.58%). Moreover, the time periods of waste disposal in 48.2% of industries were case disposals and 15.4% of them were reported on a daily basis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - Potential prediction of Methane production from landfill in Iranian metropolises (Tehran, Shiraz, Mashhad, Esfahan, Karaj)
Narges Mohseni Ghasem Ali Omrani Seyed Amir Naser HaratiEnergy recovery from waste is an important and appropriate method for reduction of electrical energy generated from fossil fuel and nonrenewable source of energy. Assessment and prediction of production and emission gas from landfill is important to design of this sites MoreEnergy recovery from waste is an important and appropriate method for reduction of electrical energy generated from fossil fuel and nonrenewable source of energy. Assessment and prediction of production and emission gas from landfill is important to design of this sites and successful use for Methane as a sources of energy. In this study is used from LandGEM v302 software and it is applied volume percentage 61% Methane and it is calculated 164 m3/Mg constant of potential production of landfill Gas for Tehran, Shiraz, Mashhad, Esfahan, Karaj cities and rate constant of methane production 0,06 and considered gas emission and pollutants in those sites. At last, sensitive analyze with different k (distract rate) showed that rate of methane and carbon dioxide from these 5 landfills are 11.15× 107, 8.25×107 m3/year. Also in Tehran landfill 934554 tone Co2 will produce and in Shiraz and Karaj 1.5×106CH4, 9.6×10 5 Co2 m3/year and in Esfahan site 8.46×106 CH4 m3/year and in Mashhad site 3.37×107CH4, 1.72×107CO2 was estimated. Pollutants consist of Vinil colored, Botan, Carbon di sulfide, Choloro di feleoro methane, Banzen, Di choro di feleoro methane, Di choro feleoro methane, Pentane, Hexane,Xylen were over limited standard. Attention to high rate of methane in Iran’s Landfills and piping operations for gas extraction in these sites, will be best alternative for eliminating of this greenhouse gas with applied used from this gas with treatment of it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - Discharge of Industrial Wastewater to Urban Wastewater System: Challenges and Solutions
Aqil Qorbani Seyed Hossein HashemiBackground and Purpose: Discharge of industrial wastewater to urban wastewater system is a way of its management, especially within the cities. If it is not done in proportion to the system’s capacity and under supervision, it may damage urban collection, transfer MoreBackground and Purpose: Discharge of industrial wastewater to urban wastewater system is a way of its management, especially within the cities. If it is not done in proportion to the system’s capacity and under supervision, it may damage urban collection, transfer and treatment systems. Material and Methodology: In this study, impacts of industrial discharges on urban wastewater facilities and the related standards and regulations in the selected countries are reviewed. Finding: The study shows Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Singapore, USA, and Australia and New Zealand consider 13, 10, 14, 22, 34 and 29 variables of industrial wastewater in their standards, respectively. Moreover, USA limits the flow ratio of industrial discharges to urban wastewater. In contrast, Iran has no standard for industrial discharges to urban wastewater facilities and there is just one guideline to regulate discharges in industrial towns, which consists eight variables. Moreover, the lack of assessment of urban wastewater network and treatment capacity to accept industrial discharges which, often due to deficiency of information and experience in this field, can disrupt sewage transmission and treatment processes. Discussion and Conclusion: As a result, setting national standard and guideline up to regulate industrial discharges to urban wastewater system, assessment of network and treatment plant capacity for accepting industrial discharges, and monitoring and supervision of these discharges to discover and prevent unauthorized discharges are critical measures to manage industrial wastewater especially within the cities in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
213 - Investigation on Thresholds of Criteria Affecting Site Selection of Municipal Landfills
Akram Bemani Mahdi Mozaiffar Malihe ErfaniBackground Objective: Solid waste landfill site selection requires proper studies and management practices, and many criteria affect the site selection of suitable landfill, not paying attention to them can cause severe environmental pollution and harm to humans. Severa MoreBackground Objective: Solid waste landfill site selection requires proper studies and management practices, and many criteria affect the site selection of suitable landfill, not paying attention to them can cause severe environmental pollution and harm to humans. Several criteria have been proposed to select the appropriate site for landfill, each of them cause specific restrictions and requirements for location. In other words, each criterion is based on scientific fields, so that such studies have found multidimensional identity and interdisciplinary structure. Methods and materials: In this study, the most important criteria affecting the landfill site selection based on lecture review and study of various guidelines have been identified. In this study, in addition to introducing these criteria, the importance of each of the mentioned criteria in the site selection of municipal landfill is discussed. For all these criteria, numerical values of appropriate thresholds were also investigated in different studies. Results: Some of the most important criteria are slope, bedrock, faults, distance from surface water sources, depth of groundwater, dominant wind, rainfall, protected areas, distance from urban and rural settlements, land use, distance from road network. Locations and distance from historical and ancient centers. Discussion: Due to the lack of a coherent study on the importance of criteria and thresholds, this study could be used as a model for landfill site selection considering the environmental characteristics of the area by researchers and decision makers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
214 - The Effect of Plasma Oxygen on Wool Dyeing for Modifying Dyeing Fiber Surface Properties and Reducing the Environmental Effects of Wastewater Dyeing Industry
Akhtar Sadat Mousavi Hassan Khatami Seyed Mahmood Tabatabaei Hanzaei Seyed Kazem MousaviBackground and scope: dyeing industry wastewater has a high rate of contamination due to the presence of heavy metals and therefore, several methods have been developed to reduce the environmental impact of wastewater in this industry. The aim of this study is to use pl MoreBackground and scope: dyeing industry wastewater has a high rate of contamination due to the presence of heavy metals and therefore, several methods have been developed to reduce the environmental impact of wastewater in this industry. The aim of this study is to use plasma technique as a rapid, low-cost and environmentally friendly process which has the ability of removing metal mordants by using low amounts of chemical compounds with minimal impact on the environment pollution.Methods: In this study, color features of wool dyed samples were evaluated and compared under CIE (L* a* b*). And finally, chemical and physical changes of row fiber and plasma after dyeing were performed using SEM and FTIR analysis.Findings: The research shows that plasma treatment for 3 minutes and 180 W has affected the wool fiber surface and improves the uptake of dye in the fiber without the use of metal mordants.Conclusion: Due to the fact that the industry is demanding cheap and convenient methods for dye adsorption and removal of metals, using the mentioned method compared to other conventional methods in textile industry is much faster, cheaper and cleaner. Moreover, the valuable properties of fibers are maintained and new properties are added selectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
215 - Zoning the concentration of chromium and nickel contaminants in the industrial lands with emphasis on wastewater treatment process (Case study: Safa Dashte industrial city of Karaj)
Farideh Hamraz Azita BehbahaniniaBackground and Objective: As a result of the development of industries and the entry of waste water from industrial factories into the environment, the ecosystem around the factories and surface and underground waters are in danger of pollution. In this research, MoreBackground and Objective: As a result of the development of industries and the entry of waste water from industrial factories into the environment, the ecosystem around the factories and surface and underground waters are in danger of pollution. In this research, the effect of released wastewater plating industry in Safadasht Industrial Park of Karaj on the concentration of heavy metals in the area was studied in spring and summer. Material and Methodology: Sampling was carried out at a distance of 70, 120, 220, 320 and 430 meters from the industrial complex around the discharge path. The method of digestion and atomic absorption of flame was used to measure chromium and nickel content in samples. Findings: The average results of soil samples were 1.15 to 2.12 for chromium and 1.07 to 1.73 for nickel in spring and 1.39 to 3.46 for chromium and 1.83 to 3.13 for μg / g for nickel in summer. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of the comparison of the levels of chromium and nickel in the soil in spring and summer, according to global standards, show that at all stations in both seasons the amount of chromium and nickel is lower than global standards. The zoning results show that the concentration of the elements in the samples increased with increasing distance from the wastewater to the environment at a distance of 430 meters. The reason for this can be the release of wastewater and its washed off by runoff during seasons from the industrial complex around the distances. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - Methods of wastewater refining in extracting and processing of crude oil in order to prevent water pollution
Maryam Rafati Hamid FarshadfarBackground and Objective: Due to its significant volume and pollution, the extracting and processing of wastewater from crude oil is a serious challenge in oil industries. The discharge of these wastewaters to the acceptor environment or to reuse them requires the provi MoreBackground and Objective: Due to its significant volume and pollution, the extracting and processing of wastewater from crude oil is a serious challenge in oil industries. The discharge of these wastewaters to the acceptor environment or to reuse them requires the provision of environmental standards. Therefore, the study of different wastewater refine methods is of great importance. Materials and Methods: In this study, the different processes of wastewater refinery produced in oil industry units included the first, second (physicochemical methods), and third stages of refinery methods (biological) were studied.Results: The first refinery stage is used as the most widely used method based on water weight dispute, oil, and sand, and its biggest drawback is the lack of gathering particles smaller than 150 microns. The second refinery stage included flocculation and air flotation methods and the efficiency of this method for water polluted by oil is 95%, and one of the most disadvantages of this method are high costs of chemical supplies and maintenance. The third refinery stage is the biological method which has the highest efficiency in wastewater refinery, and disadvantages of this method including high electrical and mechanical equipment, and also high costs due to high energy consumption.Discussion and Conclusions: The second and third refinery stages are expensive and one can be stated that the combination of the second or third method with the first stage is achieved as the most efficient method in extracting and processing of crude oil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - Wastewater Management in Aquaculture for Sustainable Production: Nitrogen Compounds Removal Methods
Mohammad Hossein Khanjani Alireza MohammadiBackground and Objectives: Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing sectors of agriculture in the world today. The intensive development of the aquaculture industry has been accompanied by an increase in environmental impacts. The production process generates substanti MoreBackground and Objectives: Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing sectors of agriculture in the world today. The intensive development of the aquaculture industry has been accompanied by an increase in environmental impacts. The production process generates substantial amounts of polluted effluent, containing uneaten feed and feces. Discharges from aquaculture into the aquatic environment contain nutrients, various organic and inorganic compounds such as nitrogenous compounds (ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate), phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon and organic matter. Ammonia (NH3) is the product of fish respiration and decomposition of excess organic matter. Chemoautotrophic bacteria (Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter) tend to oxidize ammonium ions to nitrite and nitrate ions. Interest in closed aquaculture systems is increasing, mostly due to biosecurity, environmental and marketing advantages over conventional extensive and semi-intensive systems. When water is reused, some risks such as pathogen introduction, escapement of exotic species and discharging of waste water (pollution) are reduced and even eliminated. In current review, we will discuss on inorganic nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture. Materials and Methodology: This research is in terms of the nature of the review, which has studied the subject by reviewing scientific sources. Results: The most common way to remove nitrogenous waste material in aquaculture system, is including; water exchange, aeration, cut off feeding, use of zeolite mineral and the biological control.Discussion and Conclusion: the most suitable method for controlling inorganic nitrogen compounds is consumption and reduction of nitrogen in the same place by bacteria (biochemical method). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - Evaluation of waste situation in Yazd city Using D.P.S.R model and planning strategies for wast Management
Mohammad hossein Saraei Mahin Hazeri Marziyah AsadalaeiTarget field: With the increasing urban population, increasing prosperity, extreme consumerism and changing patterns of people's lives, has increased the amount of waste. In the absence of waste management, will be many environmental problems. The purpose of the researc MoreTarget field: With the increasing urban population, increasing prosperity, extreme consumerism and changing patterns of people's lives, has increased the amount of waste. In the absence of waste management, will be many environmental problems. The purpose of the research is to evaluate and understand the current state of waste in Yazd city, to explain and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the waste system, and to formulate waste management strategies for this city.Analysis method: The nature and method of research is descriptive - analytical. Information is collected by field and library studies. This study was conducted in Yazd city. The waste situation in Yazd city is studied by D.P.S.R model. Driving forces include population, household welfare and consumption pattern. Pressure factors are commercial, office, educational, cultural, industrial workshops, health centers. After examining the Driving forces and pressure factors, the present situation is described. The swot model has been used to provide responses.Findings: Region 2 with the highest density of the population has the highest amount of waste in the Yazd city. Per capita waste in1 Region, is lower than other areas of Yazd city. Per capita waste in 3 Region is higher than other parts of the city. The implementation of source separation program is the most important strength and lack of citizen participation is the most important weakness. Low waste per capita and sustainable employment through the recycling industry is the most important opportunities. The negative attitudes to waste-related occupations and the inadequate cooperation of other organs are the most important threats.Results: Population density leads to more waste production, but the composition of waste depends on the welfare status of citizens. Comparison of wet and dry waste in Yazd city in 1385 and 1394 shows that the amount of dry waste has increased compared to wet waste, which is an indication of the change in the consumption pattern in Yazd city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
219 - Evaluation of Performance and Quality of Effluent in Birjand Wastewater Treatment Plant for Agricultural Purposes
Mohammad Hosein Fathabadi Mohammad Hosein Ahmadi Shadmehri Seyed Masoud Faiz Sayyid Ali BanihashemiBasis and Goal: Today, the most basic action to control pollution from wastewater and their reuse is the construction of a wastewater treatment plant and strict monitoring of their operation. Disposal of non-standard effluents and their use in agriculture or surface wat MoreBasis and Goal: Today, the most basic action to control pollution from wastewater and their reuse is the construction of a wastewater treatment plant and strict monitoring of their operation. Disposal of non-standard effluents and their use in agriculture or surface water discharge will lead to many health and environmental risks. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of auditing the environmental performance and quality of Birjand wastewater treatment plant for agricultural use. Method of Studing: This study was conducted in 1399 using a cross-sectional study method from 1396 to 1398 on the wastewater treatment plant of Birjand. Finding: The findings showed that the COD index with an average of 225 had the highest non-compliance with the standard in 1396. TSS index with an average of 153 is in the second place, total coliform with an average of 1300 in the third place and gastrointestinal coliform with an average of 502.5 are in the fourth place. In 1398, these indicators are in a standard and optimal condition. Results: Comparison of the results of the current study with the effluent standards showed that the use of the effluent of this treatment plant for agricultural purposes is recommended due to compliance with the effluent standards. This trend has shown a favorable situation during the years 1396 to 1398. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
220 - Systematic management of waste on sustainable development with SWOT technique (Case study of Pardis City
Sara Mashayekh Azita Behbahaninia shahrzad khoramnejadianBackground and Objective: Today waste management is a significant issue in the world, which is of vital importance. The growing population and, consequently, the increase in the production of wastes have made solid waste management the most important issue in recent dec MoreBackground and Objective: Today waste management is a significant issue in the world, which is of vital importance. The growing population and, consequently, the increase in the production of wastes have made solid waste management the most important issue in recent decades. Analysis methodology: In this research, in order to manage solid waste in the new city of Pardis, checklist from the series of stages of production to waste disposal was prepared and data was collected using a survey, interview and a questionnaire. The Delphi method was used to identify the internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and the external factors (opportunities and threats). A list of the internal and external factors affecting the waste management strategies in the region was prepared and a number of experienced people as Delphi group were asked to comment on the internal and external factors affecting waste management. After identifying the internal and external factors, the weighting of the criteria was done by AHP method and then all possible strategies were classified in ST, WO, SO and WT categories. Findings: Among the identified components, two factors lack of inorganic coordination and unsafe landfill of solid waste in The final landfill location with a weight score (0.774) was identified as the most basic weakness and two factors of the lack of coordination and environmental pollution with a weight score (0.881) as The most fundamental threat to the solid waste management system was identified. Discussion and Conclusions: Therefore, all the main factors (reduction at the source, production, storage, processing and management on site, collection, transportation, recycling, disposal and post-disposal care) should be included in the agenda of the solid waste organization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
221 - Assessment of quantity and management on medical wastes of South Khorasan province during 2014 -2015
Elham Yousefi Zeynab Karimzadeh Motlag Fatemeh Doagoyan Morteza NakhainejadBackground and Aims: This article is intended to update the statistics and medical information of South Khorasan province in the number of hospitals, health centers, clinics and physicians' offices, the amount and type of waste produced and way of collection and destruc MoreBackground and Aims: This article is intended to update the statistics and medical information of South Khorasan province in the number of hospitals, health centers, clinics and physicians' offices, the amount and type of waste produced and way of collection and destruction of these centers the county of the province has been divided.Materials and Methodology: Collecting data and monitoring the province's medical wastes. Visitors and monitored for three weeks and review the management of medical waste and getting information from the authorities was performed.Results: The total quantity mean of waste generated in the Medical waste of Province are 228/1537 kg/day. This amount for infectious and sharp, pathological and chemical-pharmaceutical wastes are 1490.84, 13.39 and 33.998 kg/day respectively. The type of medical waste (infectious and sharp, pathological and chemical-pharmaceutical wastes) for hospitals by 1106, 12.33 and 28.695, medical centers 182.47, 0, 0.438, clinic 158.65, 0, 1.56, laboratories 21.73, 1.06, 1.08 and offices 21.99, 0 and 2.225 kg per day.Conclusion: According to the 1044 number of beds in these facilities, the per capita production of waste per bed per day, compared to the national average of 1.098 kg is estimated that the situation is better. According to a survey conducted, the least amount of problem is in government waste producing centers and in the field of infectious waste. Also in connection with the chemical and pharmaceutical wastes existence a program written in province in regarding the management and destruction of is much felt. Finally, it can be said that most of the problems is in the field of private sector producer of medical waste, the organization and its management is being implemented and it is hoped that this path be taken more quickly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
222 - Evaluation of Biogas Potential from Rural Wastes (Case Study: Abyaneh Village)
Ali Daryabeigi zand Maryam Rabiee AbyanehBiogas is one of the renewable energy sources that is produced by the decomposition of organic materials as a result of the activity of anaerobic bacteria. Putrifiable materials in municipal and rural wastes are of biomass sources that can be used in biogas production. MoreBiogas is one of the renewable energy sources that is produced by the decomposition of organic materials as a result of the activity of anaerobic bacteria. Putrifiable materials in municipal and rural wastes are of biomass sources that can be used in biogas production. Establishment of biogas production units can be considered as an effective step to resolve waste management issues as well as emissions of environmental pollutants.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of biogas production from rural wastes in Abyaneh village to address waste management issues in the region. For this purpose after quantitative and qualitative study of waste production in Abyaneh village, applicable amount of waste that can be used in biogas plants was determined and the potential of biogas production from them was calculated. The amount of recoverable biogas from organic waste produced in Abyaneh village was determined to be 24407546.68 m2 per year. On average 15864905.34 m2 of methane per year can be generated, which is equivalent to 34268195.55 MJ of energy. Obtained results demonstrated that wastes generated in Abyaneh village can be considered a suitable source for biogas production based on its quantity and composition. It is suggested to establish biogas production plants in the region which can be used to reduce the volume of wastes, transportation and disposal costs and improve human health. Also the energy produced from it can be used for cooking, lighting, power generation and transportation fuel. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - A Review of Various Suitable Methods of Dry Anaerobic Digestion for Agricultural Wastes Disposal in Iran
Laleh Ghafghazi Lobat TaghaviBackground and Objective: Dry anaerobic digestion is a cost-effective method to purify and recover agricultural waste. Agricultural production statistics (over 128 million tonnes in 2019-2020) and its consequent high waste production (38 million tonnes per year) indicat MoreBackground and Objective: Dry anaerobic digestion is a cost-effective method to purify and recover agricultural waste. Agricultural production statistics (over 128 million tonnes in 2019-2020) and its consequent high waste production (38 million tonnes per year) indicate the need for optimal disposal of this biomass. The purpose of article is identification and compare dry anaerobic digesters for optimal management of agricultural waste disposal in Iran. Material and Methodology: This article is the result of several internal and foreign online sources: Google Scholar, Science Direct, Research Gate, and publishers Elsevier, Springer, Frontiers, and Civilica with the keywords of agricultural waste, biogas, and dry anaerobic digestion. Findings: The results of the study show that good performance, low-cost energy, and maintenance are the benefits of mesophilic temperature conditions in dry anaerobic plants. Hydraulic retention times varied from 20 to 35 days, with mean total solids above 15% and mean methane percent at 55%. Batch digesters are a relatively simple and acceptable technology for disposal of agricultural waste but sustainability of biogas supply can be easier with continuous reactors, despite the high need for maintenance and management. Disscusion and Conclusion: This technology, for its efficiency and flexibility, is essential for the high utilization of agricultural waste, and sustainable development of biogas. Appropriate technology to increase biogas productivity is suggested, by considering geographical features, production tonnage, and characteristics of agricultural waste. The batch anaerobic process in provinces of Iran that have smaller-scale agricultural activities is more effective than continuous digestion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - An Overview of Nano Adsorbents Application in Water and Wastewater Treatment System
Seyedeh Hoda Rahmati Khashayar Mohammadbeigi Rohollah Bagheri Seyed Mostafa Sadati KiadehiBackground and Objective: In recent decade, various researches have been performed on the application of nanoparticles in the water and wastewater industries. In generally, these nanoparticles are divided to carbon nanotubes, metal oxide nanoparticles. Carbon nanotubes MoreBackground and Objective: In recent decade, various researches have been performed on the application of nanoparticles in the water and wastewater industries. In generally, these nanoparticles are divided to carbon nanotubes, metal oxide nanoparticles. Carbon nanotubes have a high active specific surface, while easy reuse. Metal oxide nanoparticles have the proper selectivity for absorbing toxic compounds and heavy metals. Polymeric nanoadsorbents have Bifunctional (inner shell adsorbs organics, outer branches adsorb heavy metals) and reusable. Zeolites have high specific surface and adsorption ability. In this paper has been studied a review of nanoadsorbents and their applications in water and wastewater treatment systems. Analysis methodology: Research documents and data have been gathered based on review articles methodology by searching the reference data banks of articles and scientific resources and researches conducted inside and outside Iran in the field of nano adsorbents for water and wastewater treatment systems. Findings: The results of this study shows that there are many research about iron oxide and carbon nanotubes, but less research is done in the field of silver nanoparticles with high antibacterial properties to remove viruses, bacteria and fungi from water and wastewater. Discussion and Conclusions: Regard to development and applications of nanoabsorbents in the field of water and wastewater treatment systems, it is suggested that researches with an applied and industrial point of view be considered in the research and scientific centers of the country to enable the possibility of water recovery and optimization of the treatment system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
225 - A Survey on the Status of Municipal Waste Source Separation in Zanjan City
Farzaneh Gharajelou Younes Khosravi Abdolohossein Pari Zanganeh Abbasali ZamaniBackground and purpose: Human progress and increasing growth of population increase municipal waste production. According to this issue, for decreasing the destructive effects of municipal wastes, efficient management plan are need that it is first phase of wastes separ MoreBackground and purpose: Human progress and increasing growth of population increase municipal waste production. According to this issue, for decreasing the destructive effects of municipal wastes, efficient management plan are need that it is first phase of wastes separation. Therefore, the main goal of this research is survey on the status separation of municipal waste source and introducing methods that increase public participation. Analysis method: The statistical society of this research is the citizens of triple areas of Zanjan city. For this purpose, 450 questionnaires were prepared based on random cluster sampling of distribution. Mixing both interview and questionnaire method were used in this study. Data were summarized in frequency tables and relations and differences between variables were determined using descriptive and analytical statistical methods like Dunck and Mann Whitney, Chi square. SPSS 20 and Excel software’s have been used in data analysis. Results and Discussion: Data of this study show that approximately 70% of citizens in Zanjan city are volunteers for implementing of waste source separation plan. Now the municipal waste source separation is done only in 38% of statistical society in this case study. The most important reason of citizens for fulfill this plan was the increase of the cleanliness of the city and the environmental protection (66%). The most important reason for lack of waste source separation was the lack of necessary facilities in the city (50%). The level of received training of 90% of statistical society is poor or very poor, and 7% of societies are satisfied from instructions and notices of media about separation plan, that shows the poor performance of recycle management. Conclusion: The results of research indicate that there are factors that are effective in the level of awareness of society about waste source separation plan. Among the affecting factors, education level, family income and residential area were more evident. Also, it hasn't been seen any relationship between gender, marital status and age and environmental awareness. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
226 - Modeling of municipal waste landfill in QGIS environment (Case study of Zahedan city)
khadijhe safari Seyed Ali Jozi Sahar rezaianBackground and Objective: Waste management, which is one of the most important tasks of metropolitan urban management around the world, is also one of the most complex and costly problems of urban management. Precise principles of locating different activities in the ci MoreBackground and Objective: Waste management, which is one of the most important tasks of metropolitan urban management around the world, is also one of the most complex and costly problems of urban management. Precise principles of locating different activities in the city Due to the nature of urban problems are very much solved. Lack of proper management and not choosing the right location for landfilling municipal waste creates problems for the environment. Material and Methodology: In this paper, method 3 is presented with the aim of modeling municipal landfills in QGIS environment in Zahedan city. First, the effective criteria in selecting the burial site according to the conditions of the region and with the opinion of experts (Delphi questionnaire) were examined and 18 sub-criteria were determined in two groups, ecological criteria and socio-economic criteria. All steps, except for determining the weight and examining the internal relationships of the criteria, were coded in the QGIS open source software and the location system of the municipal waste landfill was developed in the open source context. Findings: QGIS 3.16 software was used to build a landfill for Zahedan landfill. It is possible to use open source software to develop numerical numerical models in the process of assessing the suitability of land for landfill use. In general, the use of geographic information systems, the possibility of spatial analysis, analysis and storage, definition Different functions have provided appropriate visual representation in order to locate with different criteria, descriptive information of spatial and non-spatial data. Discussion and Conclusion: The results obtained in QGIS software are completely consistent with the results obtained from the implementation of the process in ARC GIS software. QGIS software is a suitable method with the aim of faster and smarter selection of landfill location criteria in Zahedan city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
227 - Punitive measures of the Iranian legal system in the matter of waste (Comparative study with French law)
sayed hadi mosavi Ebrahim Taghizade Ali ChahcandinejadToday, waste management is one of the most essential axes of sustainable development. The growing trend of waste production has doubled the need to pay attention to this issue. The present study is based on descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources MoreToday, waste management is one of the most essential axes of sustainable development. The growing trend of waste production has doubled the need to pay attention to this issue. The present study is based on descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources, including books and related research. In our country, Article 50 of the Constitution and the Law on Waste Management, as well as other scattered laws, including the Islamic Penal Code, have established appropriate legal capacities in waste management. Among the envisaged mechanisms is the guarantee of criminal executions for perpetrators of actions outside the framework and legal rules in the field of waste. Unlike some countries that have used both the tools of imprisonment and fines to control this issue, the punitive policy of the Iranian legal system is based on the fine of the offender and does not mention imprisonment as a deterrent mechanism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
228 - New Method of Water and Wastewater Treatment Using Electron Beams
seyed mohammad mousavianRelease of several types of pollutants to the environment and implementation of ever strict environmental rules and the inability of traditional treatment methods to completely eliminate or reduce the pollutants to a standards level lead to study and develop of new trea MoreRelease of several types of pollutants to the environment and implementation of ever strict environmental rules and the inability of traditional treatment methods to completely eliminate or reduce the pollutants to a standards level lead to study and develop of new treatment processes such as the electron beams. The electron beams irradiation to water and wastewater resulting generation of reducing and oxidizing species (OH•, H•, e-aq) that react quickly and non-selectively with contaminants in the water and wastewater and then decompotion them. In this paper, the history of using of electron beam and its applications in environmental pollution control in various scales, electron accelerators as electron beams production tools, reactors used for irradiation, Factors affecting the efficiency of this method, electron beams systems and advantages and disadvantages of electron beams is presented. Due to the strengths of this method than conventional methods and also lower costs and better performance, especially in the field of disinfection, sewage, sludge and color removal of wastewater industries, in the near future, is not far from the mind to be introduced as one of the key technologies in protecting the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
229 - Investigation of Sewage Treatment Conditions in Guilan Province Hospitals
Abdolreza Karimi Zahra Rahimi RashtabadiHospital wastewater contains a variety of pollutants, a large amount of pathogenic microorganisms, viruses, radioactive materials, etc., which unless treated and disposed properly, can cause serious damage to human beings and the environment. The purposes of this study MoreHospital wastewater contains a variety of pollutants, a large amount of pathogenic microorganisms, viruses, radioactive materials, etc., which unless treated and disposed properly, can cause serious damage to human beings and the environment. The purposes of this study are to investigate the wastewater treatment and disposal conditions and the effluent quality in Guilan hospitals.In this study, besides the investigation of wastewater management conditions in Guilan hospitals with wastewater treatment plants, the sewage treatment performance was assessed in one of the hospitals. Qualitative indicators including total coliform, fecal coliform, pH, DO, BOD5, COD, TSS, total phosphate, ammonia, nitrate and silver in the effluent were assessed and the lab results were compared to the standards of Iran Department of Environment.According to statistical results, 10 out of the 34 studied Guilan hospitals have active wastewater treatment systems. Furthermore, the qualitative assessment showed that pH, COD, BOD5, DO, phosphate, nitrate, silver, total coliform and fecal coliform levels in the hospital conform to the standards of Iran Department of Environment. However, reduction of ammonia and TSS levels should be considered. A number of hospitals in Guilan do not have wastewater treatment plant and their wastewater is discharged into municipal wastewater collection systems or drains. On the other hand, a number of hospitals with wastewater treatment plants do not work properly. Therefore, it is important to consider executive decisions regarding new wastewater treatment technologies and upgrading treatment process in existing wastewater treatment plants. Keywords: Hospital Wastewater, Effluent Quality, Wastewater Treatment, Ammonia Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
230 - Providing optimal methods for water treatment and waste water containing sulfur color
Sahar Tabibian Azam pirkaramiAbstract Sulfur dyes are inexpensive and mainly used for coloring cellulosic textile materials or mixtures of cellulosic fibers. Sodium sulfite is relatively inexpensive and considered as traditional reducing agents and used for sulfur dyes and dyeing, But touch it, is MoreAbstract Sulfur dyes are inexpensive and mainly used for coloring cellulosic textile materials or mixtures of cellulosic fibers. Sodium sulfite is relatively inexpensive and considered as traditional reducing agents and used for sulfur dyes and dyeing, But touch it, is toxic and dangerous.Using it may be Leave harmful residues on fabrics completed and and produces wastewater which it’s treatment is difficult and damage to the environment. Textile industries are met with high cost of water and wastewater treatment, as well as stringent environmental regulations. In this study, a variety of methods, including methods of physical, chemical and biological treatment of industrial wastewater containing paint application of sulfur was investigated This study concludes with recommendations for additional measures to improve treatment processes that can be done from both a technical and economic point of view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
231 - Providing a Framework based on Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) consideration using FAHP in the Demolition of Buildings (Case study: Saadat Abad Tehran)
Mohammad Hossein Shahabadi Mohammad Reza Fathi Mohammad Hasan MalekiThis study provides a framework to examine the issues of health, safety and environmental concerns associated with the demolition of the buildings. For this purpose, firstly, the existing problems, in the field of building’s demolition in Tehran and deficiencies i MoreThis study provides a framework to examine the issues of health, safety and environmental concerns associated with the demolition of the buildings. For this purpose, firstly, the existing problems, in the field of building’s demolition in Tehran and deficiencies in state and municipal laws were identified. Checking the existing problems in association with the study of Saadat Abad incident showed that demolition topic, requires fast actions and effective remedies. Besides extraction of the existing defects, according to the available literature and the results of the researcher's efforts, Effective factors on buildings demolition were obtained. According to the experts, including university professors and demolition contractors, significant factors were identified and prioritized using FAHP method. Finally, after obtained results and the significance of the factors, corrective strategies and a functional model for improving the current circumstances is presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
232 - Survey of Soil Pollution of Zahedan City Landfill by Heavy Metals (Chromium, Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic) Using Pollution Load Index and Ecological Risk
Fatemeh Bazzi Mohammad Reza Rezaei Mohammad Hossein Sayadi AnariAbstract Soil pollution and accumulation of heavy metals in soil are one of the most important environmental issues that threaded the life of plants, animals and humans. Heavy metals due to their toxicity, stability and bioaccumulation are the serious environmental poll MoreAbstract Soil pollution and accumulation of heavy metals in soil are one of the most important environmental issues that threaded the life of plants, animals and humans. Heavy metals due to their toxicity, stability and bioaccumulation are the serious environmental pollutions. This study aimed to evaluate heavy metals pollution of landfill soil of Zahedan city in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Measurement of heavy metals performed in April 2016 at 10 sites based on common standards, by using of random sampling method. 20 composite samples were collected from surface and depth of the soil. After sample preparation, total amount of Chromium, Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic in the soil samples were extracted by nitric acid and for statistical analysis used the SPSS software version 23. The results of ANOVA on samples of the surface and depth of the soil for these elements have been suggested that there is a significant difference at different stations. The results of PLI study showed that the soil of landfill of Zahedan with PLI value less than 2, has low pollution and the highest pollution in surface and depth of the soil is respectively related to station 2 and 1. The results also showed that heavy metals, Chromium, Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic in surface and depth of the soil with Ecological Risk 203.855 and 236.93 respectively which is located in the category of moderate contamination of Ecological Risk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
233 - Environmental Effects of Zehabad-e-Qazvin Lead and Zinc Mine
Farzad Sotohian Leila Hojjati Saeed SharifiProtection of environment is one of the most important principles of sustainable development in each country. Accumulation of heavy metals in the soil and water threaten the life of organisms in all ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to investigate the environ MoreProtection of environment is one of the most important principles of sustainable development in each country. Accumulation of heavy metals in the soil and water threaten the life of organisms in all ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to investigate the environmental effect of Zehabad-e-Qazvin Mine which is one of the active mines in Qazvin province. Exploitation of this mine lead to environmental pollution and releasing of toxic and hazardous elements by mineral processing and accumulation of waste materials into hydraulic systems (surface and ground waters) as well as soil in the region. Sampling was done on 120 soil types and 18 water samples in 7 stations in the mine zone. The results of analysis of lead and zinc in the soil and water in this region were compared to international standards of EPA and their permissible limit. The results of the present study showed that the level of lead and zinc elements in the sampling stations is more than standard level and permissible limit. Furthermore, the present study showed that the solid wastes and wastewater produced in this mine have imposed irreparable damages to environment mso-j -a �� x�� om:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";} یکی از ارکان مهم توسعه پایدار هر کشوری حفظ محیط­زیست آن است. تجمع فلزات سنگین در آب و خاک، زندگی جانداران هر اکوسیستمی را تهدید می­نماید. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی اثرات محیط­زیستی معدن زه آباد قزوین که از جمله معادن فعال این استان است، می­باشد. آلودگی محیط­زیست ناشی از بهره­برداری این معدن منجر به آزاد­سازی عناصر سمی و مضر از طریق فراوری ماده معدنی و به ویژه انباشت­های مواد باطله به داخل سیستم هیدرولیکی (آب­های سطحی و زیر زمینی) و نیز خاک منطقه گردیده است. نمونه­برداری از 120 تیپ خاکی و 18 نمونه آبی در 7 ایستگاه در منطقه معدنی صورت گرفت. نتایج آنالیزها و تطبیق آن با استانداردهای جهانی [1]EPA در مورد عناصر سرب و روی در خاک و آب منطقه و حد مجاز آن مقایسه گردید. نتایج این آزمایش بیانگر آن است که میزان عناصر سرب و روی در ایستگاه­های نمونه­برداری شده بیش از حد مجاز و استاندارد می­باشد. در این میان مشخص گردید که باطله­ها و پساب­های تولید شده صدمات جبران ناپذیری را بر محیط­زیست ناحیه وارد آورده است. 4- Environment Protection Agency Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
234 - Agricultural waste utilization and efficiency in the removal of heavy metals and dyes from water and wastewater: optimal absorption studies
Mohammad Sadegh Niknam Afsaneh Shahbazi Javad FarajlouAdsorption process is proven as one of the world's best water purification technology according to its efficiencies and widespread usage. Up to now, very valuable efforts have been done to the application of municipal and industrial solid waste usage in wastewater treat MoreAdsorption process is proven as one of the world's best water purification technology according to its efficiencies and widespread usage. Up to now, very valuable efforts have been done to the application of municipal and industrial solid waste usage in wastewater treatment. The use of agricultural waste is appropriate as a low cost adsorbent, based on their effect on reducing the cost of waste disposal and on helping to protect the environment. In this study, the adsorption efficiency of various agricultural wastes in removal of hazardous pollutant, such as heavy metals and organic dyes from wastewater, have been investigated. Analyzing the respective literature, it seems that the agricultural wastes have a great potential for the removal of pollutants. The related studies about heavy metals removal showed that maximum absorption efficiency was obtained by the rice husk, green pistachio peel and orange peel with more than 99 percent efficiency, and the minimum performance occurs in the pomegranate peel with 55 percent efficiency. For dyes removal, the maximum absorption efficiency was occurred by hazelnut shell, maize stem, and pistachio shell with over than 99 percent and the minimum color removal efficiency was approximately 44 percent by removal of potato peel. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
235 - Recognition, classification and waste management of shiraz oil Refinery based on RCRA method
Parvin Sabet Eghlidi Hady Zarei Ghasem ali OmraniAbstractThe management of Industrial solid wastes such as oil sludge and un industrial wastes is one of themost appropriate methods for reducing the adverse effects of industrial activities on the environment.The purpose of this study is identifying and classification o MoreAbstractThe management of Industrial solid wastes such as oil sludge and un industrial wastes is one of themost appropriate methods for reducing the adverse effects of industrial activities on the environment.The purpose of this study is identifying and classification of wastes in order to manage them until thelast stage of waste management in shiraz oil refinery. The field study has been accomplished in Shirazoil refinery. Based on the research, after studying production process, the points of waste production,and the period of waste discharge, the type and tonnage of waste production were recognized. Thenspecific codes allocated to the recognized wastes by RCRA and separated to dangerous and nondangerouswastes. After recognizing the productive residues specified by rule's RCRA the resultsshowed that 43% of productive industrial wastes in Shiraz oil refinery are dangerous. Of totaldangerous wastes recognized, 91% were in the list of F (lists of dangerous wastes with unknownsource) and of 9% in K list (lists of dangerous wastes with specified source) so that, 54 % of wastemass have toxic properties, 22% of flammability, 23% reactive and 1% were corrosive. Finally, thecorrect way of productive residues in Shiraz oil refinery should be based on the hierarchical presentedof Environmental Protection Agency of America, and it was offered to use the new methods forreducing the production of oil sludge and suggested a place with the appropriate specifications in orderto Maintain the special industrial waste. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
236 - Study of pollution resulting from leachate in Rasht solid waste land fill
Masoud Monavari Ghasemali Omrani Fatemeh GhanbariStudy of environmental and sanitary environment of landfill of urban solid wastes is of high importance due to creation of different pollutions. The most important pollutant, is leachate of the resulting from solid wastes. Solid waste leachate may penetrate into surface MoreStudy of environmental and sanitary environment of landfill of urban solid wastes is of high importance due to creation of different pollutions. The most important pollutant, is leachate of the resulting from solid wastes. Solid waste leachate may penetrate into surface and underground water and pollute these resources. Rasht solid waste landfill has been located in 15 Km Rasht at Saravan area. This place near one of the sources of SiahroudRiver,namely KachaRiver.KachaRiver joins SiahroudRiver, and is named Zarjoub. Then it joins GoharroudRiver in Pirbazar area and enters eastern part of Anzali wetland. This river evacuates the pollution resulting from solid waste leachate together with other urban, industrial and agricultural pollutants that it receives within its route at Anzali wetland. In this research conducted in the year 2006-2007 , the status of Rasht city , and also KachaRiver was studied regarding the pollution due to leachate. For this purpose , parameters BOD, DO , PH , TP and COD were studied in two seasons of winter and summer. The results of this research show that all parameters under our study exceed the mounts authorized by Environmental Protection Organization. Furthermore ,the pollution resulting from leachate showed remarkable increase in comparison with the results of experiments of 1997. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
237 - The novel disposal methods of solid wastes of a mining and milling operation with emphasise on Codisposal technology
Ali Behnamfard Salman GhasemiThe solid waste materials produced during mining activities can be divided into two categoriesof waste rock and tailing. The waste rock must be removed and placed in a dump to mine the ore. The waste rock dump is heterogeneous in terms of structure and grain size. The w MoreThe solid waste materials produced during mining activities can be divided into two categoriesof waste rock and tailing. The waste rock must be removed and placed in a dump to mine the ore. The waste rock dump is heterogeneous in terms of structure and grain size. The waste rock may range in size from less than 0.1 mm to greater than 1 m in diameter. Tailing is said to the material which is discarded after ore processing. The tailing has usually a small particle size distribution and high water content which results in a poor mechanical stability. It may also contains heavy metals and different process reagents which probably toxic to biota in an ecosystem. Hence, they must be disposed of in certain locations with implementing safety issues. In this article, the conventional and novel disposal methods including tailing dam disposal, backfilling, in-pit disposal and submarine disposal have been introduced. Furthermore, the novel codisposal method which uses the open void space in waste rock for disposal of the tailing has been introduced and its advantages have been listed. Then, the relevant parameters for the evaluation of the applicability of this method have been introduced and different techniques for mixing of two solid wastes in this method have been mentioned and a case study has been reported. Considering to the high benefits, codisposal method can be applied in different mine sites in our country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
238 - Estimating amount of agricultural residuals useable in wood and paper Industries (case study: Golestan province)
Roya Fazli Saeed Kamrani Nooredin NazarnezhadThis study conducted by the purpose of investigating agricultural wastes (usable in wood and paper industry) remained in farm lands which due to factors such as burning caused environmental contamination in Golestan province. In this way, from applicable findings, rema MoreThis study conducted by the purpose of investigating agricultural wastes (usable in wood and paper industry) remained in farm lands which due to factors such as burning caused environmental contamination in Golestan province. In this way, from applicable findings, remained farm products in Golestan field such as wheat, rice and barely have been used. Study Result showed that about 1/3 of the agricultural plants stem in agricultural field remained and burnt without harvesting, including wheat, rice and barely. In this study, estimating amount of the wastes in one square meter area of the Golestan field randomly and finally in hectare level and total cities have been generalized. Results showed that the highest amount of burnt waste related to wheat straw and the lowest on related to rice straw. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
239 - Evaluation and optimization of the collection and transportation system of solid waste management in Zanjan with GIS application
Azadeh medhat Masood Monavvari Amir Hossein Javid Akbar Eslami Mohsen Ahad negadDevoting the most portion of expenditures of the solid waste management on the one hand , and the necessity of operation exploiting of this system with decreasing the spent time on the other hand have propound the optimization of solid waste collection and transportatio MoreDevoting the most portion of expenditures of the solid waste management on the one hand , and the necessity of operation exploiting of this system with decreasing the spent time on the other hand have propound the optimization of solid waste collection and transportation system as a principle in designing and management With regard to performance of present solid waste collection and transportation system in Zanjan and lack of suitable organization, it is necessary to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the system with mathematical relations and GIS, afterwards, with regard to urban structure and tonnage of the produced solid waste, the most optimized management system must be presented. In this research karmandan town in the city of Zangan was chose as the pilot. Time data of the solid waste collection and transportation stages in the present routes of collection in karmandan the district of Zanjan was gathered within 10 minutes using two digital chronometers and was analyzed by mathematical relations, excel software and GIS. Thereafter, depending on this information such as density, population and the capacity of garbage production in present routes and using mathematical relation and GIS. Optimized system of solid waste was calculated and designed. The results of time evaluation of the present management system shows that the whole spent time for solid waste collection and transportation Karmandan town by garbage trucks takes 2 hours, 55 minutes and 42 seconds and the mean time of the trucks round trip per ton of solid waste In each journey is 11 minutes and 44 seconds. Considering locating of storages and assigning the optimized routs, solid waste collection system was calculated and designed using mathematical relation and GIS. . In this research designing solid waste collection system of karmandan town was also carried out and 60 containers with the capacity of 550 and 660 liters were located in the town. With designing optimized routs by GIS and trial and error method, there tracks including a reserved truck were calculated and recommended to collect the solid waste of karmandan town. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
240 - Offering Conceptual Model for Public Participation in Solid Waste Management in Tehran (Case study: 3, 6 and 21 Districts)
Hanieh Tavanayi Mohammad Hassan Behzadi Mohammad reza KhaniNowadays due to the urban waste disposal problems and environmental pollution of this substances on natural resources and Ecosystem, it is inevitable public participation in the waste management. In the present research the factors affecting the rate of public participa MoreNowadays due to the urban waste disposal problems and environmental pollution of this substances on natural resources and Ecosystem, it is inevitable public participation in the waste management. In the present research the factors affecting the rate of public participation in waste management of the municipal districts 3, 6 and 21 of Tehran city has been studied and meanwhile conceptual model of public participation in waste management has been presented. The target statistical population is Tehran citizens over 12 years old residing in those districts and the sample volume is computed at the level of 95% with Cochran formula and the selected sampling method is Pseudo multistage cluster sampling meanwhile the research method is descriptive survey in sectional manner. Data collecting is done by means of the questionnaire consists of 21 questions. In order to perform the quantitative valuation of the questionnaire answers, Likert method has been applied. Research assumption after data collection have been analyzed by the software SPSS and after performing the Pearson correlation and regression lineal multiple tests among the effective factors of sex, age, education, number of family members, income and training. Our results determined the factor of training has a significant correlation with the rate of public participation in waste management and with higher level of training it is possible to increase the rate of public participation in waste management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
241 - A Survey and Analysis of Production and Management of Medical Waste in Golestan Province, Iran
Mazdak Dorbeiki Hooman Bahmanpour Ataollah Golalipour Ali Ghaemi Morteza MallahMedical waste is one of the challenges of the modern society which its poor management has undesirable impacts on the environment and human health. The present research addresses the current situation of medical wastes in Golestan province in the North of Iran. This is MoreMedical waste is one of the challenges of the modern society which its poor management has undesirable impacts on the environment and human health. The present research addresses the current situation of medical wastes in Golestan province in the North of Iran. This is a descriptive analysis that includes data collection, field survey, and Iranian Department of the Environment (DOE) standard questionnaires for management and monitoring of medical waste in hospitals of the province. The results show that 25 hospitals with 2247 active beds produce 3574 and 2252 domestic and hazardous waste per day, respectively. The waste generation is 2.59 kg/day/bed (1 and 1.59 kg for hazardous and domestic, respectively). Disinfection process in 88% of all hospitals is active and 44% and 52% of the hospitals have done outsourcing, respectively. Disinfection methods include chemical, steam autoclave and dry heat which the second method is the most frequent in most hospitals. Also, 16 hospitals provide monitoring self-reports. The overall situation of medical waste management in the hospitals of Golestan province is average. Considering the change of environmental situation of the country in the future years, the management of this type of wastes should be more serious and it is necessary to design and implement operational programmes for optimum management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
242 - Study of common and modern methods of disinfection and disposal of hazardous hospital waste
Farnoosh Bagheri zonoz Afsaneh ShahbaziThe management of hospital waste is to be a major challenge, particularly, in the most of developingcountries in the world. Lack of identify, isolation, storage and proper disinfection of hazardoushospital wastes causes health and pollution problems in the environment. MoreThe management of hospital waste is to be a major challenge, particularly, in the most of developingcountries in the world. Lack of identify, isolation, storage and proper disinfection of hazardoushospital wastes causes health and pollution problems in the environment. In according to WorldHealth Organization (WHO), dangerous hospital wastes were divided to eight groups includesinfectious waste, pathology, chemical, toxic, sharp things, medical waste with the content of heavymetals, pressurized containers and radioactive. Disinfection method of dangerous hospital wastes mustbe affordable, practicable, and chosen compatible with environment rules. Common technology ofdisinfection and treatment such as burning, autoclave and chemical disinfectant are practicable andrecommendable in the most of countries all over the world such new technologies were mentionedmicrowave and super critical fluid carbon dioxide. The selection of new method on based supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SCFCO2) can decrease the infection of hazardous hospital wastes. It is notonly the adaptable method with the environment but also a compatible method of environment thatdecreases contact with infectious wastes, work force and cost. Therefore it can be proposed as a neweffective method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
243 - Identification and comparative study of especial industrial wastes using UNEP method, RCRA method, and Iran’s written list: (A petrochemical complex in the western of Iran A case study)
Parisa Ahmadi Ahmadi Nematollah Jafarzade Haghighifard Lobat Taghavi Madi Ahmadi moghadamThe petrochemical industry is one of the most important production bases and the country's development indicators. Since the production process involves the release of dozens of wastes and non- consumable materials, however, it often leads to creation of various wastes MoreThe petrochemical industry is one of the most important production bases and the country's development indicators. Since the production process involves the release of dozens of wastes and non- consumable materials, however, it often leads to creation of various wastes and have adverse effects on the natural environment. One very good way to create interaction and connection between the petrochemical industry and the environment and to reduce the adverse effects of industrial activities on the environment is identification and management of wastes in this industrial sector to reduce the environmental problems associated with its production and prevents loss of valuable and usable materials in the production process. This study aimed to identify and compare the special wastes of a petrochemical complex in the Western Iran to survey within the waste proper management framework and reduce the environmental risks associated with their production. After the identification and assessment of production process, the areas of production, type and volume of produced wastes, and the frequency of discharges were detected. Based on the proposed International (RCRA, UNEP) methods and Iran’s written list, the wastes were grouped and unique identifiers were assigned to each of the materials. In the studied industrial unit, 42 production areas produced 353 tons of wastes per year. The investigation showed that 65.6% of wastes were produced permanently and 34.3% were produced temporarily. The most important produced waste was industrial and waste oil. This material has toxicity, flammability, and reactivity properties; so safety is needed in handling them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
244 - Management of Solid Waste Recycle in Semnan Industrial Estate
Mina Goshayeshi Bita Ayati Hossein Ganjidoust dostAbstract: Introduction: Semnan industrial estate with 2000 hectares is located in km 8 of Damghan-Semnan road. At present time, 300 manufacturing units are active in this estate. Some of them are manufacturing of electronic, metal, chemical, textile, non-metallic MoreAbstract: Introduction: Semnan industrial estate with 2000 hectares is located in km 8 of Damghan-Semnan road. At present time, 300 manufacturing units are active in this estate. Some of them are manufacturing of electronic, metal, chemical, textile, non-metallic mineral and lignocelluloses products. The investigations have shown that solid waste production and its improper disposal is one of the main important problems in the industrial estate. Material: In this study according to the available documents and field studies, solid waste were identified and classified basis on kinds, physical properties, recyclability, production place, offloading periodicity, temporary storage, transferring to the landfill. Result and discussion: According to the quantitative and qualitative investigation, there are 32 types of recyclable wastes in the estate. Four main types of them are plastic, paper, metal and wood wastes with annual production of 1000, 1400, 8400 and 540 ton, respectively. With consideration of all determinants of recycling complex establishment, the paper wastes recycling plant is only recommended. Transfer of plastic and metal wastes to the neighbor industrial complexes and reuse of wood wastes are also proposed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
245 - Landfill Site Selection for Urban Hysteresis of Qazvin City using the AHP in ArcGIS Software
Younes Khosravi Hamid AshjaeiThe daily increase in populationand urban development, increasing consumption of undegradable materials and many other of mechanical and modern life aspects have caused to managers pay more attention to the issue of wastes. According to the environmental, economic and e MoreThe daily increase in populationand urban development, increasing consumption of undegradable materials and many other of mechanical and modern life aspects have caused to managers pay more attention to the issue of wastes. According to the environmental, economic and ecological impacts, choosing landfill must be done carefully and during a scientific process. This study was aimed to suggest the best places for municipal urban solid waste disposal in Qazvin. This investigation is an applied research using descriptive-analytical methods and was aimed to determine appropriate location for waste landfilling of Qazvin city. For this purpose, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and ArcGIS 10.3 software was used. Accordingly and given the required parameters for choosing the optimal site that have an important role in site selection such as Soil, Geology, Rivers, Roads, Cities and Villages points, Climatology, Roads etc., the AHP model was performed and the target areas were identified for landfill in Qazvin city. According to the maps and layers created, Potential areas for wastes disposal have been identified in 5 classes and were chosen Lands with an area of above 70 hectares from lands in fifth grade and for the best place to landfill in the range of 40 years old. Based on the results, the suitable area for landfill was diagnosed in central and northern parts of the Qazvin city cause of low permeability soil, suitable land use, suitable distance and good buffer from rivers, the distance from faults, cities and village, proximity to road access and communication and dry climate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
246 - Locating urban landfill, the city of Kermanshah Case Study
Said Amanpour Jafar Saedi Esmail Soleimani RadUncontrolled urban spread, resulting in Indiscriminate increase urban population Especially inrecent years has increased more than consumption, resulting in increased production of all kinds ofwaste in urban areas have been. The process of municipal solid medical waste MoreUncontrolled urban spread, resulting in Indiscriminate increase urban population Especially inrecent years has increased more than consumption, resulting in increased production of all kinds ofwaste in urban areas have been. The process of municipal solid medical waste urban managementrequirements for for each city that it can be neglected for any city and even villages around the cityis a problem. Including major Iranian city of Kermanshah that many industries are within the scopeof their political that proper disposal of waste in an appropriate area of environmentally andeconomically important to be. Present article an analytical method - Documentary method and itstarget to Locating the city of Kermanshah in landfill through GIS software, which is the mostappropriate place to be determined by the municipal landfill, So that the layers of topography, landuse type, land slope, rural habitats around town, faults, surface water mines and factories Aroundthe town and its distance from the city of Kermanshah is used Each of these layers is just one aspectof the characteristics of a waste excretion demonstrated optimum location They combine with theadvantages and disadvantages each layer and prorated together the best location were determined.To each of these layers through became given weight With AHP model. In the present investigation,five optimal locations for landfill location is the city of Kermanshah. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
247 - Use of Decision Support Tools in Municipal Solid Waste Management (Case Study: Landfill Site Selection of Alborz Province)
Marzeyeh Mahtabi Oghani Akbar Najafi Habibollah Yunesi Mazaher MoeinaddiniWaste is natural consequence of living human communities and environmental hazards caused by environmental mismanagement of solid waste, one of the fundamental problems. In the past decades, exponential growth of urban population in developing countries and speed of urb MoreWaste is natural consequence of living human communities and environmental hazards caused by environmental mismanagement of solid waste, one of the fundamental problems. In the past decades, exponential growth of urban population in developing countries and speed of urbanization phenomenon, necessity of sustainable environmental development and efficient management of waste has been established. The main goal of the current study is applying various spatial analyses, with use of geographic information system in order to optimum site selection with minimal environmental adverse effects for urban waste burial. Therefore, in first step, effective data Layers in determining of landfill of Karaj ( like land use, streams, wetlands, roads, morphology, ground waters, demography, wildlife parks, soil) from data bases and organization was prepared. The second step, data layers (digital maps) was entered to soft ware of Arc GIS9.2 and data base was created. In the third step, according to limitations, suitable areas, was extracted with using of GIS. Then these data was applied as appropriate options ( input data) for AHP. In the next step for determination priorities of the remaining landfill options according to criteria is used by AHP. The results of this study are evidence that GIS and AHP provide performance tools for selection and priority of optimal landfill. Also in this study land slope and ground water have more important than other criteria and option 3 is most appropriate for landfill. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
248 - Ability of earthworms in organic wastes management
Farzad Mehrjo Mohsen RastakhizOrganic wastes are includes domestic wastes, crop wastes, garden waste, agricultural and food processing industries, poultry and livestock waste, human waste, fruit and vegetable wastes, orchards and farms. One effective and affordable method in organic waste management MoreOrganic wastes are includes domestic wastes, crop wastes, garden waste, agricultural and food processing industries, poultry and livestock waste, human waste, fruit and vegetable wastes, orchards and farms. One effective and affordable method in organic waste management using is earthworms to produce vermicompost fertilizer, in addition to reducing environmental risks; the nature of their turnover in fertilizer consumption has accelerated. Vermicomposting is through decomposition of organic wastes help certain species of earthworms. In general, there are about 3000 species of earthworms in different sizes from 0/6 to 330 cm. Only two species Eisenia foetida and Lumbricus rubellus due to production efficiency and ease of replication are most widely used in the production of vermicompost. Considering limitation of the right places disposal of organic wastes and from hand landfill and incineration adverse effects on public health and the environment, Vermicomposting using biotechnology earthworms a suitable option for is organic waste management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
249 - Landfill Site Selection in Bandarabbas by Analytical Hierarchy Process Model
Hamideh Samari Jahromi Hassan HosseinzadehaslOne of the main parts of management in the urban solid wastes is finding an appropriate place in order to dispose the wastes. Difference criteria should be paid attention in site selection, so using of special methods are necessary to assimilate the criteria. This study MoreOne of the main parts of management in the urban solid wastes is finding an appropriate place in order to dispose the wastes. Difference criteria should be paid attention in site selection, so using of special methods are necessary to assimilate the criteria. This study was done to locate the appropriate landfills in the city of Bandarabbas through using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for offering the optimal alternatives for site selection. In present study, in order to select sites for dispose of urban waste of Bandarabbas, the following data layers and maps have been utilized; the maps of land use, road network, water source, and the layers related to the distance from city center. In next step, each layer(criteria) weights are calculated by using the AHP. Through field visits, four locations for comparison and evaluation through hierarchical analysis process were selected and ultimately by doing closer studies on the selected locations and exerting appropriate weights on each of the locations, the final location will be selected. Finally, an appropriate location for landfill, North West Bastak was selected. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
250 - Investigation Education Methods for Citizens the implementation and operation of wastewater
Akramolmolok Lahijanian Zohre mohamadiThis research aims to increase citizen participation in the implementation and operation of wastewater projects, through the implementation of training practices in order to reduce the technical, economic, social and environmental issues were investigated. This research MoreThis research aims to increase citizen participation in the implementation and operation of wastewater projects, through the implementation of training practices in order to reduce the technical, economic, social and environmental issues were investigated. This research was a descriptive - analytical techniques using a questionnaire and completing the form field by the citizens .The population of area study is 384 samples and also waste water company. Data Software SPSS18 in both descriptive and inferential statistics was analyzed. To evaluate data normality test, Kolmogorov - Smirnov one-sample t-test for hypothesis testing, when both test and Spearman correlation test, using the proposed two hypotheses were confirmed. The assumptions include Public participation in the implementation and operation of the sewage effective. Implementation of teaching practices in the implementation and operation of the sewage effective. The results show that there is a relationship between the level of awareness and education. Also whatever is the best job in the community's awareness of the wastewater collection, the greater? Factors such as the lack of interest and public participation initiatives can waste management problems, economic and social costs, informing noted. According to the results, the implementation of training practices to increase citizen participation in infrastructure projects as a major metropolitan wastewater will be effective Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
251 - Assessment the Potential of Nutrient Pollution Caused by Household Waste and Livestock (Case Study: Cham Gardalan's dam Watershed)
Parisa Amiri Mehdi Ahmadikalan Fouzieh BeigmohammadiThe purpose of this study is to identify the sources of pollution in the catchment area of Chamgardalan Dam and to determine the potential for contamination of organic matter in the household and livestock waste of the catchment area and finally to provide guidelines MoreThe purpose of this study is to identify the sources of pollution in the catchment area of Chamgardalan Dam and to determine the potential for contamination of organic matter in the household and livestock waste of the catchment area and finally to provide guidelines for controlling and reducing pollution. After preparing the catchment area using Arc GIS10 software, field visits were conducted to accurately identify the sources of contamination of the catchment area, including villages and livestock units. Then, the contamination potential of organic matter in household and animal wastes was calculated. Then, the contamination potential of organic matter in household and animal wastes was calculated. About 56% of the total nitrogen load and 54% of the total phosphorus load are produced by various dams under the Gol Gol basin, and about 71% of the pollution potential from population centers is under the Gol Gol basin and 17% is under the Chaviz basin. And 12% below the basin. Accordingly, Gol Gol basin, due to the high density of rural population and also having the largest number of livestock and poultry farms in the catchment area, has the highest amount of household and livestock waste compared to the other two sub-basins. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
252 - Study on Thickness Swelling of Wood Plastic Composites Made From Beech Wood Flour-Polypropylene
Shokooh Etedali Behbood Mohebby Mehdi TajvidiDue to high demands for wood products as lumbers, panels as well as wood products and also regarding deficit of wood sources in the country, attentions are changing to substitute wood products with wood plastic composites made from wood wastes. Therefore, it provides op MoreDue to high demands for wood products as lumbers, panels as well as wood products and also regarding deficit of wood sources in the country, attentions are changing to substitute wood products with wood plastic composites made from wood wastes. Therefore, it provides opportunities to solve environmental aspects of the waste materials as well as use very low cost sources for production. This research work has been concerned to study swelling of wood plastic composites made from different ratios of wood waste manufactured by two techniques of extrusion and hot press modeling. The samples were made based on target density of 1 g/cm3 and dimensions as 35×35×1cm from beech wood flours as wastes and polypropylene with mixing ratios of 40, 50 and 60%. The samples were made with two techniques of extrusion modeling and hot press modeling. Results revealed that any increase of wood particles ratio from 40 to 60% increased the thickness swelling of the wood plastic samples. It was also shown that composites with higher ratios of the wood flours achieved to their maxima of the saturation within a shorter period. Boards molded samples with hot press had lower swelling than that of the extruded molding. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
253 - Investiation of problems resulting from debris management after earthquake and providing appropriate solutions
nina Rafeei abdolreza KrabasiEarthquaks in urban areas produce large volumes ofdebris that delay the recovery and response phases.Therefore, debris management and debris removalunder the framework of recovery programs are soimportant. International experiences have shownthat in recovery phase, larg MoreEarthquaks in urban areas produce large volumes ofdebris that delay the recovery and response phases.Therefore, debris management and debris removalunder the framework of recovery programs are soimportant. International experiences have shownthat in recovery phase, large amount of wastes canbe recycled and reused. So, necessary constructionmaterials can be provided and the amount of debrisdelivered to landfills and environmental problemswill be reduced. However recovery and responsephases should be done with proper debris management.In this paper some of the problems involvedin earthquake debris are considered and appropriatesolutions are discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
254 - Evaluation of public participation in the management of municipal solid waste (Case Study: Abadan)
Arash Zamanian Forouzan FarrokhianNowadays, environmental awareness as one of the weaknesses in the management of municipal solid waste is considered. The study was a cross-sectional study was conducted in 1393. For the combined method (method, field, library and documentary, analytical and descriptive) MoreNowadays, environmental awareness as one of the weaknesses in the management of municipal solid waste is considered. The study was a cross-sectional study was conducted in 1393. For the combined method (method, field, library and documentary, analytical and descriptive) was used. To investigate the contribution of Abadan in the management of solid waste questions in the questionnaire items and Likert five spectral survey of residents in urban areas were used. Accordingly, 383 questionnaires were collected and distributed throughout the city. According to the general theory study of the one-sample T-test was used. In order to evaluate the effect of gender on the participation of T test and impact of education, employment status, income, age structure and status of the contribution of ANOVA test was used. Scheffe's test was used to examine the association between level of education and income levels of participation were used. Thus, the highest participation of citizens in waste management Abadan mean was 3.25 for housewives. The age structure of participation is not effective and the most willing to participate in the Group income (in Toman) of a million to one million five hundred thousand were determined. As a result development and implementation of the operational plan in the field of culturalization and awareness level raising in order to participate more citizens among unemployed, businessman, governments jobs, students and different level income include lower and upper wage between people of Abadan is centralized. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
255 - Producing Renewable Energy from Food Processing Wastes
Zohreh DidarFood processing plants consume huge amount of energy for converting raw material to final product so food industry accounts as one of seven high consumption industries. This industry as well as high energy requirement, producing large amount of solid and liquid wastes. MoreFood processing plants consume huge amount of energy for converting raw material to final product so food industry accounts as one of seven high consumption industries. This industry as well as high energy requirement, producing large amount of solid and liquid wastes. These wastes basically contain biodegradable organic compounds that their discharge to environment could cause serious pollution. Generally, large amount of these solid wastes discharge to landfill and liquid ones to rivers and oceans without any treatment. Recently, the strict environmental legislations restrict discharge of wastes to environment, so discharge of these materials is a big challenge for food industry. (Increasing the price of fuel and high cost of energy, encourage the researchers for finding approaches for producing low cost and green energy sources from food wastes). In this article some of the most important ways for converting food wastes to different form of energy such as biodiesel, Gasification, Anaerobic digestion, Thermal liquefaction and ethanol production is discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
256 - The role of the rule of loss in proving civil responsibility of the state
mohammad daneshnahad abolfazl alishahiThe "wasting" rule is one of the basic rules of civil responsibility in the state, which in some circumstances is the guarantor of the state, and in some other cases the state is not responsible and the person concerned, whether it is a state official or other persons w MoreThe "wasting" rule is one of the basic rules of civil responsibility in the state, which in some circumstances is the guarantor of the state, and in some other cases the state is not responsible and the person concerned, whether it is a state official or other persons who have worked in the realization of the concept of source wasting, Guarantors. In this research, based on jurisprudential issues and considering the role of this rule in the laws, the position of the principle of loss in the civil responsibility of the state has been addressed, such as the loss of state property, the wasting of the property of the people, the loss caused by non-enforcement of law, the resulting loss The implementation of the false rules and losses caused by the commission in the government guarantee has been investigated and criticized. One of the results of the research is that if a government official misidentified the government, he will be the guarantor of compensation, and if the loss is not the same, the state will be the guarantor of the compensation; if the municipal officials, with the permission and observance of the points Safety, loss, will not be guarantor; otherwise, the guarantor will incur damages; in the implementation of false rules, if the implementers of these policies are aware of its detriment, should partly compensate for the damage, and the other part by the government, As one of the factors causing damage, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
257 - Physicochemical properties of tobacco seed oil from Iran
Hamidreza Jalilian Davoud BeiknejadIn recent years there has been development of non-conventional and underexploited promising plant species as new sources of oils. Many of them contain significant quantities of oils with high proportion of nutritionally, medicinally or industrially desirable fatty acids MoreIn recent years there has been development of non-conventional and underexploited promising plant species as new sources of oils. Many of them contain significant quantities of oils with high proportion of nutritionally, medicinally or industrially desirable fatty acids.Tobacco seeds, grown in the north of Iran, were investigated in this study. The oil, ash and water contents of tobacco seeds alongwith fatty acid composition, acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, saponification value, p-anisidine value, density, viscosity, refractive index, oxidation stability, differential scanning calorimetric and thermogravimetric profiles, UV-Vis, FT-IR, Fluorescence spectra, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the extracted seed oil were analysed. The results showed that the tobacco seeds contained a high amount of oil (~40%). The three major fatty acids in the tobacco seed oil were linoleic (71.35%), oleic (14.57%), and palmitic (8.67%) acids. Tobacco seed oil showed absorbance in the UV-B and UV-C ranges with potential for use as a broad spectrum UV protectant. Tobacco seed oil showed high kinetic stability, as characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. Total phenol content of tobacco seed oil was also higher compared with soybean, falx seed and corn oil. According to the IC50 value (0.438 g/ml), tobacco seed oil can be categorized as an oil with considerable antioxidant potential. This study reveals that tobacco seed oil has a high level of functional lipids and can be used as a new source of oil in different applications. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
258 - Extraction and characterization of tyrosinase from banana wasted
Ali reza farrokh reyhane sariri nikoo nasoohiTyrosinase-Michaelis Constants, Optimum Temperature and pH-assisted formation of brownish pigment spots on peel is one of the most important factors in making signs of aging. It also has a direct effect on reducing the quality of fruits and vegetables through producing MoreTyrosinase-Michaelis Constants, Optimum Temperature and pH-assisted formation of brownish pigment spots on peel is one of the most important factors in making signs of aging. It also has a direct effect on reducing the quality of fruits and vegetables through producing melanin. Tyrosinase is a metalloenzyme that is used in research works on foodstuffs, medicines and cosmetics. Edible mushrooms are currently the only source of tyrosinase for the industrial and research units using this enzyme. This study aims to evaluate tyrosinase from a banana peel as an alternative to tyrosinase from mushrooms in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and research industries. In practice, the enzyme extracted from banana peel was purified and some of its properties, including biological activity, pH and optimum temperature, were determined and compared with tyrosinase of other proteins. The results indicated that the tyrosinase enzyme of the banana peel has two isoforms with molecular weight more than the tyrosinase of mushrooms. On the other hand, the temperature and pH of the enzyme were 50 and 6.1˚ C, respectively. The Michaelis–Menten kinetics and the maximal rate of velocity (Vmax) were also estimated to be 263.3 mM (m/mol) and 0.00401 mmol/min, respectively. Key Words: Extraction, Banana Wastes, Tyrosinase, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
259 - Study Kalamin D and Benzocaien on Tirosinas enzyme activity by Lineviverberg
Ali reza farrokh reyhane sariri Nikoo NasoohiTyrosinase, the enzyme responsible for biosynthesis of melani pigments has a special place. It is a metaloenzyme containing copper ions that catalyses two distinct reactions in the pathway of melanin biosynthesis. The monophenolase activity leads to hydroxylation of phe MoreTyrosinase, the enzyme responsible for biosynthesis of melani pigments has a special place. It is a metaloenzyme containing copper ions that catalyses two distinct reactions in the pathway of melanin biosynthesis. The monophenolase activity leads to hydroxylation of phenylalanin and the oxidation of 3, 4 dihydroxy phenylalanin to O-dopaquinon is through its diphenolase activity. Inhibitors and activators of the enzyme has a wide variety of effects on human health as well as in industrial applications. Considering the importance of pigments in human skin and hair and the role of tyrosinase in the production of melanin pigments, in the present research three important skin medications were selected for their effect on tyrosinase activity. In practical section, the enzyme was first extracted from banana skin followed by its characterization. The kinetic parameters were then investigated in the presence and absence of benzocaein, zinc oxide and kojic acid and the Michaelis Menton as well as Linweaver Burk plots were obtained. The results indicated that tyrosinase extracted from banana skin is similar to mushroom tyrosinase and its optimum temperature is higher than known tyrosinases. Therefore, by bearing in mind its low priced source, it can be recommended as an alternative to the commercial enzyme from mushroom. The results also showed that all three medicines were un-competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase. They reduced the maximum rate, Vmax of enzymatic reaction with no effect on Km. The highest inhibitory activity was obtained for zinc oxide Keywords: Tyrosinase, banana wastes, benzocaein, kojic acid, zinc oxide Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
260 - Possibility replacement of peat - perlite - sand with Azolla compost in growing media (Pedilanthus tithymaloides)
Jalal Omidi سمانه عبدالمحمدی مهدی بخشی پور میثم شیخ پورAbstract In order to investigate the effect of Azolla compost on vegetative characteristics of ornamental plants, Pedilanthus tithymaloides was selected as a model plant. In this regard, an experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in five treatments an MoreAbstract In order to investigate the effect of Azolla compost on vegetative characteristics of ornamental plants, Pedilanthus tithymaloides was selected as a model plant. In this regard, an experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in five treatments and three replications in the Advanced Greenhouse of the Research Institute of Biotechnology, Rasht. The Growing media control of this study, peat-perlite-sand, was considered 1: 1: 1 ratio, and the compost Azolla was replaced by 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% volumes. The treatments consisted of: Azolla compost + 100% Peat-perlite-sand (control), Azolla compost + 75% Peat-perlite-sand, 50% Azolla compost + 50% Peat-Pearlite-Sand, 75% Azolla compost + 25% Peat-perlite-sand and 100% Azolla compost + 0% Peat-perlite-sand. In this experiment, growth indices, including number of leaves, number of buds, length of bud, fresh and dry weight of stem, fresh and dry weight of root were measured. The results showed that replacing Azolla compost levels had a significant effect on leaves number, length of bud, fresh and dry weight of stem, fresh and dry weight of root. Comparison of the substrate used showed that replacement of 25% Azolla compost in the Growing media had the most effect on Pedilanthus plant growth indices. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
261 - Bio-butanol production from bread waste with using the amylolytic Clostridium isolated from Parishan Lake
Maryam Mirzadeh Abbasali RezaeianBackground and Aim: Bio-butanol has been regarded as an alternative to petroleum fuels due to its renewability. The aim of this study is to produce bio-butanol using bread waste and environmental bacteria. Materials and Methods: In this study, samples were randomly take MoreBackground and Aim: Bio-butanol has been regarded as an alternative to petroleum fuels due to its renewability. The aim of this study is to produce bio-butanol using bread waste and environmental bacteria. Materials and Methods: In this study, samples were randomly taken from the depth of 50 to 100 cm of Parishan Lake sediments. After culturing under anaerobic conditions and phenotypic diagnosis of the Clostridium genus, 16S rRNA primer was used for genotypic identification. Isolates were screened based on amylase activity in starch-agar medium. To evaluate the effect of environmental factors (pH, temperature and raw material) on amylase activity of the selected isolates, a modified culture medium containing starch was used. Then, in an optimal culture medium, merely consisting of water and dry bread, bio-butanol was produced and separated by fractional distillation. The accuracy of its presence was confirmed by chromic acid test and gas chromatography. Results: Out of a total of 530 isolated bacteria, three clostridium isolates had the highest amylase activity and bio-butanol production, which after 16S rRNA sequencing, were registered as Clostridium Beijerinckii (KM999944), Clostridium diolis (KM999945) and Clostridium roseum (KM999946) in NCBI. The highest yield with a concentration of 2.344g/l in the culture medium containing 25g/l bread waste, pH7 and 35°C has been related to Clostridium roseum. Conclusion: The results showed that under optimal conditions, environmental clostridia have a good potential for the production of bio-butanol from cheap raw materials like bread waste. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
262 - Study of clbB and clbN genes in E.coli isolates isolated from vegetables irrigated with surface water and urban waste
Samira Sadeghian Mohsen Zargar shahla Mohammad GanjiObjective: One of the factors causing colorectal cancer is infection with a specific strain of Escherichia coli (E.coli) that has a PKS genomic island with two clbB and clbN genes. One of the ways of human bacterial contamination is to consume vegetables irrigated with MoreObjective: One of the factors causing colorectal cancer is infection with a specific strain of Escherichia coli (E.coli) that has a PKS genomic island with two clbB and clbN genes. One of the ways of human bacterial contamination is to consume vegetables irrigated with water contaminated with bacteria. These two genes cause the activation of the message transmission pathway and the DNA mutation and tumorigenesis by producing the toxin Bactin. The main aim of the present study is to investigate clbB and clbN genes in Escherichia coli isolated from vegetables irrigated with surface water and urban waste. Materials and methods: Vegetables irrigated with surface water, well and urban waste were collected from three regions of Tehran. Their E.coli bacteria were isolated and identified and confirmed. Then, PCR test was performed for clbB and clbN genes of all isolated E.coli bacteria. Findings: The obtained microbial and biochemical results confirmed the E.coli bacteria isolated from the investigated vegetables. The molecular results showed that the highest and lowest frequencies for the samples that simultaneously contained both studied genes were related to vegetables irrigated with urban waste and vegetables irrigated with well water (P≤0.05). This result was almost the same for the vegetables of all three studied regions. Conclusion: Considering the high frequency of E.coli bacteria isolated from vegetables irrigated with municipal waste and in order to prevent bacterial infection and consequently colorectal cancer, complete disinfection of vegetables and non-irrigation of vegetables in areas with waste are suggested. Keywords: E.coli, clbB, clbN, Vegetables, Urban waste, Surface water. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
263 - The Color Removal of Dye-Containing Wastewater by Cerium (IV) Sulfate from Aqueous Solutions
Elham Keshmirizadeh Roghayeh Dideh khani -
Open Access Article
264 - Contributing factors on the removal of Azo-dyes from industrial wastewater: A comparison of the efficiency of sonocataysis and photocatalysis process
Azam Pirkarami Leila Fereidooni Kambiz Tahvildari -
Open Access Article
265 - Preparation and Characterization of Diols and Polyols Based on Aminolysisof Poly (ethylene terephthalate) Wastes with Alkanolamines
Samaneh Heidari Kambiz Tahvildari -
Open Access Article
266 - Investigation of the Removal of 2-Nitrophenol Using Continuous Flow MSBR Reactor and Estimated Expiration
Elnaz Bakhshi Sarabi Mohammad Reza Allahgholi Ghasri Ali Parsa -
Open Access Article
267 - Removal of Crude Oil from Oily Artificial Wastewater by Using Pulse Electrochemical Treatment
Azin Karkhaneh Elham Keshmirizadeh -
Open Access Article
268 - Application of CM-β-CD-Fe3O4NPs: As an Adsorbent for the Removal of Aluminum ion from Wastewater
Amir Abbas Ghazali Farzaneh Marahel Bijan Mombeni Goodajdar -
Open Access Article
269 - Removal of Anionic Brown 14 and Cationic Blue 41 dyes via Fenton Process
Elham Keshmirizadeh Shahnaz Eshaghi -
Open Access Article
270 - Removal of Benzyl Paraben from Wastewater Using Zeolitic Imidazolate-67 Modified by Fe3O4 Nanoparticles with Response Surface Methodology
Mohammad Pourmohammad Arezoo Ghadi Ali Aghababai Beni -
Open Access Article
271 - Removal of Reactive Red 24 Dye by Clean Electrocoagulation Process using Iron and Aluminum Electrodes
Nasser M. Abu Ghalwa Alaa M. Saqer Nader B. Farhat -
Open Access Article
272 - The Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study for Decolorization of Congo red from Aqueous Solution Using Electrocoagulation Process
Neamat Mohammadlou Mohammad Hasan Rasoulifard Motreaz Vahedpour Mohamad Reza Eskandarian -
Open Access Article
273 - Evaluating the Role of Recycling Materials in Construction Industry (Case Study: City of Tehran)
N. Afzali S. Hamzehloo -
Open Access Article
274 - Sociological analysis of job idleness (case study of Sharif University staff)
فاطمه آبرون خدیجه سفیری خلیل میرزاییSociological analysis of job idleness (case study of Sharif University staff)Fatemeh AbrunPhD student in Sociology, Research Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University of Tehran, IranKhadijeh SafiriProfessor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and E MoreSociological analysis of job idleness (case study of Sharif University staff)Fatemeh AbrunPhD student in Sociology, Research Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University of Tehran, IranKhadijeh SafiriProfessor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran. (Responsible author) kh.safiri@alzahra.ac.irKhalil MirzaeiFaculty memberDepartment of Sociology, Roodehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Idleness in the organization is a deliberate behavior and a kind of fraud that all employees of the organization at all levels may commit in some way. The aim of this study was to investigate the causes and contexts of idleness among the employees of Sharif University of Technology. The research method is data foundation theory, the required data of which has been done through semi-structured interviews with 35 employees. The method of selecting the participants is purposeful and determining their number after reaching the saturation stage is specified. From a total of 665 raw data, 385 concepts, 35 subcategories and 14 main categories were extracted from the primary data. Finally, the concept of "organized waste of time" was chosen as the main phenomenon that covered the rest of the categories. The results of this study showed that the most important factor in creating a sense of idleness and burnout in participants is "lack of motivation and job identity; variety of tasks and routines and repetition of work." This dissatisfaction is the result of organizational discrimination; Organized corruption; There is costly patient management and bureaucracy with consequences such as; Consequences of vanity (betrayal, personnel inflation, misplacement); Subcutaneousness leads to idleness and reduced efficiency of the organization. The results of this study show that the main and fundamental cause of idleness in organizations is the waste of organized time, which is related to not reviewing the laws and regulations and directives related to the organization. Is. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
275 - Investigating the effect of T. S. Eliot on the poetry of Yusuf al-Khal
Ali Najafi Ivaki Mina MohmmadiUndoubtedly, many contemporary Arab poets were influenced by Western literature, and the traces of world-renowned poets such as T. S. Eliot, left in that literature. Eliot's famous poem, The Waste Land, with its tragic aspect had great influences on the contemporary Ara MoreUndoubtedly, many contemporary Arab poets were influenced by Western literature, and the traces of world-renowned poets such as T. S. Eliot, left in that literature. Eliot's famous poem, The Waste Land, with its tragic aspect had great influences on the contemporary Arab poets, especially after the occupation of Palestine and in the time of the socio-cultural crisis of the Arabs, because they imagine that their land is the same as Eliot's the waste Land. They expect water to revive their life. It can be said that the unfortunate reality of the political and social conditions of the Arab countries has been the main reason for inspiring the mentioned poets from the devastated land. Meanwhile, the Syrian-Lebanese poet Youssef al-Khal is among those who have been influenced by Western literature, especially Eliot. He founded a magazine called 'Poetry' and caused a new development in the concept of poetry in the Arabic language, which undoubtedly influenced the literature of the West, especially Eliot himself. In the light of the importance of the issue and its pivotal role in understanding the poetry of Yusuf al-khal, in particular, and contemporary Arabic poetry, in general, the present study tries to reveal Eliot's influence on the thought, view and poetic form of Yusuf al-Khal through a descriptive-analytical method. One of the most important achievements of this research is that Yusuf al-Khal's concept of poetry is in line with Eliot's poetic concept in areas such as the application of historical or mythical induction, depicting the problems of a generation and a nation, Christian or Tamuzi approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
276 - Investigation of the adsorption of copper (II) (soluble in water) on activated carbon produced from PET outflow bottles
ali moghimi hossein anarakiIn this research, the adsorption of copper (II) metal ions on activated carbon was investigated using waste PET bottles. Initially, activated carbon was prepared using PET waste bottles and the activated carbon was characterized using XRD, FTIR, BET and SEM analyzes. Th MoreIn this research, the adsorption of copper (II) metal ions on activated carbon was investigated using waste PET bottles. Initially, activated carbon was prepared using PET waste bottles and the activated carbon was characterized using XRD, FTIR, BET and SEM analyzes. Then, the adsorption of copper (II) metal ions on the synthesized activated carbon was performed in batch mode. The effects of variables such as initial concentration of copper, temperature, pH and time were investigated and the results showed that the optimum amount of copper ion adsorption was in 50 ppm solution with a pH of 5 and a contact time of 90 minutes and an adsorbent amount of 0.1 g. Isotherms were studied using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models and the adsorption kinetics was investigated using pseudo-first as well as pseudo-second order models. It was observed that the behavior of the desired process follows the Freundlich isotherm and its kinetics corresponds to the pseudo-second order reaction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
277 - The production of activated carbon from polyethyleneterephthalate (PET ) bottle waste and its use to absorbtion iron (III) from water
فرخنده اوشال Saeed Jamehbozorgi Mojdeh LiaghatiAbstract: In this research, Initially, activated carbon was prepared using PET waste bottles and the activated carbon was detected using FTIR, BET and SEM analyzes. In the next step, the adsorption of Iron (II) metal ions on the synthesized activated carbon was performe MoreAbstract: In this research, Initially, activated carbon was prepared using PET waste bottles and the activated carbon was detected using FTIR, BET and SEM analyzes. In the next step, the adsorption of Iron (II) metal ions on the synthesized activated carbon was performed discontinuously.The effects of variables such as initial concentration of Iron, temperature, pH and time were investigated and the results showed that the optimum amount of Iron ion adsorption in 100 ppm solution with a pH of 5 and a contact time of 60 minutes and an adsorbent amount of 0.2 g occurs. Isotherms were studied using Langmuir, Freundlich and Tamkin models and adsorption kinetics using first and second order pseudo-second order models. It was observed that the behavior of the desired process follows the Langmuir, isotherm and its kinetics corresponds to the pseudo- first order reaction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
278 - Green waste: A fresh approach to antimicrobial compounds
Ruchita Haldar Suresh Kumar Manukonda -
Open Access Article
279 - Application of multi-criteria decision-making methods in land use evaluation to determine municipal waste landfills location
Khadijhe Safari Seyed Ali Jozi Sahar RezaianBackground and Objective Recently, the use of GIS in urban planning has been developed with the rapid expansion of cities and the dramatic increase in the amount of information that must be processed for urban management. This study investigates the best landfill site f MoreBackground and Objective Recently, the use of GIS in urban planning has been developed with the rapid expansion of cities and the dramatic increase in the amount of information that must be processed for urban management. This study investigates the best landfill site for Zahedan city using the performance of decision support tools, Network analysis process (ANP) and Weighted linear combination (WLC) for weighting criteria, and map standardization methods based on Boolean and Fuzzy logic in the form of multi-criteria decision-making. Indeed, based on the variables' impacts in locating the waste landfill in Zahedan city, using multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) to weigh and prioritize and evaluate the effective factors are considered to identify the optimal location regarding the ecological potential of the region. The proposed model indicates the priorities of creating different types of decision-making during the evaluation analysis of the development capabilities of the study area.Materials and Methods Developing a multi-criteria evaluation method in a GIS environment to determine and estimate the capability of desirable landfills in Zahedan city is considered. Thus, by preparing a questionnaire by the Delphi method, 18 sub-criteria in two groups of criteria: 1. ecological criteria (Slope, altitude, soil, erosion, fault, precipitation, wind, direction, surface water, groundwater, vegetation, land use, and geology); 2. Socio-economic criteria (Distance from city, village, mine, airport, and road) is determined, and regarding expert's perceptions and using Network Analysis Process (ANP) in super decision software, weights of each criterion were calculated; and in the next step, the layers of criteria were evaluated in a database based on ArcGIS and stored as benchmark maps; and finally using the WLC method were considered to combine all layers to extract the map of a suitable landfill site in Zahedan city.Results and Discussion By fuzzifying 18 layers (criteria) with fuzzy logic and also applying constraints with Boolean logic, 18-layer maps are prepared and by merging layers with one of the common methods of weight linear composition in Multi-criteria decision, the final landfill location map has been explored. In terms of the spatial distribution of suitable landfills in Zahedan city, according to 5 categories of classification, it was found that the highest level of the region is categorized as the low capable class (99.76%) and suitable areas for landfilling in total is around 0.231, also no part of the Zahedan city has a very high or high capability for using as the landfill location, while around the city of Nusratabad, areas with very high and high capability are observed. It was also found that mainly lands with both low and medium capability, are located in the suburban areas of Zahedan and Nusratabad, with 22 units for the city of Zahedan and 35 units for the city of Nusratabad.Conclusion Reviewing the research literature shows the strengths of using a multi-criteria decision-making method to locate landfills, enabling the use of a robust set of interactive tools to regulate compensability between criteria, which allows a quick assessment of the relationship between the criteria. Other strengths of this method include the ability to integrate homogeneous data sets such as qualitative and quantitative criteria using specialized knowledge, the flexibility to select specific criteria for different study areas or various issues, to implement one or more decision-making groups, the flexibility to change the level of criterion importance and different choices for acceptable levels of decision-making risks. By comparing the final outputs related to other areas, it can be concluded that the final results are close and the method is suitable for landfill locations everywhere. Therefore, it is suggested that for other areas, the evaluation of land capability should be examined with the proposed method in this research. However, since the location of landfills by different criteria and the influence of public opinion depends on scientific analysis, we assume that this method has significant potential to support the decision-making complexities of real-world applications. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
280 - Evaluation of national standards for locating industrial waste landfills using GIS
Eham Yousefi Rubiat Elham Yousefi Rubiat Elham ChamanepourBackground and Objective The rise in wealth, improving living standards, increasing the rate of population growth, along with increasing the level of commercial and industrial activities in urban areas around the world, are the main reasons for the significant increase MoreBackground and Objective The rise in wealth, improving living standards, increasing the rate of population growth, along with increasing the level of commercial and industrial activities in urban areas around the world, are the main reasons for the significant increase in solid waste production, including industrial waste. These wastes lead to the emergence of environmental and human problems and on the other hand, disrupt environmental security. Among the wastes, industrial wastes are highly important due to their high variability, and choosing a suitable location for the landfill site of these wastes is an effective means of controlling pollution from its source. There are many methods for waste disposal such as a sanitary landfill, combustion, recycling, recovery, reduction, and composting. But sanitary burial in a Landfill is an appropriate and acceptable option for disposing of industrial solid waste. Choosing the right place for a solid waste landfill is an effective means of controlling pollution from its source. The site selection process is one of the most difficult tasks related to solid waste management systems because it is subject to government regulations, municipal and government budgets, increasing population density, increasing environmental awareness, public health concerns, reducing the availability of suitable land for Landfilling and increasing political and social opposition to the creation of landfills. GIS is an important tool for identifying and selecting the right site and has a positive impact on time and cost management, as well as providing a digital database for long-term monitoring that is able to process complex geographic data and graphically display results. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the proper place for non-particular landfill of Birjand industrial park, based on the standards of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Ministry of Energy in the GIS environment. In this study, the best places in terms of environment, soils, geology, hydrology, hydrogeology, climate, infrastructure, and socio-social criteria. This study is able to provide a model while applying all standards of the country, to reduce the ecological risk. Materials and Methods For this purpose, 8 parameters including environmental, soils, geology, hydrology, hydrogeology, climate, infrastructure, and socioeconomic as the main criteria were examined in the form of 26 subcriteria. After identifying the criteria and the amount of restriction and prohibition for each factor, information was obtained by referring to the relevant organizations of each criterion. And the database is required by using GIS and Google Earth pro systems. Then, the limitations in each layer were removed using the tools in the GIS software environment. The remaining areas were standardized using layers defuzzification. Finally, the layers are integrated using the Rasters calculation tool, and the best area for the site construction of the waste landfill location was selected.Results and Discussion After combining the maps and applying the existing prohibition, four polygons in the north of the industrial park and a polygon in the south of the region were identified that there is no prohibition on the construction of a landfill place. Then the parameters such as slope, height, aspect, soil type, rainfall, land use, and vegetation map were applied as restrictions. After applying the restrictions in the region, only one polygonal remains in the northern part of the industrial park, which is proposed as a suitable area for the construction of a waste landfill. The area has less than 5% slope, its vegetation is poor and the moor region is considered. It is also not in the dominant wind direction of the region. This polygon distance to the industrial park is about 4 km. The overall area is 3 million square meters. With a field visit of the proposed polygon, the sigmoid sluice area, the bare lands, and the border of the hill was removed from an area of 3000000 m². And, only two polygons with an area of 467,000 m3 were reminded. According to the annual volume of waste generated in the region (2400 m²) and the lifespan of 20 years, the total volume of waste is equal to 48000 m². To bury this volume of waste, a land with dimensions of 300×80 m² with a depth of at least two meters is needed. According to the area of the proposed area, there are about 18 plots with a depth of two meters in the area that can be selected as a landfill.Conclusion The results show that attention to existing standards can be considered a tool for choosing the ideal site. This study is able to provide a model that, while using all national standards, also leads to an ecological risk. Finally, it is suggested that recycling produced per unit reduces waste production from origin. The stone powder prepared from the stone factories' wastes, re-separation of construction waste according to the size, and reuse of them in construction can lead to the recycling of most of this waste. It is essential to implement the proposed landfill as soon as possible, as they are now discharged without any management around, which has become a health and aesthetic problem and the area is becoming a dust source. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
281 - Effect of feeding potato waste powder processed with multi-enzyme on growth and blood and intestinal parameters of broilers
Ali Ebadi Bahman Navidshad Hossein Mohebodini Farzad MIrzaei AghjegheshlaghIntroduction and Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of potato waste on growth performance and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Material and Methods: The study carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments, four replic MoreIntroduction and Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of potato waste on growth performance and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Material and Methods: The study carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments, four replications, 14 broiler chicks each. The experimental diets were consisted of three levels of potato wastes (0, 15 and 25%) and two levels of multi-enzyme (0 and 0.2%). Results: Feed intake was not affected by the type of experimental diet during the growth period, the final period and the whole rearing period. Daily weight gain was not significantly different between the experimental groups but at the end of the experiment and the control group was better than other treatments. Growth conversion factor was lower in the potato-treated groups than in the control group. In the final period, the feed conversion ratio in the control group was significantly lower than the other experimental groups and this was also observed throughout the rearing period. It had no effect on carcass percentage, and relative weights of pancreas, liver, bursa Fabricius, spleen and heart. The ratio of intestinal length to live weight in birds fed 25% of potato lesions was higher than other groups. Potato lesions in the diet increased the relative weight of the gizzard and decreased abdominal fat compared to the control group (P<0.05). Canclusion: According to the results of this study, the use of potato plus enzyme in relation to different levels of non-enzyme potato wastes had a positive effect on HDL cholesterol, intestinal morphometery and body weight gain in broilers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
282 - Study of the Mechanical Behavior of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Using a Viscoplastic Constitutive Model
R Slimani D Dias B Sbartai L Oxarango -
Open Access Article
283 - Sustainable Waste Management Using Multiple Criteria Decision Making and Fractional Stochastic Programming
Yahia Zare Mehrjerdi -
Open Access Article
284 - An investigation of the amount of tomato waste in various types of road transport in Khorasan Razavi and Kerman provinces(south of Kerman-Jiroft)
Changiz Esfandyati Mehrdad Ghavami Vajihe KhezriAgricultural products have a lot of waste in the stages of production to distribution, which reduces production and increases the need for mechanical imports as an effective and main factor in post-harvest losses.The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive-librar MoreAgricultural products have a lot of waste in the stages of production to distribution, which reduces production and increases the need for mechanical imports as an effective and main factor in post-harvest losses.The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive-library research. Sampling was done by census method. The questionnaire was given to 384 members of the statistical sample. Analysis was done using SPSS software using descriptive and inferential statistics.This decrease in quality causes mechanical damage to the product. Tomatoes are more likely to become waste because the fruit is made up of 93 to 95 percent water and 5 to 7 percent solids. In this study, the effect of types of transportation, type of packaging, volume of cargo, type of cargo arrangement and distance of transportation on the amount of tomato waste was investigated. Based on the results obtained in this study, the amount of tomato waste can be reduced. Fruit bruising often occurs during the stages of transportation, transportation, packaging due to the impact on it by moving parts of machines and other factors. Mechanical shocks are recognized as the main and effective factor in post-harvest losses. During the post-harvest stages, dynamic loads are more effective in causing contusions in crops. Because dynamic loads have a greater effect than static loads in terms of quantity and occurrence Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
285 - Application of shrimp skin waste in green synthesis of polymer nanocomposite containing iron oxide nanoparticles to remove chemical toxins from water sources
Roya Behrooz Dadkhoda Ghazanfari nahid Rastakhiz Enayatollah Sheikhhosseini Sayed Ali AhmadiThe increase in the production of food waste and their entry into the environment through urban waste has created many problems for biological resources. Therefore, it is very important to present new methods in the elimination and optimal use of food waste. Preparation MoreThe increase in the production of food waste and their entry into the environment through urban waste has created many problems for biological resources. Therefore, it is very important to present new methods in the elimination and optimal use of food waste. Preparation of polymer nanocomposites from food waste is one of the methods of optimal use of these materials. In this research work, chitosan polymer nanocomposite containing iron oxide nanoparticles was prepared using shrimp skin waste and pistachio green skin extract. Also, the effectiveness of this composite as a filter in removing malathion poison from water sources was investigated in different conditions of poison concentration, amount of adsorbent and pH. The results of examining the morphology and surface characteristics of the prepared nanocomposite using electron microscope images show that the average diameter of nanofibers in this structure is about 40 nm. Also, the presence of iron oxide nanometer particles with an average size of 47 nm can be seen in the structure. Also, the results of absorption test by nano adsorbent showed that the maximum amount of absorption of malathion poison is 90% at pH=7 and with 0.7 grams of adsorbent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
286 - Application of mine waste for wastewater treatment: Efficient organic pollutant removal
Samane Ghaedi Kumars Seifpanahi-ShabaniIn this research, a high porous silicate mining waste that was prepared from Syah Kamar Polymetal Porphyry mine in order to malachite green dye (MG) removal has been applied. The characterization of this natural mineral was determined using the XRD, XRF, SEM and FT-IR a MoreIn this research, a high porous silicate mining waste that was prepared from Syah Kamar Polymetal Porphyry mine in order to malachite green dye (MG) removal has been applied. The characterization of this natural mineral was determined using the XRD, XRF, SEM and FT-IR analysis. The MG adsorption onto high porous activated waste was studied based on the parameters of pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and contact time. The equilibrium and kinetic adsorption models were experimentally investigated. The obtained data have suggested that the process of MG removal followed up the Sips isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic. The thermodynamic parameters values consist of ΔG˚, ΔH˚ and ΔS˚ confirms that the adsorption of MG is spontaneous and exothermic reaction. In the optimal condition the removal of MG was more than 93%. This method has a number of advantages, including being low-cost and non-toxic and the availability of natural adsorbent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
287 - Use of Sawdust of Aspen Tree for the Removal of Chromium (VI) from Aqueous Solution
M.T. Hamed Mosavian I. Khazaei M. AliabadiAdsorption capacity of Cr (VI) onto sawdust of aspen tree and activated sawdust, was investigated in a batch system by considering the effects of various parameters like contact time, initial concentration, pH , temperature, agitation speed, absorbent dose and particle MoreAdsorption capacity of Cr (VI) onto sawdust of aspen tree and activated sawdust, was investigated in a batch system by considering the effects of various parameters like contact time, initial concentration, pH , temperature, agitation speed, absorbent dose and particle size. Cr (VI) removal is pH dependent and caused to be maximum at pH 2.0. The amounts of Cr(VI) adsorbed increased with increase in dose of both adsorbents and their contact time. Experimental results show that the low cost biosorbent was effective for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solution. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm were used to describe the adsorption equilibrium studies of agrowaste. Freundlich isotherm shows better fit than Langmuir and Temkin isotherm in the temperature range studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
288 - Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution by adsorption using cousinia eryngioides boiss and activated carbon
م.ت حامد موسویان I خزایی M علی آبادیAdsorption capacity of Cr (VI) onto cousinia eryngioides boiss, activated carbon was investigated in a batch system by considering the effects of various parameters like contact time, initial concentration, pH, temperature, agitation speed, absorbent dose and particle s MoreAdsorption capacity of Cr (VI) onto cousinia eryngioides boiss, activated carbon was investigated in a batch system by considering the effects of various parameters like contact time, initial concentration, pH, temperature, agitation speed, absorbent dose and particle size. Cr (VI) removal is pH dependent and found to be maximum at pH 2.0. The amounts of Cr (VI) adsorbed increased with increase in dose of both adsorbents and their contact time. A contact time of 30 min was found to be optimum. Experimental results show low cost biosorbent were effective for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solution. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm were used to describe the adsorption equilibrium studies of agrowaste. Freundlich isotherm shows better fit than Langmuir and Temkin isotherm in the temperature range studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
289 - Investigating and Comparing Two Methods of Drying Food Waste and Energy Consumption in a Cabinet Dryer
Ahmad khaloahmadi Behfar Farzaneh Omid Reza RoustapoorProviding new solutions to control wet waste is one of the most important issues in maintaining public health. A good solution in order to manage of food waste for benefits of environmental, economic and agriculture is drying. Drying will reduce waste and increase prese MoreProviding new solutions to control wet waste is one of the most important issues in maintaining public health. A good solution in order to manage of food waste for benefits of environmental, economic and agriculture is drying. Drying will reduce waste and increase preservation by reducing moisture. In this regard, two types of methods for drying food waste with conventional tray pattern, and tray with Central and lateral airflow pattern in cabinet dryer were studied. The effect of three temperatures of 50, 60 and 70 ° C and three velocities 1, 1.5 and 2 m / s with thickness of 3 cm on the energy consumption were investigated. In addition, drying kinetics and drying intensity diagrams were extracted. The results showed that the in the central and lateral airflow pattern, temperature is an important factor that affects in the drying of food waste. The energy consumption in the tray with central and lateral airflow pattern is more than the conventional tray pattern. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
290 - A review of the electronic and structural properties of titanium dioxide photocatalysts for the removal of environmental pollutants from wastewater
Abdulhamid Dehghani Azam Moazeni Bistgani Milad Ghezelsofloo Soheil Dehghani Siyahaki Hamidreza MoradiToday, the treatment of environmental pollutants (textile dyes and wastewater from pharmaceutical wastes) has become one of the most challenging issues, and several methods have been used to treat wastewater, including chemical, physical, and biological methods, each of MoreToday, the treatment of environmental pollutants (textile dyes and wastewater from pharmaceutical wastes) has become one of the most challenging issues, and several methods have been used to treat wastewater, including chemical, physical, and biological methods, each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages. In recent decades, titanium dioxide has created suitable conditions for environmental applications due to its unique chemical and physical properties. The basis of photocatalysis processes is based on the production of highly active species such as hydroxyl radicals, which quickly oxidize a wide range of organic pollutants. Titanium dioxide as a semiconductor is an efficient photocatalyst which has been used for oxidation of organic compounds, detoxification, regeneration of toxic metals, effective removal of heavy metals, destruction of bacteria and viruses. Since titanium dioxide and many other semiconductors have a large band gap, the use of photocatalytic water treatment using titanium dioxide is limited due to its relatively low efficiency. In order to improve the photocatalytic efficiency of titanium dioxide for water purification, as well as other photocatalytic applications, a lot of research has been done to extend the photocatalytic response of titanium dioxide to the visible range. In this article, titanium dioxide is systematically introduced and its electronic and structural properties are investigated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
291 - A pilot study based on advanced oxidation processes for reducing organic pollutants and secondary municipal wastewater treatment and reuse
Mahdieh Mostafavi Jalaledin Shayegan Amir Hossein JavidNowadays, the water industry has particular importance, for both drinking and industrial water usages. In most parts of the world, water resources are increasingly decreasing due to development and increasing demand. So, wastewater treatment and reuse is a priority. The MoreNowadays, the water industry has particular importance, for both drinking and industrial water usages. In most parts of the world, water resources are increasingly decreasing due to development and increasing demand. So, wastewater treatment and reuse is a priority. Therefore, currently, treatment technology needs new and innovative processes, according to the quality of raw water and wastewater. The recovered water should have the parameters of purity, sanitary desirability, environmental acceptance and economic feasibility based on industrial water standards for reuse. Therefore, in the current research, a pilot plant equipped with advanced oxidation processes was designed to purify and recover secondary municipal wastewater and remove residual pollutants in the effluent from the secondary urban wastewater treatment plant. During the test period, which was considered with a combination of processes including O3/H2O2, O3/UV, UV/H2O2, O3/UV/H2O2, the efficiency of removing organic pollutants was about 90%. In addition, disinfection, odor and color removal was also provided with very high efficiency. However, since the removal of turbidity and suspended matter was the inhibitory factor for some systems such as UV, by using sand filter, carbon filter and microfiltration, the removal efficiency of contaminants increased up to 98%. The obtained results indicate that the use of technologies based on advanced oxidation for wastewater reuse applications is one of the optimal options, even for wastewater with very high organic matter and it can be a suitable option as an optimal pretreatment method for reverse osmosis method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
292 - Investigating the treatment of wastewater containing antibiotics by nanophotocatalytic method
Alieh Mohammadi Shaghayegh Laleh Mohammadreza DoostiToday, along with the progress of the industry, water pollution is also increasing. Pollutants enter the underground sources and surface waters from various routes and become a potential threat to human health and other organisms in the life cycle. Although various meth MoreToday, along with the progress of the industry, water pollution is also increasing. Pollutants enter the underground sources and surface waters from various routes and become a potential threat to human health and other organisms in the life cycle. Although various methods have been used to purify water and wastewater, most of these methods are not effective enough to remove many persistent organic pollutants, such as dyes, drugs, solvents, pesticides, etc. Antibiotics are among persistent organic pollutants that are rarely completely metabolized in the body after consumption, and 30 to 90% of them remain as active pollutants in the environment after elimination. Therefore, the use of new methods such as photocatalytic processes for antibiotics treatment have attracted the attention of researchers. The use of heterogeneous semiconductor nano photocatalysts as one of the advanced oxidation processes is considered due to their advantages including short-time procedure for synthesis of nano photocatalysts, nano photocatalyst ability to recycle and reuse, the formation of harmless products during the reaction, economic efficiency and compatibility with the environment. So, this approach can be an effective and efficient way to deal with environmental pollution caused by antibiotics. In this article, in addition to introducing the advanced oxidation method, recent studies on using of heterogeneous nano photocatalysts and most effective factors on photocatalytic reaction in water and wastewater treatment containing antibiotics have been reviewed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
293 - The Study Of Women's Participation In Waste Management
Marzieh Nouroozi Jahan Abad Sima SabzalipourThe aim of this study was to determine the source separation of waste and the participation of women in Shiraz city. To collect data a questionnaire of 23 questions randomly distributed among 380 inhabitant women in the 6 and 7, Shiraz regions. Descriptive statistical w MoreThe aim of this study was to determine the source separation of waste and the participation of women in Shiraz city. To collect data a questionnaire of 23 questions randomly distributed among 380 inhabitant women in the 6 and 7, Shiraz regions. Descriptive statistical was implemented to analyze the collected data. The results showed that the rate of women's participation in 6 area (uptown urban residence) was significantly more than the 7 area (downtown urban residence). Income, education level, age, education and giving information on source separation plan, impacted the rate of women's participation in the separation and collection of waste. The awareness promotion of the source separation through education was considered as the most effective way to increase the women participation in source separation plan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
294 - Assessment of Ahwaz Women Opinions about the Methods for Persuading People Participation in Solid Wastes Project
سیما Sabz alipour یاسمین Sobhani زینب KazemiRecycle is a method for decreasing solid wastes and can reduce the solid waste disposal costs and save energy. One of the effective factors for gaining success in this program is people awareness especially women, about the methods for persuading people participation in MoreRecycle is a method for decreasing solid wastes and can reduce the solid waste disposal costs and save energy. One of the effective factors for gaining success in this program is people awareness especially women, about the methods for persuading people participation in solid waste recycle project. The purpose of this study was to survey Ahvaz’s women opinions about this issue. This cross sectional study was done on 160 Ahwaz inhabitant women in 2010. The data were collected via interview and by structured questionnaires. 85% of women were Khouzestanian. 52% of them had university education and 31% of them were older than 40 years, 60% of them were housewives.38% were informed by TV, 14% by newspaper, 7% by family and relatives and 4%were informed by municipality.39% of participants believed that giving solid wastes bags to people and 33% giving award to people were the best methods for persuading people to take part. Regarding the majority opinions, which were giving solid waste bags and awarding people, these two methods can successfully be considered for persuading people to participate in the recycle project. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
295 - A Review of Synthesis of an Efficient Photocatalyst for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Effluents
Paymaneh Taghizadeh-Lendeh Amir Hossein Mohsen Sarrafi Afshar Alihosseini Naeimeh Bahri-Laleh -
Open Access Article
296 - بررسی کاربردهای مختلف پساب شهری اراک با استفاده از فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی
رضا جعفری نیا جواد وروانی مهدی فولادی پناهبحران آب در مناطق خشک و نیمه­خشک ایجاب می­کند که در زمینه کاربرد پساب­های شهری و استفاده از آن بررسی­های جامعی صورت گیرد. در این تحقیق با انجام فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی در سال 1393 با توجه به وزن نسبی معیارها که پس از تکمیل پرسشنامه و تهیه ماتریسهای او Moreبحران آب در مناطق خشک و نیمه­خشک ایجاب می­کند که در زمینه کاربرد پساب­های شهری و استفاده از آن بررسی­های جامعی صورت گیرد. در این تحقیق با انجام فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی در سال 1393 با توجه به وزن نسبی معیارها که پس از تکمیل پرسشنامه و تهیه ماتریسهای اولیه، نرمال و نتایج حاصل از آن مشخص شد، بیشترین معیار محدودکننده، معیار کیفیت پساب و سپس نسبت سود به هزینه است که بالاترین درصد وزن نسبی به آنها اختصاص داده شد (22 و 5/21 درصد به ترتیب). معیارهای بعدی به ترتیب با ارجحیت 2/20، 6/14، 5/11 و 4/10 درصد به ترتیب شامل پذیرش مردمی، سیاست­های حمایتی دولت، پتانسیل منطقه نسبت و فاصله منطقه مصرف از تصفیه خانه اولویت بعدی قرار دارند. گزینه آبیاری اراضی کشاورزی با ارجحیت 5/27 درصد برترین رتبه را به خود اختصاص داد که نشان میدهد مصرف پساب شهری اراک باید برای استفاده در آبیاری اراضی کشاورزی در اولویت قرار گیرد. گزینه دوم نیز مربوط به احیاء و توسعه مراتع حاشیه کویر میقان با ارجحیت 20 درصد می­باشد. گزینه­های بعدی به ترتیب با ارجحیت 7/18، 8/17 و 9/15 درصد به ترتیب شامل جنگل و فضای سبز، تغذیه سفره های آب زیرزمینی و صنعت در اولویت­های بعدی قرار دارند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
297 - ارزیابی ماندگاری آنتیبیوتیکهای بیمارستانی تخلیه شده به رودخانه کارون در بازه اهواز (مطالعه موردی: دو بیمارستان امام خمینی و سینا)
بیتا باهری ابراهیم رجب زاده قطر میبا توجه به خطرات گسترش مقاومت آنتی­بیوتیک­ها در محیط زیست، هدف از پژوهش حاضر محاسبه میزان ماندگاری آنتی­بیوتیک­های ورودی دو بیمارستان امام خمینی و سینا به رودخانه کارون و تعیین خطرناکترین نوع آنتی بیوتیک در فواصل خروجی فاضلاب، 500، 1000، 1500، 2000 و 300 Moreبا توجه به خطرات گسترش مقاومت آنتی­بیوتیک­ها در محیط زیست، هدف از پژوهش حاضر محاسبه میزان ماندگاری آنتی­بیوتیک­های ورودی دو بیمارستان امام خمینی و سینا به رودخانه کارون و تعیین خطرناکترین نوع آنتی بیوتیک در فواصل خروجی فاضلاب، 500، 1000، 1500، 2000 و 3000 متری از خروجی بیمارستان­ها در تابستان و زمستان 1398 بود. نمونه­برداری در بطری­های تیره­ درب سمباده­ای انجام شد و غلظت ۵ آنتی بیوتیک (پنی­سیلین­جی، سفتریاکسون، سفیکسیم، اریترومایسین و آموکسی­سیلین) که از جدول فراوانی پر مصرف­ترین آنها از مقالات مختلف در بیمارستان­ها انتخاب شده بودند با استفاده از دستگاه HPLC سنجش شد. نتایج نشان داد غلظت کلی ۵ آنتی­بیوتیک در مجموع در خروجی بیمارستان امام خمینی و سینا بین 27/80- 68/0 نانوگرم در لیتر در تابستان و 49/84-3/6 نانوگرم در لیتر زمستان بود. در تابستان و زمستان ایستگاه خروجی هر دو بیمارستان بالاترین غلظت آنتی­بیوتیک را داشتند و با فاصله گرفتن از محل خروجی بیمارستان و در فاصله 2000 متری، 32/10-56/0 درصد آنتی­بیوتیک همچنان در آب باقی مانده بود. آموکسی سیلین و پنی­سیلین جی به ترتیب در محل تخلیه­ فاضلاب، 1000 و 2000 متری بیشترین و کمترین غلظت آنتی­بیوتیک­ را در آب رودخانه­ی کارون داشتند. در هر دو بیمارستان، درصد بازماندگی آنتی­بیوتیک­ها در دو فصل تابستان و زمستان به جز در مورد پنی­سیلین جی، در سایر آنتی­بیوتیک­ها اختلاف معنی­داری نداشت (05/0<P ). در فاصله­ی 2500 متری فقط بازماندگی آنتی بیوتیک­های سفیکسیم (زمستان هر دو بیمارستان)، سفتریاکسون (زمستان و تابستان هر دو بیمارستان) و پنی سیلین جی (تابستان در بیمارستان امام خمینی) صفر درصد بود که نشان دهنده­ی ماندگاری و خطر زیست محیطی و انسانی بالاتر این دو آنتی­بیوتیک در مقایسه با سه آنتی­بیوتیک دیگر است. مقایسه مقادیر آنتی­بیوتیک­های رودخانه­ی کارون با استانداردهای PNEC و Lowest MIC، نشان داد که مقادیر تمامی انتی­بیوتیک­ها از استانداردهای در نظر گرفته شده، بالاتر بود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
298 - استفاده از پودر کربن فعال در فن آوری لجن فعال جهت بررسی اثر تصفیه پذیری فاضلاب صنعتی پتروشیمی در مقیاس آزمایشگاهی جهت پالایندگی آب برگشتی
محمد رضا فرشادی روحالله مختاران جواد احدیانبه منظور تعیین ویژگی­های دو سیستم تصفیه فاضلاب به روش لجن فعال، هوادهی گسترده و افزودن پودر کربن فعال به واحد هوادهی در مقیاس آزمایشگاهی و مقایسه عملکرد آنها در کاهش بار آلی ناشی از بنزن و اتیلن­دی­کلراید در فاضلاب مصنوعی مقایسه­ای صورت گرفت؛ و دو سیستم Moreبه منظور تعیین ویژگی­های دو سیستم تصفیه فاضلاب به روش لجن فعال، هوادهی گسترده و افزودن پودر کربن فعال به واحد هوادهی در مقیاس آزمایشگاهی و مقایسه عملکرد آنها در کاهش بار آلی ناشی از بنزن و اتیلن­دی­کلراید در فاضلاب مصنوعی مقایسه­ای صورت گرفت؛ و دو سیستم که یک سیستم با استفاده از پودر کربن فعال و سیستم دیگر بدون استفاده از پودر کربن فعال می­باشد در مقیاس آزمایشگاهی با حجم هوادهی 9 لیتر و واحد ته نشینی 4 لیتر طراحی و ساخته شد. با استفاده از یک فاضلاب مصنوعی با ترکیب شیمیایی معلوم مبتنی بر بنزن و اتیلن­دی­کلراید با میزان COD بین 300 تا 1100 میلی­گرم بر لیتر، دو سیستم فوق به مدت 6 ماه مورد بهره­برداری قرار گرفتند. در دوره بررسی، بازدهی کاهش و حذف مواد آلی و تغییرات مواد جامد مخلوط و نیز مواد جامد معلق فرار مایع مخلوط در هر دو سیستم در شرایط مختلف تغییر غلظت ورودی همراه با ثابت نگه­داشتن مقدار پودر کربن فعال ایرانی به میزان 2500 میلی­گرم بر لیتر و زمان ماند هیدرولیک و جامدات به ترتیب برابر با 18 ساعت و 15 روز صورت گرفت. یافته­های حاصل از این پژوهش نشان می­دهند که پودر کربن فعال انتخابی برای جذب اتیلن­دی­کلراید و بنزن در بارهای 400 و 700 میلی­گرم بر لیتر نسبت به بارهای 900 و 1100 میلی­گرم بر لیتر بهتر عمل نموده است. همچنین مشخص گردید که استفاده از پودر کربن فعال در سیستم با پودر باعث ناسازگاری سریعتر سیستم نسبت به سیستم لجن فعال در واحد هوادهی، میزان مواد جامد معلق فرار، مایع مخلوط و مواد جامد معلق مایع مخلوط بهتر از سیستم بدون پودر کربن فعال می­باشد. در صورت افزایش درصد حذف COD در سیستم، میزان مواد فوق نیز افزایش پیدا می­کنند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
299 - ارزیابی تصفیهخانه فاضلاب شهر خرمشهر با استفاده از شبکههای عصبی و مصنوعی و ماشینبردار پشتیبان و امکان استفاده از آن برای مصارف کشاورزی
علی ایران فر علیرضا نیکبخت شهبازی رضا جلیل زاده ینگجهدر این تحقیق از شبکه عصبی و مصنوعی و ماشین‎بردار پشتیبان جهت ارزیابی فاضلاب تصفیه‎خانه شهر خرمشهر استفاده شده است. همچنین امکان استفاده فاضلاب این شهر برای مصارف کشاورزی بررسی گردید. در این تحقیق از مقادیر ماهیانه BOD، COD، TS و TSS که مورد نیاز در این پژوهش بود Moreدر این تحقیق از شبکه عصبی و مصنوعی و ماشین‎بردار پشتیبان جهت ارزیابی فاضلاب تصفیه‎خانه شهر خرمشهر استفاده شده است. همچنین امکان استفاده فاضلاب این شهر برای مصارف کشاورزی بررسی گردید. در این تحقیق از مقادیر ماهیانه BOD، COD، TS و TSS که مورد نیاز در این پژوهش بودند مورد استفاده قرار گرفت و همچنین از این مقادیر جهت ارزیابی فاضلاب تصفیه­خانه شهر خرمشهر جهت استفاده در مصارف کشاورزی استفاده گردید. کاربرد مدل شبکه عصبی­مصنوعی، برای پیش­بینی کیفیت پساب خروجی تصفیه­خانه­های فاضلاب نیز امکان پذیر می­باشد. مدل منتخب ANN (LM) از دقت مناسبی در تخمین به‎هنگام BOD5 برخوردار بود. به هر حال این مدل در پیش­بینی مقادیر حدی بیشینه از عملکرد ضعیف­تری برخوردار بود. با استفاده از الگوریتم بهینه­سازی جست‎وجوی شبکه دو مرحله­ای، مقادیر بهینه مشخصه­های مدل SVM یعنی ɛ، C و γ به ترتیب معادل 037/0، 13 و 472/1 به دست آمد. در نهایت با توجه به نتایج به دست­آمده در این تحقیق مدل SVM برای پیش­بینی به‎هنگام BOD5 برای تصفیه­خانه شهر خرمشهر توصیه شد. با توجه به نتایج به‎دست آمده از آنالیز کیفی فاضلاب ورودی پساب خروجی تصفیه شده راندمان حذف BOD5 برابر با 88 درصد، COD برابر با 92 درصد، TDS برابر با 70 درصد و حذف TSS برابر با 27 درصد می­باشد. شوری پساب تصفیه­خانه فاضلاب شهر خرمشهر با مینیم­شوری 208، ماکزیمم 3050 و میانگین 1544 میکروموس بر سانتی­متر اندازه­گیری شد. بنابراین پساب تصفیه­خانه فاضلاب این شهر در گروه C3، آب­های قابل‎قبول قرار دارد. براساس مقدار سدیم پساب خروجی فاضلاب این تصفیه‎خانه برای آبیاری گندم، جو، سویا، انجیر، زیتون، صنوبر و امثال آن‎ها، بر اساس نمودار ویلکاکس هیچ محدودیتی در استفاده از این پساب وجود ندارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
300 - پتانسیل یابی مناطق مستعد جایگزینی پساب جهت جبران افت سطح منابع آب زیرزمینی
وحید یزدانی محمد سلطانی اصلیکی از راه‎کارهای اصلی مبارزه با کم­آبی، کاربرد زنجیره­ای آب متناسب با تغییر کیفیت آن در بخش­های مختلف مصرف می­باشد که به‎دین ترتیب استفاده مجدد از پساب ضرورتی اجتناب‎ناپذیر است. در این مطالعه پارامترهای کیفیت آب­ زیرزمینی دشت مشهد از نظر Moreیکی از راه‎کارهای اصلی مبارزه با کم­آبی، کاربرد زنجیره­ای آب متناسب با تغییر کیفیت آن در بخش­های مختلف مصرف می­باشد که به‎دین ترتیب استفاده مجدد از پساب ضرورتی اجتناب‎ناپذیر است. در این مطالعه پارامترهای کیفیت آب­ زیرزمینی دشت مشهد از نظر مکانی و زمانی با استفاده از روش­های کریجینگ معمولی و کوکریجینگ نقطه­ای در محیط GIS بررسی شدند. با استفاده از فرآیند تحلیل سلسه مراتبی AHP، مناطق مستعد جایگزینی پساب‎های تولیدی تصفیه شده در دشت مشهد مشخص و اولویت‎بندی شد. براساس آمار و استانداردهای مورد استفاده مشخص گردید که ۵/۱۲ درصد از کل آب­های زیرزمینی دشت قابل شرب است. همچنین ۷۰ درصد از کل آب­های زیرزمینی دشت مشهد برای کشاورزی مطلوب تا متوسط است. نتایج AHP نشان داد که با توجه به نظرات کارشناسان و متخصصان آب، افت سطح آب و کیفیت آب زیرزمینی دشت مشهد بیشترین ضریب وزنی و فاصله از تصفیه‎خانه و اختلاف ارتفاع مناطق مختلف نسبت به تصفیه‎خانه (توپوگرافی) کمترین ضریب وزنی را داشتند. مناطقی که بیشترین افت، بهترین کیفیت آب، کمترین فاصله و ارتفاع کم‎تری نسبت به تصفیه‎خانه داشتند، بیشترین ضریب وزنی را داشتند. از آن‎جایی که در روش AHP بیشترین ضریب وزنی مربوط به افت سطح آب و کیفیت آب زیرزمینی بود و همچنین بیشترین میزان این ضریب مربوط به مناطقی بود که بیش‎ترین افت و بهترین کیفیت آبی را دارا بودند، بنابراین به عنوان اولویت اول مناطق جایگزینی پساب تصفیه شده انتخاب شدند. با جایگزینی پساب تصفیه شده با آب چاه­های کشاورزی و خارج نمودن آنها از مدار بهره‎برداری، میزان برداشت از آبخوان کاهش یافته و پتانسیل ذخیره شده آن می‎تواند در آینده مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
301 - ارزیابی آلودگی آب زیرزمینی محدوده مطالعاتی مرند تحت شرایط استفاده مجدد پساب شهری در کشاورزی با استفاده از GODS
فرناز سلامتی امیرحسین کوکبی نژاد محمدعلی حسن پورمحدوده مطالعاتی شهرستان مرند در 45 درجه و 46 دقیقه طول شرقی و 38 درجه و 26 دقیقه عرض شمالی قرار دارد و در شمال غرب استان آذربایجان شرقی و در 60 کیلومتری شمال غرب شهرتبریز واقع است . متاسفانه در سالهای اخیر توسعه کشور ها، از جمله ایران موجب بهره برداری بیش از پیش و استفا Moreمحدوده مطالعاتی شهرستان مرند در 45 درجه و 46 دقیقه طول شرقی و 38 درجه و 26 دقیقه عرض شمالی قرار دارد و در شمال غرب استان آذربایجان شرقی و در 60 کیلومتری شمال غرب شهرتبریز واقع است . متاسفانه در سالهای اخیر توسعه کشور ها، از جمله ایران موجب بهره برداری بیش از پیش و استفاده نادرست از منابع آب زیرزمینی شده و این امر باعث کاهش این منابع و عدم کنترل میزان آلاینده ها که به دلایل مختلف ایجاد شده اند، زمینه آلودگی این منابع ارزشمند را فراهم آورده است. درتحقیق انجام گرفته ، سعی شده با استفاده از روش جی او دی اس و با استفاده از نقشه های آرک جی ای اس ، ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞﻫﺎی زﻣﻴﻦآﻣﺎری و نقشه رتبه بندی منطقه غیر اشباع ، نقشه تغییرات عمق اب زیرزمینی ، نفشه رتبه بندی محیط خاک،نقشه رتبه بندی محیط آبخوان و نقشه آسیب پذیری کمی وکیفی در آبخوان مرند و نقشه آسیب پذیری اراضی کاربری محدوده مطالعاتی ترسیم شده و با توجه به اهمیت و حساسیت موضوع ارزیابی الودگی آبخوان مرند مطالعه شود و نتایج حاصل از ارزیابی آلودگی استفاده مجدد از پساب شهری در کشاورزی ، حاکی از این است بخش شرقی دشت با وجود جمعیت زیاد ساکن در منطقه دارای آلودگی بیشتری نسبت به غرب دشت که بیشتر زمین های کشاورزی است ، می باشد و براساس مدیریت الودگی در محدوده مطالعاتی بهتر است از پساب تصفیه شده در غرب دشت برای ابیاری زمین های کشاورزی استفاده گردد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
302 - Determination of the optimum weight of the 500-ml serum bottle using the k2 design of experimental (Case Study: Samen Pharmaceutical Co.)
Behnam Bayani Rad Hamideh Razavi Haniye Farahmand ali hadianfarIn industrial and manufacturing processes, there are several input factors in different levels, which may affect the final product characteristics. The design of experimental method, as one of the new quality improvement methods identifies the most important effective f MoreIn industrial and manufacturing processes, there are several input factors in different levels, which may affect the final product characteristics. The design of experimental method, as one of the new quality improvement methods identifies the most important effective factors factors on product quality by experimental design and adjusts its optimal levels. The purpose of this study was determination of the optimum weight of the 500-ml serum bottle using the 2k design of experimental, so that, if thicker, it would increase the consumption of the primary substance of P.P. And losses, and if it is used less than standard, it will cause deformation of the body and loss of the product. Because the serum production process faces some inevitable waste but subsequent changes in weight cause the consumption control not be properly performed, so after determining the weight the standard of the serum the conditions of the machine must be checked, it is possible to approach the production with a standard weight and the normal waste is under control. In this study, we tried to identify the factors affecting the weight of the serum bottle using 2k experimental design. After analyzing and evaluating the adequacy of the model, the results of analysis of variance and main effects graphs showed that the timing of cycle, the temperature of the heaters and the extruder circle had the most direct effect on the weight of the bottle. By controlling these factors, we can determine the weight fluctuations reduced the bottle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
303 - Identification and prioritization of factors affecting the reverse logistics supply chain of industrial wastewater waste in Gol Gohar Mining and Industrial Company
Mostafa Mahmoudabadi SADEGH ABEDIIn recent years, given the importance of industrial wastewater waste, supply chain stakeholders expect the reverse supply logistics supply chain to be considered. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize the reverse logistics supply chain of i MoreIn recent years, given the importance of industrial wastewater waste, supply chain stakeholders expect the reverse supply logistics supply chain to be considered. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize the reverse logistics supply chain of industrial wastewater waste in Gol Gohar Mining and Industrial Company. The research was applied development and was conducted in a mixed way. Using purposive sampling method, 12 experts familiar with the research were identified. In the qualitative section, content analysis was used to code and identify the factors. Fuzzy Dematel was used to prioritize the factors in the quantitative part. The results showed that the factors affecting the reverse logistics supply chain of industrial wastewater include 7 general themes. Commitment to management, environment, cost, flexibility, rules and regulations, social and total quality management. Using Dematel technique, it was determined that management commitment is the most influential factor on other factors and the environment is the most influential factor on other factors, which shows the impact of other factors on this factor Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
304 - Lean Supply Chain in Oil and Gas Industry Case study: Iranian Offshore Engineering and Construction Company
Ahmadreza Etemadi Ahamadreza KasraeiNowadays, Oil and gas industry has made fundamental changes in growth and development of our country and contemporary demands for oil products and their various applications, in parallel, our country’s potential in this fields leads to noticeable investments of go MoreNowadays, Oil and gas industry has made fundamental changes in growth and development of our country and contemporary demands for oil products and their various applications, in parallel, our country’s potential in this fields leads to noticeable investments of government on this industry. In this regard, the first step is supplying equipment which are needed for transformation the hydrocarbon resources to refineries. Next step is applying specific operations and processes to produce the favorable products. Supplying equipment in shortest time and highest quality make the supply chain more efficient and help an organization to reach its mission. The main aim of this study is to increase the efficiency of the supply chain by the lean supply chain. This process commences with recognition of waste parameters in supplying types of equipment in Iranian Offshore Engineering and Construction Company, and then the parameters sort based on priority and finally led to propose some solution for omission or decline of wastes. So, consulting with professionals, 10 main wastes have been recognized and sorted by applying AHP method by Expert Choice software. In conclusion, several solutions have been proposed for decreasing of wastes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
305 - Using Lucas Experimental Method to Investigate the Relationship between Exchange Rate Overshooting and Business Cycles in Iran
Rahim Ghasemie Amirabas Saminia Mohamad Hasan Hemati Abolfazl Kaviri BidgoliAmong the current production management issues, the ability to handle the unexpected changes, survive the unexpected threats in the business market and suitable use of environmental fluctuation as an opportunity are the most challenges of the production organizations. T MoreAmong the current production management issues, the ability to handle the unexpected changes, survive the unexpected threats in the business market and suitable use of environmental fluctuation as an opportunity are the most challenges of the production organizations. This ability is agility. The first step to achieve the agility is to measure the current agility level of organization. As each organization has its own structure, culture, strategies, and goals, the agility differs from one organization to others. Furthermore, the required agility level differs from one organization to another regarding the competitive environment in which they compete. In this paper, a model presented in order to measure the agility level in Shiraz municipality waste management organization. Based on this goal, first through the comprehensive literature review, different agility model studied and relevant dimensions and components of agility measurement model extracted using the meta-synthesis method. The main criteria and the principal components of these models include Agility drivers, agility enablers, key capabilities, agility strategies, required agility level, agility goals, and results. Then all levels of the model (three levels) have been Finalized using Focus Group method and the agility measurement tools designed according to the third level of a model (Guide tips). Finally, the agility level of Shiraz municipal waste management organization measured and results show a moderate level of agility in this organization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
306 - A Comparative Study of the Poem, "Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season" by Forugh Farrokhzad with the Poem "The Waste Land" by T.S. Eliot
Faezeh Arab Yousef Abadi Behzad Pour Gharib Although T.S. Eliot's "The Waste Land" and Forugh Farrokhzad's "Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season" seem to be different formally, in essence they have a correlated basis of similarity of views in modern men. The aim More Although T.S. Eliot's "The Waste Land" and Forugh Farrokhzad's "Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season" seem to be different formally, in essence they have a correlated basis of similarity of views in modern men. The aim of this study is to analyze the comparative study of these two poems in order to demonstrate the proof effectiveness of Forugh Farrokhzad from T.S. Eliot’s views. This study relied on the analytical method and by taking advantage of the library notes in order to achieve the main objective of this research. The results indicate that both these poems at the beginning and the ending have equally important ways. These poems are the texts which are ripped and shredded and are not cohesive in appearance; but the presence of seemingly unrelated structures and broken images in these poems have a targeted strategy for inducing anxiety of modern man and human social breakdown in these poets era. Allusions, which are the most important forms of intertextuality in these two poems, show that both the poets made their poetry into the space where a variety of concepts and images manifested in classical literature and originated religious texts in the line with the criticism of modern man. In these both poems, combining each image with another one has made meaning throughout the poem. Similar thoughts and their shared imageries in these poems express the unity of the needs of modern men with consistency problems and problems of modern life. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
307 - Identifying the components of the strategic integrated model of human resource empowerment based on the meta-synthesis approach in the water and waste water industry
Akbar Sheidaei habashi Soleymam Iranzadeh Houshang TaghizadehThe purpose of the current research is to identify the components of empowerment strategy, transformational leadership and Job Involvement to be used in the strategic integrated model of human resource empowerment in water and wastewater companies of West and East Azarb MoreThe purpose of the current research is to identify the components of empowerment strategy, transformational leadership and Job Involvement to be used in the strategic integrated model of human resource empowerment in water and wastewater companies of West and East Azarbaijan provinces based on the meta-synthesis approach. Based on the review of the basics and background of the researches, it can be seen that most of these researches have been investigated separately, quantitatively, and correlationally. In other words, none of the conducted studies have used a comprehensive model in the process of empowering human resources, just like the leading research. This research is one of the first studies that can be used as a basis for the development and theoretical expansion of concepts related to the process of human resource empowerment, in the form of a strategic integrated model of human resource empowerment in organizations, especially industrial organizations such as water and wastewater companies in the field of application and research. In this research, qualitative meta-synthesis approach and Barroso and Sandelowski's method were used. In this way, the components related to the integrated model by analyzing domestic and foreign articles in a specific time frame (1392-1400) and (2013-2021) and using the opinion of experts (with experience in the field of water and wastewater industry) and based on The Critical Appraisal Skills Program was identified. In the following, the conceptual model resulting from the meta-synthesis method and the Critical Appraisal Skills Program were presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
308 - Investigating the removal of heavy metals using nanoclay composite stabilized on chitosan surface
قدرت اله موسوی ممبینی خوشناز پاینده لاله رومیانیThis research aimed to investigate the effect of nanoclay composite stabilized on chitosan surface in removing zinc, copper, iron and aluminum metals from fish meal Company effluent in 2017. Chitosan was prepared from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) skin. The amount of ab MoreThis research aimed to investigate the effect of nanoclay composite stabilized on chitosan surface in removing zinc, copper, iron and aluminum metals from fish meal Company effluent in 2017. Chitosan was prepared from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) skin. The amount of absorption of zinc, copper, iron and aluminum metals by chitosan-clay nanocomposite was investigated in five concentrations of 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1 weight percentage and at contact times of 60, 120 and 180 minutes. . In two concentrations of 0.2% and 0.5% of adsorbent and in contact times of 60 and 120 minutes, zinc and aluminum metals had the highest absorption rate compared to copper and iron metals, and in contact time of 180 minutes, iron metal had the highest absorption percentage (P<0.05). In concentrations of 0.8% and 1% of adsorbent in all three times, zinc metal has the highest removal percentage and aluminum has the lowest removal percentage (P<0.05) and two metals iron and copper rank second without any significant difference were placed (P<0.05). The results of the present study showed that the amount of metal absorption by chitosan-clay nanocomposite is related to the concentration of the adsorbent and the contact time and chitosan-clay nanocomposite can be used to remove and reduce the level of heavy metal contamination in the wastewater of fishmeal and other food factories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
309 - Review of the Influence of Three Behaviors- Miserliness, Moderation, and Wastefulness- on Creativity
Mansour Sadeghi malamiriFiled under: creativity of individuals, organizations and communities are a prominent role. But this role is fulfilled very well that we can bring creative people from potentiality to actuality that this requires providing appropriate conditions. In this regard the beha MoreFiled under: creativity of individuals, organizations and communities are a prominent role. But this role is fulfilled very well that we can bring creative people from potentiality to actuality that this requires providing appropriate conditions. In this regard the behavior of three miserliness, moderates and wastefulness noted that their impact on creativity is uncertain. Objective: This study examines the effect of three behavior, miserliness, moderates and wastefulness the creativity is applied. Method: Using exploratory and qualitative methods, the position of indeterminate effect on creativity triple behaviors based on authentic sources were covered. triple behaviors and creativity, discipline and organization, and finally, the impact of behaviors on creativity trilogy was depicted in a single model. Results: The results of the study showed that three in a continuum of behaviors that stinginess and extravagance have put together the moderate middle point of their impact on creativity. In such a way that the behavior of avarice or waste away and be closer to moderation, it is creative. miserliness in the closed system through negligence in the behavior (not taking sufficient resources where necessary or less than the threshold, reducing communication, reducing diversity and lack of creative tension) reduces the role of creativity and wastefulness in open loop through the extremes in behavior (places unnecessary resource consumption or greater than the threshold of adequacy, increasing communication runaway, runaway diversity and lack of creative tension), reduced creativity. In contrast, the moderation in the negative closed loop system, through a moderation in behavior (consumption of resources where necessary and sufficiency level, targeted communication, diversity purposeful and creative tension), increases creativity. Conclusion: Based on the three models showed the impact of behavior on the management of creativity. In this way should be directed to promoting creativity in personal and social life and behavior are miserliness and wastefulness to treat moderate approach Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
310 - Analysis of Lean Thinking Principles and Presenting Lean Management Model for Education Using Grand Theory Method (Mixed Research)
Moharramali Hashemi Jahanghir Yari Haj Atalou Sadegh Maleki AvarsinPurpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the realization of the principles of lean thinking and to present a lean management model for Iran’s education.Method: The mixed research approach was used. Using purposive sampling method, 122 principals of ed MorePurpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the realization of the principles of lean thinking and to present a lean management model for Iran’s education.Method: The mixed research approach was used. Using purposive sampling method, 122 principals of education regions of West Azerbaijan completed a researcher-made questionnaire made by Pure Principles. In the qualitative part, to achieve the model, the Strauss-Corbin method continued semi-structured interviews with 13 elites until theoretical saturation was achieved.Findings: The findings show that education is based on long-term philosophy but is not forward-looking, services are tailored to the needs of individuals, specialized tasks and work processes are clear, trainees are trained in philosophy Adhere to Islamic education and the document of fundamental change in education. Therefore, the third, sixth, tenth and eleventh principles are researchers and the first and thirteenth principles are relatively established. In the qualitative part, the results of analyzing the data obtained from the interviews around the paradigm model were divided into 23 categories, including: causal causes 5 categories, environmental conditions 5 categories, background factors 4 categories, strategies 4 categories and consequences 3 categories.Conclusion: Education can not be called "Lean" in the current situation, but in terms of existing capabilities, lean management is applicable in education. In the qualitative section, after analyzing the data obtained from interviews with elites, "value creation through the identification and elimination of maximum waste" was identified as the main phenomenon. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
311 - Classification and Separation of mine wastes in Chadurmalu iron ore mine in order to decrease in environmental impacts rate
Seyed Hamid Reza Mirahmadi Amir Hossien Bangian TabriziOne of environmental issues in open pit mining is to separate and send of mine wastes with different grade to different waste dumps. In this paper the mentioned subject of short-term production planning is presented. In short-term production planning the subjects of exa MoreOne of environmental issues in open pit mining is to separate and send of mine wastes with different grade to different waste dumps. In this paper the mentioned subject of short-term production planning is presented. In short-term production planning the subjects of exact contact boundaries between ore and waste, optimizing of extracting ore grade, the sequence of ore blocks’ exploitation and waste blocks’ removal are considered. Using of boreholes’ data of one or two higher working benches is one of the easiest ways of grade estimating in mining bench. For evaluating of presented model in this research, Chadormalu iron ore mine data is used as a case study. In the case study, the place of the bench in elevation of 1465 m is determined as the target bench of production planning. Average and least of iron grade were estimated respectively 57.08% and 53.62%. So, if only estimated grade in reserve estimating step is considered in short-term production planning more than 30% of the ore block’s reserve is transferred to the waste dump. So, the presented model waste dumps with different iron ore grade is planned for potentially future uses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
312 - Landfil location in Quchan city using the integration of the GIS system and the MCDA method
Zakieh Ghauor Morteza RazmaraSolid waste burying is the last option in solid waste management. In this regard, the main objective is the safe and long-term disposal of solid waste with consideration of environmental and health aspects. Various variables should be considered in the location. Therefo MoreSolid waste burying is the last option in solid waste management. In this regard, the main objective is the safe and long-term disposal of solid waste with consideration of environmental and health aspects. Various variables should be considered in the location. Therefore, identification of ways to achieve this goal is necessary and necessary. The present research was carried out to determine the environmental location of urban waste landfills in Quchan city using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy model, GIS (Geographical Information System (GIS)) using Expert Choice software. . In this research, the layers necessary for the location of 12 layers including geological maps, soil study, land use, slope of the area, topography, the location of villages, urban areas, surface water and underground waters, direction The dominant winds, roads and faults were collected and then, based on landfill landfill criteria, the layers were scored and weighed. The maps after the final weighting obtained from the hierarchical process were combined and the final map was extracted. Based on the final map of the fuzzy logic model and hierarchical analysis, 46% are in prohibited areas, 8% have inappropriate conditions, 24% have moderate conditions, 14% have good conditions, and 8% have very good conditions. Two Its area is suitable and very suitable and is located in the southwest. In these areas, the groundwater level is low and the lithology of the area is tuff dacity and latite. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
313 - An Environmental Investigation into Poldokhtar Landfill and Site Selection of Landfill using Weighted Linear Combination (WLC)
Siamak Baharvand Salman SoriThe determination of municipal waste landfill is a major issue in the process of urban planning due to the huge impact it has on the economy, ecology and environment of any region. In the process of determining municipal waste landfill, attempt is made to consider sites MoreThe determination of municipal waste landfill is a major issue in the process of urban planning due to the huge impact it has on the economy, ecology and environment of any region. In the process of determining municipal waste landfill, attempt is made to consider sites with minimum risks for the environment and human health as well. This study aimed to have an environmental evaluation and determination of municipal waste landfill in Poldokhtar using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Weighted Linear Combination (WLC). For this purpose, the current landfill was first assessed in terms of the environment. The results of the evaluation show that the biochemical and chemical activities are very high in the desired site. Therefore, paying special attention to the environmental impacts of the current landfill is of great significance. Then, the map for the site selection of Poldokhtar’s landfill was prepared based on investigating and assessing 10 parameters including the distance from city, village, drainage, rainfall, major and minor roads, lithology, landuse, slope and elevation,. According to the results obtained from the map for the site selection of landfill, 11.33%, 20.51%, 25.94%, 22.65% and 19.56% of the site area are located in the very unsuitable, unsuitable, moderate, suitable and the best suitable area, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
314 - Investigation of Factors Affecting the Diffusion of cadmium from Electronic Waste In soil environments
homan BahmanpourElectronic and electrical wastes are special types of wastes whose main components include capacitors, transistors, ICs, electronic circuits, cathode and anode components, and have toxicity, pathogenicity and stability in the environment and even in the corpuscles, corr MoreElectronic and electrical wastes are special types of wastes whose main components include capacitors, transistors, ICs, electronic circuits, cathode and anode components, and have toxicity, pathogenicity and stability in the environment and even in the corpuscles, corrosive installations and Equipment and the like. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate and identify the effective factors in the liberation of these metals and especially the cadmium element in the surrounding environment. To investigate this, the effect of different factors such as temperature, pH, HMC and time on the release of cadmium from these wastes to soil environments has been studied. For this purpose, the selected parts were analyzed and examined. The results indicate that in the soil environment, the level of cadmium penetration in very acidic and very alkaline pH increases the amount of release. Also, in the soil environment, the increase in temperature increases the penetration of the cadmium element in the environment, and the effect of the contact time parameter is also proportional to the pH variation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
315 - Possible of arsenic removal from environment using aquatic plants in north of Khuzestan
Ali Shir-Afroos Abdolmajid Liaghat Mohammad Manshoori Ebrahim Pazira Hosein SedghiAbility of aquatic plants as a tool for environmentally friendly municipal, industrial and agricultural wastewatertreatment has been attracted to attention in the world. In this study the possibility of absorption of arsenic andheavy metal contaminated industrial wastew MoreAbility of aquatic plants as a tool for environmentally friendly municipal, industrial and agricultural wastewatertreatment has been attracted to attention in the world. In this study the possibility of absorption of arsenic andheavy metal contaminated industrial wastewater treatment to this metal has been studied by four species ofaquatic plant Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia, Scirpus bulrush and Alisma plantago. Therefore, through thefirst pot experiment and infect cultured at three different levels of arsenic in three replicates in 60-day period, inthe form of a completely randomized design. Results showed that Phragmites sp. and Scirpus sp. were highaccumulation of arsenic, with 119.55 and 65.25 mg/kg of dry matter at the end of plant growth period,respectively in underground organs. Accumulation in the underground organs showed significant difference withaccumulation in the shoot. The two species chosen at this stage were planted in constructed ponds withdimensions 5 m long, 0.5 m wide and 0.4 m height with the isolation bed and their drainage tubes placing. Apond was conducted as a control (no plant) and intended to test the effect of system type and retention time(retention time of five 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14 days) on arsenic removal efficiency at the level of 100 mg/kg soilpollution in three replications. The results of this section showed that the effect of system type and retention timeon the removal efficiency of constructed was significant but not for interaction effect of two factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
316 - Assessment, Matrix, Disposal, GIS, Waste, Leachate
Behnosh Khoshmanesh Fatemeh RazavianThe increasing daily production of waste and its proper disposal is one of the major environmental challenges of human societies, and burying waste is one of the most commonly used methods in this direction. Urban landfills can be considered as civil projects that have MoreThe increasing daily production of waste and its proper disposal is one of the major environmental challenges of human societies, and burying waste is one of the most commonly used methods in this direction. Urban landfills can be considered as civil projects that have multiple environmental impacts. The use of environmental impact assessment and assessment of current disposal sites can be considered as one of the tools for environmental management. The purpose of this study was to use this tool to identify the negative effects of Gandak landfills in Damavand city and provide appropriate solution and option. To this end, along with examining the effects of the current project (Gandak) with 15 years of experience, other appropriate options were also considered. In order to select other suitable alternatives for the construction of landfill and associated facilities, using the existing standards, some criteria were defined for locating, and were overlapped by GIS software. By overlapping different layers, the zones suitable for burial centers were identified, and finally a different appropriate option (Option 2) was selected from among them.Then, in order to evaluate the selected options, a matrix of environmental factors and micro-activities of the project were prepared to examine the impact of each micro-activity by the construction and operation phase on 70 environmental parameters of the region. Regarding the results of the completion of the assessment matrix in two phases of construction and operation, it was found that Option 1 (Gandak) is more appropriate than Option 2. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
317 - Location of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, Oshnavyeh City by Method Hierarchical analysis
Hamid Shahinfar Fatemeh MotamediSelecting the appropriate site landfill is one of the important steps in the management of municipal solid waste. Given the devastating environmental, economic, and ecological impacts of municipal waste, landfill selection must be carefully and scientifically processed. MoreSelecting the appropriate site landfill is one of the important steps in the management of municipal solid waste. Given the devastating environmental, economic, and ecological impacts of municipal waste, landfill selection must be carefully and scientifically processed. New tools and technology can help find the right place for a landfill. Geographic information systems (GIS) are nowadays widely used in environmental planning. In this study, different parameters such as lithology, land use, vegetation, soil properties, topography (slope), distance from urban areas, distance from main road, main waterways Suburbs, residential areas, wells and aqueducts and faults in order to determine suitable location for solid waste landfill in oshnavyeh city have been considered. Next, the paired comparison matrix was developed using AHP method and the final weights of each data layer were calculated using Expert Choice 11 software and in GIS environment, modeling was performed by hierarchical analysis process. Finally, landfill sites in oshnavyeh city were identified in four floor as Quite suitable, suitable, relatively suitable and inadequate based on their location ability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
318 - Feasibility of wastewater reuse of Anbaj treatment plant for different usages with an emphasis on artificial recharge of groundwater
Amir Hesam Hasani Mahmood salari Amir Hossien Javid Mojtaba Sayadi Zohreh BahramnejadAll countries are trying to reuse the waste water. In this study, in order to feasibility of wastewater reuse,parameters such as temperature, turbidity, pH, EC ,COD ,BOD ,TSS ,TDS, SAR, carbonate, bicarbonate,alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, sodium, ammonia, magnesium, ca MoreAll countries are trying to reuse the waste water. In this study, in order to feasibility of wastewater reuse,parameters such as temperature, turbidity, pH, EC ,COD ,BOD ,TSS ,TDS, SAR, carbonate, bicarbonate,alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, sodium, ammonia, magnesium, calcium, total difficulty, phosphate, fecal coli inwastewater of Anbaj treatment plant (Shemiranat region) were investigated seasonally between 2010 and 2011and restrictions on the reuse of different uses were identified.Quality of studied wastewater for agriculture was in accordance with Iranian Environmental standards except inmicrobial parameters. EC, TDS and bicarbonate has low to average limitations for irrigation. Based on Wilcoxdiagram, studied wastewater is located at medium stage (C3 S1) considering alkalinity and salinity. The studiedwaste water has some problems for aquifer artificial recharge considering the ammonia parameter. According todischarge standards for surface waters ammonia and calcium have some constraints. BOD and ammonia couldn’tbe used for aquaculture, environment, recreational and wildlife usages. The studied waste water wasn’tappropriate for industrial use and is classified in waters with medium quality by power ministration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
319 - Site Selection for Municipal Solid Waste Landfills with by using of GIS & AHP ; Mianeh, East Azarbaijan
Fazel KhaleghiOne of the most problem of human societies is, production of types of waste solid materials in different qualities and quantities and its discharge. Discharge is the simplest method and in many reigns is low –cost method of discharge. Main goal of discharge is sec MoreOne of the most problem of human societies is, production of types of waste solid materials in different qualities and quantities and its discharge. Discharge is the simplest method and in many reigns is low –cost method of discharge. Main goal of discharge is secure and long lasting of solid waste material discharge regard to health and environment. Selecting of place of landfill is one of the important stage in management of urban solid wastes. According to destructive environmental effects, economic and ecological of land fill, and choice of landfill should be fulfilled carefully. This research is done for this purpose to determining proper places of urban waste disposal of Mianeh city by using of hierarchical method (AHP). The current place of urban waste disposal of Mianeh city located at 13 kilometer distance in west of city and adjacent to Mianeh_Hashtrud road on the hills of Dashkasan regions with 3 kilometers motorable track and it becomes asphalt way after 10 kilometers. In this research, criteria and conditions of selecting proper places are identified for healthy landfill of waste disposals such as geology characteristic, availability ways, slop map, faults, land use map, distance of rural and urban centers, soil map of region, hydro-graphy drainage map, groundwaters and gas pipeline ways. For providing talented ability exclusion zones are deleted at first and by using of twelve information layers by weighting method to each ones and analyzing of these weights in GIS environment map obtain different criterion, then best places were selected by combination of these maps. These places located in north, northeast, southwest and southeast. From received regions, the best place is recognized and after field review, this area was confirmed final. This area is located in 8 kilometers of north and northeast and in adjacent to Mianeh _Tark and it has 2 Kilometer motorable track and after 6 kilometer. The lithology of this area mainly include marls and sandstone. It is Also, outside of Aquifer limit, and it is suitable from rural regions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
320 - The Role of bentonite soil and Activated carbon in absorption of polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons of polluted wastewater in Tehran Oil Refinery
حمید Bagheri فرید Vafaei سیامک Bodaghpour S.A MirbagheriOne of the serious environmental problems that could cause irreversible ecological and economic damage to theenvironment is organic pollutants. Contamination with organic pollutants is a very serious issue that is of interestto the general public because in some cases, MoreOne of the serious environmental problems that could cause irreversible ecological and economic damage to theenvironment is organic pollutants. Contamination with organic pollutants is a very serious issue that is of interestto the general public because in some cases, it causes serious damages to the environment, soil and water as well.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are abbreviated as PAHs are one of the major groups of organicsubstances soluble in water due to the geological conditions of the region. Various methods are used to clean uppolluted aquatic environments among which the use of oil absorbent material to remove different kinds ofcontaminants, particularly petroleum compounds and its derivatives (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) ishighly regarded. PAHs absorption by the bentonite and activated carbon is considered in this research. Then,PAHs distribution coefficient and the maximum absorption have been determined according to the results usingFreundlich absorption isotherms, and Langmuir isotherm. Results show that the bentonite has a high potential forPAHs absorption. Distribution coefficient (kd) and the maximum absorption are 0.005 L/g and 0.157 mg/g. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
321 - Location of solid municipal waste landfill using gis (Case study of Osco city)
Ramin Khiyabani hamid shahinfar Robab Azarmi ArabshahSolid wastes are an integral part of human life, and the production of these wastes in different quantities and qualities is one of the greatest environmental problems of the present age. To reduce the negative consequences of the waste, the use of new tools and technol MoreSolid wastes are an integral part of human life, and the production of these wastes in different quantities and qualities is one of the greatest environmental problems of the present age. To reduce the negative consequences of the waste, the use of new tools and technology to find a suitable landfill location is necessary. Today, geographic information systems are widely used in environmental planning. The central part of the city of Shahindezh, with daily production of 10 ton of waste per day, due to the lack of equipment and inappropriate location of landfill, has caused environmental, social and many health problems. In this research, in order to determine the proper location for solid landfills in the city of Osco, various indices such as Lithology, land use, vegetation cover, soil profile, topography, distance from urban areas and distance from main road, main waterways and Subsurface, residential areas, wells and faults in landfill location have been considered. For mapping capability, firstly, forbidden areas is deleted and 9 layers of weighing information, the process of analyzing of final map is prepared. Finally, proper areas of landfill in Osku city have been identified based on the location of the site in the form of four suitable and not suitable classifications. Based on the results of this study, 3 suitable zone were selected which were compared with each other after field visits from zone using TOPSIS method. Area having number 0 , in northeastern of Osku, based on the scores and having characteristics such as appropriate distance to population centers and access roads, proper slope, proper lithology, lack of vegetation and etc, with the least environmental impacts is determined as the preferred option. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
322 - A Study of the Effects of Purkan Village Wastewater Refinery on Qualitative Parameters of Karaj River
Faezeh Hosseini Amir hesam Hasani Amir hossein Javid Mojtaba SayadiToday the River of Karaj is exposed to all kinds of pollutions and destruction of ecosystem because of thedestructive effects of Tehran, a city with millions of residents. So it is important to examine the quality of thewater of this river to collect information about t MoreToday the River of Karaj is exposed to all kinds of pollutions and destruction of ecosystem because of thedestructive effects of Tehran, a city with millions of residents. So it is important to examine the quality of thewater of this river to collect information about the current situation. The objective of this study is to find out therole of the Purkan sanitary wastewater refinery on the quality of the water of the river. In current study, sampleswere collected from four stations: into, out of, before, and after the refinery, in seasonal form, four stages.Concentration of NO3,NH3,PO4,BOD5,COD,TSS,pH indices were tested according to methods suggested bystandard methods reference. Considering the results of the samples, data analysis was done using statistics. Theresults of physical , chemical and microbial analyses of the samples show that the refinery has no good role indecreasing basic parameters such as COD, TSS and FC (specially in summer season). In many cases, theparameters were more than the limit. The water in the river has an almost fixed condition, so; entrance of thewastewater into Karaj River does not show a great negative effect. As a result, it seems necessary to make aprogram to find a solution to remove the problems. Prevention of the direct entrance of the wastewater into theriver, modification of refinery function, optimization of filteration, and the use of wastewater in artificialirrigater may help remove these problems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
323 - Landfill Location construction waste Yazd using Analytical Hierarchy Methods
Javad Ghanei Ardakani Seyyed Abolfazl KashfiThe growth of urban population, thus continuing the upward trend in production and waste discharge into the environment, humans and the environment surrounding the multiple problems stems. Including concern due to the increasing population and development in the city, a MoreThe growth of urban population, thus continuing the upward trend in production and waste discharge into the environment, humans and the environment surrounding the multiple problems stems. Including concern due to the increasing population and development in the city, a certain type of proper management of waste, construction waste and reducing pollution caused by it is the environmental. Hence the proper management of construction waste, locating the perfect place for burial in landfill construction will be necessary. Determine the location of the tomb optimal health and favorable requirements engineering methods and processes that optimize the performance of each of them affect the final result. the natural environment surrounding landfill is investigated. Despite multiple parameters in the landfill, better managing time, cost and complexity of design, powerful tools of GIS have been used. By collecting and combining data layers required to determine suitable areas for construction waste landfill Yazd hierarchical analysis method was used. Information relevant weighting of each layer and the substrate and the final map using layers of privacy, forbidden zones removed. 4 The final map of area was perfectly fit in the category. Due to the impact of the prevailing wind direction is ultimately the best place for landfill was diagnosed two regions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
324 - Evaluating of Groundwater Resources Criteria in Drought and Cold Climate
Yahya Choopan Somayeh EmamiIn recent years, the excessive use of existing water resources and subsequent droughts, have led irrigation water resources quantitatively and qualitatively changes. Water quality is one of the most important determinants for its use in various water uses. Therefore wat MoreIn recent years, the excessive use of existing water resources and subsequent droughts, have led irrigation water resources quantitatively and qualitatively changes. Water quality is one of the most important determinants for its use in various water uses. Therefore water quality management and monitor are important. In this study, the water resources quality of Siuki area of Torbat-Heydarieh city was investigated according to the water resources chemical analysis used in agricultural sector consist of sugar factory wastewater, refined urban wastewater, Qanat and well (a total of 10 wells with crop use) during 2009-2013 years and Wilcox diagram, permeability index (I), SAR, chorine and sodium percentage and other cations and anions were studied. The results showed that the salinity of the wastewater was equal to 20000 mmhos/cm and in the (C4) class. According to the Wilcox and SAR, most of the samples were in C4S1 and in the middleclass. Based on the results, all of the water resources, both conventional and unconventional of the studied area are suitable for agricultural uses, but for the plant wastewater, more should be taken for agricultural and crop production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
325 - The effect of multi walled carbon nanotubes on reduction of Biological and chemical oxygen demand on environment
S.M Hoseini-Yaraki S.A Mortazavi Mohammad Yari امید MoradiCarbon nanotube is unique structural and ability to removal of different pollution from soil and water.Also this pore structure matter is not to made pollution soil and environmental. When pollution isdiffusion to soil is made environmental recycle water. Wastewater dai MoreCarbon nanotube is unique structural and ability to removal of different pollution from soil and water.Also this pore structure matter is not to made pollution soil and environmental. When pollution isdiffusion to soil is made environmental recycle water. Wastewater dairy industry is defined as the water,which is polluted by different organic or inorganic chemical compounds. Majority wastewaters comefrom start –up and shutdown operations performed in the pasteurization process, equipment and tankcleaning. The nature of dairy processing is such that a large volume of high strength effluent is dischargedfrom the factory, this wastewater is invariably high in organic material (e.g. oils and fat, dissolved sugarsand proteins, and possibly residues of additives etc.) and consequently has a high biological oxygendemand. Hence disposal of untreated dairy wastewater with high biological oxygen demandconcentrations or treatment of it at source to a satisfactory level will be very important in preventingfuture environmental pollution. The treatment of wastewater with a high degree of operational reliabilityis now in demand all over the work. At the same time, preconditions are becoming more important. Theseapply to the limitation of sludge yield, energy consumption and space consumption. The reclamation ofenergy has been demanding increasing attention. In this research, used multi walled carbon nanotubes forreduction biological and organic load (BOD5 and COD). The result indicated is good as adsorbent andredaction contamination. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
326 - Influence of environmental resources on water pollution and sediment of river bed caused by waste dump at Agh-Dareh mines
Reza Shirinabadi Ehsan MosaviAs there are mines in Takab, an area situated in the southeast of western Azerbaijan- Iran, and the acidic canals produced in mines and waste dumps as well as layers and marl formations with high permeability around this area, the produced canals provide the conditions MoreAs there are mines in Takab, an area situated in the southeast of western Azerbaijan- Iran, and the acidic canals produced in mines and waste dumps as well as layers and marl formations with high permeability around this area, the produced canals provide the conditions of releasing heavy metal elements which will bring about defects on the environment and the rivers of this area. The results of the chemical analyses and the studies indicate that mining activities have affected the natural situation of this area and they have also made several malformations in this area. On the other hand, the climatic rainfalls and the topographical conditions of this area have directed chemicals to penetrate into the area and rapidly contaminate there. Due to the samples taken from two distinct parts of the waste dump, it is indicated that the contamination in this area is mostly caused by chemicals containing arsenic, antihuman and mercury. The southern part of the rivers is highly contaminated. These malformations are mostly observed in sediments and the water of this area. In fact, the regional farming has been deeply affected. As a result, detecting the contaminated areas and proposing alternatives such as making suitable bedding for waste dump establishments and controlling the waste water by building concrete bulkheads can be considered as the most important solution to overcome the aforementioned proble Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
327 - Site Selection For Municipal Solid Waste Landfills In Ilkhchi Using GIS
Maryam Valaii Hamid Shahinfar Robab AzarmiChoosing landfill is one of the most important steps in the management of municipal solid waste and according to environmental impact, ecological landfill disposal site selection should be done carefully and in a scientific process.Usage of the tools and technology seem MoreChoosing landfill is one of the most important steps in the management of municipal solid waste and according to environmental impact, ecological landfill disposal site selection should be done carefully and in a scientific process.Usage of the tools and technology seems to be necessary to find a suitable place to bury it.Nowadays, GIS is widely used in environmental planning.In this study, to locate waste disposal site in Ilkhchi, different information layers of land use, vegetation, slope, lithology, soil texture, distance from the town, population centers, water supplies (aqueducts, wells and springs), canals, mines, access roads (primary and secondary) is used in power transmission lines.In order to map the areas removed Astdaddary first eight information layers on the weighting method using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) , final map is prepared. According to the study, all areas are suitable for construction of landfill in East study area. Finally, the environmental effects of each of the zones of the zone with the lowest environmental impacts as the best location for the city's landfill Ilkhchi is selected.Finally, by studying the environmental effects of each zone, the zone with the lowest environmental impact is selected as the best location for the landfill in Ilkhchi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
328 - Investigating Factors Affecting Successful Waste Recycling Management (Case Study: Shiraz’s Municipality, Iran)
Anita khoshroo -
Open Access Article
329 - The Analysis and Ranking of Spatial Distribution of Waste Landfill Potential, Using AHP Model and TOPSIS Technique (Case Study: Rasht)
Ameneh Rezaei Farajabad Mahdi ZarriniOne of the effects of a gradual population increase in the urban areas is waste in crescent and its disposal. Among the common methods of waste management, land filling is technically, ecologically and economically important. The purpose of this study is to determine th MoreOne of the effects of a gradual population increase in the urban areas is waste in crescent and its disposal. Among the common methods of waste management, land filling is technically, ecologically and economically important. The purpose of this study is to determine the appropriate spatial potential for sanitary landfill of waste in Rasht, based on location criteria and using GIS and remote sensing. Zoning of suitable burial sites was done based on the 4 main criteria of land use, hydrological characteristics, geological characteristics and accessibility. In a current study, SRTM sensor data, which is paired with a short time interval (to reduce changes occurring at ground level) was used to prepare a digital model of land. The maps derived from the digital model of land, included elevation and slope maps that were used to prepare the criteria of the "geological profile." After standardization and preparation of maps, in order to achieve the weight and importance of each layer to find suitable landfills, the weight of the layers used was calculated by hierarchical analysis method. Considering the effective factors in locating the municipal waste landfill and weighing each of the criteria and sub-criteria, five values of very suitable, suitable, relatively suitable, inappropriate and very inappropriate were specified. To determine the priority of the very suitable areas, the TOPSIS method was used. Among the 9 sites introduced to the TOPSIS algorithm, site four, with an area of 89.36 hectare, which is located in the southern parts of Rasht, was determined as the most suitable place for waste disposal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
330 - An overview of single cell protein production from waste products
Nahayeh Najafi Payman RajaeiFood waste is a serious problem with negative environmental and economic consequences. Unused food (whether as waste or by-products referred to as food residue) is a source of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals and bioactive compounds. which can be used MoreFood waste is a serious problem with negative environmental and economic consequences. Unused food (whether as waste or by-products referred to as food residue) is a source of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals and bioactive compounds. which can be used to prevent them from being thrown away in an alternative or secondary cycle. Current investigations in the direction of using food residues for single cell protein bioengineering, addressing aspects of production, nutrition and safety, are the main perspectives of SCP production. SCP are obtained from various microorganisms, including fungi, bacteria, yeasts and algae, in pure form or a mixture of these. SCPs generally contain a high percentage of protein and are a source of essential amino acids including methionine, threonine and lysine. Using food residues as a substrate for SCP production reduces production costs. However, the challenges of optimization on an industrial scale remain strong. The use of food waste and agricultural by-products can be a promising alternative for protein production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
331 - Reducing the waste of agricultural products is the main strategy in improving food security
Shila Berenji zahra ghafourinam Farzaneh Tavasoli KajaniAbout 4 billion tons of food are produced annually in the world, of which about 1.2 to 2 billion tons are turned [1]into waste and unavailable for consumption due to inappropriate conditions and methods of harvesting, transportation, storage, distribution and consumptio MoreAbout 4 billion tons of food are produced annually in the world, of which about 1.2 to 2 billion tons are turned [1]into waste and unavailable for consumption due to inappropriate conditions and methods of harvesting, transportation, storage, distribution and consumption. The sender exits. According to Fiveo report, about 50% of the products produced in the world are left out of the consumption cycle in the form of waste in the stages of production and consumption. The value of this high amount of waste and food waste is estimated at 1 trillion dollars per year. Agricultural waste and food waste in Iran is estimated to be about 30% per year, which is about 3% of the total agricultural waste and food waste in the world. According to FIVE statistics, every year about 43.5% of basic agricultural products in developing countries are lost due to pests, diseases, weeds, drought, etc. in different stages of production, after harvesting, processing, distribution and consumption. disappears Global statistics show that in developing countries, an average of 24% of fruits and about 42% of vegetables are lost between production and reaching the consumer. In Iran, according to the latest estimates, about 16% of crops and about 28% of garden products are lost in different stages of production until consumption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
332 - Reducing the waste of agricultural products is the main strategy in improving food security
Shila Berenji Zahra Ghafouri Nam Farzaneh Tavasoli KajaniAbout 4 billion tons of food are produced annually in the world, of which about 1.2 to 2 billion tons are turned [1]into waste and unavailable for consumption due to inappropriate conditions and methods of harvesting, transportation, storage, distribution and consumptio MoreAbout 4 billion tons of food are produced annually in the world, of which about 1.2 to 2 billion tons are turned [1]into waste and unavailable for consumption due to inappropriate conditions and methods of harvesting, transportation, storage, distribution and consumption. The sender exits. According to Fiveo report, about 50% of the products produced in the world are left out of the consumption cycle in the form of waste in the stages of production and consumption. The value of this high amount of waste and food waste is estimated at 1 trillion dollars per year. Agricultural waste and food waste in Iran is estimated to be about 30% per year, which is about 3% of the total agricultural waste and food waste in the world. According to FIVE statistics, every year about 43.5% of basic agricultural products in developing countries are lost due to pests, diseases, weeds, drought, etc. in different stages of production, after harvesting, processing, distribution and consumption. disappears Global statistics show that in developing countries, an average of 24% of fruits and about 42% of vegetables are lost between production and reaching the consumer. In Iran, according to the latest estimates, about 16% of crops and about 28% of garden products are lost in different stages of production until consumption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
333 - Optimization of Reactor’s Temperature and Catalyst Weight in Polymeric Waste Fuel Conversion Process
سیدحسین هاشمی سیدعبدالرسول هاشمی محمود دین محمد عباس نیکنامToday with significant increase in production of polymeric products and advances in polymer science and technology, the importance of efficient management of polymeric waste has gain an even more significance. From efficient and practical solutions proposed in this fiel MoreToday with significant increase in production of polymeric products and advances in polymer science and technology, the importance of efficient management of polymeric waste has gain an even more significance. From efficient and practical solutions proposed in this field, recycling these wastes in order to produce gaseous and liquid fuels can be named as a valid and feasible solution. In addition to protecting the environment, this solution is a good replacement for natural fuels. Therefore, this research aims to increase the fuel efficiency and quality of plastic waste products via catalytic pyrolysis process. In this research, an expanded mathematical model is presented, and by using two methods of response surface and genetic algorithm, the proposed model and its parameters (reactor’s temperature and catalyst weight), for finding the optimal conditions shall be investigated. According to evaluation of base variance algorithm, the scale of deviation based on the expanded model, for liquid and gaseous fuel efficiencies is calculated to be 0.9641 and 0.9655 respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
334 - A Model for Locating Urban Waste Disposal (Case Study : Rine Larijan Township)
Maryam Shabani abdollah hydaryeihIn today’s society solid waste management is one of the most important concerns of mankind. Increasing waste volume and diversification of waste has added to the complexity of waste collection and disposal.Landfill if not handled property will cause contamination MoreIn today’s society solid waste management is one of the most important concerns of mankind. Increasing waste volume and diversification of waste has added to the complexity of waste collection and disposal.Landfill if not handled property will cause contamination of water, soil and air…According to the latest census of the year, the fixed population of the city of Rhine is 982 people. The population reaches about 3000 to 4000 people in the four monthes of the year. On average, the amount of waste product in in the city of Rhine is between 3 and 3.5 tonnes per day. In the city of Rhine, landfill and incineration methods are used to dispose of municipal solid wasre. Therefore, choosing the right location for landfill is important.In the present study, it has been attempted to identify the best location for landfill sanitation considering ecological factors in order to minimize environmental damage. For this purpose, the location of municipal solid waste landfill was determined by using spatial analysis in GIS environment. The required digital data were collected for this purpose and using the hierarchical analytical method of AHP, the criteria were evaluated and then taken to the GIS environment. Due to limitations in the initial data collection, several factors were not taken into account, including the distance between walls and groundwater. In future research, by carefully examining all the factors, one can increase the accuracy and specify a more accurate burial site. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
335 - Municipal solid waste management of waste disposal with emphasis using fuzzy logic (Case study: meyanrahan city) (kermanshah province)
roya panahi Mohammad Mehdi Hoseinzadeh reaz fallahiDuo to the increasing rate of urban population and the production of a great amount of urban waste at once in recent decades, the management of how to dispose them is necessary. The lack of proper national policy for the management of solid waste management (SWM) has ca MoreDuo to the increasing rate of urban population and the production of a great amount of urban waste at once in recent decades, the management of how to dispose them is necessary. The lack of proper national policy for the management of solid waste management (SWM) has caused environmental damages in Iran. Waste management and selection of the appropriate landfill are processes that require knowledge of a large of number parameters and requirements. The purpose of this study was to locate suitable landfills for solid waste in Miyan Rahan city of Kermanshah province, based on natural and human criteria and other criteria. To achieve this aim, 8 natural and human standards and criteria, including slope, geology, fault, land-use layers, well dispersions depth of groundwater, distance from Urban and rural settlements centers, and distance from the road, were used. After preparing and standardizing the layers and using the Fuzzy logic model and operator modeling (AND), the zoning of appropriate landfill place has been proceeded. The result shows that 98% of the area is completely inappropriate, and most of the area is suitable and fully suitable about 2% of the area is located in the east and south-eastern part of the Dinavar District on the Sonqor-Kermanshah road. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
336 - Needs assessment of personnel training courses with Knowledge Management Approach case study: Khuzestan water and power organization
فرانک امیدیان هرمز رحمانی شهریاریAbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the training of employees in the Khouzestan Water and Drinking Water Organization with a knowledge management approach. This research was a descriptive survey. The research community was identified based on qualitative met MoreAbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the training of employees in the Khouzestan Water and Drinking Water Organization with a knowledge management approach. This research was a descriptive survey. The research community was identified based on qualitative method including 176 employees including managers and employees of Khuzestan Water and Power Organization All of them were considered as an example. In this research, the knowledge recognition tools of Khuzestan Water and Power Organization employees were identified. These needs were defined according to the qualitative method and with reference to the panel of specialists of the staff and managers of the organization. The formal validity of the measurement tool was obtained by referring to the expert opinion of the experts in this field. Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.918) was used to measure the reliability of data collection tools. For data analysis, descriptive methods and inferential statistical methods were used. In this study, one-sample T-tests and T-test were used to compare the mean of the two correlated groups from the viewpoints of respondents. The results of this study identified the needs of four organizational units of Khuzestan Water and Power Administration in three areas of technical skill, communication skills and perceptual skills . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
337 - Environmental management of sanitary wastewater sludge (bio-solids) to produce compost and compare it for replacement with conventional chemical fertilizers
Shahram Lasemi Ebrahim Alaie Reza Arjmandi Amir Hesam HassaniCurrently, the environmental management of wastewater sludge is a major challenge in environmental engineering. New effective solutions for wastewater treatment lead to improved final effluent quality but significantly increase the volume of wastewater sludge produced. MoreCurrently, the environmental management of wastewater sludge is a major challenge in environmental engineering. New effective solutions for wastewater treatment lead to improved final effluent quality but significantly increase the volume of wastewater sludge produced. This study investigated the environmental management status of the sewage sludge of the sanitary treatment plant of the Mahmoudabad Cultural, Recreational, and Sports Complex affiliated to the National Oil Company to produce compost and compare it for replacement with conventional chemical fertilizers.The present study is descriptive-cross-sectional. The required sludge was prepared from the sludge dryer beds of the wastewater treatment plant of Mahmoudabad Cultural, Recreational, and Sports Complex, and the method used was aerobic sludge compost by the wind. Windrow size was 1/2 m high, 1.5 m wide, and 2.5 m long and was performed in 3 stages of 20 days.This study showed that the percentage of organic matter in the compost obtained from the municipal sewage sludge of Mahmoud Abad is of good quality. Changes in temperature, pH, percentage of carbon and nitrogen in the samples were in the acceptable range. Considering the environmental conditions and nutritional needs of plants, it can be said that bio fertilizers and especially compost from wastewater treatment, can play a positive role in plant growth and yield under drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
338 - The Hydrogels and Their Novel Application
Amir SepehrianazarHydrogels are 3-D (three-dimensional) polymers that when encountered with water do not dissolve but they get swell. The hydrogel swelling is different in various conditions and parameters such as temperature, pH, and ionic strength. They show different responses and spe MoreHydrogels are 3-D (three-dimensional) polymers that when encountered with water do not dissolve but they get swell. The hydrogel swelling is different in various conditions and parameters such as temperature, pH, and ionic strength. They show different responses and specifies. Generally, hydrogels are produced by two methods: chemical and radiation methods. Vinyl hydrogels are the most applicable ones by worldwide polyamorists', but, because of the rare existence of vinylamine, Poly(allylamine) gets important and is available. Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN)) hydrogels can be prepared by Poly(allylamine) and used to absorb nitrophenols from wastewater. In recent years, Poly(allylamine) was produced using glutaraldehyde and epichlorohydrin as a cross-linker agent. The optimum amount of cross-linker was found to achieve the maximum swelling degree. UV–Vis spectroscopy was utilized to determine the dynamic change of the 4-nitrophenol concentration. The results revealed the complete absorption of the 4-nitrophenol pollutant. They suggest the prepared semi-IPN hydrogel is an appropriate system for treating wastewater Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
339 - Investigating the reduction of toxicity of the tailings obtained from the processing unit of zinc extraction by solvent extraction method
Hamid Rahati Asiabar Seyed Mehdi Barqai Roya MafigholamIIn this research, the ability of solvent extraction to recover zinc from Zanjan Zn extraction unit waste samples has been investigated. This cake contained 180080, 26840, 141040 and 254090 ppm of sulfur, nickel, cadmium and zinc, respectively. Zinc extraction was perfor MoreIn this research, the ability of solvent extraction to recover zinc from Zanjan Zn extraction unit waste samples has been investigated. This cake contained 180080, 26840, 141040 and 254090 ppm of sulfur, nickel, cadmium and zinc, respectively. Zinc extraction was performed using Cyanex 272 organic solvent. The investigated variables included pH (in the range of 0 to 1.5), time (in the range of 1 to 6 hours), temperature (60 to 80 °C) and the ratio of solids to solution (10 to 30%). Experiments were designed in Design-Expert software version 7 and using central composite design (CCD). pH was the most influential parameter and temperature was the least important parameter. The highest efficiency was measured with 100% at pH 0, temperature 80°C, ratio of solids to solution 30% and time 6 hours. The lowest zinc removal efficiency with 76.6% occurred at pH 1.5, temperature 60 and ratio of solids to solution 10% and time 3.5 hours. Considering the average zinc removal efficiency of 89.10%, the combination of using Cyanex 272 solvent and pH is a suitable method for extracting zinc from cold cake waste and this method has a high performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
340 - Impact of thermal pollution on life: its sources, destructive effects and preventive measures
mojtaba jamiatiThermal pollution is a rapid change in temperature in a natural body of water. This pollution is often caused by the discharge of heated water from an industrial facility or other human activities into the water. Thermal pollution is one of the most widespread and impor MoreThermal pollution is a rapid change in temperature in a natural body of water. This pollution is often caused by the discharge of heated water from an industrial facility or other human activities into the water. Thermal pollution is one of the most widespread and important pollutions and depends on various factors such as soil erosion, deforestation, flowing water and natural factors. Among the effects of warming waters and thermal pollution can be a decrease in the amount of dissolved oxygen in water, disruption of natural systems and stress in aquatic life, damage to larvae and fish eggs in rivers, increase in disease in aquatic life or even the death of damaged organisms that They have limited tolerance towards it, bleaching of corals, migration of living organisms from their environment and other environmental changes. The main causes of thermal pollution are thermal or nuclear power plants, industrial effluents such as oil refineries, pulp and paper factories, chemical factories, steel and smelting factories, sewage effluents and biochemical activities. Heat pollution is a global phenomenon that has become a major concern of people around the world because of its severe long-term consequences. However, heat pollution is a real and persistent problem in modern industrial society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
341 - Removal of organic substances in aerobic and anaerobic brouch tannery wastewater
Ahmad Asl hashemiThe organic load of the crude leachate solution and the effluent of the anaerobic solution are determined by DOC and UV 254 and the role of molecular weight is investigated by ultrafiltration. On average, by GC-Us 77 analysis, the specific composition in crude wastewate MoreThe organic load of the crude leachate solution and the effluent of the anaerobic solution are determined by DOC and UV 254 and the role of molecular weight is investigated by ultrafiltration. On average, by GC-Us 77 analysis, the specific composition in crude wastewater is detected and the values are between 17-81 mg / c. 80% of these compounds have been identified and classified into 12 groups, of which aromatic carboxylates and short chains and dicarboxylates are predominant in raw wastewater.Keywords: Organic materials, Wastewater, Leather making, Aerobic and anaerobic treatment. The average DOC content in raw wastewater is 900 mg / l, which corresponds to a discharge of 23 kg / ton of raw leather. Several toxic compounds in crude wastewater are identified by GC-Us analysis, with P-cersol and mercaptonendo thiozyl present significantly. These compounds are only tested to a limited extent by a light-limiting test. Subsequent aerobic treatment leaves an average of 15% of the raw wastewater DOC and 50% of the UV254. Finally, the quality of the effluent in the combined aerobic-anaerobic method is compared with the anaerobic method. The anaerobic phase is also effective in reducing the amount and number of compounds measured with low molecular weight. Despite substantial improvements in the quality of wastewater leathery, resistant materials and even materials that may be deformed during anaerobic-aerobic treatment are of environmental concern. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
342 - Review on Basics of Solid Waste Engineering and Management
Mehrab Fallahi-Samberan Samaneh KhodadadiThe amount of waste has been steadily increasing due to the increasing human population and urbanization. Waste materials are generated from manufacturing processes, industries and municipal solid wastes (MSW). A large number of components in MSW create health and envir MoreThe amount of waste has been steadily increasing due to the increasing human population and urbanization. Waste materials are generated from manufacturing processes, industries and municipal solid wastes (MSW). A large number of components in MSW create health and environmental problems. Health impacts include exposure to toxic chemicals through air, water and soil media; exposure to infection and biological contaminants. The environmental impacts can be pollution and global warming, photochemical oxidant creation, abiotic resource depletion, acidification, eutrophication, and eco toxicity to water. The communities, industries, and individuals have, therefore, found several ways to reduce and better manage Municipal Solid Waste through a combination of practices not only to extract reusable components but to generate energy in the form of heat or electricity. These practices include source reduction, recycling, and processing/disposal through different technologies such as composting, combustion/incineration, gasification, anaerobic digestion, landfill and so on. The increasing awareness about the environment has tremendously contributed to the concerns related with disposal of the generated wastes. This paper presents a detailed review about waste and waste management options, and research published on the effect of waste materials on environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
343 - Heavy metal wastewater treatment techniques: A review
Mehrab Fallahi-Samberan Sameneh KhodadadiHeavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. With the rapid development of industries such as metal plating facilities, mining operations, fertilizer industries, tanneries, batteries, paper industries and pesticides, etc., heavy MoreHeavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. With the rapid development of industries such as metal plating facilities, mining operations, fertilizer industries, tanneries, batteries, paper industries and pesticides, etc., heavy metals wastewaters are directly or indirectly discharged into the environment increasingly, especially in developing countries. Many heavy metal ions are known to be toxic or carcinogenic. These toxic heavy metals should be removed from the wastewater to protect the people and the environment. The treatment of heavy metals is of special concern due to their recalcitrance and persistence in the environment. Toxic heavy metals of particular concern in treatment of industrial wastewaters include zinc, copper, nickel, mercury, cadmium, lead and chromium. In recent years, various methods for heavy metal removal from wastewater have been extensively studied. This paper reviews the current methods that have been used to treat heavy metal wastewater and evaluates these techniques. These technologies include chemical precipitation, ion-exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, coagulation-flocculation, flotation and electrochemical methods. It is evident from the literature survey articles that ion-exchange, adsorption and membrane filtration are the most frequently studied for the treatment of heavy metal wastewater. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
344 - The Results Mapping Flow of Value in Electrical Component Manufacturing Company Using ARENA
mohsen alvandi malek tahuri masoud ahmadzadehMapping the flow of value is a tool which. Is used to improve the quality and implementation of the foundations of pure production . this technique can be used in business and managerial systems and can also be used to visualize the flow of materials in various st MoreMapping the flow of value is a tool which. Is used to improve the quality and implementation of the foundations of pure production . this technique can be used in business and managerial systems and can also be used to visualize the flow of materials in various stayes of processing as well as to determine the flow of in formation . this study is aimed at present the results of using value flow mapping in a an electrical. Component production unit using the symbols and techniques of value flow techniques by ARENA. The results show the effect of using such a method on the production efficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
345 - Designing the Model of Ethical Leadership, Compatible to the Governmental Organizations of Iran
Keyvan Shahgholian Meysam Alizadeh SiyahkalOne of the issues of reducing waste and therefore increasing productivity in manufacturing enterprises is to endow with smooth and good production layout. Thus, identification and assessment of the factors hindering the realization of the expected productivity of the pr MoreOne of the issues of reducing waste and therefore increasing productivity in manufacturing enterprises is to endow with smooth and good production layout. Thus, identification and assessment of the factors hindering the realization of the expected productivity of the production flow layout is the important. One of these factors is waste; Organizations can make layouts and production stream productive by following up lean thinking model, thereby producing final products with minimal waste. Helps organizations aware of the loss, up to making the right decisions in order to remove those that do not create any added value in the product, apply. Since the measurement of waste, or people's reasoning was based on the knowledge of experts and it is also subjective judgment, the information is ambiguous and linguistic variables in most the criteria. Therefore, there is a powerful technique that can be used on the basis of vague information, it is necessary. Therefore, the proposed fuzzy inference system and Matlab software is used to simulate it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
346 - Behaviour of Individuals towards E-Waste Management in India
Somvir Arya Ajay Gupta Arvind Bhardwaj -
Open Access Article
347 - Enhancing Production Process Performance in Traditional Shipyards: An Integrated Approach for Waste Identification and Performance Optimization
Fitriadi Fitriadi Ahmad Faisal Mohamad Ayob -
Open Access Article
348 - An Experimental Study on Effect of Waste Tire Rubber on the Fresh and Hardened Behavior of Self-compacting Concrete
Mohammad saleh Moghaddam Saman RahatDahmardeh mohammad hassan Moghaddam -
Open Access Article
349 - The possible use of Sewage Sludge Ash (SSA) in Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) for environmental sustainability
Mohamadreza Khanban Mahdi Mahdikhani -
Open Access Article
350 - Some Morphological Characters and Yield of Common Field Bean (Vicia faba.L)
لیلی Golchin S. Zehtab Salmasi J. Shafagh KolvanaghTo evalauate the influences of irrigation time with wastewater of Iran mayhes factory (producing leaven) on some morphological characters and yield of faba bean, a factorial experiment carried out on the base of randomized complete block design (CRBD) in Iran Mayehs fac MoreTo evalauate the influences of irrigation time with wastewater of Iran mayhes factory (producing leaven) on some morphological characters and yield of faba bean, a factorial experiment carried out on the base of randomized complete block design (CRBD) in Iran Mayehs factory farm in spring2012. Experimental factors consisted of irrigation times at 3 levels I1 = one irrigation with determined amount of wastewater, I2 = two irrigations with determined amount of wastewater, I3 = irrigation during the growth period of plants with determined amount of wastewater) and wastewater concentration at 6 levels (P0 = irrigation with normal water (control), P15=15% wastewaters + normal water, P30= 30% wastewaters + normal, P45= 45% wastewaters + normal water, P60= 60% wastewaters + normal water, P100= all wastewater) with three replications. Results showed that the effect irrigation numbers on traits such as plant height, number of pods per plant and seed yield was significant. Results also revealed that the effect of weastwater concentration on1000seed weight was significant. The interaction of number of irrigations by weastwater concentrations on stem dry weight was also signification. Evaluation of different treatments showed that 45 percent concentration of wastewater was increased traits under study. It seems, that controlled irrigation of bean with wastewater of factory (producing yeast) can be effective in improving its yield in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
351 - Differential Concentrations of some Nutrient Element in Forage of Corn (Zea mays L.) as Affected by Organic Fertilizers and Soil Compaction
N. Najafi A. MohammadnejadSoil compaction is one of the most important limiting factor for normal crop growth, because it reduces absorption by the plant. Application of organic fertilizers in agricultural soils can reduce the detrimental effects of soil compaction on plant growth and also suppl MoreSoil compaction is one of the most important limiting factor for normal crop growth, because it reduces absorption by the plant. Application of organic fertilizers in agricultural soils can reduce the detrimental effects of soil compaction on plant growth and also supply some nutrients to plant. Thus, a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications and 14 treatments to evaluate the effects of organic fertilizers in mitigating soil compaction. The first factor in this study was the source and amount of organic fertilizer at seven levels (control, farmyard manure, sewage sludge compost and municipal solid waste compost and each of organic fertilizers at two levels of 15 and 30 g/kg of soil). The second factor was soil compaction at two levels (bulk density of 1.2 and 1.7 g/cm3). To perform this experiment, 10 kg of dry soil was poured into special PVC pots and then seeds of single cross 704 corn were planted. At the end of the growth period, the corn shoot was harvested and concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were determined by dry ashing method. The results showed that concentrations of Cd and Pb in the shoot, related to the different treatments, were negligible. Concentrations of P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn in the corn shoot were increased significantly by application of farmyard manure, sewage sludge compost and municipal solid waste compost at both levels of soil compaction. However, Na concentration of shoot did not change significantly. Soil compaction significantly reduced P, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations of corn shoot, but it affected concentrations of Na and K significantly. Application of organic fertilizers and increasing their levels reduced the negative effects of soil compaction on nutrients uptake by corn plant. This study showed that to improve forage corn nutrition, application of 15 or 30 g of farmyard manure or sewage sludge compost or municipal solid waste compost per kg of soil can be recommended to similar compacted and non-compacted conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
352 - The Effect of economic capital and satisfaction of urban services on citizens' participation inUremiain the separation and collection of household waste
Laura Alyari Mohammad Abbaszadeh Hussein MirzaeiThe separation of waste is an important issue and duty in the developed cities in the world. The reason of this subject is protection of environment that healthiness of human and other organisms depend on it, so the aim of this study was to determine the citizenship's p MoreThe separation of waste is an important issue and duty in the developed cities in the world. The reason of this subject is protection of environment that healthiness of human and other organisms depend on it, so the aim of this study was to determine the citizenship's participation in separation and collection of household waste and the effect of economic capital and satisfaction of urban services on it in Uremia city. The research method was survey and data have been collected through questionnaire. The sample size was 612 who were selected via multi-stage cluster sampling. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between satisfaction of urban services and dependent variable. Also there is a significant relationship between economic capital and participation in separation and collection of metal and plastic waste. The stepwise multiple regression analysis results show that satisfaction of urban services explain 12/1 percent of variable variance of citizens' participation in separation and collection of household waste. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
353 - Investigating the Role of Environmental Education of Local Communities on Environmental Performance of Citizens of District 5 of Tabriz Municipality
Shabnam Rahmanpour Mohammad Ebrahim RamezaniThis study intended to investigate the effect of environmental educationof local communities on bioenvironmental performance of citizens’ ofdistrict 5 of Tabriz municipality. This study was a semi-experimentalsurvey research. Research method was a semi-experimenta MoreThis study intended to investigate the effect of environmental educationof local communities on bioenvironmental performance of citizens’ ofdistrict 5 of Tabriz municipality. This study was a semi-experimentalsurvey research. Research method was a semi-experimental through pretest,post-test with control group. The Population of the study is citizensof district 5 of Tabriz city. This city was selected because of availabilityof related information and references. Sample size was 60 people ofcitizens of district 5 of Tabriz, from whom 30 people were grouped inexperiment group and 30 people in control group. In this study, data wasgathered through a researcher-made questionnaire which its validity wasconfirmed by supervisor and related experts, and its reliability wascalculated through Cronbach Alpha (0.81) which is acceptable. Resultsshowed that, environmental education of citizens of region 5 of Tabrizhas positive effect on waste, water consumption, pollution, energyconsumption and maintenance of environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
354 - Waste production and management methods in different aquaculture systems
رضا اکرمیAbstract Aquaculture is the fastest growing animal food production sector worldwide and is becoming the main source of aquatic animal foodstuff for human consumption. The intensification of production is an alternative for the needed development in aquaculture that use MoreAbstract Aquaculture is the fastest growing animal food production sector worldwide and is becoming the main source of aquatic animal foodstuff for human consumption. The intensification of production is an alternative for the needed development in aquaculture that use of more inputs, especially feed per unit area leading to an increase in waste generation from the production systems and resulted strongly criticized for environmental impacts. The total nutrients supplied to production ponds, only 30% are converted into product, while the rest as sediment or sludge is usually discharged into the environment. The impact of waste products from aquaculture has increased public concern and threatens the sustainability of aquaculture practices. Therefore, there is a need to develop culture systems that will increase fish production with efficient waste management in order to limit environmental degradation resulting from aquaculture wastes and ensure its sustainability. This paper reviewed various aspects of waste production from aquaculture and methods of management in different culture systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
355 - Principles of Profusion Percepts of Water and its Resulted Guarantee
Nahid Dehghan Afifi Ahmad bagheri Seyyed Abolghasem NaghibiProfusion is one of the ethical vices in Islam and intellect and customary laws have confirmed its prohibition and indecency. Amid these, water as a vital element is one of the materials which are at the human’s disposal. Profusion means extravagance and trespassi MoreProfusion is one of the ethical vices in Islam and intellect and customary laws have confirmed its prohibition and indecency. Amid these, water as a vital element is one of the materials which are at the human’s disposal. Profusion means extravagance and trespassing the limit and waste means destruction as well. Knowing the concept of profusion and also waste will help noticeably to understand the obligatory and statuary prohibition which holds liability. The conceptual verses of the Quran contain the prohibition of profusion. Traditions are also divided into two categories encompassing phrases against the profusion of water. Some of them with the concept and some others with logic and clarity have considered the profusion of water as an unlawful action. The jurisprudential rules in use are the jurisprudence such as "La Zarar va La Haraj" rule: in Islam [being harmed and harming others], no waste or causing waste can prove liability for the profligate person. However, the fault with the above mentioned reasons is that waste and causing waste are on the other’s assets whereas it does not include the private assets. There is not an independent writing on the exiting documents related to prohibition or liability of profusion of it but there are more general decrees which are seen in practical writings. The results of this short writing are to prove the obligatory prohibition and liability of water profligate person. That is to say that the citizen cannot have excessive use of water under this pretext that they pay the cost of the consuming water and referring to the presented documents, the state can introduce the individual as a liable person. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
356 - The Impact of the Death of the Intentional Murderer in Constancy of Blood Money in the Criminal Law of Iran
Majid ghourchibaygi Ali MalekiThe death of the intentional murderer is one of the instances that renders impossible the execution of retaliation (qisas) since the location for the execution of the retaliation which is the physical body of the murderer is eliminated. There has long been controversy a MoreThe death of the intentional murderer is one of the instances that renders impossible the execution of retaliation (qisas) since the location for the execution of the retaliation which is the physical body of the murderer is eliminated. There has long been controversy among jurists over the payment of blood money for murder in the case of the death of the murderer in deliberate homicide. Some jurists believe in the lapse of blood money with the death of the murderer. On the other hand, some other jurists consider the constancy of the payment of blood money with the impossibility of retaliation. And some even consider an elaboration and take a middle ground. Legislature is also affected by this diversity so that, before the approval of penal code in 1392, the legislators approved the lapse of blood money, but in the new penal code the previous attitude was abandoned and constancy of blood money is accepted. This paper examines the reasons and evidence of the opponents and advocates and elaborates on the quality of the inclusion in the rule of "No-Waste of Muslim Blood" on the issue of the death of the intentional murderer and considers the aforementioned rule is as the reason behind the ascertainment of blood money. This paper also demonstrates that, in the three situations recognized by tradition, the person responsible for payment of blood money differs in the death of the murderer of the third party compared to the two other kinds of murder. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
357 - Evaluation of the relationship of molecular weight of bioactive peptides resulting from enzymatic hydrolysis of Vanami shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) head and shell with their antibacterial, antioxidant and functional properties
S. Reyhani Poul S. Yeganeh R. SafariThe current research aimed to determine the relationship between the molecular weight of bioactive peptides produced from Vanami shrimp wastes with their antibacterial, antioxidant activity, and functional properties. For this purpose, after performing the hydrolysis pr MoreThe current research aimed to determine the relationship between the molecular weight of bioactive peptides produced from Vanami shrimp wastes with their antibacterial, antioxidant activity, and functional properties. For this purpose, after performing the hydrolysis process, using ultrafiltration, peptides with a molecular weight of less than 3, between 3 and 10, and more than 10 kDa were separated and used for various tests. According to the results, peptides with a molecular weight of 3 to 10 kDa showed the highest growth inhibitory activity of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus (p< 0.05). The highest solubility and water holding capacity were related to peptides with molecular weight less than 3 kDa (p<0.05). Among different molecular weights, the maximum emulsifying activity and emulsion stability indices were measured in peptides with a molecular weight between 3 and 10 kDa (p<0.05). The strongest peptides in terms of foaming activity and foam stability index as well as oil absorption capacity were peptides with a molecular weight of more than 10 kDa (p<0.05). The results of the evaluation of the antioxidant activity (Free radical scavenging activity of DPPH and ABTS) of peptides showed peptides with a molecular weight of less than 3 kDa have the highest antioxidant properties (p<0.05). It was concluded that the properties of bioactive peptides change considerably under the influence of molecular weight and each of the peptides in a particular molecular weight has more properties and efficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
358 - The six sigma and lean management Approaches in education
parivash Jafari, sohrab Yazdani, Six sigma and lean management are two powerful approaches for the efficiency and quality of processes,each of which include a pack of tools, basics and sp More Six sigma and lean management are two powerful approaches for the efficiency and quality of processes,each of which include a pack of tools, basics and specific principles and powerful adminstrative systems for production of qualitative services and customer - centered by omission of process errors and waste and creation of values in an organization. The present article is based on library studies and takes an analytic exploration of the contents of papers, latin and persian books with the purpose of description and clarification of theoretical bases and the principles the approaches, nativization( localization) and their application and merging into education so that we could provide an optimal basis for their application in education. Undoubtedly, with the application of tools, principles and procedures related to six sigma and lean in line with reduction of process application errors and increase of their potential, also value creation and omission of wastes, we can experience great changes in education, and achieve desirable and defficiency-free conclusions, and reach qualitative and improved goals designed for education. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
359 - Establishment of Workplace Organizing System, 5S , in Islamic Azad University-Ardabil Branch
Shahram Mirzaee Daryani Bahman ShareghiOrganizations at every stage of their life and affected by the competitive atmosphere of the existing environment know that they must make optimum use of resources. Workplace organizing system, 5s, is one of the approaches that make organizational productivity and excel MoreOrganizations at every stage of their life and affected by the competitive atmosphere of the existing environment know that they must make optimum use of resources. Workplace organizing system, 5s, is one of the approaches that make organizational productivity and excellence possible. The advantages and benefits of applying this system in the economic, cultural and social dimensions of the human system at micro ad macro levels indicate the important status of this new managerial design. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the establishment of 5s along with the necessary measures to pave the way for it. Managers and employees by understanding the conceptual points of 5s in reducing all kinds of wastage, improving the procedures, and optimizing the systems, have contributed with increasing interest to the establishment of the system. Analysis of the findings obtained from one-sample t-test of the researcher-made questionnaire indicated that both managers and employees have confirmed the establishment of 5s. Optimal use of resources, timely elimination of unnecessary materials, successful spotting of the root causes of pollutions, revision of the existing standards, increasing managers and employees’ commitment, improving people’s communication systems, placing importance to the identification of any kind of wastage with the aim of reducing its types have been the instances observed at Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch based on the establishment of 5s system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
360 - Solid Waste positioning using a combination of ANP-DEMATEL in GIS (Case Study city Boyerahmad)
saeed maleki rahim akbarimehrmunicipal solid waste management under the sustainable management of regional and sustainable development is an imperative The main objective of this research location in the city Boyer Solid Waste and approach to the modeling and mapping. This study aimed to study the Moremunicipal solid waste management under the sustainable management of regional and sustainable development is an imperative The main objective of this research location in the city Boyer Solid Waste and approach to the modeling and mapping. This study aimed to study the functional and cross-methodological point of view is that the study of literature in the field of theoretical basis of ten indicators were extracted. Given the pattern of impact and influence in the process of determining the best location for landfill techniques for modeling the combined Anp-Dematel View Ali in the form of indices, it is used to determine the weight and priority. And then using the Distance and Reclassify the Spatial Analyst Tools tool set privacy levels were appropriate based on existing standards Also suitable for mapping the spatial distribution of the means of FUZZY OVERLAY landfill from the set of tools available in ArcGIS Spatial Analyst Tools the software is used. The results at two levels, separated in the following thematic benchmark results are from surface water sources with the most influential impact index 0.145 And the criteria for protected areas with the most impact index was 0.72 impressionable The results revealed the location of 541,449 square kilometers, an area of 72,248 square kilometers, the city Boyer 34/13 percent The situation is quite appropriate, and suggested that the first level: Due to the proximity and distance operating costs and the avoidance of pollution Surface water was offered the right place. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
361 - From egg shell wastes (ESWs) into advanced materials: A rapid and simple synthesis of CaO/Ca2Fe2O5 as a novel nanocomposite-derived ESW biomaterial
Asadollah Hassankhani -
Open Access Article
362 - Heavy metals removal from wastewater by using different kinds of magnetite nanoadsorbents: effects of different organic and inorganic coatings on the removal of copper and lead ions
Hadi Baseri saeed Tizro -
Open Access Article
363 - Designation of decision support systems for crisis management (Case study: Tehran water crisis management with use “Vensim” software)
marzieh mogholi Amirhooshang Khadem Daghigh Hasan Hoseini AminiAt the future, certainly one of important problem in geopolitics aboutTerritorial planning Of country is water geography. Water waste has two parts: an actual part and a false part.The actual part includes waste of water from joints, transmission lines, and supply lines MoreAt the future, certainly one of important problem in geopolitics aboutTerritorial planning Of country is water geography. Water waste has two parts: an actual part and a false part.The actual part includes waste of water from joints, transmission lines, and supply lines.The false part includes calculating process and unfair usage. For optimum management of water resources, and to decrease water waste, using of decision support systems &softwarecan considerable help in studying and recognition of supply & demand of drinking water about decrease appearance losses for control and management of water crisis. Problem in this research, knowledge about decision support systems & designation of crisis management that etude “Vensim” software for Tehran water crisis that resulted of analysis chart, define without accommodating plan, after 2020, accidence calamitous & critical water crisis. Finally, it should be mentioned that to have a proper management of drinking water in Tehran city, the monitoring of water waste and its control, also having a consumption criteria accepted and followed by the people are really necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
364 - Evaluation of Soil Chemical Properties Affected by Irrigation with Industrial and Urban Treated Wastewaters
Yahya Choopan Somayeh EmamiA comparative research was carried out in agricultural land of Bori-Abad of Torbat-Heydarieh to evaluate the effect of irrigation with industrial (sugar factory wastewater) and urban treated wastewaters on soil chemical properties. In this study, a factorial experiment MoreA comparative research was carried out in agricultural land of Bori-Abad of Torbat-Heydarieh to evaluate the effect of irrigation with industrial (sugar factory wastewater) and urban treated wastewaters on soil chemical properties. In this study, a factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with three replications (R) was carried out in a field experiment. The treatments were five treatments: well water (T1), urban treated wastewater, (T2), combine 33% water and 66% treated wastewater, (T3), raw wastewater of sugar factory, (T4) and combine water and wastewater with a mixing percentage of 1 to 7 (T5), at 0-40 cm of soil in 2013-2014 year. The results were statistically analyzed indicated that the parameters of acidity, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were measured in different groups and a significant difference was observed, but all of the parameters are the standard values for irrigation of crops. The highest and lowest amount of soil salinity in T4 and T5 treatments with 4.2 and 3.9 dS/m, were observed. Also, the highest amount of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in T2 and T3 treatments with 1.06 mg/Kg, 490 mg/Kg and 7.85 mg/Kg. According to the results of the comparisons, can be concluded that irrigation with industrial and urban treated wastewaters no harmful effect on the soil properties of the studied area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
365 - Effect of Wastewater Sewage and Zeolite on Yield, Seed Index, Lint Percentage and Cotton Weight in Cotton Plant
Yahya Choopan somayeh emamiThe increasing water demand and water scarcity has increased the need for unconventional water, especially wastewater. In this research, the soil chemical properties under irrigation with sugar factory raw wastewater and water stress in a factorial experiment with a ran MoreThe increasing water demand and water scarcity has increased the need for unconventional water, especially wastewater. In this research, the soil chemical properties under irrigation with sugar factory raw wastewater and water stress in a factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with four replications (R) was carried out in a field experiment in Miandoab city during 2016-2017 and the treatments in this study were three treatments: well water (T1), sugar plant wastewater (T2), water and wastewater (87.5% water and 12.5% wastewater) (T3) combination with two full irrigation levels (L1) and 75% water stress (L2). that water stress and type of irrigation water had a significant effect on potassium, phosphorus, total nitrogen and salinity at 1% probability level and on acidity at 5% probability level. The highest amount of potassium in T2L2 and T3L1 treatments with 289 and 112 Kg was obtained. Also, The highest amount of acidity in T2L1 and T2L2 treatments with 7.5 and 6.9 was observed. Originally, it can be stated that Irrigation with Sugar Factory Raw Wastewater approximately improves soil chemical properties and due to the water resources scarcity, an appropriate replacement for irrigation of Barely fields is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
366 - Simulation of changes trend in soil chemical properties Irrigated with wastewater using Gene expression programming model
مینا Arast GH.R Zehtabian محمد Jafari حسن Khosravi سعید ShojaeeAbstract Due to the growing population in arid and semi-arid region, limited water resources is increasing. So, the use of unconventional waters is counted as an important tool in the management of water resources of arid areas. In this regard, the use of urban wa MoreAbstract Due to the growing population in arid and semi-arid region, limited water resources is increasing. So, the use of unconventional waters is counted as an important tool in the management of water resources of arid areas. In this regard, the use of urban wastewater for irrigation combined with combating desertification projects are cases that need be investigated. The effect of such water on soil physical and chemical properties is very important. In recent decades, because of the ability to process simulation artificial intelligence techniques have many applications in different fields. Gene expression programming (GEP) is counted as component of evolutionary algorithms and is able to optimize the structure of the model and its components. In this research, the ability and accuracy of gene expression programming was evaluated for simulating the sodium, pH and electrical conductivity changes of soil in land irrigated with wastewater and non-irrigated land in Qom plain. For modeling soil chemical properties change, randomly the 70% of the observed data on the electrical conductivity, pH and sodium were used to determine the appropriate model; the rest of data were used to calibrate the models. Soil chemical parameters and wastewater treatment were selected as independent variable and function, respectively. The results of compared gene showed that gene expression programming has modeled soil chemical properties changes. In the best model performing, the highest amount of determination coefficient was estimated 0.97, 0.96 and 0.97 for electrical conductivity, pH and sodium respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
367 - Removal of lead-heavy metal from industrial waste using three microalgae species Scenedesmus acutus, Scenedesmus incrassatulus, and Scenedesmus obliquus
Mahdi Alayi Ahmad mohammadi Hamid Mashhadi fahimeh mahmoudniaEnvironmental pollution with heavy metals is one of the most serious environmental problems. There are several methods for removing heavy metals that require a lot of energy and are expensive. Therefore, the use of adsorbents such as algae has been considered. In this s MoreEnvironmental pollution with heavy metals is one of the most serious environmental problems. There are several methods for removing heavy metals that require a lot of energy and are expensive. Therefore, the use of adsorbents such as algae has been considered. In this study, the efficiency of three species of microalgae Scenedesmus acutus, Scenedesmus incrassatulus, and Scenedesmus obliquus in adsorption of lead-heavy metal was investigated. For this purpose, pH (3 to 7), algal density (0.25 to 2 g), contaminant concentration (20 to 200 mg / l), time (30 to 150 minutes), and temperature (15 to 35 ° C) were investigated. it placed. The results showed that the rate of absorption of heavy metals by these three species was not significantly different. However, pH, algal density, pollutant concentration, time, and the temperature had a significant effect on the efficiency of algae in removing contaminants from the environment. The highest amount of lead uptake by microalgae occurred at pH 6, 25 ° C, adsorbent level of 0.5 g, contact time of 120 minutes, and density of 150 mg / l lead. Lead uptake had no effect on lipid and biodiesel production by microalgae. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
368 - Performance of Frankenia thymifolia as a ground cover plant species and its effect on physicochemical characteristics of recycled substrates in four different seasons in external green wall systems
Mansoure Jozay Fatemeh Kazemi Amir FotovatIntegrating nature into the buildings through green roofs and walls is considered a sustainable strategy in current city development. However, studies on organic waste growing media that allow appropriate plant establishment in these systems are insignificant and yet ch MoreIntegrating nature into the buildings through green roofs and walls is considered a sustainable strategy in current city development. However, studies on organic waste growing media that allow appropriate plant establishment in these systems are insignificant and yet challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the stability of the Frankenia thymifolia cover plant in four combinations of growing media (30% cocopeat + 65% perlite + 5% vermicompost, 30% leaf litter + 65% perlite + 5% vermicompost, 30% mushroom compost + 65% perlite + 5% vermicompost, and the typical soil used in the green spaces as the control) in the external green wall conditions. The study was a split-plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was the different seasons in four levels, and the second was the growing media in four levels. Also, at the end of the study, the characteristics of the substrates were tested as a randomized complete block design experiment with three replications. The morpho-physiological traits of the Frankenia plant and the physicochemical characteristics under different growing media were significantly different (p≤0.01). The results showed that leaf surface features, leaf water content, chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoid, and all the root-related traits were higher in the plants grown in the organic matter growing medium than those grown in the typical soil. Also, better physicochemical attributes (lower bulk density, porosity, less ash, more air volume, and more acidity) were observed in organic growing medium in comparison with the typical soil. The results of this research confirmed the favorable effect of using washed mushroom compost along with perlite and vermicompost instead of the common imported green wall substrates. It also suggests using the Frankenia in climates similar to Mashhad year-round in the external green wall systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
369 - Effect of different levels of treated urban wastewater on growth and some physiological characteristics of Althaea officinalis
Ahmad Mohtadi Forozan Ghasemi Athar Sadat Javanmard Shokoofeh HajihashemiTreated wastewater is important for plant irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions. Althaea officinalis belongs to the Malvaceae family and contains high levels of glazed compounds and mucilage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of MoreTreated wastewater is important for plant irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions. Althaea officinalis belongs to the Malvaceae family and contains high levels of glazed compounds and mucilage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of ‏ ‏urban wastewater on growth and some ‎physiological characteristics of Althaea officinalis. The seeds of A. officinalis were cultured in the pots containing perlite. The plants were treated with different levels of urbane wastewater of Yasouj (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) in three replications. The experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete blocks design. The plants were harvested after three weeks’ irrigation with different concentrations of wastewater for further analysis. The results have shown that wastewater treatments increased the fresh and dry weight of shoots, the leaf area, the height of plant and roots length. The highest growth rate was obtained in plants irrigated with un-diluted wastewater. In response to wastewater treatment, the amount of photosynthetic pigments including chlorophylls a, b, a+b, and carotenoids increased and the highest level of increase was observed at 100% of wastewater. Anthocyanins and flavonoids increased in response to wastewater irrigation while proteins decreased. No cadmium and lead were detected in the leaves and roots of wastewater-irrigated plants. Overall, the results of this study showed a positive response of A. officinalis to urbane-wastewater-irrigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
370 - Evaluating Solid Waste Management System of Urban Settlements (Case study: Mazandaran Province)
Jamal Mohammadi Mohammad Reza Kanani Masoumeh AkbariSolid waste materials are among the inevitable products of every society and their management is one of the basic needs of every community. Therefore, it is essential that the manager of solid waste materials perform in a frame of a systematic and targeted system, so th MoreSolid waste materials are among the inevitable products of every society and their management is one of the basic needs of every community. Therefore, it is essential that the manager of solid waste materials perform in a frame of a systematic and targeted system, so that in cases of need, he can prevent reduction of resources and even environmental pollution. Therefore, the present research, with the aim of evaluating solid waste materials’ management system in the urban residences of Mazandaran Province and with the aim to present the necessary preparation to improve it, was undertaken. The method in this research is descriptive– analytical type. Thus, after studying the literature of research, the Delphi method was used for selection criteria. Then, in order to equalize comparison criteria, distance bipolar comparison method was used and in order to determine the proportional importance of the criteria, the weighting techniques and the Anthropic method were used. In this study, evaluating and ranking was performed using Multi-Criterion Decision Making Methods. Therefore, in the compensatory group, Multi-Characteristics Decision Making Models; from subgroup of grading and scoring, simple total weight method; and, from adaptive subgroup, the rating method based on the similarity were used ideally and finally. The final ranking was determined using the average method of ranks. It seems that cities of Babol and Abbass-Abad have allocated themselves the first and the last ranks in urban residences and in next rates, cites like Tonekabon, Babolsar after cities of Babol, and cities of Farim and Balladeh are located after Abbass Abad. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
371 - Solid Waste Disposal Site Selection Using the Fuzzy and AHP Integrated Method (A Case Study: Kouhdasht City)
Siamak Baharvand Salman SooriWaste disposal site selection is a critical issue in the urban planning process because of its enormous impact on the economy, ecology, and the environmental health of the region. Waste disposal site selection process aims to locate the areas that will minimize hazards MoreWaste disposal site selection is a critical issue in the urban planning process because of its enormous impact on the economy, ecology, and the environmental health of the region. Waste disposal site selection process aims to locate the areas that will minimize hazards to the environment and public health. In the present study, in order to select sites for dispose of urban waste of Kouhdasht, in addition to TM and ETM+ images, the following data layers and maps have been utilized: distance from city, lithology, slope, ground water, distance from road and other important suburban areas. According to the results of use of the AHP-Fuzzy in Landfill Site, 35.06, 24.85, 36.23, 3.85 and 27.4 percent of the area are located in very unsuitable, unsuitable, moderate and suitable classes respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
372 - Investigation of removal efficiency of Cr (VI) from industrial wastewater using chitosan and synthesized chitosan nanoparticles
arezou ghadi Soleiman Mahjoub Mohsen ziyari -
Open Access Article
373 - Esterification of Waste Cooking Oil Followed by Transesterification by CaO Nanoparticles: Application of Taguchi Methodology
Ali Shokuhi Rad Poyesh Mehdipour Ali Vaziri Ali Mirabi Ehsan Binaeian -
Open Access Article
374 - Investigation of performance of bimodal/functionalized mesoprorous silica nanoparticles on the adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution
Amir Vahid -
Open Access Article
375 - Development of a novel method for Copper sorption: an application of Taguchi Method
sharieh hosseini Arezoo Ghadi -
Open Access Article
376 - The application of ZnO nanoparticles as a photocatalyst for wastewater treatment: A review
Mahdi Sanavi Fard Aref ShokriEver-increasing environmental pollutions and water scarcity are highly challenging issues that pose formidable obstacles to human beings on all fronts. Hetero-photocatalytic methods which utilized semiconductors as photocatalysts are highly promising and green technolog MoreEver-increasing environmental pollutions and water scarcity are highly challenging issues that pose formidable obstacles to human beings on all fronts. Hetero-photocatalytic methods which utilized semiconductors as photocatalysts are highly promising and green technologies for the degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants which cannot be completely removed by conventional treatment processes. In the view of the current scenario, zinc oxide nanostructures have been demonstrated to be predominant photocatalyst candidates for photodegradation because of their cost-effectiveness, non-toxicity, strong oxidation capability, flexibility in synthesizing, earth-abundance nature, easy crystallization, and high performance in the absorption over an extensive fraction of solar spectrum in comparison with titanium dioxide. Nevertheless, bare zinc oxide possesses several intrinsic limitations, like high recombination rate of the photogenerated charge carriers, limited solar light application, photo corrosion, broad bandgap and limited visible light absorption. Moreover, photocatalysts separation from remediated solutions restricts their large-scale applications. In this review paper, the authors briefly discussed basic principles of the zinc oxide photocatalytic process besides various modifications such as coupling with low bandgap semiconductors like metal and non-metal doping, synthesizing with graphene oxide, or reduced graphene oxide and their integration in magnetic materials to successfully addressing aforesaid disconcerting challenges. Moreover, hybridized photocatalytic and membrane systems are explored. Finally, challenges and future research directions are proposed for giving profound and well-defined insights toward reaching fully exploited zinc oxide-based nanoparticles in the field of water and wastewater treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
377 - Removal of Cd2+ and Zn2+ from industrial wastes using novel magnetic N2,N6-di(thiazol-2-yl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide nanoadsorbent
Kiomars Zargoosh Mohammad Rasoul Sohrabi Amir Abdolmaleki Kourosh Firouz -
Open Access Article
378 - Investigation of performance of bimodal/functionalized mesoprorous silica nanoparticles on the adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution
Shahnaz Nayyeri Amir Vahid Majid Abdous Aliakbar Miran Beigi -
Open Access Article
379 - Investigation of removal efficiency of Cr (VI) from industrial wastewater using chitosan and synthesized chitosan nanoparticles
arezou ghadi Soleiman Mahjoub Mohsen ziyari -
Open Access Article
380 - Modification of Nano Clinoptilolite Zeolite Using Sulfuric Acid and Its application Toward Removal of Arsenic from Water Sample
Ali Shokrolahzadeh Ali Shokuhi Rad Javad Adinehvand -
Open Access Article
381 - Development of a novel method for Copper sorption: An application of Taguchi Method
Sharieh Hosseini Arezoo Ghadi -
Open Access Article
382 - Investigating Methods of Electronic Waste Management and Recycling of Ever-Increasing Electronic Wastes with Emphasis on Eco-Friendly Processes
Saman Madanian Sayed Mohammad Ali ZanjaniElectronic waste (E-waste) consists of obsolete electrical or electronic devices. Electronic waste recycling is of importance when it comes to protecting resources and environment. Today, nearly 1.3 billion tons/year of waste is produced worldwide, which is expected to MoreElectronic waste (E-waste) consists of obsolete electrical or electronic devices. Electronic waste recycling is of importance when it comes to protecting resources and environment. Today, nearly 1.3 billion tons/year of waste is produced worldwide, which is expected to increase to 4.3 billion tons/year by 2025. E-waste from old PCs is predicted to increase to 500 percent over a decade, and by 2020, compared to 2007, the disposal of cell phones will be increased by almost 18 times. Understanding and distinguishing different components of E-waste can help their efficient recycling. Sophisticated electronic devices contain approximately 60 different elements, which include valuable and hazardous materials. The most valuable component of E-waste is PCB, which contain many hazardous materials besides valuable metals. To prevent human and environmental poisoning, it is necessary to analyze the properties and compounds of different materials in E-waste and to find ways of re-managing it using healthy and environmentally friendly processes. In this paper, we focus on the general E-wasteland problems, such as the classification of E-waste, its constituents, various eco-friendly waste manage­me­n­t and recycling processes, as well as considering valuable metals extraction. Despite many efforts to develop the recycling technology, this technology has many disadvantages due to the complexity of E-waste treatment systems. Therefore, the disadvantages of each process are discussed by considering technical problems and environmental protection level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
383 - Economic Design of Renewable Hybrid System Based on Hydrogen and Thermal Storages Considering Electrical and Thermal Energy Management
Reza Sepahvand Akbar Asgharzadeh bonabThis paper presents the optimal planning of renewable hybrid systems including wind turbines and bio-waste energy units according to hydrogen and thermal storages considering feeding of electrical and thermal energies. Bio-waste unit is based on the operation of the com MoreThis paper presents the optimal planning of renewable hybrid systems including wind turbines and bio-waste energy units according to hydrogen and thermal storages considering feeding of electrical and thermal energies. Bio-waste unit is based on the operation of the combined power and heat system, which produces electrical and thermal energy at the same time. Hydrogen storage is hybrid of an electrolyze, hydrogen tank, and fuel cell. The proposed scheme minimizes the total annual investment and maintenance costs. It is subject to the operation model of the mentioned elements. In the operation model of sources and storage, renewable sources supply loads of energy, then storage uses to cover the gap between the load and renewable power profiles. This paper uses the hybrid solver of the Gray wolf optimizer and the sine-cosine algorithm to obtain a reliable optimal solution with a low standard deviation in the final response. Finally, based on numerical results according to Espoo in Finland data, the proposed scheme's capability is confirmed in the Economic extraction of a 100% renewable island hybrid system suitable for simultaneous supply of electrical and thermal energy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
384 - A new conceptual model for social-ecological environment capacity of debris flow waste-shoal land based on sustainable development in mountainous area
Peng Zhao Daojie Wang Yong Li Yingchao Fang Huijuan Lan Wenle Chen Zengli Pei Yuchao Qi -
Open Access Article
385 - Application of hierarchy-fuzzy analysis models and artificial neural networks in locating urban waste burial (Case Study: Lali city)
Fatemeh Amiri Ladan Khedri Gharibvand Asghar Khedrifar -
Open Access Article
386 - Modeling the reduction of construction waste production using the concept of lean construction, Dimetal technique and cause and effect relationships
mohsen izadinia ali poornamazianProduction of construction w In this research, the factors affecting waste production have been identified from previous articles, preliminary questionnaires and interviews.aste is one of the most important factors affecting performance and cost increase in construction MoreProduction of construction w In this research, the factors affecting waste production have been identified from previous articles, preliminary questionnaires and interviews.aste is one of the most important factors affecting performance and cost increase in construction projects. In the next step, the final questionnaire was prepared. Then, the relationship between the variables and the cause-and-effect relationships was carried out through the system thinking approach and Dimtel technique to confirm the cause-and-effect relationships according to the pairwise comparison questionnaire among ten identified experts. Also, lean construction was used as a solution to reduce waste production. Lean construction follows new rules and without using new technologies or updating equipment with minimum use of resources, minimum waste and maximum productivity in construction projects. The main purpose of this article is to use the concept of lean construction and the system dynamics method to identify the main causes of waste production in construction projects. The main focus of lean construction is to analyze waste production processes, improve activities to reduce waste production and increase performance in construction projects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
387 - Evaluation of Incubation Time, Salt and Date Waste in Production of Orange Pigment by Monascus purpureus Using Response Surface Methodology
Mahshid Asghari Mahshid Jahadi Nafiseh GhasemiseproMonacus purpureus (M. purpureus)produce six types of pigments from yellow to dark red color pigments. Monascus­ fungus has been welcomed due to its various pigment production and healing properties. The aim of this study, evaluation of incubation time (11-21days), s MoreMonacus purpureus (M. purpureus)produce six types of pigments from yellow to dark red color pigments. Monascus­ fungus has been welcomed due to its various pigment production and healing properties. The aim of this study, evaluation of incubation time (11-21days), salt (7-12 %) and date waste (15-55%) in production of orange pigment by M. purpureus using response surface methodology in solid state. After optimization of these factors, it was showed the highest amount of orange pigment was obtained during the 21-day incubation period, 7% salt and the date syrup concentration was 55%. In optimum conditions, a maximum yield of orange pigment was 5.31 (ODU.ml-1), fermentation yield was 0.252 (ODU.ml-1.day-1), pigment production yield per biomass 0.623 (ODU.mg-1), yield of orange production per carbon source consumption 0.043 (ODU.gr- 1), the substrate conversion rate was 93 (%). The results of this study showed that date waste and Wheat Straw could be used as an affordable and effective substrate for the production of orange pigment by M. purpureus fungus. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
388 - بررسی اثر مقادیر مختلف کمپوست زباله ی شهری و کودِ گاوی بر مقدار وزن خشک و عناصر سنگین در گیاهِ رُزماری (Rosmarinus officinalis L )
سهیلا کاوه مجید فکری مجید محمودآبادی ناصر برومندمقدمه و هدف: رزماری با نام علمی(Rosmarinus officinalis L.) و محلی اکلیل کوهی، بوته­ای همیشه سبز و معطر است که از دیرباز به عنوان گیاهی دارویی از برگ­ها و اسانس آن در صنایع داروسازی و آرایشی - بهداشتی استفاده می­شود. تحقیقات اندکی در مورد تولید رزماری در گل&s Moreمقدمه و هدف: رزماری با نام علمی(Rosmarinus officinalis L.) و محلی اکلیل کوهی، بوته­ای همیشه سبز و معطر است که از دیرباز به عنوان گیاهی دارویی از برگ­ها و اسانس آن در صنایع داروسازی و آرایشی - بهداشتی استفاده می­شود. تحقیقات اندکی در مورد تولید رزماری در گل­خانه وجود دارد. روش تحقیق: در این پژوهش اثر کود­های آلی، کمپوست زباله­ی شهری و کودِگاوی، بر میزان وزن خشک و غلظت عناصر سنگین در اندام هوایی و ریشه­ی رزماری بررسی شده است. این پژوهش در گل­خانه­ی تحقیقاتی دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل در چارچوب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارها شامل کمپوست زباله­ی شهری و کودِ گاوی به طور جداگانه، هر یک در سه سطح 0، 2 و 4 درصد بوده­اند. نتایج و بحث: نتایج نشان داد که افزایش سطوح کمپوست باعث بهبود معنی­دار مقدار وزن خشک گیاه نسبت به نمونه­ی شاهد گردید. این افزایش وزن خشک در تیمار کود گاوی نیز مشاهده شد. افزایش مقدار کمپوست، افزایش چشمگیری در غلظت عناصر سنگین (Cd, Cu, Pb) در اندام هوایی رزماری در پی نداشت، اما مقدار عناصر کم مصرف (Fe, Zn) در گیاه افزایش یافت. مطابق نتایج به دست آمده به نظر می­رسد مقدار عناصر سنگین جذب ­شده توسط رزماری، به میزانی نیست که این عناصر را وارد چرخه­ی غذایی انسان­ کند، بنابراین ممکن است برای سلامتی انسان خطری ندارد. توصیه کاربردی- صنعتی: رزماری یکی از گیاهان دارویی پرمصرف در صنایع داروسازی، آرایشی- بهداشتی و مواد غذایی است. تحقیق انجام شده نشان می­دهد که مقدار عناصر سنگین جذب شده به وسیله­ی این گیاه در شرایط استفاده از کودهای کمپوست زباله شهری، کم است و احتمال می رود که استفاده از آن در شرایط مذکور برای سلامتی انسان مشکلی ایجاد نمی­کند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
389 - بهینه سازی استخراج ترکیبات آنتی اکسیدانی از پوسته بادام با روش سطح پاسخ
غلامرضا ایسپره فاطمه نجاتی مریم جعفریمقدمه وهدف: استخراج ترکیبات آنتی اکسیدان طبیعی اخیرا توجه محققان مختلف را به خود جلب کرده است. بادام از جمله محصولات بومی ایران است که سالیانه حجم زیادی از ضایعات در طی تولید و فرآوری آن حاصل می­شود. هدف از تحقیق حاضر، بررسی عوامل زمان و درصد حلال (اتانول) بر میزان Moreمقدمه وهدف: استخراج ترکیبات آنتی اکسیدان طبیعی اخیرا توجه محققان مختلف را به خود جلب کرده است. بادام از جمله محصولات بومی ایران است که سالیانه حجم زیادی از ضایعات در طی تولید و فرآوری آن حاصل می­شود. هدف از تحقیق حاضر، بررسی عوامل زمان و درصد حلال (اتانول) بر میزان استخراج ترکیبات فنولی و خواص آنتی اکسیدانی عصاره استخراج شده از پوست بادام با کمک روش اولتراسوند و بهینه سازی شرایط استخراج با استفاده از روش RSM است. روش تحقیق: پوسته سبز بادام به پودر تبدیل شد و به منظور استخراج به نسبت 1:20 با حلال (اتانول-آب) مخلوط و در دمای 35 درجه سانتیگراد تحت تاثیر امواج اولتراسوند برای مدت زمان کافی قرار داده شد. به منظور بهینه سازی فرایند دو فاکتور زمان (در سه سطح شامل 30، 45 و 60 دقیقه) و غلظت اتانول (در سه سطح شامل 0، 35 و 70%) در نرم افزار Design Expert وارد و درنهایت 13 آزمون برای استخراج عصاره طراحی شد. در ادامه غلظت ترکیبات فنولیک کل با روش فولین سیوکالتیو و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی باروش DPPHاندازه­گیری شد. نتایج وبحث: براساس نتایج حاصل از بهینه سازی، شرایط نقطه بهینه برای حداکثر استخراج ترکیبات آنتی اکسیدانی، شامل 74/35دقیقه زمان استخراج و استفاده از حلا لی حاوی 69/43درصد اتانول پیش بینی شد. تحت این شرایط بهینه، حداکثر فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی19/47 درصد و غلظت ترکیبات فنولیک کل 917/ (mg/ml) بدست آمد. مقایسه نتایج پیش بینی شده توسط نرم افزار و مقادیر تجربی نشان داد که مدل از دقت کافی برای پیش بینی نقطه بهینه برخوردار است. توصیه کاربردی/صنعتی: این پژوهش نشان داد که پوسته سبز بادام می­تواند بعنوان یک منبع ارزان و قابل دسترس برای استخراج ترکیبات با فعالیت آنتی­اکسیدانی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. همچنین، این تحقیق نشان داد اولتراسوند روش مناسبی در تسریع استخراج ترکیبات آنتی­اکسیدانی می باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
390 - Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Ni/Silica Pillared Clay on HDPE Plastic Hydrocracking to Produce Liquid Hydrocarbons as Fuel
Darwanta Darwanta Wega Trisunaryanti Karna Wijaya Suryo Purwono -
Open Access Article
391 - Doping TiO2 by Cr from tannery wastewater for improving its activity under visible light in the dye degradation
Endang Wahyuni Sri Wahyuni Mandrea Nora Novianti Lestari Suherman Suherman -
Open Access Article
392 - Data analysis based on ecological behavior in the face of corona residues (Study of citizens over 18 years old in Boroujerd)
abdolreza navah محمدرضا حسینی narges khoshkalamAlthough the outbreak of coronary heart disease initially had positive environmental consequences, over time, the dramatic increase in coronary heart disease became a serious threat to the environment. Accordingly, the present study has analyzed the environmental behavi MoreAlthough the outbreak of coronary heart disease initially had positive environmental consequences, over time, the dramatic increase in coronary heart disease became a serious threat to the environment. Accordingly, the present study has analyzed the environmental behavior in the face of corona waste among the citizens over 18 years of age in Boroujerd city using a qualitative grounded theoretical method. The sample size was 26 people who were purposefully selected. The method of data collection was in-depth interview and the method of data analysis was basic theory. The results showed that the two factors "prevention mechanisms" and "treatment mechanisms" have caused the phenomenon of "coronal waste generation" and the actors due to its occurrence, "environmental behavior" in one of the types: 1) environment Friendly (responsible), 2) environmentalist (careless) and 3) anti-environmental (vandalistic) have been adopted as a strategy that has been done under the influence of the prevailing context and conditions of the interventionist. The prevailing contexts were: 1) demographic characteristics of the individual, 2) health-care-treatment infrastructure, 3) educational infrastructure, 4) coronary heart disease prevalence rate. Intervening conditions were: 1) personality traits of the individual (environmental commitment and sensitivity), 2) social characteristics of the individual (environmental insights and attitudes), 3) sociability (knowledge and awareness) Environment), 4) Culturalization (environmental norm and value), 5) Government policies (Environmental trust and belonging). Finally, the environmental behavior of actors has two consequences: 1) positive: environmental purification and 2) negative: environmental pollution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
393 - .Urban Politics and the Informality of Waste Picking in Tehran
Maryam Isari Alireza ShojaeizandThe present study aimed to study the relationship between urban politics and informal life of waste pickers in Tehran. The method of the study was case study and various observation and interviewing tools along with document analysis have been used. Urban policies in th MoreThe present study aimed to study the relationship between urban politics and informal life of waste pickers in Tehran. The method of the study was case study and various observation and interviewing tools along with document analysis have been used. Urban policies in the area of urban space representation is dominated by discourses of development, modernism, and beautification. The results identified two patterns of criminological and pathological representation of informal life of waste pickers in urban space. Spatial practices operate in two forms of disciplinary and elimination policies. Disciplinary policies include timing, placing, selection-monitoring and normalization policies. These policies operate through boundary management (or territorial sovereignty) and the ongoing movement of urban government between the formal and informal arenas and in case of violation, it shifts to punitive policies. Elimination policies also occur periodically during alliances between organizations involved in urban governance and in times of coalition failure between the public and private sectors. Spatial practices work with three goals of earning profit, securing authority, and restoring lost organizational legitimacy for urban governance. The nature of urban policies around the informal life of waste pickers can be considered as a model of informal governance with the main elements of the rule of borderline governance. In contrast, waste pickers apply patterns of obvious and hidden resistances in their living spaces with the aim of delegitimizing of sources of power and recognition of themselves. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
394 - A Sociological explanation of factors affecting waste recycling using the planned behavior theory in Abadan
Seeroos Ahmadi Ehsan Kohansal-khoob,The increasing production of urban waste is one of the most important problems of cities all over the world. An effective solution in this field is to improve citizens' environmental behavior such as waste recycling. This survey by means of the planned behavior theory, MoreThe increasing production of urban waste is one of the most important problems of cities all over the world. An effective solution in this field is to improve citizens' environmental behavior such as waste recycling. This survey by means of the planned behavior theory, examines the waste recycling and the factors affecting it in the city of Abadan. The research population consisted of people aged 15 and over of which 395 were selected using the multi-stage random sampling method. Research instruments for measuring waste recycling, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control were the researcher-made questionnaires, and to measure environmental attitudes, the New Environmental Paradigm scale prepared by Dunlop et al (2000) was employed. Based on the research findings, the relationship between environmental attitudes and subjective norms with waste recycling is positive and significant. Perceived behavior control in the internal dimension has a positive and significant relationship with waste recycling, but in the external dimension, this relationship is negative and significant. The waste recycling based on the educational groups is significantly different but the waste recycling among men and women, as well as single and married people, does not show a significant difference. Moreover, the results of the multivariate regression analysis showed that the independent variables are able to explain 0.28 of the variance of the dependent variable, among which the environmental attitudes had the largest contribution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
395 - . A Data -based analysis of ecological behavior in the face of corona residues (case of Study: residents over 18 years old in Boroujerd)
abdolreza navah Hosseini Mohammadreza narges khoshkalamAlthough the outbreak of corona disease initially had positive environmental consequences, over time, the dramatic increase in corona disease became a serious threat to the environment. Accordingly, using a qualitative grounded theory approach, the present study has ana MoreAlthough the outbreak of corona disease initially had positive environmental consequences, over time, the dramatic increase in corona disease became a serious threat to the environment. Accordingly, using a qualitative grounded theory approach, the present study has analyzed the environmental behavior in the face of corona waste (residues) among the residents of the city of Boroujerd who were over 18 years of age. The sample consisted of 26 people who were purposefully selected. The method of data collection was in-depth interview. During the three stages of coding the text of the interviews, the paradigm model of Grounded Theory was finally extracted. Also, in order to validate the research, the method of "members' credibility" and to measure the reliability, the method of "internal agreement" has been used. The results showed that the two factors "prevention mechanisms" and "treatment mechanisms" have caused the phenomenon of "coronal waste generation" and after its occurrence, actors’ "environmental behavior" was manifested in one of the following types: 1) environment Friendly (responsible), 2) un-environmentalist (careless) and 3) anti-environmental (vandalistic). The prevailing contexts were: 1) demographic characteristics of the individual, 2) health-care-treatment infrastructure, 3) educational infrastructure, 4) corona disease prevalence rate. Intervening conditions were: 1) personality traits of the individual (environmental commitment and sensitivity), 2) social characteristics of the individual (environmental orientations and attitudes), 3) socialization (Environmental knowledge and awareness), 4) Culturalization (environmental norms and values), 5) Government policies (Environmental trust and belonging). Finally, the environmental behavior of actors has two consequences: 1) positive: environmental purification and 2) negative: environmental pollution Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
396 - An Analysis of the Factors Affecting Women’s Participation in Household Waste Management (Case of Study: Employed Women in Deylam City)
Dariyoush Rezapour sara ghajariWomen's participation and cooperation in the management of household wastes can be an important step towards better city management. In fact, the management of wastes without the participation of woman is difficult and costly. The purpose of study was to analyze the fac MoreWomen's participation and cooperation in the management of household wastes can be an important step towards better city management. In fact, the management of wastes without the participation of woman is difficult and costly. The purpose of study was to analyze the factors that influence the participation of employed women in household waste management in the city of Bandar Deylam. The research population consisted of women working in the city's offices, of which 92 of were selected as the sample using Morgan table and a simple random sampling method. To gather the data, a questionnaire was used. The data were analyzed using the spss software at descriptive and inferential levels. The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between age, attitudes towards waste management, environmental attitudes, social participation and information resources. It was also found that the two variables of social participation and the availability of information resources accounted for 42.1% of changes in waste management behaviour. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
397 - تعیین ترکیبات شیمیایی و قابلیت هضم برون تنی و درون تنی ضایعات چای در گوسفند
م. زاهدی فر ح. فضائلی ا.ر. صفایی س.م. علویفراوری چای شامل چند مرحله است که در سه مرحله شامل، خشک کردن، فایبرمات و غربال ضایعاتی بر جای می­ماند. در این تحقیق بیست و پنج درصد از کل کارخانجات چای خشک­کنی انتخاب شدند. تعداد سه نمونه جداگانه از هر کارخانه تهیه شده و مورد تجزیه شیمیایی و تعیین قابلیت هض Moreفراوری چای شامل چند مرحله است که در سه مرحله شامل، خشک کردن، فایبرمات و غربال ضایعاتی بر جای می­ماند. در این تحقیق بیست و پنج درصد از کل کارخانجات چای خشک­کنی انتخاب شدند. تعداد سه نمونه جداگانه از هر کارخانه تهیه شده و مورد تجزیه شیمیایی و تعیین قابلیت هضم برون­تنی و درون­تنی و مصرف اختیاری قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که پروتئین خام ضایعات چای در مراحل خشک کردن، فایبرمات و غربال به ترتیب 198، 193 و 194 گرم در کیلوگرم بود و اختلاف بین آنها معنی­دار نبود. تراکم خاکستر خام در سه مرحله خشک کردن، فایبرمات و غربال به ترتیب 64.0، 62.0 و 56.0 گرم در کیلوگرم بود که خاکستر در نمونه غربال به طور معنی­داری کمتر بود (0.05>P). مقادیر پتاسیم، کلسیم، فسفر، منیزیم و سدیم برای ضایعات چای در سه مرحله ذکر شده به ترتیب 16.2، 4.2، 2.5، 2.2 و 0.73 گرم در کیلوگرم بود که اختلاف بین آنها معنی­دار نبود. میانگین ضریب قابلیت هضم برون­تنی برای DM، OM، OM/DM و GE برای ضایعات چای سه مرحله خشک کردن، فایبرمات و غربال به ترتیب 0.48، 0.44، 0.42 و 0.42 بود. نتایج آزمایشات قابلیت هضم درون­تنی نشان­دهنده روند کاهشی در ضرایب قابلیت هضم DM، OM، OM/DM و GE با افزایش سطوح ضایعات چای در جیره بود و کاهش در ضرایب قابلیت هضم برای CP و NDF معنی­دار (0.05>P) بود. میانگین انرژی قابل هضم ضایعات چای 0.10 مگاژول در کیلوگرم بود و از این جهت بین سه نمونه ضایعات چای اختلاف معنی­داری وجود نداشت. سطح 0.80 گرم در کیلوگرم ضایعات چای در جیره مصرف اختیاری خوراک را به طور معنی­داری (0.05>P) کاهش داد. ضایعات چای می­تواند بخشی از جیره دام­های نشخوار­کننده را شامل شود ولی سطح آن به واسطه وجود مواد بازدارنده باید محدود گردد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
398 - ارزیابی عملکرد و تولید لاشه جوجههای گوشتی تغذیه شده با ضایعات ®Indomie در مناطق استوایی مرطوب
ال.آ.اف. آکینولا پی. اکیناین مطالعه با استفاده از صد و هشتاد جوجههای گوشتی (180) یکروزه، از سویه Anak برای ارزیابی تعداد گنجاندن ضایعات indomie به عنوان یک جایگزین برای ذرت در 0، 25، 50، 75 و 100 درصد انجام شد. پرندگان به طور تصادفی به تیمارهای جیره غذایی با استفاده از طرح کاملاً تصادفی (CRD Moreاین مطالعه با استفاده از صد و هشتاد جوجههای گوشتی (180) یکروزه، از سویه Anak برای ارزیابی تعداد گنجاندن ضایعات indomie به عنوان یک جایگزین برای ذرت در 0، 25، 50، 75 و 100 درصد انجام شد. پرندگان به طور تصادفی به تیمارهای جیره غذایی با استفاده از طرح کاملاً تصادفی (CRD) اختصاص داده شدند. هر تیمار شامل 3 تکرار و هر تکرار 6 پرنده بود. این مطالعه به مدت هشت هفته (56 روز) به طول انجامید. گنجاندن ضایعات indomie به طور معنیداری (05/0>P) وزن نهایی، افزایش وزن، ضریب تبدیل غذایی، وزن سینه، ران، پشت و طول ساق پا را تحت تأثیر قرار داد. تفاوت معنیداری در مصرف خوراک، وزن گردن، ساق پا، بال، ران، و طول بال وجود نداشت (05/0<P). براساس مشاهدات حاصل از این مطالعه، نتیجهگیری میشود که جوجههای گوشتی در منطقه گرمسیری مرطوب نیجریه میتوانند ضایعات indomie در جیره غذایی تا سطح 100 درصد به عنوان جایگزین ذرت بدون اثر سوء بر عملکرد و بازده لاشه را تحمل کنند، اما افزودن 25 درصدindomie بهترین نتیجه را برای عملکرد مطلوب جوجههای گوشتی داشت که استفاده از آن در مناطق استوایی مرطوب توصیه میشود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
399 - The Effects of Macaroni Wastes and Steam-Flaked Barley Feeding in Transition Period on Health and Lactation Performance of HolsteinCows
E. Qashqay H. Amanlou M. Hajilou D. Zahmatkesh S.S. Mousavi N. Aghaziarati -
Open Access Article
400 - عملکرد گوسفندان یانکا تغذیه شده با جیرههای حاوی سطوح مختلف بقایای نیشکر سیلو شده همراه با کود مرغی
ر.م. آشیرو ی. گاربا اس.آ. مایگاندی آی.ر. موحممدیک آزمایش تغذیه­ای با هدف بررسی اثر وارد کردن بقایای نیشکر سیلو شده (ESCW) همراه با کود مرغی بر عملکرد قوچ­های یانکا در قالب یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی (CRD) به مدت 12 هفته (84 روز) صورت گرفت. بقایای نیشکر با کود مرغی به نسبت 3 به 1 مخلوط شده و به مدت 21 روز سیلو گردی Moreیک آزمایش تغذیه­ای با هدف بررسی اثر وارد کردن بقایای نیشکر سیلو شده (ESCW) همراه با کود مرغی بر عملکرد قوچ­های یانکا در قالب یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی (CRD) به مدت 12 هفته (84 روز) صورت گرفت. بقایای نیشکر با کود مرغی به نسبت 3 به 1 مخلوط شده و به مدت 21 روز سیلو گردید. ESCW به عنوان بخشی از جیره جایگزین گردید. 16 قوچ یانکا (میانگین وزن 77/5±94/28 کیلوگرم در محدوده سنی 12 تا 18 ماهگی) در چهار گروه بر مبنای وزن بدن (گروه کنترل بدون ESCW (CG) و جیره­ها یا گروه­های تیماری (TG ها) که بخشی از جیره با 15 درصد (TG1)، 30 درصد (TG2) و 45 درصد (TG3) جایگزین شده بودند) تخصیص داده شدند. جیره­ها به صورت اختیاری همراه با آب آشامیدنی تمیز و نمک معدنی لیسیدنی در دسترس حیوانات قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که هیچ­گونه تفاوت معنی­داری بین میانگین تیمارها برای پارامترهای رشد وجود نداشته (05/0<P) ولی مقادیر ثبت شده برای TG3 (45 درصد) از نظر عددی در وزن زنده و افزایش وزن پایانی و میانگین افزایش وزن روزانه (ADG) بالاتر از سایر تیمارها بوده است. تفاوت ثبت شده در ماده خشک و خاکستر مصرفی معنی­دار بوده (05/0>P) و تفاوت ماده خشک، فیبر خام و قابلیت هضم ظاهری خاکستر بین CG و TG ها معنی­دار بوده است (05/0>P). از این مطالعه می­توان نتیجه گرفت که عملکرد قوچ­های یانکا با در نظر گرفتن 45 درصد ESCW در جیره قابل مقایسه با CG بوده و بنابراین کاربرد آن به عنوان جایگزین در طی دوره پروار بر مبنای حقایق تغذیه­ای مشاهده شده، توصیه می­گردد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
401 - امکان استفاده از ضایعات هندوانه در جیرههای مرغهای تخمگذار
ع. نوبختدر این آزمایش تعداد 240 قطعه مرغ تخمگذار سویه های لاین W-36 از سن 65 تا 75 هفتگی در 5 تیمار، 4 تکرار (12 قطعه مرغ در هر تکرار) در قالب یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. مقدار پودر پوست هندوانه مورد استفاده صفر، 5/0، 1، 5/1 و 2 درصد در گروههای آزمایشی 1 تا Moreدر این آزمایش تعداد 240 قطعه مرغ تخمگذار سویه های لاین W-36 از سن 65 تا 75 هفتگی در 5 تیمار، 4 تکرار (12 قطعه مرغ در هر تکرار) در قالب یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. مقدار پودر پوست هندوانه مورد استفاده صفر، 5/0، 1، 5/1 و 2 درصد در گروههای آزمایشی 1 تا 5 بود. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که استفاده از پوست هندوانه تا سطح 2 درصد جیره به صورت معنی داری عملکرد و صفات کیفی تخم مرغ در مرغهای تخمگذار را بهبود میبخشد (05/0>P). بیشترین مقدار وزن تخم مرغ، توده تخم مرغهای تولیدی، درصد تولید تخم مرغ، بهترین ضریب تبدیل خوراک، کمترین هزینه خوراک به ازای هر کیلوگرم تخم مرغ تولیدی و درصد سفیده تخم مرغ با استفاده از 2 درصد پودر پوست هنداونه مشاهده شد. استفاده از 2 درصد پودر پوست هندوانه موجب کاهش درصد پوسته و زرده تخم مرغ شد. به طور کلی نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که در مرغهای تخمگذار استفاده از پودر پوست هندوانه تا 2 درصد جیره به صورت معنی داری عملکرد را بهبود داده و هزینه تولید را کاهش میدهد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
402 - مدل ریاضی هاضم بیهوازی برای پیش بینی نرخ تولید متان از فضولات گاو
م. کمالی نسب ع. وکیلی م. دانش مسگران ر. ولی زاده س.ر. نبویهاضم بی­هوازی ضایعات زیستی یکی از رایج­ترین راه­ها برای تولید بایوگاز غنی از متان می­باشد، که پتانسیل قابل­توجهی برای جایگزین شدن با سوخت­های فسیلی دارد که در کاربردهای متعددی از قبیل حمل و نقل، موتورهای احتراق داخلی، سیستم­های تولید همزمان ب Moreهاضم بی­هوازی ضایعات زیستی یکی از رایج­ترین راه­ها برای تولید بایوگاز غنی از متان می­باشد، که پتانسیل قابل­توجهی برای جایگزین شدن با سوخت­های فسیلی دارد که در کاربردهای متعددی از قبیل حمل و نقل، موتورهای احتراق داخلی، سیستم­های تولید همزمان برق و حرارت و بسیاری از سیستم­های دیگر، استفاده می­شوند. شرکت­های بسیاری در طراحی و ساخت سیستم­های بی­هوازی به فعالیت پرداخته­اند. روش­های تجربی برای بهبود امکانات هاضم بی­هوازی استفاده شده است، اما این امر نیازمند مطالعات زمانبر و ساخت سیستم­های نمونه گران قیمت می­باشد. از طرف دیگر، طراحی و بهینه­سازی فرآیندهای هضم بی­هوازی برای تولید بایوگاز می­تواند از طریق مدل­های ریاضی اعتبار سنجی شده توسعه یابد. در این مقاله یک مدل ریاضی پویا برای یک راکتور بی­هوازی که با کود گاو شیری تغذیه می­شود توسعه داده شده است. مدل بر مبنای توازن مواد بوده، و شامل چهار متغیر حالت به نام­های جامدات فرار زیست تخریب پذیر، میکروب­های تولید­کننده اسید، میکروب­های تولیدکننده متان و اسیدهای چرب فرار می­باشند. مدل مقدار گاز متان تولید شده در راکتور را پیش­بینی می­کند. در پایان این مطالعه یک تحلیل حساسیت انجام شده است تا نشان دهد که چگونه مقدار گاز تولید شده، حداکثر سرعت واکنش میکروب­های تولید­کننده اسید، حداکثر سرعت واکنش میکروب­های تولید­کننده متان، سرعت واکنش میکروب­های تولید­کننده اسید و سرعت واکنش میکروب­های تولید­کننده متان و همچنین زمان ماند مواد جامد، در اثر تغییر برخی از پارامترهای کلیدی مانند دما و حجم راکتور تغییر خواهند کرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
403 - Effect of Graded Substitution of Barley Grain with Raisin Waste in Diet Contained Low Quality Forage on Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites and Nutrient Digestibility of Growing Ram Lamb
M. Ahmadi M. Yari M. Hedayati -
Open Access Article
404 - تأثیر جایگزینی علوفه یونجه و کاه گندم با سیلاژ محصولات فرعی پسته با خرمای ضایعاتی بر عملکرد و فراسنجههای خون در برههای پرواری
ب. سلطانی نژاد O. دیانی ر. طهماسبی ا. خضریدر این آزمایش اثرات تغذیه سیلاژ محصولات فرعی پسته با خرمای ضایعاتی بر مصرف ماده خشک، افزایش وزن زنده و پارامترهای خون بره­های پرواری مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. سیلو کردن محصولات فرعی پسته با خرما سبب افزایش ماده خشک و انرژی متابولیسمی شد، اما درصد پروتیین خام، کل تانن و Moreدر این آزمایش اثرات تغذیه سیلاژ محصولات فرعی پسته با خرمای ضایعاتی بر مصرف ماده خشک، افزایش وزن زنده و پارامترهای خون بره­های پرواری مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. سیلو کردن محصولات فرعی پسته با خرما سبب افزایش ماده خشک و انرژی متابولیسمی شد، اما درصد پروتیین خام، کل تانن و ترکیبات فنلی را کاهش داد (05/0P<). جیره­های غذایی عبارت بودند از: 1) شاهد (بدون سیلاژ)، 2) جیره دارای 7 درصد سیلاژ، 3) جیره دارای 14 درصد سیلاژ و 4) جیره دارای 21 درصد سیلاژ (بر اساس ماده خشک). چهل رأس بره نر در چهار گروه به صورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی تقسیم شدند. تمام گروه­ها پیش از شروع دوره 90 روزه پرواربندی، برای مدت 21 روز با جیره شاهد تغذیه شدند. پس از آن یک گروه جیره شاهد را دریافت کردند در حالیکه بقیه گروه­ها با جیره­های دارای سیلاژ تغذیه شدند. در پایان آزمایش، همه حیوانات در یک روز کشتار شدند. بره­های تغذیه شده با جیره­های دارای 14 و 21 درصد سیلاژ در مقایسه با گروه شاهد ماده خشک بیشتری مصرف کردند (05/0P<). تغذیه 21 درصد سیلاژ وزن نهایی، افزایش وزن روزانه، افزایش وزن زنده، وزن لاشه گرم و سرد و گوشت بدون چربی را افزایش داد (05/0P<). بره­های تغذیه شده با 14 و 21 درصد سیلاژ نسبت به بره­های تغذیه شده با جیره شاهد تری­گلیسرید خون کمتری داشتند (05/0P<). تغذیه 21 درصد سیلاژ غلظت پروتیین تام و آلبومین خون بره­ها را در مقایسه با گروه شاهد افزایش داد (05/0P<). غلظت آنزیم­های کبدی آسپارتات آمینوترانسفراز و آلانین آمینوترانسفراز در خون تحت تأثیر تغذیه با سیلاژ قرار نگرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که تغذیه 21 درصد سیلاژ محصولات فرعی پسته با خرمای ضایعاتی به بره­های پرواری، عملکرد را افزایش می­دهد و اثرات سویی بر عملکرد کبد ندارد. Manuscript profile -
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405 - Effect of Autoclave, Microwave Radiation and Their Combination on the Metabolic Energy and Nutrient Digestibility of Wheat Screening Waste in Broilers
M. Hashemi B. Navidshad H. Lotfollahian F. Mirzaei Aghjehgheshlagh S. Karamati -
Open Access Article
406 - اثرات سطوح مختلف ضایعات چمنزنی بر عملکرد و فراسنجههای خونی در مرغهای تخمگذار
A. Nobakhtدر این آزمایش تعداد 144 قطعه مرغ تخمگذار سویههای لاین W-36 از سن 65 تا 77 هفتگی در 4 تیمار، 3 تکرار (12 قطعه مرغ در هر تکرار) در یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. ضایعات چمنزنی به جیره کامل مرغها که بر پایه ذرت و کنجاله سویا بود، در سطوح 0، 5/1، 3 و 5/4 Moreدر این آزمایش تعداد 144 قطعه مرغ تخمگذار سویههای لاین W-36 از سن 65 تا 77 هفتگی در 4 تیمار، 3 تکرار (12 قطعه مرغ در هر تکرار) در یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. ضایعات چمنزنی به جیره کامل مرغها که بر پایه ذرت و کنجاله سویا بود، در سطوح 0، 5/1، 3 و 5/4 درصد در گروههای 1 تا 4 اضافه شد. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از سطوح مختلف ضایعات چمنزنی به صورت معنیداری عملکرد، صفات کیفی تخم مرغ، فراسنجههای بیوشیمیایی و سلولهای ایمنی خون مرغها را تحت تأثیر قرار داد (05/0>P). بالاترین مقادیر مربوط به تولید تودهای تخم مرغ، خوراک مصرفی، درصد تولید تخم مرغ، بهترین ضریب تبدیل خوراک، کمترین قیمت خوراک به ازای هر کیلوگرم تخم مرغ تولیدی و بیشترین رنگ زرده با استفاده از 3 درصد ضایعات چمنزنی به دست آمد. در مقابل این، بیشترین مقدار وزن و وزن مخصوص تخم مرغ، بیشترین مقدار سفیده و نیز گلبولهای قرمز خون در گروه حاوی 5/4 درصد ضایعات چمنزنی مشاهده گردید. بالاترین سطح HDLو لمفوسیت و نسبت هتروفیل به لمفوسیت با استفاده از 5/1 درصد ضایعات چمنزنی به دست آمد. نتایج نهایی نشان داد که در مرغهای تخمگذار استفاده از ضایعات چمنزنی تا 3 درصد جیره موجب بهبود معنیدار عملکرد، صفات کیفی تخم مرغ، فراسنجههای بیوشیمیایی و سلولهای ایمنی خون میشود. با این وجود، استفاده از 5/4 درصد ضایعات چمنزنی در مقایسه با گروه شاهد نه تنها اثرات سویی بر پارامترهای ذکر شده ندارد، بلکه باعث بهبود آنها نیز میشود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
407 - اثرات سطوح استفاده از پودر ضایعات ماهی در جیرههای مرغهای تخمگذار لگهورن روی فراسنجهها، قابلیت جوجه درآوری، بازده اقتصادی، تولید تخم مرغ و کیفیت تخم مرغ
آ. آلمایهو م. یورج آ. گتواین مطالعه در مرزعه طیور دانشگاه حرامایا برای ارزیابی استفاده از پودر ضایعات ماهی در جیره مرغ­های تخمگذار لگهورن سفید روی عملکرد، قابلیت جوجه ­درآوری، کیفیت تخم ­مرغ، طعم و بوی و سودآوری جوجه­ها انجام شد. یکصد و هشتاد جوجه در 5 ماهگی به­ طور تصادفی ب Moreاین مطالعه در مرزعه طیور دانشگاه حرامایا برای ارزیابی استفاده از پودر ضایعات ماهی در جیره مرغ­های تخمگذار لگهورن سفید روی عملکرد، قابلیت جوجه ­درآوری، کیفیت تخم ­مرغ، طعم و بوی و سودآوری جوجه­ها انجام شد. یکصد و هشتاد جوجه در 5 ماهگی به­ طور تصادفی با 15 قطعه مرغ در واحدهای آزمایشی توزیع شدند. واحدهای آزمایشی به ­طور تصادفی با سه تکرار به هر یک از چهار تیمار آزمایشی اختصاص یافتند. در طی 90 روز مصرف ماده خشک، عملکرد تخمگذاری و کیفیت تخم ­مرغ در جوجه­های تغذیه شده با :T1 جیره­های معمول مرغان تخمگذار (کنترل)، :T25 درصد ضایعات + 10 درصد کنحاله سویا + 16 درصد خرده­های گندم + 17 درصد کیکدانهبادام، :T3 10 درصد ضایعات + 5 درصد کنحاله سویا + 8 درصد خرده­های گندم + 8/16 درصد کیکدانهبادام و :T4 15 درصد ضایعات + 0 درصد کنجاله سویا + 6 درصد خردههای گندم + 7/16 درصد کیک دانه باداممورد اندازه­گیری قرار گرفتند. تجزیه شیمیایی پودر ضایعات نشان داد که محتوای پروتیین خام آن 2/41 و انرژی متابولیسمی 04/2982 کیلوکالری بر کیلوگرم بود. ماده خشک مصرفی ](6/88، 1/90، 1/89 و 2/89 (81/2=SEM) گرم برای T1، T2، T3 و T4)[ از نظر آماری تفاوت معنی ­داری بین تیمارهای آزمایشی نشان نداد. متوسط افزایش وزن روزانه بدن برای تیمارهای T2 و T4 در مقایسه با تیمار T3 معنی ­دار بود. تولید روز مرغ ](8/47، 9/54، 1/58 و 8/53 درصد (32/1=SEM)[، توده تخم مرغ تولیدی ](23، 8/28، 1/27 و 8/26 گرم (73/0=SEM)[ به ترتیب برای T1، T2، T3 و T4به طور معنی ­داری در جیره­های تغذیه شده با ضایعات در مقایسه با گروه کنترل بالاتر بود. راندمان استفاده از خوراک ](26/0، 3/0، 3/0 و 3/3 (007/0=SEM) به ترتیب برای T1، T2، T3 و [T4 در گروه­های تغدیه شده با ضایعات پودر ماهی در مقایسه با گروه کنترل بالاتر بود. تخم­های حاصل از مرغان تغذیه شده با جیره­های حاوی 10 و 15 درصد ضایعات دارای طعم و بوی ملایم ماهی در مقایسه با جیره کنترل و T2 بودند. نتیجه حاصل از آنالیز بودجه­بندی جزئی مشخص نمود که بازده اقتصادی بیشتر تولید تخم ­مرغ در جیره­های حاوی ضایعات مربوط به هزینه بالای کنجاله سویا در مقایسه با ضایعات و همچنین راندمان بهتر استفاده از خوراک حاوی ضایعات بود. بنابراین، استفاده از ضایعات پودر ماهی عملکرد تولید و سودآوری را بهبود ولی در سطوح بالاتر از 5 درصد سبب ایجاد طعم و بوی ملایم ماهی شد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
408 - Cassava Fiber Meal and Roxazyme® G2 Supplementation on the Performance and Haemato-Biochemical Profile of Broiler Chickens
M.H. Ogunsipe J.O. Agbede F.A. Igbasan O.D. Olotuntola -
Open Access Article
409 - Study of nitrogen and phosphorus removal by SBR seven-step system of anoxic and aerobic and anaerobic Operation of municipal wastewater in different situations
Nader Shahandeh Afshin Takdastan mohsen solimani babarsad Sara Gayem ahwazThere are more sewage pollution by organic substances Nhast.ayn by oxygenation and oxidation of the material can be converted into nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, etc. and then settle down, separated from the waste water.Generally, wastewater treatment methods can be di MoreThere are more sewage pollution by organic substances Nhast.ayn by oxygenation and oxidation of the material can be converted into nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, etc. and then settle down, separated from the waste water.Generally, wastewater treatment methods can be divided into three main categories: physical, chemical and biological division is now widely Nmvd.astfadh biological methods for wastewater treatment is common.Biological methods are able to lower costs, a wide range of pollutants to be refined to remove biodegradable organic material and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) are used.Activated sludge process and biological trickling filter is the most common treatment methods.The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of batch process alternating aerobic and Anoxic and anaerobic removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from a wastewater treatment plant in laboratory scale (pilot) is to determine the effect of rescheduling the anaerobic, Anoxic, aerobic performance system for the removal of nitrogen and P, change the sequence of steps and timeliness effect on the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus deals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
410 - Landfill site selection Using Analytic hierarchical Process and fuzzy method (case study city of Susa)
amir foroghian hossein eslami ehsan derikvandOne of the important environmental problems is finding a place suitable for municipal solid waste disposal (Landfill). Choose the wrong place causing damage to the environment, human health and pollution of surface and groundwater. Several factors affect landfill site s MoreOne of the important environmental problems is finding a place suitable for municipal solid waste disposal (Landfill). Choose the wrong place causing damage to the environment, human health and pollution of surface and groundwater. Several factors affect landfill site selection and there are different ways to this issue. In this paper, GIS and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) have been used to identify suitable locations for landfill in the city of Susa. For this purpose, four main factors selected that have a substantial impact on the landfill site selection consisting of technical and operational criteria, ecological and biological, socioeconomic and physical. According to these criteria, 15 information layers prepared. The final score of the parameters were calculated by using the paired comparison. After combining 15 data layer using fuzzy analysis and AHP method and helping ARC GIS software, the final map was prepared for Solid Waste. Based on the results, western parts of the city of Susa were proposed for landfill. Because of the great distance from the city of Susa and lack of proper access road, this section has been ignored as the best place appropriate waste disposal. A closer look at the result, 3 regions, with the suitable level of value, range and access road, were determined. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
411 - Locality Evaluation of Urban Waste Landfill (Case Study: Andika Township)
Ali mohamad emamiAbstract One of the serious, potential and growing problems in many urban areas, especially in developing countries, is the management of waste and the selection of suitable sites for its disposal and burial. This issue is very important for our country, and especially MoreAbstract One of the serious, potential and growing problems in many urban areas, especially in developing countries, is the management of waste and the selection of suitable sites for its disposal and burial. This issue is very important for our country, and especially the Andika, due to issues and constraints, and most importantly the challenge of quantity and quality of water. Therefore, in this study, suitable locations for dumping landfills in the Andika city using the integration of GIS spatial knowledge and multi criteria decision analysis on hydrological factors, human factors and accessibility, geomorphology, geology and ecology were extracted and introduced. For this purpose, 15 layers of input map were prepared and analyzed in GIS environment. Effective factors were weighed, limitations were applied and places with high, moderate and low proportions in the Andika township were extracted and suggested. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
412 - Study of the Effect of Microwave and Energy Efficiency on Industrial Wastewater Remediation
Zeinab AMIN NEZIH KAMIL SALIHOGLU MERVE AHMADThe overall aim of this study was to investigate the effect of microwave radiation treatment on chemical oxygen demand, color and nutrients in the industrial wastewater in Bursa, Turkey without by products in the optimum time, according to the standard method. The resul MoreThe overall aim of this study was to investigate the effect of microwave radiation treatment on chemical oxygen demand, color and nutrients in the industrial wastewater in Bursa, Turkey without by products in the optimum time, according to the standard method. The results show that during microwave radiation with a power of 900 watts, the efficiency of removal of 79% chemical oxygen demand, 23.55% color, 65% phosphorus and 95% ammonium nitrate with sampling at 0, 60, 120, 150, 180, 240420,360,300, s. The power consumption is also 30.8 watts, 164 watts, 143.5 watts and 102.5 watts, respectively. After five minutes of microwave irradiation, the removal efficiency of over 50% for nutrients and chemical oxygen demand is observed, and the lowest removal percentage is related to color with maximum energy consumption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
413 - Efficiency Evaluation of Hospital Wastewater Treatment System: A Case Study of Ayatollah Nabavi Hospital in Dezful
seyed shoja aldin alamshah mohsen solimani babarsad ebrahim rajabzadeh QotramiThe amount if pollutant and other hazardous and disease-causing agents in hospitals' wastewater are much higher than the domestic sewage. Thus, this subset of wastewater is really hazardous for both environments and people living in them. The purpose of this study is to MoreThe amount if pollutant and other hazardous and disease-causing agents in hospitals' wastewater are much higher than the domestic sewage. Thus, this subset of wastewater is really hazardous for both environments and people living in them. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency of wastewater treatment system of Ayatollah Nabavi Hospital in Dezful on the treatment of pollutant agents within wastewaters. In this study, which was administered from November 2015 to April, 2016 (6 months period), the efficiency of wastewater treatment system has been investigated. The parameters under study included turbidity, PH, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, Fecal Coliform and total coliform, Ammonium and Chloride in the input wastewater entering into the refinery and the output refined wastewater. The whole investigation was made on the basis of "Standards on Measuring Methods" book. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
414 - Survey Possibility on Reuse of Sanandaj Waste Water Treatment Plan Effluent in Agriculture.
sirvan zareei esmaeil ghahramani saeed dehestani athar bijan noori amir zareiWater shortage, rapid population growth and the need for development in the agricultural sector have led to the fact that water is not disposed of once a day, and solutions to eliminate this limitation of water resources through the treatment and re-circulation of waste MoreWater shortage, rapid population growth and the need for development in the agricultural sector have led to the fact that water is not disposed of once a day, and solutions to eliminate this limitation of water resources through the treatment and re-circulation of waste water due to cheap, permanent and reliable sources, and in Accessibility has been caused. In this regard, the possibility of utilization of effluent from Sanandaj sewage treatment plant in agriculture was considered according to the developed standards in order to overcome the problem of water deficit.This cross-sectional study for 12 months for the feasibility of wastewater treatment plant effluent quality Sanandaj sampling and testing to determine by measuring pH, BOD5, COD, TSS, Na +, Mg2 +, No2-, No3-, K + and Ca2 + by using statistical tests were performed and compared to industry standards.The average removal rate parameters pH, BOD5, COD, TSS, respectively 35/1, 15/88, 6/84 and 88/88 and parameters pH, BOD5, COD, TSS effluent respectively 5/7, 5/10, 5/17 and 4/12 is the pH, BOD5 and COD levels of environmental standards and the EPA but does not meet the EPA standard TSS. Compared with the FAO standard SAR limit was evaluated as good and percent sodium.According to independent t-test, a significant difference between effluent quality and standard values were observed (P <0.01). However, due to the operation Water and chosen the irrigation of sensitive crops, effluent quality suitable for agricultural purposes Supplies is. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
415 - Reuse of Treated Sanitary Sewage and Agricultural Water Drainage as Alternative Sources for Irrigation of Aghili Plain Vegetables
Hossein Soltani Kazemi Ehsan DerikvandDue to the scarcity of water in Iran and the growth of population and urbanization, planning for optimal use of water resources and recycling of water from unconventional sources has become more necessary. This study aimed to reuse refined sanitary sewage and agricultur MoreDue to the scarcity of water in Iran and the growth of population and urbanization, planning for optimal use of water resources and recycling of water from unconventional sources has become more necessary. This study aimed to reuse refined sanitary sewage and agricultural water drainage as alternative sources of irrigation for vegetables. For this purpose, 6 species of seed; red radish, sugarcane, coriander, savory, dill and leek were sown and studied in three replications: 1-irrigation with well water, 2-irrigation with agricultural drainage, and 3-irrigation with treated wastewater. Each seed was seeded at 100 g in 3 replications. Soil quality, heavy metals in soil, water pollution and parasitic tests and water hygiene were measured at different stages. Vegetable weight and height were also measured at harvest time to compare three replications. The results showed that the weight and height of the vegetables in the three replications were not significantly different, but the growth size of the vegetable was higher than the other two replications. Environmental standards for agricultural irrigation were achieved after wastewater treatment, but the amount of heavy metals in soil after irrigation was slightly increased and soil salinity decreased. Finally, it is recommended to conduct continuous health and quality control tests to avoid wasting water from agricultural water drainage for irrigation of vegetables and the use of purified sanitation in special cases. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
416 - An Investigation on Proper Location of Urban Waste Landfill (Case Study: Shooshtar)
saleh torki zadeh Hossein EslamiFinding a suitable sanitation landfill is a complex process that depends on various factors and criteria. The purpose of this research is to select suitable location for sanitary landfill of municipal solid waste in Shushtar city based on environmental, health and econo MoreFinding a suitable sanitation landfill is a complex process that depends on various factors and criteria. The purpose of this research is to select suitable location for sanitary landfill of municipal solid waste in Shushtar city based on environmental, health and economic criteria. In this research, the capabilities and methods based on the GIS and the process of fuzzy hierarchy analysis have been used. In the first stage, the parameters affecting the landfill location include geology, groundwater maps, distance from wells, land use, faults, slope of land, river, flood areas, protected areas, distance maps from main roads, layers The distance was from rural urban centers and were selected. After the standard maps were prepared, standardization of the layers was performed. Then, using the fuzzy hierarchy process analysis, the weight of the criteria was calculated and after applying the weights in the corresponding layers, the overlaying of the layers was performed with the help of fuzzy functions. The result of the combination of layers indicates the proper places for burial, waste. The final landfill map was classified as waste landfill. The results showed that the areas around the villages of Abbagni, Baneh Kazem, Shirkishan and Abdol Amir are suitable as suitable areas for urban waste disposal. Keywords: location, waste landfill, fuzzy hierarchy analysis, geographic information system Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
417 - Comparison of the effect of up-flow and down-flow Cascade anaerobic bioreactors in industrial wastewater treatment of sugar factory
Hamidreza Ansari joveini Amirhoseini Javid Amirhesam Hasani Morteza KashefiolaslThe present research is the result of laboratory studies related to the comparison of the effect of up- and down-flows in the treatment of artificial biological industrial wastewater (combination of water and molasses of sugar beet factory) using suspended-bed anaerobic MoreThe present research is the result of laboratory studies related to the comparison of the effect of up- and down-flows in the treatment of artificial biological industrial wastewater (combination of water and molasses of sugar beet factory) using suspended-bed anaerobic reactors. The main purpose of this study is to compare the results of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency in different conditions of organic loading in accordance with the type of flow in suspended-bed sequencing reactors containing plastic media, rock materials and activated carbon. For this purpose, three cylindrical pilots with a diameter of 200 mm and a height of 800 mm with a volume of 24 liters on a laboratory scale and made of Unplasticized PolyVinyl Chloride (UPVC) have been used. During the whole period of research, the discharge of sewage entering the reactor varied from 2 to 4 liters per hour and the retention time of the system varied from 18 to 36 hours. After the start-up period was passed and the COD removal efficiency remained constant, the highest efficiency of COD removal percentage in the up-flow with the maximum amount of hydraulic retention time equal to 36 hours and organic load equal to 4.51 kg COD/m3.d equal to 88% was recorded. Also, the highest efficiency of COD removal percentage in the down-flow with hydraulic retention time equal to 24 hours and organic load equal to 3.21 Kg COD/m3 .d equal to 78% was recorded. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
418 - Efficient wastewater treatment methods for petrochemical industrials producing Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET) - A review
Naeim BanisaeidFindings the efficient method for removing of terephthalate compounds from industrial wastewaters is considered a big challenge in the world. In this study, an efficient Iranian and worldwide methods to remove terephthalate compounds from petrochemical industrial wastew MoreFindings the efficient method for removing of terephthalate compounds from industrial wastewaters is considered a big challenge in the world. In this study, an efficient Iranian and worldwide methods to remove terephthalate compounds from petrochemical industrial wastewaters were investigated. In this regard, no studies with Persian languages were found. To review the studies conducted in the rest of the world, articles were searched with Google engine in databases including springer; science direct; online library Wiley; iwap online and.... 40 articles were included in this study. These articles were categorized and ranked based on the type of contaminant and the selected removal methods. The studies were ranked as fallow; 1: COD removal efficiency industrial wastewater including PTA (41%), 2: removal of soluble materials (14%), 3: removal of suspended solids (11%), 4: removal of heavy metal (9%) and investigation the type of bacterial colonies in the treatment plants (7%). These study showed that the anaerobic process has a good efficiency to treat this type of wastewater, so, has been mostly studied to remove organic matter and a satisfactory result has been obtained in this field. For industrial wastewaters containing terephthalate compounds, the neutralization, initial sedimentation, anaerobic and aerobic processes can be used as a reliable process to treat this type of wastewater. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
419 - Presenting a reverse logistics optimization model to reduce environmental effects based on waste management
Mahta Kakooee Mahmoud Modiri Ghanbar Abbaspour EsfedenSolid waste has become one of the most critical environmental issues in the world. Therefore, a waste management system to prevent further destruction of the environment is essential. Waste management includes collection, transport, cleaning, recycling, and disposal of MoreSolid waste has become one of the most critical environmental issues in the world. Therefore, a waste management system to prevent further destruction of the environment is essential. Waste management includes collection, transport, cleaning, recycling, and disposal of the wastes. In recent years, due to environmental concerns, manufacturers have been forced to offer environmentally friendly products. So, the area of reverse logistics (RL) has recently received considerable attention, due to a combination of environmental, economic, and social factors. In this research, the design of a multi-product and eleven-level reverse logistics network is conducted, which collects all the waste in one place and separates them according to the needs of the factories (in terms of the type and material of the waste, etc.) and sends them to the intended destination. This model can support all kinds of industries in which the revival of recycling and destruction of products. This study provides a mixed integer mathematical model to reduce the costs of the whole system. The number of centers, the number of products and parts that should be sent from one center to another, the amount of CO2 emissions, and the total cost of the model were determined. Finally, the sensitivity analysis was done on the parameters of the model. The model was validated by changing the input data in two different cases. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
420 - The effect of social capital on waste recycling in Qazvin
Liela HajeagaeiThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of social capital on waste recycling in Qazvin. The present study is applied in terms of purpose. And based on how the data are collected, this type of research is a descriptive-survey type with the technique of str MoreThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of social capital on waste recycling in Qazvin. The present study is applied in terms of purpose. And based on how the data are collected, this type of research is a descriptive-survey type with the technique of structural equations. The statistical population of the present study is citizens aged 18 years and older living in Qazvin. 500 people were selected. According to the population size of each region and according to the geographical map of each region, data and age of respondents have been collected by quota sampling method.Data were analyzed using Spearman test and structural modeling in SPSS and PLS software. The main data collection tools in this study are two researcher-made questionnaires on social capital and waste recycling. The results showed that social participation, social trust, social security and social cohesion have a significant effect on waste recycling. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
421 - Optimal Locating of Rural Waste Disposal with Fuzzy Logic in Zarrindasht County
Mohsen Shayan Ali Akbar Anabestani Sajjad BazvandRural environmental protection is considered as one of rural development requirements. One of the most important issues in rural areas, is the perfect place to dispose waste. The main purpose of this research is spatial analysis operation using GIS technology and FAHP t MoreRural environmental protection is considered as one of rural development requirements. One of the most important issues in rural areas, is the perfect place to dispose waste. The main purpose of this research is spatial analysis operation using GIS technology and FAHP techniques in order to locate the optimal range waste disposal of Zarrindasht city. For this purpose, in the first stage, using nine information layers which includes layers of information, distance to fault, distance from the canals, geology, soil type, distance to roads, distance from settlements, altitude, slope and land use was formed. Then, a questionnaire was designed for this purpose, and was prepared by the consultant engineers responsible for Rural Guide Plans, and finally experts of Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution were completed that, twenty people have answered the questionnaire completely. The results show that the most optimal landfill sites were near roads and most inappropriate places were near the human settlements. The results obtained from FAHP also suggest that the measure of distance from human settlements was dedicated the most weight to themselves by a coefficient 0/232 and measure of the height was dedicated the lowest weight to themselves. The area of 4626-square-kilometer of Zarrindasht, 3.83 percent was quite suitable, 48/98 percent was suitable, 35/82 percent was fairly suitable, 9/03 percent was unsuitable and 2/33 was completely unsuitable for landfill. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
422 - On the Evaluation of the Biogas Production Capability of Animal Wastes in Rural Areas (Case Study: Kermanshah Province)
R. bahramiToday, access to clean and secure energy sources is one of the main objectives of sustainable development. Biogas can be used as a strategy to replace fossil energy in rural areas by enjoying features such as generating clean energy, improving rural health environment a MoreToday, access to clean and secure energy sources is one of the main objectives of sustainable development. Biogas can be used as a strategy to replace fossil energy in rural areas by enjoying features such as generating clean energy, improving rural health environment and production of animal manure which is the main source of nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium) and is free of weed seeds and pathogens.Study was conducted aimed to evaluate the production of biogas in rural areas of Kermanshah which people use required energy by means of gas for cooking and consuming water per capita through field study. The use of gas energy has been calculated according to the standards and national regulations of the country. Findings from different aspects infered that biogas is the best alternative for gas plumbing in rural areas economically, socially, and due to the tectonic position of Kermanshah province from 65% savings, Low-durability type of rural houses, and earthquake point of view, respectively. In terms of the environment, biogas cleans the countryside and raise the level of village health. Technologically, training and using biogas in rural areas is simple. The results show that using biogas in rural areas requires localization and creation of cultural and economic grounds through the collaboration of government agencies because of the lack of local people's awareness of it (Jihad and Banks to educate and to allocate loans, correspondingly), and to assist civil institutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
423 - Site Selection for the Waste Landfills the City of Eyvan-e Gharb ILam Province
azim alishaei fariba hemmatiIntroduction: With the growth of population and urbanization, the urban managers are concerned with optimal waste management besides problems such as traffics, various types of pollutions, slums, etc. Nowadays the development of cities, growth of income average and welf MoreIntroduction: With the growth of population and urbanization, the urban managers are concerned with optimal waste management besides problems such as traffics, various types of pollutions, slums, etc. Nowadays the development of cities, growth of income average and welfare of society, and accelerated social and economic developments in the countries have led to a rapid increase in waste production, and a change in the consumption pattern resulted in a change in the quality of solid waste.Research Aim: Site Selection for the Waste Landfills the City of Eyvan-e Gharb.Methodology: In the present study, the required maps and information were collected from various resources and transformed into data layers to be used in the ArcGIS software environment with respect to the effective factors in site selection. AHP was employed as a decision-making technique due to its prevalent and effective application for assessing the suitability for landfill.Studied Areas: The city of Eyvan location falls at 33° 50' N, 46° 20'.Results: The Criteria for this study are as follows: Land use, soil type and land capability, quality and depth of groundwater, geology, the intensity of rainfall, heights, grading, distance from the city, distance from the village, distance from the fault, distance from the river, distance from the road, distance from power transition lines, distance from well and fountain, distance from protected areas.Conclusion: The most suitable location included 7.98% of the area of the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
424 - Hazardous waste management as an approach for conservation of nature and urban Environment
mohamadali abdoli babak tavakoli mohamad hossein menhajIntroduction One of serious problems facing country’s environment especially in urban areas is the ongoing trend of hazardous waste mismanagement. The mismanagement of hazardous waste makes a lot of risks to the human health and the nature considering com MoreIntroduction One of serious problems facing country’s environment especially in urban areas is the ongoing trend of hazardous waste mismanagement. The mismanagement of hazardous waste makes a lot of risks to the human health and the nature considering combustion, reactive, corrosive and toxic characteristics. In order to reduce these side effects the country needs a more comprehensive hazardous waste disposal program (e.g. legislation and regulation). Research Methodology In this study, to overcome these challenges with regard to social - economic conditions and a better commitment by the manufacturers an appropriate legislation has been provided. The purpose of the revision and development of specific regulations for hazardous waste could be described based on the reduce of the severe damage caused by illegal disposal of pollutants into the urban environment as well as filling the existing gaps in state law to preserve nature and the environment. The study also criticized the existing law and administrative regulations of the Waste Management and following a comparison with some of the laws of developed countries, the topics for special legislation for the legal disposal was determined. Results Consisted of 23 articles and 19 notes, as well as a regulatory counterpart including 87 article and 64 notes have been compared. As a result, following a thorough and careful investigation, a piece of legislation In this revised regulations, a special attention is given based on the decrease of production and considering a recycling and reuse program. In addition to the applicable responsibilities, supervision for the implementation of the commitments is considered. This piece of legislation is annually audited by EPA with its divisions. In this regard, there is an especial emphasis by EPA on the private sector for the Waste Management. Site selection is carried out by EPA based on Land Use Planning and Environmental Impact Assessment. However, the Waste Management programs could be done by the private sector as a long contract. To transport and disposal of waste materials by the private sector, a maximum support by EPA has been considered. To reduce of environmental costs, a recycling and reuse program is emphasized. Meanwhile, the producer is responsible for disposal costs. In this proposed piece of legislation, in order to reduce the disposal costs and waste volume, some encouragements have been determined through ISO 14001. In addition, some solutions for business income and updated database are considered by the proposed piece of legislation. Overall, an organized educational program is proposed for public and private sectors. Conclusion This research revealed that to protect the urban environment, a specialized law should be codified. With regard to economic, social, cultural and political situation, a draft law for Waste Management has been developed. The illegal disposal of hazardous waste material is the most important problem in developing countries (e.g. Iran). To address this failure, the Special Waste Management Act and Regulations were presented. The advantages of this new legislation could be described in terms of the establishment of environment, and the view points of citizens on decision making processes the found could provide money for financing the costs associated with environmental recovery, primary evaluation of different legal disposal sites, and study the different environmental aspects for making decision about urgent reaction or improvement actions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
425 - The Combination of Operational Fuzzy Functions and GIS in Urban Waste Management (Case Study: Likak City of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad)
aboozar moradi ALI boveiri saeed amanpourHygienic landfill and the management of urban solid waste as one of the elements of waste management system contains various and exact stages including site selection, its preparation and operation of the site which all of them require study, examination and executing o MoreHygienic landfill and the management of urban solid waste as one of the elements of waste management system contains various and exact stages including site selection, its preparation and operation of the site which all of them require study, examination and executing of proper management. The purpose of this study is to study and examine the various factors and parameters related to the examined factors affecting in locating the place for the landfill of the Likak city, the principal of the province Bhmaee, located in the city of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad. These factors are as fallow: geology, regional slope, distance from population centers, accessing to the communicational roads, distance from the surface water, distance from the fault and the type of the soil. The information of the above factors is classified into six important environmental, economic, social, regional, soil study, and heathrology scales. The nature of this study is theoretical-application which it is studied in a descriptive and analyzed method of the content. In this study, data are obtained by field observation and library studies. The preparation of such information and output maps is based on operational functions. The results of this study presented based on four functions included proposal and output maps which the maps are compared from two layers of the direction of annual wind and the development of the city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
426 - اثر عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره بر رشد دراسنا مارژیناتا
علی محبوب خمامیاین مطالعه اثر عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره (عصاره آبی) را بر عملکرد و کیفیت شیمیایی دراسنا مارژیناتا رقم سه رنگ مورد بررسی قرار داد، که در طی آن گیاه تحت تاثیر چهار غلظت محلول عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره (0، 250، 500 و 1000 پی پی ام) پرورش داده شد. عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره Moreاین مطالعه اثر عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره (عصاره آبی) را بر عملکرد و کیفیت شیمیایی دراسنا مارژیناتا رقم سه رنگ مورد بررسی قرار داد، که در طی آن گیاه تحت تاثیر چهار غلظت محلول عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره (0، 250، 500 و 1000 پی پی ام) پرورش داده شد. عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره با استفاده از روش استخراج بدون هوادهی، با نسبت حجمی1:10 از ورمی کمپوست خاک اره با آب تهیه شده و سه بار با فاصله دو هفته ای روی گیاهان دراسنا مارژیناتا اسپری شد. عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره نسبت به شاهد مواد معدنی مانند نیتروژن (36/2%)، فسفر (42/0%)، پتاسیم (31/2%)، کلسیم (76/2%) و منیزیم (23/0%) را در گیاهان بهبود بخشید. اختلاف در عملکرد و کیفیت شیمیایی گیاهان در تیمارها تا حد زیادی از طریق تفاوت در جذب ازت در بافت و تجمع ماده خشک توضیح داده می شود. هنگامی که عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره بر روی گیاهان دارسنا مارژیناتا اسپری شد، رشد قابل توجهی در گیاهان مشاهده شد. سه بار اسپری عصاره ورمی کمپوست با غلظت 1000پی پی ام بیشترین تاثیر را بر عملکرد دراسنا مارژیناتا نشان داد. گیاهان کشت شده در گلدان که با 1000 پی پی ام عصاره استخراج شده از ورمی کمپوست اسپری شده بودند، بیشترین ارتفاع (33/15 سانتی متر)، تعداد برگ (00/53)، وزن تر ساقه (00/66 گرم) و وزن خشک ساقه (90/13 گرم) را نسبت به تیمار شاهد( 05/0 (P < داشتند. بنابراین برای به دست آوردن عملکرد بالاتر دراسنا باید مورد پذیرش قرار گیرد. این مطالعه نشان داده که عصاره ورمی کمپوست خاک اره می تواند تاثیر مثبت بر عملکرد گیاه داشته باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
427 - بررسی رشد گیاه دارویی زینتی به لیمو در بسترهای حاوی سوپرجاذبهای طبیعی و مصنوعی
مریم مرعشی صبا قاصدی شیرین سیدنصیردر این تحقیق اثرات ضایعات آلی و یک سوپرجاذب رطوبت بر مقدار آب قابل استفاده و تأخیر در رطوبت معادل نقطه پژمردگی دائم در خاک بررسی شد. در فاز اول تحقیق (مرحله انکوباسیون خاک)، 12 تیمار در یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی در آزمایشگاه علوم خاک دانشگاه علوم و تحقیقات تهران مورد بررسی ق Moreدر این تحقیق اثرات ضایعات آلی و یک سوپرجاذب رطوبت بر مقدار آب قابل استفاده و تأخیر در رطوبت معادل نقطه پژمردگی دائم در خاک بررسی شد. در فاز اول تحقیق (مرحله انکوباسیون خاک)، 12 تیمار در یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی در آزمایشگاه علوم خاک دانشگاه علوم و تحقیقات تهران مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. تیمارها شامل مقادیر 5 و 10 درصد حجمی از کمپوست زباله­های شهری و کود گاوی به همراه مقادیر 5 ، 15 و 30 گرم در کیلوگرم خاک از زئولیت و مقادیر 2، 4 و 8 گرم در کیلوگرم خاک از سوپرجاذب رطوبت (A200) بودند. در فاز دوم (فاز گلخانهای)، بر اساس بیشترین مدت زمان رسیدن به نقطه پژمردگی دائم، سه تیمار که بالاترین میزان تأخیر در نقطه پژمردگی را نشان دادند، به عنوان بستر کاشت انتخاب شدند و به­همراه تیمار شاهد، در یک آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی، اثر بستر کاشت ( چهار بستر) و دور آبیاری در سه سطح ( 48، 72 و 120 ساعت)، روی ویژگی­های رشد بهلیمو مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین مقدار رطوبت معادل FC مربوط به تیمار دارای 8 گرم سوپرجاذب­ بهازای هر کیلوگرم خاک است. بیشترین تأخیر در نقطه پژمردگی دائم در مقدار 8 گرم سوپرجاذب بهازای هر یک کیلوگرم خاک، با ایجاد تأخیر به میزان 682 ساعت ایجاد شد. بالاترین وزن تر کل گیاه در تیمار 10 گرم زئولیت در یک کیلوگرم خاک و دور آبیاری 48 ساعت با میانگین 47/9 گرم مشاهده شد. در تیمار سوپرجاذب در هرسه دور آبیاری مقدار وزن خشک برگ بیشتر از شاهد بود. در کل نتایج نشان دادند که افزودن سوپرجاذب به خاک با به تاخیر انداختن زمان پژمردگی گیاه، می تواند با افزایش دور آبیاری باعث صرفه­جویی در میزان مصرف آب شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
428 - تیمار پساب (شهری و بیمارستانی) به کمک گیاهان زینتی: مرور
ضیا رحماناین مطالعه به دو نوع پساب­های تیمار نشده شامل پساب شهری (مناطق توریستی) و پساب صنایع داروسازی و چگونگی استفاده از آن­ها در زمین­های مرطوب (غرقاب) می­پردازد. در مناطق کوهستانی ایجاد یک سیستم دفع فاضلاب مناسب مشکل است و این مطالعه بر آن است که یک روش مناسب Moreاین مطالعه به دو نوع پساب­های تیمار نشده شامل پساب شهری (مناطق توریستی) و پساب صنایع داروسازی و چگونگی استفاده از آن­ها در زمین­های مرطوب (غرقاب) می­پردازد. در مناطق کوهستانی ایجاد یک سیستم دفع فاضلاب مناسب مشکل است و این مطالعه بر آن است که یک روش مناسب در اختیار ما بگذارد. در زمین­های غرقاب باید مواد سمی از آب خارج شود و برای این کار یک لایه CW سطحی احداث می­کنند. گیاهان زینتی مانند Canna flaccida، شیپوری و C. indica در این مطالعه استفاده شدند که نتایج سودمند پایداری در 80 % کاهش BOD و COD به همراه داشتند. کاربامازپین یک داروی پرمصرف است که باعث آلودگی آب­ها می­شود. با احداث یک جریان افقی زیر سطحی، این مسئله قابل حل است، برای این کار جریان عمودی در زمین مورد نظر خواهیم داشت و بعد از آن این پساب در استخرهایی مستقر می­شود. از سه گونه زینتی (Thypha latifolia, Iris sibrica, Zantedeschia aethiopica) استفاده شد و پارامترهای DO، pH و EC کنترل شد و میانگین وزن برداشت شده به­ترتیب (%) 5/4 ± 5/62 و % 5/4 ± 59 بود. نتایج نشان داد که دو گیاه اول (تیفا و زنبق) عملکرد عالی داشتند. گیاهان زینتی برای گلدهی، گیاهان تجاری مثل گل شیپوری، پرنده بهشتی، آنتوریوم و آگاپانتوس بودند. بعد از اینکه سیستم با پساب مورد نظر آبیاری شد، گل شیپوری حدود 60 گل داد و بقیه گونه­ها برگ­های بزرگی تولید کردند و بعضی از آن­ها بخاطر شرایط نامساعد محیطی از بین رفتند. داده­ها حاکی از آن است که Canna indica نتایج خوبی در مورد BOD و COD داد و گل شیپوری پتانسیل تولید گل بالایی در شرایط آب و هوایی محل آزمایش داشت. این در حالی است که در رابطه با کاربامازپین، دو تا از گونه­ها توانایی جذب مواد آلاینده را داشتند: زنبق و گل شیپوری. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
429 - اثر کمپوست آزولا، پوسته بادام زمینی و ضایعات چای روی رشد و جذب عناصر غذایی گیاه زینتی-دارویی پاپیتال (Hedera helix)
علی واحدیبه منظور بررسی اثر بسترهای کاشت مختلف روی رشد گیاه پاپیتال آزمایشی گلدانی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با 5 تیمار در سه تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی مرکز ایستگاه تحقیقات گل و گیاهان زینتی لاهیجان اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 5 نوع بستر کاشت بودند که ترکیبات تشکیل دهنده آن ها Moreبه منظور بررسی اثر بسترهای کاشت مختلف روی رشد گیاه پاپیتال آزمایشی گلدانی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با 5 تیمار در سه تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی مرکز ایستگاه تحقیقات گل و گیاهان زینتی لاهیجان اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 5 نوع بستر کاشت بودند که ترکیبات تشکیل دهنده آن ها عبارت است از: B1: 50% کمپوست آزولا + 40% کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی + 10% پرلیت، B2: 50% کمپوست آزولا + 40% کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی + 10% زئولیت، B3: 30% کمپوست آزولا + 30% کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی + 30% کمپوست ضایعات چای + 10% پرلیت، B4: 30% کمپوست آزولا + 30% کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی + 30% کمپوست ضایعات چای + 10% زئولیت و B5: 80% پیت + 20% پرلیت (شاهد بین المللی). نتایج حاصل نشان داد که ارتفاع بوته، تعداد برگ، تعداد و قطر ساقه جانبی, تعداد گره و مقدار کلروفیل برگ که از صفات زینتی یک گیاه همیشه سبز بالارونده مثل پاپیتال است در بستر B3 بیشترین مقدار است. بیشترین درصد ماده خشک ریشه و شاخساره، نیتروژن، پتاسیم و روی نیز متعلق به گیاهان رشد یافته در بستر B3 بود. بیشترین مقدار کاروتنوئید برگ و بلندترین ریشه در بستر B5 اندازه گیری شد. بستر B1 نیز موفق ترین بستر در افزایش آهن برگ بود. بدین ترتیب بستر B3 به عنوان مناسب ترین بستر برای رشد پاپیتال معرفی می شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
430 - Use of Palm Waste Cellulose as a Substitute for Common Growing Media in Aglaonema Growing
M. BasiratIn order to evaluate the possibility use of palm waste cellulose as a substitute substrate for growing pot plants, an experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design with 6 replication and six treatments on Aglaonema sp. The treatments were 5 levels inclu MoreIn order to evaluate the possibility use of palm waste cellulose as a substitute substrate for growing pot plants, an experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design with 6 replication and six treatments on Aglaonema sp. The treatments were 5 levels including 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 palm celluloid wastes mixed with different rates of some amendments such as peat, coconut coir, perlite, vermiculite, rice husk and sugarcane waste compost. The trial was conducted in a research greenhouse at certain environmental condition during 14 month. Before experiment, the chemical and physical properties of organic substrates were measured. To determine superior media the vegetative indexes were measured and data statistically analyzed. Results showed that the palm celluloid wastes had significant impact on the growth and total dry weight of plants that grown in mixing media in comparison with peat and peat- perlite potting media. Also peat and coir had not significant differences in most growth indices but palm celluloid wastes had greater increase in plant dry weight if it used as a 50-50 v/v percent mixing amendment in all treatments. Data indicated that palm celluloid wastes can be used as a media individually, and also as an amendment for other media such as sugarcane compost. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
431 - Utilization of Rice Hull as a New Substrate for Turf Grass Seed Germination in Sod Production as a Sustainable Approach
Mohammad Ali Golestani Ali Dolatkhahi Navid Vahdati Omid Nouri RoudsariSod culture is one of the important methods in establishing and repairing of turf grass, especially in sport fields. Nowadays, a mixture of sand and peat are commonly used in sod production in Iran. Because peat media is expensive, it seems necessary to find an alternat MoreSod culture is one of the important methods in establishing and repairing of turf grass, especially in sport fields. Nowadays, a mixture of sand and peat are commonly used in sod production in Iran. Because peat media is expensive, it seems necessary to find an alternative medium. Rice hull, tea waste and leaf compost as economical organic material that are available in huge loads in north of Iran. The objective of this study was to evaluate the utilization of low cost organic matter on seed germination and uniformity of turf grass in sod production. Therefore a completely randomized design with 3 replications and 6 treatments: 1- mixture of leaf compost and sand (1: 1) (v.v), 2- tea compost and sand (1: 1) (v.v), 3- sand, 4- mixture of rice hull and sand (3: 1) (v.v), 5- mixture of treatments 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6- petri dish as control was carried out in the experimental field of agricultural school of Islamic Azad University, Chaloos branch during summer 2008. Turf grass species used was Lolium prenne. According to the results, it was revealed that the effect of different substrates was significant on seed germination percentage (p≤0.05). Results showed that mixture of rice hull and sand (3: 1) (v.v) increased germination percentage over other treatments. This was probably related to high water retaining capacity and well aeration of rice hull. Furthermore, the lowest and highest uniformity rate was related to mixture treatment and sand media, respectively. It generally seems that these waste products can be used for this purpose economically and sustainably. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
432 - The Effect of Organic Media and Fertilization Method on the Yield and Nutrients Uptake of Bellis perennis L.
Fatemeh Ramezanzadeh Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand Nazanin Khakipour KhakipourIn order to investigate the effect of growth media and nutrition method on the growth of Bellis perennis L. and nutrients uptake, a factorial experiment was conducted with two factors: growth media (municipal waste compost, Azolla compost, tea wastes compost) and nutrit MoreIn order to investigate the effect of growth media and nutrition method on the growth of Bellis perennis L. and nutrients uptake, a factorial experiment was conducted with two factors: growth media (municipal waste compost, Azolla compost, tea wastes compost) and nutrition method (without fertilizer, soil application, foliar spray) in comparison to the control medium (60% soil + 20% manure + 10% composted leaves + 10% sand) based on RCD with 45 treatment and three replications. Plant growth indices during growth and after plant arvest were measured. The total nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and manganese were measured in the shoot of plant. The results showed that the height of plant increased in medium "control, municipal waste compost, Azolla" through foliar spray and soil application of fertilizer. The growth medium "control, municipal compost and Azolla" increased plant height, shoot dry weight and flower number and uptake of nitrogen, potassium, zinc, calcium, iron and magnesium in plant shoot. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
433 - اثر بسترهای کشت حاوی مواد آلی و دروه آبیاری بر رشد کاج مطبق (Araucaria excelsa L.)
علی محمدی ترکاشوند مهدی میثاقی فاطمه رمضان زاده بیشه گالیآروکاریای زینتی L. Araucaria excelsa از خانواده Araucariaceae از جمله سوزنیبرگان زیبا است که دارای اهمیت اقتصادی بالایی در صنعت گل­کاری میباشد. یک آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوکهای­ کامل تصادفی با دو فاکتور: رژیم آبیاری شامل I1 (آبیاری دو روزه )، I2 ( Moreآروکاریای زینتی L. Araucaria excelsa از خانواده Araucariaceae از جمله سوزنیبرگان زیبا است که دارای اهمیت اقتصادی بالایی در صنعت گل­کاری میباشد. یک آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوکهای­ کامل تصادفی با دو فاکتور: رژیم آبیاری شامل I1 (آبیاری دو روزه )، I2 (آبیاری چهار روزه)، I3(آبیاری شش روزه) و بسترکشت شاملM1 (کوکوپیت 100%)، M2 (کمپوست زباله شهری 100%)، M3(ورمیکمپوست 100%)، M4 ( 25% کوکوپیت + 25% پرلیت+ 25% خاک سبک+ 25% کمپوست زباله شهری)، M5 (25% کوکوپیت+ 25% ورمی کمپوست+ 25% خاک سبک+ 25% پرلیت )، M6 (25% ورمی کمپوست + 25% کمپوست زباله شهری + 25% خاک سبک + 25% پرلیت )، با 18 تیمار در سه تکرار طراحی و اجرا شد. صفات اندازهگیری شده در این آزمایش شامل ارتفاع بوته از طوقه، تعداد شاخههای جانبی، اندازه فاصله طبقات، تعداد طبقات، طول شاخههای جانبی، وزن تر ریشه، وزن تر ساقه، وزن تر کل، وزن خشک ریشه، وزن خشک ساقه و وزن خشک کل بود. نتایج نشان داد شاخص­های رشد در بستر 100% ورمیکمپوست افزایش یافت. این تیمار به همراه آبیاری دو روز بهترین تیمار در رشد گیاه محسوب شد. بستر کشت مذکور در مقایسه با بسترهای دیگر پاسخ بهتری به آبیاری شش روزه داشت، اما تفاوت قابل ملاحظه­ای در رشد گیاه بین آبیاری دو و شش روز وجود داشت Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
434 - Analysis of Livestock Waste Management Practices among Rural Farmers in Abia State, Nigeria
Onwuchekwa Iheke -
Open Access Article
435 - Attitude of Wheat Farmers in Dezful Township Regarding Extension of Waste Reduction in Production Process
Mahdi Attar Roshan -
Open Access Article
436 - امکان سنجی توسعه کاربرد مدیریت پسماندهای کشاورزی روستایی در شهرستان ماسال
Mohammad Reza Safari Motlagh رویا نظرعلی فرزانه فلاح پور سالکویهضایعات محصولات کشاورزی یکی از معضلات بخش کشاورزی ایران است. بر اساس آمار اعلام شده از سوی وزارت جهاد کشاورزی حدود­ ٤0 درصد از محصولات کشاورزی تولید شده در کشور ضایع شده و از بین می­رود. پژوهش حاضر از نوع توصیفی– پیمایشی و از شاخه همبستگی و مقایسهای Moreضایعات محصولات کشاورزی یکی از معضلات بخش کشاورزی ایران است. بر اساس آمار اعلام شده از سوی وزارت جهاد کشاورزی حدود­ ٤0 درصد از محصولات کشاورزی تولید شده در کشور ضایع شده و از بین می­رود. پژوهش حاضر از نوع توصیفی– پیمایشی و از شاخه همبستگی و مقایسهای است. ابزار جمعآوری دادهها نیز پرسش­نامه است که آزمون پایایی روی آن انجام شده است. برای تعیین رابطه متغیرهای مستقل و متغیر وابسته از روش ضریب همبستگی پیرسون استفاده شده و جهت تعیین موثرترین عامل از بین عوامل مرتبط روش تحلیل واریانس و آزمون دانکن به کار گرفته شده است. جامعه آماری این تحقیق، افراد شرکت­کننده در کلاسهای آموزشی ورمی­کمپوست، در سالهای 90 و 91 و کشاورزان روستای اسطلخ زیر که پروژه ورمی­کمپوست در آنجا اجرا شده است و تسهیلگران و مروجان بخش کشاورزی بودند. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که بین متغیرهای مستقل (میزان علاقهمندی، میزان مهارت، میزان حمایت مسئولین و میزان آشنایی و آگاهی) و متغیر وابسته (مدیریت پسماند کشاورزی) رابطه وجود دارد ودر نتیجه به مقدارسطح معنی­داری به دست آمده که کمتر از 05/0 است، در سطح 95/0 پذیرفته می­شود که چهار متغیر مستقل تأثیرشان بر متغیر وابسته متفاوت است. در نتیجه تمامی عوامل به عنوان متغیر­های مستقل بر مدیریت پسماند اثرگذارند. نتایج آزمون همبستگی پیرسون نشان­دهنده تأئید تمامی فرضیه­های تحقیق بود. همچنین نتایج آزمون دانکن نشان داد که از بین عوامل موجود میزان علاقهمندی بیشترین تأثیر را بر مدیریت پسماند دارد. عوامل بعدی به ترتیب میزان آشنایی، میزان مهارت، حمایت مسئولین بودند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
437 - شناسایی عاملهای مؤثر برتولید ضایعات مرکبات در استان مازندران
نرگس گرجی حسین شعبانعلی فمی هوشنگ ایروانیمدیریت ضایعات کشاورزی یکی از مهم­ترین موضوعاتی است که تولیدکنندگان بخش کشاورزی به منظور ارتقاء سطح درآمد خویش و حمایت از محیط­زیست باید آن را مورد توجه قرار دهند. بنابراین، شناسایی عاملهایی که موجب کاهش ضایعات محصولات کشاورزی و بهطور ویژه ضایعات مرکبات میشون Moreمدیریت ضایعات کشاورزی یکی از مهم­ترین موضوعاتی است که تولیدکنندگان بخش کشاورزی به منظور ارتقاء سطح درآمد خویش و حمایت از محیط­زیست باید آن را مورد توجه قرار دهند. بنابراین، شناسایی عاملهایی که موجب کاهش ضایعات محصولات کشاورزی و بهطور ویژه ضایعات مرکبات میشوند، میتواند به مدیریت ضایعات، کاهش تخریب محیط­زیست و اکوسیستم، و افزایش سطح امنیت غذایی و رشد اقتصادی کمک شایان توجهی نماید. بر این پایه، هدف این پژوهش شناسایی عاملهای مؤثر بر تولید ضایعات مرکبات در میان مرکباتکاران استان مازندران بود (7867= N). برای تعیین حجم نمونه از روش نمونهگیری تصادفی ساده استفاده شد. ابزار اصلی گردآوری دادهها پرسشنامه محقق ساخت بود که روایی محتوایی آن توسط پانل متخصصان و تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی و پایایی آن از طریق محاسبه آلفای کرونباخ تأیید شد (70/0 α ≥) یافتههای حاصل از تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی نشان داد که دو عامل اجتماعی-اقتصادی و تکنیکی در مجموع 257/60 واریانس ضایعات تولیدی مرکبات را تبیین میکنند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
438 - تجزیه و تحلیل راه حل های موثر در زمینه مدیریت زباله در شهرداری ها
امیر نوری سلیمان رسولی آذر لورنس انویه تکیههدف اصلی این مطالعه این است که تجزیه و تحلیل راهکارهای موثر در زمینه مدیریت زباله در شهرداری ارومیه بود. جامعه آماری در این تحقیق شهروندان شهر ارومیه در استان آذربایجان غربی بود. با استفاده از فرمول کوکران حجم نمونه شامل 180 نفر برآورد شد. ابزار گردآوری داده ها پرسشنامه Moreهدف اصلی این مطالعه این است که تجزیه و تحلیل راهکارهای موثر در زمینه مدیریت زباله در شهرداری ارومیه بود. جامعه آماری در این تحقیق شهروندان شهر ارومیه در استان آذربایجان غربی بود. با استفاده از فرمول کوکران حجم نمونه شامل 180 نفر برآورد شد. ابزار گردآوری داده ها پرسشنامه بود. ضریب پایایی پرسشنامه توسط آلفای کرونباخ 87/0 مشخص گردید. نتایج نشان داد که رابطه مثبت معنی داری بین راهکار حمل و نقل جمع آوری و دفن زباله مدیریت، راهکار هزینه مدیریت, راهکار مدیریت اجرایی و راهکار سیستم مدیریت استراتژی با اهمیت مواد زائد و زباله ها از دیدگاه پاسخگویان وجود دارد. همچنین علاوه براین، نتایج رگرسیون چندگانه نشان می دهد که حدود 55.9 درصد تغییرات سیستم مدیریت مواد زائد و زباله ها توسط متغیرهای جمع آوری و حمل و نقل زباله و دفن زباله اجرایی مدیریت هزینه های مدیریت و بهبود سیستم مدیریت سازمان تعیین می شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
439 - تحلیل بیزی مدلهای پروبیت فضایی در پذیرش مدیریت ضایعات گندم
احمدرضا عمانی آزاده نوراله نوری وندیهدف از این مطالعه شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر پذیرش مدیریت ضایعات گندم توسط گندمکاران بود. روش به کار گرفته شده در این تحقیق کاربرد مدل های پروبیت فضایی و تخمین مدل ها از طریق مدل بیزین بود. نرم افزار MATLAB در این تحقیق به کار گرفته شد. داده ها از بین 220 نفر گندمکار استان خ Moreهدف از این مطالعه شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر پذیرش مدیریت ضایعات گندم توسط گندمکاران بود. روش به کار گرفته شده در این تحقیق کاربرد مدل های پروبیت فضایی و تخمین مدل ها از طریق مدل بیزین بود. نرم افزار MATLAB در این تحقیق به کار گرفته شد. داده ها از بین 220 نفر گندمکار استان خوزستان از طریق روش نمونه گیری تصادفی انتخاب شد. برای محاسبه ضرایب بیزین از الگوریتم هیستینگ- متروپلیس و نمونه گیری گیپس استفاده شد. برای استخراج الگوی مناسب بر اساس تأخیر و خطای فضایی از آزمون لاگرانژ استفاده شد.بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده هر دو الگو با احتمال 99 درصد معنادار شدند. بنابراین، از هردو الگو میتوان در تفسیر نتایج استفاده کرد. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از برآورد الگوهای تأخیر فضایی و خطای فضایی مشخص شد که به ترتیب مشارکت در کلاس های ترویجی، دانش فنی، درآمد، عملکرد محصول، سطح مکانیزاسیون و ضرایب اتورگرسیو فضایی نقش معنی داری بر پذیرش مدیریت ضایعات گندم داشتند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
440 - مدیریت مصرف ضایعات برگ خرما در تغذیه دام دامداران جنوب استان کرمان
محسن عادلی ساردویی محمد خداوردیزاده امید علی اسماعیلی پوربراساس آمار موجود در جنوب استان کرمان سالانه حدود 111498 تن برگ خرما به عنوان ضایعات تولید می­شود. مطالعات صورت پذیرفته حاکی از آن است که این ضایعات پتانسیل مناسبی در تأمین نیاز غذایی دام و جایگزین مناسبی برای خوراک مشابه از قبیل بقایای گندم در تغذیه دام هستند Moreبراساس آمار موجود در جنوب استان کرمان سالانه حدود 111498 تن برگ خرما به عنوان ضایعات تولید می­شود. مطالعات صورت پذیرفته حاکی از آن است که این ضایعات پتانسیل مناسبی در تأمین نیاز غذایی دام و جایگزین مناسبی برای خوراک مشابه از قبیل بقایای گندم در تغذیه دام هستند. در تحقیق حاضر تلاش شد تا با مفهوم تمایل به مصرف و با استفاده از مدل لاجیت ترتیبی عوامل موثر بر پذیرش ضایعات برگ خرما (ضبخ) توسط دامداران منطقه جنوب استان کرمان در سال 1399 مورد ارزیابی قرار گیرد. داده­ها و اطلاعات مورد نیاز از طریق تکمیل 202 پرسشنامه که به­طور تصادفی از بین دامداران جنوب استان کرمان توزیع و گردآوری شدند بدست آمد. مطابق نتایج حدود 51 درصد دامداران منطقه مورد مطالعه، تمایل به مصرف ضبخ ندارند و تنها 46 دامدار از کل نمونه مورد مطالعه مایل به مصرف این محصول هستند. براساس نتایج مدل لاجیت ترتیبی، با افزایش سابقه دامدار، ارائه اطلاعات و افزایش سطح آگاهی دامداران، کاهش نگرانی­های دامداران از بازخورد مصرف ضبخ در تغذیه دام­های­شان و عضویت در تعاونی، تمایل به مصرف ضبخ در تغذیه دامداری­ها افزایش مییابد. همچنین احتمال تمایل به مصرف ضبخ در دامداری­های بزرگتر و در گاوداری­ها نسبت به مزارع کوچک (گوسفند و بز) بیشتر است. با توجه به یافته­ها، به منظور مصرف ضبخ در تغذیه دامداری­ها، لازم است تا با اقدامات ترویجی و آموزشی دامداران منطقه مورد مطالعه نسبت به سلامت تغذیه دام­ها با این محصول آشنا شوند و علاوه بر این با اعطای تسهیلات به تولیدکنندگان متقاضی عرضه ضبخ به بازار و ایجاد مزارع نمایشی با تغذیه این محصول میتوان گام مثبتی در زمینه کاهش ضایعات و هدر رفت قابلیت تجاری این محصول برداشت. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
441 - Food Losses and Waste: A Global Overview with a Focus on Near East and North Africa Region
سینیشا بریان روبرتو کاپونه فیلیپ دبس حمید البلالیFood losses refer to edible food mass decrease throughout the human food chain. Food losses occurring at consumption stage are called food waste. Food Losses and Waste (FLW) represent one of the most critical social, economic and ecological challenges facing humanity, b MoreFood losses refer to edible food mass decrease throughout the human food chain. Food losses occurring at consumption stage are called food waste. Food Losses and Waste (FLW) represent one of the most critical social, economic and ecological challenges facing humanity, besides being also an ethical issue. FAO data show that roughly one-third of food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted. There are no precise and accurate data regarding food waste in Near East and North Africa (NENA) region. The review paper aims at providing insights about the extent of FLW in NENA region with a special focus on Arab countries and Iran. The paper explores linkages between food waste and food security. Moreover, it analyses the economic and environmental implications of FLW. FLW vary depending on food type, country and season. Generally speaking, postharvest losses are significant in this region for most of commodity groups. It is estimated that FLW amount to 34% of food supply in NENA region. FLW undermine the very foundations of food security and amount to major depletion of resources (e.g. water, land, energy) and produce needlessly greenhouse gases. They also represent a wasted investment that reduces farmers’ incomes and increase consumers’ expenses. Therefore, food waste reduction is crucial for improving the sustainability of the food supply chain and achieving food and nutrition security in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
442 - An Environmental Investigation into Khorramabad's Landfill and Optimal Site Selection of Landfill using Weighted Linear Combination (WLC)
Siamak Baharvand Jafar Rahnamarad Salman Soori -
Open Access Article
443 - Locational of Zahak municipal landfill, using Geographic Information System (GIS)
Mohammadali Enayat Mojtaba Ansarifar Jafar Rahnamarad Kazem Shabani Goraji Amin Narouei -
Open Access Article
444 - Experimental Study on Wastewater Application for Cement Mixing in Concrete
Mohammad Pordel Nezami Mohamad Aslalinezhad Fard Mahdi Aslalinezhad Fard -
Open Access Article
445 - Provide a strategic map of human resource empowerment in the water and waste water industry based on meta- synthesis approach and method Structural-interpretive modeling
Akbar Sheidaei habashi Soleyman Iranzadeh Houshang TaghizadehThe purpose of this research is to provide a strategic map of human resource empowerment according to Transformational leadership and Job involvement and empowerment dimensions based on meta- synthesis approach and method Structural-interpretive modeling in water and wa MoreThe purpose of this research is to provide a strategic map of human resource empowerment according to Transformational leadership and Job involvement and empowerment dimensions based on meta- synthesis approach and method Structural-interpretive modeling in water and waste water companies of West and East Azarbaijan provinces. The research method is of qualitative type and also in terms of results it is considered as applied research. In the qualitative part, the meta- synthesis method and the structural-interpretive modeling method have been used to draw the structural model. Data analysis was done using the method of structural-interpretive modeling and Mic Mac analysis. After analyzing the data, the levels of the components were obtained, based on which the structural-interpretive modeling graph was designed. In the following, based on the three perspectives of transformational leadership , empowerment and job involvement , a strategic map of human resource empowerment in the water and wastewater industry was drawn. This research is one of the first studies that has analyzed and reviewed the relationship of empowerment dimensions with transformational leadership and Job involvement in the water and wastewater industry in a coordinated manner. And it may serve as a reference for spreading the strategic map of human resource empowerment in organizations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
446 - Antecedents and Consequences of Sustainable Human Resource Management in Waste Management Organizations
Gohar Pourahmadi Mansoor Irandoust Jamal AdhamiThis research investigates the antecedents and consequences of sustainable human resource management in the waste management organizations of Iranian municipalities. The research methodology is applied and developmental research in terms of purpose and descriptive in te MoreThis research investigates the antecedents and consequences of sustainable human resource management in the waste management organizations of Iranian municipalities. The research methodology is applied and developmental research in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of collecting and analyzing information, and also it is field research. The statistical population includes managers and employees of waste management organizations. The sample size is 125 individuals selected by stratified random sampling method. The tool for collecting research data is a questionnaire, its validity has been accomplished by face validity, and Cronbach's alpha test has accomplished its reliability. Testing hypotheses were made using the binomial test method, and structural equation modeling was done using SPSS and PLS software. The results of data analysis showed that the antecedents of sustainable human resource management include organizational strategy and leadership style. The consequences of sustainable human resource management include organizational performance, attractiveness, employee involvement, and employee turnover. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
447 - Joint pricing and replenishment decisions in an inventory model for deteriorating items considering wastewater treatment: A case study
Arash Sepehri Mohammad Reza Gholamian -
Open Access Article
448 - Solving a bi-objective location routing problem by a NSGA-II combined with clustering approach: application in waste collection problem
Masoud Rabbani Hamed Farrokhi-Asl Bahare Asgarian -
Open Access Article
449 - Preparation of polyaluminium chloride and polyaluminum ferric chloride chemical coagulants for water treatment and comparison of their efficiency with commercial sample
akbar rostami vartooni Ali Reza Moradzadeh Aghbalagh Ali ShakerIn this research, due to the practical and economic advantages of aluminum-based coagulants, the polyaluminum chloride and polyaluminum ferric chloride samples were synthesized using a simple and low-cost method. The prepared polymers were characterized by Fourier-trans MoreIn this research, due to the practical and economic advantages of aluminum-based coagulants, the polyaluminum chloride and polyaluminum ferric chloride samples were synthesized using a simple and low-cost method. The prepared polymers were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Based on infrared spectroscopy analysis, it is determined that the structural property of the synthesized polymers is similar to that of commercial coagulant. The peaks related to asymmetric stretching vibrations of the Fe-OH-Fe or Al-OH-Al bonds and bending vibration of the Fe-OH bond can be appeared in the range of 1030-1130 cm-1 and 770 cm-1, respectively. The Al, Cl, O and Fe elements are seen in iron-containing samples Finally, the performance of polymeric coagulants in the flocculation process of water purification was investigated by the jar test apparatus. The obtained results showed that the PAC sample has a better coagulation ability and the iron-containing coagulants play a more appropriate role at higher turbidity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
450 - Performance of carboxymethyl cellulose and alginate nanocomposite hydrogel containing graphene oxide nanosheets for removal of methylene blue dye
سید جمال الدین پیغمبردوست Abbas Mostafaei Parisa Mohammadzadeh Pakdel Mousa MohammadpourfardToday, with the development of industries and urbanization, the need for healthy water have increased. Hydrogels are effective adsorbents for removing pollutants from water sources. In this research, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were used to improve the performance of MoreToday, with the development of industries and urbanization, the need for healthy water have increased. Hydrogels are effective adsorbents for removing pollutants from water sources. In this research, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were used to improve the performance of methylene blue dye removal by carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel and alginate, which were biocompatible. Carboxymethyl cellulose and alginate nanocomposite hydrogels containing graphene oxide nanosheets showed good performance compared to hydrogels synthesized by chemical method. The synthesized adsorbents were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Different weight percentages of GO (0-10 wt. %) were incorporated in the hydrogel matrix and obtained optimal value was 6 wt. %. The obtained removal efficiency was 65.4 and 73.1 % for CMC/Alg and CMC/Alg/GO, respectively, under optimal conditions (initial concentration of 56 mg/l, adsorbent dose of 1.5 g/l, 120 min contact time, and 25 °C temperature). Analysis of kinetic data showed that the pseudo-second-order model had R2 order of 0.986 and 0.983 for CMC/Alg and CMC/Alg/GO adsorbents, respectively. Therefore, it was the most suitable model for kinetic data fitting. Monolayer adsorption capacity for CMC/Alg and CMC/Alg/GO adsorbents was 91.74 and 96.15 mg/g, respectively, which showed the improvement of the adsorption by incorporation of GO. Thermodynamic investigation showed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. Finally, it can be concluded that the synthesized nanocomposite hydrogel can be used as an effective adsorbent for the decontamination of methylene blue dye. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
451 - Investigation and feasibility study of graphite production process from poplar wood waste, tire and straw
Mortaza Gholizadeh Aysan Faraji Bakhshkandi Aziz Babapoor Hassan AghdasiniaIn this study, for the feasibility of graphite production, three samples of poplar wood, tire and straw were pyrolyzed at temperatures of 500, 600, 700 and 800 ℃ with a heating rate of 5 ℃/min and a retention time of 20 minutes. The effects of pyrolysis temperature o MoreIn this study, for the feasibility of graphite production, three samples of poplar wood, tire and straw were pyrolyzed at temperatures of 500, 600, 700 and 800 ℃ with a heating rate of 5 ℃/min and a retention time of 20 minutes. The effects of pyrolysis temperature on the produced char. were also investigated. The results showed that increasing the temperature of pyrolysis led to a decrease in char efficiency, and all three samples had the highest efficiency at 500 ℃ temperature, which is due to the higher decomposition of raw materials at higher temperatures. According to the results of elemental analysis, the concentration of carbon increased with increasing temperature for preparation of all samples, but the concentration of hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen decreased. According to FTIR analysis, functional groups of -OH, C-H, C=O and C-O were observed in all three samples obtained from poplar wood, tire, and straw and the ratio of aromatic to aliphatic compounds increased at higher temperatures. According to the XRD analysis, the (002) peak related to the graphite plates was observed in the XRD patterns of the samples. This peak in XRD patterns of all samples obtained at 800 °C was sharper and narrower than that of the samples obtained at the other temperatures. Also, this peak was more similar to the coresponding peak of commercial graphite than that of the samples obtained at the other temperatures. The result of TGA showed that the samples obtained at 800 °C had less weight loss and more thermal stability than the other samples. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
452 - Spent caustic wastewater treatment of petrochemical units by wet air oxidation process
اسما مرتضویان حمیدرضا مرتهب مرتضی مافیWet air oxidation (WAO) is an efficient way to treat industrial wastewaters. In present study, wet air oxidation process was used for treatment of spent caustic effluents from ethylene unit in the petrochemical industry. After analysis and determination of wastewater pr MoreWet air oxidation (WAO) is an efficient way to treat industrial wastewaters. In present study, wet air oxidation process was used for treatment of spent caustic effluents from ethylene unit in the petrochemical industry. After analysis and determination of wastewater properties, the process was performed using an experimental set-up having 1-L reactor in the temperature range of 170-200 ̊C and 6-9 bar partial pressure of oxygen. The effects of parameters including liquid volume, temperature, and pH were investigated. Performing experiments in two liquid volumes of 200 and 400 mL confirmed that required oxygen is provided at 190 ̊C and changing the partial pressure of oxygen has no significant effect on process efficiency due to abundant oxygen in the reactor. The values of reduction in chemical oxygen demands (COD) after 3 h at temperatures of 170, 190, and 200 C were 61, 63, and 67%, respectively. The process at 200 ̊C and pH of 12 and 10 for 3 h could decrease 69 and 82% of COD, respectively. Applying homogenous Fe3+ and Cu2+ catalysts could not enhance the performance of the process significantly. Furthermore, the kinetics of two-stage reactions of wet air oxidation process was also studied and the kinetic constants and activation energies were determined. Since the real sample from a petrochemical unit was used, determination of optimum operation conditions, investigation on the effect of catalyst, and also determination of kinetic degree of wet air oxidation reaction for spent caustic wastes of petrochemical units might be considered as the novelties of the current study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
453 - Comparative study of nitrophenol removal from Karoon Petrochemical by electro-fenton and electro-persulfate process
Aref ShokriIn this study, the degradation of 4-nitrophenol in aqueous environments was studied by Electro Fenton and Electro Persulphate in electrochemical batch reactor equipped with four iron electrodes and a direct power source. The results showed that the removal of 4-nitrophe MoreIn this study, the degradation of 4-nitrophenol in aqueous environments was studied by Electro Fenton and Electro Persulphate in electrochemical batch reactor equipped with four iron electrodes and a direct power source. The results showed that the removal of 4-nitrophenole in Electro-Persulphate and electro Fentone were 99.2% and 94% at optimum operation condition including operational pH at 3, the initial concentration of 4-nitrophenol at 100 mg / l, hydrogen peroxide and persulphate at 0.5 mM, with the density of 0.1 A/dm2 and 60 min of reaction. The research results showed that the processes of electro-persulfate and electro-fenton had the same elimination efficiency in acidic media for 4-nitrophenol removal and, in general the combination of electrochemical with persulfate and hydrogen peroxide for electrical production of iron and activation of persulfate and hydrogen peroxide had more ability compared to separate use. The removal percent of COD in real wastewater samples with the initial COD of 5000 mg/l were 82 and 86% in ElectroFenton and Electro-persulfate processes, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
454 - Studying of BOD5 and COD variations in domestic wastewater after treated by agronomical soil
Amir rabiefar -
Open Access Article
455 - Changes in Field Capacity (FC) by Irrigation with Domestic Wastewater (DWW)
porya jalali -
Open Access Article
456 - Effect of Irrigation by Domestic Wastewater on Final Penetration Rate in Lysimeter Soil
mohammad hosein kharrazi -
Open Access Article
457 - Assessment of Some Qualitative and Essence Percentage Traits in (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Under Urea Foliar Application and Irrigation with Purified Domestic Wastewater
Maede Modanlo -
Open Access Article
458 - The Functions of Myths in the Poems of Mohammad Qissi
Ezzat Mollā Ebrāhimi Heshmat ParvinBy using symbolic and mythological language, Mohammad Qissi, Palestinian modernist poet, has been able to play an active role in the field of resistance and struggle in his country. The ancient Arabic heritage and cultures of different nations have been his source of in MoreBy using symbolic and mythological language, Mohammad Qissi, Palestinian modernist poet, has been able to play an active role in the field of resistance and struggle in his country. The ancient Arabic heritage and cultures of different nations have been his source of inspiration. In addition to Babylonian, Mesopotamian and Greek myths, he has also paid great attention to Arabic and Canaanite myths. By using the descriptive-analytical method, the authors of the present article first briefly discuss the historical origin of myths and the reasons for turning Palestinian poets' attention into myths and then examine the types of myths used in Qissi's poems. The results of the research show that the poet has used the mythical heritage, including temporal, spatial, human and religious elements, to express national enthusiasm, patriotism and the idea of returning to the homeland. So, Qissi has been an honest spokesman for expressing his own and his people's plights, ideals and thoughts in inside and outside of the occupied territories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
459 - Investigation of Lead Removal Process from Leachates around Tehran
M. Chelehei R. MarandiNowadays, increasing public concern have challenged the environmental problem associated with wastewater. Indeed, the removal of contaminates from wastewater is still far away from a satisfactory solution. Different processes are used for the treatment of wastewater. Ho MoreNowadays, increasing public concern have challenged the environmental problem associated with wastewater. Indeed, the removal of contaminates from wastewater is still far away from a satisfactory solution. Different processes are used for the treatment of wastewater. However, adsorption on activated carbon can be an environmentally friendly and economically sound process. In this study, olive-waste activated carbon as was employed as a novel adsorbent for efficient removal of lead (heavy metals). In the removal process the variables; pH, concentration of lead, amount of adsorbent and contact time, were studied on their influence on removal of lead, using one at a time approach, in a batch procedure on removal of lead which used 109 mg/g. Following the investigation of concentration effect, fitting the experimental equilibrium data to numerous conventional isotherm models showed that the Langmuir model with high correlation coefficient and low error analysis (R2=0.998) is more usable to explain the experimental data. The kinetic models were studied and parameters of this model was calculated. First order kinetics was predicted for adsorption with 0.99 error tolerance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
460 - Evaluation of the performance of Hospital Waste Water Treatment with Activated Sludge and Extended Aeration System using Activated Carbon for the Removal of Lambda-cyhalothrin Pesticide
M. Mamaghanifar L. Yadegarian H. GhafourianHospital waste contains pathogens and dangerous chemicals. Considering the problems encountered in wastewater treatment, investigation of treatment methods and pesticide residue content of hospital wastewater and sewage outlet is utmost importance. The aim of this study MoreHospital waste contains pathogens and dangerous chemicals. Considering the problems encountered in wastewater treatment, investigation of treatment methods and pesticide residue content of hospital wastewater and sewage outlet is utmost importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of activated sludge with extended aeration system in treatment plants, for removal of Lambda-cyhalothrin in hospital wastewater and provide recommendations for improving the system. In this study six sewage outlet samples were taken before pesticide treatment and after first and second treatments from a hospital with extended aeration activated sludge system. Three samples from each sampling session were transferred into a container containing 0.5g activated carbon, to assess its effect on reduction of Lambda-cyhalothrin in wastewater. Lambda-cyhalothrin was extracted using QuEChERS method and analyzed using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/ MS). Finally, by employing SPSS software and using t-test and analysis of variance, at 95% significant level (P≤ 0.05), data were statistically analyzed. The results showed that concentrations of Lambda-cyhalothrin in hospital wastewater, before application, was below the limit of the detection and after two consecutive application, level of Lambda-cyhalothrin increased to 27.49 ± 0.086 and 37.56 ± 0.07 ppm, respectively. Using activated carbon treatment, the Lambda-cyhalothrin concentration decreased to 2.22 ± 0.05 and 1.54 ± 0.01 ppm, respectively. Comparing the results with standard levels recommended for pesticides, for drinking water (0.0001ppm) and sewage (0.031 ppm), all samples even after carbon active treatment, had significantly higher levels of Lambda-cyhalothrin at 95% confidence level. This reflects the fact that the extended aeration activated sludge system alone is not a sufficient technique for the removal and reduction of Lambda-cyhalothrin in hospital wastewater and to improve the current sewage treatment system, activated carbon can also be one of the options in reducing pesticide concentrations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
461 - Study of Some of the Environmental Impact Parameters on the Release of Cadmium from Electronic Waste in Aquatic Environments
H. Bahmanpour M. Zaeimdar M. RahimiElectronic and electrical wastes are special types of wastes, the main components of which include capacitors, transistors, ICs, electronic circuits, cathode and anode components have toxic and pathogenic properties and are stable in the environment and even in body of MoreElectronic and electrical wastes are special types of wastes, the main components of which include capacitors, transistors, ICs, electronic circuits, cathode and anode components have toxic and pathogenic properties and are stable in the environment and even in body of animal, are corrosive to installations and equipment The purpose of this study is to investigate and identify the effective factors in the liberation of metals, in particular cadmium, in the surrounding environment. Accordingly, the effect of different factors such as temperature, pH, humic acid and time on the release of cadmium from these wastes to aquatic environments has been studied. For this purpose, the selected parts were analyzed and examined. The results indicate that in the aqueous medium, the amount of cadmium penetration in the very acidic and very alkaline pH, the release rate increases. Also, in the aqueous medium, the increase in temperature increases the penetration of cadmium in the environment, and the effect of the contact time parameter is also proportional to the pH variation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
462 - Studying Quality and Quantity of Industrial Wastewater Pollutants as a ResultofProducing Paper & Application ofGA-88Nano Absorbing for minting Phenol
A. Asadi Mazdi H. GhafourianActivated carbon with nano hole made of lemon is called GA-88 in this research. Using nano technology in the way of decreasing effects of polluting environment and wastewater of industrial factory including water plays important role and has high efficiency. In this re MoreActivated carbon with nano hole made of lemon is called GA-88 in this research. Using nano technology in the way of decreasing effects of polluting environment and wastewater of industrial factory including water plays important role and has high efficiency. In this research ability of GA-88 absorbent with nano hole for elimination of phenol has been studied. Chemical optimization of nano absorbent GA-88 has been performed by using acid phosphoric with densities 10% and 15%. Then effective factors for absorbing phenol, effect of change in pH at range of 2 to 12, time of duration until 15 to 75 minutes was exactly studies and assessed. Change in pH at lower than 7 was very effective on ability of absorption so that under pH=2 and pH=12 intensity of absorption 99.125% and 63.1% and absorption capacity 19.825% and 12.62%mg phenol /gr GA-88 /liter respectively. Time of optimization for eliminating phenol with density of 200mg/liter and 800mg/liter was at first 15 minutes. In this process the quasi second grade speed equation in comparison to quasi first grade speed equation, GA-88 nano absorbent with fixed speed is suitably defined as 5.12 x 10-3 mg-1.min-1 and 2.35mg x 10-3 for density of 200mg/liter and 800mg/liter. In order to describe balance of absorption it is used from Longmuir and Freunlich models. Results indicate that Longmuir model for both densities of 200mg/liter and 800mg/liter is more valuable than Freunlich model and R2 amount related to Longmuir was 1 and 0.999 was achieved respectively Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
463 - New adsorber GA-2009 for separation of cadmium using multi wall carbon nanotube and Powder activated carbon
H. Ghafourian F. Ahmadi F. MalekianThe increase of industrial activities has intensified environment pollution .Today one of the most important subjects is water pollution with heavy metals such cadmium, lead, nickel and zinc which can be removed from water using different methods and sorbent .In this st MoreThe increase of industrial activities has intensified environment pollution .Today one of the most important subjects is water pollution with heavy metals such cadmium, lead, nickel and zinc which can be removed from water using different methods and sorbent .In this study sodium Alginate, which is extractedfrom brown algae, mixed with calcium chloride 0.5M containing Powder Activated Carbon (PAC) or Multi Wall Carbon Nanotube (MWCNTs) to build insoluble sphericalcalcium Alginate. The spherical adsorber with Activated Carbon or Multi Wall Carbon Nanotubewas used for separation of cadmium ions. The effect of pH shown that the best condition is in pH=6. The kinetic of adsorption in different times were studied and registered. Next study was down for the maximum adsorption capacity of cadmium with spherical adsorber containing PAC and MWCNT. The results shown that the adsorption of PAC and MWCNT was 1.12 and 1.28 m mole/g respectively. The effect of amount of PAC and MWCNT were investigated. Atomic absorption spectrometer was used for determination of concentration of adsorbed of cadmium ions. The results shown that the adsorption capacity of Cd(II) is higher in compare with reported data >pH Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
464 - Removal evaluation of Acid Yellow 17 Dye from aqueous solution by multi-wall carbon nanotubes
N. Pourjavad N. Majidian M. SamipourgiriTextile industries have been one of the important and basic industries of every country and are the mother of many other industries. In this type of industries due to the use of various dyes in different processes of production and product processing, the produced waste MoreTextile industries have been one of the important and basic industries of every country and are the mother of many other industries. In this type of industries due to the use of various dyes in different processes of production and product processing, the produced wastewater has also been highly colored and it must be refined before being discharged to the environment. In this study potential adsorption of multi-wall carbon nanotubes on separating Acid Yellow 17 dye from aqueous solution using adsorption method, surface response method for optimization and process modeling,was investigated. Tests were performed discontinuously (100ml flasks) and at laboratory scale by determining amount of absorbed color according to surface response method and central composite design method. The results showed that the effect of initial dye concentration and amount used of carbon nanotube are efficient factors on dye absorption process from aqueous environment. The best conditions for color adsorption are equilibrium time of 30 minutes, initial dye concentration of 24/45 mg per liter and adsorbent dose of 75/47 mg in 100 ml with a maximum efficiency of about 98/27 percent. According to the results obtained from this study, color adsorption from aqueous solutions, using carbon nanotubes is feasible with high efficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
465 - Biosorption of silver by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain MS8 isolated from wastewater of Silversmith’s workshop in Isfahan
Maedeh Shahsanaei Goneirani1 Ali Mohammad Ahadi Monir DoudiBackground & Objectives: Detection of the microorganisms resistant to toxic metals is the first step in the process of bioremediation. The purpose of this study was isolation of silver-resistant bacteria, determination of their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) MoreBackground & Objectives: Detection of the microorganisms resistant to toxic metals is the first step in the process of bioremediation. The purpose of this study was isolation of silver-resistant bacteria, determination of their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and investigation on the biosorption in vitro. Materials & Methods: Sampling was carried out from the wastewater of two Silversmith’s workshop in Isfahan and effluent of the wastewater treatment plant phase 2 input in Shahinshahr. The agar dilution method and PHG II culture medium containing concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 mM of Ag (NO3)was used to separate the metal-resistant bacteria and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Finally, the ribotyping method was used to identify the silver-resistant bacteria. Results: In this study seven silver-resistant bacteria were isolated, among them Ag5 showed the highest resistance to silver (MIC = 6mM). Based on the molecular analysis, this isolate belonged to a new strain, called as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain MS8, and its formation was deposited as KP742984 in Gene Bank (NCBI). This strain was able to absorb 11.39% of silver from medium in vitro after 120 minute and could growth well in the presence of silver. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that this isolate is a good candidate for biological removal of silver from contaminated wastewater in the future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
466 - Removal of ammonium nitrogen and orthophosphate from urban wastewater by stabilized microalgae cells
Daryush Arabian Peyvand AmiriBackground & Objectives: Provision of useful strategies and targeted plans in order to reduce the consumption of available water resources and also create good quality wastewater is necessary due to current lack of water resources. This study was carried out to inve MoreBackground & Objectives: Provision of useful strategies and targeted plans in order to reduce the consumption of available water resources and also create good quality wastewater is necessary due to current lack of water resources. This study was carried out to investigate the removal of ammonium nitrogen and orthophosphate from urban wastewater using two microalgae strains. Material & Methods: For this purpose cultured cells of Chlorella and Oocystis were mixed up with 4% sodium alginate solution. The resulting mixture was added to a solution of calcium chloride in order to form alginate globules containing microalgae cells. To measure cell growth, Neubauer Chamber counting method was used. The amount of nitrogen and orthophosphate removal was measured by light absorption method using Nessler's and Armstrong’s reagents, respectively. Results: Oocystis removed about 65.2 % of the ammonium nitrogen following 14 days of treatment. Moreover, the overall efficiency of the orthophosphate removal was 69 %. In case of Chlorella, the rate of ammonium nitrogen removal was 74.3 % following 4 days of treatment and reached 100% following 7 days of treatment. The overall orthophosphate removal efficiency was 62.27 %. Conclusion: The results indicated that Chlorella has the convenient ability to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater in designed conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
467 - The production of alkaline protease by Bacillus tequilensis FJSH2 isolated from Jiroft’s slaughterhouse wastes
Arasto Badoei-dalfard Parvin Amiri Narjes Ramezanipour Zahra Karami Batool GhanbariBackground & Objectives: Proteases are the most applied industrial enzymes usable in several biotechnological industries. These enzymes include approximately 60% of enzyme marketing worldwide. Alkaline proteases are the most important enzymes which are stable in the MoreBackground & Objectives: Proteases are the most applied industrial enzymes usable in several biotechnological industries. These enzymes include approximately 60% of enzyme marketing worldwide. Alkaline proteases are the most important enzymes which are stable in the presence of alkaline pH, surfactant and oxidizing agents. This study was aimed to isolate and identify the protease producing bacteria from slaughterhouse wastes in Jiroft. Materials & Methods: This cross - sectional study was performed on Jiroft’s slaughterhouse wastes. The protease producing strain was screened on the skim milk agar media. The 16S rRNA genes of the samples were obtained using PCR and sequencing. The protease enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis and ion exchange chromatography. Thereafter, The biochemical features of the enzymes were analysed. Results: The gene sequencing study showed that the isolated strain were 100 % similar to Bacillus tequilensis species. The purified protease showed maximum activity and stability in pH 9 and 40°C. Km and Vmax values were obtained based on Linewewr berg equation 6.77 mg/ml and 64.94 U/ml/min, respectively. Protease stability was improved about 1.8 and 2.4 folds in the presence of cyclohexane and DMSO, respectively. Conclusion: The activity and stability of this enzyme in alkaline pH and in the presence of organic solvents indicates its potential to be used in industries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
468 - Bio-remediation of sulfuric compounds from the ceramic wastewater using indigenous bacteria and Thiobacillus thioparus
Mahtab Taherian Fatemeh Ardestani Mehdi ParviniBackground & Objectives: Sulfide compounds of ceramic industries wastewater cause water pollution as well as plants and aquatic destruction. This study was aimed to evaluate sulfide compounds removal from ceramic industries wastewater by Thiobacillus thioparus MoreBackground & Objectives: Sulfide compounds of ceramic industries wastewater cause water pollution as well as plants and aquatic destruction. This study was aimed to evaluate sulfide compounds removal from ceramic industries wastewater by Thiobacillus thioparus and indigenous wastewater bacterial isolates. Materials & Methods: Indigenous bacterial strains were proliferated at pH of 7, the temperature of 25oC, agitation speed of 200 rpm and an aeration rate of 100 mL min-1 in a 2 L bioreactor for 15 consecutive cycles. Sulfide compounds removal function of T. thioparus and indigenous bacterial strains along with the effect of pH and initial sulfide concentrations were investigated. Results: The results showed a thiosulfate removal rate of 250 mg sulfide L-1 h-1, a thiosulfate conversion percentage of 100% and a thiosulfate oxidation time of 44 min following 8 consecutive cycles. The sulfide removal rate of T. thioparus and ceramic wastewater indigenous bacteria was obtained as 246.5 and 276.5 mg sulfide L-1 h-1, respectively. Sulfide removal rate by proliferated bacteria decreased from 250 at pH of 7 to 230 and 180 mg sulfide L-1 h-1 at pH of 8 and 9, respectively. Bacterial isolates had an acceptable function in sulfide concentration of 3000 mg L-1, as well. Sulfide removal ability of T. thioparus isolates was decreased by 2.5 and 4 folds, when pH changed from 7 to 8 and 9, respectively. This bacterial strain was not able to tolerate high sulfide concentrations. Conclusion: The results showed that bacteria isolated from ceramic industries wastewater have a higher capability of sulfide compounds removal as compared to T. thioparus isolates. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
469 - Optimization of polyhydroxybutyrate production with novel strain bacillus cereus separated from petrochemical wastewater
khosro Issazadeh Saba Amiri Kojuri zoheir Heshmatipour Mirsasan Mirpour Saeid ZarrabiBackground & Objectives: Polyhydroxybutyrate is a biopolymer Produced by bacteria. Also, with having chemical and physical characteristics similar with artificial plastics are completely biodegradable and compatible with life-environment. This study has been done wi MoreBackground & Objectives: Polyhydroxybutyrate is a biopolymer Produced by bacteria. Also, with having chemical and physical characteristics similar with artificial plastics are completely biodegradable and compatible with life-environment. This study has been done with the purpose of separating and knowing one local strain with the ability of high-production for industrial purposes.Materials & Methods: In the present analytical research, the sampling from petrochemical wastewater has been done. The existence of polyhydroxybutyrate in separations has been studied with Sudan black staining. One separation of bacillus was chosen to increase the production of polyhydroxybutyrate. This separation was distinguished with biochemical methods and determining 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The final confirmation of Polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis was done through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Proton nuclear magnetic resonance. To increase more production of polyhydroxybutyrate, the effect of different factors including carbone, nitrogen, pH and temperature were assessed. Results: As a whole, eight bacterial isolation producing polyhydroxybutyrate were separated that among them the one novel strain of bacillus cereus was chosen as better separation. The best conditions to increase more production of polyhydroxybutyrate, was the application and use of glucose as carbon source, ammonium sulphate as nitrogen source, 7 pH and 30°C temperature.Conclusion: Valuable data on optimized conditions for PHB production has been obtained through the present research that can be used at industrial level for PHB production, so it can be called a quick appearing alternation for petroleum based on synthetic plastic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
470 - Evaluation of activity and stability of laccase produced by native Aspergillus strain isolated from olive oil waste
Fatemeh Kheirollahi Masoumeh Anvari mahdi Shahriarinour shahab ShariatiBackground & Objectives: Laccases are enzymes that belong to the group of oxidases that have different applications in various industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity and stability of the laccase enzyme produced by a native Aspergillus spp. is MoreBackground & Objectives: Laccases are enzymes that belong to the group of oxidases that have different applications in various industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity and stability of the laccase enzyme produced by a native Aspergillus spp. isolated from olive oil waste. High inducer phenolic compounds content of these wastes is main reason of their selection as substrate. Materials & Methods: In this study, 12 different fungal strains were isolated from olive oil wastes and the best strains with the highest enzyme activity was selected as the best strain and was identified based on phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Enzyme purification was performed using dialysis and zymographic analysis methods. Finally, the effect of various physic-chemical factors such as incubation time (6-216 h), temperature (20-40 C) and pH (5, 6, 7 and 8) on the enzyme stability and activity was evaluated. Results: The results showed that the best productive strain belongs to the genus Aspergillus spp. The highest enzyme activity was observed at 30 °C (1.57 IU/ml), pH = 6 (1.86 IU/ml) and after 6 days (1.53 IU/ml). Stability studies showed that the enzyme activity was stable for 6 minutes at 30-35 °C and pH = 6-7 and about 90% of the enzyme activity was maintained under the above conditions. Conclusion: The laccase enzyme with significant activity and stability produced by a native strain of Aspergillus spp. isolated from olive oil waste due to its high activity and stability can be an acceptable candidate for industrial use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
471 - Biosorption of arsenic in laboratory condition from municipal wastewaters treatment plants as well as Polyacrylic effluent in Isfahan
Neda Heidari Khoii Monir DoudiPollution of the invironment with metals is a serious threatment to human health and the environments. The purpose of this study of arsenic biosorption was from several industrial effluents. In this analytical study samples were collected from two wastewater treatment p MorePollution of the invironment with metals is a serious threatment to human health and the environments. The purpose of this study of arsenic biosorption was from several industrial effluents. In this analytical study samples were collected from two wastewater treatment plants of ShahinShahr (1) and Polyacrylic Company (2). Temprature, pH, BOD, COD, and arsenic were measured. Heterotrophic bacteria were counted and arsenic-resistant bacteria were isolated by PHG II medium and evaluated for resistance to several antibiotics. Agar diffusion method (MIC) and (MBC) were used bacterial determinationand for colony-PCR. The concertrations of arsenic in effluents (1) and (2) were 0.730 and 1.895 mg/L, respectively and the pH of both effluents was neutral. The effluent BOD and COD effluent (2)was within the standard range, but the BOD and COD effluent (1) was somewhat higher. The number of heterotrophic bacteria in effluent (1) was higher than effluent (2), but there was no significant difference between these two effluents. Arsenic-resistant isolates in both effluents were Bacillus syphenis OPL, Pseudomonas aeruginosa IAUF-11ZBK, Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia IR-Isfahan (G) and 5633. Pseudomonas aeruginosaZBK showed the highest sensitivity to antibiotics, which was able to biosorption of arsenic from municipal wastewater up to 1.4 mg/L in vitro.Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain ZBK had a good ability to biosorption of arsenic and low resistance to antibiotics. This strain is recommended for bioabsorption of arsenic from effluents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
472 - Cassava Bran– Fish Processing Waste as Dry Season Feed Resources for Sheep in Nigeria Southern Guinea Savannah
Akeem Sikiru Mahmoud Yousuf Sadiq Ademola -
Open Access Article
473 - Lean Thinking in Human Resource Management (Case Study: Tehran City Council)
Delnaz Halvachizadeh Gholam Reza Memarzadeh Nabiolah Mohammadi Homa DoroudiThe lean concept achieves measurable consequences in the process and work time by reducing or eliminating worthless activities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a model of lean human resource management for the Council of Tehran. The present research i MoreThe lean concept achieves measurable consequences in the process and work time by reducing or eliminating worthless activities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a model of lean human resource management for the Council of Tehran. The present research is a developmental-applied objective and is a part of qualitative research. First, by analyzing and interpreting 5 interviews conducted with 5 experts of the Islamic Council of Tehran and line by line reviewing the interviews and integrating the model obtained from the interview and reviewing the literature using the theme analysis method, the Delphi process was completed in four rounds and an agreement was reached after the fourth round. In this study, 24 indicators were identified in 9 main dimensions after evaluating theoretical literature of the research and existing models and Delphi method for lean human resource management model. The results of the research provide a comprehensive model for lean human resource management that can be used by managers and researchers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
474 - Effects of different manures and water stress on yield and yield components of barley
حسین زاهدی محسن ظهوریOrganic matters are useful sources to improve soil quality and increase the yield in plants. In order to assess the effects of different fertilizers application on yield and yield components of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Makoii cultivar) under water stress, a field expe MoreOrganic matters are useful sources to improve soil quality and increase the yield in plants. In order to assess the effects of different fertilizers application on yield and yield components of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Makoii cultivar) under water stress, a field experiment was conducted on Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University at growing season 2014-2015. The experiment was conducted as split plot arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main plots were three water stress (optimal irrigation, withholding irrigation at vegetative growth stage and reproductive growth stage) and six levels of fertilizers (control, manure, municipal waste chopped, vermicompost, azocompost and urea) were in subplots. There was a significant effect of water stress and fertilizers on the plant height, grain yield, biological yield, grains per spike and number of spike per m2. Overall, the plants were more sensitive to water stress at the reproductive stage and vermicompost and azocompost could moderate disadvantages of water stress on plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
475 - Effects of organic amendments and zinc application on yield, nitrogen and zinc uptake in a rapeseed-wheat rotation
Ruhollah Naderi Somayeh Moradnia E. BijanzadehTo investigate the effect of organic amendments and zinc on grain yield of rapeseed and wheat, nitrogen and zinc uptake of wheat in a rapeseed-wheat rotation, a two-year study was conducted at the Agricultural college of Darab, Shiraz University in 2012-2014.In the firs MoreTo investigate the effect of organic amendments and zinc on grain yield of rapeseed and wheat, nitrogen and zinc uptake of wheat in a rapeseed-wheat rotation, a two-year study was conducted at the Agricultural college of Darab, Shiraz University in 2012-2014.In the first year of the study, treatments consisted of nitrogen fertilizer, municipal waste compost, vermicompost, sheep manure, cattle manure, and control (no fertilizer) and zinc sulphate rates of 0, 10 and 20 mg kg-1 and two rapeseed cultivars (Sarigol and RGS). In the second year of the study, in the same pots as the last year two durum wheat cultivars (Behrang and Yavarus) were sown. Results showed that sheep manure increased rapeseed yield more than the other fertilizers. Also, grain yield of Yavarus was higher than that of Behrang. The greatest grain yield observed in sheep manure treatment (5.71 g pot-1). The residual effect of sheep manure on wheat yield was more than the other organic amendments. All organic amendments except vermicompost increased nitrogen content in wheat grain significantly compared to control and the highest amount of zinc in wheat grain obtained in sheep manure treatment (39 mg kg -1). Results showed that the different rapeseed and wheat cultivars showed various responses to organic amendments and chemical N fertilizers and the type of cultivars should be taken into account while recommending these fertilizers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
476 - Optimizing the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Pistachio Hulls
Najmeh Pakdaman Rosa Dargahi Marieh Nadi Amanollah Javanshah Ahmad Shakerardekani Najmeh Saberi -
Open Access Article
477 - The Effects of Moisture Content, Temperature, and Compaction Pressure on the Compressibility of Animal Feed Pellets Produced From Green Pistachio Shell Residues
Kazem Laei Hossein Haji Agha Alizadeh Mohammad Hossein Kianmehr -
Open Access Article
478 - Adsorption study of patent blue VF using ginger waste material
Rais Ahmad Rajeev Kumar -
Open Access Article
479 - Catalytic conversion of waste low density polyethylene into fuel oil
Fazal Mabood M Rasul Jan Jasmin Shah Farah Jabeen Zahid Hussain -
Open Access Article
480 - Removal of hazardous reactive blue19 dye from aqueous solutions by agricultural waste
Nima Razzaghi Asl Mahmood Abassi -
Open Access Article
481 - Assessment of effect of raw wastewater application on concentration heavy metals in olive tree (Olea europaea)
Khosro Esteki Oregani Ebrahim Pazira Payam Najafi Abdol amir MoeziUse of municipal or domestic raw wastewater in order to irrigation is very important in arid and semi-arid regions. Application of municipal effluent, which was one of the pollution sources, as micro and macro elements has been used for a long time. The most factors for MoreUse of municipal or domestic raw wastewater in order to irrigation is very important in arid and semi-arid regions. Application of municipal effluent, which was one of the pollution sources, as micro and macro elements has been used for a long time. The most factors for making difficulties in irrigation of soil with municipal effluent is the presence of heavy metals like Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in municipal effluent and transformation of this pollution in food chain and threaten of healthy. The aim of the present study was to determine effect of irrigation with raw domestic wastewater effluent on concentration of young Olive plant (Olea europaea) and accumulation of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) in roots, and leaves of Olea europaea. In order to study the soil – plant complex effects as the transformation of these pollutants and nutrients in soil as a result of irrigation with raw domestic wastewater, a series of lysimeter(120 cm height and 70 cm diameter) studies were carried out in Khoramabad region during 2008- 2009). The experiment was carried out factorial based on CRBD with three factors and six replications. Factors were considered as three irrigation treatment including drip irrigation with raw domestic wastewater (DI), subsurface drip irrigation with raw domestic wastewater (at depth of 15 cm, SDI15), subsurface drip irrigation with raw domestic wastewater (at depth of 30 cm, SDI30). The results indicate that treatment application significantly increased concentrations of heavy metals. Maximum shoot concentrations of Fe, Cu, Ni and Pb were achieved by treatment SDI30. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
482 - Effects of wastewater and foliar complete nutrient application on grain yield and antioxidant-enzymatic active on Setaria italica (L.)
M. Heidari P. JamshidianIn order to study the effects of wastewater irrigation and foliar complete nutrient on grain yield and antioxidant-enzymatic active on Setaria a field experiment was conducted at the University of Zabol in Iran during 2009 growing season. The statistical plan selected w MoreIn order to study the effects of wastewater irrigation and foliar complete nutrient on grain yield and antioxidant-enzymatic active on Setaria a field experiment was conducted at the University of Zabol in Iran during 2009 growing season. The statistical plan selected was split plot design with three replications. The treatments were comprised of three kinds of irrigation water (W1=well water and W2= domestic waste water+well water and W3= domestic waste water) in main plot and three foliar complete nutrient (F1=control, F2= 400 and F3= 800 gr/ha) in sub plot. Results showed that irrigation with wastewater and 800 gr/ha foliar complete nutrient significantly increased grain yield. In this study wastewater application decreased antioxidant-enzymatic activity of CAT, APX and GPX enzymes. Foliar complete nutrient except GPX enzyme decreased CAT and APX antioxidant-enzymatic activity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
483 - Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes as Potential Adsorbents for Textile Dye Removal-A review
M. Hasanzadeh B. Hadavi Moghadam -
Open Access Article
484 - Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Polluted Waters by Using of Low Cost Adsorbents: Review
M. Ghaedi N. Mosallanejad -
Open Access Article
485 - Biochemical and Physical Characterization of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils in Tehran
Mehrdad Cheraghi Soheil Sobhanardakani Bahareh Lorestani Hajar Merrikhpour Hassan ParviziMosaed -
Open Access Article
486 - Separation of Mercury Resistant Bacteria from Wastewater of Milk, Detergent and Ceramic Industry
M. Moghbeli F. Shakeri H. Hashemi-Moghaddam -
Open Access Article
487 - Fast Removal of Citalopram Drug from Waste Water Using Magnetic Nanoparticles Modified with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Followed by UV-Spectrometry
M. Khoeini Sharifabadi M. Saber Tehrani A. Mehdinia P. Abroomand Azar S. Waqif Husain -
Open Access Article
488 - Theoretical Study of Relation among Structural Parameter and Water Decontamination Behaviors of some Drugs in Presence of Carbon Nanotube
Vahhab Fattahimehr Farhad Khamchin Moghadam Hadi Khatami Mashhadi -
Open Access Article
489 - Effects of Sewage Effluent on Blood Biochemical Parameters of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio): A Case Study of Behbahan, Khuzestan Province
Mahdi Banaee Shima Shahafve Maryam Vaziriyan Somaye Taheri Behzad Nemadoost Haghi -
Open Access Article
490 - Liver Damage Risk Assessment Study in Workers Occupationally Exposed to E-waste in Benin City, South-South Nigeria
John I. Anetor Oladele O. Osibanjo Humphrey Benedo Osadolor Festus A. Idomeh Williams Osazee Igiewe Ogochukwu Uzoma Kalikwu -
Open Access Article
491 - Identification of the Mechanism Involved in the Removal Potetial of Textile Pollutants by the Aquatic Plant Lemna gibba L.
Imene Hocini Nabila Khellaf Khaled Benabbas Hayet Djelal Abdeltif Amrane -
Open Access Article
492 - Determination of Alkylphenols and Alkylphenol Ethoxylates in Some of the Textile Wastewater Samples in Dhaka Division, Bangladesh
Md. Shakir Ahmed Md. Rafiquzzaman -
Open Access Article
493 - Source of Microplastic Pollution Within Human Stool in the Surabaya River Basin Area
Edza Wikurendra Sofi Aini Imre Nagy Globila Nurika Novera Herdiani Shamsul Shamsudin -
Open Access Article
494 - Evaluation of Metal Concentration (Hg, Zn, Cu, Co, Sn, Ag, Cr and Ni) in Influent & Effluent water of Dental Clinics' units
Mohammadreza Malekipour Esfahani Farzaneh Shirani Maryam Ahmadi Shima Ghaderi -
Open Access Article
495 - Trace Metals Content of Soil around a Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite in Gombe, Nigeria: Assessing the Ecological and Human Health Impact
Mohammad Sulaiman Jonnie Asegbeloyin Janefrances Ihedioha Ebube Oyeka Esther Oji -
Open Access Article
496 - Illicit Drugs in Wastewater Treatment Plants A case study: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Aldo Pacheco Ferreira -
Open Access Article
497 - The Effect of Silane Treatment on Nanosized Carica Papaya Seed Modified Pullulan as Biocoagulant in Wastewater Treatment
Nur Sabrina Azhar Mazatusziha Ahmad Deong Jing Lie -
Open Access Article
498 - Effectiveness of Sequential Pre-treatment and Application of High-porosity Hybrid Fly Ash Geopolymer/alginate Adsorbent for the Treatment of Batik Wastewater
Siti Mazatul Azwa Saiyed Mohd Nurddin Suriati Sufian Zakaria Man Nurul Ekmi Rabat Nazwin Ahmad -
Open Access Article
499 - The effect of physical and mechanical properties on the abrasion resistance of artificial stones produced with granite waste
Seyyed Mohammad Javad Mousavi Reza Abedinzadeh Mohammad Reisi -
Open Access Article
500 - Increased competitive advantage Strategic planning of water and wastewater Authorities based on SWOT Analysis and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (Urban Water and Wastewater Authority of West Azerbaijan).
rahim dabbagh Khosro alinejad Today, due to the limitations and crises in proceeding Water and Wastewater Authority in supplying and optimal utilization of water resources and sewage disposal, management is need and strategic and operational are also planning to enhance the competitive More Today, due to the limitations and crises in proceeding Water and Wastewater Authority in supplying and optimal utilization of water resources and sewage disposal, management is need and strategic and operational are also planning to enhance the competitive advantage of human societies. The purpose of this study is evaluation of advantages and limitations of urban Water and Wastewater Authority (WWA) of west Azerbaijan and choosing strategies in the development and offering solutions so as to achieve short-term and long-term purposes also offering services and satisfaction customer of WWA. This research is done on the process of formulating the strategic planning model of David, the data from the survey-descriptive study through interviews, questionnaires and study library are also collected. After identifying the internal and external factors of the WWA and put in the SWOT and IE matrix, the resulting scores were in the position of aggressive strategy and Near to competitive position, and then main strategies in these position have been prioritized with Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM). Improvement the methods of providing services for customers using of new technologies, improving the management of relationship with customers, Preferment the quality of drinkable water, implementing the developmental projects and separating of drinkable water from non-drinkable were selected as the most effective strategies. The implementation of strategies based on the highest average scores, Implementation of strategies aggressive (SO) and strategies competitive (ST) are suggested. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
501 - The Wastewater Quality of the Combined Cycle Power Plant of Montazer Ghaem for Re-using In Agriculture
Marjan Seyed Mousavi Keivan Saeb -
Open Access Article
502 - Identification, Classification and Management of Industrial Hazardous Waste in Ardabil Province
Mohsen Amirfazli Sasan Safarzadeh Reza Samadi Khadem -
Open Access Article
503 - Analysis of Environmental Impacts on the Characteristics of Gas Released from Biomass
Reza Alayi Ehsan Sobhani Atabak Najafi -
Open Access Article
504 - Waste Water Pollution zoning of sensitive coastal-marine areas with an environmental protection approach (Study area: Boujagh International Park and International Wetland)
Atefeh Mahdi Dariush Karimi Parvin Farshchi Mostafa Panahi -
Open Access Article
505 - Identifying and prioritizing the factors influencing industrial waste management using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP)
mina moeeni Ghasemali Omrani Nematallah Khorasani Reza Arjomandi -
Open Access Article
506 - Optimal location of electrical generation from urban solid waste for biomass power plants
Reza Alayi Mehdi Jahangeri Hossein Monfared -
Open Access Article
507 - The effect of source separation training on municipal waste reduction: A case study
Ali Maleki Marjaneh Kharrat Sadeghi -
Open Access Article
508 - WASTE MANAGEMENT PATTERN REGARDING SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN DISTRICT: A CASE STUDY
behrooz Eskandarpour Behnam Bagheri Reza Alayi -
Open Access Article
509 - Life cycle cost of different pretreatment scenarios to increase biogas production from municipal solid waste in Tehran
Hossein Heydarian Roya Mafigholami Alireza Noorpoor Hossein Ghanavati Sanaz Khoramipour -
Open Access Article
510 - Evaluating waste management practices of street vendors in the informal settlement of Cape Town: a case study of Khayelitsha
Benett Siyabonga Madonsela Thabang Maphanga -
Open Access Article
511 - Investigating the effect of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) on Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria as an indicator of water contamination
Noushin i Osouleddin Amir Hesam Mahlooji Mohammad Abdollahzadeh -
Open Access Article
512 - Investigating the Efficiency of Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) in Wastewater Treatment of Dairy Industry
Hooman Bahmanpour Reza Habashi Seyed Mohammad Hosseini -
Open Access Article
513 - Study of Consumer compost of municipal waste with the nitrogen on yield and yield component wheat
Mohammad Ali Ghasemi Mohsen Selsepour Mohammad NasriUrban waste production is growing dilemma that threatens public health, and if not, irreversible environmental damage will follow. In this study the combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and compost on soil physicochemical properties and quantitative and qualitative c MoreUrban waste production is growing dilemma that threatens public health, and if not, irreversible environmental damage will follow. In this study the combined effects of nitrogen fertilizer and compost on soil physicochemical properties and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of wheat were studied .Treatments were: use of composting waste at levels of 0, 10 and 20 ha and nitrogen at levels of 0, 100 and 200 kg.ha-1. The results of the experiment showed that the effect of municipal solid compost waste, the effect of nitrogen and their interaction on grain yield and biological function were significant. The highest grain yield and biological yield were obtained by use of 40 ton.ha-1 of compost with 100 kg N ha, respectively. The effects of municipal solid waste compost on 1000 seed weight was significantly and increased 20.4 % compared to control. The effects of nitrogen on 1000 seed weight was significantly and increased 26.7 % compared to control .Harvest index increased significantly with the use of compost and increased 11.85 in compare to control. Data also showed that use of nitrogen also increased the harvest index and increased 4.9%. Maximum harvest index treated with use of 20 ton.ha-1 municipal solid waste compost with 100 kg.ha-1 nitrogen. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
514 - Synthesis of novel DFNS/btb/Sn nanoadsorbent and its effect on color removal in industrial wastewater
Fatemeh Amarloo Rahele Zhiani Alireza Motavalizadehkakhky Malihesadat HosseinyThe increase in population and the expansion of industries and technological progress are the factors that have caused an increase in water consumption and wastewater production and environmental pollution and forced investment into treatment. In this research, the colo MoreThe increase in population and the expansion of industries and technological progress are the factors that have caused an increase in water consumption and wastewater production and environmental pollution and forced investment into treatment. In this research, the color absorption capability in the presence of Sn NPs stably placed on the surface of dendritic fibrous nanosilica by 1,3-bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyloxy)benzene (DFNS/btb/Sn) can be considered a suitable option in industries and wastewater treatment due to its physical and chemical structure. The adsorption properties of the nanocomposite were investigated. SEM, TEM, and XRD analyzes were carried out to confirm the nanoadsorbent after the confirmation of the nanoadsorbent synthesis was obtained. Its industrial application was investigated in the removal of dye from the textile factory effluent. Reactive red dye 198 was removed from textile wastewater and the best removal efficiencies of 93, 92.2, and 90.5 percent were obtained for the initial dye concentration of 20, 40, and 60 mg/L, respectively, at optimal pH=5 and reaction time of 45 minutes. To determine the type of adsorption isotherm, Langmuir, Nernst and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were used by DFNS/btb/Sn nanoadsorbent, and the results show that the adsorption behavior follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation. In addition, the recyclability of DFNS/btb/Sn was easily separated from the solution and reused ten times. This research can be used as an effective option for the final treatment of wastewater containing low to medium concentrations of dyes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
515 - Occurrence of botulism due to consumption of bread waste mixed with meat pieces in feedlot cattle in suburb of Tehran
Peyman Dehghan Rahimabadi Diba Golchin Babak Bastani Amin Anoushepour Javad Abbasi Hasan Asgari RadIn August 2020, 10 feedlot cattle were presented with weakness of the hind limbs, ataxia and incoordination, paralysis, and eventually sternal recumbency, in a farm in the suburban area of Tehran. Hypothermia, ruminal hypomotility, constipation, tongue paralysis, hypers MoreIn August 2020, 10 feedlot cattle were presented with weakness of the hind limbs, ataxia and incoordination, paralysis, and eventually sternal recumbency, in a farm in the suburban area of Tehran. Hypothermia, ruminal hypomotility, constipation, tongue paralysis, hypersalivation, paralysis of the tail and anus sphincter, bradycardia and arrhythmia were recorded in clinical examination. Necropsy revealed severe impaction in the forestomaches, and endocardial hemorrhage. 0.5ml of gastrointestinal contents of affected cattle was administered to three mice, via intraperitoneal route. Signs of botulism was noticed following the injection; hence the diagnosis was confirmed. Microscopic examination revealed nonspecific histopathologic changes in different organs including heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and abomasum. Analysis of the ingested feed confirmed the presence of meat pieces mixed with bread waste, which provides an excellent environment for C. botulinum spores to germinate and produce toxins. Eventually, after 45 days of botulism outbreak, a total number of 98 affected cows were slaughtered and the carcasses were destroyed according to guidelines issued by Iran veterinary organization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
516 - The effect of different levels of apple wastes on performance, egg quality and blood parameters of commercial laying hens
, A. NobakhtIn this experiment 144 Hy- line (W36) laying hens were used from 65-76 weeks of age in 4 treatments, 3 replicatesand 12 hens in each replicate in a completely randomized design. Experimental groups included: 1) control group,2) 2.5% of apple wastes, 3) 5% of apple waste MoreIn this experiment 144 Hy- line (W36) laying hens were used from 65-76 weeks of age in 4 treatments, 3 replicatesand 12 hens in each replicate in a completely randomized design. Experimental groups included: 1) control group,2) 2.5% of apple wastes, 3) 5% of apple wastes, 4) 7.5% of apple wastes. The results showed that using apple wastehas signifcant effects on performance, egg quality and blood parameters of commercial laying hens (p<0.05). Thehighest amounts of egg weight and egg mass, the highest egg production percentage, the best feed conversion,and the lowest price of feed intake for production per kilogram of egg were resulted by using 5% of apple waste.Using 7.5% of apple waste signifcantly decreased the amount of feed intake. Using more than 2.5% of apple wastein laying hens diets had adverse effects on egg traits. In this case the percentages of eggshell, egg yolk, Haughunit and eggshell thickness decreased. The lowest level of blood cholesterol was resulted by using 2.5% of applewastes, whereas the highest level of lymphocyte was obtained by using 5% of apple wastes. The overall resultsshowed that using 5% of apple wastes improve the performance of laying hens, however using more than 2.5% ofapple waste has adverse effects on egg traits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
517 - Investigating the environmental performance of two traditional burial systems and establishing a construction waste recycling system using the life cycle assessment approach (case study: Isfahan)
Ali Ferdowsi Hossein Nematollahi Farshad Mostajeran Gholamreza SaketiAll over the world, the improper management of construction waste is recognized as the construction industry, including the excessive production of construction waste, disorder in the burial and discharge of this waste, and negative environmental and economic effects su MoreAll over the world, the improper management of construction waste is recognized as the construction industry, including the excessive production of construction waste, disorder in the burial and discharge of this waste, and negative environmental and economic effects such as soil pollution and Water, greenhouse gas emissions, and excess consumption of natural resources. The purpose of this project is to investigate the environmental performance of two traditional burial systems and the establishment of a construction waste recycling system using the life cycle assessment approach in the Zainel Pass area of Isfahan. Using the life cycle assessment method and SimaPro software, the environmental effects were determined for two construction waste management scenarios (burial and recycling). The results of the evaluation show that the impact of burying construction waste in Zainel Pass on human health, damage to the ecosystem, climate change, and resources is 86.1%, 4.3%, 8.1%, and 4.2% respectively. 114.1%, 1.3%, 7.3%, and 5.5%, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
518 - Effect of different levels of treated urban wastewater on growth and some physiological characteristics of Althaea officinalis
Ahmad Mohtadi Forozan Ghasemi Athar Sadat Javanmard Shokoofeh HajihashemiTreated wastewater is important for plant irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions. Althaea officinalis belongs to the Malvaceae family and contains high levels of glazed compounds and mucilage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of MoreTreated wastewater is important for plant irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions. Althaea officinalis belongs to the Malvaceae family and contains high levels of glazed compounds and mucilage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of urban wastewater on growth and some physiological characteristics of Althaea officinalis. The seeds of A. officinalis were cultured in the pots containing perlite. The plants were treated with different levels of urbane wastewater of Yasouj (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) in three replications. The experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete blocks design. The plants were harvested after three weeks’ irrigation with different concentrations of wastewater for further analysis. The results have shown that wastewater treatments increased the fresh and dry weight of shoots, the leaf area, the height of plant and roots length. The highest growth rate was obtained in plants irrigated with un-diluted wastewater. In response to wastewater treatment, the amount of photosynthetic pigments including chlorophylls a, b, a+b, and carotenoids increased and the highest level of increase was observed at 100% of wastewater. Anthocyanins and flavonoids increased in response to wastewater irrigation while proteins decreased. No cadmium and lead were detected in the leaves and roots of wastewater-irrigated plants. Overall, the results of this study showed a positive response of A. officinalis to urbane-wastewater-irrigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
519 - Postmodern Social In/Justice in Don DeLillo’s Underworld
Alireza Namjoo mohammad Motiee Ali RabieThe presentstudy illustrates DeLillo’s Underworld from a SocialJustice perspective. In his major parks, John Rawls, a Harvard University professor, has written about a well-ordered society and a utopian world. In contrast, Don DeLillo, in Underworld, asserts, becaus MoreThe presentstudy illustrates DeLillo’s Underworld from a SocialJustice perspective. In his major parks, John Rawls, a Harvard University professor, has written about a well-ordered society and a utopian world. In contrast, Don DeLillo, in Underworld, asserts, because of paranoia, waste, warfare, etc., there is no social justice today. Underworld is, in fact, an attempt to account for the emergence of paranoia as a significant feature of American national identity during the Cold War. The novel jumps between times periods ranging from 1951 to the early 1990s. The settings range across America, including New York, Arizona, and Minnesota. Individual conflicts, in this novel, occur beneath the wider context of the Cold War. Postmodern events are examined in this novel to find out if these events are compatible with the utopian world Rawls has asserted, and to explore if a just society is observed today. Paranoia, waste, and warfare are considered the central reference in this novel. Although the tone is distant and detached, DeLillo effectively evokes the Cold War mood of fear and uncertainty. Hence, the main target of this paper is to illustrate there is no social justice in this paranoid postmodern culture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
520 - Modeling the Reduction of Construction waste Production using the Concept of Lean Construction, Dimetal Technique and Cause and Effect Relationships
ali poornamazian mohsen izadiniaProduction of construction waste In this research, the factors affecting waste production have been identified from previous articles, preliminary questionnaires and interviews.aste is one of the most important factors affecting performance and cost increase in construc MoreProduction of construction waste In this research, the factors affecting waste production have been identified from previous articles, preliminary questionnaires and interviews.aste is one of the most important factors affecting performance and cost increase in construction projects. In the next step, the final questionnaire was prepared. Then, the relationship between the variables and the cause-and-effect relationships was carried out through the system thinking approach and Dimtel technique to confirm the cause-and-effect relationships according to the pairwise comparison questionnaire among ten identified experts. Also, lean construction was used as a solution to reduce waste production. Lean construction follows new rules and without using new technologies or updating equipment with minimum use of resources, minimum waste and maximum productivity in construction projects. The main purpose of this article is to use the concept of lean construction and the system dynamics method to identify the main causes of waste production in construction projects. The main focus of lean construction is to analyze waste production processes, improve activities to reduce waste production and increase performance in construction projects. First, the effective factors on reducing the production of construction waste were identified through previous researches, and then a survey (interview and questionnaire) was conducted with experts in the case study of the waste management organization in the metropolis of Isfahan. In the next step, 52 questionnaires were prepared and distributed in the case study of the research. After collecting the information, the data obtained from the questionnaire was analyzed using statistics after checking its validity and reliability. In the last stage, after confirming the effective factors in the production of construction waste and how they are related, in order to develop a conceptual framework, cause-and-effect diagrams were drawn. The statistical results showed that the first to third most important factors affecting the reduction of construction waste with lean construction approach, flow perspective, identification of waste from the point of view of transformation and identification of waste from the point of view of value were the most important according to the experts in the waste management organization. Also, cause-and-effect relationships were confirmed through Dimtel's method. As a result, considering the relationship of correlation as well as cause and effect relationship, the way of communication between variables has been rooted through cause and effect circles and systemic thinking Manuscript profile
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