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Open Access Article
1 - Investigating the drought index based on satellite images and its relationship with the reduction of the area under rice cultivation, a case study: (Ghamas province, Iraq)
Ali Nik ahd Wathq Ahmad almatlak ali ebrahimiIntroduction: Using indicators based on remote sensing, drought can be studied through its effects on crops and more accurate and effective results can be obtained. The severe drought conditions in the entire country of Iraq have caused the farming communities to witnes MoreIntroduction: Using indicators based on remote sensing, drought can be studied through its effects on crops and more accurate and effective results can be obtained. The severe drought conditions in the entire country of Iraq have caused the farming communities to witness a decrease in the harvest of rice, vegetables and fruits for the tenth year in a row. Therefore, farmers have to reduce the area under cultivation, which causes a decrease in their income and products. Ghamas province in Iraq is one of the regions that has rice cultivation lands and is suffering from drought. Therefore, this research has investigated the changes in the surface coverage under rice cultivation in this province and its relationship with the surface temperature in order to investigate drought Materials and Methods: In this research, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) related to the MODIS sensor was used to study the changes in vegetation cover. MODIS satellite data were prepared and collected for the study area during the years 2010 to 2022. Next, three remote sensing indices, NDVI, Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) were used to investigate the area under rice cultivation as well as land surface temperature and drought severity. Results and Discussion: According to the obtained results, the cultivated area of agricultural products has increased during this period in the studied area, so that in 2010 the area under cultivation according to VCI and NDVI indices is 11875 ha and 10337 ha ,respectively, while in 2022, it increased to 14775 ha and 13275 ha, respectively. The results showed that according to the NDVI, vegetation cover with a gentle slope had an increasing trend during this period, while according to the LST result, the land surface temperature decreased during this period. This shows that with the increase in vegetation, LST has decreased. Conclusion: The results showed that according to the NDVI index, the vegetation cover had an increasing trend during this period, while according to the LST index, the surface temperature of the earth decreased during this period. This shows that with the increase in vegetation, the surface temperature of the earth has decreased. However, according to the VCI index, the studied area is in a non-drought condition. Therefore, according to the obtained results, the increase in vegetation cover based on NDVI and the increase in VCI index and comparing it with the temperature of the target area, shows a decrease in the temperature of the earth's surface during these 10 years. As the temperature of the ground surface decreases, it indicates an increase in vegetation cover and the area under rice cultivation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Satellite indicators in drought monitoring in Iran
seyed mahdi PAZHUHANought is a natural manifestation influenced by climatic conditions and is considered one of Iran's significant morphoclimatic phenomena. The appearance of this phenomenon is linked to variations in climatic elements such as temperature and precipitation. Drought, as a d Moreought is a natural manifestation influenced by climatic conditions and is considered one of Iran's significant morphoclimatic phenomena. The appearance of this phenomenon is linked to variations in climatic elements such as temperature and precipitation. Drought, as a destructive climatic event, can have adverse effects on the ecology of any region if not properly managed, with its economic losses being a crucial feedback. Effective monitoring of drought is essential for its management. In this research, the most practical indicators for satellite monitoring of drought have been defined and implemented using meteorological satellite images. This method proves to be more economical and time-efficient compared to traditional methods, including field monitoring. The analysis of satellite indicators revealed that, firstly, the electromagnetic spectrum ranges of 670 nm (red band) and 765 nm (infrared band) are commonly utilized in all plant indicators. Secondly, the output map generated from these indicators demonstrates their high efficacy in revealing vegetation changes and, consequently, monitoring drought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Statistical analysis of the SPI index and discharge potential of the Khansar Sarcheshmeh springs
Babak Ebrahimi Mehrdad Pasandi Haniye NilforoushanPlanning the cultivation pattern and water rights allocation in the irrigated lands by the Khansar Sarcheshmeh springs requires knowledge of the discharge of the springs, estimated based on the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) in this research. The relationship betwee MorePlanning the cultivation pattern and water rights allocation in the irrigated lands by the Khansar Sarcheshmeh springs requires knowledge of the discharge of the springs, estimated based on the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) in this research. The relationship between the SPI index, precipitation, and discharges of Khansar Sarchesmeh springs has been evaluated over three different periods to estimate the groundwater resources and inflow to the streams. In a year with normal or near-normal climatic conditions and average annual rainfall between 295 to 494 mm, the average annual discharge of Sarcheshmeh springs is expected to be between 12.8 and 24.3 million cubic meters (average of 18.1 million cubic meters) with 67.5% probability and a frequency of 1.5 years based on the extreme value distribution. For a year with average dry climatic conditions (270 mm average annual rainfall), the predicted average annual discharge of Sarcheshmeh springs is 11.9 million cubic meters with a 9% probability and a frequency of 11 years. In extremely dry climatic years (with an occurrence frequency of 28 years), the discharge of Sarcheshmeh springs is expected to decrease to less than 10.1 million cubic meters per year. In normal and close to normal conditions, with average rainfall in the range of 236 to 326 mm in the first six months, the average annual (water year) discharge of Sarcheshmeh springs is expected to be 18.5 million cubic meters (ranging from 15.3 to 21.8 million cubic meters with a 67.5% probability based on the extreme value distribution). According to the results of this research, rainfall of less than 168 mm occurred in the first half of the water year is a warning of the occurrence of a moderate to extremely dry drought with an annual discharge of less than 11.6 million cubic meters that can be distributed in the streams. Precipitations of more than 394 mm during the first half of the water year also indicate the likelihood of a moderate to extremely wet year, with an annual rainfall of more than 28 million cubic meters. Results of the research indicate that less than 168 mm of rainfall in the first half of the water year signals the potential for a moderate to extremely dry drought, with an annual discharge of less than 11.6 million cubic meters that can be distributed in the streams, while more than 394 mm of precipitation during the same period suggests the possibility of a moderate to extremely wet year with an annual rainfall of more than 28 million cubic meters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Efficacy of drought stress on growth stages in advanced durum wheat lines
Varahram RashidiTo study of efficacy of drought stress on the growth stages of durum wheat, a research split plot experiment based on randomized complete design with 3 replications was conducted at Islamic Azad University Tabriz branch, Agriculture Research Station in 2007. Main facto MoreTo study of efficacy of drought stress on the growth stages of durum wheat, a research split plot experiment based on randomized complete design with 3 replications was conducted at Islamic Azad University Tabriz branch, Agriculture Research Station in 2007. Main factor was stress in growth stages with 5 levels: a0 (without drought stress), a1 (stress in tillering), a2(stress in steming), a3(stress in flowering), a4 (stress in grain filling period) and minor factors were 8 durum wheat lines. Result of variance analysis showed that drought stress had significant effect on all traits. Also significant interaction of genotypes × stage of drought stress for all traits except biomass showed different behavior of lines for stresses in different growth stages. The drought stress in each growth stage of durum wheat, reduced yield and most effects of them were in tillering and flowering stages. The estimation of correlation between traits showed that there was significant and positive correlation between seed yield with harvest index. In this research, from calculated of resistance indexes, the STI and GMP were determined most suitable indexes, and according to this resistance index, the line of numbers 1 and 2 were of highly yield and most tolerant toward drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - The effect of drought stress on proline accumulation, soluble carbohydrate amounts and ionic sodium and potassium content changes in different white bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) genotype
masud zade bageriTo assess some of the physiological changes, an experiment in the form of split plots and complete randomized blocks was performed in three replications in the research fields of the Islamic Azad university of Shiraz. The firs factor was irrigation level (normal and dro MoreTo assess some of the physiological changes, an experiment in the form of split plots and complete randomized blocks was performed in three replications in the research fields of the Islamic Azad university of Shiraz. The firs factor was irrigation level (normal and drought stress) and the second factor included white bean genotypes, (Daneshkadeh shekoofa and G11867), which were categorized as sensitive, semi-tolerant and tolerant dehiscent based on morphological indices. Samples were taken in the 50% flowering stage and the amounts of soluble glucose, proline content, sodium and potassium were measured. The results of the experiment showed that the soluble solution density, proline content and potassium ion increased under stress and the amount of sodium ion decreased. The G11867 dehiscent genotype had the highest amount of soluble glucose and sodium ion. The Daneshkadeh sensitive genotype had the highest amount of potassium ion and proline content. The results indicated that the accumulation of excess potassium and proline content in beans under drought stress can create a kind of adaptation for the plant against drought and help production under these conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Increased germination and growth rates of pea and Zucchini seed by FSG plasma
Shohreh Khatami Arash Ahmadinia -
Open Access Article
7 - The Survey of Press Reflection upon Crucial Condition of Drinking Water in Tehran in Widely Circulation Newspapers (Iran & Jame Jam)
Ani Mirzakhanian Zahra BakhtiariThe research is about water management of drinkable water crisis which is reflected in mass media (Iran and Jame Jam). Also the important goal is to raise public awareness through mass media. Analyzing is the method which is used in this research according to its natur MoreThe research is about water management of drinkable water crisis which is reflected in mass media (Iran and Jame Jam). Also the important goal is to raise public awareness through mass media. Analyzing is the method which is used in this research according to its nature and subject. The above mentioned subject, water .crisis is the issue that statically pointed out in Iran and Jame Jam newspapers during 3 months period in summer 2015. The software SPSS, resulting T tests and comparing were used for taking samples randomly in order to analyze them. Theories of the research refers to the essence of this crisis, also the difference functions of the two papers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Hydrological drought intensity classification with SMMD30 index (Case study of snowy-icy flow regime rivers in Mazandaran province)
Miromid HadianiDrought occurrence is more than wet years in the North of Iran, while no specific climatic trend has been observed in the region in terms of declining precipitation in the years leading up to recent decades. In terms of spatial pattern, the occurrence of droughts and we MoreDrought occurrence is more than wet years in the North of Iran, while no specific climatic trend has been observed in the region in terms of declining precipitation in the years leading up to recent decades. In terms of spatial pattern, the occurrence of droughts and wet years did not follow a specific trend and mostly did not have special synchronicity and coordination between different regions of the province. In this study, the intensity of hydrological droughts in the rivers with a snowy-icy flow regime in Mazandaran province was studied and classified (weak, severe, and very severe) by sequence theory method with the standard index of minimum flow of 30 days. The independence of the hydrological behavior of the rivers, especially in drought status, the differences in the topographic and physical attributes of watersheds, the independence of the minimum discharge threshold in drought conditions, and consequently the difference in the microclimates caused that this index was different even in different seasons of the year. The very severe intensity index of the Chalous river was -1.486 in the autumn and this index was -0.743 in Cheshmeh Kile river with a similar hydrologic regime and at the same time, in the regional analysis, it was possible to express the classification index of the very severe intensity of hydrological drought in the snowy-icy flow regime was -1.385 in the autumn. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Evaluation of social consequences of the ZAYANDEH ROOD River dryness on the community East of Isfahan farmers
hossein behzadfar Asghar Mohammadi mansour haghighatianIn recent years, along with population growth and occurrence of climate change and fluctuations, problem of water scarcity in country has been increases and negative social, economic, and environmental consequences of this crisis have affected central regions of country MoreIn recent years, along with population growth and occurrence of climate change and fluctuations, problem of water scarcity in country has been increases and negative social, economic, and environmental consequences of this crisis have affected central regions of country, especially in the ZAYANDEYROOD area. Currently, the ZAYANDEYROOD dryness is one of the most important concerns in Isfahan province, which can lead to social crises. Therefore, present applied research has conducted with the aim of investigation the ZAYANDEYROOD dryness and its social consequences on East of Isfahan farmers by survey research method. Statistical population of research was East of Isfahan farmers (41000 people) that were selected Based on the Cochran formula, 380 people selected by random sampling method. Data analyzed by AMOS and LISREL software using confirmatory factor analysis method. Research findings confirmed the socio-mental effects of ZAYANDEYROOD River dryness on East of Isfahan farmers, and results of confirmatory factor analysisshowed that among six factors considered, factor of social conflict was at highest and social welfare factor was at lowest level. Finally, results showed that ZAYANDEYROOD River dryness has socio effects on variables such as social health, social status, social capital and also, social welfare have significantly decreased among East-Isfahan farmers, and increases the immigration and social conflicts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Semantic Context of Cultural Consequences of Drought and Zayandehrud Drought (with an Emphasis on the Cultural Identity of Isfahan Citizens)
Sahar Faeghi Mehrdad Navabakhsh -
Open Access Article
11 - Drought of Kurdistan province and their impact on the relative performance of rain fed wheat
علی حنفی حجت الله پاشاپورIn order to assess the drought situation in Kurdistan and its effect on performance of rain fed wheat, We have received monthly precipitation data for 10 meteorological stations from Meteorology organization and also data about the cultivation, production and performanc MoreIn order to assess the drought situation in Kurdistan and its effect on performance of rain fed wheat, We have received monthly precipitation data for 10 meteorological stations from Meteorology organization and also data about the cultivation, production and performance of rain fed wheat from Agricultural Organization during (1982-2010) period. In order to analyze the drought was used Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and percent of normal precipitation (PNPI) Index. The results showed that the normal precipitation (PNPI) Index, the most droughts with 8 cases in Bane station and the lowest number of droughts that occurred in Bijar station with 5 cases. Also that The Standardized Precipitation Index, the most droughts occurred in Marivan station with 10 cases and the lowest number of droughts occurred in Bijar station with 7 cases. In order to analysis the effects of meteorological drought on agriculture, we have used the relative performance of rain fed wheat index. Also the results show the correlation between rainfall and performance of rain fed wheat is direct and significant and the standardized precipitation index has same direction trend with standardization of the relative performance of rain fed wheat index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Drought risk management role in reducing the vulnerability of socio-economic in rural settlements (Case Study: Nagadeh county)
shamsi salehpour asghar azizi Khadijeh karimi Zary GasemianNowadays many of governments, don’t give a lot of credit to developed organizations and seek better risk management. The present study aimed to investigate the role of drought risk management in reducing the vulnerability of socio-economic in rural settlements of MoreNowadays many of governments, don’t give a lot of credit to developed organizations and seek better risk management. The present study aimed to investigate the role of drought risk management in reducing the vulnerability of socio-economic in rural settlements of nagadeh.In the analysis of Friedman test methods, T one sample, path analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient was used.The results showed that the vulnerability of rural settlements have seen the most demage after the occurrence of drought and risk management based on economic, social and socio-economic aspects could have an important effect in reducing rural vulnerability with average of 3.75. on basis of path analysis economic and socio- economic aspects of risk management with /528 - /363 coefficient have direct impact and social aspects have indirect impact in reducing economic and social vulnerability with /198 coefficient. Therefore, it can be inferred that drought risk management as the most sensible approach is to reduce vulnerability and at the operational level should be done participatory, flexible and Situational Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Assess the social challenges arising from the drought crisis on sustainable rural development: Case Study: Miandeh parts Shabiikuh district, city of Fasa
جمیله توکلی نیا محمدرضا پاک نهاد حسین رئیسی پرویز آقاییThe research method is descriptive - analytical and data collection and survey documents. Sampling has been done in two levels, firstly in terms of region which is the unit for analyzing rural areas and it includes Miandeh, Nasir-Abad, Rahim-Abad, and Sade; secondly the MoreThe research method is descriptive - analytical and data collection and survey documents. Sampling has been done in two levels, firstly in terms of region which is the unit for analyzing rural areas and it includes Miandeh, Nasir-Abad, Rahim-Abad, and Sade; secondly there are the sample villages which are the unit for analyzing the residents in the rural areas. It is based on the last consensus in 1390 which totaled 2101 household. In the present study, for defining the suitable sample, Kukran formula has been applied, and the right sample for this population equals 325 household. In analyzing the data, social challenges arising from the drought crisis includes five factors, namely general societal impacts, security, quality of life, education, health and well-being. The whole set of social challenges is there to explain 57.190 of total variance of the social challenges of rural villages in Miandeh .schools are discussed. The results of the present study sheds light on the necessity of paying attention to social aspect and its vulnerability when drought occurs because, not paying attention to this aspect at the time of drought leads to critical challenges in development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Predict The drought situation in the province of lorestan during the Years of 2013-2030 Using Down-scaling output of 4 general circulation model
Fatemeh Dargahian Behrooz Parvaneh Hengameh Shiravand One of the consequences of climate change, is drought. Identification, monitoring, and evaluation of the occurrence of droughts is very important.Studying the drought phenomenon in the Lorestan province of Iran is important, both in terms of agricultural producti More One of the consequences of climate change, is drought. Identification, monitoring, and evaluation of the occurrence of droughts is very important.Studying the drought phenomenon in the Lorestan province of Iran is important, both in terms of agricultural production and horticulture . In this study, the effects of droughts due to climate change were studied. We analyzed the standardized precipitation index (SPI) to accomplish this. We analyzed the circulation model (HADCM - INCM-IPCM-NCCCSM). We examined scenarios (B1, A2, A1B) with a statistical model. The statistical model we used was LARS-WG version 5, the fine-scale LARS-WG. Nine synoptic stations have been approved to evaluate the climate parameters. The climate parameters evaluated were: Minimum temperature, Maximum temperature, Rainfall and sunshine hours. This study covered the period 2011-2030 using this model. The final forecast according to the weight of each scenario and Hormel, The Synoptic prediction Nasraqlymy for all sites in this study has been done. The results show that the average of all the stations in the first and second volume will increase rainfall forecast .Next, we analyze the rainfall data, to evaluate the status of drought in the province. We reviewed the SPI drought index on the scale annually. The results show that over the next two decades, drought at most stations is reduced. We also found that wet conditions increased in the overall state of synoptic stations in through most of the coming years to 2030. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Analysis of the Droughts in the Southern coastal areas of the Caspian Sea.
بهلول Alijani زین العابدین Jafarpoor GH JanbazIn order to analyze the statistical and synoptic characteristics of the droughts inthe Southern Coastal region of the Caspian Sea, the monthly precipitation data wereanalyzed for the period 1961-99. The drought was identified according to deciles and Zindices. The synop MoreIn order to analyze the statistical and synoptic characteristics of the droughts inthe Southern Coastal region of the Caspian Sea, the monthly precipitation data wereanalyzed for the period 1961-99. The drought was identified according to deciles and Zindices. The synoptic origin was determined from The surface and 500 hPa NCEPdigital data. The results showed:1. The two month drought periods are frequent and most of the droughts are severand widespread.2. Three weather types responsible for the droughts are: zonal type, High pressureover the Caspian Sea, and low pressure system. All these types prevented the northerlyor northeasterly cold rain bringing winds over the Caspian Sea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Research on Tehran’s dry and wet periods using second grade Markov chain Model
پرویز Kerdavani حسین Mohamadi مژگان AfsharIn order to Statistically and Synoptically analyze and predict the dry and wet periods inTehran during the cold period, the days with 0/1 milimeter rain or more , mehrabadstation was daily chosen and surveyed as wet days during 1985-2003. The secondgrade markov chain mo MoreIn order to Statistically and Synoptically analyze and predict the dry and wet periods inTehran during the cold period, the days with 0/1 milimeter rain or more , mehrabadstation was daily chosen and surveyed as wet days during 1985-2003. The secondgrade markov chain model was used For determinig dry and wet periods. At firstfrequancy wet and dry days according to their continuation were classified andfrequancy eash one was studied individually.Tthen the possibility of every sequencewas calculated monthly and a six month of cold ness period.The most frequancy of rainy days 51 days and its least is 25 days a year. Marchwith 188 and October with 81 days rain is the Maximum and the Minimum frequency.1995 and 1996 years have been the driest and wettest years.After determining thesequences , the survey of effective pressure patterns in creating rain during the days 27to 30 of November ,1 to 7 of December 2003 as a longhest period and 10 to 13 ofDecember 1995 as a period of 4 days of wetness during the driest year , the surveyperiod was synoptically analyzed for this reason. It has been necessary to use sea levelpressure maps and 500 hp and also maps of direction and speed of the wind andspessific humidity 700 hp.The comparison of the frequency of predicted sequences with the frequancy ofobserved sequences , shows markov chain model exactness in predicting the dry andwet sequences of Tehran region which have sharp mismathch of rain.In synoptically maps it was specified that the most important source of humidityin Iran have been the Red sea, Arab sea, Adan gulf, which concidence of these wetnesssources with the Persian gulf and Saudi Arabia high pressure has caused moretransition of wetness into Iran and Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - The Survey of Drought Effects on Hamadan Planes Under Ground Water Resources Using Multivariate Statatistics and GIS Analysis
حسین Mohammadi A.A ShamsipoorWater Resources management require knowledge, applied methods and suitable policyin wet and drought periods.Climatic and Hydrological variables of running waters as independent variablehave been considered for determining Relationship with planes water table (dependentv MoreWater Resources management require knowledge, applied methods and suitable policyin wet and drought periods.Climatic and Hydrological variables of running waters as independent variablehave been considered for determining Relationship with planes water table (dependentvariable) in Hamadan planes water ground Resources for drought effect in monthlyscale during 1983-1999 years. The study method has been concentrated on multipleregression because of representing suitable result. As a result climatic and hydrologicabnormal effects show 42 percent water table deficits planes relationship betweenclimatic independents variables with decreasing severity. It was used GIS spatialability analytical for water table critical deficits assessment. It has been regionalizedthe water table deficits intensity planes, hence Bahar plane has the most deficitsintensity but the surrounding planes contact with heights have the most less amount. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Assess the drought situation in Kashan desert of Kashan and Aran ShhrstanHay Bidgol (NushaBad) using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
Amir Fakhrabadi ALIREZA ENTEZARY Omolbanin BazErafshanDrought is creeping phenomenon, which affects and threatening human life. Drought in a period of unusually dry weather that lack enough water to cause hydrological imbalance faces define. Drought is studied in four main characteristics include intensity, duration, frequ MoreDrought is creeping phenomenon, which affects and threatening human life. Drought in a period of unusually dry weather that lack enough water to cause hydrological imbalance faces define. Drought is studied in four main characteristics include intensity, duration, frequency and areal extent. The aim of this study is mapping the intensity of droughts in Kashan. For this purpose, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) as an indicator for drought monitoring stations located in the plains of the period of 20 years (1390-1369) in the time scale 3,6,9,12,24 and 48 months were used. The most frequent drought in 24 months and the most comprehensive range of acute and severe drought in the plains. SPI values for the severe drought in the province timescales for geostatistics techniques and were classified image. The maps show the extent of the drought and the reduced by increasing the time scale drought in the plains of the West to the East increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The effect of drought on the developmental process of zone arid and mid dry in rurales with accent on agriculture ( Case study Darab ).
علی ShakoorThe recent droughts in country specially in south such as Darab town , have caused a lot of damages and resulted evacutation of many villages.Social and economcal effects and damages on rurales economy are indeed irrecoverable. .Eventhough the drought can affect all kin MoreThe recent droughts in country specially in south such as Darab town , have caused a lot of damages and resulted evacutation of many villages.Social and economcal effects and damages on rurales economy are indeed irrecoverable. .Eventhough the drought can affect all kinds of activities, because, of the dependence of villagers economy on resource water and soil , the effect detriment is more visible on rurales. In this paper of effects of drought on natural invironment and people of Darab which have main role in rurales development are studied.For instance, in majority of rurales,because of drought we can see extension poverity and this will slothful incentive of rurales for cooperation in management of precept society. However their cooperation cause development rurales in this research the main data have been analyzed by 22 equation and Functions. The results of the research shows that if the government and people cooperate with together the effects of drought on rurales Darab which cause slow development process rurales will minimize . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Analyzing extension- education methods about combating the drought in agricultural sector: a case study in Hamedan County
Mariam Yosefi Mohamadi Reza Movahedi Heshmatollah SaadiThe purpose of this study was to investigate the extension methods about combating the drought in agricultural sector from the view points of the agricultural experts and farmers in Hamedan. The research was an applied research on the basis of the purpose, and it was a MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the extension methods about combating the drought in agricultural sector from the view points of the agricultural experts and farmers in Hamedan. The research was an applied research on the basis of the purpose, and it was a surveying study in terms of data gathering. Data were gathered through a questionnaire tool. The study population included both 8443 farmers and 135 agricultural experts from Hamedan County in 2020. Of those 367 farmers and 100 agricultural experts were selected by using Cochran's formula respectively. Validity of the questionnaire (face validity) was confirmed by the agricultural extension professors from Bu-Ali Sina University. To evaluate the reliability of the research instrument, Cronbach's alpha was used during a pre-test and it was 0.94 for the research' questions (extension education methods). The results showed that the most important extension methods to control drought which agreed with both farmers and experts were: training by local leaders, visiting demonstration farms, use advisory services. The results also showed that according to factor analysis of the farmers' views, extension methods to combat drought can be summarized in 4 groups including: extension and advisory services, transfer information by local communities, people and magazines, training with local leaders and councils, watching extension films and visiting extension agents. According to factor analysis of the experts' views, extension methods to combat drought can be summarized in 4 categories, which are: visit tours, using extension publications, using information networks, using cooperatives, village municipality and councils' capacities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Investigating the Effective Factors on Reducing the Effects of Drought on Corn Cultivation with Extension Education Solutions (Case Study: Azadi Village in Andimeshk County)
رضا موحدی Masomeh SadeghiThe present research was conducted in order to investigate the effective factors on reducing the effects of drought in corn cultivation and to provide extensional-educational solutions in Azadi village (of Andimshek county). The statistical population was formed by all MoreThe present research was conducted in order to investigate the effective factors on reducing the effects of drought in corn cultivation and to provide extensional-educational solutions in Azadi village (of Andimshek county). The statistical population was formed by all the corn growers of Azadi district in the crop year of 2021-2022, which were equal to 600 people. The sampling method was random and the samples were selected from among the people of the society in a simple random manner. To determine the sample size due to the limited statistical population, the Karjesi-Morgan formula was used, and according to the Karjesi-Morgan table, 237 people were selected. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire Data analysis using software SPSS Ver. 26 was done. The results of the T test showed that there is a significant difference at the level of 95% between farmers' knowledge and awareness (technical knowledge), human factors, management factors, economic factors, extensional-educational strategies and farmers' attitude towards reducing damage caused by drought with mean average of the population. They can minimize the damage caused by drought. Based on the structural model (PLS), the technical knowledge of corn farmers, management factors and educational-promotional strategies had the greatest effect on reducing the damage caused by drought, so that the value of the path coefficient for them was equal to 0.378, 0.359 and 314. Also, the path coefficient of human factors and economic factors were equal to 0.142 and 0.129, respectively, which had less effect on reducing the effects of drought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Drought Vulnerability Assessment among Wheat Farmers in Esfahan Township
Masoud Ramazani Lida Sharafi Kiumars ZarafshaniThe current drought in Esfahan Township and damages incurred on agricultural sector clearly indicate that vulnerability among farmers is increasing. However, limited attention has been paid to drought mitigation and preparedness across the affected area. Therefore, it i MoreThe current drought in Esfahan Township and damages incurred on agricultural sector clearly indicate that vulnerability among farmers is increasing. However, limited attention has been paid to drought mitigation and preparedness across the affected area. Therefore, it is imperative to study vulnerable group which is the bench mark in drought risk management the predictors of vulnerability among farmers in Isfahan Township. In this study used survey research design and data was collected from 275 wheat farmers using multistage stratified sampling through questionnaire and personal interview with farmers whom has experienced drought. Farmers' vulnerability was determined using Mebar & Valdez (2005). Results revealed that farmers in Jarghooyeh Olya had the highest vulnerability (3.77) and farmers in Bon Rood had the lowest vulnerability (3.32). Results of this study have implications for policy makers in distributing resources to farmers with high vulnerability. Innovation of this paper is to quantify the vulnerability of rural communities using formula and the ranking these communities based on the vulnerability. Thus vulnerability assessment could be basic to the allocation of resources and funds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Vulnerability of rural households in Fars province to food insecurity Due to drought
Nosaha Nahid Farhad Lashgarara Lashgarara Seyed Jamal Farajolah Hosseini seyed Mehdi MirdamadiClimate change and drought have greatly affected the vulnerability of rural households. This study aimed to Analyzing the vulnerability of rural households in Fars province of Iran for food insecurity under drought and also analyzing their adaptive responses to drought MoreClimate change and drought have greatly affected the vulnerability of rural households. This study aimed to Analyzing the vulnerability of rural households in Fars province of Iran for food insecurity under drought and also analyzing their adaptive responses to drought in terms of attitude and action. It was a survey research and data was collected from a sample of population based on the stratified random sampling. The sample population was 270 respondents from Fars Province by using Shaffer formula. The data was analyzed by using SPSS and AMOS software. Based on the results, the vulnerability of rural households in Fars province to drought is above average, which sensitivity factor has the highest effect on vulnerability of rural households. Also, the results of the study showed that the most effective adaptation strategies to reduce of drought Consequences are significantly dependent on government support. However, less vulnerable households have more strategic options for coping with the consequences of drought. Cluster analysis indicated that based on the two groups of respondents with the low and high vulnerability that According to it, the studied rural households were compared in terms of some characteristics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Explaining the Role of Communication Channels on Adaptation of Farmers towards Drought: The Case of Central part of Marvdasht Township
Masoumeh Forouzani Omid M. Ghoochani Milad Taqipou Mojtaba DehghanpourThe purpose of this study was to explain the role of communication channels on farmers' adaptation intention towards drought using planning behavior theory. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire which its validity and reliability were confirmed by MoreThe purpose of this study was to explain the role of communication channels on farmers' adaptation intention towards drought using planning behavior theory. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire which its validity and reliability were confirmed by a group of subject specialists and doing a pre-study and calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, respectively. The population of this study consisted of farmers in the central part of Marvdasht township (N=8602), of which 367 individuals were estimated using Krejcie and Morgan tables and using random sampling method Simple were selected. The results indicated that there is a meaningful difference in adaptation’s behavioral intention towards drought based on the communication channels they have been used. According to the findings, the highest average of behavioral intention was related to the television and agricultural experts at the same time. Also, the results showed that the least average behavioral intention was related to friends and relatives. This finding also confirmed by the Bonferoni sequence test. Finally, the effect of each variable of the theory of planned behavior on the behavioral intention of the respondents based on each communication channels determined. The results indicated that the subjective norm influences on respondent's behavioral intention in all communication channels. According to the findings, some suggestions were made for the proper decision making of using communication channels in order to prepare for climate change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Farmers' Perception of Drought Consequences by Phenomenological Approach (Case study: South Khorasan Province)
Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini Kurosh Roosta Asadollah Zamanipour Mostafa TeimooriThe first step to cope with the drought and its consequences is understanding of drought and its effects in various dimensions. Understanding of effective strategies and solutions can be used. Present work was conducted with the aim of studying Farmers' perception of dr MoreThe first step to cope with the drought and its consequences is understanding of drought and its effects in various dimensions. Understanding of effective strategies and solutions can be used. Present work was conducted with the aim of studying Farmers' perception of drought consequences in South Khorasan Province. The statistical population of research was the south Khorasan villagers as third dry province in the country. Informed people were selected by snowball method and the data was collected through in depth interviews and direct observation. Data analysis was performed based on Colaizzi method. Based on this method, Farmers' questioned concepts about consequences of drought were classified in three distinct sections, including economic consequences, environmental consequences and socio- psychological consequences. Then each section and its mentioned concepts were interpreted and appropriate recommendations and suggestions were presented and finally the results of research were compared with figures published by governmental organizations and agencies as well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Effect of Deficit Irrigation, Partial Irrigation and Superabsorbent Polymer on Yield and Yield Components of Corn (cv. KSC703)
Fayaz Aghayari Fatemeh Khalili Mohammad Reza ArdakaniTo study the effect of deficit irrigation, partial irrigation and superabsorbent polymer on yield and yield components of corn, a field experiment was carried out in factorial split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at Resear MoreTo study the effect of deficit irrigation, partial irrigation and superabsorbent polymer on yield and yield components of corn, a field experiment was carried out in factorial split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch, Iran in 2014-2015 growing year. Deficit irrigation with three levels including irrigation with 100, 75 and 50 percent crop water requirement, furrow irrigation methods with two levels including partial irrigation (fixed alternate furrow) and conventional furrow irrigation that were located in the main plots and superabsorbent polymer with two levels including non-use superabsorbent polymer and used of superabsorbent (30kg/ha) that were located in the sub plots. Grains yield in partial irrigation method as compared to conventional furrow irrigation in condition of 100% crop water requirement decreased (38.5%). However difference of grain yield between fixed alternate furrow irrigation and conventional furrow irrigation in condition of irrigation with 75% and 50% crop water requirement was not significant. The use of superabsorbent saved irrigation water consumption by 13.4% during the growth period. According to a 26% reduction in the amount of irrigation water during the growing season in partial irrigation method, for achieve of corn grain yield in condition of irrigation with 75% and 50% crop water requirement can be used from partial irrigation method (alternate furrow irrigation) instead of conventional furrow irrigation method in the studied area. Also, along with partial irrigation method, to raise the water use efficiency can be used superabsorbent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Evaluation of the effects of some biofertilizers on nutrient uptake and essential oil yield in the golden plant (Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss) under different soil moisture regimes
Ramin Cham Seyed Ali Abtahi Mojtaba Jafarinia Jafar yasrebiDracocephalum kotschyi is one of the most important medicinal plants of the family Lamiaceae which is endangered due to unfavorable environmental conditions. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers at four levels (nitroxin, super nitroplus, bioph MoreDracocephalum kotschyi is one of the most important medicinal plants of the family Lamiaceae which is endangered due to unfavorable environmental conditions. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers at four levels (nitroxin, super nitroplus, biophosphorus and non-use of biofertilizer) on essential oil yield and nutrient uptake of D. kotschyi seedlings under drought stress at three levels (irrigation to completion 80, 60 and 40% of field capacity) a completely randomized design in 3 replication (each replication includes 25 pots containing one seedling) was performed in the greenhouse as a pot experiment containing cocopeat and perlite culture medium in a ratio of 1: 1. The highest amount of root nitrogen uptake (2.2 mg kg-1) and leaf nitrogen (57.5 mg kg-1) was observed in conventional irrigation treatment (irrigation treatment up to 80% of field capacity) and application of super nitroplus biofertilizer. The percentage of essential oil under mild stress increased by 77.53% compared to the control, while with the intensification of drought stress, the percentage of essential oil decreased by 94.49% compared to the control. The results of this study showed that the most increasing effect on essential oil percentage (1.1%) and essential oil yield (1.5 g plant-1) of D. kotschyi was related to inoculation with Super Nitroplus biofertilizer and mild drought stress, while cultivation of D. kotschyi under normal irrigation conditions and no biofertilizer resulted in the lowest production and yield of essential oil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Zinc foliar application on alleviating effects of irrigation cut-off in grain filling stage of safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
Jaivani Manoelian Weria Weisany Hamid Jabari Marjan DiyanatBackground and Aim: Climate change led to increasing the severity of stress, and today’s life of all plants is challenged by rapid environmental changes. Water is an important component in all physiological processes of the should be added, accounting for 80 to 95 MoreBackground and Aim: Climate change led to increasing the severity of stress, and today’s life of all plants is challenged by rapid environmental changes. Water is an important component in all physiological processes of the should be added, accounting for 80 to 95% of the plant’s biomass. Except in high humidity environments, plants are likely to be exposed to water deficit stress throughout their life cycle. water deficit stress decreases the quantity and quality of the plant product and in addition reduces the water use efficiency as well as reduced the absorption of nutrients. to reduce the effects of water deficit stress on plants, various methods are used, including mineral nutrition with trace elements such as zinc.Method: to investigate the effects of foliar application of zinc on the morph physiological and biochemical traits of safflower cultivars under drought stress, an experiment was conducted as a should be added split-plot based on of should be deleted randomized complete blocks design with three replicates during 2019-2020. Experimental factors include drought stress as the primary factor, and safflower cultivars and zinc foliar application as secondary factors. The plant’s canopy temperature was determined using an infrared thermometer. Seed oil was extracted from the mature seeds of safflower cultivars by the should be added apparatus using hexane solvent.Results: Water deficit stress was applied in two levels (regular irrigation (control) and irrigation cut-off when the grain filling stage begins); safflower cultivars in this experiment were Isfahan, Linas, Padideh, Parnian, and Goldasht; foliar application of zinc was in three levels (0, 0.5 and 1 kg. ha-1 Zn). Results showed that water deficit stress decreased stem diameter, head diameter, number of classes per plant, number of seeds per plant, seed yield, biological yield, oil yield, relative leaf water content. Whereas, water deficit stress increased the should be added of the should be added environment. Foliar application of 1 kg. ha-1 Zn improved seed yield, biological yield, oil yield, relative leaf water content.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the water deficit stress significantly decreased the growth rate and consequently biological yield, oil yield, and relative water content (RWC) of safflower plants and on the other hand, the application of zinc under optimal irrigation (control) and water deficit stress improved the mentioned traits. Based on the obtained results, it can be stated that the application of zinc can be one of the appropriate solutions to mitigate the effects of water shortage in the grain filling stage of the studied cultivars of safflower. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Prediction of SPI drought index using support vector and multiple linear regressions
Saeed Samadianfard اسماعیل اسدیDrought is a natural phenomenon, which has a complex mechanism as a result of interactions of meteorological parameters and usually occurs in all climates. So, predicting drought indices and their chronological evaluation is an effective way for the drought management a MoreDrought is a natural phenomenon, which has a complex mechanism as a result of interactions of meteorological parameters and usually occurs in all climates. So, predicting drought indices and their chronological evaluation is an effective way for the drought management and adaptation with its consequences. In the current research, prediction of drought indices are carried out for Tabriz synoptic station, using support vector regression, multiple linear regression and standard precipitation index (SPI) for the time period of 1979 to 2012. In this regard, for predicting SPI indices in the periods of 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 months, six different input combinations including the antecedent correspondent values of the mentioned index have been utilized. The results of statistical analysis showed that both methods had significant accuracy. Nonetheless, the support vector regressions for predicting SPI-6, SPI-9 and SPI-24 had better performances, regarding the root mean squared errors of 0.4985, 0.4340 and 0.2427, respectively. However, the multiple linear regressions showed lower relative errors, for predicting SPI-3, SPI-12 and SPI-48. Meanwhile, it can be concluded that both examined methods including support vector and multiple linear regressions had acceptable predictions of drought index and can be used with an admissible confidentiality for the management of drought consequences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Drought evaluation of Eghlid region in Fars province using the SWI and RAI indices
Farid Nikkar Hamid FooladmandThe present study was proposed to evaluate severity of drought in Eghlid region where in Fars province. For this purpose, standardized water level index (SWI) and rainfall anomaly index (RAI) were used during a 10 years’ statistical wet period (1384 to 1393) by us MoreThe present study was proposed to evaluate severity of drought in Eghlid region where in Fars province. For this purpose, standardized water level index (SWI) and rainfall anomaly index (RAI) were used during a 10 years’ statistical wet period (1384 to 1393) by using monthly water table depth data of 107 pezometric wells and monthly precipitation data of 10 meteorological and synoptic stations. In order to resolve defects of precipitation data, using SPSS software, the correlation coefficient through stations was analyzed and restored with ratios approach method. For determining severity of drought both of data sets of drought indexes were calculated by Excel software in 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 monthly periods. Five of the biggest occurred droughts were determined in each index and its mutual index and droughts zoning were accomplished using inverse distance weighted (IDW) in ArcGIS program. The results indicated that severity of droughts were increased in recent years. Furthermore, the results are implicating which there is a time delay between hydrological and meteoric drought indexes, in fact it was observed that by calculating the correlation coefficient between the indexes for south and west of Eghlid, the time delay is 2 to 4 years. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Principal Components Analysis for Water Use Efficiency of Common Bean, Sesame and Maize in Response of Application of Water Super Absorbent Hydrogel
Mohsen Jahan Mohammad Behzad AmiriIn order to evaluate effect of deficit irrigation and application of water superabsorbent and determining principal components in water use efficiency of common bean, sesame and maize a split plots experiment based on RCBD design with three replications was conducted du MoreIn order to evaluate effect of deficit irrigation and application of water superabsorbent and determining principal components in water use efficiency of common bean, sesame and maize a split plots experiment based on RCBD design with three replications was conducted during 2015-2016 growing season, in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Irrigation levels (50 and 100% of water requirement) and application and non-application of water superabsorbent assigned to main and sub plots, respectively. Principal components analysis for three plant species resulted in two principle components with the most considerable variances. The first component explained 73, 60 and 80% of variables variance in bean, sesame and corn, respectively. In bean, variables of seed yield, biological yield, seed weight, plant height, crop growth rate and soil nitrogen, phosphorous content and pH were assigned to the first component and leaf area index, EC and water use efficiency were assigned to the second component. In sesame, variables of seed yield, biological yield, seed weight, plant height, crop growth rate and soil phosphorous and pH had the highest load on the first component and variables of leaf area index, soil nitrogen content, EC and water use efficiency had the highest load on the second component. In corn, variables of seed yield, biological yield, seed weight, plant height, leaf area index, crop growth rate and soil nitrogen and pH were in the first component and variables of soil phosphorous and EC and water use efficiency in the second component had the highest load. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Performance evaluation and modification of SPI in drought monitoring of arid and semi arid regions of Iran
Saeid Shiukhy Soqanloo mehdi nadiStandard precipitation index (SPI) is the most widely drought monitoring index. However, this index only uses the gamma distribution function for fitting precipitation data and does not consider seasonal variations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficien MoreStandard precipitation index (SPI) is the most widely drought monitoring index. However, this index only uses the gamma distribution function for fitting precipitation data and does not consider seasonal variations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of SPI in drought monitoring of arid and semi-arid regions of Iran and fix the related problems with this Index. Then the SPI was compared with its modified state (SPImod) over (1956–2010). The results showed that the generalized extreme value distribution function in more than 57% of the cases was the most appropriate probability distribution function of rainfall data. But the default distribution (Gamma) was selected only in 11% of months. Comparison of Kappa index showed that with increasing time window, the agreement between SPImod and SPI indexes increases. The amounts of one-month Kappa for studied stations was Tehran (0.31), Mashhad (0.33), Bushehr (0.32) and Khorram-Abad (0.26), while for nine-month the Kappa increased. Such that in Tehran (0.49) and in Mashhad, Bushehr and Khorramabad, respectively, with values (0.47), (0.56) and (0.45). Also, the results showed that the frequency and displacement of drought classes would be very variable in comparison to these two indices. As the displacement of normal, severe drought and severe, with a total of 259, 147 and 111 events in the time window-three and displacement of moderate drought, normal and moderate wet year, with a total of 68, 54 And 28 events in time window-nine were noticeable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Evaluation of Global Gridded Precipitation Datasets for Drought Monitoring (Case Study: Great Karoon Watershed)
Behzad Navidi Nassaj Narges Zohrabi Alireza Nikbakht Shahbazi Hossein FathianIn this study, the Spatio-temporal performance of 5 global gridded precipitation datasets including GPCC V8, CHIRPS V2, ECMWF ERA5, NASA MERRA2, and PERSIANN-CDR (PCDR) in drought monitoring has been evaluated. For this purpose, the standardized precipitation index (SPI MoreIn this study, the Spatio-temporal performance of 5 global gridded precipitation datasets including GPCC V8, CHIRPS V2, ECMWF ERA5, NASA MERRA2, and PERSIANN-CDR (PCDR) in drought monitoring has been evaluated. For this purpose, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and precipitation information of 13 synoptic stations of the Meteorological Organization of Iran during the thirty years of 1987-2016 has been used. Comparisons were carried out based on performance indices include correlation, mean square root error (RMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, and modified agreement index (MAI) as well as drought detection accuracy metrics including False Alarm Ratio (FAR), probability of detection (POD) and the Critical Success Index (CSI). The results showed that GPCC, ERA5, PCDR datasets had a strong agreement with SPI observations so that they showed the drought trends and situations well and their R2 with observational SPI was Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Outlook for the effects of climate change on drought according to the fifth IPCC report (case study: Ilam)
Hadi Ramezani Etedali Fariba hodabakhshi Elahe KananiBackground and Aim: The process of climate change, especially the change in temperature and precipitation, and its effect on the drought phenomenon constitute the most important topic of discussion in environmental sciences. Studying climate change and its effect on the MoreBackground and Aim: The process of climate change, especially the change in temperature and precipitation, and its effect on the drought phenomenon constitute the most important topic of discussion in environmental sciences. Studying climate change and its effect on the severity and frequency of droughts in the coming decades can considerably contribute to the planning for the proper use of water resources and adapting to the destructive effects of droughts. To this end, based on the SDSM microscale method, precipitation and temperature during the 2020-2100 period were predicted in the present study using the large-scale CanESM2 model, and the effects of climate change on the meteorological drought in Ilam Province were studied using the SPI and RDI indices.Method: In this study, the required climatic data are obtained through one of the data reporting sites of the IPCC AR5. Twenty one CMIP5 models have been used to predict Precipitation and temperature parameters in the future. The weighting method of observational means was used to investigate the uncertainty caused by using the studied models. Then, using the SDSM model, meteorological data are generated under three scenarios: RCP 2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 of the CanESM2 model. Model historical data from 1993 to 2005 will be used to analyze the SDSM model using NCEP re-analysis data, and data from 2006 to 2100 will be used to estimate future climate change. The SPI and RDI time series were calculated in three scales of 3, 6 and 12 months for the historical and future period. The intensity, duration and frequency of the drought, according to the run theory for the spi and RDI on scale 3, 6 and 12 months.Results: According to the results of the uncertainty analysis, the CanESM2 model had the highest weight compared to other models for both temperature and precipitation variables. Analysis of trend in precipitation and temperature data by non - parametric mann - kendall test showed that temperature in scenario rcp8.5 has a significant positive trend ( increasing ) at 0.01 and precipitation has decreasing trend. The results of drought monitoring showed that in both SPI and RDI indices, the frequency of dry period’s decreases with increasing time scale, which is accompanied by an increase in the severity and duration of drought. The RDI index shows higher drought characteristics than SPI due to considering the average temperature in calculating dry periods. The greatest drought in the historical period according to the SPI index on a 12-month scale has an intensity of 38.22 and a duration of 26 months. RDI index on a 12-month scale has an intensity of 39.14 and a duration of 26 months.The study area will experience more severe and longer droughts in the future according to all three scenarios than in the historical period. The severity of droughts produced by RCP4.5 RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios based on 12-month SPI is 11%, 52% and 65%.Conclusion: The results of the analysis with the SDSM model and the SPI and RDI drought indices indicated that in the future climatic conditions in the 2020-2100 period, an increase in temperature and a decrease in precipitation are probable. To wit, temperature rises by 3.798 C and precipitation decreases by 6.8%. The results also revealed that the study area will experience more severe and longer droughts in the future than in the historical period under all three RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. As the time scale of the drought index increases, the severity and duration of the drought increases. The RDI index has a high behavioral similarity to the SPI, but the RDI index is sensitive to environmental changes and provides better results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Drought Prediction Using North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) Over Western Regions of Iran
Mehdi Moghasemi Narges Zohrabi Hossein Fathian Alireza Nikbakht Shahbazi Mohammadreza YeganegiBackground and Aim: Drought as a natural hazard significantly impacts various sectors such as agriculture and water resources and causes considerable damage to these sectors worldwide. Therefore, adaptation strategies should be taken to reduce drought damage, and in the MoreBackground and Aim: Drought as a natural hazard significantly impacts various sectors such as agriculture and water resources and causes considerable damage to these sectors worldwide. Therefore, adaptation strategies should be taken to reduce drought damage, and in the meantime, planning and adaptation to drought conditions using drought forecasting is one of the most effective strategies. Due to the need for drought forecasting and the limited studies that evaluated drought indicators obtained from the rainfall forecast output from the North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) in Iran. This study evaluated these models in four catchments of Karkheh, Karun, Heleh, and Hindijan-Jarahi for1982-2018.Method: In this study, the monthly output of different NMME ensembles were evaluated in the forecast leads of 0 to 9 months from 1982 to 2018, the SPI drought index was calculated. Comparison of these data with GPCC data was used for evaluation. Three quantitative criteria, including correlation coefficient, RMSE, and BIAS, were used for evaluation. Also, to integrate the existing models, two methods: a: Arithmetic mean between the existing models and B: Weighted average between the models have been evaluated by considering the correlation coefficient (CC) results. Also, two criteria (i.e., POD and FAR) and the quantitative statistical criterion (i.e., correlation coefficient) were used to evaluate the SPI drought index.Results: The results of the precipitation evaluation of the models showed that the integrated models have better performance than the individual models. In this integrated model, the weighted model also had better performance. Evaluation of spatial distribution of precipitation models also showed the excellent performance of NMME models in Karun and Hindijan-Jarahi catchments in the zero-month forecast lead and Hindijan-Jarahi catchments in the one-month forecast lead. The results of drought index evaluation showed that integrated models, although having better performance in precipitation forecasting, but in drought forecasting, the best performance belongs to NASA-GMAO-062012 and CFSv2 models. The results also showed that drought index forecasts in three and six-month periods have better performance than one month. Spatial distribution evaluation also showed that the models perform better in the southern basins. In general, it can be concluded that NMME models have good performance in predicting drought in some places and specific forecast leads, so they should be evaluated at each point before use.Conclusion: The results of precipitation evaluation showed that, in general, integrating the output of dynamic models increases its proficiency, and integration in weighted mode (WeightedNMME) performs better than the non-weighted model (NMME). According to the zero-month forecast among individual models, the NASA-GMAO-062012 model has the most skills in terms of the correlation coefficient. However, in the one-month forecast lead in terms of the correlation coefficient, RMSE and BIAS, the best performance belongs to the CFSv2 model. Evaluation of drought indices showed that the model's performance could be different from their performance in predicting rainfall. WeightedNMME, for example, performed well in NASA-GMAO-062012 and CFSv2 months, although they performed well in predicting drought. The spatial evaluation also showed that the southern catchments perform better than other basins. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Application of New Agricultural Drought Index Based on Soil Moisture and Modified Vegetation Index Using Remote Sensing Data of SMAP and TERRA
Aliakbar Karamvand Seyed Abbas Hosseini Ahmad SharafatiBackground and Aim: There are always challenges of spatial and temporal resolution in-situ measurement methods of factors affecting drought phenomena, and the presence of human operators is required. However, due to remote sensing's ability to measure data on the entire MoreBackground and Aim: There are always challenges of spatial and temporal resolution in-situ measurement methods of factors affecting drought phenomena, and the presence of human operators is required. However, due to remote sensing's ability to measure data on the entire surface of the planet with an acceptable spatial and temporal resolution, its use in controlling and observing drought has grown more than ever, and it has become a powerful tool in the hands of experts. In this study, based on two components of surface soil moisture and modified vegetation index (EVI) by applying remote sensing data, a new agricultural drought index named (SMADIN) is proposed.Method: To achieve the goal of proposing a drought index based on soil moisture, surface soil moisture data from the SMAP satellite of 5 cm depth was used. These data were validated before use against daily field measurements provided by the Iranian Meteorological Organization over a 250-day period. Validation step error was evaluated using the root mean square error method between satellite data and field measurements. Furthermore, the EVI index was calculated using data from the TERRA satellite and the MODIS sensor. Eventually, an analytical method is used to propose a drought index based on soil moisture. In order to compare the performance of this index in different weather conditions, two regions were chosen, one representing a dry climate and the other a wet climate. Then, the correlation matrix was plotted by the Pearson method for SMADIN agricultural drought index versus vegetation health index (VHI) and the results were discussed.Results: Validation showed that field data measured in land use similar to remote sensing had an average root mean square error of 0.05 .The results indicate that the new agricultural drought index correlates up to 96% with VHI in the humid climate and 98% in arid regions. In addition, a 5-year comparison of the new SMADI and VHI time series in the study area demonstrates synchrony in peaks, minimums, increases, and decreases.Conclusion: An agricultural drought index based on soil moisture is proposed in this study. We believe that, in recent years, when the lifetime of the SMAP satellite data exceeds 7 years, it is possible to use this index in future studies. Considering the possible error of SMAP and TERRA data in providing drought index, it is suggested to use this index in future studies in dry regions such as the central and southern regions of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Modeling and Bivariate Analysis of Meteorological Drought Using Data Generation with Climate Change Approach (Case Study: Lake Urmia)
Farzad Khezri Mohsen Irandost Navid Jalalkamali Najme YazdanpanahBackground and Aim: Climate Climate change is one of the important factors that will affect different parts of human life on the planet and will have detrimental effects on the environment, socio-economic, and especially water resources. Knowledge of climate change MoreBackground and Aim: Climate Climate change is one of the important factors that will affect different parts of human life on the planet and will have detrimental effects on the environment, socio-economic, and especially water resources. Knowledge of climate change can provide comprehensive plans in various areas of management regarding the monitoring of droughts and their potential risks. Drought can occur in any area, even wetlands. This phenomenon depends on various factors and parameters and one of the most important symbols of this phenomenon is the occurrence of drought is a decrease in rainfall and therefore the analysis of precipitation data is of special importance to study drought. The purpose of this study is to analyze drought variables using SPI and SPImod indices and detailed functions.Method: In this study, to model the multivariate analysis of drought in Lake Urmia basin using RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 representative concentration pathway scenarios, data and models of atmospheric circulation of historical data (1991-2010) for three near horizons (2030- 2011), medium (2065-2046) and round (2099-2080) were simulated and produced. Then, using SPImod index and copula functions, drought multivariate analysis was performed in MATLAB software environment. In general, first, using the mentioned indicators (two indicators, SPI and SPImod), the characteristics of drought intensity and duration were extracted, then, using coding in MATLAB software environment, eight families of Archimedean detailed functions were used.Results: The results of multivariate analysis showed that the Joe copula function is the best copula function for drought multivariate analysis (For analysis of both severity and duration of drought for the study area). Also, the results of probability and the joint return period showed that in the coming periods, at least droughts of the same level as historical droughts and even more severe will occur. Thus, by studying the period of combined and conditional returns and Kendall, the results showed that at a certain critical probability level, the amount of Kendall return period is much more than the standard return period, so that this difference increases with increasing that certain amount.Conclusion: The results obtained with the climate change approach on the meteorological drought of Lake Urmia showed that in the coming periods we will see an increase in temperature, which will affect the rate of trade in the region and water resources, on the other hand, because the data Meteorology and hydrology are used to calculate the types of droughts, so droughts affected by climate change will be so that in future periods 46% to 48% of the months will be dry in different horizons. Finally, the results of the time series of indicators showed that during the statistical period at least 40% of the months were dry and this intensity of droughts in the Urmia station is much higher than others. The modified SPI largely eliminates the disadvantages of conventional SPIs and takes into account seasonal variations in precipitation in the calculation of the SPI index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Investigating and Temporal Monitoring of GRI Index on the Fluctuations of Groundwater Table (Case Study: Zanjan Plain)
Ebrahim Yousefi Mobarhan Samira zandifarBackground and Aim: Due to the occurrence of drought periods and increased exploitation of the plain, alongside of the agriculture expansion and the rise in groundwater extraction, the level of the groundwater table in the Zanjan plain has decreased, which has resulted MoreBackground and Aim: Due to the occurrence of drought periods and increased exploitation of the plain, alongside of the agriculture expansion and the rise in groundwater extraction, the level of the groundwater table in the Zanjan plain has decreased, which has resulted in a fall in the level of the groundwater table and a decrease in the efficiency of the wells. The purpose of this research is to investigate and Zoning of Temporal and Spatial of the depth, level and changes of the level of groundwater table of Zanjan plain, trends of depletion and annual changes and temporal monitoring of the drought (GRI) of groundwater resource of Zanjan plain based on the representative hydrograph.Method: In order to carry out this research, the statistics of 69 observation wells are analyzed during 3 time periods (2001-2008, 2008-2013 and 2013-2018). At first, statistical data is collected and after importing the data into the Geographical Information System (GIS), maps of iso-depth, iso-level and zoning changes of the groundwater table are prepared with the interpolation method. The plain hydrograph has been prepared to investigate the long-term changes and fluctuations of groundwater table, as well as to detect the periods of rise and fall of the water level, during the statistical period for the Zanjan plain. Long-term changes and fluctuations of groundwater table are also drawn in the Excel. The phenomenon of drought in the long term causes the reduction of water resources through the drying up of surface and underground streams. For this purpose, the GRI index has been used to temporal monitoring of drought of groundwater resources in Zanjan plain.Results: The results obtain from the maps of the iso-loss show that the highest level of groundwater in the first time period (2013-2018) in the northern part of the plain is 12.4 m, in the second time period (2008-2013) in the southern part and the eastern part of the plain has dropped by 9.4 m and in the third period (2001-2008) in the northwestern parts, it has dropped by 14.5 m. The hydrographs of the groundwater table illustrate that during the period of 20 years, the depletion of the Zanjan plain table is 12.9 m, which means that the water level has depleted by 0.65 m annually on average. This actually indicates the negative changes in the groundwater level in the studied area. The results of the changes in the volume of the Zanjan plain demonstrate that the volume deficit of the Zanjan plain is 705.8 MCM. Also, temporal monitoring of the drought in groundwater resources of the Zanjan plain with the GRI index shows a very descending trend towards drought during the twenty-year period.Conclusion: Groundwater is the main source of agricultural needs, especially in arid and semi-arid areas; therefore, having a sustainable agriculture requires careful management and planning on how to use these resources, which itself requires sufficient knowledge about the spatial changes of the groundwater level in a certain period. In the present research, the investigation of the depletion of the groundwater table, especially in the piezometers of the northern and side parts of the Zanjan plain, shows that this water disaster (groundwater level depletion of about 13 m) is mainly due to the improper management of water resources and the increase in the issuance of permits for deep and semi-deep wells with 61% growth in the last two decades. The negative balance of the plain is so severe that even the good rains of the last few years have not been able to stop the process of lowering the groundwater table. It is recommended to prevent the continuation of the Zanjan plain volume decrease, to manage and control the exploitation of the wells and to prevent any over-exploitation, as well as to use the implementation and development of plain projects to supply the shortage of water resources and feed the plain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Determining Hydrological Drought Characteristics Using Severity-Duration-Frequency Curves and Flow Thresholds Levels in Ardabil Province Rivers
Hamed Amini Abazar EsmaliOuri Raoof Mostafazadeh Mearaj Sharari Mohsen ZabihiBackground and Aim: Drought is a global phenomenon that can occur anywhere and cause significant damage to humans and natural ecosystems. Therefore, the issue of hydrological drought and reduction of river flow in Ardabil province is also an important issue that require MoreBackground and Aim: Drought is a global phenomenon that can occur anywhere and cause significant damage to humans and natural ecosystems. Therefore, the issue of hydrological drought and reduction of river flow in Ardabil province is also an important issue that requires a comprehensive study.Method: In this study, hydrological drought characteristics are using Severity-Duration-Frequency (SDF) curves considering four different threshold levels (constant, annual average, seasonal, and environmental flow) in 33 hydrometric stations in Ardabil province. The severities of drought events are calculated using Easy-Fit software in different return periods. In this regard, drought magnitude-duration-frequency curves are calculated and based on that, the values of drought events in different return periods are calculated and analyzed.Results: The highest drought event is determined for constant, seasonal, yearly, E-flow threshold levels in Samina, Mashiran, Booran, and Samian stations, respectively. Also, the lowest occurrence of drought is associated with the Vildaragh station. The majority of drought events in all four aforementioned thresholds are mostly observed in shorter durations, especially within one-month periods. The Jonson_SB and General Extreme Value distributions were the most suitable statistical distributions. The highest intensity of drought increases with longer return periods associated with the average annual threshold level, and the lowest intensity of hydrological drought is linked to the threshold of environmental flow. The SDF curves for all stations demonstrate an increasing trend, indicating that with prolonged hydrological drought duration in all studied thresholds, the severity of hydrological drought occurrences also increases. The greatest intensity of hydrological drought is sequentially related to the annual threshold, followed by the seasonal threshold and the fixed threshold, with the threshold of environmental flow being the lowest and least. Consequently, for shorter return periods, the fixed threshold indicates greater intensity or magnitude compared to the seasonal threshold in all four stations, and for longer return periods, the seasonal threshold demonstrates higher intensity of drought events compared to the fixed threshold.Conclusion: Furthermore, it can be concluded that the magnitude of hydrological drought at a fixed threshold shows less variability in all four selected stations compared to the other thresholds. It should be noted that in defining drought based on fixed, annual, and seasonal thresholds, events will have a higher number and greater intensity compared to the environmental flow threshold. The spatial changes in drought intensity are depicted on the map, indicating that most droughts have occurred in stations located in the northern and north-western regions (Borran and Dostbiglou). Separating the effects of human and climatic factors in drought assessment is a suggestion from this study that could be considered in future research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - System Dynamic Modeling of Scenarios for the Protection of Groundwater Resources in Drought Conditions in South Khorasan Province, Iran
Mostafa Teimoori Sayed Mehdi Mirdamadi Sayed Jamal Farajolah Hosseini Samad Rahimi Sooreh Mohamad ALI Afshar kazemiBackground and Aim: The purpose of this research is to model scenarios for the protection of underground water resources in South Khorasan province in drought conditions. Methods: In this regard, this problem was followed using the system dynamics approach and the beha MoreBackground and Aim: The purpose of this research is to model scenarios for the protection of underground water resources in South Khorasan province in drought conditions. Methods: In this regard, this problem was followed using the system dynamics approach and the behavior of the reference variable "Volume of underground water resources of South Khorasan Province" was simulated against different scenarios during the years 2013 to 2014 through the use of Vensim software. The required information was collected by referring to relevant organizations such as South Khorasan Regional Water Organization, South Khorasan Agricultural Jihad Organization and Iran Statistics Center, and the input data of the model was called into the model in the form of an Excel file. Results: The results of the research showed that applying the control scenario of water resources exploitation in normal drought conditions and drought with low intensity is useful, but applying this scenario in drought conditions of more than 20% will have negative effects on the economic indicators of the agricultural sector. Also, the fourth scenario of the cultivation pattern (emphasis on strategic crops) along with the fifth scenario of the cultivation pattern (drought-resistant crops) have brought the least pressure on underground water resources. Nevertheless, considering that cultivation pattern No. 4 has created the least added value, it cannot be an efficient pattern. Conclusion: According to the results of the research, if the severity of droughts increases in the coming years, but the current agricultural conditions of South Khorasan province continue in terms of cropping patterns, droughts will not have an effect on economic indicators, because in these conditions, farmers By breaking the ground and extracting more from underground water sources, they will compensate for the lack of rainfall and will show the negative effects of drought on the stock of underground water resources. Considering the effect of the cultivation pattern on underground water resources and economic indicators, it is necessary to think of measures to change the cultivation pattern. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Prediction of meteorological drought conditions in Iran using Markov chain model
Mehdi Ghamghami Javad BazrafshanDrought management is very important for optimal water resources application in arid and semi-arid regions. One strategy to manage drought is to predict drought conditions by probabilistic tools. In this study, total monthly precipitation records related to 33 MoreDrought management is very important for optimal water resources application in arid and semi-arid regions. One strategy to manage drought is to predict drought conditions by probabilistic tools. In this study, total monthly precipitation records related to 33 synoptic stations of Iran during 1976-2005 were used to monitor and predict future drought conditions. Regarding the dry periods greater than six months in the arid regions of the country, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at 6-month timescale was used for drought monitoring. The first-order Markov chain model was employed to predict drought condition up to 3-step ahead. This model was fitted on the SPI series at all stations of interest, and it was identified that can represent the probabilistic behavior of drought over Iran. The results obtained from drought prediction at 1, 2, and 3-step ahead over Iran showed that the occurrence of the severe drought (9 percent of stations) or normal conditions (87 percent of stations) is most probable in the future months, regardless of drought condition at current month. Also, drought monitoring based on aerial mean of monthly total precipitation time series over country showed that the trend of drought severity has been increasing in recent years. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Development of mathematical and optimization model for agricultural water allocation based on non-dominated sorting
Reza Lalehzari Hadi Moazed Saeed Boroomand Nasab Ali HaghighiWater resource management is a main driver to increase economic productivity for an agricultural area. Under water shortage condition, efficient use of available water is necessary for required sustainable crop production in arid and semi-arid area. Therefore, a co MoreWater resource management is a main driver to increase economic productivity for an agricultural area. Under water shortage condition, efficient use of available water is necessary for required sustainable crop production in arid and semi-arid area. Therefore, a combination procedure of mathematical modeling and optimization techniques has been developed for water allocation to maximize the economical productivity and total efficiency of an irrigation scheme.Optimization model is presented using multiobjective genetic algorithm and evaluate by two objective functions. Water use efficiency, cropping pattern, reduction of irrigation losses, effective use of rainfall and cultivated area are considered in the objective functions of the model. Irrigation water requirement for each growing stage and cultivated area have been considered as decision making variables. For field study, the main crops of Baghmalek plain and their related area, the cost of agricultural inputs and final price of crops were collected in farming year 2013-2014. The results show that the optimal cultivation area allocated among various crops is decreased for maize, melon, tomato and onion in drought condition. Tomato, bean and onion have obtained more volume of total available water, respectively. Tomato in relative yield and net benefit ratio, vegetable in the percentage of allocated water and bean in effective use of water have the minimum values of evaluation parameters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Assessment of joint deficit drought index under climatic conditions of Iran
Aida Hashemi Nasab Javad Bazrafshan Arezoo Nazi GhameshlouJoint Deficit Index (JDI) is computed based on combination of the 12 modified Standardized Precipitation Index (SPImod) corresponding to the 12 time scales 1-12 month using the empirical and theoretical copula functions. Researchers suggest calculating the JDI as empiri MoreJoint Deficit Index (JDI) is computed based on combination of the 12 modified Standardized Precipitation Index (SPImod) corresponding to the 12 time scales 1-12 month using the empirical and theoretical copula functions. Researchers suggest calculating the JDI as empirically due to difficulty and time-consuming in computing its theoretical form. The aim of this paper is to compare the empirical and theoretical copula-based joint deficit indices at 42 weather stations in Iran for the common period 1966-2010. For calculating the theoretical JDI (TJDI), we chosen the best copula function from the four candidate functions including Student’s t, Clayton, Gumbel and Frank using two information criteria. In contrast, calculation of the empirical JDI (EJDI) not need fitting any copula function to data, and therefore it can be computed more simply than TJDI. Results showed that the Student’s t copula is the best function at all selected stations; therefore, the theoretical JDI was computed based on this copula function. Although both indices, i.e. EJDI and TJDI showed a similar behavior of drought severity, the EJDI faced two problems in all selected stations: 1) The lowest value in the EJDI time series is frequently repeated in different parts of its time series, 2) The EJDI was not able to identify the peak of drought severity during the critical drought periods. In contrast, the TJDI did not face the mentioned issues and therefore that is suggested for monitoring overall status of droughts in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - The Effect of Nanostructured Silica Aerogel on Water Use Efficiency of Corn under Deficit Irrigation Conditions
Hamideh Asvadi Fayaz Aghayari Leyla SamieeIntroduction : To study the effect of nanostructured silica aerogel as a soil moisture absorbent on yield and water use efficiency of corn and comparison with superabsorbent, a field experiment was carried out in factorial split plot arrangement using randomized complet MoreIntroduction : To study the effect of nanostructured silica aerogel as a soil moisture absorbent on yield and water use efficiency of corn and comparison with superabsorbent, a field experiment was carried out in factorial split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran, in 2013-2014 growing year. Material and Methods: Deficit irrigation with three levels including irrigation with 100, 75 and 50 percent crop water requirement that were located in the main plots and moisture absorbent materials with three levels including non-use absorbent material, used of superabsorbent (30 kg/ha) and used of silica aerogel (5 kg/ha) that were located in the sub plots.Results: The results showed that the highest grain yield (12684 kg/ha) was achieved in condition of irrigation with 100% crop water requirement and used of silica aerogel. The sue of superabsorbent and silica aerogel increased grain yield. While in condition of irrigation with 100% crop water requirement silica aerogel consumption as compared to superabsorbent to increase grain yield was a significant advantage, but in condition of irrigation with 75 and 50% crop water requirement silica aerogel and superabsorbent were in a statistical group. The use of superabsorbent and silica aerogel increased water use efficiency for grain yield (116.2 and 154.1 percent, respectively) and water use efficiency for biologic yield (38.4 and 85.9 percent, respectively) as compared with non-use.Conclusion: Therefore, application of nanostructured silica aerogel is recommended for increasing of yield and water use efficiency of corn. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Drought Forecasting Using Wavelet - Support Vector Machine and Standardized Precipitation Index (Case Study: Urmia Lake-Iran)
Mehdi Komasi Soroush SharghiBackground and Objectives: Drought is regarded as a serious threat for people and environment. As a result, finding some indices to forecast the drought is an important issue that needs to be addressed urgently. The appropriate and flexible index for drought classificat MoreBackground and Objectives: Drought is regarded as a serious threat for people and environment. As a result, finding some indices to forecast the drought is an important issue that needs to be addressed urgently. The appropriate and flexible index for drought classification is the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Artificial intelligence models were commonly used to forecast SPI time series. These models are based on auto regressive property. So, they are not able to monitor the seasonal and long-term patterns in time series. In this study, the Wavelet-Support Vector Machine (WSVM) approach was used for the drought forecasting through employing SPI. Method: In this way, the SPI time series of Urmia Lake watershed was decomposed to multiple frequent time series by wavelet transform; then, these time series were imposed as input data to the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model to forecast the drought. Findings: The results showed that, the maximum value of R2 and minimum value of RMSE indexes for SVM model are 0.865 and 0.237 and for WSVM model are 0.954 and 0.056 respectively in verification step. Discussion and Conclusion: So, the propounded hybrid model has superior ability in forecasting SPI time series comparing with the single SVM model and also it can accurately assess the extreme data in SPI time series by considering the seasonality effects. Finally, it was concluded that, the proposed hybrid model is relatively more appropriate than classical autoregressive models such as ANN. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Determining the Monthly Wet and Dry Regimes Using Angot Precipitation Index in Ardabil Station
Roghayeh Asiabi-hir Raoof Mostafazadeh Saied NabaviBackground and Objective: Drought is the main causes of socioeconomic and environmental issues and the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation has a great influence on water resources availability. The Angot Precipitation Index (ratio between the average value MoreBackground and Objective: Drought is the main causes of socioeconomic and environmental issues and the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation has a great influence on water resources availability. The Angot Precipitation Index (ratio between the average values of multiannual of precipitation over wet and dry periods) is an indicator to determine the precipitation variations. The API highlights the climate significance of every month to detect dry or rainy regime.Material and Methodology: This study aims to assess and calculation of API in analysis of dry-wet periods of monthly precipitation in Ardabil station. The API values were calculated based on average daily values of precipitation in a year. Based on API values, dry and wet months were identified and the relationship between API and monthly precipitation characteristics according to Pearson correlation coefficient.Findings: According to the results, the value of API was 2.33 for the May month as a wet month and the November and April months are determined as normal precipitation regime (1.65 and 1.57 values, respectively) and other months have been classified into dry months as the API is less than the unity. Also, the API had a negative correlation with precipitation coefficient of variation (R2=0.408), and a positive correlation is exist between average monthly precipitation amounts and the API (R2=0.998).Discussion and Conclusion: The maximum API index value was observed in November and May months. The results indicated that the amount of Angot index was inversely correlated with coefficient of variations; while a direct relationship is exist with average monthly precipitations. Application of Angot index allows the determination of monthly precipitation regime on the basis of the vale ranges of the calculated index. Comparing the results of other drought indices in determining wet and dry months in climatic zones of Iran needs further investigations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Evaluation of the role of drought in frequency of dust in Khorasan Razavi province
mehdi boroghani Hamidreza moradi Mohamadali Zangane Asadi Sima PourhashemiBackground and Objective: In arid and semi-arid regions dust phenomenon occurs frequently. These phenomenon seriously affects the human health, soil erosion, desertification and transport. Drought is one of the natural phenomena that decrease precipitation, reduce veget MoreBackground and Objective: In arid and semi-arid regions dust phenomenon occurs frequently. These phenomenon seriously affects the human health, soil erosion, desertification and transport. Drought is one of the natural phenomena that decrease precipitation, reduce vegetation and increase dust in case study. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the number of dust events and climatic drought. Method: In this study, SPI index was used to estimate drought. Rainfall data for the years 1980-2010 and data of the dust for the years 2004-2010 were analyzed. The zoning dust and drought in the same period (2010-2004) was performed using the Kriging method in ArcGIS software. Findings: The results of zoning the occurrence of dust and drought suggest that the greatest number of dust events (226 dust events) and severe drought happened in the province in 2008. Also, in 2005, the lowest number of dust events (85 dust events) and wet conditions prevailed in the province. Discussion and Conclusion: The results indicate the direct relationship between dust event and drought, and dust event increased or decreased during the years that drought intensity increased or decreased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Zoning of Drought by Integrating Satellite Imagery and Ground–Based Climate Data (Case study: Malayer Plain)
Ahmad Asadi Meyabadi Davoud Akhzari Hamid NouriBackground and Objective: One of the most important consequences of drought is reducing the amount of vegetation. Reducing vegetation and environmental conditions lead various problems such as soil erosion, increased runoff levels and flood risk. Accordingly, evaluation MoreBackground and Objective: One of the most important consequences of drought is reducing the amount of vegetation. Reducing vegetation and environmental conditions lead various problems such as soil erosion, increased runoff levels and flood risk. Accordingly, evaluation of the effects of drought on vegetation has a great importance. The purpose of this study is to use the Drought Effect Index (IDI), remotely sensed data and terrestrial data in the study area.Method: The IDI index indicates the long-term effects of climate conditions in the study area on the vegetation cover in area. In this study, the IDI index combines data of the meteorological stations of Malayer Plain to prepare rainfall and temperature maps (information from 5 synoptic stations inside and outside of study area with a 19-years scale) and a series of Landsat TM satellites and ETM + were calculated for the NDVI vegetation mapping (including 6 images in May and 2000, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2013 and 2015). The zonation map was prepared based on this information. This investigation has been done in May 2019.Findings: The results showed that there is a meaningful correlation between aggregate data (IDI) and SPI index, indicates the efficiency of combined data. Results of Pearson correlation showed that there is a significant correlation between the mean SPI and IDI of 0.963 at a significant level of P<0.01.Discussion and Conclusions: So far, land and satellite data have been widely used for the study of droughts, but the index derived from the integration of these data has received little attention from researchers, so the aim and innovation of this research is to make it possible to use drought impact index (IDI). Combine terrestrial and satellite data in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Investigation of Relation between Meteorological and Hydrological Drought in Sistan Plain
Artemis Roodari Farzad Hassanpour Mostafa Yaghoobzadeh Majid DelavarBackground and Objective: Drought is a natural and repeatable disasterwhich affects all climates. Because of the intrinsically dry climate and low precipitation in Sistan plain, the main water resources are surface water originated from a neighboring country. This study MoreBackground and Objective: Drought is a natural and repeatable disasterwhich affects all climates. Because of the intrinsically dry climate and low precipitation in Sistan plain, the main water resources are surface water originated from a neighboring country. This study investigates the relationship between meteorological and hydrological drought in Sistan plain. Method: At first, meteorological and hydrological drought were investigated by indices including moving average, SPI and SDI in Sistan plain. Moreover, the relationship between them was evaluated for 45 years. Findings: Results show that indices of meteorological and hydrological droughts do not match with each other in the entire of the study period, but there is a significant relationship between them during dry years. It was also observed that a drought period started in 1999 and continued until 2012. Discussion and Conclusion: Therefore, due to low volume and high coefficient of variations of rainfall and vital role of surface flows in the supply of water in the plain, hydrological drought shows conditions of drought is better than the meteorological drought in Sistan plain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - A look at the provisions of international law in order to combat with desertification in the middle east region
manijeh ganjalinejad Ali Zaree seyed ganjalinejadFollowing the drought and famine of the early seventies in Africa, the issue of desertification as a global problem has arisen.Operational and educational measures were taken to combat desertification across the four continents of Asia , Africa ,Latin America and Europe MoreFollowing the drought and famine of the early seventies in Africa, the issue of desertification as a global problem has arisen.Operational and educational measures were taken to combat desertification across the four continents of Asia , Africa ,Latin America and Europe.on June 17, 1994, the text of the convention was finalized. Less developed countries, especially African and Middle Eastern countries, are more likely to be affected by drought and desertification issues such as poverty, health, inadequate nutrition and migration issues. Implementation measures have been taken to combat desertification but these actions were not fit with the needs of the international community.It cannot be a fundamental solution to the problem of desertification. But the fact is that there is a serious weakness in the field of legal documents. In other words, countries that are somehow involved with this phenomenon ,They have not taken effective practical measures to compile and approve binding documents to reduce desertification. Middle East countries are more affected by the consequences of drought and desertification than any other country in the world. And its effects are also evident in the dust phenomena that have plagued the area for many years. Of course, this shortage of countries is rooted in many issues, including political, economic, social and cultural. In this way, The paper seeks to examine international legal instruments related to the desertification problem using analytical-descriptive methods and identify an existing legal bugs in issues. Although many international documents have been compiled in the field of desertification and many efforts have been made to deal with desertification, But looking at these documents and other international efforts, we can understand that if legal documents could be decisively solving problems, there would be no need for a new solution. And it seems that in order to avoid the conflicts of the regional governments in the conferences, they should reach a binding agreement to deal with desertification that can be implemented. Because the conventions either do not guarantee implementation or have a weak implementation guarantee, and as a result, we face problems in implementation A regional treaty between the countries affected by this situation should be formed and it needs to be specific to the Middle East region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Modeling of villagers' behavior in the face of drought risk in Lake Urmia (Case study: villages in Bonab County)
Alireza Soleimani Majid Parishan Ali Majnouni- ToutakhaneBackground and Objective: Perception of risk leads to the regulation of practical behaviors to deal with it. The purpose of this study is to analyze the experimental behaviors of villagers in Bonab city to understand the risk of drought in Lake Urmia. For this purpose, MoreBackground and Objective: Perception of risk leads to the regulation of practical behaviors to deal with it. The purpose of this study is to analyze the experimental behaviors of villagers in Bonab city to understand the risk of drought in Lake Urmia. For this purpose, a combination of individual and social approaches was used. Material and Methodology: The present study is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study is residents over 15 years old in 29 villages of Bonab city, which is equal to 23653 people. Using Cochran's method and simple random method, 380 people were selected as the sample size. The tool used in this research is a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and multivariate regression tests, and path analysis. Findings: The results of path analysis on the dependent variable showed that drought-tolerant crop, knowledge and skills, income, age, length of stay, participation in training programs, and modernization of irrigation canals have a direct effect on practical behaviors to reduce drought risk. Also, the results of path analysis on the dependent variable of intention to perform risk reduction behaviors in the future, showed that the variables of cultivation of drought-tolerant crops, self-efficacy, age, level of education, trust, previous experience, and responsibility have a positive effect and optimistic bias variables, income, and age. The risk perception variable had a negative effect. Indirect effects through the two variables of believes and income also affect the variable of intention to reduce the risk of drought. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the research results, the perception of drought risk by the villagers, this understanding has not yet changed the behavior of the rural community in practice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Impacts of droughts on environment flow (Case study: Minab River, Hormozgan, Iran)
Saeedeh Rostam Afshar Seyedeh Hoda Rahmati Hedayat FahmiBackground and Objective: One of the the most effective method to protect environment, is to know minimum amount of water required for environment at the right time. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of drought on the environmental flow of Minab River MoreBackground and Objective: One of the the most effective method to protect environment, is to know minimum amount of water required for environment at the right time. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of drought on the environmental flow of Minab River, in order to create environmental balance.Material and Methodology: Because of insufficient knowledge of different methods in Iran and their compatibility with management and climatic conditions of the country, after reviewing all available methods, the modified Montana and the flow continuity were selected as the optimal methods.Findings: After selecting the study area, flow discharge at the Brentin station in the Minab River during the years 1963 to 2017 were collected. Firstly, monthly average flow was calculated and later, annual average flow was determined which was equal to 8.16 cubic meters per second. Since the monthly average flow for October, November amd May to September are less than the annual average flow, they were considered as low water period and from December to April were considered as high water period. In the next step, river flow for low-water period and high-water period were calculated and equaled to 2.80 and 15.65 cubic meters per second respectively. Finally, based on different management classes, environmental flow of the Minab River using modified Montana method was calculated and equalled to 0.28 for the low water period and 1.56 for the high water period. Environmental flow with flow duration method equaled to 1.24 cubic meters per second.Discussion and Conclusion: The results reveals that, minimum flow to meet the environmental needs for the Minab River during low water period should be considered 0.28 and between 1.24 and 1.56 cubic meters per second at high water period repectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Evaluation of drought in South Khorasan province (Iran) using normal precipitation index (PNPI) and standardized method index (Z)
Mohammad Hossein Jahangir Mohammad SaraniradBackground and Objective: Drought is among the natural disasters which happens in a long period of time and intermittently makes problems for human societies and consequently the economy through negative effects on water resources and agriculture compared to other natur MoreBackground and Objective: Drought is among the natural disasters which happens in a long period of time and intermittently makes problems for human societies and consequently the economy through negative effects on water resources and agriculture compared to other natural phenomena. Thus, the basic step in drought studies is to select appropriate indicators for each area based on severity, duration and magnitude of drought in the study area. The aim of this study is to select appropriate indicators to classify and determine the degree of severity of the drought and wet and to identify the drought prone regions in South Khorasan province for planning and better management of drought. The values of drought severity were calculated by the desired index for each station using Matlab software. Then, based on the tables for each index, the drought and wet intensities were determined. Method: In this study, the situation of drought in South Khorasan province was evaluated using the drought index, weather percent of normal precipitation (PNPI) and standard methods of index (Z). Since most stations do not cover the long-term (30 years) statistics of precipitation data, the available stations with the precipitation data for period of 24 years (2014- 1990) were used. Findings: PNPI index results showed that among the studied stations, Khor Birjand stations with 5 months, Boshrooyeh, Ghain and Ferdous stations with 4 months and Birjand and Nehbandan stations with 3 months has the longest wet period. Drought is in the range of moderate drought to moderate humidity in most stations. The highest Z (wet 1/84) belongs to Nehbandan station in March and most of the stations experience moderate drought in June, July, August, September and October. Discussion and Conclusion: The two methods show that the drought is in the range of moderate drought to moderate humidity in most of the stations. According to the results of hypothesis evaluation, the drought has been very severe and has led to occurrence of minimum annual precipitation. In this study, PNPI index was found to be a more appropriate index for the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Analyzing and Monitoring the Meteorological Droughts in the Region of Sistan and Balouchestan
Hamid Zare Abianeh Aliakbar Sabziparvar Safar Marofi Fereshte Ghiyami Sayede Shaghayegh Mirmasoud Azade KazemiIn this research, analyzing the meteorological drought is performed by using of five commonly usedindices including: Rainfall Standard Index (ZI), Deviation from Mean Index (SDI), Percent of NormalPrecipitation Index (PNPI), Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI) and Precipitatio MoreIn this research, analyzing the meteorological drought is performed by using of five commonly usedindices including: Rainfall Standard Index (ZI), Deviation from Mean Index (SDI), Percent of NormalPrecipitation Index (PNPI), Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI) and Precipitation Classification range (PC)on seasonal and yearly precipitation data in the four synoptic stations of Zahedan, Zabol, Chabaharand Iranshahr, using the same period starting from 1964 and ending to 2005. The result showed thatSDI method performs more reliable estimation compared with PNPI, ZI, RAI methods in the annualand seasonal time scales. Based on SDI method, Sistan and Balouchestan Province has experiencedfrequent meteorological drought in both seasonal and annual time scales. In annual time scale, thefrequency (percent) of intense and severe droughts was smaller than frequency of mild and mediumdroughts. In the seasonal time scale, on average, based on SDI method, most (42%) of severe andintense droughts occurred in summer, but in winter, the risk of severe and intense droughts wassmaller (12%), We also used 3-year and 5-year moving averages method for evaluation of trends anddrought duration in the annually time scale in the mentioned sites. The results showed that the rainfallstandard index (RAI) performs different results from other indices. Other results also indicate that theintensity and frequency of meteorological drought are increasing in this province Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Evaluation of Four Meteorological Drought Indices in Hamedan Province
Azadeh Kazemi Ali Akbar Sbziparvar Shooka FaslbaharThis research evaluates the meteorological drought spells by multi-dimensional comparison of fourmeteorological drought indices supported with 35 years rainfall data (1967-2001) series records for 22 rain gauge stations in a cold semi-arid region located in west of Iran MoreThis research evaluates the meteorological drought spells by multi-dimensional comparison of fourmeteorological drought indices supported with 35 years rainfall data (1967-2001) series records for 22 rain gauge stations in a cold semi-arid region located in west of Iran. Drought indices include: Percent of Normal Precipitation Index (PNPI)، Z Standard Index (Z)، Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI) and Standard Precipitation Index (SPI). After calculation of drought indices for the desire time scale، they were evaluated and compared using correlation relations. Using Cluster Analysis technique، the drought status in the region was classified into different categories. The criteria were the statistical ones based on the succession of dry، normal and wet years. It was found that both Z and RAI indices were statistically similar and gave almost similar results in drought evaluations. By correlation، all indices of PNPI-Z، PNPI-RAI and Z-RAI in all stations indicated high reciprocal correlations in addition to Z-RAI which showed similar results explaining drought conditions. Finally، from the correlation relationships and the output den do-grams، RAI and Z were respectively identified as the best indices for meteorological drought evaluations in the region، due to more relevance to the reality than the rest. These indices showed that four droughts have occurred during years of 1967-1968، 1976-77، 1983-84، 1988-89، 1996-97 and 1998-99. Despite the common use of SPI in monitoring the meteorological drought in Iran، this index is not recommended for cold semi-arid climate conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Investigating the Effects of Climate Change on Meteorological Drought Characteristics of Hablehrood Basin Using the HADCM3 General Circulation Model and the SPI and DI Index
Afshin Ashrafzade jaber salehpoor arezoo sharifiClimate change is one of the most important challenges that affect different parts of human life. One of the most important consequences of climate change is the impact on water resources and the occurrence of droughts. In this research, the effects of climate change on MoreClimate change is one of the most important challenges that affect different parts of human life. One of the most important consequences of climate change is the impact on water resources and the occurrence of droughts. In this research, the effects of climate change on the drought condition of Hablehrood watershed during the next three decades were evaluated using Decile Drought Index and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Initially, the monthly data of the output of the HADCM3 General Circulation Model )GCM(, under the A2 scenario were Downscaled in the LARS-WG5 statistical model and the ability of this model to simulate the past climate (1995-1995 period) Firoozkooh synoptic stations basin Hablehrood watershed was approved. Then, climatic parameters of the minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation and sunshine for the period 2040-2011 were simulated for the station studied. The results obtained from the station showed that the average annual maximum temperature would increase to 0.47 degrees Celsius, and the minimum temperatures would be 0.56 degrees Celsius. Annual precipitation fluctuations are not significantly different with rainfall during the base period, so that precipitation 0.06mm will be changed in the future period. Then, using rainfall data, the drought condition of the basin was studied using the two droughts Index mentioned in the annual scale. The results showed that these two Index are well-matched Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - The Interaction of Zeolite and Pitting on the Concentration of Nutrition, Root Length and Stem Height of Agropyron elongatum L. under Various Drought Levels
Davoud Akhzari Mohammad YarmohammadiBackground and Objective: One of the ways in Iran to deal with drought stress is the use of new techniques for water storage in the soil. The aim of this study was to study the effect of pitting and zeolite application on growth and physiological triates of Agropyron el MoreBackground and Objective: One of the ways in Iran to deal with drought stress is the use of new techniques for water storage in the soil. The aim of this study was to study the effect of pitting and zeolite application on growth and physiological triates of Agropyron elongatum in drought stress conditions. Method: An experiment conducted based a randomized complete block design. Initially, the seeds were cultivated in a greenhouse in a pot and after 3 months the seedlings were transferred to a field outside the greenhouse and treatments were applied to them, for 6 months. The applied treatments included: pitting consisting of two levels with pitting and no pitting, zeolite in two levels with zeolite (50 g per seedlings) and no zeolite and 4 levels of irrigation including FC irrigation, 1/2 FC, 1/4 FC and without irrigation (as control treatment). Findings: The results showed that by applying pitting and zeolite, the concentrations of calcium, copper, potassium, manganese, sodium, zinc, phosphorus, stem weight, root weight, stem height and root length increased significantly. The concentration of iron in the case of without pitting increased more and increased from 2.3 to 17.2 mg / kg in the without pitting treatments. Discussion and Conclusions: The results showed that simultaneous application of the three treatments (pitting, zeolite, and drought) had a significant interaction effect and further increase the measured parameters. It can be concluded that the use of pitting and zeolite has a positive effect on growth and physiological characteristics of Agropyron elongatum. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Detection of gene loci related to drought tolerance in Iranian rice recombinant inbred lines
Fatemeh Amirkolaei Hossein Sabouri Liela Ahangar Mehdi Zarei Hossein Hossein MoghaddamObjectives: The aim of this study was to determine the linked markers to genes controlling drought tolerance using Iranian rice recombinant inbred lines. Materials and Methods:In this study, 99 Recombinant Inbred Lines of Iranian rice population derived from the cross o MoreObjectives: The aim of this study was to determine the linked markers to genes controlling drought tolerance using Iranian rice recombinant inbred lines. Materials and Methods:In this study, 99 Recombinant Inbred Lines of Iranian rice population derived from the cross of Tarom and Khazar were planted based on randomized complete design in 5 kg pots at the greenhouse of Gonbad Kavous University in 2017. The studied traits were grain weight, Panicle weight, Panicle length, number of Panicle fertile, number of Panicle infertile and number of primary branches. To prepare a genetic map 265 SSR markers, 12 ISSR markers (44 polymorphic alleles), 5 iPBS markers (22 polymorphic alleles) and 2 IRAP markers (8 polymorphic alleles) were used. Results:The markers were used belonged to 12 chromosomes and 1047.4 cM of rice genome were covered. Five QTLs for drought condition and nine QTLs in flooding were located. QTLs related to number of infertile panicle and panicle weight in drought condition mapped between ISSR57-6 and ISSR58-2 markers, on chromosome 1. Also, out of QTLs identified in flooding condition, two QTLs related to the number of primary branches collocated to panicle weights QTLs on chromosomes 5 in IRAP30-1-ISSR2-1 region. qFGW-5, qPB, qFCN-3 and qSP explained a high percentage of phenotypic variation. The detected major effect QTLs in this study can be used in marker-assisted selection breeding programs after validation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Improvement of leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll concentration (SPAD) soybean by Fe, Zn and Mn nano-chelates foliar application under limited irrigation conditions
Mohammad Saeed VagharObjectives: Maintaining the balance of nutrients leads to increase yield so the essential elements should be available enough in the process of plant nutrition. This experiment was performed by foliar application of iron, zinc, and manganese nano-clates under limited ir MoreObjectives: Maintaining the balance of nutrients leads to increase yield so the essential elements should be available enough in the process of plant nutrition. This experiment was performed by foliar application of iron, zinc, and manganese nano-clates under limited irrigation conditions to improving leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll concentration.Methods: The two years experiment was conducted (2016-2017). The main plot included four levels of irrigation: full irrigation, irrigation withhold at flowering stage, podding stage, and grain filling period. The subplot included eight levels of foliar application with Fe, Zn, Mn, Fe+Zn, Fe+Mn, Zn+Mn, Fe+Zn+Mn nano-chelates, and distilled water (control).Results: Drought stress reduced leaf area index significantly. The highest reduction was obtained from the interaction of control treatment and cessation of irrigation in the pod stage, which was 31.5% less than the full irrigation treatment. Foliar application of Zn+Mn was more successful in modulating drought stress and increased leaf area index by 49.4% compared to the control. Irrigation cessation in flowering stage increased chlorophyll concentration by 11.2% and decreased it by 16.5% in pod stage. With the application of Fe+Zn nano-chelate increased on leaf chlorophyll concentration in the pod stage and grain formation by 38.8% and 39.1% compared to the control and was recognized as the best treatment.Conclusion: In limited irrigation conditions, foliar feeding of Fe, Zn and Mn nano-chlates is a suitable solution and compatible with water crisis and can improve soybean yield by modifying drought stress and improving leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll concentration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - The effect of foliar feeding of iron, zinc and manganese nanochelates on chlorophyll fluorescence, iron, zinc and manganese concentration in seeds and soybean yield
Mohammad Saeed VagharObjective: Dehydration stress disrupts the balance of absorption and transfer of micronutrients from roots to aerial organs and is a serious threat to agricultural products. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of iron, zinc and manganese nano chelate MoreObjective: Dehydration stress disrupts the balance of absorption and transfer of micronutrients from roots to aerial organs and is a serious threat to agricultural products. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of iron, zinc and manganese nano chelate spraying on chlorophyll index, chlorophyll fluorescence, concentration of iron, zinc and manganese elements in seeds and their relationship with soybean yield.Materials and methods: The experiment was carried out in the form of a split plot, in the form of a completely randomized block design with three repetitions in two consecutive years. The main factor of the irrigation regime in the main plot includes stopping irrigation at the stage of flowering, podding, seed filling and full irrigation and the secondary factor of spraying with distilled water (control), iron, zinc, manganese, iron + zinc, iron + manganese, zinc + manganese. And iron + zinc + manganese were in sub-plots.Findings: Drought stress significantly reduced grain yield, which was the largest reduction in podding stage (31.4% reduction compared to the control). The lowest and highest amount of chlorophyll fluorescence was obtained due to stress in the stage of podding and full irrigation. Iron and iron + zinc treatments had the highest chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll index, respectively. The control treatment had the highest and the stress treatment had the lowest concentration of iron, zinc and manganese in the seed during the podding stage.Conclusion: Fertilization of iron, zinc and manganese nanochelates in water deficit conditions is a practical method to reduce chlorophyll fluorescence, increase the content of micronutrients in seeds and seed yield. The combined treatment of iron + zinc was the best treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Investigation of meteorological, hydrological and agricultural drought using drought indices (Case study: Gharehsou watershed)
Mahshid Karimi Kaka ShahediDrought as a natural hazard has always affected some parts of the country. Nowadays, it is possible to study drought using remote sensing techniques through its effects on the plants and achieve more accurate and efficient results for drought modelling. This study aims MoreDrought as a natural hazard has always affected some parts of the country. Nowadays, it is possible to study drought using remote sensing techniques through its effects on the plants and achieve more accurate and efficient results for drought modelling. This study aims to investigate the relationship between meteorological, hydrological and agricultural drought using drought indices and remote sensing method in Gharehsou watershed. For this purpose, MODIS images (satellite Terra, product MODO9Q1) and rainfall and discharge data of five meteorological and hydrometric stations for 2000 to 2015 time period were used. The results of the comparison of meteorological, hydrological and agricultural drought represent conformity of the three types of drought in the years 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Although the SPI and NDVI values were positive in the years 2002, 2003 and 2008, SDI index showed the occurrence of hydrological drought (negative values). In the year 2006 despite the rainfall increase, but this year has been facing the agricultural and hydrological drought. So the results simultaneity of drought there does not exist in all the years. The results of Pearson correlation showed there is a high correlation between mean NDVI and SPI and SDI indices equal to 0.706 and 0.788 respectively at the significance level of 0.01. Generally, the results of SDI and SPI indices largely confirm the results of the NDVI index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Analysis of agricultural drought using remote sensing indices (Case study: Marivan city)
Karim Solaimani Shadman Darvishi Fatemeh ShokrianThe effects of drought can be represented as water resources declinations, vegetation and consequently, reducing agricultural production. To study and monitor drought, it is necessary to quantify its effects using drought indices. The purpose of this study was to MoreThe effects of drought can be represented as water resources declinations, vegetation and consequently, reducing agricultural production. To study and monitor drought, it is necessary to quantify its effects using drought indices. The purpose of this study was to analyze drought in Marivan city using Landsat images from 2000 to 2017. After preprocessing the images, vegetation drought index (VDI) and vegetation health index (VHI) were extracted. Assessment of the indices showed that agricultural drought in VDI index was not observed in any year, and the values of this index were close to 100 that it indicates normal and optimal conditions. So, from 2000 to 2004 the normal conditions and from 2008 to 2017 have been optimal conditions in the dominant region. The results of VHI also show the Conditions without drought in the region. According to this index, extreme drought, severe drought and moderate drought in the studied years did not occur. The largest area of mild drought in the eastern and southeastern parts of the region in 2000, 2001, 2003, and 2005 was 38.23, 38.28, 12.29 and 35.74 km2, respectively. In general, According to the main emphasis of this study, based on VDI and VHI indices, from 2000 to 2017 (with the exception of 2012), the results indicate the absence of agricultural drought in the Marivan city. Considering the benefits of satellite images such as broader coverage, higher temporal resolution, and lower cost, it is recommended to use the knowledge of remote sensing for drought study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Evaluation of indices based on remote sensing in drought monitoring of Neyriz city
Mohammad ShabaniBackground and Objective Knowing the extent and severity of drought in a region and planning to reduce its effects is one of the most important principles of management in regional planning to combat drought. Drought monitoring and management in an area using remote sen MoreBackground and Objective Knowing the extent and severity of drought in a region and planning to reduce its effects is one of the most important principles of management in regional planning to combat drought. Drought monitoring and management in an area using remote sensing data and satellite imagery as a suitable tool in temporal and spatial monitoring of agricultural drought has always been the focus of regional managers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency of remote sensing data and satellite images in the zoning of agricultural drought in the years 2000 to 2021 in Neyriz city. For this purpose, three vegetation condition index (VCI), temperature condition index (TCI), and vegetation health index (VHI) were extracted from MODIS satellite images for the desired time period. The results of these indices were compared with the values of the standard precipitation index (SPI) in time series of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 48 months.Materials and Methods The study area in this study is Neyriz city located in the southeast of Fars province with an area of 10787 Km2 and is part of one of the watersheds of Bakhtegan Lake. The average altitude of the region is 1798 meters, the maximum altitude of the region is 3235 meters and the minimum altitude is 1476 meters above sea level. The average annual rainfall, temperature, and evapotranspiration of the basin are 204.8 mm, 19 °C, and 1058.3 mm, respectively. In this study, the rainfall data of Neyriz synoptic station during the statistical period of 22 years (2000-2021) were used to calculate the SPI index in time series of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 48 months. Then, 3 indices based on satellite imagery including vegetation condition (VCI), temperature condition index (TCI), and plant health index (VHI) were extracted from Modis measured data for May month from 2008 to 2021 and with standard precipitation index (SPI) were compared in time series of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 48 months based on the correlation coefficient. Finally, the most appropriate drought index based on satellite images was selected from the indices and the percentage of drought classes was determined based on the selected index in the study area.Results and Discussion The results of calculating the values of the SPI index using DIP software in time series of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 48 months in the statistical period of 2000-2021 showed that the trend of curves in some years is decreasing, in some years it has been increasing and in most years it has been almost normal. On average, the incidence of droughts and wetlands according to the SPI index in different time series during the statistical period is 68% in normal conditions, 18% in wet conditions, and 16% in drought conditions. The results of calculating the SPI index in different ground series were analyzed based on data from synoptic stations and remote sensing data. For this purpose, the values obtained from all indices based on satellite images including VCI, TCI, and VHI are extracted and compared and their correlation coefficient with the ground SPI index in time series 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 48 became. VCI index values in 2000 have the lowest value (32.1%) and in 2020 have the highest value (41.3%) during May. Therefore, based on the value of the VCI index during the statistical period in 2008, severe drought conditions prevailed in the region, and in 2020, more favorable vegetation and wetting conditions prevailed in the region. The results obtained from the SPI index in different time series also confirm the fact that the most severe drought and wet season during the statistical period studied in the two years 2000 and 2020, respectively, in the region. In addition, the VCI index is most correlated with the SPI index in different series and the SPI relationship is significant with the all-time series. TCI index has no significant correlation with any of the time series and has a weak correlation with the SPI index in different time series. In addition, the VHI index has a significant correlation with time series of one, three, six, and twelve months only at the level of 5% and its correlation with the SPI index in different time series is much less than the VCI index. Spatial distribution of drought intensity based on the values of the studied indices in May 2008 showed that the eastern parts of the region, which is also located at low altitudes, have been more affected by drought. The study of the area affected by drought classes based on the TCI index in 2008 showed that there is no very severe drought in the study area, 11% of the area suffers from moderate drought, 22% of the area suffers from mild drought and 67% has no drought. According to the VCI index, the level of severe drought on the date is 0.14%, severe at 0.33%, moderate at 17%, mild at 77%, and no drought at 6%. Also, according to the VHI index, there is no severe or severe drought in the study area only 9% of the area suffers from moderate drought and 91% does not have a drought. Spatial distribution of drought severity based on the values of the studied indices in May 2020 shows that in the study area according to the TCI index there is no very severe drought on the target date and 5% of the area has moderate drought, 22% drought Mild and 73% lack drought. According to the VCI index on the target date, the percentage of drought is very severe 0.5%, severe 0.8%, moderate 5%, mild 31%, and no drought 62%. Also, according to the VHI index in May 1999, 0.2% of the area has a moderate drought, 30% has a mild drought and 69% has no drought. According to this index, there is no very severe drought in the region.Conclusion Drought is one of the most important natural disasters that affect millions of people and large parts of the world every year. This phenomenon, which starts slowly and has a creeping nature, can cause a lot of damage to agriculture, natural resources, and the environment. Knowing how to occur and preparing drought severity maps based on new methods has a very positive and serious impact on drought management in an area. One of the new and widely used methods in temporal and spatial monitoring of drought is the use of drought indices based on satellite images, which has recently been used in drought-related topics. The results of the SPI index analysis showed that in most time series, the most severe drought and wet season during the study period occurred in 2000 and 2020, respectively. The results also showed that the temperature condition index (TCI) has no significant correlation with any of the time series and has a weak correlation with the SPI index in different time series. The plant health index (VHI) with time series of one, three, six, and twelve months has a significant correlation at the level of 5% and its correlation with the SPI index in different time series is less than the vegetation condition index (VCI). The value of the VCI index in 2008 had the lowest value (32.1%) and in 2020 had the highest value (41.3%) during May, which is consistent with the results obtained from the SPI index in the region. A comparison of the results of this study with the results of other researchers shows the excellent accuracy of remote sensing indices in drought monitoring. Therefore, the use of remote sensing technology in drought monitoring in areas that do not have meteorological stations or have meteorological stations with low density or scattered is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Agricultural drought monitoring based on remote sensing-based Evapotranspitation Condition Index in the Jarahi Zohreh basin
Maedeh Behifar Ata Abdollahi Majid Kiavarz Ghasem AziziDrought is one of the most important natural hazards in Iran that has many destructive environmental and economic effects. Drought is affected by various factors, and different indices have been developed to monitor it. Drought studies have been performed using temperat MoreDrought is one of the most important natural hazards in Iran that has many destructive environmental and economic effects. Drought is affected by various factors, and different indices have been developed to monitor it. Drought studies have been performed using temperature and vegetation data, but few studies have used satellite evapotranspiration data. In this research, vegetation condition index, temperature condition index, and evapotranspiration condition index have been used to study drought in Jarahi and Zohreh catchments. For this purpose, drought indices have been calculated on a monthly basis using MODIS satellite products from the 2000 to 2017 period. The six-month Standardized Precipitation Index was used to evaluate the remote sensing-based drought indices. The results showed that the evapotranspiration condition Index had the highest correlation with the six-month SPI index and was considered the most appropriate index to study the drought. The correlation of ETCI with SPI was equal to -0.57 and the RMSE was 0.47. A drought severity map was prepared using remote sensing indices to depict six classes of drought severity including severe drought, moderate drought, mild drought, near normal, and without drought for 2008, 2009, and 2016, when the study area was suffering from drought. The results of the spatial assessment showed that the central part of the basin which contains ecologically important protected areas was the most vulnerable part during dry years, and during the study period, it has experienced over 10 months of severe drought. In this period, the coastal part had the lowest drought intensities. However, during different years, the wetland area of the basin, which is one of the protected water ecosystems, has decreased. The results showed that compared to other indices, the satellite-based evapotranspiration data can provide a good tool for monitoring drought in hot areas with sparse vegetation such as Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Drought prediction and modeling by hybrid wavelet method and neural network algorithms
Jahanbakhsh Mohammadi Alireza Vafaeinezhad Saeed Behzadi Hossein Aghamohammadi Amirhooman HemmasiBackground and Objective A drought crisis is a dry period of climate that can occur anywhere globally and with any climate. Although this crisis starts slowly, it can have a serious impact on health, agricultural products, the economy, energy, and the environment for a MoreBackground and Objective A drought crisis is a dry period of climate that can occur anywhere globally and with any climate. Although this crisis starts slowly, it can have a serious impact on health, agricultural products, the economy, energy, and the environment for a long time to come. Drought severely threatens human livelihood and health and increases the risk of various diseases. Therefore, modeling and predicting drought is one of the most important and serious issues in the scientific community. In the past, mathematical and statistical models such as simple regression, Auto-regression (AR), moving average (MA), and ARIMA were used to model the drought. In recent years, machine learning methods and computational intelligence to model and predict drought have been of great interest to scientists. Computational intelligence algorithms that have been previously considered by scientists to model drought include multilayer perceptron neural network, RBF neural network, support vector machine, fuzzy, and ANFIS methods. In this research, the purpose of modeling and predicting drought is by using three neural network algorithms, including multilayer perceptron, RBF neural network, and generalized regression neural. The drought index used in this research is the standardized precipitation index (SPI). In this research, the wavelet technique in combination with artificial neural network algorithms for modeling and predicting drought in 10 synoptic stations in Iran (Abadan, Babolsar, Bandar Abbas, Kerman, Mashhad, Rasht, Saqez, Tehran, Tabriz, and Zahedan) have been used in different climates and with suitable spatial distribution throughout Iran.Materials and Methods This study, initially using monthly precipitation data between 1961 and 2017, SPI drought index in time scales of 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 months through programming in soft environment MATLAB software implemented. The results of this step were validated using the available scientific software MDM and Drinc. Then, prediction models were designed using the Markov chain. In this study, a total of six computational intelligence models, including three single models of multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP), radial basis function neural network (RBF), and generalized regression neural network (GRNN), and three hybrids wavelet models with these three models (WMLP-WRBF-WGRNN) have been used to model and predict the SPI index in 10 stations of this research. In implementing all these six models, the MATLAB software programming environment has been used. In this study, four types of discrete wavelets were used, including Daubechies, Symlets, Coiflets, and Biorthogonal. Due to the better performance of the Dobbies wavelet, this type of wavelet was used as a final option in the research. In the Daubechies wavelet used between levels 1 to 45, level 3 showed the best performance among different SPI time scales; therefore, the Daubechies level 3 wavelet was used in all hybrid models of this study. After training all six algorithms used, the evaluation criteria of coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) was used to measure the difference between actual and estimated values.Results and Discussion The results of this study showed that computational intelligence methods have high accuracy in modeling and predicting the SPI drought index. In the first stage, the results showed that the individual MLP, RBF, and GRNN models, if properly trained, have close results in modeling and predicting the SPI drought index. In the next step, it was observed that the wavelet technique would improve the modeling results. In using the wavelet technique in combination with three single models MLP, RBF, and GRNN, the choice of wavelet type is also more effective in modeling, so in this research, the first of the four types of discrete wavelets Daubechies, Symlet, Qoiflet, and Biorthogonal in combination with Three single models of this research were used and the results of these four types of wavelets showed the relative superiority of the Daubechies wavelet over the other three wavelets. In using the Daubechies wavelet, since this wavelet has 45 times and the choice of order was also effective in modeling, it was observed by testing the wavelet 45 times that the 3rd wavelet, in general, has higher accuracy in all time scales of SPI index, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 months and also in all three algorithms MLP, RBF, and GRNN. Therefore, in this research, the third-order Daubechies wavelet was used in all three algorithms of this research, as well as in all time scales. The results showed that combining the wavelet technique with all three models MLP, RBF, and GRNN will improve the results. The research graphs showed that for the quarterly time scale, the values obtained from the single model prediction in MLP and RBF modeling have a somewhat one-month phase difference compared to the hybrid model, while in the GRNN model, this prediction difference is negligible. The modeling results for both single and hybrid modeling modes indicate that there is no phase difference between the single and hybrid modeling methods in time scales of 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48. For the 12- and 24-month time scales, the single GRNN model had more fluctuations and errors in SPI monthly modeling and forecasting, while the hybrid model in these two-time scales had much better behavior in monthly modeling and forecasting. Distribution diagrams of data related to observational SPI of Abadan station showed that the modeling results for single and hybrid modes in 3 and 6-month time scales are less accurate than other time scales and fit line separation, and its uncertainty is higher than others. However, in all neural network models and in all time scales, the hybrid method has shown more accuracy. The numerical results of the study indicate that in all SPIs and stations under study, the differential values of R2 are positive, which indicates higher values of R2 in the hybrid model than in single neural network modeling, which indicates an improvement in hybrid modeling compared to individual models. Also, the differential values of RMSE are negative in all studied models and stations, which indicates that the amount of RMSE in predicting hybrid models is lower than individual neural network models. In the research graphs, it can be seen that the amount of differences in RMSE and R2 indicates a greater difference in time scales 3 and 6 than the time scales 12, 18, 24, and 48, which somehow goes back to the nature of the data of these time scales. The most significant improvement in R2 and RMSE is from the 3-month low to the 48-month high, respectively.Conclusion From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that artificial neural network algorithms are efficient methods for modeling and predicting the SPI drought index. The use of wavelets in all three models of artificial neural networks will also improve the results. It can also be concluded that for better modeling of the SPI drought index, it is necessary to select the optimal wavelet type and order. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the wavelet technique has a greater impact on the lower time scales, i.e., 3 and 6 months, than the higher scales, i.e., 24 and 48 months. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - The effect of drought stress on the damage of safflower fly, Acanthophilus helianthi Rossi (Dip., Tephritidae) on three cultivars of safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L. in Tehran region
G. H. Hasanshahi A. AskarianzadehThe effect of drought stress on damage of safflower fly, Acanthophilus helianthi Rossi (Dip., Tephritidae) was compared on three cultivars of safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L. by an experiment in split plot arrangement in completely randomized design in 2011. Where lev MoreThe effect of drought stress on damage of safflower fly, Acanthophilus helianthi Rossi (Dip., Tephritidae) was compared on three cultivars of safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L. by an experiment in split plot arrangement in completely randomized design in 2011. Where levels of irrigation including complete irrigation during whole growing season (S1), cutting irrigation at flowering stage (S2) and cease irrigation at heading stage (S3) as main plot, and safflower cultivars including Goldasht, Padideh and C44 as sub-plot. Percentage of infested boll and seed weight were sampled in the experimental plots. Results indicated a significant difference at 1% level in percentage of infested bolls among drought stresses. Also, percentage of infested boll and 1000-seed weight in healthy boll had significant difference among cultivars. The highest and lowest percentage of infested boll belonged to S3 (69.44%) and S2 (65.94), respectively. The highest and lowest percentage of infested boll belonged to Padideh cultivar (68.05%) and Goldasht cultivar (50.09%). Results showed that in non-stress conditions, Goldasht has the best growth and resistance to safflower fly, while in drought stress conditions, Padideh is the best alternative but overall Goldasht was cultivar recognized as the most resistant in among of three cultivars. In this cultivar, damage of some seeds in a boll increased 1000-seed weight in healthy seed of the boll because 1000-seed weight in infested boll is more than healthy 1000-seed weight in infested boll. It is probable that compensation phenomenon in Goldasht cultivar appears against safflower fly damage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - A review of some studies on the effect of irrigation and fertilizer management on soybean yield
Amir Nikakhtar Najme YazdanpanahThe amount of water required by the plant is an important factor in the growth of soybeans and has a significant effect on its yield. The amount of soil moisture for optimal growth of each plant should have an optimal level that getting more or less than this optimal le MoreThe amount of water required by the plant is an important factor in the growth of soybeans and has a significant effect on its yield. The amount of soil moisture for optimal growth of each plant should have an optimal level that getting more or less than this optimal level, plant growth decreases and soybean yield is affected by the total number of pods per shrub, the number of seeds per pod and the weight of each seed To investigate the effect of drought stress on physiological traits of soybeans; Drought stress reported a significant reduction in the amount of the photosynthesis and grain yield Increasing irrigation and rain water consumption efficiency is affected by the correct application of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen. In addition, nitrogen deficiency after water shortage is the most important factor in reducing crop production, especially cereals. Among the yield components, the number of pods per node was significantly affected by nitrogen fertilizer, so that by increasing the amount of nitrogen, the number of pods per node was increased. In general, optimizing water and fertilizer consumption in crops, especially oilseeds, can increase agricultural production as well as save water resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Potential impact of drought on Mikkes River flow (Morocco)
Kaltoum Belhassan Ashok Vaseashta Mohammed Abdelbaset Hessane Hafizullah Rasouli Mohammed KA Kaabar Emad Kamil Hussein Muhammad Adnan -
Open Access Article
69 - Study the Effect of Irrigation Cycle and Size of Mother Corms on Flower Yield and Daughter Corms in Saffron
Hadi Ahmadi Masood Amini Farshid Vazin Ahad MadaniIn order to study the effect of irrigation cycle and size of mother corms on flower yield and daughter corms in saffron, an experiment was conducted in Ghaen region in 2016 crop year using a split plot design. The main factor was irrigation cycles (2, 3 and 4 weeks) and MoreIn order to study the effect of irrigation cycle and size of mother corms on flower yield and daughter corms in saffron, an experiment was conducted in Ghaen region in 2016 crop year using a split plot design. The main factor was irrigation cycles (2, 3 and 4 weeks) and the secondary factor was the size of corm (less than 4 g, 4 to 8 g, 8 to 12 and 12 to 16 g). The interaction effect of irrigation cycle and pistachio size on flower-related traits was insignificant and on female pistachio-related traits was significant. In mother corms less than 4 g and 4 to 8 g, irrigation cycle had no effect on the dry weight of daughter corms produced per square meter. Irrigation of mother corms 8 to 12 g and 12 to 18 g every two weeks, respectively, produced 3689 g and 4230 g of female corm per square meter, which increased by 7.5 and 9, respectively, compared to the four-week irrigation cycle. / 4% of this adjective. In mother corms less than 4 g, the two-week irrigation cycle increased the number of female corms per square by 7.5% compared to the four-week irrigation period and decreased the diameter of female corms by 9.5%, but in other sizes of mother corms There was no difference between irrigation cycles in terms of number of female corms per square meter and diameter of female corms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Comparison of Organic, Chemical and Biofertilizers on Growth and Yield of Corn under Drought Stress in Bam and Fahraj Regions
Hamed Saljoghian Mohammadreza Yavarzadeh Mohammadmahdi AkbrianFertilizers stimulate physiological and biochemical processes in plants by supplying essential nutrients, resulting in increased growth and improved yield. In order to compare organic, chemical and bio-fertilizers on corn growth and yield under drought stress in Bam and MoreFertilizers stimulate physiological and biochemical processes in plants by supplying essential nutrients, resulting in increased growth and improved yield. In order to compare organic, chemical and bio-fertilizers on corn growth and yield under drought stress in Bam and Fahraj regions, a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted during the 2019-2020 growing season. Irrigation regimes were assigned as the main plot at three levels (control, moderate and severe drought stress) and fertilizer treatments were allocated to sub-plots at six levels (no fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, Barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer, nitroxin, vermicompost and an integration of the three fertilizers). Traits that were significant in both regions were analyzed through compound analysis over locations. Analysis of variance showed that the single effects of fertilizer and drought stress in Bam and Fahraj regions were significant at 1% probability level and the interaction effect of irrigation and fertilizer on corn grain yield was significant at 5% probability level. Mean comparison indicated that the highest grain yields of 12.12341 and 6.10840 kg/ha in Bam and Fahraj, respectively, were achieved with integrated application of chemical fertilizer, biofertilizer and vermicompost under well-watered conditions. Combined analysis results demonstrated that the location effect on grain yield was significant at 1% level, with Bam at 4.9687 kg/ha surpassing Fahraj at 3.8576 kg/ha. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Influence Different Level of Humic Acid and Irrigation Regime on Seed Yield and Morphological Traits of Corn under Warm and Dry Climate Condition
Kazem Banitamim Alireza Shokuhfar -
Open Access Article
72 - Evaluation of Crop Production of Canola (Brassica napus L.) Cultivars Due to Irrigation Cut-off and Different Planting Dates in Karaj Climatic Conditions
Peyman Davami Davood Habibi -
Open Access Article
73 - ارزیابی اثر خشک سالی برEC و SAR در هفت ایستگاه هیدرومتری در مسیر رودخانه دز
سعید آزیش علی عصاره داود خدادادی دهکردی یکی از پیامد­های خشک­سالی فشار بر منابع آبی است. در این مطالعه اثر خشکسالی بر EC و SAR رودخانه دز مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بدین منظور هفت ایستگاه آبسنجی در طول مسیر رودخانه انتخاب و آمار ده ساله کیفی آب (سال­های 93-83) از سازمان آب و برق خوزستان و آ More یکی از پیامد­های خشک­سالی فشار بر منابع آبی است. در این مطالعه اثر خشکسالی بر EC و SAR رودخانه دز مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بدین منظور هفت ایستگاه آبسنجی در طول مسیر رودخانه انتخاب و آمار ده ساله کیفی آب (سال­های 93-83) از سازمان آب و برق خوزستان و آمار هواشناسی از ایستگاه­های حسینیه، دزفول و شوش اخذ شد. نتایج نشان داد شدید­ترین خشک­سالی در ایستگاههای حسینیه و دزفول مربوط به سال 1387 و در ایستگاه شوش مربوط به سال 1390 می‎باشد. در سال­های شاخص خشکسالی نسبت به میانگین درازمدت در ایستگاه­های سپید دشت سزار، سپید دشت زاز، تنگ پنج سزار، تنگ پنج بختیاری، دزفول، حرمله و بامدژ به ترتیب 74/3، 3/15، 67/11، 16/22، 59/10، 28/5 و 98/37 درصد افزایش یافته است. همچنین در بین هفت ایستگاه منتخب، بیشترین درصد افزایشSAR در سال­های خشک مربوط به ایستگاه دزفول با 50 درصد می­باشد. Manuscript profile -
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74 - شبیه سازی و آشکارسازی نوسانات جریان آبراهه ای با شدت خشک سالی با بهره گیری از مدلWEAP
ارمین بنی بیات حسین قربانی زاده خرازی حسین اسلامی صائب خوش نواز بهروز دهان زادهدر این مطالعه نیاز به انتقال آب در سطوح مختلف توسعه کشاورزی در قالب طرح انتقال آب از سولگان (ونک) به خان‎میرزا مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در تمامی سناریوهای این گروه اجرای طرح انتقال آب از سولگان به دشت خان‎میرزا (طرح سد ونک) در نظر گرفته شده است. سناریوهای اجرا شده Moreدر این مطالعه نیاز به انتقال آب در سطوح مختلف توسعه کشاورزی در قالب طرح انتقال آب از سولگان (ونک) به خان‎میرزا مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در تمامی سناریوهای این گروه اجرای طرح انتقال آب از سولگان به دشت خان‎میرزا (طرح سد ونک) در نظر گرفته شده است. سناریوهای اجرا شده در مدل WEAP شامل اجرای طرح تغذیه مصنوعی و همچنین افزایش سطح زیرکشت و افزایش راندمان آبیاری برای به تعادل رسیدن بیلان دشت خان‎میرزا می­باشد. نتایج سناریو اول نشان داد که برای به تعادل رسیدن بیلان آب زیرزمینی دشت باید سالیانه حداقل 45 میلیون مترمکعب آب از سولگان به دشت خان‎میرزا انتقال داده شود. نتایج سناریوی دوم نشان داد که در صورت انتقال کامل آب سولگان به خان‎میرزا می­توان میزان سطح زیرکشت اراضی را تا 21000 هکتار توسعه داد. نتایج سناریوی سوم نشان داد که در صورت انتقال کامل آب سولگان به خان‎میرزا و اجرای کامل طرح آبیاری تحت فشار می­توان علاوه بر تعادل بخشی آبخوان خان‎میرزا، میزان سطح زیرکشت اراضی را تا 26000 هکتار توسعه داد. همچنین سناریوی چهارم نشان داد که در صورت انتقال کامل آب سولگان به خان‎میرزا (یعنی انتقال رقم 200 میلیون مترمکعب در سال) و اجرای کامل طرح آبیاری تحت فشار و اجرای طرح تغذیه مصنوعی سالانه 10 میلیون مترمکعب، می­توان میزان سطح زیر کشت اراضی را تا 30000 هکتار توسعه داد. Manuscript profile -
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75 - برآورد بهره وری سه محصول گندم، جو و ذرت دانه ای در خرمشهر
ایمان هرمزی نژادبا توجه به اینکه ایران از جمله کشورهایی است که در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک قرار دارد و با کمبود منابع آب رو به رو است به همین دلیل استفاده بهینه از منابع آب در مصارف کشاورزی، مقابله ای در برابر خشکسالی خواهد بود. لذا لزوم اعمال برنامه ریزی دقیق تری برای استفاده بهینه از منا Moreبا توجه به اینکه ایران از جمله کشورهایی است که در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک قرار دارد و با کمبود منابع آب رو به رو است به همین دلیل استفاده بهینه از منابع آب در مصارف کشاورزی، مقابله ای در برابر خشکسالی خواهد بود. لذا لزوم اعمال برنامه ریزی دقیق تری برای استفاده بهینه از منابع آب احساس می شود. در این بررسی ضمن مرور سایر نتایج موجود، مقدار شاخص کارایی مصرف آب غلات برای منطقه خرمشهر تعیین و با مقدار متوسط جهانی شاخص کارایی مصرف آب برای غلات مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت. بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده، میزان عملکرد محصول اولیه (کیلوگرم) و میزان حجم آب مصرفی (مترمکعب) برای تولید محصول، تعیین شده و در نهایت شاخص کارایی مصرف آب برای سه محصول گندم، ذرت و جو ضمن استفاده از داده های سه سال زراعی 1388تا1390محاسبه گردید. بر اساس نتایج حاصله متوسط مقدار کارایی مصرف آب محصولات زراعی گندم، جو و ذرت دانه ای به ترتیب 07/1، 02/1 و 35/1 کیلوگرم محصول بر متر مکعب آب مصرفی بدست آمد. Manuscript profile -
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76 - اثر بیوچار سبوس برنج و کم آبیاری بر خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی و کارایی مصرف آب گیاه نعناع فلفلی
انیس کوشکی افسانه عالی نژادیان عباس ملکی تنش‎خشکی یکی از مهمترین تنشهای محیطی است که تولیدات محصولات کشاورزی را با مشکل روبرو میکند. در راستای بررسی اثر بیوچار حاصل از سبوس برنج بر خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی گیاه نعناع فلفلی آزمایشی در شرایط گلخانه به صورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با تیمارهای More تنش‎خشکی یکی از مهمترین تنشهای محیطی است که تولیدات محصولات کشاورزی را با مشکل روبرو میکند. در راستای بررسی اثر بیوچار حاصل از سبوس برنج بر خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی گیاه نعناع فلفلی آزمایشی در شرایط گلخانه به صورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با تیمارهای سه سطح بیوچار (صفر، 3 و 6 تن در هکتار) و چهار سطح آبیاری (100 درصد آبیاری ( بدون تنش)، 60، 80 و 120 درصد آبیاری کامل، با چهار تکرار در آبان سال 98 انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد با توجه به معنی­دار شدن اثر برهم‎کنش تیمارها بر وزن‎تر برگ، بیش‎ترین وزن‎تر مربوط به سطح کاربرد 3 تن در هکتار بیوچار و تیمار 120 درصد آبیاری کامل به مقدار93/23 گرم در گلدان به‎دست آمد. همچنین کم‎ترین وزن‎تر (03/13 گرم در گلدان) در سطح 3 تن در هکتار بیوچار و تیمار 60 درصد آبیاری کامل مشاهده گردید، درحالیکه با تیمار شاهد تفاوت معنی­داری نشان نداد. همچنین کاربرد 6 تن در هکتار بیوچار سبب افزایش معنی­دار وزن خشک، ارتفاع، میزان آب مصرفی گیاه و کارایی مصرف آب به ترتیب به میزان 13/28، 73/10، 69/10 و 73/44 درصد نسبت به تیمار شاهد شد. همچنین با کاهش اعمال سطوح مختلف آبیاری در سطح 60 درصد آبیاری کامل، وزن خشک، ارتفاع، مقدارآب مصرفی و کارایی مصرف آب گیاه در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد به ترتیب به میزان 89/39، 34/33، 69/14 و 46/29 درصد کاهش معنی­داری نشان داد. Manuscript profile -
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77 - بررسی روند تغییرات زمانی و خصوصیات مکانی بارش و خشک سالی هواشناسی، در غرب کشور طی چند دهه اخیر
صفر معروفی حسین طبری علی آئینی حسین معروفیخشک سالی یکی از جدی­ترین مشکلات جوامع بشری و اکوسیستم­ها، در نتیجه تغییرپذیری اقلیمی است. این پدیده، سالانه موجب میلیاردها دلار خسارت در سطح جهان می­گردد و نسبت به دیگر بلایای طبیعی، مردم بیشتری را تحت تأثیر قرار می­دهد. در این تحقیق، روند تغییرات سری&sh Moreخشک سالی یکی از جدی­ترین مشکلات جوامع بشری و اکوسیستم­ها، در نتیجه تغییرپذیری اقلیمی است. این پدیده، سالانه موجب میلیاردها دلار خسارت در سطح جهان می­گردد و نسبت به دیگر بلایای طبیعی، مردم بیشتری را تحت تأثیر قرار می­دهد. در این تحقیق، روند تغییرات سری­های زمانی بارندگی و خشک سالی هواشناسی در ده ایستگاه واقع در غرب کشور، در دوره آماری 1384-1355 مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. مقادیر شدت خشک سالی با استفاده از شاخص بارش استاندارد (SPI)، در مقیاس زمانی 12 ماهه محاسبه گردید. همچنین تحلیل روند داده­ها با استفاده از آزمون من-کندال و تخمین گر سِن انجام شده است. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که داده­های بارندگی و شدت خشک سالی، دارای تغییرات زیادی نسبت به میانگین در دوره مورد مطالعه بوده­اند. این تغییرات با افزایش خشکی به سمت شرق منطقه مورد مطالعه، فزونی یافته است. نتایج آزمون­ها نشان داد که سری­های زمانی بارندگی، دارای روند معنی­دار کاهشیمعنی­دار در ایستگاه­های سرپل ذهاب، بیجار، سنندج و سقز به ترتیب به میزان 99/7، 68/6، 51/5 و 03/5 میلی­متر در هر سال بوده است. همچنین شدت خشک سالی در ایستگاه­های کرمانشاه، سقز، سنندج و خرم­آباد در چهار دهه گذشته روند معنی­دار افزایشی داشته است. نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد که تمامی ایستگاه­های مطالعاتی، حداقل یک خشک سالی بسیار شدید را در دوره مورد مطالعه تجربه نموده­اند. Manuscript profile -
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78 - بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف سوپرجاذب بر تعداد و سطح برگ کاهو (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia) تحت تنش خشکی
هانیه طاهری امیر سلطانی محمدی ناصر عالم زاده انصاریدر این پژوهش، به منظور ارزیــابی تاثیر پلیمر سوپر جاذب و تنش خشکی بر تعداد و سطح برگ گیاه کاهو آزمایشی صحرایی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی فاکتوریل با دو تیمار شامل رژیم آبیاری در سه سطح (60، 80 و 100 درصد نیازآبی گیاه) و غلظت سوپرجاذب در چهار سطح (صفر، 4 ،6 و 8 گرم در هر Moreدر این پژوهش، به منظور ارزیــابی تاثیر پلیمر سوپر جاذب و تنش خشکی بر تعداد و سطح برگ گیاه کاهو آزمایشی صحرایی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی فاکتوریل با دو تیمار شامل رژیم آبیاری در سه سطح (60، 80 و 100 درصد نیازآبی گیاه) و غلظت سوپرجاذب در چهار سطح (صفر، 4 ،6 و 8 گرم در هر کیلوگرم خاک گلدان) در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده مهندسی علوم آب دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد سوپرجاذب و تنش خشکی در سطح احتمال یک درصد بر تعداد و سطح برگ تأثیر معنی دار دارد. بیشترین تعداد برگ (56 برگ در بوته) در تیمار 8 گرم سوپرجاذب و 80 درصد نیاز آبی و بیشترین سطح برگ (6320 سانتیمتر مربع) در تیمار 6 گرم سوپرجاذب و 100 درصد نیاز آبی مشاهده شد. کمترین تعداد برگ (43 برگ در بوته) و سطح برگ (3043 سانتیمتر مربع) در تیمار صفر گرم سوپرجاذب و 60 درصد نیاز آبی مشاهده شد. در بین تیمارهای این پژوهش بیشترین تأثیر در افزایش تعداد و سطح برگ در تیمار 6 گرم سوپرجاذب و 100 درصد نیاز آبی مشاهده شد بنابراین استفاده از آن توصیه می شود. Manuscript profile -
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79 - بررسی و تحلیل شاخص بارش استاندارد شده در حوضه آبریز کارون 3 در شرایط تغییر اقلیم
علیرضا نیکبخت شهبازیهدف از این تحقیق بررسی تاثیر تغییر اقلیم بر خشکسالی حوضه آبریز کارون 3 در دوره های آتی است. برای این کار از داده های اقلیمی 10 مدل گردش عمومی جو تحت سه سناریوی انتشار در حوضه کارون 3 استفاده شد. برای محاسبه بارش ماهانه حوضه از روش معکوس فاصله وزن دار استفاده شد. نمایه ب Moreهدف از این تحقیق بررسی تاثیر تغییر اقلیم بر خشکسالی حوضه آبریز کارون 3 در دوره های آتی است. برای این کار از داده های اقلیمی 10 مدل گردش عمومی جو تحت سه سناریوی انتشار در حوضه کارون 3 استفاده شد. برای محاسبه بارش ماهانه حوضه از روش معکوس فاصله وزن دار استفاده شد. نمایه بارش استاندارد شده (SPI) در حوضه آبریز سد کارون 3 و با بازه 6 ، 12 و 24 ماهه محاسبه شد. برای بررسی امکان تولید و شبیه سازی داده های هواشناسی در دوره های آتی با استفاده از مدل آماری LRAS-WG5 برای سال پایه (2007-1980) کالیبراسیون و صحت سنجی مدل انجام گرفت. در ادامه تحقیق با استفاده از مدل های گردش عمومی جو و سناریو های تغییر اقلیم IPCC شبیه سازی و تولید داده های هواشناسی در دوره های آتی صورت گرفت و وضعیت خشکسالی با توجه به مقادیر شاخص خشکسالی SPI مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان می دهد که فراوانی سال های نرمال و مرطوب در سناریو انتشار B1 و A2 بیشتر از A1B است و سال هایی که با خشکی همراه خواهد بود، بیشتر در سناریو A1B قرار خواهد داشت. Manuscript profile -
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80 - بررسی شدت و فراوانی خشکسالی کشاورزی تحت تأثیر تغییرات اقلیمی در حوضه آبریز سد کارون 3
نیما غلامپور علیرضا نیکبخت شهبازی حسین فتحیانهدف از این تحقیق بررسی تاثیر تغییر اقلیم بر خشکسالی کشاورزی حوضه آبریز کارون 3 در دوره های آتی است. برای این کار از داده های اقلیمی مدلهای گردش عمومی جو تحت سناریوی انتشار A2 در حوضه کارون 3 استفاده شد. با استفاده از شاخص خشکسالی RDI خشکسالی های کشاورزی حوضه تحت ت Moreهدف از این تحقیق بررسی تاثیر تغییر اقلیم بر خشکسالی کشاورزی حوضه آبریز کارون 3 در دوره های آتی است. برای این کار از داده های اقلیمی مدلهای گردش عمومی جو تحت سناریوی انتشار A2 در حوضه کارون 3 استفاده شد. با استفاده از شاخص خشکسالی RDI خشکسالی های کشاورزی حوضه تحت تاثیر تغییر اقلیم در دوره آتی (2065-2011) شبیه سازی گردید. در ابتدا با استفاده از بارش روزانه سال های آماری (2015-1991) نمایه خشکسالی (RDI) در در حوضه سد کارون3 بازه سالانه محاسبه شد. جهت بررسی امکان تولید و شبیه سازی داده های هواشناسی در دوره های آتی با استفاده از مدل LRAS-WG5 برای سال پایه (2015-1991) کالیبراسیون و صحت سنجی مدل انجام گرفت. با استفاده از مدل های گردش عمومی جو و سناریو های تغییر اقلیم IPCC شبیه سازی و تولید داده های هواشناسی در دوره های آتی صورت گرفت و وضعیت خشکسالی با توجه به مقادیر شاخص خشکسالی RDI مشخصات خشکسالی نظیر فراوانی و شدت خشکسالی در بازه های سالانه مورد مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. بر اساس شاخص خشکسالی RDIفراوانی خشکسالی ها در بازه سالانه دوره های 2030-2011 و 2065-2046 نسبت به دوره مشاهداتی به ترتیب 3/12و2/9درصد افزایش نشان می دهد شدت خشکسالی ها نیز در بازه سالانه دوره های 2030-2011 و 2065-2046 نسبت به دوره مشاهداتی به ترتیب 8/0- و 6/1- درصد کاهش نشان میدهد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - ارزیابی بحران منابع آب دشت مهران با مقایسه و تحلیل پارامترهای خشکسالی هواشناسی و هیدرولوژیکی
علی عباسی نیا جعفر مرشدی منیژه ظهوریان جبرئیل قربانیانکمبود آب و عدم مدیریت صحیح منابع آب قابل دسترس، بحران آبی را ایجاد میکند که وقوع خشک‎سالی‎ها باعث تشدید آن میگردد و دارای ابعاد مختلف زیست محیطی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی است. هدف از این پژوهش تحلیل و مقایسه خشک‎سالی هواشناسی و آب‎های زیرزمینی دشت مهران Moreکمبود آب و عدم مدیریت صحیح منابع آب قابل دسترس، بحران آبی را ایجاد میکند که وقوع خشک‎سالی‎ها باعث تشدید آن میگردد و دارای ابعاد مختلف زیست محیطی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی است. هدف از این پژوهش تحلیل و مقایسه خشک‎سالی هواشناسی و آب‎های زیرزمینی دشت مهران با استفاده از شاخص بارش استاندارد شده (SPI) و شاخص آب زیرزمینی (GRI) به منظور ارزیابی بحران منابع آب است. جهت بررسی خشک‎سالی هواشناسی از اطلاعات بارندگی ماهانه ایستگاه سینوپتیک مهران استفاده گردید؛ به منظور بررسی خشک‏سالی آب‎های زیرزمینی دشت مهران، تغییرات تراز آب زیرزمینی دشت مهران بر اساس داده­های سطح آب تعداد 23 حلقه چاه مشاهده‎ای مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. همچنین به منظور پایش خشک‎سالی هواشناسی، از شاخص SPI و پایش خشک‎سالی هیدرولوژیکی دشت مهران از شاخص GRI استفاده گردید. دوره آماری مورد نیاز جهت تحلیل خشک‎سالی یک دوره آماری 25 ساله از سال آبی 75-74 تا 97-96 انتخاب گردید. بعد از تعیین دورههای رطوبتی شاخص‎ها، اقدام به تهیه نقشه‎های پهنه‎بندی ماهانه آب‎های زیرزمینی گردید که جهت تهیه این نقشه‎ها از بین مدل‎های مختلف، مدل کریجینگ انتخاب گردید. در نهایت با اعمال مدل نیم تغییر نمای بهینه در کریجینگ و ورود داده‎های آب‎های زیرزمینی به صورت لایه نقطه‎ای، نقشه‎های رستری با استفاده از نرم‎افزار Arc GIS تهیه گردید. نتایج بررسی شاخص SPI نشان می‎دهد که طی دوره‎ای آمار مدنظر 4 دوره خشک‎سالی شدید اتفاق افتاده که شدیدترین آن سال آبی 91-90 بوده که مقدار شاخص SPI آن 73/1- می‎باشد. همچنین نتایج بدست آمده از شاخص GRI در منطقه نشان می‎دهد که یک دوره‎ی خشکسالی 11 ساله آب‎های زیرزمینی اتفاق افتاده است. یعنی از سال آبی 88-87 شروع شده و تا سال آبی 98-97 ادامه داشته است که شدیدترین آن سال 91-90 با مقدار شاخص 11/1- می‎باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Determining the rate of drought meteorological and hydrological condition in Kerman province
محمود Salari اصغر TabibianAlthough kerman, as a part of Iran Plateu, has a dry to very dry climate, few changeshappen in its climate due to some factors including height, humidity and weather frontsenter this region; in this case, dry and rarely mediterianian climates can be seen inheights of La MoreAlthough kerman, as a part of Iran Plateu, has a dry to very dry climate, few changeshappen in its climate due to some factors including height, humidity and weather frontsenter this region; in this case, dry and rarely mediterianian climates can be seen inheights of Lalehzar and Jabalbarez Mountains. To determine metropoligical drought,Kerman Province has been divided into suitable sub-basins and Regional EvaluationStatistical Distribution Method has been used. Moreover, Regional Evaluation has beenexamined using Standard Distribution Index, arithmetical mean and ratio median.In thissurvey Rainfall stations with suitable distribution with a long period of meteorologicaldrought statistics between 1968-2007 for 39 years are selected.the surveys showed thatthe drought period in Kerman is longer that wet year period.More over by selecting 4index hydrometry stations with acceptable statistics and generalizing to four region ofKavir lut,Jazmorian,Daranjir desert,Sirjan Abarghoo desert were determined.Since the1999-2000 Kerman region entered drought hydrological situation that continued till2007-08 and the surface runoff production inadequancy rate to the long period.averagewere determined to 18 billion cubic meters, and the years of 1968-69, 1999-2000, 2005-06, 2007-08 were the driest years and in most years, some portious of state had bearedsome drought with different return period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Chaotic Analysis of Climate Change on Parishan Lake's Drought
Farhang Rahmani Mohammad Hadi FattahiChaos theory has been applied for analyzing the mechanism of climate change effect on the drought of Parishan Lake. SPI, as well as several extreme climate indices, is measured, and several parameters (precipitation, evaporation, and temperature) affecting the drought a MoreChaos theory has been applied for analyzing the mechanism of climate change effect on the drought of Parishan Lake. SPI, as well as several extreme climate indices, is measured, and several parameters (precipitation, evaporation, and temperature) affecting the drought are considered. A chaos analysis is finally conducted on them. Under these circumstances, a control basin is considered to investigate the behavior of the trajectories in the phase space under the Parishan sub-basin. The findings indicate that besides climate change impacts, an intra-basin factor has intensified the drought phenomenon. Results reveal that this intra-basin parameter affects the lake's drought more than climate change. Destructive activities, such as the excessive use of underground water resources and conversion of the natural land resources for agricultural use, can be mentioned. Consequently, the control of these parameters (or in other words, permitted abstraction of groundwater and adaptation) is likely to lead to control and mitigate the lake's drought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - The study of the effects of drought on the quantity and quality of groundwater in the Zarghan plain of Fars during 2011-2016
Fatemeh Tamadon haniyeh nowzariDue to its position in dry and semi-arid region, Iran has a worse situation than the average of world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of drought on the quantitative and qualitative status of groundwater in Zarghan plain in Fars province. So, the MoreDue to its position in dry and semi-arid region, Iran has a worse situation than the average of world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of drought on the quantitative and qualitative status of groundwater in Zarghan plain in Fars province. So, the meteorological data, groundwater level data, and physicochemical experiments of 10 drinking wells data of Zarghan rural district in Fars province during the period of 2011-2016 were used. The data was analyzed by Pearson-spearman Correlation matrices via SPSS software. The results showed that there was a significant positivecorrelation between rainfall reduction and lowering of groundwater level with a 3-month delay, and association the groundwater level reduction in the area was 1.11 meters. Also, with the decrease of groundwater level in The study period increased the amount of sodium ion, nitrate, sulfate, carbonate and total hardness increased in a number of wells, which resulted in increased salinity of water due to the reduction of water volume in the groundwater resources, because of drought and the increase in the concentration of salts in the Groundwater. The balance of groundwater is maintained, if the input and output levels of water are equal. However, according to the survey results it is clear that in addition to the lack of rainfall has not been able to compensate. The water deficiency, uncontrolled harvesting of aquifers has also been effective in reducing groundwater levels and increasing in the water salts in the area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Study of Vegetation Status and Determination of Drought Intensity through Vegetation Indices Using Satellite Images
Ehsan FouladvandKnowledge of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of changes in environmental planning, land- use planning and sustainable development is of great importance and today, the use of vegetation maps is one of the key pillars in information production for macro MoreKnowledge of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of changes in environmental planning, land- use planning and sustainable development is of great importance and today, the use of vegetation maps is one of the key pillars in information production for macro and micro- planning, and vegetation considered as one of the most important components of any ecosystem. Determining the percentage of vegetation in order to understand the interactions between the Earth and the atmosphere, its effect on climate, soil erosion, drought surveying, and natural resource management is essential. Since most of the methods proposed to assess drought conditions so far estimate drought indices based on stationary data at one point, researchers were looking for a way to better achieve regional estimates in order to better manage the damage caused by this gradual phenomenon. Therefore, in this research, remote sensing and Landsat 8 satellite imagery techniques and Infrared Percentage Vegetation (IPVI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Weighted Difference Vegetation Index (WDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI) and Modified Soil Adjusted Index (MSAVI) were used to calculate the percentage of vegetation and the Modified Perpendicular Drought Index (MPDI) was used to estimate regional drought. After preparing the drought map, the areas which were in mild, moderate and severe drought in terms of severity, were well classified. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - The role of social resilience in reducing damage caused by natural factors affecting desert areas (a case study of dust in Semnan city)
Seyyed Ebrahim Miremadi Mohammad Reza Zandmoghadam saeid kamyabiNatural hazards are a reality that has affected a significant part of the southern regions of Semnan today. Due to the fact that in some cases, it is not possible to prevent the occurrence of these natural hazards, therefore, it is very important to investigate the leve MoreNatural hazards are a reality that has affected a significant part of the southern regions of Semnan today. Due to the fact that in some cases, it is not possible to prevent the occurrence of these natural hazards, therefore, it is very important to investigate the level of resilience against natural disasters. Waghbar) is affected by desert areas, Semnan city.The current research is applied and analytical-descriptive in purpose. Using the fuzzy model, this research seeks to evaluate the resilience of the southern residents of Semnan city against dust, in this regard, 40 questionnaires were provided to experts and specialists, the reliability of the questionnaire was determined by Cronbach's alpha, and its validity was determined by the experts in geography and Urban planning and social sciences were approved. The questions included four dimensions (physical, social, economic and institutional) which were answered by experts.Findings: It indicates that: the main question of the research has been rejected at a significant level. And the maximum amount of resilience in the social, economic and organizational dimensions, the amount of resilience is significantly greater than the hypothetical average, so that the three sub-questions of the research are confirmed. they got.According to the research findings, there is no significant relationship between resilience and physical, social, economic, and institutional components. With the explanation that the lower the level of each of the components, the level of resilience also decreases, the results of analyzes and statistical tests show that the state of resilience of Shahr Semnan is not very favorable and resilience tends towards vulnerability. The resilience values of Semnan city are far from the standards. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - The effect of dehydration stress on the expression of MYB, AP2, mir-172 and mir-159 genes in the leaves of Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.
Maryamalsadat kamishirazi Ahmad Majd sedighe arbabian Golnaz TajadodAdvances in the world are causing changes in the living conditions of living things, including plants. Plants must be able to adapt to environmental stressful conditions in a variety of ways, even molecular methods. One mechanism is to regulate gene expression after tra MoreAdvances in the world are causing changes in the living conditions of living things, including plants. Plants must be able to adapt to environmental stressful conditions in a variety of ways, even molecular methods. One mechanism is to regulate gene expression after transcription by miRNAs (microRNAs). MicroRNAs often have 20 to 22 nucleotides, some of whose target genes belong to transcription factors. The expression of microRNAs changes in response to dehydration stress. In the present study, Narcissus bulbs were grown under different irrigation conditions (from once a week to once every two months). The leaves of 60-day-old plants were used to extract miR172-miR159 by q PCR method. The results showed a significant increase in the expression of MYB and AP2 genes and no expression of 159 and 172 microRNAs in the treated and control samples. Therefore, miR172-miR159 is not affected by dehydration stress. Given that the expression of dehydration genes has been evaluated for the first time in the Narcissus pseudonarcissus, therefore, this study can provide a good basis for further investigation in this case. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Determination of most effective traits on rice yield under normal and drought conditions
mohammadreza karim hossein sabouri mohammadali ebrahimi Somayyeh SanchouliIn order to evaluate the effect of drought stress on yield and the other related traits, 14 rice genotypes (including five varieties of landrace and introduced varieties) in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two environments without stress (f MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of drought stress on yield and the other related traits, 14 rice genotypes (including five varieties of landrace and introduced varieties) in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two environments without stress (flooding) and drought stress in the field Research located in Aliabad (under the supervision of Gonbad Kavous University) was studied. Irrigation of experimental farm in both the flood and drought were flooded until maximum tillering stage. Irrigation was performed every 25 days until the end of the season from 40 days after maximum Tillerin). Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all traits in both conditions. The average yield of the genotypes in the normal and stress conditions lR83752-BB-12-3 and was Sepedroud. Panicle weight (0.85**) under stress (flooding) and root volume (0.98**) in drought stress conditions, the highest positive correlation with grain yield were Significant. Path analysis results showed that different traits were involved in justifying grain yield under non-stress and drought stress conditions, so that in non-stress condition, number of panicle and in drought condition, number of filled grain per panicle had the highest direct and positive effect on grain yield. In grouping cultivars based on cluster analysis using ward method, cultivars were divided into three groups under normal conditions and stress. The results of cluster analysis showed that Pegaso, IR83752-B-B-12-3 and Sepidrood cultivars, which had more volume, fresh weight and root dry weight than other cultivars, were in the drought tolerant group. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Responses of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus.) Root to Foliar Application of Methanol under Water Deficit Stress
Saeed Reza Hosseinzadeh Farzad Paknejad Mohammad Nabi-Ielkaei Raheleh AhmadpourWater shortage in root environment is the main factor limiting crop growth and productivity in dry regions. There are many reports on the role of methanol spraying for increasing drought tolerance in C3 plants. For this reason, a factorial experiment was conducted using MoreWater shortage in root environment is the main factor limiting crop growth and productivity in dry regions. There are many reports on the role of methanol spraying for increasing drought tolerance in C3 plants. For this reason, a factorial experiment was conducted using completely randomized block design with 3 replications at Khatam Alanbia University of Behbahan. Methanol applied with five levels; (control, 5, 15, 25 and 35% v/v) and water deficit stress with three levels: irrigation at 100% of field capacity, moderate water stress, irrigation at 75% of field capacity and severe water stress, irrigation at 25% of field capacity. Foliar application of methanol was applied 3 times during the growing season (at seedling, flowering and podding stages) with 10-days intervals. Results showed that the interactions of methanol × drought on the root dry weight, root diameter, root length (p<0.05) and root area (p<0.01) were significant. In normal irrigation conditions, methanol spraying 5, 15 and 25% increased significantly root dry weight as compared to control. Also, the interactions of methanol ×drought on protein and proline were significant (p<0.01). Methanol spraying incresed significantly root proline and protein contents. Interactions of methanol and drought on sodium and potasium consentration, (p<0.05) and calcium (p<0.01) was significant. Interactions of methanol ×drought on root activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase were significant (p<0.05). Also, the effect of drought stress on catalase enzyme activity was significant (p<0.01). Methanol spraying decreased root activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase, significantly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Effect of Drought Stress on Yield and Yield Components of Determinate Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill)
M. Abdipour A. Rezaei S. Hooshmand F. RaeisiThe effect of drought Stress on branch and main stem yield and yield components of determinate soybean [Glycin max L.) Merr], was evaluated in factorial experiment on completely randomized design with four replications at the Greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty of Shahr-e MoreThe effect of drought Stress on branch and main stem yield and yield components of determinate soybean [Glycin max L.) Merr], was evaluated in factorial experiment on completely randomized design with four replications at the Greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty of Shahr-e- Kord UniverSity in 2005. The experimental factors were three determinate soybean cultivars (Hutcheson, Brim and Stonewall) and three drought stress levels; control; irrigate at 50% (S1); and at 25% available water (S2). Drought stress did not decrease grain yield of the main stem but decreased it in the branches severely. The highest grain yield of main stem and its contribution to total grain yield were obtained to be6.53gr, and 65.23%, for S2 and 6.21gr, 44.23% for S1 and 5.98gr, 36.04% for control treatments respectively. The highest grain yield of the branches and their contribution to total grain yield in control, S1 and S2 were obtained to be 10.61gr, 63.95%; 7.83gr, 55.76%; and 3.48gr, 34.76% respectively. Number of grains per branch was highly correlated with their grain yield , total grain yield , branch length and branch number (p<0.01). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Evaluation Grain Yield and Yield Component of Three Wheat Cultivars to Drought Stress and Different Levels of Nitrogen
M.R. Enayatgholizadeh G. Fathi M. RazazTo study the effect of drought stress and N fertilizer application on biological yield, grain yield and yield component of three wheat cultivars, a field experiment was conducted in 2006-2007 at Shushter region in Iran. The experiment was a factorial based on completely MoreTo study the effect of drought stress and N fertilizer application on biological yield, grain yield and yield component of three wheat cultivars, a field experiment was conducted in 2006-2007 at Shushter region in Iran. The experiment was a factorial based on completely randomized block design with replications. Treatments were wheat cultivars (Chamran, Showa and Falat), N fertilizer in two levels (50 and 150 kg/ha) and levels of drought stress (without stress, and stress at grain filling). Chamran and Falat were soft bread wheat type and Showa was durum. Results indicated that under drought stress Chamran had the higher grain yield (5584 kg/ha) as compared to Showa (5332 kg/ha) and Falat (4821 kg/ha).The high level of N increased grain yield by 45% against low level N application. Response of Chamran to N fertiliser was more than that of Showa and Falat respectively. Spike number, grain number per spike and 1000 grain weight affected grain yield Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Improvement of Some Physiological Traits, Yield and Yield Components of Wheat and Barley by Using Sodium Selenate and Sodium Selenite in Dry Land Conditions
Nour Ali Sajedi Hamid MadaniDrought stress is one of the major factors limiting crop yield in dry-lands. To investigate the effect of sources and different rates of selenium on physiological traits, yield and yield components of wheat and barley in dry lands a factorial experiment based on complet MoreDrought stress is one of the major factors limiting crop yield in dry-lands. To investigate the effect of sources and different rates of selenium on physiological traits, yield and yield components of wheat and barley in dry lands a factorial experiment based on complete randomized block design with three replicates was carried out at the Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, in 2014-2015. Experimental factors were selenium sources with two levels, (sodium selenate and sodium selenite), selenium rates with three levels, (0, 18 and 36 g.ha-1) and two crop plant (wheat and barley). The result showed that, foliar application of wheat with 18 g.ha-1 sodium selenite increased the grains per spike by 9.4% as compared to control and foliar application of barley with 18 and 36 g.ha-1 of sodium selenite increased the grains per spike by 8 and 12%, as compared to control, respectively. Two times foliar applications of these two plants with sodium selenate and sodium selenite increased their relative water content. Foliar application by 18 g/ha of selenium increased the grain yield from 1776.31 kg.ha-1 in control to 1889.92 kg.ha-1, while grain yield was decreased (about 1539.62 kg.ha-1) as compared to control when 36 g.ha-1 of selenium was used. It could be concluded that foliar application of 18 g.ha-1 selenium as sodium selenite or sodium selenite in wheat and barley during stem elongation and emergence of spike increases grain yield in dry land condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Effect of Drought Stress at Pre and Post-anthesis on Dry Matter Accumulation of Grains in Irrigated Winter Wheat
Sh. Elyasi D. Eradatmand Asli E. Rouhi A. SiosehmardehInvestigating assimilate contribution and grain filling pattern in winter wheat is importance under drought stress condition. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between drought stress on grain filling and yield of 4 cultivars including MV17 (dwarf), A MoreInvestigating assimilate contribution and grain filling pattern in winter wheat is importance under drought stress condition. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between drought stress on grain filling and yield of 4 cultivars including MV17 (dwarf), Alvand, Shahryar (semi-dwarf) and Toos (tall). Experimental design was randomized complete block with three replications. Drought stress assigned to main plots and cultivars to sub plots. Growth curve sampling started at 7 days after anthesis with 4 days interval. In pre-anthesis drought stress Alvand produced highest yield, while it was 29.14% less than control treatment. The yield of Toos cultivar was lowest at pre-anthesis drought stress. Rate of grain filling of Toos cultivar did not change at pre-anthesis drought stress. Drought stress treatment at post-anthesis decreased rate of grain filling in all cultivars as compared to control, but it was significant only Toos c.v. In pre-anthesis drought stress grain filling duration increased in Alvand but decreased in Toos. Alvand with higher rate of grain filling produced highest grain yield (3850 kg/ha). It can be concluded that, drought stress decreases grain filling duration and rate of grain filling. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Evaluation of Spring Wheat Recombinant Inbred Lines under Drought Stress
M. Moghaddaszadeh-Ahrabi M. Moghaddam Vahed S. Aharizad S.A. MohammadiIran is one of arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Wheat as a strategic agricultural products faces water deficiency in most areas of the country. Therefore, identification of the resistant varieties to drought stress is one of main aims for breeders. To assess eff MoreIran is one of arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Wheat as a strategic agricultural products faces water deficiency in most areas of the country. Therefore, identification of the resistant varieties to drought stress is one of main aims for breeders. To assess effect of drought stress at heading on 72 spring wheat recombinant inbred lines derived from American Yecora Rojo (high yielder, dwarf and early maturity) as paternal parent and Iranian No. 49 line (tall and late maturiting) as maternal parent cross were studied. The experiment was conducted at the Research Station of the University of Tabriz using a randomized complete block design with two replications during 2009 growing season. Based on the results from combined analysis of variance significant difference was observed among lines for all of traits studied, except for harvest index, grain number per spike and days to heading. There was significant difference between normal and drought stress conditions. Since the interaction between line and conditions was insignificant for all traits, it does therefore, provide the possibility of comparing the lines without regard to irrigation levels. Based on the means of, the traits it was found that the lines 96, 122, 123 and 155 were superior. MP, GMP and STI indices were recognized to be suitable indices to identify superior lines. With respect to these indices, lines 96, 122, 123, 138, 149 and 155 were found superior as compared with remaining lines. Based on stepwise regression analysis of grain yield with other traits, respectively grain number per spike, number of spikes/m2 and 1000 kernel weight were inserted into final model as effective variables on grain yield, which made 81/9 percent of the grain yield variation. Path analysis of grain yield and related traits, based on stepwise regression, demonstrated the significant positive direct effect for grain number per spike, number of spikes/m2 and 1000 kernel weight on grain yield. Cluster analysis, also showed that, lines under study were grouped into two clusters; superior lines for studied traits assigned to group one. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Evaluation of Drought Stress Tolerance in Advanced Lines Durum Wheat Using the Selection Index of Ideal Genotype (SIIG)
Sahar Tadili Ali Asghari Rahmatollah Karimizadeh Omid Sofalian Hamidreza Mohammaddoust ChamanabadDrought tolerance of 18 advanced lines durum wheat were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications under dryland and complementary irrigation conditions in GachsaranAgriculturalResearchCenter at 2016-2017. In this study, traits like days to s MoreDrought tolerance of 18 advanced lines durum wheat were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications under dryland and complementary irrigation conditions in GachsaranAgriculturalResearchCenter at 2016-2017. In this study, traits like days to spike formation, days to maturity, plant height, peduncle length, spike length, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, spike number, spike number per m2, canopy temperature reduction of two stages of spike and seed filling, rate of greenness at two stages of spike and grain filling, were measured. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among lines under study for days to spike formation, plant height, peduncle length, spike length, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, crop score, number of seeds per spike, temperature reductions of canopy at two spike stages seed and greenery content in two stages of spike and grain filling were significantly different. Mean comparisons showed that lines 4, 9, 13, 15, 16 and 17 were better than other lines in most traits. Evaluation of sensitive and tolerant lines according to tolerance index (Ti) showed that lines 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 15 and 17, had high Ti index in most traits, were tolerant. Selection for superior lines, based on SIIG and selection of ideal genotype (SIIG) index, were performed. The results of variance analysis of traits based on Ti index showed that difference among lines in terms of 1000 seed weight, reduction of canopy temperature at grain filling stage, seed yield, grain filling period, chlorophyll content at both clustering and grain filling stage, days to reach and number of days to clustering were significant at 1% probability level. Lines 4, 5, 9 and 15 were the highest values of this index and were suitable for growing under dryland conditions. Lines 7, 8, 10 and 14 having lowest value of the SIIG index were sensitive to rainfed condition. The results of this ranking are similar to the results of cluster decomposition based on Ti index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Study of Yield and Effective Traits in Bread Wheat Recombinant Inbred Lines (Triticum aestivum L.) under Water Deficit Condition
S. Mohammad zadeh S. Aharizad V. RashidiThe effects some traits on seed yield of recombinant inbred lines of wheat under water deficit stress was studied. This research was done at the Agricultural Research Stations, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2010- 2011. 28 recombinant inbred lines of wheat br MoreThe effects some traits on seed yield of recombinant inbred lines of wheat under water deficit stress was studied. This research was done at the Agricultural Research Stations, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2010- 2011. 28 recombinant inbred lines of wheat bread with two parents (Norstar and Zagros) in split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at two irrigation levels (70 and 140 mm evaporation from pan class A) were studied. Analysis of variance indicated a significant genetic differences in all traits under study among the lines. Lines No. 32, 163 and 182 produced highest yield under both irrigation levels. Number of spikes, grains per spike and harvest index had the highest positive correlation with grain yield. Path analysis based on stepwise regression showed that under the normal irrigation conditions, number spike (0.556), number of grains per spike (0.278), weight of 1000 grain (0.259) and the drought stress number spike (0.430), straw yield (0.276) and peduncle length (0.323) had the most direct and positive effect on yield respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Evaluation of the Response of Bread Wheat Genotypes to Supplementary Irrigation with Respect to Grain Yield and some Agronomical and Physiological Traits
M. Kheiri M. Roostaei E. Zadhassan R. Dastbari R. Eslami M.B. Khorshidi BenamIn order to study the effect of supplementary irrigation on grain yield of 20 advanced bread wheat lines from population of recombinant inbred lines, selected from Azar2/87Zhong291, this experiment was conducted using randomized block design with three replications unde MoreIn order to study the effect of supplementary irrigation on grain yield of 20 advanced bread wheat lines from population of recombinant inbred lines, selected from Azar2/87Zhong291, this experiment was conducted using randomized block design with three replications under supplementary irrigation during 2008-09 seasons at the Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI) of Maragheh. Characters under study were: days to heading, plant height, days to maturity, 1000 kernel weight, tiller number, spike length, seed number per spike, spikelet number per spike, peduncle length, leaf sheath length, grain and biologic yields. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes with respect to the most of the traits studied. Results showed that the lines No. 4 and 16 with 3400 and 3680 kg/ha grain yield were significantly superior under supplementary irrigation conditions. Based on the results the traits such as leaf sheath length, seed number and spike weight, tiller number and HI showed positive and significant correlation with grain yield. Path analysis indicated that leaf sheath length, seed number per spike and 1000 kernel weight were important traits to select lines for high yield potential under supplementary irrigation condition, but days to maturity showed negative effect on grain yield. As a whole, the line no. 16 (Azar2/78Zhong291-53) with high yield (3680 kg/ha) under supplementary irrigation, early maturity, 1000 kernel weight and HI, can be selected as a suitable genotype. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - The Effect of Drought Stress on Yield and Agrophysiological Characteristics of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes under Irrigated and Rainfed Conditions
Hamid Khoshkhabar Abbas Maleki Mohammad Mirzaeiheydari Farzad BabaiiThis study was carried out in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Sarableh Agriculture Research Station in Ilam. Irrigation and non-irrigation (rainfed cultivation) were assigned to the main plots and 20 wheat gen MoreThis study was carried out in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Sarableh Agriculture Research Station in Ilam. Irrigation and non-irrigation (rainfed cultivation) were assigned to the main plots and 20 wheat genotypes to the sub plots. The amount of total SOD, CAT, and APX activities, RWC, prolin and yield were measured. Irrigated condition showed a significant difference effect on grain yield, yield, 1000 grain weight, grain number per spike, relative leaf water content, prolin content and anti-oxidant enzymes activities. Relative water content of leaves decreased by 33% and 21% compared to optimal irrigation conditions in the first and second years of experiment, respectively. Prolin content increased by 81% in rainfed conditions. Catalase, Superoxide Dismutase and Ascorbate peroxidase activities were also increased under rainfed condition. Significant variation was observed among genotypes for traits under study and the rate of variation of traits under dryland conditions was not similar for different genotypes. Cultivation under rainfed conditions decreased grain number per spike (24%) and grain weight per spike (16%). Cultivation under rainfed conditions reduced grain yield by 29 and 41% in the first and second year, respectively. But, the percentage of yield losses in both two years of experiment were not similar for different genotypes. The results showed that the rainfed condition affected the crop yield, and all of traits under experiment. Thus, the means of traits of genotypes under irrigated and rainfed conditions were significantly different. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase), relative water content of leaf and proline percentages in rainfed conditions were significantly increased as compared to irrigated condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Evaluation of Grain Yield and Some Agronomic Traits of Tow Corn (Zea mays) Varieties as a Second Crop under Drought Stress and Application of Cycocel
M. Roshdi M. Yarnia F. HashemzadehTo evaluate grain yield and some agronomic traits of tow corn varieties as a second crop under drought stress and application of cycocel an experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station of Jahad-Keshavarsi of Khoy during summer growing season of 2005. MoreTo evaluate grain yield and some agronomic traits of tow corn varieties as a second crop under drought stress and application of cycocel an experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station of Jahad-Keshavarsi of Khoy during summer growing season of 2005. Experimental design was a split-split plot based on RCBD with four replications. The factors consisted of irrigation as the main factor with three levels (irrigation after 70±5, 100±5 and 130±5 mm evaporation from class A pan), varieties 260 and 301 of corn as subfactor and application of different rates of cycocel (with and without application) as sub-subfactor. Results showed that drought stress reduced plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and the leaf area index, biological yield and grain yield. Application of cycocel increased the stem diameter, biological yield and grain yield as compared with not application of cycocel. Generally, It can be concluded that irrigation after 70 mm evaporation and the application of cycocel can play major roles in increasing corn grain yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Response of Bread Wheat Recombinant Inbred Lines to Drought Stress and Their Grouping
S. Aharizad V. Ahmadi A. MohammadiIn order to study the response of bread wheat recombinant inbred lines to drought stress and their grouping an experiment was conducted in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch the Agricult MoreIn order to study the response of bread wheat recombinant inbred lines to drought stress and their grouping an experiment was conducted in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch the Agriculture Research Station. Main factor consist of different levels of irrigation (80, 120 and 160 mm evaporation water from class A evaporation pan) and sub factor included the lines. Result of analysis of variance revealed significant differences among different levels of irrigation for the most of the traits. Mean comparisons showed that drought stress reduced the value of these traits. Significant differences were observed among lines for all the traits except non fertile tiller number. Line × stress interaction was non significant for all of the traits studied. Cluster analysis using WARD algorithm based on the traits under study assigned the lines into two separate groups. Discriminate analysis confirms this grouping. Factor analysis based on principle component analysis and varimax rotation, showed that the first four factors accounted for about 88.69 percent of the total variation. The result revealed that yield and its components and plant height were important traits for selection of promising lines. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Identification of Tolerate Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Cultivars to Drought Tolerance Indices under Late Sowing Date
Aliakbar Shafighi Mohammad Reza Ardakani Amir Hossein Shirani Rad Mojtaba Alavi Fazel Farnaz RafieiWater resource limitation in the end of growth season of rapeseed crop is one of the main problems for production and development of this crop in semi-arid regions of Iran. Therefore, introduction of compatible and tolerate cultivar to this condition is crucial for grow MoreWater resource limitation in the end of growth season of rapeseed crop is one of the main problems for production and development of this crop in semi-arid regions of Iran. Therefore, introduction of compatible and tolerate cultivar to this condition is crucial for growth expansion of rapeseed. To identify and introduce suitable rapeseed cultivar for delayed planting, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Field of Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute of Karaj, Iran was conducted in 2015-16 and 2016-17. In this study, sowing dates were October 7 (normal) and November 6 (delayed planting) asseinged to the main plots, and rapeseed cultivars including ES Hydromel, ES Alonso, ES Darko, ES Lauren and Ahmadi to the sub-plots. To introduce of tolerate cultivar to drought tolerance indices, experimental plots were subjected to two common irrigation conditions (control) and irrigation interruption from the flowering stage onwards (drought stress). Combined analysis of data indicated that delayed planting significantly reduced rapeseed oil percentage and oil yield. According to the results ES Hydromel cultivar produced the highest oil percentage (41.61%) and oil yield (1381.08 kg.ha-1). Based on the selected indices of this study, including geometric mean productivity, stress tolerance index, and mean productivity, the most tolerant cultivar under both normal and delayed planting was ES Hydromel and the least tolerant cultivar under normal conditions was ES Lauren and under stress conditions was ES Darko. The results of cluster analysis also confirmed the formation of two clusters, ES Darko, Ahmadi and ES Lauren in belonged to sensitive cluster and ES Hydromel and ES Alonso to the tolerant cluster. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Effect of Drought Stress and Seed Priming on some Vegetative and Reproductive Traits of Castor bean (Ricinus Communis L.) var Esfahan
Sonia Abasi Sadr Soran Sharafi Abdollah Hassanzadeh GhorttapehDrought is an important factor affecting germination, early plant growth and its rate and decreasing economic performance of seedlings. Thus, seed priming to induce homogenice germination, emergence and increase the rate of growth and reduce adverse environmental effect MoreDrought is an important factor affecting germination, early plant growth and its rate and decreasing economic performance of seedlings. Thus, seed priming to induce homogenice germination, emergence and increase the rate of growth and reduce adverse environmental effects results higher in yields. It also facilitates seedling emergence early and establishment of the plant. To study the effect of drought stress and seed priming on some vegetative and reproductive traits of castorbean (Ricinus communis), a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Saetlo Station of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of West Azerbaijan, during growing season of 2013. Main factors were drought stress with four levels (60, 90, 110 and 130 mm pan evaporation) and subfacotre were four seed priming treatments: control, hydro-priming, salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Results of variance analysis showed that the drought stress significantly affected plant height, 1000 seed weight, grain yield, oil yield and grain harvest index. Seed priming also, significantly affected plant height, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, oil yield and harvest index. Interaction between water stress and priming treatments significantly affected grain yield. Considering the comparison of mean values, it was observed that plant height, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, oil yield and harvest index, at 60-mm evaporation from the pan had the highest values. Seed priming affected all of the traits and salicylic acid treatment also was able to affected the highest amount of all traits. The highest grain yield and 1000 grain weight were due to the interaction of 60 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan and seed priming with salicylic acid. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Screening of Bread Wheat Genotypes for Stem Reserves Remobilization, Relative Water Content and Osmotic Adjustment under Drought Stress
زینب Soleimani H. Ramshini S.M.M. Mortazaviyan B. FoghiDrought one of the most important global threats against bread wheat production. In order to identify physiological traits associated with drought tolerance, 52 bread wheat varieties were cultured under two normal and drought stress condition in a randomized complete bl MoreDrought one of the most important global threats against bread wheat production. In order to identify physiological traits associated with drought tolerance, 52 bread wheat varieties were cultured under two normal and drought stress condition in a randomized complete block desigen with three replications. RWC (in three independent times), leaf rolling, leaf silvering, days to flowering, days to maturity and stem reserve remobilization were investigeted. Also in a pot experiment osmotic adjustment of the varieties were measured at seedling stage. varieties Star and Bezostaya had the highest RWC (0.79 and 0.78, respectively). Osmotic adjustment in Rasol and Unknown11 were highest (0.58 and 0.56, respectively). Varieties Tipik, Unknown11 and Azar2 showed the least decrease in thousand grain weight after spraying with KI (4.8, 5.5 and 5.5, respectively). Also varieties Dez, Gaspard and MV-17 have the highest degree of leaf silvering and varieties Niknejad, Star and Kohdasht under drought stress were able than the other varieties bring their leaves to form a rolling and cope with water deficit. Under drought stress, Varieties Alborz, Zagros and Inia were observed premature than the other varieties and Gaspard and Kaslojen varieties were observed late mature than the other varieties. Altogetehr varieties Kohdasht, Star and Bezostaya can be used as genetic resources for leaf water retention under drought stress condition for imjproving other varieties. Also as Azar2 and Unknown11 had highest amount of thousand grain weight under normal condition and simoultanously showed high ability in stem reserves remobilization they can be selected as parents in crosses for improving these traits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Comparison and Classification of Lentil (Lens culinaris) Landraces under Drought Stress Conditions after Flowering
V. Rashidi S. Chalabi Yani M. Sharifi N. EffatdustIn order to compare and classify of 15Iranian lentil landraces under drought stress conditions after flowering, an experiment was carried out in split plot lay out based on randomized complete block design with four replications. It was performed at the Agricultural Res MoreIn order to compare and classify of 15Iranian lentil landraces under drought stress conditions after flowering, an experiment was carried out in split plot lay out based on randomized complete block design with four replications. It was performed at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, during the cropping year of 2011. The primary factor consisted of drought stress treatments at 2 levels (non stress and stress after flowering) and secondary factor of 15 lentil landraces. Analysis of variance indicated remarkable diversities among the landraces under study and significant differences for interaction of genotype by drought stress levels were obtained for most of the traits measured. Grain yield and number of grains per plant were highly influenced by drought stress. Mean comparisons also showed significant variations among the landraces for number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, 100- grain weight, hecto liter weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index. Drought stress also reduced of plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100- seeds weight, hectoliter weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index of the lentil landraces under study. Correlation coefficients revealed that, number of seeds per plant and harvest index had significant and positive effect on seed yield under drought stress. Cluster analysis, based on the traits studied, divided the landraces into three groups. In this classification, the landraces of Kaleybar, Garadagh, Kharvana, Horand Danehriz and Shomale Varzegan were distinguished as superior landraces under drought conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Comparision of Lentil Landrace Genotypes for Grain Yield and its Component under Drought Stress and The Effects of Drought and Salinity stresses on Genotypes at their Vegetative Stages
Varahram Rashidi Saman Chalabyani Mahnaz Sharifi Ahmad BabazadehSalinity and drought are known as the most important abiotic stresses to reduce the growth and development of crops. To evaluate drought tolerance of lentil landrace genotypes at flowering stage, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with fou MoreSalinity and drought are known as the most important abiotic stresses to reduce the growth and development of crops. To evaluate drought tolerance of lentil landrace genotypes at flowering stage, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at the Agricultural Faculty of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch, during 2012-2013. Combined variance analysis of data showed that genotype × drought stress interaction was significant for all traits under study. This indicates different response of, genotypes to drought stress for these traits. Mean comparison of yield for genotype × drought interaction showed significant yield reduction for all genotypes under drought stress as compared to non-stress conditions. However, Shavi Varzeghan genotype under both stress and non-stress conditions, showed better response than other genotypes. To evaluate tolerance of of lentil landrace genotypes to salinity and drought stresses, a factorial experiments based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in 2013 at the greenhouse of Tabriz Azad University. Factors in this experiment were: drought stress at two level (control and irrigation for 50% of field capacity); two salinity levels (control and 4 ds/m salinity) and 7 lentil landrace genotypes. Analysis of variance showed that three way interactions of genotype ×drought × salinity was significant only for root length which indicates different response of genotypes for this trait for salinity and drought stresses. The effect of salinity and drought stress levels on all traits was significant which indicates reduction in traits value under salinity and drought stresses.Estimation of simple correlation among traits showed that, shoot length and number of shoot correlated pasitively with shoot dry weight and root dry weight with root length and number of lateral roots. Cluster analysis divided genotypes into two clusters. The second cluster consisted to Kaleybar, Horand and ShaviVarzeghan genotypes. These genotypes were tolerant as compared to the other genotypes during vegetative growth stage.The regression and path analysis for shoot dry weight showed number of lateral roots had the highest direct and indirect effect on shoot dry weight under drought and salinity stress. Cluster analysis of traits, divided genotypes into two clusters. The second cluster were Kaleybar, Horand and Shavi Varzeghan genotypes. These genotypes had higher mean values for the traits under study and could be tolerant genotypes for drought and salinity stresses at vegetative growth stage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Effect of Osmotic Stress on Seed Germination Indices of Nigella sativa and Silybum marianum
حمیدرضا Balouchi A. Yadavi M. Movahedi DehnaviEvaluation of medicinal plants to drought and salt stress tolerance, in an attempt to plant them under drought and saline regions, is of utmost importance. Environmental stresses, especially drought and salt, reduce the global crop yields more than other factors. Select MoreEvaluation of medicinal plants to drought and salt stress tolerance, in an attempt to plant them under drought and saline regions, is of utmost importance. Environmental stresses, especially drought and salt, reduce the global crop yields more than other factors. Selection of drought tolerant crops at germination stage, usually is, the fast and low cost method. In order to study the effect of osmotic stress on germination indices of black cumin and milk thistle, an experiment carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications at the Seed Technology Laboratoary of Yasouj University in 2008. Treatments were 0 (as control), -2.4, -4.8, -7.2 and -9.4 bar osmotic potentials created by using PEG 6000. Results showed that, decreasing of osmotic potential reduced speed of germination and its percentage, root and shoot lengths and dry matter in these two plants. Black cumin showed higher tolerance, to -4.8 bar osmotic potential, as compared to milk thistle. However, milk thistle showed higher tolerance to drought stress, up to this osmotic potential (-4.8 bar), compared to black cumin. Milk thistle had lower germination speed and percentage at higher drought stress as compared to black cumin. Generally, milk thistle showed better growth and survival than black cumin due to its higher root and shoot length and dry matter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Effects of Drought Stress and Foliar Application of Ascorbic acid, Salicylic acid, Methanol and Post-Harvest Storage on Seed Yield and Seed Vigor of Hyola401 Rapeseed Cultivar
Seyedahmad Kalantarahmadi Ahmad Ali Shoushi DezfouliTo investigate the effect of drought stress and foliar application of ascorbic acid, salicylic acid and methanol, and post-harvest seed deterioration, two separate experiments were carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replicatio MoreTo investigate the effect of drought stress and foliar application of ascorbic acid, salicylic acid and methanol, and post-harvest seed deterioration, two separate experiments were carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications on maternal plants in field conditions and a factorial based on completely randomized design considering by using seed under storage conditions. The main plots were consisted of three irrigation levels, irrigation after 60 mm evaporation from basin, considered as control treatment (optimum irrigation), cessation of irrigation at flowering and silique stages, and sub plots consisted of 10 levels of foliar application, (100, 200, 300 mg.lit-1 ascorbic acid, 100, 200, 300 μmol salicylic acid, 10, 20, 30 vol% methanol and the foliar application with distilled water as control treatment). Seeds obtained of maternal plant were evaluated under no-storage (control) and storage at 40°C for one month. The results showed that foliar application of ascorbic acid (300 mg.lit-1) increased seed yield by 29% under optimum irrigation as compared with non foliar application under the same irrigation condition. Cutting off irrigation of maternal plant decreased radical and plumule weights under both no-storage and one-month storage conditions. The maximum germination percentage belonged to foliar application of ascorbic acid (300 mg.lit-1) under optimum irrigation condition at both no-storage one-month stored seed. The minimum germination percentage belonged to no use of growth regulators application and cessation irrigation at flowering stage. Maternal plants which sprayed with ascorbic acid contained the highest seed weight vigor index at all irrigation treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - The Role of Spike Photosynthesis and Foliar Application of IAA on Grain Yield and its Components of Two Wheat Cultivars in Late Season Drought Stress
M. Abdoli M. SaeidiDrought stress is a major cause of reduction in crop production. According to the role of various plant parts, especially the spike photosynthesis in grain filling and the regulatory roles of IAA in formation of grain yield, a split plot-factorial experiment based on ra MoreDrought stress is a major cause of reduction in crop production. According to the role of various plant parts, especially the spike photosynthesis in grain filling and the regulatory roles of IAA in formation of grain yield, a split plot-factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted at the experimental field of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Razi, Kermanshah, in 2010-2011 growing season using two wheat cultivars (Marvdasht and Pishtaz). Results indicated that water stress after pollination significantly decreased grain yield and 1000 grain weight but it did not affect grain no. spike-1, number of fertile and infertile spikelet per spike and spike length as compared well-watered conditions. Drought stress caused 25.7 and 22.6 percent reduction in grain yield and 1000 grain weight of varieties under study respectively. Cultivars differed in grain no. spike-1, 1000 grain weight, number of fertile and infertile spikelet per spike and spike length significantly. Water stress also reduced grain yield of Marvdasht cultivar (31.8%) as compared to Pishtaz cultivar (18.7%). Pishtaz cultivar possessed larger spikes which resulted in grain yield increase under drought stress. Photosynthesis of spike during grain filling stage increased yield under well watered condition by 42.5% and under post-anthesis drought stress by 23.8%, respectivly. Foliar application of IAA did not have any effect on yield reduction when photosynthesis was stopped. This shows the importance of spike photosynthesis in increasing grain yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - The Effect of Stress Modifiers on Nutrient Concentration of Leaf and Grain and Biochemical Characteristics of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under Water Deficit Stress
Seyyedeh Nasrin Hosseini Jalal Jalilian Esmaeil GholinezhadTo investigate the effect of water deficit stress and stress modifiers on the nutrient concentration of leaf and grain and biochemical characteristics of quinoa, a pot factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 16 treatments and 6 replicates was d MoreTo investigate the effect of water deficit stress and stress modifiers on the nutrient concentration of leaf and grain and biochemical characteristics of quinoa, a pot factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 16 treatments and 6 replicates was done in 2019 at Urmia University. The first factor includes water deficit stress at four levels (stress at vegetative growth stage, after plant establishment to flowering; stress at reproductive growth stage, from flowering to flowering end; stress at grain filling stag, from the beginning of filling to maturity; no stress, control) and the second factor is foliar spraying at four levels (ascorbic acid, 2 mM; salicylic acid, 2 mM; nano-micronutrient chelate fertilizer, 2 liters/1000 L water; control, water spray). The results showed that dehydration stress had a significant effect on leaf and grain elements and biochemical traits. Dehydration at different stages of growth reduced chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and soluble sugars compared to the control but proline content increased. Mean comparison showed dehydration stress in vegetative growth stage, reproductive growth stage and dehydration stress in grain filling stage compared to control (without dehydration stress) increased proline content by 15%, 28% and 31%, respectively. However, dehydration stress at vegetative growth stage, reproductive growth and grain filling stage reduced grain weight by 4, 20 and 20%, respectively, compared to the control (without dehydration stress). Foliar application by increasing proline accumulation and photosynthetic pigment content, increased quinoa grain weight. Foliar application of ascorbic acid, complete micro-nanofertilizer and salicylic acid increased the chlorophyll a content by 2, 13 and 5%, respectively, compared to the control (spraying), respectively. It seems that foliar application of salicylic acid had a more positive effect than other modifiers at different stages of dehydration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Evaluating of Drought Tolerance of Doubled Haploid Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Lines using Toleance Indices
Samira Eghbali Saeid Aharizad Mehrdad Yarnia Maarof khaliliTo identify drought tolerant genotypes from 40 doubled haploid and 5 barley cultivars an experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted both at normal irrigation and water deficit stress conditions at the Agricultural Research Sta MoreTo identify drought tolerant genotypes from 40 doubled haploid and 5 barley cultivars an experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted both at normal irrigation and water deficit stress conditions at the Agricultural Research Station of West Azarbayjan, at Miyandoab during 1390-91 crop years. A significant difference was observed among the genotypes concering grain yield, which indicates a high genetic diversity for this trait among genotypes under study. Genotypes No. 35, 24, 21 and 3 were highest yielders in both irrigation conditions. In this study, during tolerance of genotypes under both stress and normal irrigation conditions, were evaluated by using mean productivity (MP), tolerance (TOL), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress susceptibility (SSI), and stress tolerance (STI) indices. According SSI and TOL indices genotypes 13, 16, 1, 19, 8 and 5 were identified as tolerant genotypes to water stress. Genotypes 3, 24 and 35 were found to have highest STI, MP and GMP indices. Correlation coefficients indicated that STI, MP and GMP were the best indices to select barley tolerant genotypes to water deficit stress in this study. It was also revealed that genotypes 3, 21, 24 and 35 which were highest yielders under normal irrigation and did have the least reduction in their yield under deficit irrigation. Thus, they can be recommended to the experimental site as the top producers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Effect of Integrated Application of Biochar and Nitroxin on Growth Traits and Grain Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) under Different Irrigation Regimes
Seyed Afshin Moosavi AliReza Shokuhfar Shahram Lak Mani Mojaddam Mojtaba AlavifazelAccording to Iranian water resource limitations it is mandatory to find water efficient strategies for crop production in accordance with reduction of chemical inputs. A split-factorial experiment was conducted in 2018 based on randomize complete block design with three MoreAccording to Iranian water resource limitations it is mandatory to find water efficient strategies for crop production in accordance with reduction of chemical inputs. A split-factorial experiment was conducted in 2018 based on randomize complete block design with three replications to investigate the effects of biochar and nitroxin application on growth traits and yield of cowpea under different irrigation regimes. Experimental treatments were irrigation regimes (0, 90, 120 mm) evaporation from water pan class A which were considered as no stress, mild water stress and Sevier water stress, respectively. Irrigation treatments were arranged as main plot and three levels of biochar (0,4, 8 t.ha-1) and nitroxin (inoculated and no inoculated) considered as factorial subplots. Results showed that dry matter accumulation and relative crop growth rate exhibited a sigmoid pattern while leaf area and growth rate followed gaussian pattern. Based on model output DMTmax was 467 g.m-2 and RGRmax was 0/100 g, LAImax 3.65 and CGRmax was 12.6 g.m-2 which reach to 50% of final value in 55/9, 65.9, 40.5 and 31.7, respectively. Application 8 ton/ha biochar with nitroxxin resulted in 12% RWC and 10%, 27% improved nitrogen and phosphor status under severe stress condition. Irrigation at 120 mm evaporation caused 33% reduction of grain yield and nitroxin application at normal condition caused 19% increase in grain yield but at 120 mm evaporation it did not exhibit significant effect. Application of biochar at no stress condition led to 37% increase in grain yield and such changes reach to 29% at 120 mm evaporation from water pan class A. The highest grain yield (266 g.m-2) obtained from 8 t.ha-1 biochar at no stress condition and the maximum biological yield was obtained from 8 t.ha-1 biochar with nitroxin (809 g.m-2). Application of 8 t.ha-1 biochar incorporated with nitroxin could provide satisfactory yield for cowpea crop under water limited condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Application of Glycine, Tufool and Salicylic Acid in Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under Drought Conditions
Mohammad Kheirkhah Mohammad Farazi Alireza Dadkhah Asghar KhoshnoodSugar beet is one of strategic products to supply sugar in water limited areas of Iran. Thus, proper managements to supply enouph water in production of sugar beet is very important. To evaluate the effects of some anti stress substances like salicylic acid, tyuful and MoreSugar beet is one of strategic products to supply sugar in water limited areas of Iran. Thus, proper managements to supply enouph water in production of sugar beet is very important. To evaluate the effects of some anti stress substances like salicylic acid, tyuful and glycine to irritigate the effect of early water deficit on suger beet, an experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out at the Research Farm of Fariman Sugar Factory in 2013. Treatments consisted of control (without using anti stress substances), with three concentration of salicylic acid (0.1, 0.5, and 1 mM), tyuful with three concentration (0.5, 1 and 1.5 liter per thousand) and glycine with three concentration (1, 2 and 3 liters per thousand). The results showed that the effects of anti-stress materials significantly affected the sugar content, root yield, white sugar yield and harmful nitrogen. Highest sugar content (15.65%), root yield (83.82 t.ha-1) and white sugar percentage (11.15%) were obtained by using tyuful 1.5 lit/1000. While, the lowest levels of these characters were obtained from control (not using anti stress substances). Maximum harmful nitrogen was produced in control treatment (4.38) and highest level of alkalinity with mean of 3.49 was observed by using 3 lit/1000 of glycine. Our results showed that all of the anti stress substances had positive effects on sugar beet under drought stress condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Evaluating Yield and Drought Stress Indices under End Season Drought Stress in Promising Genotypes of Barley
H. Tajalli S.Gh. Mousavi E. ArazmjoTo study the effects of end season drought stress on yield, yield components and drought stress indices in barley, a split plot experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Center of Birjand i MoreTo study the effects of end season drought stress on yield, yield components and drought stress indices in barley, a split plot experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Center of Birjand in 2008-2009 crop years. Drought stress, in 2 levels, consists of control (complete irrigation) and stopping irrigation at the 50% of heading stage, and 20 promising genotypes of barley were the treatments of the experiment. Results revealed that stopping irrigation lead to declining of 14.64 and 8.12 percent of seed and forage yields against control condition, respectively. Using stress susceptibility index (SSI) indicated that genotypes 2, 3, 7, 9, 10 and 15; using STI and GMP indices, genotypes 5, 8, 18 and 20 using MP, genotypes 8, 18 and 20, and TOL, genotypes 2, 3, 7, 9, and 10, were the most drought tolerant genotypes. Correlation between seed yield and stress evaluation indices showed that MP, GMP and STI are the best indices to be used in selection and introducing drought tolerant genotypes of barley. Considering all indices, and given that the best genotypes are those with high yield under normal condition and minimum yield reduction under drought stress, No. 18 and 20 could be introduced as the most tolerant barley genotypes to drought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Growth Analysis of Six Corn Hybrids Under Drought Conditions in Kermansh Province, Iran
G. Fallahi A. Hatami R. NaseriTo study the effect of water deficit on growth indices of different maize hybrid, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out at Agriculture Research Station of Kermanshah during 2006. Different levels of wat MoreTo study the effect of water deficit on growth indices of different maize hybrid, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out at Agriculture Research Station of Kermanshah during 2006. Different levels of water irrigation (full irrigation, stress before tasseling and stress after pollination and embryo formation) were measured assigned to main plots and maize hybrids (SC500, SC582, SC647, SC666, SC700 and SC704) to subplots. To determine growth indices including leaf area index, crop growth rate, dry matter accumulation, relative growth rate and net accumulation rate means of 14 times sampling were calculated. Results indicated that growth trend for leaf area index, crop growth rate, dry matter accumulation, relative growth rate and net accumulation rate in corn hybrids were similar, but they were different for levels of irrigation significantly. In such a way that drought stress decreased growth indices. The highest growth indices were obtained from full irrigation and lowest values from drought before tasseling. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - The Effect of Irrigation Regimes on Yield and Yield Componets of Three Wheat Cultivars
Issa Nabati Peyman SharifiIn a field experiment, the effect of drought stress on yield and yield components of three wheat genotypes was investigated during 2013-2014 in Parsabad, Iran. It was performed in a split plot expriment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. MoreIn a field experiment, the effect of drought stress on yield and yield components of three wheat genotypes was investigated during 2013-2014 in Parsabad, Iran. It was performed in a split plot expriment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental factors consisted of irrigation regimes at five levels which considered as main factor and genotypes at three levels (Shirodi, Chamran and line N-80-18) as sub factor. Results revealed that the effects of irrigation regimes were significant on seed yield, plant dry weight, plant height, leaf area index, number of spike per m2, number of seeds per spike, 1000 seeds weight and seed protein content. The effect of genotype on all of the traits under study was significant. The effects genotype × irrigation regime interaction were also significant on seed yield, dry plant weight and number of seeds per spike. Under optimal irrigation, seed yield of Shirodi and Chamran cultivars and line N-80-18 were 4661.7, 4200 and 4402 kg ha-1, respectively. Moisture stress significantly reduced seed yield and yield components. Deficit irrigation increased seed protein content of the genotypes under study. Chamran cultivar produced highest seed yield under drought stress and in rainfed conditions, while its grain yield was reduced by 26% as compared with that of optimal irrigation condition. Based on the stability of yield of this cultivar in the all of irrigation regimes, under water limited condition, it can be considered suitable for this region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Comparison of Yield and some Physiological Characteristics of Wheat Cultivars under Cut Irrigation Levels in Shahriar Region
Reza Afsharianzadeh Eslam Majidi Heravan Mohammad Nasri Hossein Heidari sharifAbad Ghorban NourMohammadiThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of cut irrigation on yield and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cultivars wheat in the crop year 2017-18 in Shahriar region. This research was carried out as split plots design a rand MoreThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of cut irrigation on yield and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cultivars wheat in the crop year 2017-18 in Shahriar region. This research was carried out as split plots design a randomized complete block with two cut irrigation and cultivars factors in 63 treatments and three replications. The main factor of irrigation treatment in three levels including: normal irrigation I0, cut irrigation in flowering stage I1 and cut irrigation in grain filling stage I2 and cultivars in 21 levels as a sub-factor including; Chamran, star, Sirvan, Sivand ,Arg, Parsi, Barat, Narin, Heidary, Ofogh, Rakhshan, Baharan, Sepahan, Aflak, Mihan, Zare, Gonhad, Orum, Saison, Gascogen and Mehregan. The results of analysis of variance showed that 1000-seed weight, grain yield, total yield, stomatal conductance, canopy temperature, leaf proline, cell membrane stability, grain gluten, SOD antioxidant enzyme and MDA degradation biomarker were affected by the main effects of irrigation levels and cultivarsand interactions were significant at the level of 5% and 1%. The highest grain yield (10857.2 kg.ha-1), total yield (44092.8 kg.ha-1) and stomatal conductance (236.08 molH2o. m2.s-1) were allocated to Normal irrigation and Rakhshan cultivar treatment. The lowest grain yield (1467.9 kg.ha-1), total yield (11496.7 kg.ha-1) and stomatal conductance (44.81 mmolH2o.m2.s) were obtained from cut irrigation at flowering stage and Ofogh cultivar treatment. However cut irrigation treatment at flowering stage and Ofogh cultivar obtained the highest canopy temperature (19.827 C), proline leaf (0.994 µg.gFw-1) and the lowest canopy temperature (13.126 C), leaf proline (0.416 µg.gFw-1) and cell membrane stability (171.14 µmos.cm) was observed from normal irrigation and Rakhshan cultivar treatment. The highest antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase SOD (19.06 U.mgprotein) and MDA (40.68 Ƞmol. gFw-1) were achieved from cut irrigation at flowering stage and Gasgogen cultivar treatment. The results showed that the tolerant cultivars were less affected by drought stress. And by less producing organic matter such as proline and degrading enzymes and biomarkers, they maintained their yield at an acceptable level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Effect of Drought Stress and Application of Salicylic Acid on Yield and Yield Components, Photosynthetic Pigments and Compatibility Metabolites of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) under Sistan Climatic Conditions
Barat Ali Fakheri forouzan heidari Nafiseh Mahdi Nejad Iman Shahrokhi Sardoui The use of salicylic acid in the nutrition of medicinal plants under moisture stress conditions has a considerable role in reducing the effects of water stress and improving plant yield. To this purpose, a factorial split plot experiment with three replications More The use of salicylic acid in the nutrition of medicinal plants under moisture stress conditions has a considerable role in reducing the effects of water stress and improving plant yield. To this purpose, a factorial split plot experiment with three replications based on randomized complete block design was conducted at the Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Zabol University, Iran during 2013-2014 cropping years. Drought stress consisted of three levels (irrigation at 90, normal, 60 and 40 percent of field capacity) as main factor, and salicylic acid spraying wiyh three levels (0, control, 2.5 and 5 mM) and three cultivars (Isfahan, Hamedan and Nahavand) minor factors, respectively. The investigasted traits were plant height, number of umbels per plant, number of umbellate per umbel, number of seeds per umbellate, root length, number of lateral branches, stem diameter, fresh weight of plant, grain and final plant yield, 1000 seed weight, chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins, soluble sugars and proline. The results showed that drought stress decreased the traits under study. Salicylic acid spray caused an increase in some parameters such as the final height of the stem, the number of umbels, number of seeds per umbellate, root length, fresh weight of plant, seed and plant yield, chlorophyll a, b, soluble sugars and proline. Given the results of trilateral interaction effects, the greatest yield of grain was obtained from 5 mM spraying and Isfahan cultivar under irrigation conditions of 90% of the field capacity. Considering trilateral effects, the best cultivar in terms of grain yield was Isfahan cultivar with 5 mM spraying under complete irrigation conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - Effects of Seed Priming of Salicylic Acid and Foliar Application of Brassinostroid on Yield and some Physiological Traits of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under Water Deficit Condition
Tahereh Mojaradi Mohammad Reza Yavarzadeh Fatemeh ShirzadyApplication of plant growth regulators is one way to reduce the adverse effects of drought stress. To study the effect of different levels of deficit irrigation, salicylic acid priming and foliar application of brassinostroid on yield and physiological traits of fennel MoreApplication of plant growth regulators is one way to reduce the adverse effects of drought stress. To study the effect of different levels of deficit irrigation, salicylic acid priming and foliar application of brassinostroid on yield and physiological traits of fennel a split-factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 growing season in the Research Station of Bam Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran. Main factor included of three levels of irrigation (equivalent of 50 mm (Normal), 75 mm and 100 mm of accumulated evapotranspiration of class A pan evaporation. Sub-plots included: different levels of salicylic acid priming (1600 µmolar), no application of salicylic acid and 3 levels of brassinostroid including 0 (control), 10-8 and 10–7 molar. The studied traits included relative water content, chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoid content, anthocyanin, soluble sugars, essential oil percentage and seed yield. Results showed that deficit irrigation decreased relative water content, chlorophyll content, carotenoid and seed yield and increased anthocyanin, soluble sugars and essential oil percent. Priming with salicylic acid and brassinosteroid application showed positive effects on most of the studied traits. The highest total chlorophyll content (1.54) and grain yield (1281 kg.ha-1) were observed in non-stress condition with salicylic acid priming. 10–7 and 10 –8 M brassinosteroids increased relative water content by 5.4% and 3.2%, respectively. Priming with salicylic acid at concentrations of 0, 10-8 and 10–7 M brassinosteroid increased the percentage of essential oil by 8, 24.4 and 13.6%, respectively. Also in drought stress levels 50, 75 and 100 mm, 4.5, 6.7 and 14% increase in soluble sugars were observed, respectively, by salicylic acid priming. According to the results of this study, it seems that salicylic acid priming and brassinostroid reduce some negative effects of drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - The Effects of Irrigation Regemes and Planting Patterns on Seed Yield and some Agronomic Traits of Maize (S.C. 604)
Abbas Soleimani fard Rahim NaseriTo study the effects of irrigation regems and planting patterns on yield and yield components of maize, a split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with four replications at Sarableh Agricultural Station, Ilam in 2011-2012 cropping se MoreTo study the effects of irrigation regems and planting patterns on yield and yield components of maize, a split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with four replications at Sarableh Agricultural Station, Ilam in 2011-2012 cropping season. The treatments were three levels of irrigation (40, 60 and 80 evaporation (mm) pan (Class A)) as main plot and four planting pattern, (single and double rows on furrow bank and single and rows on the furrow bed) as sub plot. Number of grains per ear was significantly affected different levels of irrigation and planting patterns. The highest (489 grains) and lowest (458 grains) number of kernels per ear were observed at 40 and 80 (mm) evaporation, respectively. The highest (486) and lowest (448) kernels per ear were observed in planting pattern of double row on furrow bed and planting pattern of single row on furrow bank, respectively. The results showed that the interaction effect among different levels of irrigation and planting pattern were significant for 1000 kernel weight, seed yield, harvest index, biological yield and plant height. It was also observed that irrigating plant at 40 mm evaporation (mm) and planting pattern of single row on furrow banks produced highest 1000 kernel weight (329.9 g), seed yield (9220 kg.ha-1), harvest index (53.7%), biological yield (18451 kg.ha-1) and plant height (222.2 cm). In this study there was no significant difference between 40 and 60 mm evaporations from pan × planting pattern of double row on furrow bed for seed yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Protein Profile in Wheat as Affected by Drought Stress and Nano-Chelate Potassium
sodabeh jahanbakhsh Nafiseh Asghari Asghari Ali Ebadi Nasibeh TavakoliTolerant systems in plants including wheat are affected by several chemical factors, like nano-chelate potassium. Use of nano-chelated potassium under drought stress reduces its negative effects and increase yield. To study protein profiles of wheat under drought stress MoreTolerant systems in plants including wheat are affected by several chemical factors, like nano-chelate potassium. Use of nano-chelated potassium under drought stress reduces its negative effects and increase yield. To study protein profiles of wheat under drought stress, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was performed. The first factore was three levels of irrigation (85%, 60% and 35% field capacity), the second factor consisted of three wheat cultivars (Zagros, Chamran and Kuhdasht) and the third factor consisted of four nano-chelated potassium concentrations (zero, 25, 45، 65 ppm). The results showed that concentrations of proline and carbohydrates which play a major role in plant defense mechanisms due to nano-chelated potassium treatment were increased. Catalase and butpolyphenol oxidase activity decreased with increasing concentrations of nano-chelate potassium, while peroxidase activity increased. The results of two dimentional electrophoretic studies showed changes of protein expression, due to the effect of nano-chelated potassium as a direct contact with the defensive system against drought stresses, such as 11, 6, 5, 19, 14 bands. Nano-chelated potassium is also associated with proteins involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and protein and final energy production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Yield and Oil Percentage of Safflower Cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Spring and Summer Planting Seasons Affected by Drought Stress
Gholam Hossein Shir esmaeili Ali Akbar Maghsudi mood Gholam Reza Khajueinejad Ruhollah AbdoshahiTo investigate the effects of drought stress on yield and oil percentage of safflower, an experiment was carried in split split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications during spring and summer planting seasons at Kaboutarabad Agricultural R MoreTo investigate the effects of drought stress on yield and oil percentage of safflower, an experiment was carried in split split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications during spring and summer planting seasons at Kaboutarabad Agricultural Research Station of Isfahan in 2015. The main factor consisted of two planting seasons (spring and summer), the sub-factor comprised of three irrigation treatments (normal irrigating from sowing to plant maturity as control, irrigation up to the beginning of flowering and irrigation up to seed filling period) and the sub-sub factor were ten safflower cultivars (Sofeh, Goldasht, Sina, Faraman, Mec117, Mec295, Mec18, Mec11, Mec7 and Mec27). The results showed that irrigation treatments had significant effects on leaf area index, relative water content, plant dry weight and grain yield. Drought stress reduced these traits. Drought stress had not significant effect on oil percentage while oil yield because of reduction of grain yield. The highest yield of oil belonged to Sofeh cultivar. Oil yield in irrigation treatments during seed filling and flowering period decreased by 26% and 46%, respectively as compared to control. Results showed that all cultivars in summer planting had lower grain and oil yield due to increasing of temperature as compare to spring planting. Although the oil percentage in summer planting was about 1% higher than spring planting, but due to lower grain yield, oil yield decreased by 60% during summer planting. Sofa and Mec11 cultivars produced the highest and lowest oil yields with 803 and 530 kg.ha -1 , respectively. Also, Sofa cultivar had the highest grain yield in both of planting seasons. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Wheat Lines under Normal and Grain Filling Stage Water Stress Conditions
اسماعیل Mahmoodi S. Mohammadi J. SabaTo identify drought tolerant genotypes, by using different indices and presenting the best indices, four separate trials at the Agricultural Research Stations of Miyandoab, Mashhad, Hamedan, and Ardabil, were conducted with 18 wheat lines and two checks in a randomized MoreTo identify drought tolerant genotypes, by using different indices and presenting the best indices, four separate trials at the Agricultural Research Stations of Miyandoab, Mashhad, Hamedan, and Ardabil, were conducted with 18 wheat lines and two checks in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2006-2007, under full-irrigation and exposing the lines to drought stress at grain filling stage. Result showed that lines 2(C-80-4) and 8(Bkt/90-Zhong 87), also named as Mihan variety, having the maximum values of MP, GMP, STI, HARM, RDI and the least values of TOL and SSI indices, identified to be as high grain yielders in both full irrigation and water deficit at grain filling stage. The significant and positive correlations of YP and YS with MP, GMP, STI, and HARM, indicated that they are the proper indices to select high yielding wheat genotypes under stress and non-stress conditions. According to principle component analysis, two components justified 99.83% of all variations. First vector showed 70.85% of variations, yield potential component and drought tolerance indices (MP, GMP, STI, HARM and RDI) and the second rector justified 28.98% of total variations which would be named as “drought susceptible components (TOL and SSI indices). According to results of cluster analysis, MP, GMP, STI, HARM indices are found to be in one group, and TOL and SSI indices in the other group. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Response of Late Maturing Hybrids Seed Corn to the Application of Potassium Sulfate under Deficit Irrigation
Zohreh Henteh Henteh Roghayeh AminianTo study the effect of potassium sulfate on seed yield, yield components and traits affecting seed yield of late maturing corn, a split split plot experiment using a randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in Kashan Desert Research Stati MoreTo study the effect of potassium sulfate on seed yield, yield components and traits affecting seed yield of late maturing corn, a split split plot experiment using a randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in Kashan Desert Research Station. Irrigation levels consisted of complete irrigation and cutting off irrigation at panicle emergence and seed filling stages which were considered as the main factor, three levels of potassium sulfate 200 (recommendation based on the soil analysis), 245 and 290 kg.ha-1 as the subplot, and two single cross of corn, KSC 700 and 704, as sub-sub plots. Effect of irrigation on traits like seed number per row, 1000 seed weight, biological yield, relative water content and relative water loss were significant. The effect of cultivar on all traits, except relative water loss, and the effect of fertilizer on all traits, except number of rows per ear, were also significant. All of the KSC700 traits, except plant highest were better than those of cultivar KSC704. The highest values for the most traits were obtained in full irrigation condition, applying potassium sulfate at the rate of 290 kg.ha-1 for KSC 700. Cutting off irrigation at the panicle emergence of KSC 900 and seed filling of KSC 704 did not cause significant reduction in seed yield. Highest correlation of grain yield were obtained with number of kernels per row, 1000 grain weight and harvest index. Stepwise regression results showed that number of rows per ear, number of kernels per row and 1000 grain weight in KSC 700, and biological yield and harvest index in KSC 704 justified 98.7 and 98.5 percent of changes, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Effect of Foliar Application of Magnesium and Potassium Sulfate on Morphological, Biochemical and Yield Characteristics of Maize (Zea mays L.) During Water Deficiet Stress
Arman Sotoodeh Tayeb Saki Nejad Alireza Shokuhfar Shahram Lak Mani MajaddamDrought stress is one of the most important factors that limiting the growth and yield of plants. In recent years the use of various methods to reduce its negative effects has been considered by many researchers. This experiment was performed as a split plot in the form MoreDrought stress is one of the most important factors that limiting the growth and yield of plants. In recent years the use of various methods to reduce its negative effects has been considered by many researchers. This experiment was performed as a split plot in the form of randomized complete blocks with four replications in two years. The effect of foliar application of different ratios of magnesium and potassium on the morphological, biochemical and functional characteristics of maize (single cross cultivar 704) in different irrigation cycles (50, 75 and 100 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) was evaluated. The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction of irrigation and magnesium to potassium ratio on the characteristics of height, stem diameter, ear length, number of seeds per ear, potassium uptake, magnesium uptake, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, Carotenoids, proline, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index had a statistically significant effect. The results of the study of the effect of potassium and magnesium on morphological and biochemical changes in drought tolerance in maize (Single Cross 704 cultivar) showed that consumption of these elements significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, ear length, number of seeds per ear, uptake rate Potassium, magnesium uptake, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index in water deficit conditions; So that the highest value of these traits in evapotranspiration conditions was 50 mm from the evapotranspiration pan and application of 200 kg of magnesium sulfate/ 300 kg of potassium sulfate. Also, foliar application of different concentrations of potassium sulfate and magnesium sulfate by increasing the uptake of potassium and magnesium, preserving leaf chlorophyll, resulting in more effective photosynthesis as well as increasing the concentration of proline in plant leaves, moderate the negative effects of water deficiency and corn tolerance to conditions. Improve water shortage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Determination of Drought Tolerance Indices of some Selected Rice Genotypes under Drought Stress at Flowering Stage
Zeinab Heravi Zadeh Morteza Samdaliri Morteza Mobaleghi Amir Abbas Mosavi Mojtaba Neshaei MoghadamDrought stress, as an important constraint to reduce crop yields in Iran. To identify rice genotypes tolerant and sensitive to drought stress during flowering 15 genotypes were studied under two environments (stressed and non–stressed conditions) in a randomized c MoreDrought stress, as an important constraint to reduce crop yields in Iran. To identify rice genotypes tolerant and sensitive to drought stress during flowering 15 genotypes were studied under two environments (stressed and non–stressed conditions) in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Abbas Abad and Katalom regions during 2018 growing season. To evaluate the susceptibility or tolerance of genotypes to drought stress, traits like yield under non-stress (Yp) and drought stress (Ys) and average yield of all genotypes under stress and nonstress (Ȳs), stress tolerance indicators, arithmetic mean (MP), geometric mean (GMP), harmonic mean (HM), tolerance (TOL), stress tolerance (STI), yield index (YSI), yield index (YI) and sensitivity to stress (SSI) were evaluated. Among the genotypes under study, sixty (54.62) and Ali Kazemi (46.92) showed the highest values for HM index. Shastack based on MP and GMP, shastack (61.04) and Tarom genotype (3.15) and STI index with similar trend to shastack (1.54) and Ali Kazemi (1.08) genotypes, respectively. Stress sensitivity (SSI) and yield stability index (YSI) values were similar for both genotypes of Shirudi (0.32) and Caspian (0.76). Cluster analysis based on 10 indices under drought stress resulted in two groups. Based on the results of principal component analysis, the first two components accounted for more than 92.6% of total information. The first component explained 58.76% of the total variation. According to the drought tolerance index of Shastak, Ali Kazemi and Sang Tarom genotypes are recommended as tolerant genotypes having the highest yield in both environmental conditions and having high stress tolerance index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Evaluation of Rapeseed Genotypes under Drought Stress Condition
N. Jamshidi A.H. Shirani rad F. Takht chin P. Nazeri M. GhafariTo evaluate tolerance of rapeseed cultivars under drought stress conditions, a split plot experiment based on RCBD with four replications was carried out for two years at Karaj, Iran. In this experiment, the effects of irrigation treatments in two levels as main plot su MoreTo evaluate tolerance of rapeseed cultivars under drought stress conditions, a split plot experiment based on RCBD with four replications was carried out for two years at Karaj, Iran. In this experiment, the effects of irrigation treatments in two levels as main plot such as normal irrigation and cutting irrigation from silique formation till end of growth and on varieties as sub plots in 12 levels including of Licord, Okapi, SLM 046, RGS 003, Hyola420, Option500, Zarfam, Orient, Opera, Talaye, Sarigol and Hyola401 were studied. The results showed that drought stress decreased plant height, branch per plant, siliques per plant, grains per siliques, 1000 seed weight and seed content; while it increased harvest index. Drought effect on seed oil percentage was not significant. Experimental results indicated that there is significant variation in all evaluated traits. SLM 046 and Zarfam produced highest yields under normal irrigation (3771 kg/ha and 3727 kg/ha) respectively and under drought stress condition (2705 and 2663 kg/ha) respectively. Also named cultivars in two irrigation treatments had the highest oil yield. Therefore, Zarfam and SLM046 can be reported as varieties with stable yields under both normal irrigation and stress conditions at silique stage of rapeseed varieties studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Effect of Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid on Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Pigment Amount of Sesame (Sesamum indicum) Varieties under Irrigated Conditions
E. Bagheri, J. Masood Sinaki M. Baradaran Firoozabadi M. Abedini EsfhlaniTo study the effects of foliar applications of salicylic acid under cutting off irrigation at BBCH and phenological growth stages of plants and their interaction on chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid concentrations and chlorophyll fluorescence of sesame varieties (Sesamum ind MoreTo study the effects of foliar applications of salicylic acid under cutting off irrigation at BBCH and phenological growth stages of plants and their interaction on chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid concentrations and chlorophyll fluorescence of sesame varieties (Sesamum indicum) a split factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications was conducted at Shahrood (Semnan province of Iran) during growing season of 2011-2012. Main factor was three irrigation levels (full irrigation as control, cutting off irrigation at 69 BBCH (at 90% flowering stage), and cutting off irrigation at BBCH79 (at full growth of pods). Sub plots were three cultivars of sesame (Biarjomand native, Dashtestan 2, Darab 1) and two levels of the foliar applications salicylic acid (0, and 0.6 mM). The results of variance analysis showed that drought stress due to cutting of the irrigation at 90% flowering and full growth of pods reduced content of chlorophyll a, carotenoid and chlorophyll fluorescence significantly. Foliar application also reduced chlorophyll b and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv, Fm) significantly. Experimental results indicated that highest concentrations of chlorophyll a and carotenoid 0.629 and 0.265 mg/g.Fw respectively produced by plants when irrigation was cutted off at BBCH 69 and the highest concentration of Fv/Fm (0.656) in control treatment. Based on the results obtained the maximum chlorophyll b content belonged to Darab (0.423 mg/g.Fw) and the lowest (0.364 mg/g.Fw) to Biarjomand native. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - Effect of Water Deficit Stress on Yield and Yield Components in Corn Using Path Analysis
Y. Momeni H. MonirifarThis experiment was conducted to study the effects of water deficit stress on yield and yield components of four corn hybrids. The experiment was laid out in split plot using randomized complete block design with three replications. This experiment was carried out at ea MoreThis experiment was conducted to study the effects of water deficit stress on yield and yield components of four corn hybrids. The experiment was laid out in split plot using randomized complete block design with three replications. This experiment was carried out at east Azarbayjan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center in 2008. Treatments consisted of four irrigation levels (without stress, water stress at 6-7 leaves stage, stress at anthesis stage and stress at kernel filling stage) as main plots, and four corn hybrids (single crosses 704, 604, 500 and double cross 370) as sub-plots. Results of data analysis revealed that in general, most of the traits under stress conditions had negative and significant correlation whit grain yield. Results of stepwise regression and path analysis showed that under average conditions, selection for higher ear weight may improve yielding ability of selected genotypes. Under average conditions ear weight had greatest positive direct effect on grain yield, and positive indirect effects through ear diameter, plant high, mean stem diameter and cob weight on grain yield. Water deficit stress at 6-7 leaves stage, ear weight had greatest positive direct effect on grain yield and indirect effects through plant height, length of tassel and ear length on grain yield. Water deficit at kernel filling stage 300-kernel weight had greatest positive direct effect on grain yield, and positive in direct effects through number of grain and kernel depth on grain yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - Evaluation of AquaCrop Model in Simulating Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Three Corn Hybrids under Hot-Dry Climatic Conditions
Yaser Esmaeilian Mahmoud RamroudiNowadays, crop simulation models have a key role in crop growth and yield estimation, production planning, production economy and identifying strategies for crops supply. In this research, AquaCrop model was calibrated and evaluated for three corn hybrids; (DC 370, ZP 6 MoreNowadays, crop simulation models have a key role in crop growth and yield estimation, production planning, production economy and identifying strategies for crops supply. In this research, AquaCrop model was calibrated and evaluated for three corn hybrids; (DC 370, ZP 677, and SC 704) under different levels of water supply (non stress, mid stress, and severe stress) and nitrogen rates (0, 120, 180, and 240 kg N/ha). For model validation, normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) and determination of coefficient (R2) were used. Result showed that the model simulated grain yield of corn hybrids with high precision. Simulation precision decreased with increasing drought stress. The lowest nRMSE (7.5%) and highest R2 (0.93) were obtained from ZP 677 hybrid. The model simulated corn biological yield with more deviation percentage than grain yield. However, it´s variation trend due to variation in drought stress level or nitrogen fertilizer predicted well according to field experiment. nRMSE ranged from 6.8 and 10.9, while R2 varied from 0.82 to 0.92. AquaCrop model simulated the variation of water use efficiency of corn hybrids with reasonable accuracy, so that it´s value increased with increasing drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer application, while, model outputs in most situations were lower than measured values. The best model validation result (nRMSE=6.4% and R2= 0.93) obtained from ZP 677 hybrid. According to the results were obtained, AquaCrop model can be applied with high reliability for simulating corn yield under similar climatic regions of this experiment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Evaluation of Annual Clover Ecotypes by Using Drought Tolerance Indices
Sh. Nikou M. Pouryousef Miandoab A. Hassanzadeh GorttapeTo evaluate clover ecotypes by using drought tolerance indices, 17 annual clover ecotypes were tested in a split-plot experiment by using randomized complete block design with three replications, under two irrigated and rain-fed conditions in the Saatlo Rese MoreTo evaluate clover ecotypes by using drought tolerance indices, 17 annual clover ecotypes were tested in a split-plot experiment by using randomized complete block design with three replications, under two irrigated and rain-fed conditions in the Saatlo Research Station in Urmia, Iran. In this study, based on the dry matter yield in stressed (Ys) and non-stressed (Yp) conditions, quantitative values of drought tolerance indices of mean productivity index (MP), tolerance index (TOL), geometric mean productivity index (GMP), harmonic mean index (HM), stress susceptibility index (SSI), and stress tolerance index (STI) were calculated. There was a significant difference among the ecotypes as to their yields under irrigated and rain-fed conditions, which indicated the existence of genetic diversity and the possibility of selection for drought tolerance and using them in breeding programs for further genetic. The correlations among drought indices and Yp and Ys showed that MP, GMP, HM, and STI were highly correlated with Yp and Ys. Cluster analysis categorized tolerant ecotypes No. 11, 2, 13, 8 and 10 in the same group and the others in the sensitive one. Based on the values of indices and higher dry matter yield, in both stress and non-stress conditions, ecotype No. 11 (T.resupinatum L.) was recognized to be as the most tolerant ecotype against drought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Evaluation of Durum Wheat Lines Tolerance to Salinity and Drought Stress under Greenhouse Conditions
A. Gharbi, V. Rashidi A.R. Tarinejad S. Chalabi YaniThis research was carried to evaluate seven durum wheat lines to salinity and drought stress under greenhouse condition at the Faculty of agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in using a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with t MoreThis research was carried to evaluate seven durum wheat lines to salinity and drought stress under greenhouse condition at the Faculty of agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in using a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications and three factors. These three factors were salinity stress with two levels (non stress and stress with 6.2 ds), drought stress with two levels (non stress and stress with FC %50) and seven durum wheat lines. According to the results of analysis of variance significant differences were observed among investigated lines for the most of the traits. Mean comparison indicated that ARAMIDIS and Yazligh lines exhibited the highest value for the majority traits. Grain yield had positive and significant correlation with the most of the traits. Cluster analysis, based on Ward method, grouped two lines of ARAMIDIS and Yazligh in to the separate and superior groups. However the two lines ARAMIDIS and Yazlig were identified to be resistant to both salinity and drought stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Study on Dragons head (Lallemantia iberica L.) Landraces Under Supplementary Irrigation and Rainfed Conditions
Manouchehr Farzi Khoshnood Alizadeh Mousa ArshadLallemantia iberica is an annual, herbaceous and drought tolerant plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae, which is cultivated for its seeds. Diversity of 12 dragons head landraces were studied for phenotypic and genotypic variations using agro-morphological traits and some MoreLallemantia iberica is an annual, herbaceous and drought tolerant plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae, which is cultivated for its seeds. Diversity of 12 dragons head landraces were studied for phenotypic and genotypic variations using agro-morphological traits and some drought tolerance indices. Field study was conducted in the spring of 2013 as a randomized complete block design with three replicates in Maragheh. Results of analysis of variance showed that there was significant difference among the studied landraces for all agro-morphological traits under study between the experimental sites. Combined analysis for grain yield showed that there were significant differences between the experimental sites. The average grain yields were in the range of 730 to 1380 kg.ha-1 under complementary irrigated condition and from 360 to 680 kg.ha-1 under rainfed conditions. Kalibar and Nazarlo landraces for all parameters were highly drought tolerant. Cluster analysis grouped these populations into three distinct clusters. The results also indicated that plant height and days to flowering under complementary irrigation and main branches under rainfed conditions exhibited highest correlations with seed yields. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Evaluation of Genetic Variation of Bread Wheat Genotypes for Some Morphological and Physiological Characteristics under Drought Stress Condition
Reza ShahryariThe present study was conducted in the agricultural research farm of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch, to investigate genetic variation of some bread wheat genotypes for some morpho-physiological traits under separate environmental conditions (drought stress and MoreThe present study was conducted in the agricultural research farm of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch, to investigate genetic variation of some bread wheat genotypes for some morpho-physiological traits under separate environmental conditions (drought stress and without drought stress). Results from analysis of variance showed that the interaction of “irrigation levels × genotypes” on traits like plant height, infertile tillers number, spike length, peduncle to plant height ratio, spike number per m2 and grain yield were significant. Genotype No. 35 (4057) produced the highest (6.3 ton/ha) grain yield. Linear multivariable regression revealed that traits such as grain numbers per spike, node number and spike weight accounted for about 58% of overall mean yield among the genotypes under terminal drought stress condition. Node number had the highest direct effect (0.438) on grain yield. The results, also, showed that the direct effect of grain number per spike on yield was positive (0.135) while spike weight on yield was negative (-0.345). Direct effect of node number on yield by spike weight was higher than indirect effect of spike weight by node number. Based on the factor analysis, 75.80% of total variations were explained by 6 factors. The first up to the sixth factors accounted for 21.32, 18.13, 9.72, 9.62, 9.4 and 7.6% of the total variations respectively. Furthermore, cluster analysis, based on Ward method and by using Euclidian squared distance, classified the genotypes into five groups. Results from this study suggest that traits such as grain number per spike, node number and spike weight can be used as a selection criteria in breeding programs for higher grain yield of bread wheat in the regions where plants may be subject to terminal drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Effect of Azotobacter and Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels on Agro-physiological Traits and Yield of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Genotypes under Different Moisture Conditions
Abbas Soleimanifard Mani Mojaddam Shahram Lack Mojtaba AlavifazelThis study was to investigate the phenological, physiological traits, seed yield and oil yield of six safflower genotypes under drought stress and non-stress conditions in two independent experiments. Each of the experiment was a factorial with randomized complete block MoreThis study was to investigate the phenological, physiological traits, seed yield and oil yield of six safflower genotypes under drought stress and non-stress conditions in two independent experiments. Each of the experiment was a factorial with randomized complete block design with three replications during cropping seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Sarabela Agricultural Research Station in ILAM province. In one experiment under non stress condition, irrigation was based on the need of the plant, while the in the other experiment, plant growth was as rainfed where rainfalls was enough. The total amount of precipitation during the plant growth period in 2015-16 and 2016-17 were 410.7 and 388.5 mm, respectively, but it occurred with inappropriate ditribution during the growing season. Experimental treatments consisted of six safflower genotypes plus inoculation of seeds with Azotobacter and use of urea fertilizer application with four levels: 1- no fertilizer application (as control), 2- Azotobacter seed inoculation, 3- Azotobacter seed inoculation + 50% nitrogen from urea source and 4- to 100% nitrogen from urea fertilizer based on soil testing recommendation. The results showed that nitrogen source and genotype were significantly affected all traits both under drought and non-stress conditions. Under drought stress conditions, the highest grain yield belonged to Sina genotype by using 100% nitrogen fertilizer and Azotobacter + 50% nitrogen fertilizer treatments (with mean yield of 1408 and 1336 kg.ha-1 reapectively), which were not significantly different. Under non-stress conditions, the highest grain, with mean yield of 2185 kg.ha-1, was attributed to PI-306974 genotype with 100% nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Thus, this genotype, under non-stress conditions, by using 100% nitrogen fertilizer for maximum yield of safflower and under drought stress, it was Sina genotype by using 50% nitrogen fertilizer with Azotobacter can be recommanded to the experimental region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Study of Genetic Variation in Durum Wheat Genotypes for Agronomic Traits under Rainfed Conditions
A. Soleymanifard, R. NaseriTo evaluate genetic variation for some yield related traits in 16 durum wheat genotypes under rainfed conditions an experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Ilam, Iran, durin MoreTo evaluate genetic variation for some yield related traits in 16 durum wheat genotypes under rainfed conditions an experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Ilam, Iran, during growing season of 2006-2007. Traits under study were: plant height, peduncle length, spike length, grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, spike per m2, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. The results showed that genotypes were significantly different as to the traits studied. The step-wise regression indicated that 75 percent of variation in grain yield under drought stress is explained by spike per m2, 1000 grain weight and plant height. Path analysis of coefficients showed that the direct effects of number of spike per m2 and 1000 grain weight on grain yield were high and positive. According to cluster analysis the genotypes were classified into 3 clusters. Mean comparisons of traits indicated that genotypes belonging to group 2 were superior in grain yield, spike per m2 and 1000 grain weight which are important traits durum wheat breeding programs to be considered in drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Qualitative Changes and Yield of Rapeseed Cultivars in Drought Stress in Late Season
Mojtaba Rouhi Mohammad Banayan Aval Amir Hossein Shirani RadTo study the eco-physiology of new winter varieties of rapeseed (six lines ready for introduction, along with Ahmadi, native variety, as control), for drought stress of the end of the season were evaluated with two levels of planting dates, including the usual sowing da MoreTo study the eco-physiology of new winter varieties of rapeseed (six lines ready for introduction, along with Ahmadi, native variety, as control), for drought stress of the end of the season were evaluated with two levels of planting dates, including the usual sowing date (October 12th) and late planting date (October 27th), and irrigation with two levels including normal irrigation (control) and cutting off irrigation at the siliquing stage studied in a factorial split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications for two years (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research Organization in Karaj. Cultivar L72 had higher palmitic acid content in both planting dates. Normal irrigation and October 12th planting date had the highest oleic and linoleic acids, 66.2 and 18.34%, respectively. The highest erosic acid (0.27%) belonged to cultivar HW3 and on October 12th and the highest linolenic acid was obtained (6.95%) by cultivar L72. The lowest linoleic acid was obtained on October 27th by cultivar HW3. Under water stress condition, seed glucosinolate content was 14% more than the normal irrigation. The highest seed yield (4231.2 kg.ha-1) was obtained from sowing date of October 12th from cultivar L72 and the lowest of seed yield was obtained on October 27th from cultivar HW3. The highest seed oil percent (46.54%) and oil yield (2576.6 kg.ha-1) were obtained on October 12th from cultivar L72 and the lowest of these triats were obtained on October 27th from cultivar HW3. In general, the results showed that under stress condition, cultivar L72 produced highest seed and oil yields in both planting dates. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Evaluating Tolerance Indices of some New Maize Hybrids Imposed to Drought Stress
J. Seyedzavar M. Norouzi S. AharizadIn order to investigate drought tolerance indices of 14 maize hybrids to different levels of water deficit, a split-plot experiment was conducted in complete randomized block design with four replications at the Agricultural Research Station, University of Tabriz. The m MoreIn order to investigate drought tolerance indices of 14 maize hybrids to different levels of water deficit, a split-plot experiment was conducted in complete randomized block design with four replications at the Agricultural Research Station, University of Tabriz. The main plots consisted of three levels of irrigation regimes (control, mild and severe water deficit) and sub-plots of 14 corn hybrids. Drought tolerance indices were calculated for the grain yields produced. Under mild drought condition, hybrids like SC702, SC500 and K3647×K18 were tolerant based on tolerance index (TOL) and stress susceptibility index (SSI) indices while hybrid SC 500 was the most tolerance one. Based on stress tolerance index (STI), mean productivity (MP) and geometric mean productivity (GMP) indices under both mild and severe stress conditions hybrids K166×K18, SC500، K3647×K18 and SC400 were found to be the most tolerant to water deficit than others. The STI and GMP indices that had highest positive correlation with grain yield under both of these stress conditions. Thus these two indices were determined as the best indices for selection of tolerant hybrids. Cluster analysis based on these two indices classified hybrids into two groups under mild stress and in three groups under severe stress conditions. Biplot graphs for two main components based on principle components analysis (PCM) displayed that SC500 to be a tolerant maize hybrid in both mild and severe drought stress conditions with high yield performance. Also, hybrids SC700 and SC704 were low yielders under both control and stress conditions and thus were identified to be as sensitive hybrids. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - The Role of Mycorrhiza in Drought Tolerance of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)
Sh. Moghadasan A. Safipour Afshar F. Saeid NematpourTo study the effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis and drought stress on marigold, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted at the Plant Research Laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur branch in 2014. The first f MoreTo study the effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis and drought stress on marigold, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted at the Plant Research Laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur branch in 2014. The first factor consisted of application and non-application of mycorrhiza (Glomus intraradices) and the second factor consisted of drought stress with three levels (irrigation based on 100%, 75% and 50% of field capacity). The results showed that growth parameters like plant height, leaf number, leaf area, root, shoot dry/fresh weight, Chla and Chlb content were significantly decreased by drought stress in both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. However, inoculation of plants by mycorrhizal fungus increased growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments as compared with non-mycorrhizal ones. Traits like RWC, potassium and phosphorus in response to drought stress were decreased. Inoculation of plant roots with Mycorrhizal fungi increased significantly RWC, potassium and phosphorus content of the plants under drought conditions as compared with non-inoculated plants. The results also showed the mycorrhizal symbiosis by Glomus intraradices improved drought tolerance of marigold through enhancing the absorption of water and mineral ions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - The Effect of Cold and Drought Stresses on Yield, Yield Components and Water Use Efficiency of some Corn Hybrids (Zea mays L.)
Mohsen Tarighaleslami Mohammad Kafi Ahmad Nezami Reza zarghamiCold and drought stresses are considered as the most important factors limiting crop production. To evaluate the effect of these tow stresses on yield and yield components of corn hybrids, a field experiment was implemented in split plots based on a randomized complete MoreCold and drought stresses are considered as the most important factors limiting crop production. To evaluate the effect of these tow stresses on yield and yield components of corn hybrids, a field experiment was implemented in split plots based on a randomized complete block design in 3 replicates during 2014 at the Research Greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. In this research, chilling stress in two levels (i.e. non-stress, and cold stress) is considered as the main factor and three levels of drought stress (i.e. irrigation equivalent to 100% of plants water requirement, non-stress as control, irrigation equivalent to 75% of plants water requirement, and irrigation equivalent to 50% of plants water requirement) as sub factor and three hybrid corn (i.e. single-cross 704, single-cross 400, single-cross 260). The results showed that the effects of drought and hybrids on traits under study were significant. Cold and drought stresses interaction of different corn varieties on the traits under study (seed number per ear, 100-seed weight, yield, biological yield and harvest index) was also significant. The highest seed yields of hybrid 704 and hybrid 400 under 100% water requirement were 7887 and 6862 kg.ha-1 respectively. Single-cross 400 variety had the highest water productivity in line with the 704 variety with the highest grain yield and water consumption efficiency, water consumption efficiency for biomass production in water-limited conditions increased. Finally, it shows that cold and drought stress interaction resulted in highest water consumption efficiency in the treatments of non-chilling stress and 100% water requirement. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Variation of Forage Yields and some Agronomic and Physiological Characteristics of Kochia, Millet, Sorghum and Maize under Drought Stress
Hamid Najafinezhad Seyed Zabihollah Ravari Mohammad Ali JavaheriTo determine resistance of four species forage crops to drought stress an experiment was conducted for two years (2016-2017) in Kerman – Iran. In this study a randomized complete block design arranged in a split plot experiment with four replications was used. Dro MoreTo determine resistance of four species forage crops to drought stress an experiment was conducted for two years (2016-2017) in Kerman – Iran. In this study a randomized complete block design arranged in a split plot experiment with four replications was used. Drought stress treatments consisted of normal, moderate and severes drought levels (80, 130 and 180 mm cumulative pan evaporation respectively) were assigned to main plots and four forage plant types (maize, kochia, millet and sorghum) to subplots. Results indicated that with increasing of drought stress, leaf relative water content decreased but MDA (malondialdehyde) content increased. Among the four forage plants under study, kochia had the lowest MDA content. Chlorophyll a under moderate and severe drought stresses decreased by 16.3% and 20.7% respectively, as compared to normal drought. Kochia, in both years and under all levels of drought stresses, had the highest sodium percent in shoots. Sorghum had the highest amount of potassium content in shoot, as compared to other plants under severe and moderate levels of drought stresses. Sorghum produced the highest the forage yield at all levels of drought stresses and it produced highest fresh and dry (101241 kg.ha-1 and 30181 kg.ha-1) respectively under normal irrigation. Increasing drought stress resulted in the reduction of forage yield of all plant under study but yield reduction in kochia was lower than the yield of other plants. Millet and kochia with %11.9 and %9.82 crude protein contents respectively produced higher crude protein contents in this respect. Based on the results of this study, sorghum produced highest forage yield, millet good quality forage and kochia was the most tolerant plant to drought stress condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Evaluation of Grain Yield and some Biochemical Characteristics of Five Chickpea Cultivars (Cicer arietinum L.) under Drought Stress in Kermanshah Region
Seyed Mohammad Naseh Hosseini Mohsen Saeidi Cirous MansourifarTo study the effect of water deficit on biochemical changes in chickpea, a split-plot experiment based on complete block design with three replications was carried out at the Research Farm of Razi University in Iran. Moisture regimes with three levels, were: 1) irrigati MoreTo study the effect of water deficit on biochemical changes in chickpea, a split-plot experiment based on complete block design with three replications was carried out at the Research Farm of Razi University in Iran. Moisture regimes with three levels, were: 1) irrigation cut off from beginning of flowering till maturity, 2) irrigation cut off from beginning of podding till maturity and 3) irrigating plants at all stages of growth (control) assigned to the main-plots and five chickpea cultivars: Arman, Azad, Bivanij, Hashem and ILC482 to the sub-plots. Based on the results, two levels of water deficit resulted in significant reduction in the chlorophylls and carotenoids concentration and significant increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as: catalase, peroxidase and super oxide dismutase of leaves, in comparison with control. Therefore, there was a negative correlation between the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the amount of available water in soil, and their activity increased with increasing the severity of water stress. Seed yield was significantly affected by water deficit. In comparison of control treatment, irrigation cut off from the beginning of flowering up to maturity compared to irrigation cut off from podding up to maturity resulted in more reduction in seed yield (36 and 15% respectively). ILC482 cultivar with seed yield of 715 kg.ha-1 under irrigation cut off from the beginning of flowering up to maturity and Arman cultivar with a seed yield of 1355 kg.ha-1 under irrigation cut off from podding up to maturity produced highest grain yield. High yield cultivars under two levels of water deficit including: ILC482, Azad and Bivanij also had the highest photosynthetic pigments concentration and highest antioxidant activity in their leaves. The results also indicated a positive relationship between the antioxidant enzymes activities and photosynthetic pigment concentrations in chickpea which may help to increase growth and yield of chickpea under drought stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Response of Different Irrigation on Nano Iron Chelated to Chamomile (Matricaria Chamomilla L.) Genotypes
hamideh azade godjebigloo Bartali Fakheri Nafise Mehdi Nejhad Ghasem ParmoonTo study the effects of drought stress and foliar application of nano iron chelated on photosynthetic pigments, yield and yield component of thirteen genotypes of chamomile, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replicatio MoreTo study the effects of drought stress and foliar application of nano iron chelated on photosynthetic pigments, yield and yield component of thirteen genotypes of chamomile, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Greenhouse of Zabol University in 2014. The experimental treatments were: drought stress at 2 levels (control or irrigation at 90% of field capacity and irrigation at 70% of field capacity), foliar application of nano iron chelate at 2 levels (control and 2 mg/l) and 13 genotypes of chamomile consisting at: Isfahan, Mashhad, Shiraz, Kerman, Arak, Ardestan, Gachsaran, Nain, Khozestan, Safashahr, Kazeroon, Germany and Hungary. The results showed that besides the main effects of stress×genotype, the genotype×nano iron chelated and stress×nano iron chelated interactions and the triple effects were also became significant. Mean comparisons showed that the condition of genotypes at any level of stress and nano iron chelated had different trends. Using nano iron chelated in drought stress decreased chlorophyll a in Shiraz, Khozestan, Nain, Hungary and Germany genotypes, decreased chlorophyll b in genotypes of Isfahan, Kazeroon, Ardestan, Khozestan, Nain and Germany, decreased total chlorophyll in genotypes of Isfahan, Shiraz, Ardestan, Khozestan, Nain, Hungary and Germany and decreased anthocyanin content in Isfahan, Shiraz, Safashahr, Kazeroon, Khozestan and Germany genotypes. Using nano iron chelated in drought stress also caused a decrease in flower yield of Mashhad, Arak and Nain and a decrease per plant yield of Isfahan, Mashhad, Arak, Safashahr, Khozestan and Nain genotypes. The highest per plant yield (0.665 g.) belonged to Kerman genotype, were achieved through non-stress and use of nano iron chelate treatments and the lowest per plant yield (0.164 g.) to Arak genotype through the stress and non-spray treatments. Totally the interaction of chamomile genotypes to drought stress were different. Among the genotypes under study the Shiraz genotype were more resistant to stress compared to others. The effects of application of nano iron chelated were different depending on the genotype and for most of the genotypes it increased the photosynthetic pigment contents and yield components of Chamomile. This shows the effectiveness of low rate application of nano iron chelate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Effect of Different Deficit-Irrigation Methods on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Wheat (Parsi Cultivar)
Nadia Jafari Fayaz Aghayari Farzad PaknejadTo study the effect of different deficit-irrigation methods on yield and water use efficiency of wheat under different water applications a field experiment was carried out in split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at the Re MoreTo study the effect of different deficit-irrigation methods on yield and water use efficiency of wheat under different water applications a field experiment was carried out in split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at the Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch, Iran in 2014-2015 growing year. Deficit irrigation with three levels were I100: use of 100% wheat water requirement, I75: use of 75% wheat water requirement and I50: use of 50% wheat water requirement, which were assigned to the main plots and irrigation methods with three levels, consisting of M1: conventional furrow irrigation, M2: fixed alternate-furrow irrigation and M3: periodic alternate-furrow irrigation which were assigned to the sub plots. The results showed that by using 100% wheat water requirement grain yield in the fixed and periodic alternate-furrow irrigation methods decreased by 21.8 and 23.7 percents as compared to conventional furrow irrigation method, respectively. The highest water use efficiency for grain yield (1.63 kg.m-3) was obtained when 75% wheat water requirement and fixed and alternate-furrow irrigation methods and the lowest water use efficiency for grain yield (1.24 kg.m-3) was obtained when to 50% wheat water requirement, with conventional furrow irrigation method, was used. Also, the highest water use efficiency for biologic yield (4.38 kg.m-3) was obtained at 50% wheat water requirement, with fixed alternate-furrow irrigation method, that decreased 31.5 percent as compared to I100M1. According to the results of this study, the application of alternate furrow irrigation with 75% crop water requirement can be used to increase water use efficiency for wheat yield in the studied area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Effect of Deficit Water Stress on Some Growth Indices and Yield of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) in Response to the Zeolite and Nitrogen Fertilizer
Abolfazl Baghbani Arani Seyyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy Masoud Mashhadi Akbar Boojar Ali Mokhtassi BidgoliThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of water deficit stress, nitrogen fertilizer and zeolite on growth parameters, biomass and seed yield of fenugreek. A split factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was c MoreThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of water deficit stress, nitrogen fertilizer and zeolite on growth parameters, biomass and seed yield of fenugreek. A split factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University in 2014 and 2015. Five irrigation regimes (unstressed, mild stresses during the vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively; severe stresses during the vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively) were randomized to the main plots. Subplots consisted of six treatments of a factorial combination of three levels of nitrogen fertilizations (untreated plots, vermicompost fertilizer at a rate of 2.7 t.ha-1 and nitrogen chemical fertilizer at a rate of 11 kg.ha-1) and two rates of zeolite (0 and 9 t.ha-1). In both years, increasing severity of water deficiet stresses reduced leaf area index, crop growth rate, plant height, biological and seed yield of fenugreek; Thus, severe water deficit stress at the reproductive stage without fertilizer and zeolite (with the least amount of biological and grain yield) compared with that of control, caused 60.96 and 48.09 percent reduction in biological yield and 80.18 and 75.62 percent reduction in grain yield, in both years, respectively. Application of nitrogen fertilizer, especially vermicompost, resulted in a significant increase in the leaf area index, crop growth rate of fenugreek in various stages of development, thereby increased biological and grain yield in different irrigation regimes. In various irrigation regimes, higher leaf area index, crop growth rate and finally more yield produced with application of vermicompost or zeolite. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Evaluation of Lentil Recombinant Inbred Lines using Drought Tolerance Indices
Mohammad Hassan Rahimi Sadollah Houshmand Mahmood KhodambashiTo identify drought tolerant lines among 168 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Hindi variety of L3685 (high yielding, erect type and early growth) as female parent and Iranian variety of Qazvin (with prostrate growth and late growth) as male parent, MoreTo identify drought tolerant lines among 168 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Hindi variety of L3685 (high yielding, erect type and early growth) as female parent and Iranian variety of Qazvin (with prostrate growth and late growth) as male parent, two experiments were conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications under non-stress and drought stress conditions at the experimental Field of Shahrekord University in 2013. Results of combined analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among lines under study in both experimental conditions in terms of grain yield (P≤0.01). Significant interaction of line×conditions revealed that lines responded differently to drought stress based on grain yield. Results also indicates that lines 160, 125 and 129 were promising lines under both conditions in terms of grain yield. Positive and significant correlation between tolerance indices and grain yield under stress and non-stress conditions indicated that the STI, MP, HARM and GMP indices may identify promising from non promising lines. Based on the above criteria, lines 160, 125, 48, 103 and 129 were recognized as drought tolerant lines. According to the results of principal components analysis, the first and second components determined 97.8% of the total variations among genotypes under study for drought resistance indices. The distribution of lines in the biplot showed genetic variations to the drought stress and thus lines 160, 125, 48, 129 and 103 were identified as high yielders under drought stress condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Response of Barley Double Haploid Lines to the Grain Yield and Morphological Traits under Water Deficit Stress Conditions
Maroof Khalily Saeid Aharizad Alireza PoraboghadarehTo study the relationships of grain yield and some of agro-morphological traits in 40 doubled haploid (DH) lines along with parental and three check genotypes in a randomized complete block design with two replications under two water regimes (normal and stress) were ev MoreTo study the relationships of grain yield and some of agro-morphological traits in 40 doubled haploid (DH) lines along with parental and three check genotypes in a randomized complete block design with two replications under two water regimes (normal and stress) were evaluated during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 growing seasons. Combined analysis of variance showed significant difference for all the traits in terms of the year, water regimes, lines, and and line × year. Comparison of group means, between non-stress and stress conditions, showed that DH lines had the lowest reduction percentage for the number of grains per spike, thousand grain weight, grain yield and biological yield as opposed to check genotypes. The correlation between grain yield with biological yield, harvest index, thousand grain weight, and hectoliter of kernel weight in both conditions, were highly significant and positive. Based on stepwise regression the peduncle length, number of seeds per spike, thousand seed weight, and hectoliter of kernel weight had important effect on increasing seed yield. The result of path analysis showed that these traits had the highest direct effect on grain yield. Based on mean comparisons of morphological characters as well as STI and GMP indices it can be concluded that lines No.11, 13, 14, 24, 29, 30, 35 and 39 were distinguished to be desirable lines for grain yield and their related traits and also tolerant lines in terms of response to drought stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Evaluation of Drought Tolerance of someWinter Wheat Genotypes
Rana Naderi Zarnaghi Reza FotovatDrought stress is one of the main limiting factors crop production in arid and semiarid regions. In this study, drought tolerance of 19 wheat genotypes were evaluated by using UPGMA cluster analysis. To this end, the effect of drought stress on a number of related agron MoreDrought stress is one of the main limiting factors crop production in arid and semiarid regions. In this study, drought tolerance of 19 wheat genotypes were evaluated by using UPGMA cluster analysis. To this end, the effect of drought stress on a number of related agronomic and physiological traits of wheat genotypes, belonging to three groups of sensitive, intermediate and drought tolerant, under three conditions of normal, moderate and severe drought stress were studied. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was performed. Traits like plant height, shoot fresh weight, spike length, awn length, shoot dry weight, seed yield and relative water content of genotypes were measured. Analysis of variance showed that the effects of drought on all traits except awn length were significant. Most of the traits were negatively affected by drought stress. Highest reduction was observed in grain yield. Cluster analysis grouped genotypes exposed to drought stresses in to three categories. Genotypes numbering 15, 13, 12, 16 and 17 expirienced low means in all of traits under study. The results also showed that the second and third groups, resulting from cluster analysis, were in agreement with the results of previous researches reported. The first cluster, however, was found to be inconsistent with their initial introduction grouping under severe drought stress conditions. Therefore, the initial grouping was consistent especially in most of sensitive and tolerant genotypes under severe drought stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Survey of the Policies of Contrast with Drought in the Rural Areas from Jihad Experts point of view, Case Study: Esfahan Province
Vakil Heidari Sareban Soheila BakhtarThe research method was applied and analytical –explanation survey type. Populations of this analytical-explanatory survey consist of three hundred and fifty-six (356) experts and promoters of agricultural department in Esfahan Province. Considering the study of M MoreThe research method was applied and analytical –explanation survey type. Populations of this analytical-explanatory survey consist of three hundred and fifty-six (356) experts and promoters of agricultural department in Esfahan Province. Considering the study of Morgan and Krejcie's table, one hundred and eighty-five (185)were chosen by simple random sampling for the survey. The data collecting tool used is the researcher's questionnaire, based on individual and professional respondents and expert views and it was conducted based on the important variables of coping strategies by using theoretical literature about researches in the inside and outside of the country, and persistence of experts extracting the key studies The content and face validity of the instrument was specified after several times review and correction by the faculty of members at university and several expertise of administrative offices. The reliability analysis was conducted and Cronbach’s alpha values for the various sections of instrument were estimated to 0.81 for analyzing of research. In order to respond to proven questionnaire, they were given to statistic population and after its complement, data were analyzed using the SPSS software. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics was used. In descriptive part of the statistic, the data was described using statistics like frequency, mean, standard deviation and percentile, but in statistical inference, the most important strategy that was used is factor analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Investigation Copiny Ways among Farmers: Case Study Shivan County, North Khorasan
Ahmad Abedi Sarvestani Khalil Ghorbani Gohar Khaksar MoghaddamIran is located in arid area. Usually, agricultural sector can be most affected by drought. Farmers have used different strategies to deal with the phenomenon of drought. This study was conducted to identify these strategies and its relationship with the socio-economic MoreIran is located in arid area. Usually, agricultural sector can be most affected by drought. Farmers have used different strategies to deal with the phenomenon of drought. This study was conducted to identify these strategies and its relationship with the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers. The study population consisted of farmers in Shirvan County of North Khorasan Province that 350 of them were examined using survey research method. The required information was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire which its content validity was confirmed by experts. The results showed that the first priority coping strategy to drought was related to the “land reform measures” and the last priority was related to “storage solutions”. Also, “using pipe to transferring agricultural water”, “cooperation to create and develop a network of local irrigation and water supply" and "rain water harvesting using surface catchments" were the important three recommendations of farmers to combat drought in future. The results showed that age and farming experience were not significantly correlated to use of drought coping strategies. But the education level of farmers, amount of farmer-extension agent contact had positive and significant correlations with the number of used coping strategies with drought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Monitoring and Zoning of Drought in Southern Alborz
Porya Ghasemi Masoud Karbasi Alireza Zamani Nouri Mahdi Sarai TabriziDrought is one of the most important natural hazards and often affects the lives of many people and causes economic damage, environmental damage and social problems. This study was conducted to evaluate the drought trend, intensity and duration during 1988-2019 in relat MoreDrought is one of the most important natural hazards and often affects the lives of many people and causes economic damage, environmental damage and social problems. This study was conducted to evaluate the drought trend, intensity and duration during 1988-2019 in relation to the existing climates in the southern Alborz region. To describe droughts in 3, 6, 12 and 24-month time scales, two drought indices, namely standardized precipitation index (SPI) and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) were used. In the case of SPEI, evapotranspiration was an important factor in monitoring drought. Therefore, (HS) method was used to calculate evapotranspiration. Drought intensity and duration maps were presented for SPI and SPEI. The correlation between SPI and SPEI was also examined. In the present results, unlike humid climates, SPI does not have a good correlation with SPEI in extremely arid and arid climates and shows the importance of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) to identify drought in these areas and the index (SPEI) has more accurate monitoring results. Relative to the index (SPI). In addition, drought intensity maps for (SPI) and (SPEI) have shown that the region is experiencing very dry conditions and water resources are affected by intense drought in the short and medium term. Short-term drought in the east of the region (Zanjan) and long-term drought in the center and west of the region (Garmsar, Semnan, Karaj, Tehran) have been more. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Examining Snow Cover Changes in Relation to Drought Using Remote Sensing Techniques and GIS (Case Study of the West and East Azerbaijan Provinces)
Fahimeh Hooshmand mohammadebrahim afifiIn this research, to determine the changes in the level of snow cover in relation to drought, satellite data has been used in order to determine the snow cover and meteorological station data has been applied to estimate the drought. In this regard, at the first stage, MoreIn this research, to determine the changes in the level of snow cover in relation to drought, satellite data has been used in order to determine the snow cover and meteorological station data has been applied to estimate the drought. In this regard, at the first stage, satellite data was collected from NASA's Web site from 1385 to 1395, and after geometric and atmospheric corrections based on the NDSI index and using of bands 4 and 6, was applied to determine the level of snow cover and drought rate has been estimated based on SPI index. Studies of snow cover reveal that the level of snow cover has been reduced and this is proportional to the drought rate, and the prevailing trend in the level of snow cover and SPI is a downward trend. However, in spite of the prolonged and increased SPI index, the level of snow cover has been reduced or vice versa. The reason for this can be investigated through the type of precipitation during these years and it is possible that most type of the precipitation, during the years in which snow cover has been less, has been rainy type and in the drought years with increased snow cover, type of downfall has been more snowy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - Drought Evaluation and Climatic Impact Assessment in Guilan Province
Pejvak Rastgou Bahman Ramezani parviz rezayiIran is affected by subtropical high pressure in the arid belt of the world and its annual rainfall is less than one third of the world average rainfall. The aim of this study was to assess the vulnerability of Guilan province to drought with fuzzy GAMA, SUM and CVI mod MoreIran is affected by subtropical high pressure in the arid belt of the world and its annual rainfall is less than one third of the world average rainfall. The aim of this study was to assess the vulnerability of Guilan province to drought with fuzzy GAMA, SUM and CVI models and to identify appropriate measures to reduce potential damage. The research method was spatial and applied in terms of purpose. First, , the components of resources (R), meteorological (W), access (A), capacity (C), use and economic productivity (U), maintaining environmental integrity (E), Geographical features (G) were determined. The variables were matched with fuzzy membership functions. In the SUM model, the highest vulnerability was in the west, center and large areas of the east of the province, Rudsar city with an area of 78.23%. In the GAMA overlap model, large parts of the west of Talesh city and Rasht city with an area of 31.92% were observed in a very high vulnerability class. In the study of CVI components, the CVI index of the whole province was 44.5%. The CVI index had the highest rank in the resource component (R) at 56.12% and the lowest rank in the 36.94% component. In the CVI model, the highest vulnerability is in the whole city of Talesh with an area of 15.57%. High vulnerability rate of 26.84% was observed in Rasht, Soomehsara, Rudsar and Shaft counties and Astara and Rezvanshahr counties with an area of 20.88% were observed in very low vulnerability class. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - Urban development and the characteristics of short and medium-term hydrological drought in the Samian watershed of Ardabil province
Saeed Rasinezami hadi izadifard Raoof Mostafazadeh Hassan KhavarianHydrological drought is affected by many factors and is quantified using SDI index. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the urban development with satellite images between 1992 and 2016 and to evaluate its effect on the characteristics of hydrological drought ev MoreHydrological drought is affected by many factors and is quantified using SDI index. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the urban development with satellite images between 1992 and 2016 and to evaluate its effect on the characteristics of hydrological drought events in the Samian area of Ardabil province. Land use change assessment shows that the agricultural and residential areas have been increased. Examination of the one-month SDI index in all stations shows an increase in droughts in different periods. The highest number of dry months is related to the last period (2017-2008) of Samian station for 80 months. The highest increase in the number of dry months is related to Gilande station, which has increased from 1 month in the first period to 66 months in the last period. The study of the quarterly SDI index in all stations except Atashghah station shows the increase of drought in different periods. The highest increase in the number of dry quarters is related to Gilande station, which has increased from zero in the first period to 36 in the last period. Despite the increase in rainfall during the period and the presence of wet climatic months, as well as the relative increase in temperature in the region and due to increased agricultural use and residential areas that have increased the harvest of surface water, the number of dry months in the region has increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - Climate Change and Urban Instability: Assessment of the Consequences of Climate Migrants on Cities, Case Study: Zahedan City
Hossein Yaghfoori Esmail RahmaniEarth's climate has always been changing throughout history, but with the beginning of the industrial revolution, the human role in climate change has increased. This is mainly due to the increase in the consumption of fossil fuels, urbanization, deforestation, desertif MoreEarth's climate has always been changing throughout history, but with the beginning of the industrial revolution, the human role in climate change has increased. This is mainly due to the increase in the consumption of fossil fuels, urbanization, deforestation, desertification, etc., climate changes in human societies can lead to the migration of millions of people, the consequences of climate change The distribution of human population is not clear and unpredictable. The reflection of the displacement of the population appears in the cities and causes the formation of immigrant settlements in the peri-urban areas of big cities. The main goal of this research was to investigate the effects of climate change on the instability of Zahedan city. To achieve this goal, the average maximum and minimum data of temperature and relative humidity elements and total precipitation on a monthly scale related to Zahedan synoptic station in the 30-year statistical period from 1990 to 2020 were used. In this research, the non-parametric method of SENS test was used to evaluate the trend and spi was used for the standard precipitation index; Finally, 100 samples were used to test the questionnaire data. The results in the trend section showed that in the minimum, the most changes were related to the months of April, May, September, and October, and the maximum temperature changes occurred in the months of April, August, and October. In relative humidity, the biggest changes were in the form of a decrease in relative humidity in the month of November. The drought process based on the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) started in 1997, in fact, from 1998 to 2020, except for 2015, when the situation was relatively wet, Zahedan experienced drought in the rest of the years. The city had excellent and suitable conditions during the review period of 1991 and 1995 only. The results of the research based on the data of the questionnaire about neighborhood sustainability show that the highest average value is 2.3 related to the environmental dimension and the lowest average value is 2.5 related to the physical dimension. The overall neighborhood stability average is 2.8. This figure shows the weak stability (instability) of the researched neighborhoods, it can be said that the stability of the neighborhoods in the studied neighborhoods is not in a good condition and the citizens are dissatisfied in this regard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Drought effects on surface water quality in Golestan province for Irrigation Purposes, Case study: Gorganroud River
Nader Jandaghi Ali Heshmatpour Mojtaba Ghareh Mahmoodlu Saeedeh PasandIn this study, a part of the Gorganroud basin was selected to evaluate of the drought effect on 13 water physicochemical parameters. After collecting meteorological and hydrometric stations data in a period of 43-year (1350-1393), a 5-year drought index was determined u MoreIn this study, a part of the Gorganroud basin was selected to evaluate of the drought effect on 13 water physicochemical parameters. After collecting meteorological and hydrometric stations data in a period of 43-year (1350-1393), a 5-year drought index was determined using the standard precipitation index and moving average method. Then, the water quality parameters were obtained for a long-term and a drought period using the available hydrometric stations data. The average concentration of most of anions and cations, electrical conductivity, and sodium adsorption ratio have increased from upstream to downstream, so that, this increase in the downstream station is about seven times higher than its upstream station in the drought period. The average of anions, cations, electrical conductivity, and sodium absorption ratios were increase during the drought period compared to the long-term period. Using the Wilcox diagram, agricultural water quality is decreases in the direction of river flow, so that the water category changes from C2S1 (suitable for agriculture) in the upstream to C4S3 (harmful to agriculture) in the downstream. Therefore, it can be concluded that the occurrence of drought periods has a significant effect on the water quality factors in comparison with the long-term period, so that, the agricultural water quality drastically has reduced by a decrease in rainfall and subsequently decrease in river discharge within the drought period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - Environmental sustainability assessment with emphasis on drought and water resources using multi-criteria artificial neural network technology (case study of Babak city)
محمد ابراهیم عفیفی ahmad mangeli meydook ali vakhsooriIn this study, first, by studying the research, criteria and sub-criteria were identified that are effective in terms of environmental sustainability. After the Delphi stages, the criteria of environmental resources and services, environmental health and energy were sel MoreIn this study, first, by studying the research, criteria and sub-criteria were identified that are effective in terms of environmental sustainability. After the Delphi stages, the criteria of environmental resources and services, environmental health and energy were selected as the most important criteria for assessing environmental sustainability in Babak, then using the neural network model to analyze and evaluate the environmental sustainability of Babak. In this study, drought in Babak city was analyzed with a SPI index of drought during a statistical period of 32 years 1361-1392. This index is specifically for time series six; Twelve and forty-eight months were calculated. The city of Babak has been facing drought during the statistical period of thirty-two years, especially the last seven years, and on an annual scale of six months, most of its droughts are mild to moderate droughts. But in the long-term Myas 48 months, 75% of the droughts were severe and very severe, which shows a high relationship with the quantitative and qualitative decline of groundwater in this area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Drought monitoring chnages in Droudzan catchment using MODIS images
marzieh mogholiOne of the methods of studying drought and its destructive effects is drought monitoring and zoning using meteorological indicators and remote sensing techniques. In order to determine the effect of droughts on vegetation changes, drought intensities were determined usi MoreOne of the methods of studying drought and its destructive effects is drought monitoring and zoning using meteorological indicators and remote sensing techniques. In order to determine the effect of droughts on vegetation changes, drought intensities were determined using annual SPI drought indices by rainfall data of meteorological stations. In this research, SPI drought index was investigated in short and one-month periods and the annual period for three stations which according to the results of the calculation of meteorological drought indicators in general in all stations in The 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2013 droughts have occurred from weak to severe, and also occurred in 2009 and 2014 in the region of Tarsal. Initially, the standard rainfall index (SPI) was calculated for three meteorological stations in Shiraz, Eghlid and Dorogozan during the years 2015 to 2001, and then, based on images taken from MODIS in October, August, September, the normalized vegetation difference index ( NDVI) and then the correlation between meteorological indices and vegetation was taken during the statistical period for dry and wet years. Accurately, the NDVI's statistical results have the highest correlation with drought and climatic variation with the Drooden Station, . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Seasonal monitoring of drought in the country Using CRU network data
Azadeh ArbabyDrought is a natural and recurring feature of the climate that occurs in all climatic regions, but its structure and important effects vary from region to region.The main purpose of this study is to investigate the country's meteorological droughts over a long period of MoreDrought is a natural and recurring feature of the climate that occurs in all climatic regions, but its structure and important effects vary from region to region.The main purpose of this study is to investigate the country's meteorological droughts over a long period of time using network data with appropriate spatial and temporal resolution. Data analysis was performed using SPEI multivariate index. The results of drought calculation showed that in terms of time during the period (1966-2015) the rainfall of the cold period of the year decreases in general, the decrease in rainfall in different parts of the country mainly starts from the late 90s In the last years of the study period, except in autumn, we see more repetition of dry periods and unlike the late 80s, droughts have occurred more. Moderate drought intensities are significant and experience of severe droughts, which are among the most critical areas of the country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - Investigation of latent droughts hyper-arid climate of Iran (Case study: center, south and east of Iran)
Majid Gozalkhoo Reza Borna Hossein Mohammadi Farideh AsadianDrought is one of the climatic hazards that is of special importance. One of the problems of drought studies is the over-normal rainfall along with a relatively long period of drought. This divert SPI index; To the extent that sometimes, despite the occurrence of drough MoreDrought is one of the climatic hazards that is of special importance. One of the problems of drought studies is the over-normal rainfall along with a relatively long period of drought. This divert SPI index; To the extent that sometimes, despite the occurrence of drought, the index incorrectly shows that period as normal or even wet and leads to incorrect decisions in drought management plans. In this study, SPI drought index in 8 provinces with 27 synoptic stations located in the center, south and east of Iran with De Martonne hyper-arid climate in a period of 34 years (1985-2019) for a period of twelve months was calculated and analyzed. In this study, for the first time, the EP-SPI hybrid index is presented in which effective precipitation data was used as program input. Thus, the effect of older rainfall is reduced and the index provides a better estimate of drought. The results of statistical analysis of EP-SPI versus SPI values show a significant correlation at the level of 5%. 83% of the events with a difference of more than one in October to March and the highest difference between the two methods is equivalent to four levels of drought index displacement from wet Severe to moderate drought. In this study, it was found that 9.3% of the events of the 12-month drought remained hidden from the SPI index. Therefore, it can be said that the efficiency of EP-SPI method for detecting latent droughts in a period of twelve months is confirmed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Comparison of CVI and AHP methods in drought assessment and climate vulnerability assessment of Guilan province
Pejvak Rastgoo Bahman Ramezani Parviz RezaeiDrought is one of the most costly natural disasters in Iran and the need for a study to determine vulnerability and identify the factors affecting it in different parts of the country.The aim of this study was to compare CVI and AHP methods in assessing drought and meas MoreDrought is one of the most costly natural disasters in Iran and the need for a study to determine vulnerability and identify the factors affecting it in different parts of the country.The aim of this study was to compare CVI and AHP methods in assessing drought and measuring climatic vulnerability in Guilan province in order to identify its dimensions.The research method is spatial and applied in terms of purpose. In the AHP model, the importance of the resource component (R) with a weight of 0.293 is the highest and the weight of the component of geographical features (G) with a weight of 0.045 is the lowest. In the study of variables in the AHP model, the variable of total rainfall with a weight of 0.750 was the most effective variable and the variety and quality of agricultural products with a weight of 0.088 was the least effective variable according to experts. In the study of CVI components, the CVI index of the whole province was 44.5%. The CVI index had the highest rating in the resource component (R) at 56.12% and the lowest rating in the 36.94% component. The zoning of the AHP model showed that the middle part of the province, including Rasht, Saravan, Kasma, Anzali, has the highest area with an area of 42.11%. In the CVI model,the highest vulnerability is in the whole city of Talesh with an area of 15.57%.Astara and Rezvanshahr cities with an area of 20.88% were observed in a very low vulnerability class. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - Assessment of the Vegetation Dryness Index Based on Satellite Imagery in Sistan & Balouchestan province
kamal omidvar Masoumeh NabaviZadeh Hamid Reza Ghafarian malmiri Ahmad MazidiDecreasing of precipitation and Increasing of temperature, leads to extreme climate events such as drought which drastically impact on agricultural. Knowledge about the timing, severity and extent of drought can aid planning and decision-making. Drought indices derived MoreDecreasing of precipitation and Increasing of temperature, leads to extreme climate events such as drought which drastically impact on agricultural. Knowledge about the timing, severity and extent of drought can aid planning and decision-making. Drought indices derived from in-situ meteorological data have coarse spatial and temporal resolutions. Thus, obtaining a real-time drought condition over a large area is difficult. Therefore, drought indices which is derived from remote-sensing data, has been widely used for drought monitoring..In this study, Vegetation Drought Index (VDI) was evaluated in Sistan & Balouchestan Province To do this, Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MODIS (MOD02HKM and MOD11A1 ), Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and monthly precipitation data GLDAS from 2000 to 2018 were utilized to evaluate VDI.Accuracy of the Drought spatial distribution maps based on Pearson correlation coefficient was used data. Results indicate high significant correlation rate in the study area. Thus VDI, has the potential to monitor agricultural drought in the case of study and the drought indices based on remote sensing data could well use in drought early warning systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Analysis of the effect of drought phenomenon on dust events in different regions of Ghazvin province
Samira Zandifar mohammad khosroshahi Zohre Ebrahimi-KhusfiThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of drought on dust events in different cities of Qazvin province. Rainfall and temperature data were used to calculate the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and three-hourly dust events data wer MoreThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of drought on dust events in different cities of Qazvin province. Rainfall and temperature data were used to calculate the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and three-hourly dust events data were used to calculate the number of dusty days in the study stations. Based on the Spearman correlation coefficient, the impact of dust events on the drought phenomenon was investigated by considering different time delays. The maximum correlation between SPEI and the number of dusty days in Ghazvin city without considering the time delay of -0.38 and at the level of 99%, was significant, indicating the simultaneous impact of dust events from the drought phenomenon in the center of the province. The results also showed that the response time of dust events to meteorological drought with a delay of one year in Moallem Kalayeh city is significant at 90% confidence level (r = -0.52). Meanwhile, in other cities of Ghazvin province, no significant relationship was observed between the two phenomena of dust occurrence and meteorological drought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - A Comparative Study of the Performance of CHIRPS and ERA5-Land Precipitation Datasets in Detecting Droughts in Iran
Soroush Gholami Manuchehr Farajzadeh Yousef GhavidelThe aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of two precipitation datasets, CHIRPS and ERA5-Land, in detecting droughts using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) over Iran. To achieve this, the raster data of the two datasets were evaluated using the stan MoreThe aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of two precipitation datasets, CHIRPS and ERA5-Land, in detecting droughts using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) over Iran. To achieve this, the raster data of the two datasets were evaluated using the standardized precipitation index in 11 time steps, along with precipitation data from 110 meteorological stations and correlation analysis. The study results revealed that both CHIRPS and ERA5-Land datasets exhibited a high degree of correlation with station data in time steps ranging from 1 to 12 months across Iran, except for the northern region (RCHIRPS = 0.56, RERA5 = 0.76). Furthermore, the ERA5-Land dataset demonstrated an acceptable level of performance in higher time steps (24-72 months) compared to CHIRPS. Additionally, the study revealed that the areas affected by drought were relatively similar between both datasets for time steps up to 12 months, although the reliability of CHIRPS was questionable at higher time steps. Moreover, based on the results, it was found that in general, the accuracy and capability of databases in high time steps, with a statistical period length of 30-40 years, have been significantly reduced, and for longer time steps, a longer statistical period should be used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - Investigating The Synoptic Patterns Effective in Drought and Wet Years in Central Iran
Mehran Fatemi Kamal Omidvar Mahdi Narangifard Khodakaram Hatami Bahman BeiglouThe main objective of this study is to understand atmospheric circulation patterns, responsible for the development of drought and wet periods. For this purpose, droughts and wet periods during the 30-year period were identified in the six synoptic stations in central I MoreThe main objective of this study is to understand atmospheric circulation patterns, responsible for the development of drought and wet periods. For this purpose, droughts and wet periods during the 30-year period were identified in the six synoptic stations in central Iran. The base component analysis using varimax method of data correlation matrix and during the five hPa geopotential height and sea level pressure was to identify the basic elements of the atmospheric circulation. Then, using cluster analysis method on these components are bonded into circulation patterns were identified drought and wet. The main component of the study showed that more than 42% of the variance drought geopotential height at 500 hPa data by expanding the width of the lower polar low is that high elevation areas such as southern Siberia high elevation and high elevation or pressure tab on the research area is the cold air, air filter and associated cloudiness and creates stability, low rainfall and the occurrence of drought. The principal component analysis showed that the wet period of the first component Maximum percent rise a major role in the circulation patterns that indicate negative step-polar and Siberian high pressure that has two separate bovine eye model and the remaining components are due to negative steps and positive cells indicative of atmospheric instability coming from the Mediterranean and the Black Sea and the Red Sea to penetrate into the area, causing the event to be wet Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Evaluation of Interpolation Indexes in Droughts Using GIS (Case Study Larestan)
Marzieh MogholiDrought is one of the most important environmental events and also it’s the integral part of climate fluctuations. This phenomena is a specific condition of precipitation loss and high temperature that might happen in every climate condition. Drought condition awa MoreDrought is one of the most important environmental events and also it’s the integral part of climate fluctuations. This phenomena is a specific condition of precipitation loss and high temperature that might happen in every climate condition. Drought condition awareness and drought intensities zoning might decrease risks of drought losses significantly. Present study is an attempt to evaluate accuracy of place interpolation methods for occurred drought intensities zoning in LARESTAN in 1387 using Percentage of normal precipitation Index (PNPI), standard precipitation index (SPI), deciles precipitation index (DPI), and Rainfall anomaly index (RAI). Therefore, it used data of 20pluviometry stations in LARESTAN that distributed appropriately and inverse distance weight (IDW) with 1 to 3 powers, ordinary kriging (OK), and universal kriging (UK) Methods, were studied Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Investigating the Relationship between Northern Hemisphere Transplant Patterns and Drought in Northwestern Iran
Yosof Toloei Amir Gandomkar Mohsen Bagheri BadaghabadiDrought is a climatic phenomenon that is likely to occur in any region and leads to social, economic and environmental damage. Due to the importance of remote linking patterns and their impact on climate, therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationshi MoreDrought is a climatic phenomenon that is likely to occur in any region and leads to social, economic and environmental damage. Due to the importance of remote linking patterns and their impact on climate, therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between remote linking patterns and drought in northwestern Iran. In this regard, the precipitation statistics of 17 synoptic stations located in the provinces of East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan during the statistical period 1988 to 2018 and the statistics of 16 connection patterns from the Northern Hemisphere during the same period were used. First, using the drought index (SPI) of the study area on an annual scale, with a delay of one month and a delay of two months. Then, the relationship between drought and remote grafting patterns was investigated using Pearson correlation and linear regression methods. The results show that on a monthly scale, the PNA pattern showed a correlation with the studied stations more than other patterns in the one-month delay time of the TNA pattern and in the two-month delay time of the NAO pattern. Spatially, Maragheh and Jolfa stations have shown more correlation with remote connection patterns than other stations. Examination of seasonal correlation coefficients also showed that in winter HCNA and SNA patterns; NAM, NPI and PN patterns in spring; In summer, the SNAO pattern and in autumn, the POL / PEP pattern were more correlated with the drought of the studied stations than other patterns. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - Analysis and Comparison of SPI and GRI Indices in Assessing Meteorological Drought and Groundwater, Case Study: Mehran Plain, Ilam Province
Ali Abbasinia jafar morshedi Mnizheh Zohoriyan Jebrael GhorbaniyanDroughts are one of the most devastating weather events, causing significant damage to both natural resources and human life. The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare meteorological drought and groundwater of Mehran plain using standardized precipitation inde MoreDroughts are one of the most devastating weather events, causing significant damage to both natural resources and human life. The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare meteorological drought and groundwater of Mehran plain using standardized precipitation index (SPI) and groundwater index (GRI). In order to study the meteorological drought, the monthly rainfall information of Mehran synoptic station was used and in order to study the dryness of the groundwater of Mehran plain, the changes of groundwater level of Mehran plain were analyzed based on water level data of 23 observation wells. Also, SPI index was used for meteorological drought monitoring and GRI index was used for hydrological drought monitoring of Mehran plain. The statistical period required for drought analysis of a 25-year statistical period from the water year of 75-74 to 97-96 was selected. After determining the moisture periods of the indices, monthly groundwater zoning maps were prepared. To prepare these maps, the kriging model was selected from among different models. Finally, by applying the optimal half-change model in kriging and entering groundwater data as a point layer, raster maps were prepared using Arc GIS software. The results of the study of SPI index show that during the statistical periods in question, 4 severe droughts occurred, the most severe of which was 90-91, with a value of SPI index of -1.73. Also, the results obtained from the GRI index in the region show that an 11-year drought period of groundwater occurred, ie it started from the water year 88-87 and continued until the water year 98-97, the most severe of which was 90-91 with the amount of The index is -1.11. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - The effect of climate change on the distribution pattern of droughts in time and space using the index reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo)
Shahmorad Alizadeh Hosein Mohammadi Parviz KardavaniSeveral factors in the development of effective drought , which change and intervene in order to keep them from victory and their occurrence , and it is impossible to be foreign humanOn the same principle, the possibility that lives up to these requirements in any regio MoreSeveral factors in the development of effective drought , which change and intervene in order to keep them from victory and their occurrence , and it is impossible to be foreign humanOn the same principle, the possibility that lives up to these requirements in any region of the Earth's surface country rich and poor, wet and dry, developed and developing, etc. occur.In this study, meteorological data gathered from 19 weather stations in Iran during 2003-1961 using a composite index (CI) of meteorological drought analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics of drought in Iran. The frequency, scope and severity of drought calculated to reveal the spatial and temporal patterns in different sectors were examinedAnd then the system dynamics approach was to simulate the effects of different aspects. . ETo values in all stations in July reached its highest value. In all stations, ETo values from January to July increased and is then reduced until December. ETo Iran in the period 1961 to 2003 the average annual total is about 1154 mm. The annual average of 9.2 millimeters per year upward trend in Iran ETo (mm / yr) during the period indicated. Most of ETo in the year 1970 (mm / yr 1309) and then in 1999 and 2001 (mm / yr 1308) happened and minimum on the years 1979 (mm / yr 893) and 1990 (mm / yr 974) Find respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - The Examination of Evaluating Modei of Drought and Wet Year at Mahshahr and Andimeshk Stations
Farideh Azimi Gholam Ali Farhadvand Manizheh ZohourianDrought is a climatic phenomenon caused by a period of unusual dry conditions which is stable enough to cause instability in the hydrological situation of an area. The average annual rainfall of the country is about 250 millimeters that is less than the average rainfall MoreDrought is a climatic phenomenon caused by a period of unusual dry conditions which is stable enough to cause instability in the hydrological situation of an area. The average annual rainfall of the country is about 250 millimeters that is less than the average rainfall of Asia and about one-third of world’s average rainfall. According to Khuzestan station’s rainfalls and based on the Belter’s method, Khuzestan is located on the dry to mid-humid climatic region. Due to the importance of drought and its effect on the economic, social, biological, and even cultural issues, it is necessary to exactly assess this phenomenon. One of the significant and fundamental elements in drought studies in each area is the detection of some indexes for the intensity and lasting of drought period. In this paper, drought phenomenon in two stations of Mahshahr and Andimeshk in a period of twenty years (1370-1389), was analyzed by using the rainfall standardized index (SPI), percent ofnormality (PN), Nietzsche method, normal Z and decileindex. The results proved that in all the indexes, the years with normal rainfalls are more stable and lasting than the dry and humid years. So, based on the SPI index, Andimeshkstation has 13 years of almost normal rainfall. During this twenty years period, a terrible drought had happened on the year 87. Mahshahrstation has 15 years of almost normal rainfalls that is 2 years more than Andimeshk. Very strong humid year only happened on the year 76 and on the year 87,and the average drought was recorded for this station. According to PN index, on the year 87 on both Andimeshk and Mahshahr stations a terrible drought happened. According to Nietzsche method, 13 normal years in Andimeshk and 15 normal years for Mahshahr had happened. According to normal Z index, 2 years on Andimeshk(1381-1387) station and 1 year on Mahshahr (1387) was attributed as a rainfall with drought. According to deciles index, the driest years in both Andimeshk and Mahshahr stations are 87 and 78 which are in the first decile. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - Zoning SPI and DI Drought Indices Using Rainfall Network Data in Northwest of Iran
Khadijeh Javan Mohammad Reza Azizzade Hoshang Bashiri Fariba ShahriarDrought is one of the natural hazards that humans are constantly exposed. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize and analyzed. Drought indices, in fact Indicate the normal limits of droughts occurred during Time period to do possible to evaluate different spatial and t MoreDrought is one of the natural hazards that humans are constantly exposed. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize and analyzed. Drought indices, in fact Indicate the normal limits of droughts occurred during Time period to do possible to evaluate different spatial and temporal scales. Daily precipitation data in a 57-year period (1951-2007) were received. Data in this database is in form of cell 0/25× 0/25 degree arc to the Middle East. To convert the database to a text file (TXT) format, it converted to useable formation MatLab software by programming in Grads software. The next step is the calculation of the indices described in MatLab software. To map the output data, the Surfer and ArcGIS software were used. In this study the data output is seasonal and annual, ultimately standard rainfall index shows the drought rate and has been compared with DI index. Comparison annual maps of deciles Index and the Standardized Precipitation Index shows that the eastern part in Northwest of Iran is Wetter than the western part according to a period of 58 years and The western and central regions of Azerbaijan have drought Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Assessing the relationship between the occurrence of drought and changes in the water area of Anzali Wetland using Landsat satellite images
Kivan Asadi Parviz Rezaei Bahman Ramezani GorabiClimate change is one of the greatest dangers facing human beings now and in future generations. The phenomenon of climate change has caused many changes in spatial patterns of rainfall and has led to an increase in marginal phenomena such as drought. It is also predict MoreClimate change is one of the greatest dangers facing human beings now and in future generations. The phenomenon of climate change has caused many changes in spatial patterns of rainfall and has led to an increase in marginal phenomena such as drought. It is also predicted that climate change will affect the frequency, severity and duration of drought. Drought occurs in all climates, even in humid and semi-humid climates, so wetlands, which are one of the most important habitats on Earth, are no exception. In this study, drought events in Anzali wetland and its relationship with changes in wetland area during the statistical period 1975-2016 have been investigated. Two SPI and RDI indices have been used to study drought. Landsat satellite imagery was used to determine the blue zone. The study of drought indices in Anzali wetland shows that the values obtained by RDI index estimate drought with less intensity than the values obtained by SPI index. The results also showed that the water area of Anzali wetland has a decreasing trend during the years under study, which is completely consistent with the increasing trend of drought in terms of frequency and severity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Assessing vulnerability of rural settlements to drought phenomenon using Kupros multi-criteria decision-making model (Case study: Delfan County)
Naser Shafiei Sabet Behzad Doosti Masomeh GhorbaniIdentifying the accident-prone areas and vulnerable to environmental hazards will enable planners to make the best decisions in the shortest possible time. Accordingly, this research was carried out to assess and rank the rural settlements of Delfan County in terms of v MoreIdentifying the accident-prone areas and vulnerable to environmental hazards will enable planners to make the best decisions in the shortest possible time. Accordingly, this research was carried out to assess and rank the rural settlements of Delfan County in terms of vulnerability to drought phenomenon using Kupros multi-criteria decision- making model. In this descriptive - analytical research, 21 vulnerability indices in physical, economic and social dimensions was studied. Data collection was done by rural administrators in 24 rural settlements, selected randomly. After weighing the indices using Shannon’s entropy method, the villages were ranked by Kupros model. Results showed that, considering the diversity of vulnerability indices, Kupros model might have a great capability in ranking of settlements in terms of vulnerability to drought phenomenon. Golam Bahri and Kafraj had the most vulnerability, and Zafar Abad and Garmeh Khani had the least vulnerability to drought phenomenon. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - Investigation of intensity, duration and spatial distribution of drought in Semnan province
Mohammad Reza Zandmoghadam Behrooz Arastoo Askari MojtahedzadehDrought is an environmental event and an integral part of climatic fluctuations and is a periodic and normal weather feature. Unlike dry land, which is a permanent feature of the climate, drought is a temporary occurrence that results directly in a decrease in the amoun MoreDrought is an environmental event and an integral part of climatic fluctuations and is a periodic and normal weather feature. Unlike dry land, which is a permanent feature of the climate, drought is a temporary occurrence that results directly in a decrease in the amount of rain over a long period of time, usually in one season or more, and results in water shortages for some activities, groups or sections Is environmental. The greatest concentration of references in the assessment of droughts is on climate drought, which is due to the presence of more extensive and more comprehensive information, as well as the factor of rainfall in the factors causing drought. Due to the impact of drought in different sectors, different approaches to this phenomenon are considered, which requires space and time attention and its expansion to manage it. Currently, drought analysis is based on rainfall data as the most important factor for all types of drought. In this research, firstly, the annual precipitation index (SPI) values were calculated by selecting the default distribution (gamma) and then the frequency of different classes of drought for each period of 1,3,6,12, 24 months ending April 2016 was extracted for the settlements of the province. For the spatial-temporal distribution of drought-affected areas, the inverted interpolation method of IDW distance was used. Based on the frequency of drought classes, a single layer of variables was prepared and the range of each of the classes was determined in the province, the output of which is the spatial-temporal distribution maps of drought and the area of each of the different classes of drought were calculated in GIS software. By analyzing the course status, in the 1 month period ending April 2016, the highest spatio-temporal distribution with about 68.13 Percent of the province's settlements was related to the indicator In the normal period, in the 3 months period, with about 50.64 Percent, the average drought and in the 6,12and 24 months periods were 38.72, 41.76 and 36.98 Percent, respectively, with droughts, and any amount of time period to time It goes on for a long time, the effects of drought become more pronounced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - Investigating the effects of rainfall and drought changes on Zarivar Lake ecosystem
Amir Gandomkar Nader Fallah Alireza AbbasiWatersheds and wetlands are the most biologically diverse ecosystems on Earth due to the presence of water. They are spread all over the planet and play an important role in the water cycle. Due to the importance of this issue, the present study was conducted to investi MoreWatersheds and wetlands are the most biologically diverse ecosystems on Earth due to the presence of water. They are spread all over the planet and play an important role in the water cycle. Due to the importance of this issue, the present study was conducted to investigate the changes in precipitation and drought in Zarivar Lake and their effects on the lake ecosystem. In this regard, the annual rainfall statistics of Zarivar Lake station during the statistical period of 1397-1397 has been used. After normalization of the studied data using Anderson Darling test, it was found that they have an abnormal distribution, so the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was used to calculate their trend. Then SIAP index was used to study the lake drought. The results show an increasing trend of precipitation during the statistical period under study. Studies on drought also showed that the years 1999 to 2003 were part of the dry years of the lake. During the period 1383-1387, the conditions were almost normal. Wet conditions have prevailed on the lake since 2008. The year 1397 also has very wet conditions. Due to the fact that 1397 was a very rainy year, but it will cause overflow and flow of water in Zarivar river and also strengthen and nourish groundwater in the southern plain of the lake and increase water quality along the river and play a significant role in reviving and strengthening the lake ecosystem. has it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - Performance Evaluation of BNU-ESM and MIROC-ESM models in Global Warming with a view to Future Climatic Parameters and Droughts (Case study: Gorganrood Catchment, Golestan Province)
دنیائی DonyaiiIn the present study, the effect of climate change on climatic parameters such as temperature, precipitation and future droughts in Gorganrood catchment were evaluated using the output of two general circulation models called MIROC-ESM ﻭ BNU-ESM under three scenarios (i MoreIn the present study, the effect of climate change on climatic parameters such as temperature, precipitation and future droughts in Gorganrood catchment were evaluated using the output of two general circulation models called MIROC-ESM ﻭ BNU-ESM under three scenarios (i.e., RCP 2.6, RCP4.5 ﻭ RCP8. 5) for the two periods as the near future (2025-2060) and the far future (2061-2095). The outputs of MIROC-ESM and BNU-ESM model were downscaled by SDSM model and Change Factor method, respectively. In order to evaluate the performance of the two methods, the statistical indices such as R, RMSE and NSE were applied. And to assess droughts, the standard precipitation index (SPI) was used annually during the baseline (1961-2020) as well as the future periods. The results showed that the SDSM model has a higher performance in predicting both temperature and precipitation parameters than the Change Factor method. The results of temperature and precipitation changes in both near and far future periods determined the effect of Global Warming on the future climate of Gorganrood catchment, so that the average annual temperature increases in all scenarios in both models, while reduction in the average annual rainfall. Moreover, according to the results of both MIROC-ESM ﻭ BNU-ESM models, the annual SPI values will decrease in both near and far future periods under all three scenarios compared to the baseline period while the increases in meteorological drought. The results of general circulation models showed that the MIROC-ESM model estimates the lowest amount of rainfall, the highest values of temperature and the highest number of years with severe drought compared to the BNU-ESM model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - The effect of bio-fertilizers on yield component, yield, protein and oil in soybean (Glycine max Merrill) under different irrigation regimes
majid ghanbari Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli Parniyan Talebi-Siah SaranThe purpose of this study, Evaluation effect of Azotobacter nitrogen fixation bacteria in combination with Pseudomonas putida phosphate solubilizing bacteria on reducing the effects of irrigation water shortage on soybean cultivars under field conditions has been studie MoreThe purpose of this study, Evaluation effect of Azotobacter nitrogen fixation bacteria in combination with Pseudomonas putida phosphate solubilizing bacteria on reducing the effects of irrigation water shortage on soybean cultivars under field conditions has been studied. This research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Tarbiat Modarres University during 2015-2016. Irrigation treatments included optimal irrigation, mild stress, moderate stress and severe stress based on 15, 30, 45 and 60 percent of available water depletion respectively from the establishment time to the end of the growth period and four levels of soybean inoculation with bacteria (control or without bacteria, inoculum with Azotobacter, inoculation with Pseudomonas putida, and inoculation with both bacteria) are considered. The results of this study showed that the main effect of irrigation regime on all traits except 1000 seed weight and the main effect of bio-fertilizer were significant except for 1000 seed weight, seed nitrogen and oil on all traits. From the test results, one can conclude that Azotobacter alone increased 17.9% seed yield, Pseudomonas putida alone increased the yield of 32.4% and the combined application of both bacteria increased the grain yield by 39.8%. In general, considering the non-insignificant effect of bio-fertilizer interaction on levels of water stress, it can be concluded that under favorable irrigation conditions and under drought conditions, the application of bio-fertilizer is effective in improving yield and yield components, protein and oil yield of soybean. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - Evaluation drought tolerance of sunflower inbred lines and synthetic cultivars at temperate climate of Kermanshah
SEYED MEHDI SAFAVIAt this study, the effect of drought stress on some agro-physiological characteristics of 15 sunflower genotypes including three check cultivars, eight inbred lines and four synthetic cultivars was evaluated using Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with three repl MoreAt this study, the effect of drought stress on some agro-physiological characteristics of 15 sunflower genotypes including three check cultivars, eight inbred lines and four synthetic cultivars was evaluated using Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with three replicates under non-stress and drought stress conditions at Dryland Agricultural Research Sub-Institute (Sararood Station), AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran during 2013-2014 cropping year. The mean kernel yield of genotypes was 715 and 597 kg/ha under non-stress and stress conditions, respectively which shows a 19.02% reduction due to drought stress. Check cultivar “Zaria” and line “Sil-292” had the highest percentage of yield loss with more than 30%. Synthetic cultivars “Sil-94”, “Sil-54” and “Sil-96” had the lowest percentage of reduction with less than 5%. Kernel oil content ranged from 45.5 to 51.7% in non-stress conditions and from 35.4 to 49.9% in drought stress conditions. Drought stress caused about 10% decrease in kernel oil of the genotypes. Overall, drought stress caused early flowering, reduced agronomic and morphological traits and kernel oil content and increased relative electrolyte leakage and leaf relative water loss. Genotypes “SIL-54”, “SIL-42”, “SIL-140” and “SIL-237” were recognized as the most tolerant genotypes using ranking method and its parameters. These genotypes were identified as the best genotypes based on the biplot diagrams under the both conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - Grain yield, chlorophyll content, osmolyte accumulation, total phenolics and catalase activity in maize (Zea mays L.) under drought stress
Vahid Nasrollahzade asl Sajjad Moharramnejad Mehri YusefiTo study the response of grain yield, chlorophyll (a+b) content, glycine betaine, proline, soluble sugars, total phenolics, and catalase (CAT) activity in maize hybrids to drought stress during kernel filling stage, a field experiment was carried out as a split plot com MoreTo study the response of grain yield, chlorophyll (a+b) content, glycine betaine, proline, soluble sugars, total phenolics, and catalase (CAT) activity in maize hybrids to drought stress during kernel filling stage, a field experiment was carried out as a split plot completely randomized block design with four replications in Moghan Research Station, during 2010 and 2011 growing seasons. The main plots were composed of two drought stress levels including commonly available irrigation water (control) and no irrigation at kernel filling stage. Three maize hybrids including NS640, SC704, and SC720 were allocated into sub-plots. Analysis of the data suggested that drought stress significantly affected all measured characters and reduced grain yield and chlorophyll (a+b) content. Drought stress also increased glycine betaine, proline, soluble sugars, total phenolics, and CAT activity about 30.2, 36.7, 17.8, 38.8 and %15.2, respectively. SC704 displayed maximum grain yield and osmolyte accumulation. Based on the findings of the study, grain yield, chlorophyll (a+b) content, glycine betaine, proline, soluble sugars, total phenolics, and catalase (CAT) activity can be used to study drought-response and drought-tolerance of maize hybrids. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - Evaluation of the effect of putrescine on morphological and physiological indices of Giant Milkweed Seedlings (Calotropis procera Ait.) under drought conditions
Mojtaba Dolatkordestani Mansour Taghvaei Saied BarkhoriGiven the importance of Giant Milkweed shrub in reclamation of deserts and arid regions, and position of Iran in low rainfall and arid areas, so far enough research has not been done to understand the morpho-physiological properties of the Giant Milkweed shrub under dro MoreGiven the importance of Giant Milkweed shrub in reclamation of deserts and arid regions, and position of Iran in low rainfall and arid areas, so far enough research has not been done to understand the morpho-physiological properties of the Giant Milkweed shrub under drought stress conditions and to determine the status of putrescine in reducing the devastating effects of drought. For this purpose, a field experiment was conducted in a split plot randomized complete block design with four replications to determine the effect of putrescine on some morphological and physiological characteristics of Giant Milkweed seedlings under drought stress conditions in Research Farm of the University of Hormozgan. The main factor included five levels of irrigation (1 (control), 3, 6, 9 and 12 days irrigation intervals) and putrescine treatment by foliar sprays at 3 steps every 20 days at five levels (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 mM) in sub plots. Results showed that an increase in irrigation interval up to 12 days reduced leaf area, fresh and dry weight of shoots, fresh and dry weight of roots, and chlorophyll content. Also, increased irrigation interval up to 12 days increased proline content, superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase enzymes activities. Increase in the concentration of putrescine, led to a significant increase in leaf area, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, chlorophyll content, proline content, and superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes activities in the leaves. The best putrescine treatment to reduce the devastating effects of drought was observed at concentration of 2 mM. According to the results obtained, the use of putrescine to establish the plant in dry conditions is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - Effects of methanol spraying on some biochemical and physiological characteristics of soybean (Glycine max L.) under drought stress
Behzad Amraei Farzad Paknejad Mohammadali Ebrahimi Hamid SobhanianIn order to investigate the effect of foliar application of methanol and drought stress on some biochemical properties of soybean (Glaycine max L.), a pot experiment was done in farm environment. The experiments were done in factorial form based on a completely random d MoreIn order to investigate the effect of foliar application of methanol and drought stress on some biochemical properties of soybean (Glaycine max L.), a pot experiment was done in farm environment. The experiments were done in factorial form based on a completely random design with 3 repetitions. Treatments included three irrigation levels of normal (irrigation after 40% depletion of available soil moisture), average stress (irrigation after 60% depletion of available soil moisture), and severe stress (irrigation after 70% depletion of available soil moisture) as the main factor and levels of methanol in the form of foliar application including control solutions (foliar application without use of methanol) and solutions of 14.7% and 21% of methanol as secondary factor. Results obtained from the study showed that there were significant differences between various levels of methanol in content of chlorophyll and carotenoid compounds, relative water content, phenolic compounds, total protein content, proline, and leaf peroxide hydrogen in (P≤0.01). With the application of stress from mild to severe, application of 14% methanol showed more pronounced effects on total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Moreover, under mild and severe stress conditions, with application of the highest value of methanol, production of peroxide hydrogen reached lowest level and the content of phenolic compounds increased with the increased application of methanol from 7% to 14%. According to the obtained results, with application of 14% methanol, more increase was observed in the efficiency of proline under severe stress conditions. Increasing the volume of methanol from 7 to 14%, the relative water content was preserved under stress conditions. For protein, with increased drought stress, the effect of application of 14% methanol was the same in comparison with 21% methanol. Therefore, according to the obtained results, it is concluded that methanol could improve plant resistance against drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - Evaluating the effects of water stress and urban waste compost on morpho-physiological indices and yield components of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik)
Raheleh Ahmadpour Saeed Reza Hossain ZadeCompost fertilizer because of containing abundant nutrients, high capacity for holding water, plant growth regulators and helpful microorganisms can improve soil physicochemical characteristics and play an effective role in plant growth and development. In order to eval MoreCompost fertilizer because of containing abundant nutrients, high capacity for holding water, plant growth regulators and helpful microorganisms can improve soil physicochemical characteristics and play an effective role in plant growth and development. In order to evaluate the effects of compost fertilizer on morpho-physiological indices of lentil under water deficit stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a natural environment and with three replications based on a completely randomized design in the Khatam Alanbia University of Behbahan. The experiment treatments consisted of five ratios of compost fertilizer and soil (0:100, 5:95, 15:85, 25:75, and 35:65) and three levels of water stress inclding no stress, moderate stress, and severe stress (irrigation at 25, 50, and %75 of field capacity, respectively). Results showed that there were significant differences in all traits under different compost fertilizer and water stress levels. The findings also showed that under no stress and moderate water stress conditions, application of a mixture of compost and soil at %25 and %35 weight, resulted in a significant increase in the plant height, leaf area, leaf number, root dry weight, root length, root area, and Chlorophyll a and a/b ratio compared to the control levels. Under severe water stress, application of compost at 35% level led to a significant increase in the number of leaves, leaf area, root length, and Chlorophyll a content. Therefore, the use of a mixture of compost and soil (especially 35:65 ratio) is recommended to improve the morpho-physiological characteristics and yield componentsof lentil under moderate (or severe) water stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Effect of premixing of spermidine and polyethylene glycol on germination and physiological and morphological activity in Triticum durum wheat with Salinity stress
Parvane RahdariIn order to effect of spermidine and polyethylene glycol pretreatment on germination and some physiological and morphological activity durum wheat under salinity stress a experiment with 20 treatments, three replications was conducted in 60 experimental units. Tre MoreIn order to effect of spermidine and polyethylene glycol pretreatment on germination and some physiological and morphological activity durum wheat under salinity stress a experiment with 20 treatments, three replications was conducted in 60 experimental units. Treatments included five levels of spermidine (0/ 02,0/ 05,0/ 1 and 0/15 mM) and four levels of polyethylene glycol (0- 2,- 4 and -5 bar). The results showed that the use of spermidine increased the relative weight contact of leaf (RWC), leaf area ratio, chlorophyll s and phenolic compounds . In this study, carotenoids content and leaf antioxidant activity decreased with increasing spermidine level and also had no statistically significant effect on germination. With increase of polyetylen glycol antioxidant activity, carbohydrates and total phenolics increased but decreased germination. Therefore, according to the above results, application of spermidine and polyethylene glycol as seed pre-treatments can have significant effects on physiological and morphological activities in stress conditions and increase plant potency under stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - Effect of different levels of biochar on physiological traits of pumpkin under water shortage stress
Ali reza Safahani Reza NooraBiochar has recently attracted lots of attention as a viable strategy for increasing crop productivity. Water shortage limits the productivity of agriculture, and one possible solution to this problem is the application of biochar. The objective of this study was to inv MoreBiochar has recently attracted lots of attention as a viable strategy for increasing crop productivity. Water shortage limits the productivity of agriculture, and one possible solution to this problem is the application of biochar. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biochar on physiology and yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) under different irrigation regimes. For this purpose, a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with four replicates was conducted in Gorgan, in two successive years (2014-2015) and consisting of a factorial combination of four irrigation regimes including 45%, 60%, 75%, and 90% (I1-I4) of maximum allowable depletion (MAD) of available soil water (ASW) and biochar was applied at rates 0, 5, 10, and 20 tons per ha(B0–B20). Drought increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and the content of reactive oxygen species in leaf compared to control. In contrast, all of the antioxidant activities, reactive oxygen species and proline contents of leaves in soil treated with biochar, particularly at B20 biochar, declined. With the addition of biochar, the contents of MDA, O2•− and H2O2displayed remarkable decrease, however, maximum and minimum of these substances belonged to I4B0 and I1B20, respectively. Interestingly, biochar application alleviated the negative impact of reduced irrigation on the leaf gas exchange parameters, crop yields, water use efficiency, chlorophyll content, uptake of nutrients, and plant water status. Measured and simulated results revealed a special biochar application threshold for each irrigation regime with respect to seed yield. Response rate to biochar was ceased at lower biochar rates by prolonging irrigation. But the response of I2 treatment to biochar ceased at higher biochar rate as Bcritical (14 t ha-1). This implies that I2 improved response of pumpkin to biochar, which was accompanied by its higher WUE. These results indicate that biochar amendment could be considered as a successful strategy for improving the water productivity and increased crop production in study region (Gorgan). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - Physiological responses and anti-oxidative activities in flag leaves and spicules of wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought stress
Parisa Sharifi Nayer MohammadkhaniThis study was carried out for evaluation of the effects of drought stress after anthesis on agronomic characteristics and some physiological responses of flag leaves and spicules of different wheat genotypes using a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block d MoreThis study was carried out for evaluation of the effects of drought stress after anthesis on agronomic characteristics and some physiological responses of flag leaves and spicules of different wheat genotypes using a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with two factors (irrigation and wheat genotypes) and three replicates. Two levels of irrigation involving control (full irrigated under water farming conditions) and drought stress (irrigation cut after anthesis until the end of growth period) as the first factor and different wheat genotypes (TEVEE'S'//CROW/VEE'S and Shark: drought sensitive, Manning/Sdv1/Dogu8 and Sabalan: semi tolerant, Sardari HR-86 and Dogu88/Ghafghaz 7: tolerant to drought stress) as the second factor were considered and agronomic and physiological characters were measured. Drought stress decreased grain yield through decreasing 1000 grains weight. Manning/Sdv1/Dogu8 semi tolerant genotype showed the highest and Shark genotype showed the lowest grain yields. Results showed that soluble protein content increased in flag leaves and spicules under stress compared to control. Sardari HR-86 and Shark genotypes showed the highest and lowest soluble protein content in flag leaves, respectively. The highest and lowest soluble protein contents in spicules were observed in Manning/Sdv1/Dogu8 and Shark genotypes, respectively. The study also showed that peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes activities increased under drought. The highest enzyme activity was observed in flag leaves of Sardari HR-86 tolerant genotype and in spicules of Manning/Sdv1/Dogu8 semi tolerant genotype in the last step of sampling. Also, sensitive genotypes showed the lowest enzyme activities. Based on the obtained results it seems that in Manning/Sdv1/Dogu8 semi tolerant genotype, activation defense system of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes had a key role in improving tolerance to drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - Determination of drought tolerance clones in Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) by investigating the activity of antioxidant enzymes
Mehdi Rahimi Mojtaba Kordrostami Mojtaba Mortezavi Sanam Safaei-ChaeikarIn order to investigate the activity of antioxidant enzymes of 14 tea clones under normal and drought stress conditions, two separate experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design with two replications in 2017 at Fashalem Tea Research Station in Ras MoreIn order to investigate the activity of antioxidant enzymes of 14 tea clones under normal and drought stress conditions, two separate experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design with two replications in 2017 at Fashalem Tea Research Station in Rasht. Irrigation in both designs was carried out routinely until July 22 followed by a drought stress treatment for one plot until August 22 when tea leaves were harvested. Tea leaves from each plot of the both experiments were then removed and transferred to a freezer at -80 °C. The activity of the antioxidant such as ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammoniaase, lipid peroxidase, malondialdehyde, β-carotene, and lycopene were measured. The results showed that drought stress increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Based on the results obtained from the mean comparisons, clones 100, 399 and Bazri, had the highest activity for ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammoniaase, and lipid peroxidase under drought stress conditions. On the other hand, these clones had the lowest contents of malondialdehyde. Clones 278 and 276 on the other hand, had the least values of antioxidant enzymes under drought stress conditions (except malondialdehyde) and were considered as sensitive clones. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - Effect of drought stress and spraying of gibberellic acid and salicylic acid on the quantitative and qualitative yield of canola (Brassica napus)
naser ezati Abbas Maleki Amin FathiAn experiment was conducted as split-split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during cultivation season 2017-2018 in Darreh-Shahr, Ilam Province. The experimental factors were four levels of irrigation as main plots including n MoreAn experiment was conducted as split-split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during cultivation season 2017-2018 in Darreh-Shahr, Ilam Province. The experimental factors were four levels of irrigation as main plots including normal irrigation, cut of irrigation at stem elongation stage, cut of irrigation at the beginning stage of flowering, and cut of Irrigation at the beginning of the pod. Sub-factors included two levels of spraying and non-spraying of gibberellin hormone (100ppm) and salicylic acid (150 ppm), respectively. The comparison of mean effects of gibberellin showed that application of gibberellin resulted in highest saturated fatty acid while the plants receiving no gibberellin contained the lowest saturated fatty acid. The later drought stress occurred, the more significant was reduction in the oil percentage. The effect of drought stress on saturated fatty acid was significant but it had no significant impact on the unsaturated fatty acid. Both applications of gibberellin and salicylic acid increased the oil percentage and saturated fatty acid content. Results showed that normal irrigation with both uses of gibberellin hormone and salicylic acid produced the highest biological yield and the lowest dry matter was obtained in irrigation cutting at the beginning of podding stage without any spraying . The combined application of these two hormones increased seed oil content significantly. Finally, the findings indicated that the spraying of gibberellin and salicylic acid under drought stress significantly affected the yield in canola and when these hormones are applied at a suitable time they decrease the adverse effects of drought stress and increases oil yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - Effect of adding perlite in soil on some growth and physiology characteristics of Queues castanifolia seedlings under water deficit stress
zohreh zoghi Seyed Mohsen Hosseini Masoud Tabari Kouchaksaraei Yahya KoochDraught stress is the most important abiotic stress significantly affecting plants’ growth, development, and performance. This study was carried out to determine the effect of perlite, as a modifying element of soil, on growth and physiological responses of Queues MoreDraught stress is the most important abiotic stress significantly affecting plants’ growth, development, and performance. This study was carried out to determine the effect of perlite, as a modifying element of soil, on growth and physiological responses of Queues castanifolia seedlings under water deficit stress. A factorial experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design under greenhouse condition of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in Gorgan, 2015. Perlite treatments at 4 levels (0, 15, , and 35% (V/V)) were added in soil and water stress at 3 levels (40, 70, and 100% irrigation at field capacity) were applied in the pot experiment for 5 months. Some parameters including gas exchange (photosynthesis, stomatal conduction, and transpiration), leaf water potential of seedlings, diameter and height growth, and dry weight of root, stem, leaf, and seedlings were measured in different treatments at the end of the experiment period. Results showed that all parameters were affected by different levels of irrigation and perlite. Water deficit by 40% FC reduced 51% and 68% of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, respectively. The highest diameter and height growth and dry weight of the seedlings were observed in 25% and 35% (V/V) perlite application under normal and stress conditions, respectively. The use of perlite alleviated the negative effects of water deficit and ameliorated seedling growth. The findings suggest that perlite application in soil is suitable for the production of desirable seedlings under water deficit condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - The study of the response of some physiological characteristics and grain yield of Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.) cultivars to drought stress and foliar application of chelated nano iron
nafiseh mahdi nezhad hamideh jamalpour barat ali fakheri hameideh azadIn order to study the effect of foliar application of chelated nano iron and drought stress on physiological changes and grain yield of purslane cultivars, an experiment was conducted as split plot factorial randomized complete block design with three replications in Ah MoreIn order to study the effect of foliar application of chelated nano iron and drought stress on physiological changes and grain yield of purslane cultivars, an experiment was conducted as split plot factorial randomized complete block design with three replications in Ahar Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Station during 2015. The experimental factors included drought stress levels, 90 (control), 70, and 50 field capacity, two levels of chelated nano iron, 0 (control) and 1 lit.hr, and two cultivars (Tehran and Kazeron). Results showed that foliar application of nano iron under drought stress had a significant effect on some traits, so that the highest content of chlorophyll b (4.47 mg/g leaf tissue) was recorded under normal irrigation and foliar application of nano iron chelated, the highest sodium concentration (38.87%) was obtained from 50% filed capacity and non foliar application of chelated nano iron, and the highest potassium content (87.68%) was obtained under drought stress conditions of 50% filed capacity and foliar application of chelated nano iron. Considering the significance of interaction effects, the highest amount of proline (1.22 mg/g fresh weight), soluble sugar (96.92 mg/g fresh weight), and iron (1.11%) was obtained from Kazeron cultivar under drought conditions, 50% filed capacity by non foliar application of chelated nano iron. The highest amounts of chlorophyll a (6.99 mg/g of leaf tissue), carotenoids (1.67 mg/100 ml), and anthocyanins (0.017 mg/100 ml) were recorded by foliar application of chelated nano iron in Kazeron cultivar under normal irrigation. Also under stress conditions, the use of chelated nano iron compared to control increased the grain yield by 32.66% and Kazeron cultivar was superior to Tehran cultivar, so that the seed grain yield of Kazeron was 1.31 more than that of Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - Evaluation of biochemical and physiological traits of corn S6 lines under normal and water deficiency conditions and examining their kinship relationships by cluster analysis
Farhad Sadeghi Mehdi RahimiIn order to investigate the response of 15 maize S6 lines to drought stress, a split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2015 year at the research field of Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Ira MoreIn order to investigate the response of 15 maize S6 lines to drought stress, a split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2015 year at the research field of Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran. In this study, the main factor was stress at two levels (normal with five days irrigation and low irrigation with ten days irrigation) and the sub-factor was maize line at 15 levels. The results showed that there were significant differences between stress levels and lines for all studied traits (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble sugars, protein and proline content). Mean comparison of lines showed that lines 9, 3 and 5 had the highest proline content under drought stress conditions. The lowest phenotypic coefficient of variation was for total protein (2.59) and the highest for proline (74.17). Cluster analysis divided the studied lines into four, five and six groups in normal, drought and mean conditions, respectively, and the similarity of their grouping was high. Based on the results of cluster analysis and mean comparisons, lines with high genetic distance were grouped together. Thus, three groups, each with five lines, were found to be used in the planning of breeding projects and cross-breeding programs. Line 9 also showed a high mean for most of the studied traits in both conditions and it can be considered as a promising line in future experiments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
190 - A study on the morphological and physiological traits of Stabragh (Calotropts procera L.) under drought and saline area of Golestan province
mostafa hamidi Saeid Navabpour abolfazl mazandarani ahad yamchi ali asghar nasrolahnejadStabragh belongs to the Asclepiadaceae family and is resistant to high levels of drought and salinity. Its organs have been used for the treatment of various diseases. In order to study the adaptation and stability of this plant under drought and saline conditions in Go MoreStabragh belongs to the Asclepiadaceae family and is resistant to high levels of drought and salinity. Its organs have been used for the treatment of various diseases. In order to study the adaptation and stability of this plant under drought and saline conditions in Golestan province, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, plant seeds were cultivated in Gorgan, Gonbad, and Aghghala under different degrees of salinity and drought in February, March and April during 2014 and 2015. Plant height, leaf number and area, leaf dry weight, and proline and chlorophyll contents were measured were significant on all traits. Important traits such as proline, chlorophyll, fresh weight, dry weight, and plant height were introduced as the most important traits during the growth season. Data analysis was done through combined analysis of randomized complete block design. Results showed that the effect of regions on plant height, leaf area and dry weight, and also proline content were significant. Also, the effect of year was significant only for height and number of leaves. Effects of planting date and sampling in the adaptation of stabragh to saline and drought environments. Gorgan was the most suitable area for cultivation. Variations in the cultivation dates led to changes in the plants’ level of adaptation and stability. The best planting date was April. The findings suggest that the plant can tolerate dry and saline conditions of the region and we can consider it as an alternative plant in arid and saline areas of the province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
191 - fluctuation of physiological characteristics and tolerance signals in parent's seeds and Seeds exposed to drought stress in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) plant.
mohammad habibi Mohammad Ali Rezaee Elham Faghani Mehr Ali Mahmood Janloo Mohammad Hossein RazzaghiDrought stress is a limiting factor in growth and production in more than 30% of the world's cultivated areas. One of the ways to deal with drought stress is to cultivate plants that are more resistant to this stress and cotton is one of these plants. There is little in MoreDrought stress is a limiting factor in growth and production in more than 30% of the world's cultivated areas. One of the ways to deal with drought stress is to cultivate plants that are more resistant to this stress and cotton is one of these plants. There is little information about the physiological and biochemical properties of cotton under stress conditions and therefore this study was designed to identify the fluctuation of physiological characteristics and tolerance signals in mother seeds and seeds under drought stress in cotton plants. Experimental factorial, in the form of a randomized complete block design, in 5 seed treatments (including 4 levels of stressed seeds and non-stressed seeds) and stressed seeds at 4 levels of irrigation (rainfed, 33%, 66%) And 100% of the field capacity of the farm) was implemented. In this study, the seeds used were exposed to drought stress in 3 stages during different cropping seasons. The results showed that the effect of irrigation on yield and yield components was significant and the highest total yield was observed in 33% seeds under irrigation 33% of field capacity and the highest early maturity was observed in 66% irrigation. The results showed that severe drought and waterlogging reduce cotton yield and 33% seed after 3 years of exposure to moderate stress by stimulating physiological mechanisms and increasing the amount of osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes. And photosynthetic pigments became more adaptable to drought stress. The results of this study showed that the exposure of seeds to mild to moderate stress, strengthens the signaling pathways and increases the potential of seeds to tolerate drought stress, which can be considered by seed propagation centers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - Evaluation and comparison of ten ecotypes of Teucrium polium L. in tolerance to drought stress
Zahra Tohidi Hamid Sobhanian amin baghizadehMedicinal plants, as important agricultural products, can be considered as the greatest national wealth for any country because of their vital role in promoting national goals for health and also as genetic treasures. Having a diversity of climates, Iran has a great var MoreMedicinal plants, as important agricultural products, can be considered as the greatest national wealth for any country because of their vital role in promoting national goals for health and also as genetic treasures. Having a diversity of climates, Iran has a great variety of medicinal plants. Detecting the growth status of medicinal plants under drought stress conditions can lead to the cultivation of resistant plants in dry or semidry areas. In the present study, we investigated the morphological and physiological responses of ten ecotypes of the medicinal plant Teucrium polium L. native to southeastern Iran under drought stress. For this purpose, a factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. In this experiment, moisture treatments of 100, 70, and 40% of field capacity were applied. Analysis of the data showed that the morphological traits under study including stem length and fresh and dry weight of shoots decreased by 5% with increasing drought stress. Drought stress also increased root length, proline content, and phenolic compounds while decreasing chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, and protein contents. The highest resistance to stress was shown by ecotypes growing in Sarcheshmeh and Kuhpayeh regions and the lowest resistance was shown by plants in Shahdad and Anbarabad regions. The results of the study indicated the relative resistance of this plant to drought stress. Therefore, it is a very suitable medicinal plant for cultivation in dry and low water areas of Iran. Among the studied ecotypes, the plants of Sarcheshmeh and Kuhpayeh regions responded 40% better to drought stress conditions and cultivation of these ecotypes in stressed areas can be recommended with more confidence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - The effect of gibberellin hormone on yield, growth indices, and biochemical traits of corn (Zea Mays L.) under drought stress
Abbas Maleki Amin Fathi Sadegh BahaminIn order to investigate the effect of gibberellin hormone and drought stress on corn, an experiment was conducted as split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included moisture stress at three levels of normal irrigation MoreIn order to investigate the effect of gibberellin hormone and drought stress on corn, an experiment was conducted as split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included moisture stress at three levels of normal irrigation (I0=60), medium stress (I1=90), and severe stress (I2=120) mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan as main factor and a sub factor of gibberellin hormone spraying at four levels non-consumption (G0=0), (G1=15ppm), (G2=20ppm), and (G3=25ppm). Results showed that the highest and lowest grain yields were observed in 60 mm evaporation from evaporation pan with 20 ppm gibberellin acid and 120 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan without using gibberellin acid as 9658.2 and 5797.3 kg/h, respectively. Also, under all levels of drought stress, gibberellin acid application increased grain yield of corn. The interaction of hormones and irrigation had a significant effect on starch, proline, alpha amylase, beta amylase, and protease. Drought stress increased proline concentration in corn leaf. Gibberellin hormone had no significant effect on proline concentration in corn leaf under drought stress conditions, but under prolonged drought stress, proline concentration increased. The application of 20 and 25 ppm gibberellin under moderate dehydration (90 mm evaporation from evaporation pan) increased leaf proline concentrations by 36% and 50%, respectively, compared with control treatment (no gibberellin consumption). Under severe drought stress conditions (120 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan), proline concentrations with 20 and 25 ppm gibberellin were 32% and 21% higher than gibberellin consumption, respectively. Overall, the results showed that gibberellin acid, through positive effects on increasing and improving the yield components, can ultimately increase corn grain yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - Evaluation of drought tolerance in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes using germination traits and indices under drought conditions
Mohammad Amin Baghery Seyed Kamal Kazemitabar Ali Dehestani Pooyan Mehrabanjoubani Hamid Najafi ZariniSesame as one of the most important oilseed crops has high industrial, food, and medicinal potentials. Drought stress challenges sesame production, especially at the germination and seedling stages. To screen sesame genotypes for drought tolerance at the germination sta MoreSesame as one of the most important oilseed crops has high industrial, food, and medicinal potentials. Drought stress challenges sesame production, especially at the germination and seedling stages. To screen sesame genotypes for drought tolerance at the germination stage, a factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The studied factors included 4 drought levels induced by polyethylene glycol (concentrations of 0%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) and 15 sesame genotypes. Based on the results of ANOVA, the effect of genotype, drought, and their interaction on all studied traits including germination rate, germination speed, vigor index 1 and 2, radicle length, plumule length, and seedling fresh and dry weight was significant (P<0.01). Significant reduction (P<0.05) was observed in all levels of stress compared to the control in the studied traits. Germination rate, radicle length, and plumule length (with 10%, 17%, and 18% reduction, respectively) showed less sensitivity to drought stress at weak level (20% concentration), while the most negative effect was obtained for vigor index 2, seedling dry weight and seedling fresh weight (with 52.5%, 47.3%, and 34.4% reduction, respectively). On the other hand, the highest decrease was observed in plumule length, vigor index 1 and 2 (98%, 97%, and 96%, respectively), under severe drought (30% concentration). The calculated drought tolerance indices of each trait were used for principal component analysis and biplot visualization. Thus, genotypes were divided into 5 categories based on tolerance. Dashtestan 2 and Darab 1 genotypes were selected as the most tolerant and Qaem, Yekta, Sudan, and Kerman genotypes were selected as the most sensitive genotypes. The findings of this study can be used in future studies and breeding programs of sesame for drought tolerance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
195 - The effect of different levels of drought stress in greenhouse condition on the expression of Germacron A synthase (TpGAS) and Parthenolide synthetase (TpPTS) genes involved in the production of Parthenolide in Tanacetum parthenium L.
Seyyedeh Samaneh Mosavi KhorshidiFeverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) is a herbaceous plant with antimicrobial, antiseptic, anti-parasitic and anti-inflammatory effects. Parthenolide is the most important ingredient of 30 known sesquiterpene lactone in feverfew. Parthenolide is a germacranolide that its pha MoreFeverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) is a herbaceous plant with antimicrobial, antiseptic, anti-parasitic and anti-inflammatory effects. Parthenolide is the most important ingredient of 30 known sesquiterpene lactone in feverfew. Parthenolide is a germacranolide that its pharmacological activity is highly regarded. In the present study, young leaves of feverfew that were under different levels of stress were investigated in order to study key genes expression changes of parthenolide biosynthetic pathway includes germacrene A synthase (TpGAS) and parthenolide synthase (TpPTS) by Real time PCR. The parthenolide amount was measured through the extraction method with HPLC and parthenolide standard curve. The results showed a significant increase in gene expression of germacrene A synthase and parthenolide synthase in the leaves of plants under drought stress showed a significant increase than the control plants. The highest expression of germacrene A synthase and parthenolide synthase was occurred while the plant was under severe drought stress (irrigation once every 7 days). The changes trend in gene expression was consistent with the changes trend of parthenolide amount. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - Evaluation of the effects of flooding and drought environment on the emergence of gene regions controlling rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling traits using SSR markers
bahareh ghasemi hossein sabouri hossein hossein moghaddam Abbas Biabani mohamad javad Shykh zadehIdentification of genes related to stresses tolerance and mechanisms of tolerance is an important factor for developing tolerant plants. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted based on completely random design with three replications with 99 rice genotypes under MoreIdentification of genes related to stresses tolerance and mechanisms of tolerance is an important factor for developing tolerant plants. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted based on completely random design with three replications with 99 rice genotypes under flooding and drought stress at Gonbad Kavous University in 2018. To apply drought stress, irrigation was stopped at the three-leaf stage. According to the humidity curve, the stress level of 2% by weight moisture was estimated to be -0.55 MPa. Significant differences were detected between traits in both conditions. The result of association analysis of molecular and phenotype studies under flooding condition revealed that among the alleles, the RM129A allele with stem fresh weight and root length, the RM129G allele with root fresh weight and the width of the largest leaf, the RM129B allele with root dry weight and the length of the largest leaf, the RM1029I allele with stem dry weight and the length of the largest leaf, and under the drought condition, the RM1029G allele with stem dry weight, root volume, and the number of roots were maximally associated with the relevant traits under study. RM1029 was recognized as one of the most important primers at the seedling stage. The results of this research can be used to increase drought tolerance in rice varieties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - Evaluation of the effect of growth-promoting rhizobacteria isolated from soils on the ionic contents of drought-stressed tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
Sara Kamal zadeh Nima Bahador Farshad SadeghiApplying biological agents for increasing plant growth and their resistance to different tensions is of particular importance. In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and identify plant growth-promoting bacteria from soil samples and to evaluate their abili MoreApplying biological agents for increasing plant growth and their resistance to different tensions is of particular importance. In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and identify plant growth-promoting bacteria from soil samples and to evaluate their ability to help the tomato plant cope with drought stress. Soil samples were collected from wheat and barley farms around Karaj and after isolation and initial purification of phosphate solubilizing, nitrogen fixing, and siderophore producing strains, they were isolated using PVK media culture, nifH gene PCR, and CAS-agar media culture, respectively. The identified isolates were then analyzed in terms of their drought tolerance in an environment containing polyethylene glycol. Finally, tomato seedlings were inoculated with bacterial isolates (belonging to the Bacillus, Brevibacterium, and Actinomycetes genera) before they were grown under drought stress at three osmotic pressure levels of 0, -0.4, and -0.8 MPa. Then, sodium and potassium ion contents of leaves, roots, and stems were measured using a flame photometer while calcium contents of the same organs were assayed through atomic absorption measurement. Results showed that all five isolates capable of dissolving phosphate, nitrogen fixation, and siderophore production were able to withstand drought up to -0.8 MPa osmotic pressure. All these isolates significantly affected drought stress and the intensity of ions reduction in leaves, roots, and stems compared with the control plants. The results of the present study showed that inoculation of the bacterial isolates considering their ability in siderophore production and nitrogen fixation may help the plant to resist drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and biofertilizerson on yield and some biochemical traits of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under water stress
Ahmad AfkariIn order to study of the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and biofertilizerson on yield and some biochemical traits of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under water stress, was investigated using a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design MoreIn order to study of the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and biofertilizerson on yield and some biochemical traits of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under water stress, was investigated using a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design in triplicate within the 2019 crop year in the protected area of Horand city of the province of East Azarbaijan. Experimental treatments included the first factor of drought stress at three levels (70, 140 and 210 mm of evaporation from Class A evaporation pan), the second factor of seed inoculation with bacteria at five levels (no inoculation as control, inoculation with Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Azospirillum and co-inoculation with Azotobacter, Pseudomonas and Azospirillum), and the third factor of salicylic acid foliar application at four levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM). With the application of dehydration, cell membrane stability, maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and grain yield in basil decreased and carbohydrate accumulation, antioxidant enzyme activity, malondialdehyde content and essential oil content increased. The results of comparing the mean interaction of drought stress and biofertilizers showed that the highest grain yield (917.11 kg / ha) and maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (0.713) were obtained from 70 mm evaporation treatment and the co-inoculation of bacteria (Azotobacter, Pseudomonas and Azospirillum). Salicylic acid (SA) foliar application increased 41.33%, 54.17%, 24.43% and 38.98% of glutathione peroxidase activity, leaf soluble carbohydrates, membrane stability index and essential oil content, and decreased the content of MDA by 54.72% respectively. According to the obtained results, foliar application with salicylic acid and the combined use of bacteria (Azotobacter, Pseudomonas and Azospirillum) could partially eliminate the negative effects of drought stress and improve the yield and quality of basil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - Fructan metabolism in wheat under abiotic stress conditions
Mehdi JoudiAccumulation of fructan in different organs of wheat plants is important physiological factor to cope with different environmental stresses. Fructans are fructose based oligo- and polysaccharides derived from sucrose. Depend on the linkage among frucosyle residues, diff MoreAccumulation of fructan in different organs of wheat plants is important physiological factor to cope with different environmental stresses. Fructans are fructose based oligo- and polysaccharides derived from sucrose. Depend on the linkage among frucosyle residues, different types of fructan molecules could be found in the plant species. In wheat stem, levan-type (containing β-(2,1) linkage) and graminan-type fructan (containing β-(2,1) and β-(2,6) linkages) are accumulated. Three different enzymes of 1-SST, 6-SFT, and 1-FFT are believed to be involved in wheat fructan biosynthesis. Since the fructan synthesis in wheat is complex, therefore various type and amount of fructan are found among wheat cultivars. Hydrolysis of fructans are catalyzed by 1-FEH and 6-FEH preferentially degrading β-(2,1) and β-(2,6) linked fructan, respectively. Wheat cultivar with greater fructan accumulation and mobilization in the stem are resistance to terminal heat and drought stresses. Fructans increases tolerance to salt stress by cell membrane stabilization, osmotic adjustment and preservation of current photosynthesis. During cold hardening, wheat seedling accumulates water soluble carbohydrates as well as fructan in their leaves and crown Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
200 - Drought Stress and Strategies to cope with it in Crops
Esmaeil Gholinezhad Reza Darvishzadeh Abbas AbhariDrought stress affects various aspects of plant growth (vegetative growth, reproductive growth, flower formation, pollination, fertilization, and seed formation). To reduce the effects of drought stress on plants, it is important to determine the mechanisms of plant res MoreDrought stress affects various aspects of plant growth (vegetative growth, reproductive growth, flower formation, pollination, fertilization, and seed formation). To reduce the effects of drought stress on plants, it is important to determine the mechanisms of plant response to drought stress. In response to drought stress, plants experience morphophysiological, biochemical, cellular, and molecular changes with the ultimate result of improved root system, leaf structure, osmotic regulation, relative water content, and stomatal regulation. The phenotypic manifestations in plants facing drought stress include drought escape (early or short growing period, day length sensitivity, and tiller control), drought avoidance (developed root system, stomatal conductance, size and frequency of stomata, accumulation of abscisic acid, and cuticle thickness and waxy crust on the leaf), drought tolerance (osmotic pressure regulation, passive regulation, active regulation, proline accumulation, and displacement of sap phloem materials), and recovery (improvement). Management methods to improve drought stress tolerance include the development of tolerant cultivars, the use of external osmotic protectors such as glycine betaine and proline, spraying with plant hormones such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid (aspirin), gibberellic acid, jasmonic acid, brasino steroids, and polyamines, application of foreign substances with antioxidants such as glutathione, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherol (vitamin E), and nitric oxide, foliar application of micronutrients such as iron and zinc, spraying with trace elements such as silicon and selenium, and microbial interactions of plants such as growth-promoting bacteria and fungi. This review article is a content analysis study that was carried out by searching related articles in reliable sites (Google scholar, Web of science, PubMed, Scopus, Sid) aiming to investigate the effects, mechanisms of tolerance, research methods, important measurable traits, drought stress management, and control. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
201 - The effect of co-inoculation of bradyrhizobium and mycorrhizal species on physiological traits and grain yield of soybean (Glycine max L.) under drought stress
Mohammad Ali Mohammad Ali Zirak- Qoturbulagh Shahram Mehri Hossein Soleimanzadeh Mohammad Hossein AnsariLegumes are sensitive to drought stress and its negative effects can be seen in yield, protein and seed oil. The experimental factors included drought stress at three levels (60, 100 and 140 mm of evaporation from the class A pan) as the main factor and the secondary fa MoreLegumes are sensitive to drought stress and its negative effects can be seen in yield, protein and seed oil. The experimental factors included drought stress at three levels (60, 100 and 140 mm of evaporation from the class A pan) as the main factor and the secondary factor including the combined inoculation of soybean symbiotic bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi species at eight levels (Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus irregularis), Glomus fasciculatum, B. japonicum + F. mosseae, B. japonicum + R. irregularis, and B. japonicum + G. fasciculatum along with a control treatment). The results showed that increasing the severity of drought stress in both years decreased plant dry weight, number of pods, number of seeds per plant, biological yield and seed and oil yield in all treatments, but this decrease in some treatments, especially in co-inoculation treatments of B. japonicum + R. irregularis and B. japonicum + G. fasciculatum was less. In all treatments the concentration of chlorophyll a, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity increased under drought stress (100 and 140 mm) in comparison with normal irrigation conditions (I60), it was observed. Of course, the concentration of iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) in the seed wasn't affected by the interaction of drought stress and microorganisms, and the highest amount of P in the seed was observed at the level of 140mm. Among the treatments, the co-inoculation treatments of B. japonicum + R. irregularis and B. japonicum + G. fasciculatum had a greater effect on improving soybean tolerance to drought than other treatments. Based on the obtained results, it is possible to suggest the inoculation of soybean seeds with B. japonicum bacteria and R. irregularis mycorrhizal species to improve the tolerance of the plant against drought stress and increase the yield of seeds and oil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - The effect of drought stress on the efficiency of rhizobial bacteria symbiotic with faba bean Barkat variety
Mohammad hossein ArzaneshIn order to investigate the effect of drought stress on some growth parameters and nodulation index, the symbiotic efficiency of rhizobial isolates an experiment in controlled greenhouse conditions in the form of a completely randomized design with 21 rhizobial isolates MoreIn order to investigate the effect of drought stress on some growth parameters and nodulation index, the symbiotic efficiency of rhizobial isolates an experiment in controlled greenhouse conditions in the form of a completely randomized design with 21 rhizobial isolates, a negative control treatment (without rhizobial bacteria) and a control treatment Positive (no bacteria with nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 70 mg/kg from urea source) and 3 repetitions were done in 2013. Different levels of drought stress including drought in two levels S0 (100% of field capacity (control or no drought stress)), S3 (55% of field capacity (severe stress)), which by adding different concentrations of zero and 310 grams per liter of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) was applied to the nutrient solution after one week of seedling germination. The results of statistical analyzes showed that drought stress had a significant reduction effect on shoot dry weight, shoot water content, nitrogen content, symbiotic efficiency of rhizobial isolates and nodulation index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
203 - Effect of drought stress and ascorbic acid on some of antioxidant enzymes in antioxidative defense in Pimpinella anisum L.
zh Asadi kavan مه لقا Ghorbanli, آرین SateeiDrought stress is one of the abiotic stresses that induces reactive oxygen species(ROS) formation in plant tissues. ROS signaling promotes complex networks of antioxidant enzymes. Ascorbic acid is an important buffer protects cellular structures against oxidative attack MoreDrought stress is one of the abiotic stresses that induces reactive oxygen species(ROS) formation in plant tissues. ROS signaling promotes complex networks of antioxidant enzymes. Ascorbic acid is an important buffer protects cellular structures against oxidative attack in plants. Effect of drought stress on catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme activities was evaluated in the presence and absence of ascorbate in herbal aromatic plant Pimpinella anisum L. with great value of export that exposed to controlled water deficit. This study was done in flower pot condition. Biochemical and physiological properties measured randomly in control groups and treatments (with drought 60% and 25% of field capacity and ascorbate with concentration of 1.4 mM). Results showed that with increasing stress levels in leaves CAT, APX and PPO enzyme activities increased significantly in the presence and absence of ascorbate. Activity of root CAT and APX with and without ascorbate at the level of drought 60% increased significantly and at the level 25% of field capacity decreased to the level of control. However ascorbate treatment increased significantly the root enzymatic activities in whole stress levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
204 - Effect of pix regulator on morphophysiologycal responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to drought tress
مریم Niakan, عبدالرشید Habibi, سیده زهرا Hosseini Kolbadi, الهه Kiaeei,In today, the use of growth regulators not only cause growth improvement and increase product of cotton but also rise resistant of this plant to environmental stresses. In this research the effect of drought stress and also drought with pix in different concentrations ( MoreIn today, the use of growth regulators not only cause growth improvement and increase product of cotton but also rise resistant of this plant to environmental stresses. In this research the effect of drought stress and also drought with pix in different concentrations (0. 5, 1. 5 and 2. 5 L/ha) were used in form spray and control (irrigation) in reproductive phase on growth factors, amounts of chl a and b, soluble sugars and starch under condition of pots were evaluated. The results of this research showed that application of pix because decrease stems length in comparison to drought treatment and control. Other growth factors such as root length, number of internodes and bolls, dry and fresh weight of shoot in treatments of drought with pix different contents did not change significantly. Number of leaves also in drought with 1.5L/ha concentration of pix treatment decreased significantly in comparison to drought treatment Amounts of chl a and b did not affect under different treatments. On the other hand the most of amounts of soluble sugars and starch in leaves were observed alone in control and in plants root under drought treatment. In between other treatments these changes were not significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
205 - The effect of water stress on various of growth and proline, catalase, SOD in sesbania aculeata
مظفر Kamrani آرین Sateei عباسعلی NouriniaIn this study, effects of dry stress on growth parameters, proline content, glycine betaine, catalase, proxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were investigated in Sesbania aculeate L. This study was carried out fewer than 7 potting conditions on 7 treatments. Growth MoreIn this study, effects of dry stress on growth parameters, proline content, glycine betaine, catalase, proxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were investigated in Sesbania aculeate L. This study was carried out fewer than 7 potting conditions on 7 treatments. Growth parameters such as number of leaves, area leaf, length of shoots, and number of shoots were measured during 4 stage of growth. Results indicated that increase in drought stress caused many effects on morphology and enzymes activities also decrease on growth, number of leaves, leaf area and increase in growth of root rather than shoot. Drought stress did not caused significant difference in the number of shoots. Increase in drought stress also lead to increase in glycine betaine (GB), and proline content in root and leaf. Increase in proline and GB content in leaf was higher than root. Drought stress also caused increase in catalase activity in root and leaves, and more stress also lead to more activity. Drought caused increase in peroxidase activity in leaves and root, but increases in this activity by increasing stress were only observed for root. Superoxide dismutase activity in leaves was not affected significantly by drought stress, but increased in root, by increase in stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
206 - Evaluation of drought and salinity stresses on morphological and biochemical characteristics in four species of Papaver
Behnam Davodnia Jafar Ahmahdi Sedegeh Fabriki ourangThe presence study was carried out to determine the changes in morphological traits and secondary metabolites in four species of Papaver genus under drought and salinity stresses. This research was conducted in factorial experiment using a completely randomized design w MoreThe presence study was carried out to determine the changes in morphological traits and secondary metabolites in four species of Papaver genus under drought and salinity stresses. This research was conducted in factorial experiment using a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were included, salinity with NaCl (100mM), drought stress (50% FC) and well-watered (control). The amount of total alkaloids, flavonoids and anthocyanins were determined by spectrophotometer and the content of leaf chlorophyll was measured using Spad chlorophyll meter. The results were showed that stresses and species had a significant effect (P≤0.01) on all of morphological traits. Mean comparison were showed that there is differences among stresses in terms of morphological traits; so in under drought stress, the amount of plant height (from 7.83 to 5.75 cm), root fresh weight (from 10.75 to 6.75 gr), root dry weight (from 8.57 to 5.6 gr), aerial fresh weight (from 13.63 to 8.38 gr) and aerial dry weight (from 8.18 to 6.32 gr) in compared with well-watered conditions was reduced. In contrast, root length in compared with well-watered irrigation increased (from 15.63 to 11.2 cm). But there was no considerable change in morphological traits under salinity stress in compared with well-watered conditions. Statistical results showed that stresses had significant effect (P≤0.01) on content of total alkaloid, total flavonoid, anthocyanin and chlorophyll concentration. The contents of total alkaloid, total flavonoid and anthocyanin increased under drought and salinity stresses in compared with well-watered condition. The highest (2.24 OD.g-1.FW) and the lowest (1.64 OD.g-1.FW) amount of total alkaloid was related to P. bracteatum under drought stress and P. somniferum in well-watered conditions, respectively. The P. somniferum could produce a high yield of alkaloids, because of minimal reduction in morphological characteristics. Overall, the accumulation of secondary metabolites under salinity and drought stresses has a positive correlation with stress tolerance and the metabolites accumulation under drought stress was higher than salinity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
207 - The effects of drought and salt stresses on some morphological and biochemical parameters of savory (Satureja hortensis L.)
Sedegeh Fabriki ourang Sorayya Mehrabad-PourbenabThere exist a number of reports regarding secondary metabolites increasing under the environmental stresses. Hence, to study the effects of drought (70 and 40% field capacity) and salinity (50 mM NaCl) on some morphological and biochemical parameters of summer Savory (S MoreThere exist a number of reports regarding secondary metabolites increasing under the environmental stresses. Hence, to study the effects of drought (70 and 40% field capacity) and salinity (50 mM NaCl) on some morphological and biochemical parameters of summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.), inclusive fresh and dry weight of leaf, root and shoot, plant height, root length, root to shoot ratio, several leaves and branches, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b, anthocyanin, flavonoids and total alkaloid, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications and treatments. Biochemical compounds were measured using spectrophotometric method. The analysis of variance were showed that drought and salinity, plant tissue and their interactions were significantly (p≤0.01) different for all chemical compounds except for flavonoids. The results were showed that salt stress did not have negative impact on morphological traits, and in salinity compared to non-stress, plant height (from 18.4 to 19.8 cm), a number of leaves (from 33 to 36) and root fresh weight (from 0.05 to 0.08 gr) increased significantly, but shoot fresh weight (with 0.5 and 0.52 gr), shoot dry weight (0.03 and 0.03 gr), root dry weight (0.02 and 0.016 gr) and leaf dry weight (0.04 and 0.04 gr) did not have any significant differences. All features were affected by drought stress comparison to non-stress so it was determined that summer savory is sensitive to drought and salinity-resistant. The total alkaloid increased under severe drought stress (0.173 OD.g-1.DW) and salinity (0.16 OD.g-1.DW) compared to non-stress (0.12 OD.g-1.DW) about 44 and 33%, respectively. Carotenoids decreased with increasing severity of drought stress, while it increased under salt stress (0.133 mg.g-1.FW) compared with non- stress (0.12 mg.g-1.FW). Flavonoid content was not affected by stress treatments, while the amount of anthocyanins decreased significantly in drought and salinity (0.67 and 0.62 OD.g-1.FW) compared to non-stress (1.23 OD.g-1.FW). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
208 - Changes in growth characteristics and secondary metabolites in Thymus vulgaris L. under moderate salinity and drought shocks
Sedegeh Fabriki ourang Behnam davoodniaIn order to evaluation of phytochemical and growth changes from Thymus vulgaris L. under moderate abiotic stresses, an experiment was carried out at Imam Khomeini International University in a completely randomized design with three replications during 2016. The t MoreIn order to evaluation of phytochemical and growth changes from Thymus vulgaris L. under moderate abiotic stresses, an experiment was carried out at Imam Khomeini International University in a completely randomized design with three replications during 2016. The treatments consisted of drought (50% FC), salinity (100 mM NaCl) and non-stress control (100% FC). Root fresh weight, root dry weight, root length, main branch diameter, sub-branch diameter, sub-branch number, shoot dry weight, shoot fresh weight, plant height, relative water content and chlorophyll content were measured. Also, total phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins were assayed in leaves, roots and stems by using spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis showed that drought and salinity had significant effects on morphological traits, except for shoot dry weight and number of lateral branches. Generally, morphological traits affected by drought stress in compared with non-stress condition; so that, plant height, main branch diameter, lateral branch diameter, root dry weight, root fresh weight and shoot fresh weight decreased under drought stress compared to non-stressed plants. Analysis of variance showed that stresses had significant effects on leaf and stem flavonoids and phenol contents. By contrast, there was no significantly difference between drought and saline stresses in terms of total flavonoids and phenol of roots. Mean comparisons showed that the amount of leaf phenols and flavonoids increased under drought stress in compared with non-stress condition. In conclusion, this study showed that drought and salinity were increased secondary metabolites in thyme, but the effect of salinity in increasing of secondary metabolites was lower than drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - Effect of chitosan and nano-chitosan on agronomic properties and omega-3, 6 and 9 fatty acids in some cultivars of Nigella sativa L. under drought stresscondition
Atena Alaghmand shahab khaghani Mohamad Reza Bihamta masoud Gomarian Mansour GhorbanpourAbstract Water stress is one of the limiting factors of plant growth. In order to investigate the effect of chitosan and nano-chitosan on Nigella sativa L. under drought stress, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted in research MoreAbstract Water stress is one of the limiting factors of plant growth. In order to investigate the effect of chitosan and nano-chitosan on Nigella sativa L. under drought stress, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted in research Field of Islamic Azad University Arak Branch in 2016. The main plots consisted of spraying with chitosan, nano-chitosan and water as control and the sub plots consisted of cultivars Arak, Azerbaijan, Semirom, Yasuj and Torbat-e-Heydariyeh. Irrigation was performed regularly from the beginning of planting until flowering stage and then stopped and spraying was achieved. After 80% emergence of floret, plots were sampled and number of secondary branches, capsules per plant, plant height, 1000 seed weight and oil percentage were evaluated. Percentages of oil and fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography.Experimental results were showed that drought stress reduced the components of black cumin yield but improved qualitative factors such as oil and fatty acids percentage. The highest and lowest seed oil content was in Azarbaijan (28.76%) and Semirom (26.39%), respectively. Yasuj can be considered as a drought tolerant cultivar due to its high content of capsules, 1000-grain weight and weight/m2. The effect of nano-chitosan in moderating stress-induced effects was better than chitosan. Azerbaijan and Semirom cultivars had the highest amount of oleic acid (Omega 9), Yasuj cultivar had the highest amount of linoleic acid (Omega 6) and Torbat Heydariyeh and Arak cultivars had the highest amount of linoleic acid (Omega 3). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - Evaluation and comparison of the most important secondary metabolites of methanolic extract of different artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) organs under drought stress and planting density
manouchehr tahmasebi Yousef Hamidoghli mohammadbagher rezaee alireza hossainiIn this project, in order to evaluate and compare the most important phenolic compounds in extract of different artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) organs under water stress and planting density, an experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design MoreIn this project, in order to evaluate and compare the most important phenolic compounds in extract of different artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) organs under water stress and planting density, an experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Sarabelle-Ilam Agricultural Research Station during 2014-2015. The treatments comprised four irrigation regime (25, 50, 75 and 100 % of the water requirement of the plant) in the main plots and four densities(10, 20, 30 and 40 thousand bushes in hectare with 0.5, 0.67, 1 and 2m interval within the row, respectively, and 0.5m between rows) in sub plots. herbal sampels were harvested in the second year, and after drying in room temperature were used for methalonic extract. Identification and amount of naringin, caffeic and chlorogenic acid was done with HPLC methode. According to the obtained results, increasing drought stress caused 78 and 11% reduction in naringin amount compared to control treatment of bud and leaf extract, respectively. The maximum amount of caffeic acid (0.74 mg/g dry matter) was observed in leaf extract and interaction effect of full irrigation and 10 thousand bushes in hectare. Drought improved caffeic and chlorogenic acid biosynthesis of bud, but in interaction effect with density, only chlorogenic acid had the highest amount in sever water stress and 10 thousand bushes in hectare .Among consumed organs extract, caffeic acid and naringin had the highest amount in leaf extract, and chlorogenic acid in bud extract Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - Study of Biofertilizers Effect on Some Physiological and Biochemical Traits of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes
Ramin Cham Seyed Ali Abtahi mojtaba jafarinia Jafar YasrebiDracocephalum kotschyi is one of the most important medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae family, which is endangered due to unfavorable environmental conditions. Therefore, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of biofertilizers on changes in some physiological and bioche MoreDracocephalum kotschyi is one of the most important medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae family, which is endangered due to unfavorable environmental conditions. Therefore, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of biofertilizers on changes in some physiological and biochemical traits, the effect of biofertilizers at four levels (nitroxin, super nitroplus, biophosphorus and non-use of biofertilizer) on Dracocephalum kotschyi growth under drought stress at three levels (irrigation until the completion of 80%, 60 and 40% of field capacity), an experiment in 1398 in the form of factorial in a completely randomized design with 3 replications in a greenhouse was carried out. The study of changes in photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf relative water content in Dracocephalum kotschyi in response to various biofertilizers and different irrigation regimes showed that with increasing drought stress, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll along with chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) had a significant decrease. While the use of supernitroplus and biophosphorus biofertilizers in irrigation conditions up to 60 and 40% of field capacity significantly increased the above-mentioned traits in the Dracocephalum kotschyi leaves in comparison with plants treated with nitroxin fertilizer and control plants (Without biofertilizer). Increased drought intensity also caused a significant increase in carbohydrates, soluble proteins, anthocyanins and flavonoids, although the use of biofertilizers containing growth-promoting bacteria, further enhanced the amount of these compounds compared to the control (no fertilizer treatment). The highest levels of anthocyanins (37.82 mg g-1 fresh weight) and flavonoid compounds (16.62 mg g-1 fresh weight) were found in plants grown under severe drought stress (irrigation up to 40% of field capacity) and Biophosphorus application. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - Investigation of the effect of drought stress on yield and yield components ofCuminum cyminum L. ecotypes in climatic conditions of Kerman Province
Elham Moslemi Mohammad Mehdi Akbarian Seid Zabihllah Ravari Mohammad Reza Yavarzadeh Nader Modafeh-BehzadiCumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants, with a short growth period and low water requirement, suitable for cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Drought is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth worldwide a MoreCumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants, with a short growth period and low water requirement, suitable for cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Drought is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth worldwide and the most common environmental stress. In the case of medicinal plants, drought may have a noticeable effect on the yield and amount of active ingredients. In order to investigate the drought tolerance of cumin crop ecotypes, a split-plot experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center in the crop year 2019-1400. In this study, the effect of drought stress at three levels (normal irrigation, interruption of irrigation after 50% flowering of the field, and interruption of irrigation after 100% flowering of the field) on five cumin ecotypes (Mahan, Kohbanan, Khosuf, Kashmer, Sabzevar) was investigated. The results of the analysis showed the effect of ecotype and stress separately and together on all investigated traits such as plant height, number of umbels per plant, umbrella number per umbrella, seeds number per plant, harvest index, number of secondary branches, seed yield, biological yield, straw weight and stubble and the percentage of seed essential oil were significant at the five percent level. The highest seed yield and percentage of essential oil in the Khosuf ecotype were obtained under stress-free conditions and irrigation interruption after 50% flowering of the field, respectively. The regression results in all three irrigation conditions showed that the number of umbels, umbrellas and the number of seeds per plant can lead to the highest yield and are the most important factors in determining seed yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
213 - Study of morphological and physiological changes of Salvia mirzayanii under drought and nano-cerium oxide conditions
masoud gomarian afshar fallahimani Mansour Ghorbanpour parvin Ramak Saeid ChavoshiIn this split plot study, the morphological and phytochemical changes of Iranian Salvia (Salvia mirzayanii L.) under drought stress and cerium oxide nanoparticle treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications were investigated. The main plot inc MoreIn this split plot study, the morphological and phytochemical changes of Iranian Salvia (Salvia mirzayanii L.) under drought stress and cerium oxide nanoparticle treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications were investigated. The main plot included drought stress at 4 levels of 25, 50, 75 and 100 (control) percentage of the field capacity (FC). The sub-plot was foliar spray of Cerium oxide nanoparticle at five levels of non-consumption (control), 125, 250, 500 and 1000 ml/l. Essential oils were extracted from the organs using water distillation method and the compounds were separated and identified using GC/MS. The results showed that the interaction effect of conditions without drought stress × 1000 ml of nanocerium oxide compared to the control treatment had the greatest effect on increasing plant height (35%), root length (22%), root dry weight (14.9%), essential oil (19%), chlorophyll a (32%), chlorophyll b (31%) and catalase (16%). In addition, drought stress at the level of 25% in 125 ml nano cerium oxide decreased plant dry weight (12%), root length (13%), root dry weight (19%), essential oil percentage (10%), and chlorophyll a (14%). Based on the GS/MS results, decane compound (19.53%) in the condition without drought stress, the compounds of spatholeol (35.86%), docane (18.4%), butanic acid (19.8%) and linalool (25.03%) under condition of stress dryness of 50% field capacity and octane (13.76%) were included. Therefore, the concentration of 1000 mg/liter of cerium nanooxide had the greatest effect on improving the morphophysiological characteristics of Salvia. However, in the condition of 50% field capacity, the secondary compounds of spatholeol, dodecane, butanic acid and linalool were the highest, but in the condition of 75% of the field capacity, the highest amount belonged to the secondary compounds of octane, trimethyl and hexylisovalerate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
214 - بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف آب و نیتروژن بر صفات مورفولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی گیاه دارویی بابونه اورآ (Matricaria aurea L.)
فیروزه قانی دهکردی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی بهزاد حامدی فاطمه ملک پورمقدمه و هدف: بابونه اروپایی زرد یا بابونه اورآ ‏Matricaria aurea)‎‏) یکی از گیاهان دارویی متعلق به خانواده ستاره آسا یا کاسنی است ‏که به طور وحشی در برخی مناطق کشور رشد می کند. ماده مؤثره حاصل از گل های بابونه کاربرد وسیعی در ‏صنایع داروسازی، غذایی، Moreمقدمه و هدف: بابونه اروپایی زرد یا بابونه اورآ ‏Matricaria aurea)‎‏) یکی از گیاهان دارویی متعلق به خانواده ستاره آسا یا کاسنی است ‏که به طور وحشی در برخی مناطق کشور رشد می کند. ماده مؤثره حاصل از گل های بابونه کاربرد وسیعی در ‏صنایع داروسازی، غذایی، آرایشی و بهداشتی دارد. شرایط اکولوژیکی نقش عمده ای در رشد، نمو، عملکرد و ‏کیفیت مواد مؤثره گیاهان دارویی دارند. هدف از این تحقیق، بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف آب و نیتروژن ‏بر رشد و نمو، عملکرد پیکر رویشی و میزان اسانس گیاه بابونه اورآ بود.روش تحقیق: تحقیق حاضر از فررودین ماه 1387 تا ‏شهریور ماه 1387 در گل­خانه مرکز پژوهش های گیاهان دارویی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ‏شهرکرد انجام گرفت. در این تحقیق از آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی ‏با سه تکرار استفاده شد. ‏سه سطح رطوبتی (0، 25 و 50 درصد تخلیه رطوبتی خاک) و ‏5 سطح کود نیتروژن (0، 500، 1000، 1500 و 2000 میلی گرم در هر گلدان)‏‎ ‎مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت.‏نتایج و بحث: براساس نتایج به دست آمده در این تحقیق، تأثیر ‏سطوح مختلف آب بر همه متغیرهای مورد نظر معنی دار بود و سطوح مختلف نیتروژن تأثیر ‏معنی داری بر تعداد ‏شاخه و تعداد گل و وزن تر گل نداشت، درحالی که اثر آن بر ارتفاع بوته و وزن خشک اندام هوایی معنی دار ‏بود. ‏توصیه کاربردی/صنعتی: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که تغذیه مناسب نیتروژن (تیمار2000 میلی گرم در هر گلدان)‏‎ و عدم دریافت تنش خشکی سبب افزایش تولید اسانس در گیاه بابونه اورا می شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
215 - اثر کم آبیاری بر ماده خشک، عملکرد کمی و کیفی اسانس آویشن باغی و آویشن دنایی
سید محمد علوی سامانی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی مهرداد عطایی کچویی بهزاد حامدیBackground & Aim: Drought stress, as a main abiotic stress, has a significant influence on growth and metabolic activities of plant species. In this study, the influence of reduced irrigation on dry herbage, essential oil yield, and chemical components of two thyme MoreBackground & Aim: Drought stress, as a main abiotic stress, has a significant influence on growth and metabolic activities of plant species. In this study, the influence of reduced irrigation on dry herbage, essential oil yield, and chemical components of two thyme species were investigated. Experimental: This study was done in an experimental greenhouse, I.A.U., Shahrekord Branch, Iran at 2012 in a CRD with three replications. Three irrigation levels were I1 (irrigated in field capacity or control), I2 (slight drought stress or irrigation in 75% field capacity), and I3 (mild drought stress or irrigation in 50% field capacity). Two thyme species included Thymus daenensis and T. vulgaris. The essential oils obtained by hydro-distillation and were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Results & Discussion: Results indicated that irrigation levels had a significant effect on many morphological and physiological characteristics, including dry matter, plant height, and leaf area index (LAI). In addition, levels of irrigation affected on oil yield and some major constituents in the essential oils. Carvacrol, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene contents in the essential oils were significantly increased under stressed conditions, whereas thymol amount was significantly reduced under stressed conditions. Recommended applications/industries: According to the results of this study, drought stress reduces the essential oil yields and dry herbage in both species of thyme. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - بررسی مقایسهای برخی ویژگیهای بیوشیمیایی ایزوآنزیمهای پراکسیداز در گیاه رزماری (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)
شیلر شمس سارا خاوری نژاد اکرم عیدیمقدمه و هدف: رزماری با نام علمی(Rosmarinus officinalis L.) شامل گونههایی است که از ارزش دارویی و غذایی بالایی برخوردار میباشند. با توجه به اهمیت سیستم آنزیمی آنتیاکسیدانی به عنوان یکی از عوامل مؤثر در افزایش ضریب مقاومت گیاهان Moreمقدمه و هدف: رزماری با نام علمی(Rosmarinus officinalis L.) شامل گونههایی است که از ارزش دارویی و غذایی بالایی برخوردار میباشند. با توجه به اهمیت سیستم آنزیمی آنتیاکسیدانی به عنوان یکی از عوامل مؤثر در افزایش ضریب مقاومت گیاهان به تنش­های محیطی مختلف، در این تحقیق برخی از خواص بیوشیمیایی آنزیمهای کاتالاز و پراکسیداز گیاه رزماریدر سه حالت مختلف مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. روش تحقیق: گیاه رزماری پس از تهیه از گلخانه در منزل نگهداری شد و برای حالت زنده بهطور مستقیم و برای حالت جدا شده از ساقه، 10 روز برگهای گیاه در مجاورت هوا قرار گرفت. برای حالت خشک نیز ابتدا 10 روز برگها در مجاورت هوا قرار گرفت سپس با کمک ماکروویو با توان 100% و به مدت 2 دقیقه به طور کامل خشک شد و سپس عصارهگیری از هریک بهصورت جداگانه انجام شد. آنزیم کاتالاز (EC 1.11.1.6) و پراکسیداز (EC 1.11.1.7) از برگهای این گیاه با استفاده از بافر فسفات M 1/0 با pH 2/7 استخراج شدند. نتایج و بحث: نتایج حاصل از ژل الکتروفورز عصاره رزماری، وجود یک ایزو آنزیم کاتالاز با pH بهینه 7 و وجود سه ایزو آنزیم پراکسیداز با pH های بهینه 5 و 7 در این گیاه را تأیید نمود. در آنزیم پراکسیداز ایزو آنزیم فعال در pH 5 در مقایسه با ایزو آنزیم فعال در 7 pH نسبت به افزایش دما در گیاه زنده مقاومتر است. همچنین آنزیم کاتالاز نیز نسبت به پراکسیداز دارای مقاومت بالاتری میباشد و طی تنش فعالیت خود را افزایش میدهد. توصیه کاربردی/صنعتی: این پژوهش نشان داد که گیاه رزماری به دلیل وجود ترکیبات آنتیاکسیدانی چون آنزیمهای کاتالاز و پراکسیداز میتواند بهعنوان یک منبع ارزان و قابل دسترس برای استخراج این ترکیبات باشد و همچنین نتایج این تحقیق با به دست آوردن راندمان بیشتر مواد مؤثره گیاهی، می­تواند کمک بزرگی به صنعت داروسازی نماید. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - اثر تنش خشکی بر برخی صفات فیزیولوژیک و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی بومادران بیابانی (Achillea tenuifolia Lam)
شیما غریبی بدرالدین ابراهیم سید طباطبایی قدرت الله سعیدی سید امیرحسین گلی مجید طالبیمقدمه و هدف: تنش های اسمزی در گیاهان باعث تولید رادیکال های آزاد شده و گیاهان برای پاکسازی این رادیکال های سمی راهبرد های گوناگونی را در پیش می­گیرند که از مهم ترین آن­ها تولید و تجمع متابولیت های ثانویه می باشد. امروزه این موضوع محققین را بر آن داشته است که از Moreمقدمه و هدف: تنش های اسمزی در گیاهان باعث تولید رادیکال های آزاد شده و گیاهان برای پاکسازی این رادیکال های سمی راهبرد های گوناگونی را در پیش می­گیرند که از مهم ترین آن­ها تولید و تجمع متابولیت های ثانویه می باشد. امروزه این موضوع محققین را بر آن داشته است که از تنش های محیطی به خصوص تنش خشکی برای افزایش ترکیبات مهم ثانویه مانند فنول ها و آنتی اکسیدان­ها بهره بگیرند. از جمله گیاهان دارویی ارزشمند، گیاه بومادران بیابانی (Achillea tenuifolia) می­باشد که گیاهی است چند ساله که دارای بسیاری از خواص دارویی است.روش تحقیق: به منظور بررسی اثر تنش خشکی، چهار تیمار مختلف (25%، 50%، 75%و 100 % تخلیه رطوبتی بر اساس ظرفیت مزرعه) با سه تکرار در گلدان های پلاستیکی واقع در گل­خانه اعمال شد و پس از 30 روز، برگ نمونه ها برداشت و آزمایشات اندازه گیری کل ترکیبات فنولیک، فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی با سه مدل سیستم DPPH، قدرت احیا کنندگی آهن و روش بی رنگ شدن بتاکاروتن اندازه گیری شد. غلظت مالون دی آلدهید و میزان تجمع پرولین نیز در برگ گیاه محاسبه گردید.نتایج و بحث: تنش خشکی در گیاه بومادران بیایانی توانست به صورت معنی داری میزان ترکیبات فنولیک و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی آنها (در دو مدل سیستم DPPH و بی رنگ شدن بتاکاروتن) را افزایش دهد. میزان پرولین و مالون دی آلدهید نیز با افزایش شدت تنش افزایش یافت. در حالی که بر اساس مدل قدرت احیا کنندگی، اختلاف معنی داری میان سطوح 25% و 50% ظرفیت مزرعه مشاهده نشد.توصیه کاربردی/صنعتی: با توجه به نتایج حاصل از تحقیق حاضر می توان سطح 50% ظرفیت مزرعه تخلیه رطوبتی خاک یعنی تنش ملایم را سطحی مناسب جهت تحریک بیشتر تولید ترکیبات فنولیک در این گیاه توصیه نمود. در پایان، مطالعات بیشتری در خصوص اثر تنش خشکی بر مقدار سایر ترکیبات مهم موثره در این گیاه پیشنهاد می شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - تأثیر تنش خشکی در بیان پروتئین HSP70 و398 miRNA در سرخارگل
کوثر مرادی فریبا خلیلیBackground & Aim:Drought is a natural and recurrent climatic characteristic in most parts of the world and plays an important and restrictive role in crop yield. One of these defense mechanisms is the reprogramming of gene expression using microRNAs. MiRNAs regulate MoreBackground & Aim:Drought is a natural and recurrent climatic characteristic in most parts of the world and plays an important and restrictive role in crop yield. One of these defense mechanisms is the reprogramming of gene expression using microRNAs. MiRNAs regulate the gene expression more by inhibiting the translation of mRNA and reducing the expression of target protein expression. Experimental: In the present study, the expression pattern of miR398 and its target gene (NtTG5b) in the leaf tissue of purple coneflower under controlled conditions and four levels of drought stress (85, 75, 50 and 25% Field Capacity (FC) were investigated using qRT-PCR method. To ensure the applying the stress on plants, the heat shock protein (HSP) expression was evaluated as a criterion. Results: The results showed increased expression of HSP in leaf tissue, therefore the selected levels for drought stress were confirmed. The expression of miR398 at each stress level was often the same, and the process of expression of the target genes in most cases revealed an inconsistent process that could be due to the difference between the target cell and the cell in which the miRNA was expressed, so this shows the complex regulatory network of miRNAs. Recommended applications/industries: Finally, it can be concluded that miR398 is a drought-responsive miRNA that may play its effects through leaf development control. This could be an important aspect for future studies, because increasing leaf biomass in conditions that have water constraints can be an incentive to use purple coneflower as a plant for medicine. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
219 - تاثیر باکتریهای افزایش دهنده رشد گیاه بر عصاره و فاکتورهای فیزیولوژیکی آویشن دنایی (Thymus daenensis Celak) در شرایط تنش خشکی
علی عبداللهی محمد فیضیان غزاله مهدی پوریانزمینه و هدف: در حال حاضر استفاده از میکروارگانیسم های مفید به عنوان نهاده های کشاورزی پایدار و کارآمد با امیدواری در کاهش اثرات منفی خشکسالی مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. به منظور بررسی تأثیر ریزوباکتری های تقویت کننده رشد گیاه (PGPR) و تنش خشکی بر اسانس (EO) و فاکتورهای فی Moreزمینه و هدف: در حال حاضر استفاده از میکروارگانیسم های مفید به عنوان نهاده های کشاورزی پایدار و کارآمد با امیدواری در کاهش اثرات منفی خشکسالی مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. به منظور بررسی تأثیر ریزوباکتری های تقویت کننده رشد گیاه (PGPR) و تنش خشکی بر اسانس (EO) و فاکتورهای فیزیولوژیکی آویشن دنایی (Thymus daenensis Celak)، یک آزمایش در سال 2017 در شهرکرد انجام شد.شرح آزمایش: آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتورها چهار رژیم آبیاری و دو تلقیح PGPR بودند. فاکتور اول شامل چهار رژیم آبیاری عبارت بودند از: آبیاری کامل (A: عدم استرس) ، آبیاری پس از کاهش 20-25٪ ظرفیت مزرعه (FC) (L: استرس کم) ، آبیاری پس از کاهش 35-40 FC (M: استرس خفیف) و آبیاری پس از کاهش 60-55٪ FC (S: استرس شدید). فاکتور دوم شامل دو تیمار PGPR ، عدم تلقیح (C: شاهد) و تلقیح با PGPR (M: Pseudomonas fluorescens سویه 187 و Pseudomonas aeruginosa سویه MPFM) بود.یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که تنش خشکی باعث کاهش وزن خشک ریشه و شاخساره ، محتوای نسبی آب ، رنگدانه های فتوسنتزی و پارامترهای تبادل گازی شد اما تلقیح PGPR باعث بهبود آنها گردید. با افزایش تنش خشکی ، پرولین ، مالون دی آلدئید ، نشت الکترولیت و مقاومت روزنه ای افزایش یافت، اما تلقیح PGPR باعث کاهشاین فاکتورها در تیمارهای مربوطه شد. تلقیح PGPR باعث افزایش تولید اسانس گردید اگرچه این افزایش از نظر آماری معنی دار نبود اما تنش آب تولید اسانس را کاهش داد.توصیه های صنعتی و عملی: نتایج نشان می دهد که تلقیح PGPR می تواند یک استراتژی عالی برای کاهش اثرات منفی تنش خشکی در کشت آویشن دنایی در شرایط تنش خشکی باشد، بنابراین کشاورزان مناطق نیمه خشک می توانند با استفاده از PGPR در تنش کم آب بیشترین مقدار EO در در آویشن دنایی تولید کنند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
220 - Temporal and Spatial Vvariability Analysis of Drought Hazard in Khuzestan Province Using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
fatemeh zohrabzadeh hossein eslamiDrought is a natural hazard with climatic nature. It caused by the precipitation anomalies and irregularities. This paper examines the phenomenon of drought and its spatial and temporal changes in Khuzestan province. In order to determine the severity of the drought, it MoreDrought is a natural hazard with climatic nature. It caused by the precipitation anomalies and irregularities. This paper examines the phenomenon of drought and its spatial and temporal changes in Khuzestan province. In order to determine the severity of the drought, it used Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for spatial analysis benefits and temporal communication creation between occurrences of drought. In this study, 48 rain gauges and synoptic stations data from Khuzestan province have been used in years (1982-2014). Zoning maps of Standardized precipitation index (SPI) was drawn using ordinary kriging interpolation method during the study period and the driest and wettest years were identified. The 1999 and 2008 was severe drought years and extreme wet occurred in 1992. According to the results, 1999, 2007 and 2008 were years with the largest percentage of the area of drought and years 1991, 1992, 1997 and 2001 with the highest percentage of wet. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
221 - Investigation of PN, SIAP, RAI indices in Khuzestan Province with Emphasis on Ahwaz, Abadan, Dezful and Omidieh stations
mussa molaei Peyman GravandIn this paper, the meteorological droughts of four selected stations in Khuzestan based on the annual precipitation index (SIAP), Normal precipitation (PNPI) and precipitation anomalies (RAI) in a 32-year statistical period (1983-2003) were investigated. Drought index c MoreIn this paper, the meteorological droughts of four selected stations in Khuzestan based on the annual precipitation index (SIAP), Normal precipitation (PNPI) and precipitation anomalies (RAI) in a 32-year statistical period (1983-2003) were investigated. Drought index coefficients and frequency and severity of drought were determined based on each indicator. Each of the indicators was calculated at the stations. The results showed that frequency and sequence (continuity period) of drought were different in different degrees according to the index of (SIAP) in Dezful in the statistical period. In the PNPI survey, Abandon droughts were more frequent than other stations. The most severe drought occurred in Ahwaz based on this indicator. According to the RAI index, the frequency of drought in Dezful is greater And due to the severity of drought in Omidieh, the highest severity of drought occurred. Finally, among the three indexes studied, the highest drought persistence is related to the( PNPI) index Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
222 - Evaluation of superabsorbent effect on some of the yield components of corn under drought stress conditions in the Khuzestan province
Davoud Khodadadi Dehkordi mohsen solimani babarsad Kamran MohsenifarThe aim of this study was the impact evaluation of superabsorbent on some of the yield components of corn (SC704) under drought stress conditions. The experimental design was according to split plot method in a randomized complete block design that was done with 12 trea MoreThe aim of this study was the impact evaluation of superabsorbent on some of the yield components of corn (SC704) under drought stress conditions. The experimental design was according to split plot method in a randomized complete block design that was done with 12 treatments and three replications in Hamidiyeh region, Khuzestan, Iran. In this study, three different depths of irrigation were considered as the main treatment including I1, I2, I3 as 100, 75 and 50 percent of water requirement of plant, respectively and different levels of superabsorbent were used as secondary treatment including S0, S1, S2 and S3, equal to 0 (control), 15, 30 and 45 gr m-2, respectively. According to the results, the independent effect of irrigation treatments at 1% level was significant on the number of grains per row and at 5% level was significant on ear length of corn. But, this effect at 5% level was not significant on the number of grain rows and grain protein percentage of corn. The independent effect of superabsorbent treatments at 1% level was significant on the number of grains per row. But, this effect at 5% level was not significant on the number of grain rows, ear length and grain protein percentage of corn. It was concluded that using superabsorbent with applying the less water, achieving the more yield components. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - Investigation of meteorological drought Eslamabad-e Gharb using of draught indices
Rasoul BagherabadiDrought is one of the most important climatic phenomena that is caused by climatic anomalies. Which occurs periodically due to lack of moisture due to reduced rainfall. Drought duration may vary from month to several years. Therefore, by monitoring and evaluating the dr MoreDrought is one of the most important climatic phenomena that is caused by climatic anomalies. Which occurs periodically due to lack of moisture due to reduced rainfall. Drought duration may vary from month to several years. Therefore, by monitoring and evaluating the drought, the damage caused by it can be reduced. Drought is one of the most important and destructive phenomena that in recent years has left many economic and social effects in the city of Islamabad, West. Therefore, in this study, the drought situation of Islamabad West using rainfall data in 30 years (1991 to 2020) using DIP software on an annual basis of drought status based on PNI, SPI, ZSI, CZI was used as a measure to monitor meteorological drought. The results showed that these indicators were consistent with each other, so that based on the above indicators, the results show that in Islamabad West in 1999 and 2014, the most severe drought occurred in the statistical period. In 2005 and 2008, drought occurred with a moderate drought situation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - Detection of runoff fluctuations with Drought Severity in Case of Increase in Efficiency and Reduction of Area under Cultivation and Artificial Recharge Plan
Armin Shah Bayat Hossein Ghorbanizadeh kharazi hossein eslami Saeb Khoshnavaz Behrouz DahanzadehThe present study aims at investigating the groundwater reservoirs in Khanmirza Plain under drought conditions in regard of the fluctuations in the rivers leading to Khanmirza Basin using WEAP Software. In order to actualize this goal, 2007 was chosen as the base year. MoreThe present study aims at investigating the groundwater reservoirs in Khanmirza Plain under drought conditions in regard of the fluctuations in the rivers leading to Khanmirza Basin using WEAP Software. In order to actualize this goal, 2007 was chosen as the base year. Then, the scenarios were evaluated within a 30-year time span (2007-2037) using the WEAP model. The results of the first scenario showed that at least 50% is required for bringing about balance in the water level of Khanmirza Plain’s aquifer through implementing a plan for reducing the area under cultivation. The second scenario shows that not only the plain does not reach a stable balance state but also the water needs of the farmlands cannot be perfectly supplied by the implementation of pressurized irrigation and increasing the irrigation efficiency in the entire plain. Moreover, the third scenario is also reflective of the insufficiency of the implementation of an artificial recharge plan on Khanmirza Plain for reaching balance in the groundwater. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
225 - Using several drought indices in Water resources management in drought condition (Case Study of Shahid Abbaspour Dam Station)
ABBAS SAFAEI Masoud Choramin kimiya korkaniDrought is one of the natural disasters that cause great damage to human life and natural ecosystems and is different from other natural disasters. The main differences in the gradual impact of drought over a relatively long period are the impossibility of determining t MoreDrought is one of the natural disasters that cause great damage to human life and natural ecosystems and is different from other natural disasters. The main differences in the gradual impact of drought over a relatively long period are the impossibility of determining the exact time of onset and end and the geographical extent of its impact. On the other hand, the lack of an accurate and acceptable global definition of drought has added to the complexity and confusion of this phenomenon. And the severity of droughts was determined and described based on drought indices ZSI, PNPI, SPI. These indicators are consistent with each other so that based on the above indicators. the results show that in Shahid Abbaspour Dam in the wet years (2007-2008) the most severe drought occurred in the statistical period. SPI index of drought periods Shows more, so it is a more sensitive index than ZSI and PNPI and has a higher sensitivity and more complete classification in the study of dry periods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
226 - Study the Effect of Drought on Groundwater Quality Using Statistical Methods (Case Study: Main Plains in Khuzestan Province)
Heydar zarei Masoumeh Ferasati Hadi MoazedDrought is a natural phenomenon that occurrence of which has its own laws but the intensification, frequency, occurrence and its repetition depend on the human activities in nature. Destroying water quality, destroying plant cover and soil erosion are the main effects o MoreDrought is a natural phenomenon that occurrence of which has its own laws but the intensification, frequency, occurrence and its repetition depend on the human activities in nature. Destroying water quality, destroying plant cover and soil erosion are the main effects of Drought. In this research in order to investigate the effect of the recent draughts on the groundwater quality, water samples taken from the wells in 3 plains (Ize-peun, Dezful-Andimeshk and Gotvand-Aghili) in Khuzestan province, in two hydrologic years; 2006 (With adequate rainfall) and 2007 (With a significant reduction in rainfall).The parameters under investigation include Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, SO4, EC, TDS and pH. To investigate that if the drought the change in the processes affecting groundwater quality in the plains or not, a non-parametric test Mann–Whitney and Factor Analysis were used. Results showed that although drought year of 2007 didn’t have a significant effect on the groundwater quality of plains, but if the drought continues, water quality may change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
227 - Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Increase Resistance of L. iberica to Drought Stress due to Increased Accumulation of Protective Antioxidants
Niloufar Shoarian Rashid Jamei Bahman Pasban Eslam Seyed Yahya Salehi Lisar -
Open Access Article
228 - Physiological response of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) to application of chitosan and magnesium-nano fertilizers under irrigation cut-off in a sustainable agriculture system
Jaber Khordadi Varamin Farzad Fanoodi Jafar Masuod Sinaki Shahram Rezvan Ali Damavandi -
Open Access Article
229 - Effect of Piriformospora indica inoculation on some morphophysiological parameters in licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) under drought stress
Mehdi Ghabooli Ellahe Rezaei Zahra Movahedi Ehsan Mohsenifard -
Open Access Article
230 - Alleviation of the effects of on drought stress Verbascum nudicuale by methyl jasmonate and titanium dioxide nanoparticles
Fatemeh Ghasemlou Hamzeh Amiri Roya Karamian Asghar Mirzaie-asl -
Open Access Article
231 - Drought effects on elongation kinetics and sugar deposition in the elongation zone of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) leaves
Mostefa Touati Abdelkrim Kameli Benalia Yabrir Benziane Adli Elhadi Bezini -
Open Access Article
232 - Alleviation of oxidative stress induced by drought stress through priming by β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) plants.
Neda Mohamadi Amin Baghizadeh Sara Saadatmand Zahra Asrar -
Open Access Article
233 - The effects of glycine betaine and L-arginine on biochemical properties of pot marigold (calendula officinalis L.) under water stress
Fatemeh Sadat Feiz Leila Hakimi Amir Mousavi Marzieh Ghanbari Jahromi -
Open Access Article
234 - Differential responses of phenolic compounds of Brassica napus under drought stress.
Maryam Rezayian Vahid Niknam Hassan Ebrahimzadeh -
Open Access Article
235 - The Role of signaling of hydrogen peroxide and 24-epibrassinosteroid on physiological traits of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) under drought stress
Nasim Roudbari Hosein Abbaspour Khosrow Kalantari Ahmad Aien -
Open Access Article
236 - Combining ability and gene action studies for drought tolerance in tomato
Maryam Noori Alireza Motallebi Azar Jaber Panahandeh Mehdi Saidi Ali Akbar Asadi Davoud ZareHaghi Shahnaz FathiPhysiological traits of tomato including its resistance to stresses are a main breeding goal in producing new cultivars. This study reports on a combining ability analysis investigating the variance of general and specified combing abilities for some important physiolog MorePhysiological traits of tomato including its resistance to stresses are a main breeding goal in producing new cultivars. This study reports on a combining ability analysis investigating the variance of general and specified combing abilities for some important physiological characteristics as a whole as well as their effects for individual parents and hybrids of 19 tomato genotypes of tomato under drought stress. Three commercial innate lines and four analyzers were used in a line-to-tester crossing plan at Ilam University, Iran. There was a significant difference between genotypes (parents and crosses) in all characteristics at three levels of stress. Evaluating the impacts of common combining capacity analyzers and lines showed that neither a single line nor an analyzer was a commendable common combiner for all of the characteristics examined at all three push levels. Estimation of the effects of specific combining ability indicated that for each specific physiological trait, a specific hybrid showed the highest effect at all three stress levels. In all of the traits under study, specific combining ability variance had a higher estimation than general combining ability variance, and the genetic variance ratio of additive variance to non-additive variance was smaller than one, indicating that non-additive gene action predominated in the inheritance of all of the characteristics in the three levels of stress. The degree of dominance under three levels of stress was higher than one for all attributes except total soluble solids, and it seems that dominance in the genetic locations controlling these traits is superseded. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
237 - Effect of exogenous chitosan, salicylic acid and their combination on some physiological parameters of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) under drought stress
Zohreh Azin Abbasali Emamjomeh Sedigheh Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi Parisa Hasanein -
Open Access Article
238 - Fatty Acid Composition of Canola Cultivars Affected by Different Sowing Dates
Taraneh Samarzadeh Vazhdehfar Farzad Paknejad Amir Hossein Shirani Rad Saeed Vazan &lrm;Mostafa&lrm; Oveisi&lrm; -
Open Access Article
239 - Zinc oxide nano particles alleviate drought stress effects on soybean antioxidant system during germination
Mohammad Sedghi Parisa Sheikhnavaz Jahed Sahar Gholi-Tolouie -
Open Access Article
240 - Early Sowing Date as A Cultivation Strategy to Alleviate Drought Effects On Yield Components of Different Canola Genotypes
Nadia Gharechaei Amir Hossein Shirani Rad Nasser Shahsavari -
Open Access Article
241 - Morpho-physiological and yield responses of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) to the application of growth regulators under drought stress
Habib Noori Seyyed Gholamreza Moosavi Mohammadjavad Seghatoleslami Mansour Fazeli Rostampour -
Open Access Article
242 - Evaluation of the response of rice cultivars in some functional and physiological traits using different nutritional sources (chemical, organic) under drought stress conditions
Jaber Mehdiniya afra Yousef Niknejad Hormoz Fallah Amoli Davood Barari Tari -
Open Access Article
243 - Differential response to individual and combined stress treatments on Zingiber officinale Rosc. cv- varada with respect to its changes in yield, growth and gingerol content.
Neena Adichirattle Purathatt Mahesh Mohanan Binu Thomas -
Open Access Article
244 - An Investigation into the Effects of Environmental Stresses on Gene Family Expression in Eucalyptus
Mohammad Esmaeilpour -
Open Access Article
245 - Response Of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Cultivars To Organic Acid Under Drought Stress
Kosar Kohan Pourang Kasraie Hamidreza Larijani Farshad Ghoshchi Meysam Oveysi -
Open Access Article
246 - Screening of almond cultivars and genotypes in relation to frost stress tolerance
ALI IMANI Hamed Torkaman Valiollah Rasoli Korosh Zandifar Zandifar -
Open Access Article
247 - Physiological responses of two tomato (Lycopersicun esculentum M.) cultivars to Azomite fertilizer under drought stress.
Hamid Noorani Azad Abolghasem Hassan Poor Gholam Reza Bakhshikhaniki Mohammad Ali Ebrahimi -
Open Access Article
248 - Effect of Drought Stress on Some Growth Parameters and Several Biochemical Aspects in Two Pumpkin Species
Mozhgan Farzamisepehr Mahlagha Ghorbanli Zahra Tadji -
Open Access Article
249 - Analysis Role of Rural Management in Resilience of Villagers against Drought (Case Study: Rural Settlements in the Township of Miyandoab)
Mohammad valaei abdollah abdollahee Aynaz Eskandarzadeh Eskandarzadeh Akbar Hoseinzade Hadi ZarbiThe basis of research based on pragmatism is a mixed research method. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of rural management in resilience of villagers against drought. The research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical method and nat MoreThe basis of research based on pragmatism is a mixed research method. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of rural management in resilience of villagers against drought. The research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical method and nature and in order to collect information from library and field studies. The Spatial realm of this research is rural settlements in the Township of Miandoab. The Township has 73338 households and 260628 population in 1395 and The Statistical Society consisted of 176 managers and employees of agencies involved in rural affairs. Including, Deputy Minister of Rural Development, Governorate, Provinces, Electricity Office, Rural Wastewater, Water Resources Administration, Housing Foundation, Agricultural Jihad, etc. To sample from Qualitative methods (snowball and theoretical method) have been used for sampling. The reliability level of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha for rural management indicators of 0.729 and for resiliency indicators of 0.651. The mixed method(Quantitative and qualitative) has been used to analyze the information. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between rural management and improvement of rural resilience. Also, the most important factors promoting the resilience of villagers to drought are the »Government policy and support« factor and the »diversification of rural economy« factor. Also, the performance of rural managers has increased in indicators of »infrastructure-physical, budget allocation and financial resources« and has led to this indicator to have the greatest impact in improving the resilience of villagers to drought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
250 - Spatial analysis of natural hazards with emphasis on drought and assessment of capacity of adaptation, Case study of rural settlements (Razan county : Hamedan province)
fatemeh ahmadi Morteza Esmaeilnejad Mahmoud FalsoleymanThe agricultural sector is largely affected by climate change due to its extensive interactions with the environment.Damage to the environment and declining product yields and weakening the household economy are among the consequences of the drought in HamadanNatural ha MoreThe agricultural sector is largely affected by climate change due to its extensive interactions with the environment.Damage to the environment and declining product yields and weakening the household economy are among the consequences of the drought in HamadanNatural hazards are part of the behavior of the environment that is likely to occur at any time and place. The frequency, extent, and severity of these hazards, especially drought, have increased in recent decades.Understanding the behavior of natural hazards and identifying their focal points for environmental planning and sustainable economic development is importance.Hamadan province is one of the hotspots that has a variety and abundance of natural hazards; therefore, their analysis and monitoring, including drought directly affecting the livelihoods of farmers, is of great importance. And to measure the adaptation capacity of the villages of Razan city.This research is an analytical-descriptive study using questionnaire and field survey to assess and assess the adaptation capacity of drought farmers. In the first step, different indicators of drought behavior were identified in the region and in the second stage, adaptation strategies were developed by farmers. The results of this study showed that SPI index is a more suitable method for drainage landscaping in terms of dry years separation and drought seasons than other indices. That the local community is using traditional or indigenous methods to adapt to drought conditions used. The rate of using traditional or indigenous methods and modern and modern methods to adapt to drought conditions have been tested using binomial test. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
251 - Mapping Drought Intensity by using PN and Deciles Index In Khorasan Razavi Province
Seyed mohamad askarizadeh abolfazl behniafar fatemeh zabol abbasi sharareh malboosiHistorically, human life was adventured to the natural hazards that proceed by Geomorphology Activities such as earthquake, volcano and etc. but some of that events proceeded by climate process. That abundance and density of these phenomena depended to the Geographic Co MoreHistorically, human life was adventured to the natural hazards that proceed by Geomorphology Activities such as earthquake, volcano and etc. but some of that events proceeded by climate process. That abundance and density of these phenomena depended to the Geographic Coordinate. Among of these phenomena we could mention to the storms, Droughts, floods and… in this case, drought is more important because Drought is mystery and natural Disaster that Caused effected to human projections. Numbers and damaging that caused by drought is more than other Climate hazards. In this paper, after study on the other methods and index, we will have a climate viewpoint on it and then by using precipitation of Khorasan Razavi province, will produce mapping of Drought with PN and Deciles index. Finally we will compare this two methods in evaluate Drought Density in that region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
252 - Drought in Gorgan Synoptic Station. Estimation and Analysing
Hossein Mohammadi Mohsen Soltani Ali HanafiDrought is the most important kinds of natural hazards and it is a secret and slow phenomena which results from climate processes. The intensity and frequency of it depends on geographical position. it occurs due to decrease of raining rate once at several years. In ord MoreDrought is the most important kinds of natural hazards and it is a secret and slow phenomena which results from climate processes. The intensity and frequency of it depends on geographical position. it occurs due to decrease of raining rate once at several years. In order to study of Gorgan station droughts we used from Meteorological organization data for a period (1976-2005).After primary investigation, drought was analysed by using of standard distribution, Percentage Normal and Deciles, so that it was extracted the weak and intermediate droughts and its trend on station. Results showed that 85-95 decades were the driest decade in statistical duration and according to used indexes, the year of 1990 had the severest drought value. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
253 - آزمایش مقدماتی انتقال ژن به چمانواش بلند با واسطهگری Agrobacterium tumefaciens
مصطفی خوشحال سرمست Hassan Salehi Mehrnaz Zareiتنش­های غیر زیستی ممکن است گیاهان را به دلیل شرایط محیطی نامناسب و یا کیفیت کم آب متاثر کنند. این تنش­های رشد و نمو گیاه را طی چرخه­های رشدی تحت تاثیر قرار می­دهند. به این دلیل گیاهان متحمل به خشکی ارزشمند بوده و سبز فرش­ها متحمل به خشکی می­توانن Moreتنش­های غیر زیستی ممکن است گیاهان را به دلیل شرایط محیطی نامناسب و یا کیفیت کم آب متاثر کنند. این تنش­های رشد و نمو گیاه را طی چرخه­های رشدی تحت تاثیر قرار می­دهند. به این دلیل گیاهان متحمل به خشکی ارزشمند بوده و سبز فرش­ها متحمل به خشکی می­توانند برای این منظور تولید شوند. این گونه­ها پوششی مناسبی روی سطح زمین ایجاد کرده و مزایایی مختلفی از جمله زیبایی و جلوگیری از فرسایش خاک دارند که زندگی روزانه ما را متاثر می­کنند. هدف این پژوهش یافتن محیط کشت ایده ال برای القاء پینه و باززایی و به دنبال آن بیش بیان ژن P5CS1 کد کننده پرولین برای بهبود مقاومت به خشکی در چمانواش بلند بود. برای این منظور پوشش بذر حذف و سپس به صورت طولی بریده شد. این تیمار اثر قابل ملاحظه­ای در مقایسه با بذوری داشت که تحت این تیمار قرار نگرفته بودند. علاوه بر این راندمان باززایی در محیط­های دارای 2,4-D و بنزیل آدنین افزایش یافت. متوسط پینه­های مقاوم به نشانگر گزینش­گر G418 تنها 10% بود. حضور ژن P5CS1 در پینه­ها با استفاده از آزمون هیستوشیمیایی Gus و واکنش زنجیره­ای پلی­مراز با آغازگر­های اختصاصی تایید شد. بیش از 90% پینه ها قادر به بیان ژن uida بودند که این به احتمال و به طور غیر مستقیم بیان کننده القاء تحمل به خشکی در پینه­ها می­باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
254 - تاثیر کم آبیاری تنظیم شده در پاسخ به رشد Büchloe dactyloides (بووی و کودی) در مقایسه با Festuca arundinacea
میلاد اکبرزاده علی تهرانی فر بهداد علیزاده حسین انصاریامروزه مدیریت چمن با کمبود آب مواجه است، که بیشتر به دلیل بارش کم، تقاضا و مصارف صنعتی، کشاورزی و خانگی است. بنابراین هدف از این تحقیق شناسایی تحمل به خشکی ارقام چمن فصل گرم و فصل سرد به سطوح مختلف کم آبیاری تنظیم شده بود. آزمایش مزرعه­ای در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با Moreامروزه مدیریت چمن با کمبود آب مواجه است، که بیشتر به دلیل بارش کم، تقاضا و مصارف صنعتی، کشاورزی و خانگی است. بنابراین هدف از این تحقیق شناسایی تحمل به خشکی ارقام چمن فصل گرم و فصل سرد به سطوح مختلف کم آبیاری تنظیم شده بود. آزمایش مزرعه­ای در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه آزمایشی دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، انجام شد. تیمارهای آبیاری (40، 70، 100 درصد کم آبیاری تنظیم شده) (RDI) به عنوان پلات­های اصلی و چمن­ها به عنوان پلات­های فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. مقدار آبیاری بر اساس مرجع روزانه تبخیر تعرق (ETO) بود. در تمام صفات اندازه­گیری شده، رقم­های بووی و کودی بوفالوگراس واکنش بهتری نسبت به فستوکا نشان دادند. در صفات کیفی چمن­ها (مانند رنگ، بافت و کیفیت پس از سرزنی) تفاوت معنی­داری با سطوح مختلف تنش خشکی داشتند. کودی کمترین کیفیت را برای شاخص رنگ نشان داده است. در حالی که برگ­های ظریف در کودی و بووی ثبت شده اند، اما اختلاف معناداری با یکدیگر ندارند. با این حال فستوکا برگ­های خشن­تری را در این میان نشان داد. رقم­های بوفالوگراس در مقایسه با فستوکا بیشتر محتوای نسبی آب (RWC) را حفظ کردند. نتایج نشان داد که ارقام بوفالوگراس احتمالا می­توانند با شدت خشکی بیشتری روبرو شوند تا بتوانند کیفیت مورفولوژیکی خود را حفظ کرده و همچنین قادر به توجیه صفات فیزیولوژیکی آن در استرس شدید آب می­باشند. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان داد که ارقام بوفالوگراس، نیاز به آبیاری کمتری نسبت به فستوکا دارند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
255 - بررسی رشد گیاه پوششی فرانکینیا (Frankenia thymifolia ) تحت تنش خشکی در بسترهای کشت و رژیم های متفاوت آبیاری
محسن مجیدی علی محمدی ترکاشوند راحله ابراهیمی در میان مجموعه غنی از گیاهان پوششی، گیاهانی یافت می­شوند که می­توانند جایگزین چمن شوند و می­توان آن­ها را برای جاهایی که چمن با شکست مواجه شده و یا مراقبت از آن دردسرساز بوده در نظر گرفت. گیاهان پوششی راه حلی آشکار برای این مکان­ها می­باشند More در میان مجموعه غنی از گیاهان پوششی، گیاهانی یافت می­شوند که می­توانند جایگزین چمن شوند و می­توان آن­ها را برای جاهایی که چمن با شکست مواجه شده و یا مراقبت از آن دردسرساز بوده در نظر گرفت. گیاهان پوششی راه حلی آشکار برای این مکان­ها می­باشند که شاخص­ترین این گیاهان شامل فرانکینیا، سدوم، دایکوندرا، لیزوماکیا، آرنیا، آپتنیا و غیره... می­باشد. هدف از انجام این مطالعه، استفاده از ضایعات آلی، کودهای بیولوژیک و سوپر پلیمر‎های جاذب به منظور افزایش نگه داشت آب در خاک، تأخیر در نقطه پژمردگی دائم، کنترل تنش آبی و بهبود ظرفیت نگه داشت آب در بستر رشد گیاه فرانکینیا است. این آزمایش به منظور بررسی رشد گیاه فرانکینیا تحت شرایط تنش خشکی در سال 1396 تحت شرایط خارج از گلخانه و در محیط باز صورت گرفت. یک آزمایش فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با دو فاکتور، طراحی و اجرا گردید. فاکتور اول سه دوره آبیاری شامل 2 روز، 4 روز و 7 روز و فاکتور دوم پنج بستر کشت که شامل درصدهای متفاوتی از مواد تشکیل دهنده 1- بستر کشت شماره یک: شامل 90 درصد خاک زراعی + 10 درصد کود پوسیده دامی، 2- بستر کشت شماره دو: شامل 70 درصد خاک + 15 درصد کود پوسیده دامی + 15 درصد ورمی کمپوست، 3- بستر کشت شماره سه: شامل 70 درصد خاک + 15 درصد کود پوسیده دامی+ 15 درصد ورمی کمپوست + یک گرم بر کیلوگرم سوپر جاذب استوکوزورب، 4- بستر کشت شماره چهار: شامل 50 درصد خاک + 25 درصد کود پوسیده دامی + 25 درصد ورمی کمپوست، 5- بستر کشت شماره پنج: شامل 50 درصد خاک + 25 درصد کود پوسیده دامی + 25 درصد ورمی کمپوست+یک گرم بر کیلوگرم سوپرجاذب می باشد. نشاهای گیاه فرانکینیا که در گلدان هایی با قطر دهانه 12و ارتفاع 15 سانتی متر از قبل ریشه دار شده بودند، به ترتیب در پلات های مستطیلی شکل به ابعاد 30 در 30 سانتی متر و به تعداد 6 عدد نشاء در هر پلات کاشته شد. صفات مورفولوژیکی شامل طول بلندترین شاخه، تعداد کل شاخه های جانبی، وزن تر و خشک اندام هوایی، میزان پرولین موجود در گیاه، میزان آب نسبی برگ و غلظت عناصر در اندام هوایی شامل پتاسیم، فسفر، آهن و روی اندازه­گیری شد. بسترهای کشت خاک از نظر pH، EC، کربن آلی، نیتروزن کل، نسبت C/N، فسفر و پتاسیم قابل جذب تجزیه شد.نتایج نشان داد که برای رشد بیشتر فرانکینیا، از مخلوط 50- 50 از خاک و مواد آلی (کود دامی پوسیده و ورمی­کمپوست) به عنوان بستر کاشت استفاده شود. با استفاده از یک گرم بر کیلوگرم سوپرجاذب رطوبت در بستر کشت بالا، در مقایسه با بستر شاهد (آبیاری 2 روز) می­توان دور آبیاری را به یک هفته افزایش داد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
256 - اثر محلولپاشی اسید آسکوربیک بر ویژگیهای اکوفیزیولوژیکی پریوش (Catharanthus roseus) تحت تنش کمبود آب
علی حسینیآب یکی از مهمترین عوامل محیطی تنظیم کننده رشد و نمو گیاهان است و کمبود آب مهمترین عامل محدودکننده تولیدات گیاهی بهشمار میرود، به­ طوری که از چندین ماده شیمیایی برای کاهش اثرات مضر کمبود آب استفاده شده است. یکی از این ترکیبات اسید آسکوربیک است و دارای اثرات Moreآب یکی از مهمترین عوامل محیطی تنظیم کننده رشد و نمو گیاهان است و کمبود آب مهمترین عامل محدودکننده تولیدات گیاهی بهشمار میرود، به­ طوری که از چندین ماده شیمیایی برای کاهش اثرات مضر کمبود آب استفاده شده است. یکی از این ترکیبات اسید آسکوربیک است و دارای اثرات آنتی­ اکسیدانی در گیاهان میباشد. به­ همین منظور یک آزمایش گلدانی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه کاملاَ تصادفی با سه تکرار جهت بررسی اثر کمبود آب بر خصوصیات مورفولوژیک و فیزیولوژیک پریوش تحت محلولپاشی اسید آسکوربیک، در سال 1399 انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل: تنش کمبود آب در چهار سطح (1: بدون تنش آبیاری در100 درصد ظرفیت مزرعه؛ 2: تنش ملایم آبیاری در 75 درصد ظرفیت مزرعه؛ 3: تنش متوسط آبیاری در 50 درصد ظرفیت مزرعه و 4: تنش شدید آبیاری در 25 درصد ظرفیت مزرعه) و محلولپاشی اسید آسکوربیک در چهار سطح (صفر، ۲۵، ۵۰، 100 میلیمولار) بودند. نتایج بهدست آمده نشان داد که غلظت کلروفیل a و کاروتنوئید، قند محلول برگ، مقدار پرولین و فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز با افزایش شدت کمبود آب افزایش یافت ولی صفات وزن خشک ریشه و بیومس کل کاهش یافتند. کاربرد اسید آسکوربیک منجر به بهبود صفات اندازهگیری شد و سطوح کاربرد اسید آسکوربیک نسبت به عدم کاربرد آن برتری معنیدار داشت و سطح 50 میلیمولار نسبت به سایر سطوح، تاثیر بیشتری، در اغلب صفات، داشت. با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده، کاربرد اسید آسکوربیک برای بهبود رشد گیاهانی مانند پریوش تحت تنش خشکی قابل توصیه میباشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
257 - بررسی امکان تعدیل اثرات تنش خشکی خاک با پتاسیم در سطوح مختلف کوددهی پتاسه (مطالعه موردی: گل آهار)
مریم مرعشی بهاره یاراحمدییکی از موضوعات مهم در مدیریت پایدار کشاورزی، عملکرد مناسب محصول در شرایط تنش های محیطی است. طبعا در کشور خشک ایران، کمبود رطوبت یکی از چالشهای اصلی کشاورزی است. تغذیه مناسب گیاه میتواند اثرات تنش خشکی را تعدیل نماید. برای بررسی اثرات تنش خشکی بر عملکرد گیاه از آهار به Moreیکی از موضوعات مهم در مدیریت پایدار کشاورزی، عملکرد مناسب محصول در شرایط تنش های محیطی است. طبعا در کشور خشک ایران، کمبود رطوبت یکی از چالشهای اصلی کشاورزی است. تغذیه مناسب گیاه میتواند اثرات تنش خشکی را تعدیل نماید. برای بررسی اثرات تنش خشکی بر عملکرد گیاه از آهار به عنوان گیاه آزمایش استفاده شد. به همین منظور رشد گیاه آهار در پاسخ به تنش خشکی خاک در سطوح مختلف کوددهی پتاسه در یک آزمایش فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با دو فاکتور بررسی شد. فاکتور اول: سه دوره آبیاری شامل 2 روز، 4 روز، یک هفته و فاکتور دوم: چهار سطح کودی پتاسیم شامل : 1- مصرف کود پتاسه بصورت پایه،2-مصرف کود پتاسه بصورت پایه و سرک، 3- مصرف کود پتاسه بصورت پایه و سرک + 2 بار محلولپاشی برگی و 4- مصرف کود پتاسه بصورت پایه و سرک + 4 بار محلولپاشی برگی. بستر کشت درهر گلدان نسبت 2 به1 خاک و کود حیوانی مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. پس از اتمام دوره رشد، شاخصهای رویشی شامل وزن تر و خشک اندامهایهوایی، ارتفاعگیاه، تعدادشاخههای جانبی، تعدادگل، وزنگل و طول بلندترین شاخه اندازهگیری شد. بیشترین شاخصهای رشد: وزن تر و خشک اندامهوایی در تیمار 4 و دور آبیاری دو روز به ترتیب برابر 2/36 و 0/33 گرم، ارتفاع گیاه در تیمار 4 و دور آبیاری چهار روز برابر 43 سانتیمتر، تعداد شاخههای جانبی در تیمار 4 و دور آبیاری یک برابر 8 و طول بلندترین شاخه در تیمار 4 و دور آبیاری دو روز برابر 9 سانتیمتر به دست آمد. شاخصهای رشد در تیمارهای کودی بهتر از شاهد بود و این نشان داد که پتاسیم در دسترس گیاه در طول دوره رشد مقاومت گیاه را افزایش داده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
258 - The Influence of Water-Deficit Stress on Growth, Water Relations and Solute Accumulation in Wild Jujube(Ziziphus lotus)
M. Maraghni M. Gorai M. NeffatiWild jujube, Ziziphus lotus, is a multipurpose xerophytic shrub of the Rhamnaceae family widely distributed in arid and semi-arid regions of Tunisia, where it occupies most soil types. The fruit is the edible part of the plant by local population. The reintroduction of MoreWild jujube, Ziziphus lotus, is a multipurpose xerophytic shrub of the Rhamnaceae family widely distributed in arid and semi-arid regions of Tunisia, where it occupies most soil types. The fruit is the edible part of the plant by local population. The reintroduction of this shrub requires the control of its multiplication in response to water shortage. This study aims to evaluate growth and water relations of wild jujube seedlings under water deficit stress. After multiplication and growth under well-watered conditions, water deficit stress was imposed to seedlings by controlled deficit irrigation to 40 and 70% of field capacity (FC) for 15, 30 and 45 days. Soil of control plants was maintained at 100% FC throughout the experiments. Best growth was recorded for control plants, while water deficit successively reduced dry matter production and leaf number per plant. In addition, relative water content of leaves and branch water potential decreased significantly under severe drought stress. Plants subjected to 40% FC, accumulated respectively, 1.5 and 15-fold more soluble sugars and proline in leaves than controls. There was a strong negative relationship identified between leaf proline concentration and branch water potential with R2=0.85, reflecting the importance of this amino acid ability for osmotic adjustment in Z. lotus. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
259 - Absconding of Honeybee Colonies from Beehives: Underlying Factors and its Financial Implications for Beekeepers in Tanzania
Nicholaus Kuboja Fredy Kilima Aida Isinika -
Open Access Article
260 - Effect of superabsorbent polymer application on some agrophysiological traits and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plant under water deficit stress in Horand region
Saeedeh Babaei Ahmad AfkariIn order to investigate the effect of using superabsorbent polymer on some growth parameters and performance of chickpea under drought stress conditions, a factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications in t MoreIn order to investigate the effect of using superabsorbent polymer on some growth parameters and performance of chickpea under drought stress conditions, a factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications in the crop year of 2021 in Horand region of East Azarbaijan province. The experimental treatments include three levels of irrigation (full irrigation as a control, mild water restriction or irrigation interruption in the pod setting stage, and severe water restriction or irrigation interruption in the flowering stage) and different amounts of superabsorbent (no use of superabsorbent, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha), respectively. The results of the analysis of variance of the studied traits showed that the application of stress and the effect of using superabsorbent polymer on all the evaluated traits were significant at the probability level of 1%. The interaction of drought stress and superabsorbent polymer on plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, number of pods per plant, grain yield and biological yield at the probability level of 1% and had no significant effect on other traits. so that the highest grain yield (1710.94 kg.ha-1) was given to the treatment (full irrigation and 150 kg.ha-1). The results showed that with increasing drought stress, the values of physiological traits such as chlorophyll content and relative water content of leaves decreased, but proline content of leaves increased. If the use of superabsorbent significantly increased the physiological traits. According to the obtained results, the superabsorbent reduced the damage caused by drought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
261 - Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and biofertilizerson in adjustment of the effects of drought stress on some morphophysiological characteristics, dry matter yield and essential oil production of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
Hamdollah Seyfi Ahmad AfkariIn the present study, the influence of foliar application of salicylic acid and biofertilizers on modulating the effects of drought stress on some morphophysiological characteristics, dry matter yield and essential oil production of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) was inves MoreIn the present study, the influence of foliar application of salicylic acid and biofertilizers on modulating the effects of drought stress on some morphophysiological characteristics, dry matter yield and essential oil production of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) was investigated using a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design in triplicate within the 2019 in Hurand . Experimental treatments included three levels of drought stress (70, 140 and 210 mm of evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) as the first factor, seed inoculation with bacteria at five levels (no inoculation as control, inoculation with Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Azospirillum and co-inoculation with Azotobacter, Pseudomonas and Azospirillum) as the second factor and salicylic acid foliar application at four levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM) as the third factor. .The results of this study showed that the drought stress had an important role in reducing the basic factors in basil growth. The results showed that with increasing the intensity of drought stress, the proline content increased. So that the highest proline content (1.69 μM/g fresh weight) were obtained from the treatment of 210-mm evaporation. Based on the results obtained in this experiment can be expressed, the use of salicylic acid at a concentration of 1.5 mM and the co-inoculation of bacteria play a role in relieving the negative effects of drought stress and their administration can effectively increase the quantitative and qualitative properties of the basil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
262 - Comparison of quantitative and qualitative yield response of different sugar beet genotypes under drought stress conditions
behnam Ahmadi Hossein Sharifabad Mohammad Abdollahian noghabi Ali Mokhtassi Bidgoli Rahim MohammadianDrought stress is one of the main reasons for the reduction of quantitative and qualitative yield in sugar beet cultivation, on the other hand, the increasing reduction in available water, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, has made the worse situation. In this s MoreDrought stress is one of the main reasons for the reduction of quantitative and qualitative yield in sugar beet cultivation, on the other hand, the increasing reduction in available water, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, has made the worse situation. In this situation, the use of drought-resistant cultivars is an effective way to reduce production risk. For this purpose, experiments were conducted in the form of split plots in based of RCBD statistical design with the main factor of irrigation (90 and 180 mm) and sub-genotype factor (16 hybrids and 4 genotype control varieties) in the years 2016 and 2017 at Karaj Sugar Beet Research Institute. The results showed that there is a decreasing trend in the average root yield and white sugar yield in two years under stress conditions of 28.5 and 10.5%, respectively, compared to normal irrigation conditions. However, under stress conditions, sugar content had an increasing trend, and root impurity values (sodium and nitrogen) had a decreasing trend, which was accompanied by the highest values of the sugar extraction coefficient. Also, the reduction of water consumption in stressful conditions led to an increase in the efficiency of irrigation water in stressful conditions compared to normal. In the examination of genotypes, based on two indices of tolerance and resistance to drought stress and yield index, genotypes number 1, 3, 9, 12, and 16 were identified as promising genotypes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
263 - Study of drought stress of hybrid corns (Zea mays) using drought tolerance indices
Mohsen Farshadfar Hooshmand Safari Hooman Shirvani Mostafa Amjadian Hoshang RahmatiIn order to investigate drought tolerance of maize hybrids, a split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the research field of Payame Noor University (PNU) of Kermanshah in 2013. The main factor included d MoreIn order to investigate drought tolerance of maize hybrids, a split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the research field of Payame Noor University (PNU) of Kermanshah in 2013. The main factor included drought stress (stress and normal condition) and sub factor including nine corn hybrids. The results of analysis of variance indicate the different reaction of the hybrids studied for grain yield and the ability to select hybrids based on yield. Comparison of numerical values and rank of each hybrid based on grain yield based on grain tolerance index showed that hybrids number one, three, seven and eight were identified as drought tolerant hybrids.Results of correlation analysis showed that MP, GMP, STI, HAR, K1, K2, SSPI and YI had positive and significant correlations with Yp and Ys.They are suitable for choosing high yield hybrids in both conditions. Gabriel's bi-plot drawing was performed based on the analysis of the main components. Based on this breakdown, the first two components justify about 98 percent of the variance. The results showed that the studied hybrids were located in two groups of high yield potential and weak potential, so that hybrids number one, three, seven and eight were placed in the vicinity of drought stress tolerance vectors as superior hybrids. The cluster analysis, based on the superior indices of the studied hybrids grouped the hybrids into two clusters that are similar to the Gabriel bi-plot. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
264 - Evaluating of Drought Tolerance in Full Sib Families of Sugar Beet
Sara bostandust rad Eslam Majidi hervan Mohamad reza Orazi zadeThis study aims to prepare a paternal parent (pollinator) tolerant to drought stress using full sib families in the Karaj region in Motahhari's station of Sugar Beet Research Institute in 2015 in conditions without stress (based on water needs) and drought stress. For t MoreThis study aims to prepare a paternal parent (pollinator) tolerant to drought stress using full sib families in the Karaj region in Motahhari's station of Sugar Beet Research Institute in 2015 in conditions without stress (based on water needs) and drought stress. For this purpose, an experiment in the form of a split-plot design was conducted with 13 full sib families, two drought-tolerant cultivars (IR7) and (stable), and a normal genotype (191) as control cultivars, with the main factor consisting of two levels (irrigation with drought stress and irrigation without stress) and the sub-factor of all sister families and control genotypes implemented in four replications for one year. After emergence, irrigation treatments were used in both instances (at least twice irrigation). At a probability threshold of 1% and 5%, respectively, the results revealed a statistically significant difference between irrigation treatments for root production and gross sugar output. As a result, a stable cultivar has the largest production of these two qualities.Furthemore, in the two modes of regular watering and stress, the mean root output in the examined families revealed a significant difference at the one percent probability level. Drought stress (SI = 0.72) lowered root and sugar yields. Cultivar 3, origin S1-930637, also has the greatest percentage of gross sugar and the highest drought tolerance index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
265 - Dehydration and feeling of social security Case study: Farmers living in Fahlian and Kharameh plains of Fars province
mohamad reza arjomandmazidiThe subject of this article is the sociological investigation of the relationship between the reduction of water resources and the sense of social security of farmers. The statistical population is the farmers of Fars province. Iran is located in an arid and semi-arid c MoreThe subject of this article is the sociological investigation of the relationship between the reduction of water resources and the sense of social security of farmers. The statistical population is the farmers of Fars province. Iran is located in an arid and semi-arid climate (average rainfall 248 mm). And the amount of rainfall in Iran is less than one third of the world average. The agricultural sector is the main cause of water loss, because more than 90% of water is used in this sector. Fars province, with an area of 122,199 square kilometers, occupies 7.5% of the total area of the country, and in this respect, it is in the fourth place among the provinces of the country. According to the general population and housing census of 2015, the population of this province was 4,851,274 people, which is 6.07% of the total population of the country. Due to its large size, topography, proximity to the Persian Gulf in the southern regions, and proximity to the desert in the northeastern regions, Fars province has a diverse climate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
266 - تأثیر ابعاد تغییر اقلیم برتشخیص فرصتهای کارآفرینی در بخش کشاورزی
مژگان خوش مرام نعمت اله شیری مسلم سواریتغییر اقلیم یکی از مهم­ترین چالش­های قرن جاری به شمار می­رود که بخش کشاورزی را بیش از سایر بخش­ها تحت تأثیر قرار می­دهد، اما کشاورزِ کارآفرین تغییرات و چالش­های محیطی را همچون یک فرصت می­بیند. در این راستا، پژوهش حاضر با هدف واکاوی اثرات ابعا Moreتغییر اقلیم یکی از مهم­ترین چالش­های قرن جاری به شمار می­رود که بخش کشاورزی را بیش از سایر بخش­ها تحت تأثیر قرار می­دهد، اما کشاورزِ کارآفرین تغییرات و چالش­های محیطی را همچون یک فرصت می­بیند. در این راستا، پژوهش حاضر با هدف واکاوی اثرات ابعاد تغییر اقلیم بر تشخیص فرصت­های کارآفرینی در بخش کشاورزی استان کرمانشاه انجام شد. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش شامل کلیۀ کارآفرینان بخش کشاورزی استان کرمانشاه بود که به روش تصادفی ساده تعداد 102 نفر از آن برای انجام پژوهش انتخاب شدند. ابزار اصلی گردآوری داده­ها، پرسشنامۀ محقق ساخته­ای بود که روایی و پایایی آن با استفاده از پانل متخصصان و ضریب آلفای کرونباخ و کودر- ریچاردسون به تأیید رسید. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که کارآفرینان مورد مطالعه، فرصت­های کارآفرینی موجود در بخش کشاورزی را به درستی و موفقیت­آمیز شناسایی نموده­اند؛ چرا که در سطح بالایی امکان­پذیری، تناسب و مطلوبیت آن را مورد بررسی قرار داده­ بودند. افزون بر این، یافته­های پژوهش بیانگر آن بود که بیش از نیمی از پاسخگویان، تغییرات اقلیم را در سطح بالایی درک کرده و در راه­اندازی کسب و کارهای خود لحاظ نموده بودند. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل رگرسیون حاکی از آن بود که ابعاد تغییرات اقلیم (خشکسالی، گردوغبار، افزایش دما) قادر به تبیین 41 درصد از تغییرات واریانس تشخیص فرصت­های کارآفرینی در بخش کشاورزی استان کرمانشاه بودند. یافته­های این پژوهش می­تواند به سیاستگذاران، برنامه­ریزان و مدیران در جهت ارتقای قابلیت تشخیص فرصت در میان کشاورزان به منظور تبدیل تهدیدهای محیطی به فرصت­های کارآفرینی کمک کند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
267 - ارزیابی اثرات تغییرات اقلیمی بر منابع آب زیرزمینی استان خراسان جنوبی با استفاده از رویکرد سیستم دینامیک
مصطفی تیموری سیدمهدی میردامادی Seyed Jamal Farajollah Hosseini هدف تحقیق حاضر بررسی اثرات تغییر اقلیم و خشکسالی بر منابع آب زیرزمینی استان خراسان جنوبی می باشد، در این راستا این مسئله با استفاده از رویکرد پویایی سیستم طی مراحل مدل سازی پویایی سیستم شامل بیان مسئله، شرح سیستم، توسعه مدل، تست مدل و استفاده از More هدف تحقیق حاضر بررسی اثرات تغییر اقلیم و خشکسالی بر منابع آب زیرزمینی استان خراسان جنوبی می باشد، در این راستا این مسئله با استفاده از رویکرد پویایی سیستم طی مراحل مدل سازی پویایی سیستم شامل بیان مسئله، شرح سیستم، توسعه مدل، تست مدل و استفاده از مدل برای تجزیه و تحلیل سیاست ها دنبال شد و تاثیر اعمال سناریوهای مختلف برونزا شامل سناریوهای خشکسالی، مدیریت عرضه آب و رشد جمعیت ارزیابی گردید و رفتار متغیرهای حجم منابع آب و حجم سرانه آب تجدید پذیر استان طی سال های 1392 تا 1420 از طریق کاربرد نرم افزار Vensim شبیه سازی شد. اطلاعات مورد نیاز با مراجعه به سازمان های زیربط مانند سازمان آب منطقه ای خراسان جنوبی، سازمان جهاد کشاورزی خراسان جنوبی و مرکز آمار ایران جمع آوری گردید و اطلاعات ورودی مدل در قالب فایل اکسل به مدل فراخوانی شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که سناریوی کنترل بهره برداری از منابع آبی، اثر مثبت چشمگیری بر موجودی آبخوان های استان خراسان جنوبی داشته به طوری که موجودی آبخوان های استان در سناریوی اعمال کنترل بهره برداری از منابع آب، نسبت به سناریوی عدم کنترل در خشکسالی های مختلف، در تمامی سال های مورد بررسی، تفاوتی فاحش داشته است، همچنین نتایج بررسی آب تجدید پذیر استان نشان می دهد که خشکسالی ها تاثیر منفی بر حجم آب تجدید پذیر استان داشته و وجود خشکسالی ها به همراه افزایش نرخ جمعیت، سرانه آب تجدید پذیر استان را کاهش داده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
268 - Analysis of Scientific–Executive Capability and Up-to-date of Iran's Parliament Approvals in Drought Crisis Management
جلال محمودزاده محمدصادق صبوری مهرداد نیکنامی الهام داناییخشکسالی به عنوان یکی از پیچیدهترین و در عین حال با کمترین میزان شناخت یا درک نسبت به سایر بلایای طبیعی از آغاز تمدن بشر تاثیراتی شدید و گاهی اوقات فاجعه آمیز بر فعالیتهای حیاتی انسان در سراسر جهان داشته است. در مقایسه با دیگر بلایای طبیعی، خشکسالی تعداد افراد بیشتر و Moreخشکسالی به عنوان یکی از پیچیدهترین و در عین حال با کمترین میزان شناخت یا درک نسبت به سایر بلایای طبیعی از آغاز تمدن بشر تاثیراتی شدید و گاهی اوقات فاجعه آمیز بر فعالیتهای حیاتی انسان در سراسر جهان داشته است. در مقایسه با دیگر بلایای طبیعی، خشکسالی تعداد افراد بیشتر و مناطق گستردهتری را تحت تأثیر قرار میدهد. خشکسالی یک فاجعه آهسته است که عواقب زیست محیطی، اجتماعی و زیست محیطی دارد. مدیریت بحران بخشی از چرخه مدیریت خشکسالی است در ایران مدیریت بحران، استراتژی محوری در مقابله با این پدیده می باشد قوانین و مقررات مربوط به مدیریت بحران بخشی اساسی از مدیریت بحران است که نقش هر یک سازمانها ، نهاد ، و آحاد جامعه را در بر خورد با پدیده خشکسالی مشخص می کند. یکی از مهمترین ایرادات در مدیریت بحران، فقدان قوانین و مقررات مناسب و اجرای آنها است. این مطالعه با هدف مرور مدیریت بحران خشکسالی با تاکید بر قوانین مصوب پارلمانی انجام گردید. این مطالعه نشان داد که قانونی جامع و مانعی برای خشکسالی در کشور وجود ندارد. اجرای قوانین موجود نیز با چالش هایی همراه بوده است .این مطالعه ممکن است به کاهش آسیب پذیری ها و تقویت هماهنگی در مدیریت بحران خشکسالی کمک کند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
269 - Impacts of Drought on Socio-Economic Conditions of Paddy Farmers in Guilan Province, North of Iran
Hamid Devisti Mohamad Karim MoetamedThe purpose of this study was to survey impacts of drought on Socio-economic conditions of Guilan Paddy farmers. Besides recognizing these impacts, it ranked them according to the viewpoint of the Paddy farmers. It was of the descriptive- correlation type. Questionnaire MoreThe purpose of this study was to survey impacts of drought on Socio-economic conditions of Guilan Paddy farmers. Besides recognizing these impacts, it ranked them according to the viewpoint of the Paddy farmers. It was of the descriptive- correlation type. Questionnaire was the main tool of this study. To determine the validity of questionnaire used of comments of panel experts and reliability of the questionnaire by using of Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 89%. The information gathered by using the survey method. The statistical population was the farmers whom their basic career was production of rice and according to the information of Agricultural Organization (Jihad-e-Keshavarzi) in 2009 was caught by drought. By using the proportional stratified sample method, 270 of these individuals were chosen and filled in the questionnaires. In order to determine the scale of drought impacts, year 2008 (a year which paddy farmers had ensured water reservoir) compared to year 2009 (a year which paddy farmers were caught by drought and water shortage). The results indicated that drought caused decrease in white-rice production for 312 kg per hectare. This problem also caused increase in costs, decrease in income, decrease in saved money, and increase in anxiety, mental problems etc on Guilan paddy farmers. Other findings indicated that there hasn't been statistically significant relationship between age and farming experience of paddy farmers with the amount of damage. But, there was statistically significant relationship between literacy, type of water resource and taking extension advices with amount of damage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
270 - Drought Risk Vulnerability Parameters among Wheat Farmers in Mashhad County, Iran
Mojtaba Sookhtanlo Hesamedin Gholami Seyyed Reza Es’haghiIdentification and analysis of farmers’ vulnerability associated with their risk aversion degree is one of the necessary requirements for planning and reducing impacts of drought in Iran. So, this study was investigated three risk vulnerability parameters (economi MoreIdentification and analysis of farmers’ vulnerability associated with their risk aversion degree is one of the necessary requirements for planning and reducing impacts of drought in Iran. So, this study was investigated three risk vulnerability parameters (economic, social and technical) among wheat farmers categorized in accordance with their risk aversion degree in the Mashhad County (Iran) between drought years of 2009-2011. Vulnerability parameters were determined by Delphi technique. For measuring vulnerability and risk aversion degree, formula of Me-Bar and Valdes and method of Safety First Rule were applied respectively. Findings revealed that in social vulnerability indicators; education level, collaboratively farming activities and dependency on government and in technical vulnerability; irrigation method, cultivation method and type of cultivation; risk averse farmers have had the highest vulnerability level under drought conditions. While respecting economic vulnerability, risk neutral farmers (in insuring for crops, sale prices of crops and the type of land ownership), have had the highest vulnerability level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
271 - توسعه بکارگیری عملیات های مدیریت خشکسالی توسط کشاورزان شهرستان تفرش
Maryam Bagheri Mehrdad Nikanami Hossein Shabanali Famiهدف تحقیق حاضر بررسی توسعه بکارگیری عملیات­های مدیریت خشکسالی توسط کشاورزان شهرستان تفرش بود. این تحقیق به لحاظ هدف از نوع کاربردی، به لحاظ کنترل و دستکاری متغیرها غیر آزمایشی و به لحاظ تحلیلی توصیفی همبستگی بود. جامعه آماری شامل تمام کشاورزان شهرستان تفرش و در حدود Moreهدف تحقیق حاضر بررسی توسعه بکارگیری عملیات­های مدیریت خشکسالی توسط کشاورزان شهرستان تفرش بود. این تحقیق به لحاظ هدف از نوع کاربردی، به لحاظ کنترل و دستکاری متغیرها غیر آزمایشی و به لحاظ تحلیلی توصیفی همبستگی بود. جامعه آماری شامل تمام کشاورزان شهرستان تفرش و در حدود 9061 نفر بود. حجم نمونه بر اساس فرمول کوکران 300 نفر تعیین و ابزار اصلی مطالعه پرسشنامه بود. روایی پرسشنامه توسط پانلی از متخصصان شامل اعضای هیات علمی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد گرمسار و دانشگاه تهران تائید و پایایی پرسشنامه بر اساس ضریب کرنباخ آلفا معادل 848/0 تعیین گردید. نتایج آزمون همبستگی بیانگر آن بود که بین توسعه بکارگیری عملیات­های مدیریت خشکسالی و متغیرهایی از جمله تجربه فعالیت­های کشاورزی، سطح توانمندی اجتماعی کشاورزان رابطه مستقیم و معنی­داری در سطح یک درصد وجود دارد. به­علاوه بین این متغیر و سن رابطه منفی و معنی­داری در سطح یک درصد وجود داشت. نهایتا نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه نشان داد متغیرهایی از جمله توسعه توانمندی­های اجتماعی کشاورزان، تجربه فعالیت­های کشاورزی و سن کشاورزان بیشترین تاثیر را بر توسعه بکارگیری عملیات­های مدیریت خشکسالی داشتند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
272 - Effect of drought Stress on Vegetative Growth, Micromorphological and Flower development of Ahmadi and karaj2 Rapeseed Cultivars (Brassica napus L.)
Azadeh Modaresi parissa jonoubi Ahmad Majd Mohammad Tahmaseb Amir Hossein Shirani RadIn order to investigate the response of rapeseed to dehydration stress, a split plot experiment was conducted in the form of a complete randomized design with three replications in Karaj at the Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute. Irrigation was done at two le MoreIn order to investigate the response of rapeseed to dehydration stress, a split plot experiment was conducted in the form of a complete randomized design with three replications in Karaj at the Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute. Irrigation was done at two levels of normal irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering stage in main plots and plants of Ahmadi cultivar and Karaj2 cultivars in sub-plots. Plants of Karaj 2 cultivar had the highest ratio of cortex to vascular bundle (0.79) and Ahmadi had the highest phloem content (13.3 μm) in roots. In comparison, Ahmadi cultivars had the highest cortex thickness (146.5 μm) and the largest xylem (144 μm), protoxylem (13.3 μm) and parenchyma pit cell diameter (118.16 μm) in the stem. In normal irrigation, Ahmadi cultivars had the highest style length (1.48 mm) and anther filament length (6.32 mm). Ahmadi cultivars were more tolerant of stress due to having the lowest ratio of cortex to vascular bundle and the highest amount of phloem in the roots and having the greatest thickness of cortex in the stem and were identified as resistant cultivars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
273 - Effect of Drought Stress on Some Morphological Characteristics and Essential Oil Production Levels of Ocimum basilicum in Different Stages of Growth and Development
Mahin Ghaemi zahra zare Yar Mohammad NasiriOcimum basilicum L.from Lamiaceae is used as a herb, spice and fresh vegetable. Since medicinal plants have different reactions to drought stress in the production of effective compounds, Diagnosis of medicinal plants growth under different irrigation conditions and dro MoreOcimum basilicum L.from Lamiaceae is used as a herb, spice and fresh vegetable. Since medicinal plants have different reactions to drought stress in the production of effective compounds, Diagnosis of medicinal plants growth under different irrigation conditions and drought stress can be a guide for growing plants in dry and low water conditions. Therefore, in order to evaluate the effect of drought stress on morphological characteristics and essential oil content, especially linalool, in different stages of plant growth of Basil plant, a completely randomized factorial design was carried out in 3 replications. The experimental treatments included three levels of dryness (no stress, mild stress and severe stress) in potted conditions, in vegetative, pre-flowering, flowering and fruit-growing stages. The results showed that drought stress had a significant effect on evaluated characteristics. So, with decreasing of soil moisture content, plant height, number and leaf area, decreased in all stages of growth and Stem diameter increased at all stages, especially in severe stress and root length, increased during flowering stage. In reproductive stages, drought stress caused a significant reduction in the number of flowers than the control. Extreme stress in flowering and fruiting stages has had decrease in the amount of essential oil production, especially linalool. However, mild stress showed increase in the production of these compounds in both steps. The highest percentage of essential oil was related to mild drought stress at flowering stage and the highest amount of linalool was due to mild drought stress in the fruiting stage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
274 - The alteration of germination percentage and leaf stomatal features of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) subjected to drought and salinity stresses.
Shiva Aghajanzadeh Gheshlaghi Maryam Peyvandi Ahmad Majd Hosein AbbaspourBlack cumin (Nigella sativa L.) as an herbal plant with high medicinal and economical usage, belongs to Rannunculaceae family. Due to the economic and medicinal importance of this plant and the seriousness of salinity and drought problems in Iran, in this study, the eff MoreBlack cumin (Nigella sativa L.) as an herbal plant with high medicinal and economical usage, belongs to Rannunculaceae family. Due to the economic and medicinal importance of this plant and the seriousness of salinity and drought problems in Iran, in this study, the effect of salinity and drought stress on germination percentage and stomatal changes was investigated. The experiment was performed based on completely randomized design with three replications in the pot condition. To create different levels of drought and salinity, two days/ three days of drought and 30, 60 mM NaCl were used respectively. Germination percentage was recorded daily by placing 10 seeds in Petri-dish. Leaf stomata traits were studied using a light microscope two months after treatment. Variance analysis results showed that increasing drought and salinity stress reduced germination percentage. Drought stress also had a greater effect on reducing the size of the pore so that the diameter and the length of the pore showed a significant decrease and the pores were elongated, which shows the effect of dry stress on the closing stomata. Also, high salinity stress (60 mM NaCl) caused a significant increase in pore width and had no significant effect on other stomatal characteristics. The applied drought and salinity stresses did not show a significant increase in the number of stomata. According to the stomatal reaction in different levels of draught stress rather than salinity, it could be indicated the higher sensitivity of this plant to drought treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
275 - Study of the effect one strain of Azospirillum spp on the changes of essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. Affected by drought stress
Reza Dehghani BidgoliRecognition of environmental factors has an important role in the success of medicinal plants cultivation. Growth-promoting bacteria, through their effects on biosynthesis cycles, cause changes in plant products. In ord levels of control (field capacity), 20% FC, 40% FC MoreRecognition of environmental factors has an important role in the success of medicinal plants cultivation. Growth-promoting bacteria, through their effects on biosynthesis cycles, cause changes in plant products. In ord levels of control (field capacity), 20% FC, 40% FC, 60% FC and 80% FC. Characteristics such as plant height, , number of leaves, leaf area fresh and dry weight of the shoot, as well as essential oil percentage and and analyzed by GC/MS yield were measured. The results showed with increasing the drought stress the growth and yield in basis decreased. But inoculation of plants with PGPR increased the growth under drought stress conditions and improved the plant performance in such conditions. The highest fresh and dry weight of shoot was in inoculated plants and irrigation control (FC) treatment and the least amount of these traits were obtained in non-inoculated plants and 20% FC treatment, these traits were reduced by 50% and 70%, respectively, compared to plants inoculated with bacteria and FC irrigation. Also, the highest percentage of basil essential oil was obtained in bacteria inoculated plants and 40% FC treatment. The highest yield of essential oil was observed in the control treatment and the effect of the bacteria was not observed. The use of growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can improve the production of medicinal plants in environmental stresses such as drought stress and greatly repair the effects of this stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
276 - The effect of dehydration stress on the expression of some genes related to dehydration (MYB, AP2) and related microRNAs in the leaves of Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.
Maryamalsadat kamishirazi golnaz TajadodAdvances in the world are causing changes in the living conditions of living things, including plants. Plants must be able to adapt to environmental stressful conditions in a variety of ways, even molecular methods. One mechanism is to regulate gene expression after tra MoreAdvances in the world are causing changes in the living conditions of living things, including plants. Plants must be able to adapt to environmental stressful conditions in a variety of ways, even molecular methods. One mechanism is to regulate gene expression after transcription by miRNAs (microRNAs). MicroRNAs often have 20 to 22 nucleotides, some of whose target genes belong to transcription factors. The expression of microRNAs changes in response to dehydration stress. In the present study, Narcissus bulbs were grown under different irrigation conditions (from once a week to once every two months). The leaves of 60-day-old plants were used to extract the target gene of microRNA 159, MYB and the target gene of microRNA 172, AP2, by qPCR method. The results showed a significant increase in the expression of MYB and AP2 genes and no expression of 159 and 172 microRNAs in the treated and control samples. Therefore, miR172-miR159 is not affected by dehydration stress. Given that the expression of dehydration genes has been evaluated for the first time in the Narcissus pseudonarcissus, therefore, this study can provide a good basis for further investigation in this case. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
277 - The effect of water stress levels and selenium foliar application on some morphological characteristics of coriander
Zahra Buick mahdie mansori -
Open Access Article
278 - Drought Monitoring Using Climatic Indices and Geostatistic Technique (Case Study: Hossein Abad Plain, Sarbisheh, Iran)
H Ghasemi A.A Gholami GH.R Hadarbadi H Ebrahimi -
Open Access Article
279 - Forecasting of Groundwater Table and Water Budget under Different Drought Scenarios using MODFLOW Model (Case Study: Garbaygan Plain, Fars Province, Iran)
A Fatehi Marj M Taie Semiromi -
Open Access Article
280 - The effect of potassium chloride on vegetative parameters of sorghum inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi (Glumus mossea) under water stress condition
Ahmad Mehraban Bahman FazelinasabBackground & Objectives: The effect of different levels of potassium fertilizers on sorghum inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi (Glumus mossea) was evaluated under water stress condition in a split-plot experiment, based on randomized complete block design in four rep MoreBackground & Objectives: The effect of different levels of potassium fertilizers on sorghum inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi (Glumus mossea) was evaluated under water stress condition in a split-plot experiment, based on randomized complete block design in four replicates. Materials & Methods: Treatments were carried out in three different levels of stress including irrigation after 40, 80 and 120 mm evaporation from pan evaporation class A (S1, S2, and S3, respectively); three different levels of potassium chloride fertilizer treatments including without fertilizers, 75 kg and 150 kg/hec of potassium chloride (K1, K2 and, K3, respectively). The studied parameters were plant height, number of tiller per plant, flag leaf length, panicle length, and fresh and dry forage yield. Results: Our results indicated that the maximum value of all measured parameters obtained from S1. Increasing water stress resulted in a decrease in both yield and growth rate. Furthermore, among K treatments, maximum panicle length and fresh and dry forage yield obtained from K3. Correlation study showed a positive correlation between forage yield of sorghum and height and diameter of the stem. Conclusion: Among the applied treatments, the optimal amount of potassium chloride fertilizer was 150 kg/hec along with irrigation after 40 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
281 - Water- Balance and Agro- climatic Analysis in Shiraz Region, By Thornthwaite's methods
Abbas Ali AbounooriDrought is a random characteristic of natural phenomena, brought about by the irregulardeficit or shortage of available water, affects injuriously the plant growth and reduces their yield. Drought does not begin when rain ceases but rather only when plant roots can no l MoreDrought is a random characteristic of natural phenomena, brought about by the irregulardeficit or shortage of available water, affects injuriously the plant growth and reduces their yield. Drought does not begin when rain ceases but rather only when plant roots can no longer obtain soil moisture in needed amounts. To estimate the intensity and the frequency of droughts will help to reduce the injurious effect of drought. In this Study we used the water- budget methods and Thornthwaite's aridity index and its standard deviation for Shiraz during 88<8-9228 to show the frequency and the intensity of drought effects in this place. During this period this station is faced :< times different type of droughts on that five time severe and from the years of 9222 its severity and intensity is increased. We also find out that every ten year this station will affect : times severe type of drought. The most severe drought was the years 9228,and it was repeated lower intensity in the year of 9221 Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
282 - Assessment of Drought Severity Using Vegetation Temperature Condition Index (VTCI) and Terra/MODIS Satellite Data in Rangelands of Markazi Province, Iran
Ali Akbar Damavandi Mohammad Rahimi Mohammad Reza Yazdani Ali Akbar Noroozi -
Open Access Article
283 - Effects of Water Stress on Seedling Growth and Physiological Traits in Four Thyme Species
Ali Sepahvand Aliashraf Jafari Fatemeh Sefidkon Sepideh Kalatejari -
Open Access Article
284 - Drought Monitoring Using Vegetation Indices and MODIS Data (Case Study: Isfahan Province, Iran)
Mahtab Safari Shad Alireza Ildoromi Davoud Akhzari -
Open Access Article
285 - Studying Drought Tolerance in Thymus kotschyanus Accessions for Cultivation in Dryland Farming and Low Efficient Grassland
Abbas Pourmeidani Ali Ashraf Jafari Mahdi Mirza -
Open Access Article
286 - Mapping Natural Resources Vulnerability to Droughts Using Multi-Criteria Decision Making and GIS (Case Study: Kashkan Basin Lorestan Province, Iran)
Elyas Khezri Rahim Maleknia Hossein Zeinivand Ziaodin Badehin -
Open Access Article
287 - Effect of Salinity and Drought Stresses on Seed Germination of Thymus satureioides
Brahim Ouahzizi Hamza Elbouny Khalid Sellam Chakib Alem Abdelmonaim Homrani Bakali -
Open Access Article
288 - The Effects of Seed Priming with Acid Ascorbic on Seed Germination and Morphological Traits of Taverniera cuneifolia under Drought Stress
Fateme Alvani Ghasem Ali Dianati Tilaki Ehsan Sadati -
Open Access Article
289 - Effects of Drought Stress and Mycorrhiza on Viability and Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam.
Reyhaneh Azimi gholam Ali Heshmati Mohammad Kia Kianian -
Open Access Article
290 - Treatments for the Optimization of Salsola turcomanica (Litv) Seed Germination and the Effects of Different Drought and Salinity Levels
Armin Arrekhi Hamid Niknahad Gharmakher Johann Bachinger Ralf Bloch -
Open Access Article
291 - Relationships between Meteorological Drought and Vegetation Degradation Using Satellite and Climatic Data in a Semi-Arid Environment in Markazi Province, Iran
Zohre Ebrahimi Khusfi Mahdi Zarei -
Open Access Article
292 - Effect of Drought Stress Levels on Seedling Morpho-physiological Traits of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Populations grown in Glasshouse
Mehrnaz Riasat Armin Saed-Mouchehsi Ali Ashraf Jafari -
Open Access Article
293 - Plant Responses to Individual and Combined Effects of Abiotic Stresses: Lycium depressum L. Vegetative Parameters under Salinity and Drought
Abolfazl Sharifian Bahraman Adel Sepehry Hossein Barani -
Open Access Article
294 - Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Meteorological Droughts Effect on Vegetation Droughts in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran
Pouyan Dehghan Rahimabadi Sahar Nasabpour Molaei Esmail Heydari Alamdarloo Setareh Bagheri Hossein Azarnivand -
Open Access Article
295 - Effects of Salinity and Drought Stresses on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Desert Wheatgrass Agropyron desertorum
Hamid Reza Saeedi Goraghani Ghodrat Alah Heidary Mojtaba Solaimani Sardo -
Open Access Article
296 - Assessment of Climatic Drought and Its Economic Effects (Case Study: South Khorasan Province)
Sara Nakhaee Nezhad Fard Kamran Karimi Hassan Khosravi -
Open Access Article
297 - Application of Ecological Theory to Management of Arid Drylands: An Example from China
G. A. Heshmati V. R. Squires -
Open Access Article
298 - Effects of Super-Absorbent Polymers (SAPs) Plus Manure Treatments on Vegetation Cover and Soil Nutrients of Festuca ovina under Drought Stress
Mahshid Souri Javad Motamedi -
Open Access Article
299 - Effect of Nano Chelated Nitrogen and urea Fertilizers on wheat plant under drought stress condition
naimeh Astaneh foroud bazrafshan mahdi zare Bahram Amiri abdollah BahraniThis study was performed to evaluation of nano chelated nitrogen and urea fertilizers on wheat plant under drought stress condition. Experimental design was performed as split-split plot in RCBD design in two locations, Nasrabad and Kodiyan in Fars province. The first f MoreThis study was performed to evaluation of nano chelated nitrogen and urea fertilizers on wheat plant under drought stress condition. Experimental design was performed as split-split plot in RCBD design in two locations, Nasrabad and Kodiyan in Fars province. The first factor included irrigation treatments (normal and withholding irrigation at flowering stage), sub factor was Urea fertilizer treatment (0, 37, 74 and 110 kg nitrogen .ha-1), and sub-sub factor was nano chelated nitrogen fertilizer (0, 14, 27 and 41 kg nitrogen.ha-1).According to analysis of variances, stress, nitrogen (urea) and nano chelated nitrogen had significant effects on all studied traits. According to mean comparisons, drought stress led to 51% reduction in seed yield compared to normal irrigation. Application of urea 37, 74 and 110 kg nitrogen.ha-1 led to 9, 19 and 27% increase in seed yield compared to control, respectively. Application of 14, 27 and 41 kg nitrogen.ha-1 from nano fertilizer led to 31, 44 and 98% increase in seed yield compared to control, respectively. In interaction between stress, urea and nano fertilizer on seed yield, was found that at normal and stress condition the highest mean of seed yield (7591 and 4091 kg.ha-1) was obtained by 110 kg.ha-1 urea and 41 kg.ha-1 nano fertilizer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
300 - Evaluation of wheat cultivars/lines for terminal drought tolerance using drought tolerance and susceptibility indices.
Fazlollah Hassani S. Hoshmand Fariba Rafiei A. NiaziAbstractIn order to evaluate the performance of bread (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) wheat genotypes under drought stress conditions after anthesis and determination of the most suitable quantitative drought stress tolerance indices, MoreAbstractIn order to evaluate the performance of bread (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) wheat genotypes under drought stress conditions after anthesis and determination of the most suitable quantitative drought stress tolerance indices, this investigation was performed during 2011-12 and 2012-13 cropping season in Zarghan Agricultural Research Station. A number of 168 wheat lines/cultivars (166 bread wheat and 2 durum wheat) were evaluated in alpha lattice experiment with two replications under stress (no irrigation after anthesis) and full irrigation conditions. Results showed that Seymareh, Roshan and Yecora Rojo cultivars , under full irrigation and Seymareh, Roshan and Kapeti under stress conditions had maximum grain yield. With respect to positive and significant correlation of Harmonic Mean (HARM), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), Stress Tolerance index (STI), Mean Productivity (MP), Drought Resistance Index (DI), Yield Index (YI), Modified Stress Tolerance Index for stress (MSTIs) and Modified Stress Tolerance Index for irrigated conditions (MSTIp), with grain yield under stress (Ys) and full irrigation (Yp) conditions, this indices introduced as the best screening criteria in the experiment situations. Screening of drought tolerant genotypes was performed using Mean Rank and Rank standard deviation of selected indices, and Biplot analysis with regard to Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Finally, cultivars/lines of Seymareh, Roshan, Kapeti, Akbari and DN11 introduced as the most tolerant genotypes.Key words: Wheat, drought tolerance after anthesis, drought tolerance indices, grain yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
301 - Evaluation of producibility and drought tolerance of three millet cultivars and sorghum var. Speedfeed in Rafsanjan region
mohammad safaee arman azariIn order to evaluation of producibility and drought tolerance of three varieties of forage mille and one variety of sorghum, the experiment was conducted a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation frequencies consisted of irri MoreIn order to evaluation of producibility and drought tolerance of three varieties of forage mille and one variety of sorghum, the experiment was conducted a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation frequencies consisted of irrigation after 80 (control), 120 and 160 mm evaporation from class A pan as main plots and sub plots was consisted of sorghum varietiy (Sorghum bicolor var. Speedfeed) and three varieties of millet (Setaria italica var. Bastan, Panicum miliaceum var. Pishahang and Pennisetum americanum var. Nutrifeed). Irrigation after 120 mm evaporation resulted in a mild drought stress. However, the delay in irrigation reduced values of studied growth and physiological characteristics forage yield and reserves in shoot appeared to be important in this situation. Drought stress reduced forage quality by reducing the leaf area and leafy index. Sorghum variety compared to millet varieties had higher drought tolerance due to higher dry matter production as well as the highest value of tolerance indices MP, GMP, STI and HAM. Of the three varieties of millet, Pishahang proved superiority. At control irrigation frequency, highest forage yield (6251 Kg/ha) produced by Speedfeed, and the highest forage yield (9376 Kg/ha) obtained from Pishahang among millet cultivars. Higher forage quality achieved by Nutrifeed millet due to highest of leaf dry weight, leafier index (45%) and crude protein percent (20.7), which can be considered in agronomic decisions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
302 - Evaluation of effects of different Urea top-dressing methods and foliar application of selenium on wheat under rain fed condition
Mohammad Konani Nourali SajediThis experiment was carried out to investigate effects of foliar application of selenium and different Urea top-dressing methods on agronomic and physiological characteristics of rain fed wheat sardari cultivar during the growing season 2012-2013. Experimental factors w MoreThis experiment was carried out to investigate effects of foliar application of selenium and different Urea top-dressing methods on agronomic and physiological characteristics of rain fed wheat sardari cultivar during the growing season 2012-2013. Experimental factors were four levels of different Urea top-dressing methods (without application of Urea top-dressing; application of 60 kg/ha in tillering stage; application of 30 kg/ha in tillering stage combined with 200 mg/Lit before spike emergence; application of 20 kg/ha in tillering stage combined with 200 mg/Lit before spike emergence and 200 mg/Lit in the last spike emergence stage) and three levels of selenium (0, 5 and 10 mg/Lit). The results showed that the foliar application of selenium at 5 and 10 mg/lit decreased cell ion leakage by 6.7% and 5.3% compared to control, respectively. The application of 20 kg Urea/ha in the tillering stage combined with twice foliar application in reproductive stage at 200 mg/Lit along with foliar application of 10 mg/Lit selenium increased grain yield by 44.3% compared to the control and 12% compared to treatment of application 60 kg Urea/ha in the tillering stage. It could be concluded that by applying of 30 kg Urea/ha in the tillering stage combined with once foliar application in reproductive stage can be decreased by 50% Urea fertilizer application and obtain optimum yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
303 - Effect of titanium nano particles and different irrigation levels on photosynthetic pigments, proline, soluble carbohydrates and growth parameters of Purslane
Hossein sartip Alireza SirousmehrSoil misture deficiency is the most important factors of plant growth and development inhibiting. To evaluate the effect of foliar application of titanium dioxide nano particles on Purslane some physiological and morphological traits under different irrigation levels wa MoreSoil misture deficiency is the most important factors of plant growth and development inhibiting. To evaluate the effect of foliar application of titanium dioxide nano particles on Purslane some physiological and morphological traits under different irrigation levels was done a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors were including of three levels irrigation 60, 80 and 100 percent of field capacity and sprayed titanium dioxide nano particles in the 6-8 leaf stage at four levels 0, 1, 2 and 3 mg. l-1, respectively. The result showed that irrigation levels was significant in all traits in 1 percent level and it cause to reduce the total chlorophyll content and increase the amount of soluble carbohydrates and proline. The maximum amount of total chlorophyll content 32.36 mg. g-1 of fresh leaf was obtained in treatment of 100 percent of field capacity and lowest amount it 13.42 mg. g-1 of fresh leaf was obtained in treatment of 60 percent of field capacity, respectively. Sprayed of titanium dioxide nano particles was also significant on the most traits and increases the total chlorophyll and fresh and dry weight of Purslane. The maximum amount of the fresh weight of shrub 21.61 g in the 3 mg. l-1 sprayed of titanium dioxide nano particles treatment and the minimum fresh weight 17.16 g was obtained control treatment (spraying with distilled water). The results showed the use of nanoparticles of titanium dioxide, increased significantly chlorophyll (a) and dry weight the purslane. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
304 - Effect of different irrigation levels on morphological and physiological features of SPORT grass-seed mixture
Amin Samiei Mohsen Kafi Mohammadmahdi Jowkar Arezo ShaghaghiWater resource management is one of the major challenges in lawn management. Considering the fact that Iran is located in a dry and semiarid area, lawn water demand and resource management is very crucial. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of irrigation levels MoreWater resource management is one of the major challenges in lawn management. Considering the fact that Iran is located in a dry and semiarid area, lawn water demand and resource management is very crucial. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of irrigation levels on some growth traits of turf sport mixture was studied. Irrigation treatments consisted of 50, 75 and 100 % of field capacity with one-day interval watering frequency which were applied when the plants were stablished. Morphological and physiological traits were measured at weeks two, four and six after applied levels of irrigation. Results showed that as the amount of watering decreased, turf longitudinal growth, dry matter, visual quality, relative water content and leaf phosphor content declined. This was while cell electrolyte leakage increased. However, at 75 % of field capacity irrigation level, leaf total chlorophyll and potassium content was more than 100% of field capacity irrigated plants. Based on the obtained results, there was no significant difference between two levels of 100 and 75% of field capacity irrigation levels for all measured traits. This was while both irrigation levels were significantly better than 50% of field capacity. Generally, the results indicated that reducing irrigation by one-fourth of field capacity maintains the quality and quality of “Sport” mixture grass in normal conditions and at the same time, greatly reduces the amount of consumed water for irrigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
305 - Effect of Different Irrigation Methods and Superabsorbent Polymer on Yield and Water Productivity of Corn
Fayaz Aghayari Fatemeh Khalili Mohammad Reza ArdakaniTo study the effect of different irrigation methods and superabsorbent polymer on yield and water productivity of corn, a field experiment was carried out in factorial split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at Research Farm MoreTo study the effect of different irrigation methods and superabsorbent polymer on yield and water productivity of corn, a field experiment was carried out in factorial split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran, in 2013-2014 growing season. Deficit irrigation with three levels including irrigation with 100, 75 and 50 percent crop water requirement, furrow irrigation methods with two levels including fixed alternate furrow irrigation and conventional furrow irrigation that were located in the main plots and superabsorbent polymer with two levels including non-use superabsorbent polymer and used of superabsorbent (30kg/ha) that were located in the sub plots. The results showed that in condition of deficit irrigation for supply grain yield, we can use fixed alternate furrow irrigation method instead of the conventional furrow irrigation method. The highest water productivity for grain yield (2.06 kg.m-3) and biologic yield (4.71 kg.m-3) was achieved in condition of irrigation with 75% crop water requirement and fixed alternate furrow irrigation method. The use of superabsorbent in fixed alternate furrow irrigation method increased water productivity for grain yield and biologic yield (26.6 and 14.5 percent, respectively) as compared with non-use. In the context, application of fixed alternate furrow irrigation with 75% crop water requirement and superabsorbent increased significantly water productivity for corn yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
306 - Impact of drought stress on photosystem II efficiency and pigment contents in Nitraria schoberi L. Plants
Abolfazl Ranjbar fordoei Seyyed Ali MousaviSome authors distinguished that N. schoberi often used as ruminant feeding systems or used as drought reserve to fill annual feed shortages within grazing systems. Environmental stresses such as drought stress affect plants photosynthetic apparatus directly or indirectly MoreSome authors distinguished that N. schoberi often used as ruminant feeding systems or used as drought reserve to fill annual feed shortages within grazing systems. Environmental stresses such as drought stress affect plants photosynthetic apparatus directly or indirectly. Several studies on chlorophyll a fluorescence yields base demonstrated that photosystem II (PSII) is highly drought resistance under water stress but photosynthetic, electron transport through PS II is inhibited. Several investigations have shown that the chlorophyll level decreases with aggravated drought stress. Drought stress treatments were prepared on base of soil water potential at field capacity (FC). The treatments were divided into five levels: T1 (FC = 100%), T2 (FC = 80%), T3 (FC = 60%), T4 (FC = 40%) and T5 (FC = 20%). In this study, photosynthetic apparatus of N. schobery, was damaged to a certain extent, as observed from leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as F0, Fm, Fv, qP and NPQ. A considerable decrease in pigment (Chl. a, Chl. b and carotenoids) content was observed at T4 and continued to T5. Thus, an important conclusion can be drawn from the results achieved through this study. Niter bush is considered to be a drought tolerant species. Our results indicate its ability to maintain high physiological activities when subjected to relatively high levels of drought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
307 - Determining the optimum planting date of chickpea in Kermanshah province using modeling approach
seyedreza amiriCrop simulation models are useful tools for determination of optimum strategies for crop management and sustainability of the agricultural ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different planting dates on grain yield, biological yield and water MoreCrop simulation models are useful tools for determination of optimum strategies for crop management and sustainability of the agricultural ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different planting dates on grain yield, biological yield and water use efficiency of chickpea (Bivanij cultivar) under rainfed conditions at five locations in Kermanshah province. For this purpose, the SSM-Chickpea model along with historical daily weather data for the period of 1985–2014, were used. The results showed that early sowing date increased leaf area and biological yield and eliminated terminal drought stress. The highest and lowest grain yield was obtained on 20 Febraury and 4 March sowing dates with 1269 and 446 kg ha-1, respectively. The delayed sowing date substantially reduced grain yield by 64%. Furthermore, the highest and lowest biological yield was obtained on 20 Febraury (3448 kg ha-1) and 21April (2217 kg ha-1). On the other hand, the greatest water use efficiency was obtained on 20 Febraury (6.6 kg ha-1 mm-1). Overall, early sowing dates resulted in increased duration of growing season and seasonal rainfall which concurrency resulted in higher yield and WUE. Hence, early sowing chickpea is recommended over late sowing in arid and semi-arid areas of the study locations which are facing with lack of adequate and poor distribution of rainfall. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
308 - Correlation and regression between traits and grain yield in maize hybrids under normal and stress conditions
noshin farajzadeh memari tabrizi S. Aharizadeh V. Rashidi F. Darvish S. KhavariThis experiment was conducted to study of changes yield and yield components in 22 corn hybrids. The experiment was split plot by using randomized complete block design with three replications under stress and non-stress during 2013 and 2014 at the Research Station Agri MoreThis experiment was conducted to study of changes yield and yield components in 22 corn hybrids. The experiment was split plot by using randomized complete block design with three replications under stress and non-stress during 2013 and 2014 at the Research Station Agriculture, Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, Iran. Treatments consisted of two irrigation levels (Irrigation after 70 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan and irrigation after 140 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan at the beginning of the Tasseling) as main plots and 18 maize hybrids and 4 maize varieties as sub–plots. Combined analysis in two years showed that genotype × water stress interaction had significant difference for most of measured traits. Genotype L2 × K1263/1 was the highest yield in the 6/38 kg under normal conditions and also genotype L3 × A679 was the highest yield under drought conditions in the 3/82 kg. The results of correlation analysis showed the number of kernels per row and numbers of grains per ear have a maximum significant positive correlation under stress and non-stress conditions. Results of step wise regression in non-stress conditions, 100 seed weight, number of kernels per ear, number of leaves and plant height and under stress conditions 100 grain weight, number of kernels per ear and plant height remained. Path analysis showed that the non-stress conditions and under stress conditions number of number of grains per ear had a direct effect on grain yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
309 - Effects of drought stress on some biochemical characteristics and crop canola liness (Brassica napus L.)
Homayoun Chegeni M. Goldani امیرحسین شیرانی راد محمد کافیThe effect of drought on oleic acid, linoleic acid, chlorophyll content and yield of oilseed rape lines to split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications was. Irrigation as main plot in the two level of normal irrigation on 80 mm evaporation cla MoreThe effect of drought on oleic acid, linoleic acid, chlorophyll content and yield of oilseed rape lines to split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications was. Irrigation as main plot in the two level of normal irrigation on 80 mm evaporation class A pan and stress (irrigation of the flowering stage onwards) and lines as subplots in four levels BAL3, R15, 109, BAL15 was. The research was conducted in 2014 in the field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj. The effect of irrigation on grain yield, linoleic acid, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b meaningful was. The highest percentage of oleic acid acid 66.14 percent to 63.79 percent line L109 and the lowest was in line with the BAL15. Irrigation and online interactions on chlorophyll a and b (P<0.01) and total chlorophyll (P<0.05) was significant. The amount of chlorophyll a stress of 1.147 to 0.916 mg per g fresh weight decreased by 10 percent and the amount of chlorophyll b in the treatment of stress decreased 11 percent compared to conventional irrigation. A total of 1.506 to 1.239 mg per g fresh weight chlorophyll content decreased in comparison with irrigation. The interaction between irrigation and online, in the usual irrigation line L109 grain yield by 5568 kg per hectare have the highest product. The lowest grain yield was in line BAL15 after drought stress applying line BAl15 about 35 loss percentage yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
310 - Effect of ultraviolet radiation and abscisic acid on activity of antioxidant enzymes and physiological and morphological traits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under different irrigation intervals
Behnoush Rasaei Saeid Jalali-Honarmand Mokhtar Ghobadi Guisheng ZhouThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of ultraviolet radiation (UV) and abscisic acid (ABA) on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, physiological and morphological characteristics of the tomato under drought stress conditions. Experiment was conducted as MoreThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of ultraviolet radiation (UV) and abscisic acid (ABA) on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, physiological and morphological characteristics of the tomato under drought stress conditions. Experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications during two years. Experimental factors included radiation of ultraviolet radiation on three levels (control (non-radiation), UV-AB and UV-C), application of abscisic acid on two levels (non-application and application of abscisic acid with dose of 10 mg/L), and drought stress on two levels of without drought stress (complete irrigation during all growth period) and drought stress in vegetative stage (from 20 days after transplantation to flowering). The results showed that UV-AB radiation increased leaf relative water content and shoot dry weight while UV-C radiation reduced leaf relative water content and shoot dry weight compared to control (without ultraviolet radiation). By applying drought stress increased the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes as well as soluble carbohydrate concentrations, while the relative water content of leaves and shoot dry weight decreased significantly. The amount of peroxidase enzyme activity, relative water content, soluble carbohydrates and shoot dry weight increased due to the application of abscisic acid. Based on the results of this study, it can be stated that drought and ultraviolet stresses had harmful effects on the tomato plants, and the interaction of these two above-mentioned environmental tensions was synergistic to induce protective mechanisms and defense systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
311 - سیEvaluation of adaptation and drought stress indices in advanced bread wheat genotypes
Habiballah SoughiDrought stress is one of the most important factor that reducing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield production in arid and semi-arid regions. In order to evaluate stability and indicators of drought tolerance indices in wheat, twenty bread wheat genotypes we MoreDrought stress is one of the most important factor that reducing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield production in arid and semi-arid regions. In order to evaluate stability and indicators of drought tolerance indices in wheat, twenty bread wheat genotypes were planted in randomized complete block design with three replications at Gorgan Agricultural Research Station in three years. Genotypes in two years (2012-13 & 2013-14 cropping season) were evaluated only in irrigated condition but in 2014-15 cropping season, both in irrigated and drought after flowering. Eight indices under normal and drought stress conditions including, stress sensitivity index (SSI), tolerance (TOL), geometric mean production (GMP), mean production (MP), stress tolerance index (STI), yield stability index (YSI), yield index (YI) and preference index (PI) on the grain yield, were evaluated. Results of combined analysis of variance revealed that effects of year and genotype were statistically significant in 1% level but year × genotype interactions. Drought stress caused reducing in grain yield that genotype number 6 with 70% had the highest decreasing. Genotypes number 8, 17, 4 and 14 had the highest grain yield in drought stress. In base of mean comparison of genotypes in combined analysis of variance and indicators of drought tolerance, genotype number 14 with grain yield mean 6773 kg/ha in irrigated conditions and genotypes number 8 and 17 in drought condition were selected. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
312 - Effect of foliar application of zinc sulfate and ascorbic acid on growth and essence yield of medicinal plant of Echinacea purpurea (Purple coneflower) under drought stress
Farhad FarahvashTo evaluate of growth response and yield of Echinacea purpurea to foliar application of zinc sulfate and ascorbic acid under drought stress, an experiment was carried out in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the Agricultural MoreTo evaluate of growth response and yield of Echinacea purpurea to foliar application of zinc sulfate and ascorbic acid under drought stress, an experiment was carried out in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2011-12. Experimental factors consisted of: drought stress as the main factor in three levels (irrigation after: 70 and 170 mm evaporation from class A pan), Secondary factor consisted of: application of zinc sulfate in two levels (0 and 0.005) and ascorbic acid in four levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/lit). Microelement application of Zinc had significant effect on plant height, stomata resistance, essence percentage and biological yield of purpule coneflower. The most effect on biological yield was equal to 290.3 kg/ha obtained in foliar application of zinc sulfate in condition of irrigation after 70mm from class A pan. The most of essence percent with 0.854% obtained in foliar application of zinc sulfate under 120mm water stress. Application of ascorbic acid (100 mg/lit) as an antioxidant decreased harmful effects of drought stress in some studies trait of Purpule coneflower and increased essence percentage and biological yield of Purpule coneflower. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
313 - Investigation of correlation and causal relationships affecting yield of 14 cotton genotypes in normal conditions and imposing drought stress after flowering
saman sedigh Mohammad zabed M.Gh Ghaderi A. SamadzadehThe purpose of this study was to identify the most important traits affecting yield in 14 cotton genotypes in normal conditions and imposing drought after flowering. Two separate experiments were conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replicates at MoreThe purpose of this study was to identify the most important traits affecting yield in 14 cotton genotypes in normal conditions and imposing drought after flowering. Two separate experiments were conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replicates at the Agriculture Research Farm, University of Birjand during 2013. Phenotypic correlation analysis showed that the correlation between cotton yield with fiber weight, biological yield, harvest index, 1000-seed weight, number of bolls per plant, days to second harvest, oil percent in normal conditions and with fiber weight, biological yield, harvest index, 1000-seed weight and number of bolls per plant in stress condition was positively significant. The stepwise regression analysis showed that the boll number per plant and fiber weight was the most important traits that affected the cotton yield in normal and stress conditions, respectively. The path analysis showed that the fiber weight and biological yield in normal and the biological yield and harvest index in stress conditions had the greatest positive impact on cotton yield. For two conditions the genotypes were grouped into five classes by cluster analysis. Factor analysis was detected that five factors in normal conditions and four factors in stress conditions, showed % 90.03 and % 81.28 of total of variations. In normal and stress conditions yield factor selected as the first and secend important factors, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
314 - Effect of irrigation regimes on some quantity and quality traits of three bread wheat cultivars in Isfahan province
H. DehghanzadehTo determine the effect of irrigation regimes on some quantity and quality traits of three bread wheat cultivars in Isfahan, two one-year field experiments were carried out in a split plot layout arranged as randomized complete blocks design with four replicates in two MoreTo determine the effect of irrigation regimes on some quantity and quality traits of three bread wheat cultivars in Isfahan, two one-year field experiments were carried out in a split plot layout arranged as randomized complete blocks design with four replicates in two consecutive growing seasons; 2012 - 2013 and 2013 - 2014. The main plots considered irrigation regimes (irrigation after 75, 95 and 115 mm cumulative evaporation from class A evaporation pan), and sub-plots considered three wheat cultivars (Sepahan, Ghods and Pishtazs).Results showed that irrigation after 75 and 95 mm cumulative evaporation did not differ significantly for morphological traits, yield and yield components. Delay in irrigation from 95 to 115 mm cumulative pan evaporation significantly reduced grain yield and its components and increased protein percent. Ghods and Pishtaz cultivars had the highest and the lowest number of grain per spike and the lowest and the highest thousand kernel weight and the lowest and the highest grain yield, respectively. It was concluded that by irrigation wheat after 95 mm cumulative pan evaporation, water could be saved by 22% with no significant loss in yield, while grain protein increased by 1.77 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
315 - Assessment Water Consumption and Planting Pattern on Edaphic Soil Properties and Grain Yields of Corn in Khouzestan Province
H. Dashti Sh. Lak غلامرضا عبادوزThis research was conducted as split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design in three replication at research farm of Islamic Azad university of Ahvaz branch to determine water requirement and optimum planting pattern of corn hybrid (S.C 704) in 2012. MoreThis research was conducted as split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design in three replication at research farm of Islamic Azad university of Ahvaz branch to determine water requirement and optimum planting pattern of corn hybrid (S.C 704) in 2012. Main plot was irrigation included three level (60%, 80%, 100%) and sub plot was included two planting pattern (cultivate in furrow and middle of stack). Effect of water requirement on all measured traits (soil salinity, soil moisture percent, sodium absorption rate, day to flowering, days to silk appearance 50%, number of rows per ear, number of grain per row, grain weight, grain yield, yield dry matter) expect harvest index were significant at 1% probability level. Interaction effect of water requirement and planting pattern on traits of soil salinity, soil moisture percent, sodium absorption rate, grain yield and dry matter yield were significant. Treatment of 100% water irrigation and planting at furrow had Maximum grain yield (1086.2 g.m-2) and yield dry matter (2060.5 g.m-2). Maximum soil salinity (6.183 ds.m-1) and sodium abortion rate (4.487) were achieved at treatment of 60% Irrigation and planting on middle of stack. Generally it can be recommended to planting furrow without drought stress and supply water requirement completely to achieve maximum corn yield in Khuzestan sour lip land. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
316 - The effect of bio fertilizers on some growth parameters and essential oil of Moldavian dragonhead under drought conditions
Hoseein Gorgini Shabankareh محمد رضا اصغری پور براتعلی فاخریOne of the fundamental pillars in sustainable agriculture is use of bio-fertilizers in agro-ecosystems in order to eliminate or reduce the use of chemical inputs. The experimental design was a split plot with four irrigation regimes: irrigation at 40 %, 60 %, 80 % and 1 MoreOne of the fundamental pillars in sustainable agriculture is use of bio-fertilizers in agro-ecosystems in order to eliminate or reduce the use of chemical inputs. The experimental design was a split plot with four irrigation regimes: irrigation at 40 %, 60 %, 80 % and 100% FC (as control) comprising the main treatments, and four biological fertilizers including nitroxin, super nitroplas and biophosphor and non-fertilizer (as control) as the sub -treatments that were applied with three replications. The experiment was conducted in 2013 at the Zabol University research farm in Zabol, south Iran. Nitroxin treated plants had the highest leaf relative water content, plant height, number of lateral branches, fresh and dry weight and followed by nitroplas and biophosphor. Plants irrigated at 80 % FC had the higher plant height, number of lateral branches, fresh and dry weight. While the greatest relative water content was achieved at irrigation at 100 % of FC (control). The experimental results suggested that application of nitroxin along with irrigation at 80 % FC could be useful in drought conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
317 - Evaluation of storage capacity and stem reserves contribution to grain yield of bread wheat affected by terminal drought stress
Mandana Azhand Saeid Jalali-Honarmand Mohsen Saeidi Mokhtar Ghobadi Kianosh Chaghamirza majid abdoliIn order to evaluate the accumulation of dry matter and soluble sugars and their remobilization to the growing grains of wheat cultivars under terminal drought stress, a field experiment was carried out in a split-plot arrangement based on randomized complete block desi MoreIn order to evaluate the accumulation of dry matter and soluble sugars and their remobilization to the growing grains of wheat cultivars under terminal drought stress, a field experiment was carried out in a split-plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2009-2010 in Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Water regime (includes: complete irrigation (control) and withholding irrigation from starting grain-filling stage till maturity) and wheat genotype (includes: Marvdasht and Pishtaz cultivars and DN-11 and 336 lines) were placed in main and sub-plots, respectively. Under control and drought stress treatments, DN-11 line and Marvdasht cultivar had the highest and the lowest grain yield. Drought stress significantly increased dry mater and soluble sugars remobilization of peduncle and penultimate internode in all genotypes and in 336 and DN-11 lines respectively. 336 and DN-11 lines significantly had higher capacity of stem reserves for remobilization from stem to the growing grains than Marvdasht cultivar (sensitive to drought stress). Among studied internodes, lower internodes in addition to having higher potential for accumulation of photosynthetic material also had higher remobilization rate than penultimate and the peduncle internodes. The evidence from this study suggests that DN-11 line with lower grain loss under terminal drought stress then had the highest drought stress resistance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
318 - Effect of water deficit and zinc application on yield and yield components of rape seed
Razieh Ahangarha B. Delkhosh A. Shiranirad GH. NorrmohammadiAbstract To evaluate the effect of water deficit and zinc application on quantitative and qualitative yield of three rape seed cultivars, a factorial split plot experimental design based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replicates was conducted in MoreAbstract To evaluate the effect of water deficit and zinc application on quantitative and qualitative yield of three rape seed cultivars, a factorial split plot experimental design based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replicates was conducted in Ismaeil Abad,Qazvin, Iran in 2011. The main plot was irrigation regimes in four levels: control, cut irrigation at stem extension stage to the end, cut irrigation from flowering stage to the end and cut irrigation from pudding stage to the end) and foliar application (in two levels: control and zinc foliar application 2g/lit). The sub plot comprising three levels of cultivars such as OKAPI, ZARFAM and SLM046. The results showed that the highest 1000 seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, seed oil percentage and oil seed yield was obtained by normal irrigation. The highest 1000 seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, seed oil percentage and oil seed yield was also gained by the applied zinc. ZARFAM and SLM046 had the highest seed yield (respectively 3030.1 and 2771/1kg.ha-1) and the maximum seed oil percentage was obtained by ZARFAM (1324.2kg.ha-1). Overall, Zinc foliar application was more effective in increasing grain yield. It is recommended to obtain the highest yield, Zinc foliar was also applied in normal irrigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
319 - Effect of bio-elicitor chitosan on physiological and morphological properties in purpule basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under water deficit
fatemeh malekpoor azam salimi Abdollah Ghasemi PirbaloutiMedicinal plants have different reactions to drought stress in yield and production. Ocimum basilicum L. as a medicinal plants, used in the treatment of many diseases. Chitosan, a major component of the cell wall of fungal species, causes physiological and morphological MoreMedicinal plants have different reactions to drought stress in yield and production. Ocimum basilicum L. as a medicinal plants, used in the treatment of many diseases. Chitosan, a major component of the cell wall of fungal species, causes physiological and morphological changes in the plant. This study aimed to evaluate the effects water stress (100, 60 and 30% field capacity) and elicitor chitosan (0, 0.2 and 0.4 grams per liter) on growth and development properties of basil, in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch in spring 2014. Experimental treatments were arranged as factorial in a complete randomized design with three replications. The morphological (plant height, inflorescence, number of branches, leaf area, fresh and dry weights) and physiological parameters (chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, soluble carbohydrates, total phenolic and flavenoides) studied. Analysis of variance showed that drought stress and chitosan had significant effects on some of morphology and physiology characteristics. Drought stress decreased the content of photosynthetic pigments, leaf area, plant height, fresh and dry weights of root and arial parts and increased proline, soluble carbohydrates, total phenol and flavenoides. Treatment with chitosan increased fresh and dry weights of root and arial parts, soluble carbohydrates, proline, phenol and flavonoid in stressed and non-stressed plants. Since drought is a distinguishing feature of Iran and there is no escape from this natural and unchangeable phenomenon, therefore, in order to combat and reduce damage water shortage, the use of bio-polymer chitosan as a natural material reducing stress in basil, is important. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
320 - Effect of low irrigation and use of phosphate solubilizing bio-fertilizer on yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
M. Nasiri Arash Roozbahani M. Ziaei nasabTo investigate the effects of low irrigation and use of phosphate solubilizing bio-fertilizer and drought stress on yield and yield components of safflower, an experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replic MoreTo investigate the effects of low irrigation and use of phosphate solubilizing bio-fertilizer and drought stress on yield and yield components of safflower, an experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2012 in Alborz Province (Mahdasht city). In this study, the low irrigation factor at four levels: control (optimum irrigation), low irrigation at flowering, low irrigation at fruiting and low irrigation during tow stages and phosphate solubilizing bio-fertilizer factor at four levels: control (no application), seed coated, foliar spray and combined application (seed coated and foliar spray )was considered. Based on the results of the analysis, each of the factors of low irrigation and bio-fertilizer except for harvest index had significant effect on all traits at the 1% level. The lowest traits amounts was observed in drought stress at flowering and fruiting and the highest traits amounts was obtained in no drought stress condition. Bio-fertilizer caused to increase of yield and yield components of safflower when the fertilizer applied in both foliar application and seed coated than the others.According to interaction effects not only application of bio fertilizer cause to increase yield and yield component but also cause to improve more traits under drought conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
321 - Evaluation of Some Physiological Traits and Oil Yield in Different Safflower Genotypes under Irrigation Interruption
Sayed Mohammad Taghi Tabib Loghmani forood Bazrafshan omid alizadeh Bahram Amiri , Abdollah BahraniIn order to evaluate the safflower genotypes in response to drought stress, a split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Sarvestan region during 2016 and 2017 growing season. The main plot consisted of two levels MoreIn order to evaluate the safflower genotypes in response to drought stress, a split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Sarvestan region during 2016 and 2017 growing season. The main plot consisted of two levels of normal irrigation and irrigation interruption from the emergence of the first pods and sub plots including fifteen safflower genotypes. Evaluated indices were included grain yield, relative water content of leaves (RWC), oil content, oil yield and drought tolerance indices. Combined analysis results indicated that water deficit stress had adverse effect on all above indices. Effect of genotypes, also was significant on evaluated indices. Results of combination analysis showed that in two irrigation conditions, Dincer and PI-537598 cultivars had the highest grain yield, RWC and oil yield. Based on GMP and STI drought tolerance indices, Dincer cultivar had the highest GMP and STI, and based on the percentage reduction of grain yield, PI-537636-s genotype (57%) had the least decrease, therefore according to these indices could be considered as the most resistant cultivars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
322 - Some physiological responses of two wheat cultivars to foliar application of salicylic acid under drought stress
Fershteh Darabi Rahim Naseri Amir Mirzaei meysam moradiTo investigate the responses of some physiological parameters of two wheat cultivars to Salicylic acid under variable moisture condition, an Split split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications at Agricultural Research C MoreTo investigate the responses of some physiological parameters of two wheat cultivars to Salicylic acid under variable moisture condition, an Split split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications at Agricultural Research Center of Sarableh, Ilam during 2014-2015 cropping season. Experimental factors included Moisture treatments in three levels (control (100), 70 and 40 % Field capacity) In the main plots, Salicylic acid in three levels (0, 50 and 100 µM) in the sub plot and two wheat cultivar (Bahar and Pishtaz) in sub sub plot. Studied traits in this study included yield, Relative Water Content, Stomatal conductance, Rubisco activity, Photosynthetic rate, Transpiration rate, Electrolyte leakage and Sub stomatal CO2 concentration. The results showed that Triple interaction between drought stress, salicylic acid and Cultivars on all traits was significant. Although By increasing drought stress yield and Relative Water Content was significantly decreased, while the use of salicylic acid in this situation improve these traits. Also by increasing drought stress Electrolyte leakage were decreased, but the use of salicylic acid improved that. Photosynthetic rate and Rubisco activity By increasing salicylic acid Decreased In comparison with control. In general, given the role of salicylic acid in reducing the negative impact of stress on some physiological processes that studied in this research, its application in drought conditions is advisable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
323 - Evaluation of competitiveness of different wheat genotypes with weeds and their quantitative and qualitative changes in rainfed and supplementary irrigation
Elias Neyestani Neyestani Hasan Makarian Ali Akbar Ameri Mostafa HeydariThe growth and yield of 20 advanced rainfed wheat genotypes in competition with weeds under rainfed and supplementary irrigation was studied as a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications at Shirvan Agricultural Research Stat MoreThe growth and yield of 20 advanced rainfed wheat genotypes in competition with weeds under rainfed and supplementary irrigation was studied as a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications at Shirvan Agricultural Research Station of North Khorasan in 2015-2016. The main plots included weed-free and weed-infest and subplots included 20 advanced wheat genotypes. Based on the compound analysis of variance results, a significant difference was observed between wheat genotypes in the all traits. Wheat growth and yield reduction by weeds under irrigated conditions was higher than in rainfed condition. Based on the results, genotypes 12 (MOB/NE94406 BALANCO) and 17 (SISABAN-4), had the highest grain yield compared to the other genotypes in the supplementary irrigation and rainfed conditions in both weedy and weedfree treatments. The greatest reduction in biomass of weeds was related to genotypes 12 and 17. The most yield reduction by weeds in irrigation (37%) and rainfed (26%) conditions was related to genotype 20. The least yield reduction by weeds in both irrigation and rainfed conditions was created by genotypes 12 and 17 than other genotypes. Based on our research results, competitive ability of wheat genotypes with weeds is different under irrigated and rainfed conditions an also, weed control is more important in irrigated than rainfed conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
324 - Effect of drought stress and zinc sulfate spraying on growth, yield and photosynthetic pigments in wheat cultivar Alvand
abbas fallahDrought stress is a major contributor to decrease growth and yield of wheat that decline the absorption of micronutrients especially zinc from the soil. This experiment was carried out as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications to invest MoreDrought stress is a major contributor to decrease growth and yield of wheat that decline the absorption of micronutrients especially zinc from the soil. This experiment was carried out as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications to investigate the effect of zinc sulfate on increasing tolerance to drought stress in wheat, at research farm of Fereydunshahr, Esfahan province in 2016-2017. Treatments included drought stress at 50, 75 and 90% field capacity (FC) and zinc sulfate solution at zero (control), 0.5% and 1% in three stages (tillering, stem elongation, flag leaf appearance). In this experiment, drought stress significantly reduced plant height, number of spikes per square meter, 1000-seed weight, spike length, biological yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and protein. Irrigation in 50% of crop capacity (severe stress) increased the amount of proline by 41.24% compared to control. Zinc sulfate solution (1%) significantly increased all parameters including seed yield (2602.3 kg/ha), biological yield (7603 kg/ha), protein (13.04%) and Proline (35.03 μM/g fresh weight). In the interaction of zinc sulfate solution (1%), under severe stress conditions, chlorophyll b was increased by 34.85% relative to non-soluble spray. In general, foliar application of zinc decreased harmful effects of oxidative stress due to water deficit stress and improved growth conditions for plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
325 - Response of seed quantity and quality of promising winter rapeseed genotypes to terminal water limitation
Mahdi Ghassembaglou Saeid Khomari Bahman Pasban-Eslam Omid SofalianThe present research was conducted to evaluate the effect of terminal drought stress on quantity and quality of seeds produced from six promising genotypes of winter rapeseed in East-Azerbaijan Research center for Agriculture and Natural Resources during growing season MoreThe present research was conducted to evaluate the effect of terminal drought stress on quantity and quality of seeds produced from six promising genotypes of winter rapeseed in East-Azerbaijan Research center for Agriculture and Natural Resources during growing season 2014-15. The factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was laid out in three replicates including two factors of genotype (six winter rapeseed genotypes called Karaj2, Karaj3, KS7, L5, L146, L210) and water limitation (three levels of water deficit stress viz. full irrigation IW1, irrigation withholding from anthesis IW2 and irrigation withholding from seed set IW3). Imposing water restriction from anthesis caused more loss of silque and seed number and final yield. The least loss of seed yield obtained from L5 and L210 genotypes under drought stress during anthesis. The greatest and lowest fall in seed germinability were recorded in L146 under drought stress from anthesis and L5 and L210 under the same stress level, respectively. Under water limitation from anthesis, the least increase of seed electroconductivity was observed in genotype L5. The greatest length and vigor index of seedling was observed in genotypes L5 and L210 under irrigation withholding from flowering. In general, occurring terminal drought stress especially during anthesis of rapeseed caused significant drop in seed production, both quantitatively and qualitatively. On the other hand, genotypes L5 and L210 had the best yield under stress condition and would recommended for introducing to breeding program of drought stress tolerance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
326 - Effect of ascorbic acid and sodium nitroprusside foliar spraying on yield and qualitative characteristics of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo) at different levels of drought stress
Parviz Yadollahi Dehcheshmeh Mohammad Ali Javaheri Mohammad Reza AsgharipourToday, application of anti-oxidant and plant growth regulators has been proposed to reducing the negative impacts of drought stress. Ascorbic acid and sodium nitroprusside are the substances that make plants resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the e MoreToday, application of anti-oxidant and plant growth regulators has been proposed to reducing the negative impacts of drought stress. Ascorbic acid and sodium nitroprusside are the substances that make plants resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the effect of drought stress, ascorbic acid and sodium nitroprusside foliar sprays were examined on the qualitative characteristics in summer squash plants. The experimental design was a split plot factorial with two irrigation regimes; irrigation at 75% FC and irrigation at 25% FC, as the main treatments, and combination of sodium nitroprusside at three levels of 0, 50 and M and ascorbic acid at three levels of 0, 10 and 20 mM at flowering stage as subplot that were applied with three replications. The experiment was conducted in 2011 at the Zabol University research farm in Zabol, south Iran. Deficit irrigation reduced seed oil content and chlorophyll a. Also delay irrigation decreased relative water content of leaves. Ascorbic acid spraying increased, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, protein and oil contents of leaves, but leaf relative water content decreased with the use of ascorbic acid. The concomitant use of 20 mM of ascorbic acid and 100 M of sodium nitroprusside achieved the greatest chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, protein and oil contents and relative water content of leaves. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
327 - The effect of nitrogen rates on wheat morphological traits and grain yield in different irrigation conditions
Sadegh Shahrasbi Yahya Emam Hadi Pirasteh-AnoshehIn a 2-yrs field study, growth pattern and grain yield of wheat as affected by different nitrogen levels under varied irrigation conditions were evaluated in Shiraz University during 2013-15 growing seasons. The results showed that in both years at anthesis and ripening MoreIn a 2-yrs field study, growth pattern and grain yield of wheat as affected by different nitrogen levels under varied irrigation conditions were evaluated in Shiraz University during 2013-15 growing seasons. The results showed that in both years at anthesis and ripening stages in all irrigation treatments, except rainfed, 300 kg N ha-1 had the highest plant height, while the highest plant height in rainfed for all sampling stages was achieved in 225 kg N ha-1 treatment. In all irrigation treatments, except rainfed, the plots receiving more N had the higher leaf area index for all sampling stages. As water deficit was applied and intensified, the less N fertilizer was needed for achieving the higher dry matter production; so that the highest final dry matter in normal irrigation, irrigation cutting at grain filling and spike emergence and rainfed conditions for both years were obtained from 225, 225, 150 and 75 kg N ha-1, by 1195.1, 1115.2, 931.1 kg ha-1 and 517.6 at the first and by 1015.8, 957.9, 791.5 kg ha-1 and 389.9 kg N ha-1 at the second year, respectively. In both years, the highest SPAD index was observed from rainfed conditions and 375 kg N ha-1, and the highest grain yield was observed in normal irrigation with 150 kg N ha-1 by 568.1 and 515.5 kg ha-1 at the first and second years, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
328 - Assessment barley genotypes using stress tolerance indices in normal and drought stress conditions
Rasoul Ahmadzadeh Hassan Pakniyat Elahe Tavakol sadegh shahrasbiTo evaluate the drought tolerance of barley, eight foreign genotypes and two Iranian cultivars were studied in two drought and irrigated conditions during 2013-14 in a RCB design with three replications. The results showed that the highest grain yield under irrigated co MoreTo evaluate the drought tolerance of barley, eight foreign genotypes and two Iranian cultivars were studied in two drought and irrigated conditions during 2013-14 in a RCB design with three replications. The results showed that the highest grain yield under irrigated conditions were belonged to genotypes 79 (9274.7 kg.ha-1), 95 (9421.7 kg.ha-1) & 120 (9362.3 kg.ha-1) and Yousef cultivar (9353.7 kg.ha-1) and under drought conditions belonged to genotypes 95 (8197.7 kg.ha-1) and 120 (8487.7 kg.ha-1). In both conditions, the lowest yield was found in genotype 21 (2270 kg.ha-1). There was not correlation between the results obtained by two group indices (sensitive evaluation indices vs. tolerance evaluation indices) in identification of tolerant genotypes, so that based on TOL, LOS and SSI genotypes 21, 97 & 125 and Reyhan cultivar were sensitive and low yielding genotypes, while based on MP, STI, GMP and HAR, genotypes 95 & 120 and Yousef cultivar had highest drought tolerance. To selection and introduce the best criteria of drought tolerance, the correlation of above indices with yield under normal and drought stress was evaluated. According to the results of the correlation between stress indices MP, GMP, HMP, YI and STI had significant correlation with yield under both normal and stress conditions, which indicating that using these criteria for evaluation of drought tolerance will be more desirable in breeding programs. According to these indices and high yield of genotypes under both environmental conditions, genotypes 95 and 120 were found to be the best genotypes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
329 - The rol of fungus Piriformospora indica on improving the grain related parameters of two native and improved rice cultivars under limited irrigation regimes
ABED AGHAJANI DELAVAR mehdi parsa Hemmatollah Pirdashti Mohammad Kafi Valiollah BabaeizadIn order to evaluate the rol of mycorrhiza-like fungus Piriformospora indica on rice grain yield and water use efficiency under different limited irrigation regimes a field experiment was conducted in split factorial design with three replicates during 2014. Treatments MoreIn order to evaluate the rol of mycorrhiza-like fungus Piriformospora indica on rice grain yield and water use efficiency under different limited irrigation regimes a field experiment was conducted in split factorial design with three replicates during 2014. Treatments were different irrigation methods at three levels (flooding, flooding after falling water depth less than 10 and 20 cm of soil surface) in main plot, two levels of P. indica inoculation (control and inoculation of six days old seedlings) and two rice cultivars (Tarom-Hashemi and Shiroudi) in sub plots as factorial. Results showed that maximum grain yield was obtained in Shiroudi cultivar in flooding (7801 kg/ha), followed by -10 and -20 cm irrigation regimes (5592 and 5575 kg/ha, resectively). This reduction in Tarom-Hashemi cultivar, however, was only significant where falling water depth was less than 20 cm of soil surface and yield loss was about 18 percent as compared to the flooding treatment. Nevertheless, P. indica inoculation in Shiroudi cultivar increased biological yield by 8 %, as compared to Tarom-Hashemi cultivar. Water use productivity and efficiency amounts in limited irrigation regimes was increased significantly in falling water depth less than 20 cm of soil surface treatment by 55 and 57 % , respectively as compared to flooding treatment. In conclusion, results represented a positive effect of coexistence between P. indica and rice plants particularly to ameliorate water deficit negative effects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
330 - Effects of salicylic acid and spermine exogenous application on functional and physiological characteristics of isabgol (Plantago ovata Forssk.) under cutoff irrigation
azam roumani Abbas Biabani Ali Rahemi Karizaki Ebrahim Gholamalipour Alamdari Abdollatif GholizadehThis study was conducted as split plot factorial experiment was done based on a randomized complete block design with 18 treatments and three replications, on research field of the Gonbad Kavous University, Golestan, Iran in winter 2017. In this experiment the treatment MoreThis study was conducted as split plot factorial experiment was done based on a randomized complete block design with 18 treatments and three replications, on research field of the Gonbad Kavous University, Golestan, Iran in winter 2017. In this experiment the treatments of irrigation included; control (non-stress), irrigation cutoff at flowering stage and irrigation cutoff at seed filling stage) was the main-plot and factorial of salicylic acid (SA) (0, 0.4 and 0.8 mM), spermine (Spm) spraying (0 and 0.02 mM) was as a sub-plot. According to the results of the experiment, the highest 1000-grain weight (2.00 g) was obtained in irrigation cutoff at seed filling with 0.4 mM salicylic acid spraying and biological yield (2472.37 kg/ha) was observed under normal irrigation conditions and SA0.8mM+Spm0.02mM spraying. In addition, the most of Seed swelling factor (12.42 ml) and seed mucilage percentage (21.33%) were obtained in under moderate and severe stress conditions, respectively. Also, the highest grain yield (574.05 kg ha-1), seed mucilage yield (102.12 kg ha-1) and seed husk percentage (72%) were observed to foliar spraying 0.8 mM salicylic acid and 0.02 mM spermine in irrigation cutoff at seed filling. According to the results, the spraying of salicylic acid and spermine in irrigated conditions at flowering and seed filling stages prevented significant traits from being studied and the highest grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, seed husk percent, seed mucilage percentage, seed mucilage yield were caused. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
331 - Effect of drought stress and application cow manure on yield, yield component and water use efficiency of Bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis)
Hamid Marvi Parviz Rezvani moghaddam Mohsen Jahan mohammad ArminBitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis) is one of the most important medicinal plant that grow in semi-arid and desert condition which have been used in traditional medicine. In order to evaluate the effect of drought stress and manure application rates on yield, yield com MoreBitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis) is one of the most important medicinal plant that grow in semi-arid and desert condition which have been used in traditional medicine. In order to evaluate the effect of drought stress and manure application rates on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of Bitter apple, a field experiment was conducted in split plot layout based on complete randomized block design with three replications in two growing seasons (2012-2014) at Sabzevar, Iran. Drought stress were three levels of evaporation from evaporation pan (50, 75 and 100 mm) which was given as main plots and four levels of cow manure (0, 20, 40 and 60 t.ha-1) which was assigned as subplots. The results showed that increasing irrigation intervals reduced the number of fruits per square meter(49%), the dry weight of the single fruit(14%) and consequently reduced yield of fruits(38%) and seeds(40%). Number of seeds per fruit and 100 seed weight was not affected by drought stress. Increased amounts of manure application caused significant increase in yield and yield components (except 100 seed weight) of Bitter apple. The lowest fruit and seed yield and yield components were observed in control treatment and the highest of them were observed as a result of application of 60 t.ha-1 cow manure. Overall, the result of this experiment showed that the highest fruit and seed yield was obtained from application of 60 t.ha-1 cow manure and irrigation after 50 mm evaporation from evaporation pan produced the highest fruit yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
332 - Effect of Drought Stress, Different Levels of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizer on Some Physiological and Agronomical Traits of Maize hybrid (Zea mays L. CV. Single cross 704)
Reza Rezaei Sokht-Abandani Seyed Ata Siadat Alireza pazoki shahram lack mani mojddamAbstract:In order to study the effect of drought stress, different levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on the growth of corn this research were done at the agricultural research center of biokola (Neka) during two years 2015 and 2016. The experiment was conduct MoreAbstract:In order to study the effect of drought stress, different levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on the growth of corn this research were done at the agricultural research center of biokola (Neka) during two years 2015 and 2016. The experiment was conducted as split factorial in a completely randomized block design with three replications on S.C704. The main factor was 4 levels of drought stress (irrigation after 75, 100, 125 and 150 millimeter evaporation from class A evaporation pan) and the sub-factor three levels of nitrogen (80, 160 and 240 kg.ha-1) and three levels of potassium (75, 150 and 225 kg.ha-1) were considered.The mean comparison results showed that with increasing nitrogen and potassium consumption, the harvest index decreased by 30.52%. Also, the lowest nitrogen removal index under the interaction of irrigation × nitrogen irrigation intervals with irrigation intervals of 150 mm evaporation from class an evaporation 240 kg N/ha decreased by 30.91%.The highest relative leaf water content and leaf chlorophyll content were obtained for irrigation intervals of 75 mm with kg.N.ha-1, 94.12% and 61.59%, respectively.Also, the highest grain and nitrogen yield were obtained for the second year in 75 mm irrigation interval and 240 kg.N.ha-1 with average 12807 kg/ha and 2.72%, respectively. So after increasing in drought stress, nitrogen and potassium, the traits as harvest index and nitrogen removal index decreased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
333 - Influence of levels of irrigation, nitrogen and potassium on yield traits of blue panic grass (Panicum antidotale Retz.)
Zeinolabedin Jouyban Mohammad Kafi Ahmad Nezami Seyyed Gholam Reza MousaviIn order to investigate the effects of drought stress and nutrient elements of nitrogen and potassium on yield traits of blue panic grass, an experiment was conducted in split-factorial by arrangement of three replications with a randomized complete block design in Rese MoreIn order to investigate the effects of drought stress and nutrient elements of nitrogen and potassium on yield traits of blue panic grass, an experiment was conducted in split-factorial by arrangement of three replications with a randomized complete block design in Research Field, Islamic Azad University of Birjand. Studied factors were consisted of three levels of irrigation based on cumulative evaporation from evaporation pan (70, 140 and 210 mm), nitrogen in three levels (zero, 50% N (100 kg per ha) and 100% N recommended by soil test (200 kg per ha) and potassium in two levels (zero and 100 kg per ha). The results showed that leaf, stem and panicle weight in the second harvest and in the whole three harvests, so that the highest leaf, stem and panicle weight was observed at different levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers but in irrigation level of 70 mm. In addition, triple interaction of irrigation regime, nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer was significant in total dry matter yield, and use of these nutrient elements was effective in increasing tolerance to stress and improved dry matter production of Blue panic grass. In general, it seems that application of nitrogen and potassium elements in deficit irrigation conditions can be effective in reducing the harmful effects of stress and increasing of blue panic grass resistance to water stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
334 - Evaluation of Drought Tolerance Indices and Byplot Method in Bitter Vetch Ecotypes
Seyyed Rasoul Sahhafi Mohadeseh Ghanipour GovarkiIn order to determine the most desirable index of drought tolerance in bitter vetch ecotypes, two separate experiments (non-stress and stress) were conducted in field condition during 2018 using randomized complete block design with four replications. Quantitative droug MoreIn order to determine the most desirable index of drought tolerance in bitter vetch ecotypes, two separate experiments (non-stress and stress) were conducted in field condition during 2018 using randomized complete block design with four replications. Quantitative drought resistance and susceptibility indices including Stress susceptibility index (SSI), Stress tolerance (TOL), Mean productivity (MP), Geometric mean productivity (GMP), Harmonic mean (HM) and Stress tolerance index (STI) based on grain yield in stress and non stress conditions, were calculated for each ecotypes. Combined analysis of variance over two conditions showed there were significant differences (p < 0.01) among ecotypes for grain yield in stress and non stress conditions. Also, there were significant differences (p < 0.01) between ecotypes for all drought tolerance and resistance indices. MP, GMP, HM and STI were highly correlated (p < 0.01) with grain yield under both stress and non stress conditions. Therefore, they were recommended as the best indices to identify high yielding ecotypes for stress and non stress conditions. Based on these indices two ecotypes Saghazchi and Bayghot were identified as the highest yielding ecotypes under both stress and non stress conditions. Results of three dimensional and byplot graphs recognized the same ecotypes as highest yielding in both conditions, similarly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
335 - Evaluation of Different Levels of Soil Moisture and Seed Hydroperimination on Yield and Yield Components of Vigna radiate L. in Mashhad Climate
SeyedMasoud Ziaeie Ahmad Nezami hamidreza khazaieSoil water scarcity is one of the factors that has a significant effect on the performance and physiological function of mung beans. In drought stress conditions, seed priming can be a simple and inexpensive way to reduce the effects of stress. Therefore, in order to st MoreSoil water scarcity is one of the factors that has a significant effect on the performance and physiological function of mung beans. In drought stress conditions, seed priming can be a simple and inexpensive way to reduce the effects of stress. Therefore, in order to study the soil moisture content on yield and yield components, field cultivars were cultivated in Agricultural Research Station of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2016. The experiment was conducted as split plot factorial in randomized complete block design with three replications. The main irrigation factor was three levels of 80, 60 and 40% of crop capacity and sub factor including line A73-726 and Uzbek variety (hydroperimed and non-priming). The results showed that A73-726 line had the highest and lowest grain yield and harvest index in all levels of applied moisture regime. Seed hydroperimed treatment showed an increase of about eight percent of the seed yield compared to non-priming conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
336 - Evaluation of morphophysiological traits and drought tolerance indices in some advanced durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) lines under supplementary irrigation and irrigation conditions
Fereshteh Jokar Asad Masoumiasl Rahmatollah KarimizadehThe development of food conversion industries has revealed the necessity of increasing the production of durum wheat in the country and, on the other hand, environmental stresses are responsible for decreasing the yield of crops. In order to compare 12 advanced durum wh MoreThe development of food conversion industries has revealed the necessity of increasing the production of durum wheat in the country and, on the other hand, environmental stresses are responsible for decreasing the yield of crops. In order to compare 12 advanced durum wheat lines in drought tolerance, a randomized complete blocks design with four replications in two conditions (without irrigation and supplemental irrigation) in the crop year 1393-94 at Gachsaran dryland research station were conducted and morpho-physiological traits such as plant height, spike length, peduncle length, grain filling period, number of plants per square meter, 1000 seed weight and grain yield were evaluated. Results showed that all assessed traits in genotypes (except peduncle length) showed a different reaction to supplementary and without irrigation conditions, which indicates high genetic diversity among studied genotypes. Regarding most traits, Ter line was the most susceptible genotype to drought in both supplementary and without irrigation conditions. Regarding to GMP and STI indices, Ter, Icajihan and Aghrass lines were the most susceptible genotypes. Cluster analysis in both supplementary and without irrigation conditions classified lines into four groups, but tolerated lines did not get together. In general, according to yield and tolerance indices, Icajihan line was the most suitable genotype for cultivation in non-irrigated conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
337 - Interaction Between Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Drought Stress on Photosynthetic Pigments and Yield in Four Wheat Cultivars
Saeed Samsami forood Bazrafshan Mahdi Zare Bahram Amiri Abdollah BahraniEffect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, flavonoid, yield and yield components of four wheat cultivars in two locations (Kudian and Nasrabad, Fars province, Iran) were investigated. The experiment was conducted as sp MoreEffect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, flavonoid, yield and yield components of four wheat cultivars in two locations (Kudian and Nasrabad, Fars province, Iran) were investigated. The experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with two main irrigation levels (normal and interrupted irrigation at the stem stage). Four wheat cultivars (Shiroodi, Chamran 2, Chamran matri, and Siamran) and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 120, 240 and 360 kg ha-1) with three replications were used as sub-factors. Grain yield traits, number of grains per spike, number of spikes per square meter, 1000-grain weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and flavonoid pigments were evaluated. The results showed that drought stress reduced chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, flavonoid, yield and yield components. Drought stress reduced grain yield by 29% but application of 120, 240 and 360 kg ha-1 nitrogen increased yield by 25, 32 and 15%, respectively. Therefore, the use of 240 kg nitrogen could be useful for these cultivars in both drought and non-stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
338 - The effect of nitroxin application and irrigation levels on quantitative and qualitative traits of rapeseed cultivars
Mohammad reza Safari Abolfazl Faraji Mohammad Reza Dadashi Sabzevar Branch Islamic Arminin oIn order to investigate the quantitative and qualitative response of autumn rapeseed cultivars to nitroxin biological fertilizer in drought stress conditions, a split plot factorial experiment was conducted based on complete randomized blocks design with 4 replicati Morein oIn order to investigate the quantitative and qualitative response of autumn rapeseed cultivars to nitroxin biological fertilizer in drought stress conditions, a split plot factorial experiment was conducted based on complete randomized blocks design with 4 replications in the research farm of Agricultural Research and Training Center And the natural resources of Bojnourd city in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. Factors were: drought stress at three levels (low, medium and serve) as the main plot and Nitroxin application (non-inoculation, inoculating with nitroxin), 3 rapeseed cultivar Natalie, Okapi and Neptune in factorial arrangment as the sub plot. Severe stress reduced the plant height (62.5%), the number of laterl branches (76.3%), the number of pods per plant (45.56%), the number of seeds per pod (1.3%), and the weight of 1000 seeds (11.52%), seed yield (19.2%), seed oil percentage (5.5%) and seed oil yield (90.45%) compared to low stress conditions. Maximum plant height (156 cm) and number of laterl branches (8.1), seed number in pods (24.8) and weight of one thousand seeds (3.44 gr) were observed in Neptune cultivar, grain yield (2062 kg.ha-1) and seed oil yield (933 kg.ha-1) in Natali cultivar and protein yield (321 kg.ha-1) in Natalie and Neptune cultivars. Overall, the results showed that the Natali was more tolerant to drought stress than other cultivars. Nitroxin also increased the tolerance of rapeseed to drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
339 - Effect of silicon and Nitrocara bio-fertilizer on morpho-physiological parameters of wheat under different irrigation regimes
Mehrdad Arab Aval Ha,mid Reza GanjaliIn order to study the effect of silicon foliar application and Nitrocara biofertilizer on some morpho-physiological traits of wheat under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted as a factorial split-plot, during two cropping years in research farm of I MoreIn order to study the effect of silicon foliar application and Nitrocara biofertilizer on some morpho-physiological traits of wheat under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted as a factorial split-plot, during two cropping years in research farm of Islamic Azad University, Zabol Branch, Iran. Experimental treatments included water stress (irrigation regimes after water depletion of 50, 75, and 90% of field capacity) in the main plots and silicon acid foliar application at three levels of 0, 1 and 1.5 mM and Nitrocara biofertilizer in two levels of inoculation and non-inoculation (one liter per hectare as seed) in subplots were assessed. The results showed that the non-inoculate seeds with Nitrocara under 50% irrigation regime and seed inoculation under 75% irrigation regime in the second year of the experiment resulted in the highest wheat grain yield with an average of 1901.5 and 1892.3 g/m2, respectively. The highest total biomass was related to the inoculation of seeds with Nitrocara along with the use of 1 mM silicon in the second year of the experiment under irrigation regime of 50% moisture depletion (8793.3 g/m2). In general, under low irrigation conditions, the use of Nitrocara biofertilizer as well as silicon foliar application led to improved physiological parameters and increased growth and yield indices of wheat in Sistan climatic conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
340 - The change of physiological activities in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in response to different irrigation regimes and Ethanol foiliar application
Reza Ahmadi Sharif Hamid Reza Zakerin Marefat Mostafavi Rad saeed sayfzadeh Seyed Alireza ValadabadiIn order to evaluate of physiological activities in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in response to different irrigation regimes and Ethanol foliar application, an experiment carried out as split plat based on randomized complete block design with three replications in expe MoreIn order to evaluate of physiological activities in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in response to different irrigation regimes and Ethanol foliar application, an experiment carried out as split plat based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Agicutural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Astara (Kanroud research station), Iran during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Four level of irrigation regimes at 25, 50 and 75 and 100 mm evaporation from class A pan and three levels of Ethanol 10, 20 and 30 % (v:v), comprised experimental factors, as main plot and sub plot, respectively. The interaction effect beween irrigation regime and Ethanol alcohol was significant for all measuered characteristics in peanut at 1% probability level. Drought stress caused to decrease grain yield per unit area, leaf chlorophy index and leaf relative water content in peanut. But, drought stress increased the value of proline, soluble sugar, soluble protein, anthocyanins and the activitiy of catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes. The greatest grain yield (3275 kh/ha) was obtained in response to irrigation regime after 25 mm evaporation fron “A pan” along with foliar application of Ethanol at the rate of 20% (v/v). In general, result showed that the foliar application of Ehanol could be recommendable in direction to enhance grain yield and resistance of peant plans againest to drought stress under similar climatic condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
341 - Investigating the monitoring and changes of plant indices in the semi-steppe rangelands of Khalil Beyg Arsanjan, Fars
seyed mohammad reza habibian alireza eftekhari mortaza khodagholi nadiya kamalirangeland monitoring is necessary in the sense of continuous investigation of these lands, considering the ecological importance, economic functions and constant changes of these resources. Based on this, monitoring of Khalil Beyg rangelands in Arsanjan city was done fo Morerangeland monitoring is necessary in the sense of continuous investigation of these lands, considering the ecological importance, economic functions and constant changes of these resources. Based on this, monitoring of Khalil Beyg rangelands in Arsanjan city was done for 2 years (2020 and 2021). The evaluated plant indices included the percentage of canopy cover of plant species, production rate of plant species, percentage of litter, stones and pebbles, bare soil, rangeland condition and trend. The results showed that the percentage of plant canopy cover ranged from 10.98% in 2020 to 15.5% in 2021 and the amount of production varied from 350.208 to 566.306 kg of dry matter per hectare. The range condition of the poor state has been investigated in two years and its trend was negative. Based on the results of the comparisons made using the independent t test, most of the plant canopy cover indices (vegetative forms and different palatable classes) and production indices (vegetative forms and different palatable classes) between the two The year of the survey period (2020 represents a wet year and 2021 represents a dry year) had a significant difference at the level of 1 and 5%. The results of Pearson's correlation test also showed that the amount of fall and winter precipitation, annual precipitation, average minimum temperature and average annual temperature had the highest correlation in the canopy cover and total production of plants in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
342 - Effect of salicylic acid application times on biochemical, agronomic and yield characteristics of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in different humidity regimes
mojtaba shoaa Farhad Mohajeri Mohammad Rahim Owji Alireza BagheriIn order to investigate the effects of external application time of salicylic acid hormone on morphological and physiological properties of barley (Nosrat cultivar) under stress conditions in Neyriz city during two cropping years 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 a split plot exp MoreIn order to investigate the effects of external application time of salicylic acid hormone on morphological and physiological properties of barley (Nosrat cultivar) under stress conditions in Neyriz city during two cropping years 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with the main factor of different irrigation conditions (without irrigation, two irrigation and four times of irrigation) and the sub factor of salicylic acid foliar application times (without foliar application, tillering end 50% emergence of stem and end of flag leaf emergence) was conducted. The results showed That without irrigation treatment reduced leaf chlorophyll index and chlorophyll a and b by 74.2%, 66.02 and 42.31%, respectively. without irrigation Treatment also significantly reduced grain yield. It was 86.9% (average of two years of experiment). Foliar application at the end of tillering increased grain yield by 10.36% on average. Increased grain yield due foliar application at the end of tillering in without treatment irrigation was 6.2% and in four times irrigation treatments was 10.1%, which indicates the positive effect foliar application in higher humidity conditions. Foliar application increased the concentration of proline compared to the control without foliar application. The highest proline concentration was foliar application at the end of tillering. Proline concentration increased with decreasing irrigation frequency. The results indicate application of salicylic acid at the end of tillering by improving biochemical properties is effective in reducing the effects of drought stress and its use in barley is recommended in similar water and soil conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
343 - The effect of mycorrhizal and potassium on yield and yield components of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) under different irrigation regimes
khosro Taheri Haghighi barmak jafari abdolreza jafary hamidreza miri Hamid Reza EbrahimiIn order to investigate the effect application of mycorrhizal fungus and potassium fertilizer on trait of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) in different irrigation levels, an experiment was conducted as split factorial based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 MoreIn order to investigate the effect application of mycorrhizal fungus and potassium fertilizer on trait of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) in different irrigation levels, an experiment was conducted as split factorial based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications during 2018-2019 in Marvdasht city. Four irrigation levels with 100, 75, 50 and 25% of field capacity were considered as the main plot and application and non-application of mycorrhizal fungus, application and non-application of potassium fertilizer as a factorial in the sub-plot. Analysis of variance indicated that the effects of irrigation, mycorrhiza, potassium, and also the interaction between irrigation and mycorrhiza on the studied traits were significant. With increasing of drought stress, plant height, number of lateral branches, number of follicles per plant, grain yield, biological yield and oil yield was decreased. The highest grain yield related to irrigation 100% of field capacity in the application of mycorrhizal (856 kg/ha) and the lowest grain yield was obtained irrigation with 25% field capacity in non-application mycorrhizal (174 kg/ha). Also, the results indicated that the application of mycorrhizal in treatment irrigation with 75% of field capacity led to an increase in traits of Black Cumin and there was no significant difference with 100% field capacity irrigation and no application of mycorrhizal treatment. In the 25% field capacity of irrigation, no significant difference was observed between the application and non-application of mycorrhizal for most traits of Black Cumin. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
344 - Response of yield and seed quality of two rapeseed cultivars to Zn and Fe elements application under water deficit condition
Hamid Reza Zakerin Amirhossein Shiranirad saeed sayfzadeh Seyed Alireza ValadabadiThis experiment was carried out as split plot factorial based on complete block design with three replications during 2018-2019 cropping season in two regions including Qazvin and Karaj, Iran. Irrigation regimes including three levels of full irrigation, irrigation inte MoreThis experiment was carried out as split plot factorial based on complete block design with three replications during 2018-2019 cropping season in two regions including Qazvin and Karaj, Iran. Irrigation regimes including three levels of full irrigation, irrigation interruption from flowering stage and irrigation interruption from silique stage and four levels of micronutrients including zero (control), foliar application of Zn, Fe and Zn + Fe as factorial in main plot and two cultivars of rapeseed namely Sarygol and RGS300 in sub plot comprised experimental treatments. The greatest number of secondary branch per plant (7.72), number of silique per secondary branch (125.80), 1000-seed weight (5.46 g), biological yield (23760 kg/ha), seed yield (5668 kh/ha) and oil yield (5668 kg/ha) obtained in RGS300 cultivar under full irrigation and foliar application of Zn + Fe conditions that showed no significant difference with Sarigol cultivar under similar condition. In this experiment, irrigation interruption from flowering stage showed the greatest loss of seed yield in rapeseed and under water deficiency from flowering stage, foliar spraying of Zn + Fe enhanced seed and oil yield of RGS300 and Sarigol cultivars equal 107 and 153 percent in comparison with control, respectively.Integrated application of Zn + Fe as foliar application increased seed yield through improving of vegetative and reproductive growth of rapeseed plants in different irrigation regimes. Hence, combined foliar application of Zn + Fe micronutrients both with four per thousand concentrations could be recommended to enhance quantitative and qualitative yield of rapeseed under similar climatic condition Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
345 - Evaluation of indirect selection in yield improvement of triticale genotypes under drought stress conditions
Armin Saed-Moucheshi Zhale Saed-Moucheshi Fatemeh AnsarshourijehThe general goal of this study is to investigate suitable triticale lines under normal conditions and drought stress using important grain yield and its components. Also, the technique of evaluating the Smith-Hazel coefficient for considering the yield components as ind MoreThe general goal of this study is to investigate suitable triticale lines under normal conditions and drought stress using important grain yield and its components. Also, the technique of evaluating the Smith-Hazel coefficient for considering the yield components as indirect selection index, which has not been used practically in plant breeding sciences up to now, has been discussed and proposed. Accordingly, it would be possible to utilize the contribution of yield components in grain yield apply them to screen superior lines in the form of one single index. In this research two separate field experiments, normal irrigation and drought stress conditions, were conducted in three cropping years from 2016 to 2018 with 56 genotypes and two cultivars of triticale. Smith-Hazel selection index applied based on yield-related traits in such a way that the traits with a higher positive effect on grain yield were being utilized for screening aims. high heritability of yield and its component showed the possibility of using them as selection criteria to screen elite genotypes. For indirect selection the path analysis was carried out and calculated coefficient of the traits with higher impacts on yield containing number of days to flowering straw yield with negative impacts alongside flag leaf length and biomass yield with positive impacts in normal condition were used as economic coefficients. In stressful condition, spike weight and seeds and spikelet numbers per spike had a positive and significant effect on the selection index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
346 - اثر آبسیزیک اسید و براسینواستروئید بر میزان پرولین و رنگیزه های فتوسنتزی و دوام سطح برگ جو بدون پوشینه در رژیمهای مختلف آبیاری
khadijesadat tahamtan omid alizadeh barmak jafari haghighiIn order to study the effect of abscisic acid and brassinosteroid on proline accumulation and photosynthetic pigments content and leaf area duration in naked barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) under different irrigation levels the pot experiment was conducted based on factoria MoreIn order to study the effect of abscisic acid and brassinosteroid on proline accumulation and photosynthetic pigments content and leaf area duration in naked barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) under different irrigation levels the pot experiment was conducted based on factorial as Completely Randomized Design with three replications in Islamic azad University of Arsanjan. Factors were consisted of irrigation in two levels (field capacity and 50% field capacity) and foliar spray of abscisic acid and brassinosteroid in flowering stage (control and 4 ppm ABA and 10 ppm brassinosteroid and 4 ppm ABA + 10 ppm brassinosteroid). Results showed, water deficit stress caused increasing proline, chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid in naked barley and leaf area duration was decreased by water deficit stress. Application of brassinosteroid increased damages of water deficit stress but abscisic acid or brassinosteroid + abscisic acid decreased the damages of water deficit stress in naked barley by photosynthetic pigments content. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
347 - Effects of supplemental irrigation and foliar application of zinc on yield and yield components of chickpea
M. Armin M. BidiTo investigate the effects of supplemental irrigation and foliar application of zinc on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an experiment was conducted during the 2011-2012 in Sabzevar, Iran. Treatments were supplemental irrigation time (dry far MoreTo investigate the effects of supplemental irrigation and foliar application of zinc on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an experiment was conducted during the 2011-2012 in Sabzevar, Iran. Treatments were supplemental irrigation time (dry farming without irrigation, irrigation at flowering, irrigation at pod formation, irrigation at both flowering and pod formation) as main plot and time of Zinc foliar application with 2% concentration (control, foliar application at vegetative, foliar application at flowering and foliar application at both vegetative and flowering) as sub plot in a split block experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replicates. Results showed that supplemental irrigation at both flowering and poding had significantly higher grain yield (49.57 g m-2), biological yield (65.04 g m-2 ), pod number in plant (24.84) and height (27 cm) compared to other irrigation regimes, whereas thousand grain weight had not response to supplemental irrigation. Yield and yield components had different responses to zinc foliar application. Although Zinc foliar application at both vegetative and flowering stages had the highest economic yield (47.44 g m-2), biological yield (65.59 g m-2), and seed per plant (26.65), Zinc foliar application at flowering stage increased 1000 grain weight (173.7 g). Overall, supplemental irrigation at both flowering and poding with zinc foliar application at both vegetative and flowering stages was a suitable treatment to achieve maximum yield in Sabzevar conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
348 - Effect of drought stress on grain yield and yield components on forage corn hybrids
M. Hajibabaei F. AziziIn order to study the effect of drought stress on grain yield and yield components on some forage corn hybrids, an experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute of Karaj, in 2009. The experiment was carried out using split-pl MoreIn order to study the effect of drought stress on grain yield and yield components on some forage corn hybrids, an experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute of Karaj, in 2009. The experiment was carried out using split-plot in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Main plots consisted of three levels of irrigation regimes (irrigation after 70, 100 and 130 mm evaporation from evaporation pan class A) and sub-plots included 14 new corn hybrids. The results showed that different between hybrids were significant for 1000-kernel weight, number of kernel per row, number of kernel row per ear and ear length. No significance differences were observed between hybrids for kernel yield, total number of kernels per ear and ear diameter. Also, all of the traits except number of row per ear decreased under drought stress conditions. Interaction between irrigation regimes and hybrid were significant for ear length. Increasing in drought stress resulted in decreasing of kernel yield in 31%. Regarding to the correlation of traits can be concluded that the ear length, ear diameter, number of grain per row, number of row per ear, grain weight, grain yield could have a significant impact in with changing in soil moisture deficiency. In addition to significant correlation under normal and mild drought stress conditions MP, GMP, STI were determined as the best indices. Under normal and drought stress TOL and SSI were the best indices for introduce drought tolerant maize hybrids. Hybrids KSC700, KLM77029/8-1-2-3-2-3×MO17 and K47/2-2-1-4-1-1-1×MO17 also identified as tolerant hybrids under drought stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
349 - The Effects of Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid and Ascorbic Acid on Morpho-Physiological Traits of Pistachio Seedlings under Drought Stress
Elham Ebrahimpour Bahman Panahi Alireza Talaie Iraj Tavassolian -
Open Access Article
350 - The Effect of Humic Acid on the Growth and Physiological Indices of Pistachio Seedling (Pistacia vera) under Drought Stress
Maryam Afrousheh Amanollah Javanshah -
Open Access Article
351 - Changes in Drought Tolerance Mechanism at Different Times of Stress and Re-hydration in Hybrid Pistachio Rootstock
Seyed Reza Nezami Abbas Yadollahi Hossein Hokmabadi Ali Tajabadipour -
Open Access Article
352 - Evaluation of Application of the Asparagine and Glutamine Amino Acids on Improving the Biochemical Properties and Yield under Drought Sterss Conditions on Pistachio cv. Shahpsand
Mohammad ali Khajezade Bahareh Kashefi Hossein Afshari (new) Zarrin Taj Alipour -
Open Access Article
353 - Effects of Drought Stress on Almond Cultivars Responses Grafted on Different Rootstocks
Abdolbaset Ranjbar Ali Imani Saeid Piri Vahid Abdoosi -
Open Access Article
354 - The Study of Different Water Regimes on Photosynthetic Performance and Leaf Water Status of Pistachio Trees (Pistacia vera L.)
Abolfazl Ranjbar -
Open Access Article
355 - Evaluation of the Behavior of Native Iranian Almond Species as Rootstocks
B. Madam M. Rahemi A. Mousavi P. Martínez-Gómez -
Open Access Article
356 - Effects of Deficit and Cutoff Irrigation During Different Phenological Stages of Fruit Growth on Production in Mature Almond Trees cv. ‘Mamaei’
A. Mousavi R. Ali Mohamad M. Tatari -
Open Access Article
357 - Physiological and Morphological Responses of Almond Cultivars under In Vitro Drought Stress
Ehsan Akbarpour Ali Imani Shahin Ferdowskhah Yeganeh -
Open Access Article
358 - جداسازی و شناسایی باکتریهای مقاوم به شوری و خشکی از مزارع کشاورزی شهرستان جیرفت
زینب فتوحیانیکی از راهکارهای مقابله با شوری و کاهش آثار زیان بار آن معرفی باکتریهای تحمل کننده شوری است. در این تحقیق باکتریهای بومی مقاوم به شوری و خشکی جداسازی و شناسایی شدند. نرخ رشد جدایه ها در غلظت های مختلف شوری (5، 10، 15، 20، 25، 35 و 40 درصد)، خشکی (0.50، 0.15-، 0.03-، 0.4 Moreیکی از راهکارهای مقابله با شوری و کاهش آثار زیان بار آن معرفی باکتریهای تحمل کننده شوری است. در این تحقیق باکتریهای بومی مقاوم به شوری و خشکی جداسازی و شناسایی شدند. نرخ رشد جدایه ها در غلظت های مختلف شوری (5، 10، 15، 20، 25، 35 و 40 درصد)، خشکی (0.50، 0.15-، 0.03-، 0.49- و 0.73- مگاپاسکال) ، pH و 50 درجه سانتیگراد بررسی شد. سپس تولید اکسین، سیدروفور، هیدروژن سیانید و حلالیت فسفات مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. مجموعاً از 42 نمونه خاک 50 عدد باکتری به دست آمد. از بین جدایهها، کدهای K4، K10، K12، K14، K15 مربوط به کنارصندل، کدهای C8، C10، C11 مربوط به کریمآباد، کدهای A2، A3، A4 مربوط به عنبرآباد به سبب داشتن رشد تا غلظت نمک 40%، مقاوم به شوری بودند. همچنین کدهای K4، K14، K15، C8 توانایی رشد در پتانسیل آبی 73/0- را دارا بودند و به خشکی مقاوم بودند. از بین جدایههای منتخب، جدایه های C8 و K4 توانایی رشد در pH بالا و دمای 50 درجه سانتیگراد را داشتند. همچنین جدایه C8 با تولید1.8 میکروگرم بر میلیلیتر بیشترین میزان اکسین را تولید کرد و تنها جدایهای بود که انحلال فسفات را انجام داد. جدایههای C8 و K14 توانایی تولید سیدورفور را در بین جدایهها داشتند. بنابراین جدایه C8 باسیلوس سوبتیلیس به عنوان جدایه برتربود . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
359 - جداسازی و شناسایی باکتری های متحمل به شوری و خشکی از مزارع کشاورزی جیرفت
زینب فتوحیان احمد یوسفیکدهای کریم آباد، A2، A3، A4 برای انبار آباد به دلیل رشد تا غلظت 40 درصد نمک به شوری مقاوم بودند. همچنین کدهای K4، K14، K15 و C8 قابلیت رشد در پتانسیل آبی 0.73- و مقاوم به خشکی را داشتند. از جدایه های انتخابی، جدایه C8 توانایی رشد در pH بالا را داشت و جدایه های C8 و K4 ق Moreکدهای کریم آباد، A2، A3، A4 برای انبار آباد به دلیل رشد تا غلظت 40 درصد نمک به شوری مقاوم بودند. همچنین کدهای K4، K14، K15 و C8 قابلیت رشد در پتانسیل آبی 0.73- و مقاوم به خشکی را داشتند. از جدایه های انتخابی، جدایه C8 توانایی رشد در pH بالا را داشت و جدایه های C8 و K4 قابلیت رشد در دمای 50 درجه سانتی گراد را داشتند. همچنین ایزوله C8 با تولید 8/1 میکروگرم در میلی لیتر اکسین بیشترین میزان اکسین را در بین جدایه ها تولید کرد و تنها ایزوله ای بود که فسفات را حل کرد. جدایه های C8 و K14 توانایی تولید سیدروفور در ایزوله ها را داشتند. بنابراین، با توجه به شناسایی بیوشیمیایی و مولکولی جدایه C8، باسیلوس سوبتیلیس به عنوان جدایه برتر شناخته شد. این جدایه از منطقه کریم آباد جدا شده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
360 - تأثیر تنش خشکی بر کیفیت بذر کلزا تابستانه تولید شده روی گیاهان مادری تحت تنش خشکی
H.R. Badrooj K. Khaksar A. Hamidi A.H. Shirani Radبه منظور بررسی اثر تنش خشکی و آبیاری نرمال بر جوانه زنی بذر ارقام کلزای تابستانه، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کامل تصادفی با 4 تکرار در آزمایشگاه مرکزی مؤسسه تحقیقات گواهی بذر و نباتات کرج اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی بذر تولید شده در آبیاری معمولی (S1) و تنش خشکی Moreبه منظور بررسی اثر تنش خشکی و آبیاری نرمال بر جوانه زنی بذر ارقام کلزای تابستانه، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کامل تصادفی با 4 تکرار در آزمایشگاه مرکزی مؤسسه تحقیقات گواهی بذر و نباتات کرج اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی بذر تولید شده در آبیاری معمولی (S1) و تنش خشکی در مرحله گل (S2) با آبیاری قلمهای از زمان گلدهی تا مرحله بلوغ و ده رقم کلزا تابستانی بهعنوان RGS003، Sarigol، Option500، RGS006، 19 بودند. -H, ORS 3150-3006, ORS 3150-3008, RG 4403, RG 405/03 و RGAS 0324. برخی از صفات جوانه زنی بذر و نهال مانند جرم 1000 دانه، درصد جوانه زنی نهایی (FGP)، میانگین زمان جوانه زنی (MTGmin) ضریب سرعت جوانه زنی (CGV)، میانگین جوانه زن روزانه (MDG)، سرعت جوانه زنی روزانه (DGS)، طول گیاهچه، ریشه، ساقه چه و وزن تر و خشک گیاهچه و صفات شاخص بنیه طولی و شاخص بنیه وزنی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. تست پیری تسریع شده روی دانه ها نتایج نشان داد که تفاوت معنی داری از نظر صفات FGP، MTG، CGV، MDG، DGS، صفات شاخص بنیه طولی و وزن خشک ریشه بر اساس تنش خشکی و رقم مشاهده شد. نتایج مقایسه میانگین تنش خشکی و تعامل رقم بر توده هزار دانه نشان داد که ارقام RG 4403 با 3.498 گرم بیشترین و RGS006 با 3.082 گرم کمترین جرم هزار دانه را داشتند. رقم ساریگل تولید شده با آبیاری معمولی 983.4 و RGS003 277.1 بیشترین LVI1 و LVI2 را داشتند. از دیدگاه MTG، CGV، MDG و DGS به ترتیب بذر ساریگل در شرایط تنش خشکی، RGS003 در آبیاری معمولی و ساریگل در شرایط تنش خشکی تولید شد. به طور کلی می توان نتیجه گرفت که تنش خشکی در مورد بررسی باعث کاهش کیفیت بذر ارقام شد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
361 - Water Use Efficiency of Common Sorghum and Grain Corn Cultivars and Comparing the Effect of Water Deficit on These Cultivars
NASRIN SAFIAN MOHAMMADREZA NADERIDARBAGHSHAHI HAMID REZA SALEMI MASSOUD TORABI ALI SOLEIMANI -
Open Access Article
362 - Evaluation of Genetic Variation for Drought Tolerance and Determination of the Best Selection Criteria in Safflower Genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
AHMAD REZA GOLPARVAR KOUROSH KEIGHOBADI MOHAMMAD MEHDI GHEISARI AMIN HADIPANAH -
Open Access Article
363 - Effect of Drought and Heat Stress on Growth and Yield and Quality of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
IMAD ALWAN KATTAN MOHAMMAD MIRZAEI HEYDARI -
Open Access Article
364 - The Types of Plant Growth Regulators on Grain Yield and Yield Components of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Water Stress Condition
MOHAMMAD REZA ASKARNEJAD ALI SOLEYMANI HAMID REZA JAVANMARD -
Open Access Article
365 - Effect of drought stress and salicylic acid on some of growth traits, photosynthetic pigments and yield essential oil of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)
ali salehi sardoeiThe current research was conducted with the aim to investigate the effect of salicylic acid on the growth traits, photosynthetic pigments and the amount of essential oil in Mentha piperita under drought stress. The factorial experiment was carried out in the form of ran MoreThe current research was conducted with the aim to investigate the effect of salicylic acid on the growth traits, photosynthetic pigments and the amount of essential oil in Mentha piperita under drought stress. The factorial experiment was carried out in the form of randomized complete block design and with three repetitions. Factors included irrigation round at four levels (90 (control), 75, 45, and 20% field capacity) and salicylic acid at two levels (zero (control) and 60 ppm). The investigated traits included the plant height, number of lateral branches, length of lateral branches, number of nodes, fresh and dry weight of the plant, fresh and dry weight of the stem, chlorophyll a, b, and total, carotenoids, and essential oil percentage and yield. Results from this experiment showed that the effect of drought stress on all studied traits was significant at the statistical level of 1%. The mutual effect of drought stress on salicylic acid hormone for the length of lateral branches, fresh and dry weight of the plant, chlorophyll a, b, and total, and essential oil percentage and yield traits was significant. Stress caused a reduction in all traits except for fresh and dry weight of the stem; and the use of salicylic acid led to the reduced effects of stress such that the highest values of these traits were obtained from 60 ppm salicylic acid. Given the mutual effects, the highest values of essential oil percentage and yield obtained from 90% of field capacity and application of salicylic acid. Overall, the application of this hormone led to the improvement of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Mentha piperita under drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
366 - Effect of drought stress in different growth stages on yield and yield components of corn hybrid S.C. 704 in different plant density
A. Jazayeri A. Naderi M. Alavi Fazel M. Gohari In order to study of drought stress in different growth stages on yield and yield components of corn hybrid S.C. 704 in different plant density, this research was conducted in Ahvaz, during the summer 2008, in split-plot using RCBD with three re More In order to study of drought stress in different growth stages on yield and yield components of corn hybrid S.C. 704 in different plant density, this research was conducted in Ahvaz, during the summer 2008, in split-plot using RCBD with three replications. Water holding were applied in main plot in four levels (water holding at eight leaves stage, twelve leaves stage, tasseling growth stages and optimum irrigation was as the control). Plant density were as three sub plots in three levels (7.5, 8.5, 9.5 plant per square meter). Results showed that grain yield, biological yield and harvest index affected by water holding and plant population. Grain yield and harvest index was more affected in water holding in tasseling stage compare with other treatments. Maximum grain yield (890 gr/m2) was belonged to control water treatment with 75000 plant productions while minimum grain yield was obtained in tasseling stage with production 95000 plants with change in density of 75000 to 95000. Grain yield and harvest index decreased in response to plant population from 75000 to 95000 plants per hectare, while biological yield increased to plant density increment. In interaction treatment S4D2 yielded the highest grain yield (934 gr/m2) while the lowest grain yield was belonged to S3D3 with 152 gr/m2. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
367 - Evaluation of drought tolerance in bread wheat lines using drought tolerance indices
M. Hatim M. Majidian T. BabaeiIn order to investigate the effects of terminal drought stress on yield, yield components and assimilate remobilization in 8 wheat cultivars and lines for introducing of drought tolerance and susceptible ones, two experimental separated designs were occur using randomiz MoreIn order to investigate the effects of terminal drought stress on yield, yield components and assimilate remobilization in 8 wheat cultivars and lines for introducing of drought tolerance and susceptible ones, two experimental separated designs were occur using randomized complete blocks with three replications. A field study was conducted in 2009 in Agriculture and Natural Resources Experiment Station of Markazi province. The first experiment was water stress in post flowering stage and second experiment was irrigation with normal regime. The yield and yield components, plant height, day to flowering, harvest index and peduncle length were measured in this study. Response of cultivars and lines under optimum irrigation and water stress conditions were different. Water stress reduced most traits a well as yield and yield components. Results showed that some cultivars at water stress condition, showed tolerance and had relatively high yield For example, lines C-84-4 and C-82-12 showed high more tolerance under optimum and water stress, condition lines C-78-14 and Shariar cultivar showed high yield at optimum irrigation and lines C-81-14 and C-83-7 showed high yield at water stress condition. In order to evaluate stress indices among cultivars and lines we used 6 indices such as harmonic mean (Harm), stress tolerance index (STI), tolerance index (TOL), Mean productivity (MP), stress susceptibility index (SSI) and Geometric mean productivity (GMP). Results showed that all of these indices were the best, because there were the greatest correlations between yield and harvest index under water stress and optimum irrigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
368 - Effects of salicylic acid, selenium and micro elements on some agronomical traits wheat line C7814 under irrigation deficit condition
E. Davoudzadeh N. Sajedi H. Madani D. HabibiWater deficit is one of the most factors limiting of yield in wheat. In order to effects of irrigation deficit and factors of drought stress modulate on some agronomic of line C7814 ,the experimental was conducted in a strip plot arrangement based on randomized complete MoreWater deficit is one of the most factors limiting of yield in wheat. In order to effects of irrigation deficit and factors of drought stress modulate on some agronomic of line C7814 ,the experimental was conducted in a strip plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research field Islamic Azad University of Arak in 2009-2010 cropping seasons. Experimental factors were including of irrigation at two levels: control and cut irrigation at spike emergency and factors of drought stress modulate in five levels: control, salicylic acid, selenium, micro elements, salicylic acid and selenium, salicylic acid and selenium and micro elements. The results showed that irrigation deficit decreased agronomic traits and grain yield. Application of factors of drought stress modulates decreased the height of plant, but traits of weight of spike, number of spike per area, biological yield, harvest index and grain yield were increased. Interaction effects of treatment showed that application of factors drought stress modulates increased grain yield by 8% and 5 % in full irrigation and cut irrigation at spike emergency as compared with control, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
369 - An effect of drought stress by PEG on the morphological characterizes and yields in Hull-less barley
Javad Einali Abas ali Nourinia GHadir Tahery Elyas Soltani This experiment was conducted to examine the effects of drought stress on the morphologic characterizes and yield of Hull- less barley. This research was conducted as CRD with 6 replications and 4 levels of drought stress in green house. D More This experiment was conducted to examine the effects of drought stress on the morphologic characterizes and yield of Hull- less barley. This research was conducted as CRD with 6 replications and 4 levels of drought stress in green house. Drought levels were check (D1) with -0.3 MP, low stress (D2) with -0.6 MP, medium drought (D3) with -0.9 MP and sever drought (D4) with -1.2 MP. Results indicated that drought stress significantly influenced on main stem length, ear length, plant high, percent of unfertile tillers, percent of fertile tillers, grain number in main ear, weight of 1000 grains and yield. Pod yields of -0.3 MP, -0.6 MP, -0.9 MP and -1.2 MP were respectively about 55, 46, 42 and 33 g per pod. While drought stress had no significantly effect on number of total tillers, main stem dry weight, tillers dry weight and leaf dry weight. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
370 - Comparison of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes based on drought tolerance indices
F. Babaei A. Maleki H. Chaharsoughi Amin H. Moradkhani J. AhmadiIn order to study yield variation of the most tolerate genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) against drought stress an experiment was conducted using RCB design with three replications. That was done on rain fed and irrigated land in agricultural research field o MoreIn order to study yield variation of the most tolerate genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) against drought stress an experiment was conducted using RCB design with three replications. That was done on rain fed and irrigated land in agricultural research field of Salehabad in Ilam province (2005-2006). The most common genotypes consist of five varieties; Chamran, Atrak, Zagros, Koohdasht and Chenab were studied. Considering yield in the stress and non–stress conditions drought tolerance indices including MP (mean of productivity), SSI (stress susceptibility Index), TOL (tolerance), GMP (geometric mean of productivity) and STI (stress tolerance index) were calculated. High significant positively correlated indices were determined as selection factors of high yield potential and resistant varieties. According to drought tolerance indices Zagross and Chamran variety were found as the most tolerate and Atrak and Chanab were the most susceptible varieties examined. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
371 - Response of agriculture traits to drought stress condition in four safflower genotypes
M. Ferasat N. A. Sajedi M. Mirzakhani In order to investigate the effect of drought stress on agriculturetraits in four safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.), this experiment was conducted in field research station of Islamic Azad University of Arak, Iran during 2008-2009. T More In order to investigate the effect of drought stress on agriculturetraits in four safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.), this experiment was conducted in field research station of Islamic Azad University of Arak, Iran during 2008-2009. The experimental design was split plot based on RCBD with four replications. The treatments composed of irrigation levels 100%, 75% and 50% crop water requirement as main plot and four safflower genotypes included Esfahan native, Esfahan-14, PI-537598 and IL-111 as sub plot. Results showed that drought stress reduced grain yield and oil yield. Grain yield reduced from 1198.2 Kgha-1 in irrigation equal 100% crop water requirement to 936.5 Kg/ha in irrigation equal 50% crop water requirement. The highest oil yield 407.2 Kg/ha was related to irrigation equal 100% crop water requirement and lowest oil yield 297.7 Kg/ha was found in irrigation equal 50% crop water requirement were obtained. Among genotypes, the highest magnitude of grain yield and oil yield were obtained from Esfahan native genotype. Interaction effects of drought stress and genotypes showed that highest grain and oil yield were obtained from treatment of 100% crop water requirement and Esfahan native genotype by 1583.05 kg/ha and 605.6 kg/ha respectively. The highest grain yield and oil yield were obtained in optimum condition and stress condition from Esfahan native genotype. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
372 - The Effect of drought stress and plant density on vegetative and reproductive traits of rapeseed cultivars (Brassica napus L.)
A. Farnia E. Arasteh In order to study the effects of drought stress and plant density on the vegetative and reproductive traits of varieties of canola, a test was conducted as re-broken plots in the form of completely random blocks design with four repe More In order to study the effects of drought stress and plant density on the vegetative and reproductive traits of varieties of canola, a test was conducted as re-broken plots in the form of completely random blocks design with four repetitions in Boroujerd Agricultural Research Station in the agricultural year 1388-1389. In this experiment,the drought stress was studied in three levels include unstressed, two drought stresses (in the step after rosette and before beginning flowering) and three drought stresses (in the steps after rosette, before beginning flowering and filing sheath)in the main plot and different levels of plant density in three levels 6,10,and 14 kg consumed seed in each hectare in subplot and varieties of canola,three varieties Zarfam,SLM046 and Okapy in subplots. The results obtained from variance analysis of the traits under study showed that drought stress , plant density and their interactions have significant effect on the number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight, seed yield ,harvest index, oil percentage and oil yield of the varieties of canola. The most rate of oil percentage was obtained in unstress condition and plant density 10kg/ha in variety Zarfam that regarding more biologic yield and more seed yield, it caused increasing oil percentage, by increasing water level the oil percentage was increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
373 - Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria , foliar application of amino acids and silicic acid on yield and yield components of wheat under drought stress
D. HabibiDrought is an abiotic stress that restrict water for agriculture.This experiment was conducted with irrigation factor at two levels includes{a1: Control ,a2: cut irrigation after flowering stage} and the second experimental treatments at five levels includes{ b1:control MoreDrought is an abiotic stress that restrict water for agriculture.This experiment was conducted with irrigation factor at two levels includes{a1: Control ,a2: cut irrigation after flowering stage} and the second experimental treatments at five levels includes{ b1:control,b2:seed inoculated with bacteria(Azospirillum,Azotobacter, Pseudomonas), b3:seed inoculated with bacteria (Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas) and sprayed silicic acids, b4: seed inoculated with bacteria (Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonase) and sprayed amino acids,b5: seed inoculated with bacteria (Azospirillum, Azotobacter، Pseudomonas) and sprayed silicic acids with amino acids} in randomized complete blocks design with four replicates using analysis of split plot. Results showed that drought stress reduced the traits measured, but seed inoculated with plant growth promoting bacteria, sprayed silicic acid and amino acids in normal irrigation and drought stress conditions increased seed 1000 weight, spike length, number of spikelet per spike,number of seeds per spike,biological yield and seed yield. Also seed inoculated with plant growth promoting bacteria and combined silicic acid and amino acid application increased seed yield in normal irrigation and drought stress about %27/76 and %44/64, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
374 - Effect of source restriction on yield and physiological indexes of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrid KSC704 in water deficit stress
Meysam Oveisi Mohamad javad Mirhadi Hamid Madani GHorban Noormohammadi Reza Zarghami The effect of source restriction on yield and physiological indexesof corn was studied in Varamin, Iran, during 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 growing seasons. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design with split More The effect of source restriction on yield and physiological indexesof corn was studied in Varamin, Iran, during 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 growing seasons. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design with split plot arrangement. The irrigation regimes were allotted to main plots. The intensity and time of defoliation combination were allotted to sub plots. In moderate irrigation plots, the irrigation was done when the soil water content reached to 75% of available water content. In under stress plots, two short periods of water-holding were applied at V8 and tasseling growth stages. Defoliation treatments were consisted of: Control, cutting 1:3 of leaves at V8, cutting of 2:3 of leaves at V8, Cutting 1:3 of leaves at tasseling and cutting 2:3 of leaves at tasseling. This result showed that remobilization efficiency of stem reserves for grain yield is mostly related to sink capacity than source strength. Under moderate irrigation, later or more intensity defoliation decreased the RGR. While under drought stress, cutting the 2/3 of leaves did not decrease the relative growth rate. The improved NAR due to defoliation caused to compensate the decreased leaf area. So, late and more intensity defoliation could not decrease the CGR. The grain yield of 8.9 t ha-1 was attained by moderate irrigation which was a results of 16.4% and 27.3% greater biomass and harvest index compared to the water stress conditions. This indicates that pot-anthesis water deficiency decreased the sink capacity more than source strength. The results showed that under water deficiency and source strength restriction, the stem reserves play an important role in grains filling process. But under high soil water supply, these reserves will be needed when the source strength is limited after flowering stage. Under moderate irrigation, there were not significant differences among defoliation treatment for remobilization efficiency of reserves from stem to grains. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
375 - Effect of drought stress and salicylic acid on some of growth traits, photosynthetic pigments and yield essential oil of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)
S. Fattahi Siahkamari H. Azad Ghujebigloo, A. Salehi Sardoei H. Motamedi Sharak, KH. BabaeiThe current research was conducted with the aim to investigate the effect of salicylic acid on the growth traits, photosynthetic pigments and the amount of essential oil in Mentha piperita under drought stress. The factorial experiment was carried out in the form of ran MoreThe current research was conducted with the aim to investigate the effect of salicylic acid on the growth traits, photosynthetic pigments and the amount of essential oil in Mentha piperita under drought stress. The factorial experiment was carried out in the form of randomized complete block design and with three repetitions. Factors included irrigation round at four levels (90 (control), 75, 45, and 20% field capacity) and salicylic acid at two levels (zero (control) and 60 ppm). The investigated traits included the plant height, number of lateral branches, length of lateral branches, number of nodes, fresh and dry weight of the plant, fresh and dry weight of the stem, chlorophyll a, b and total carotenoids, and essential oil percentage and yield. Results from this experiment showed that the effect of drought stress on all studied traits was significant at the statistical level of 1%. The mutual effect of drought stress on salicylic acid hormone for the length of lateral branches, fresh and dry weight of the plant, chlorophyll a, b and total and essential oil percentage and yield traits was significant. Stress caused a reduction in all traits except for fresh and dry weight of the stem; and the use of salicylic acid led to the reduced effects of stress such that the highest values of these traits were obtained from 60 ppm salicylic acid. Given the mutual effects, the highest values of essential oil percentage and yield obtained from 90% of field capacity and application of salicylic acid. Overall, the application of this hormone led to the improvement of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Mentha piperita under drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
376 - Determination the Sensitivity of Different Growth Stages of Five Maize Hybrids to Drought Stress
C. Mansourifar A. Fallah S. H. Hossein ZadeDrought stress is one of the most important factors limiting maize growth and yield in world; which maize hybrids differently respond to drought stress. Growth stages, also, have different sensitivity to drought stress. In order to examine the effect of drought stress i MoreDrought stress is one of the most important factors limiting maize growth and yield in world; which maize hybrids differently respond to drought stress. Growth stages, also, have different sensitivity to drought stress. In order to examine the effect of drought stress in different growth stage on growth, yield and yield components of five maize hybrids, a study was conducted as a completely randomized design, at 2014. The first factor was drought stress (without stress, stress at 8 leaf, tassel emergence, kernel filling), and the second factor was maize hybrids (singe crosses 704, 500, 524, 400 and 370).The results showed that most reduction due to drought stress on grain yield was in tassel emergence and kernel filling, on thousand grain weight was in kernel filling, on grain number in ear was tassel emergence and on days to physiologic rapping was in 8 leaf. Furthermore, 704 hybrid had the highest yield, grain number in ear and days to rapping; 400 hybrid also had the highest thousand grain weight. On average, drought stress decreased grain yield by 36.70%. The finding of this research indicated that although drought stress in all growth stages decreased growth and yield and but for prevent economic loss must avoid drought stress; however in limited irrigation resources conditions, with a slight decrease in yield the saved water might be used for other crops. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
377 - Effects of drought stress on noduling and nitrogen fixation of Rhizobium Japonicum bacteria strains of soybean
A. Farnia G. Noormohamadi A. NaderiIn order to evaluate noduling and nitrogen fixation as well as efficiency of Rhizobium Japonicum strains in Clark cultivar of Soybean under drought stress and also efficiency of Rhizobium Japonicum strains. Experiment performed in 2003 and 2004. Experiment conducted und MoreIn order to evaluate noduling and nitrogen fixation as well as efficiency of Rhizobium Japonicum strains in Clark cultivar of Soybean under drought stress and also efficiency of Rhizobium Japonicum strains. Experiment performed in 2003 and 2004. Experiment conducted under split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation treatments as main plots with tree levels of drought stress, namely low stress (85% plant water requirement), medium stress (70% plant water requirement), high stress (55% plant water requirement) and complete irrigation as control. The subplots were three strains of Rhizobium Japonicum named Helinitro, Rizoking, Nitragen and no bacteria as control were considered. The amount of irrigation water calculated with the help of plant water requirement and the atmometer. Seeds were inoculated with bacteria strains before planting. And then quantity, dry weights and sizes of nodules, nitrogen fixation and also nitrogen fixation yield in area determined. The results indicated that drought stress affected nitrogen fixation. In complete irrigation as Control highest dry weight produced with application of Helinitro strain. Rizoking strain which had active nodules showed higher nitrogen fixation and produced dry weight in low and medium drought stress. In order to access dry mater in complete irrigation using Helinitro and in drought stress, Rizoking were more appropriate. Also results showed that size and weight of nodules were not suitable as an index of nitrogen fixation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
378 - Relationship between yield and its components in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes in drought and non-drought stress conditions
A. Golparvar H. Madani M. Rasouli In order to evaluation and determination of the most effective traits in improvement grain yield of bread wheat genotypes, an experiment conducted using 320 genotypes in the research field of agriculture institute of Shahrekord in 20 More In order to evaluation and determination of the most effective traits in improvement grain yield of bread wheat genotypes, an experiment conducted using 320 genotypes in the research field of agriculture institute of Shahrekord in 2006. Genotypes were cultivated in augmented design along with Karaj1 and Sardari as the check cultivars in both stress and non-stress conditions. Grain yield and 10 related feature of traits were measured in this research. Correlation coefficient analysis showed that in both condition all traits except awn length and in non-stress condition spike weight had positive and significant correlation with grain yield in 1% probability level. By using step-wise regression analysis in stress condition five traits and in non-stress condition three traits entered to the model that verified 97.8% and 96.5% of grain yield variation, respectively. Path analysis for grain yield indicated that in stress condition biological yield, harvest index and grain number per spike and in non-stress condition biological yield and harvest index had the most positive and direct effect on plant kernel yield. Grain number per spike in stress as direct and in non-stress condition as indirect affect positively and significantly on increase grain yield. Therefore, results of research indicate that use of these traits suggest as indirect selection criteria in order to improve grain yield of bread wheat genotypes in both stress and non-stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
379 - Evaluation of drought stress effects on yield and yield components of advanced Rapeseed varieties at Esfahan region
F. Fayaz M. R. Naderi Darbaghshahi A. H Shirani RadA field trial as a split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted on six winter Rapeseed (Brassicanapus L.) varieties in 2005 season in research farm of Kabootar Abad, Esfahan. Treatments selected based on using t MoreA field trial as a split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted on six winter Rapeseed (Brassicanapus L.) varieties in 2005 season in research farm of Kabootar Abad, Esfahan. Treatments selected based on using three different moisture regimes including 1) Application of water when 80% evaporation occurred from class A evaporation pan to physiological maturity as control treatment 2) Stopping water application since flowering stage and 3) Stopping water application since grain fill stage. The results indicated that stopping water application since flowering stage caused yield components to reduce significantly and thus had undesirable effect on yield where reductions in number of pod per plant (from 79.2 to 50.1), number of grains per pod (from 50.8 to 40.8) and weight of 1000 grains (from 3131 to 2584 gr/ha) were observed. Seed oil content was also found to be reduced in that treatment (from 48.5% to 46.6%). The studied varieties revealed significant differences in all measured traits. The variety of Zarfam had the highest grain yield and seed oil content in various irrigation regimes and the SLMO46 ranked next. Considering the high potential of these two varieties in producing oil in stress condition, their capability to be cultivated in stress- prone regions is realized. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
380 - Investigating the effect of bush condensation in different moisture regimes on the qualitative and quantitative characters of sunflower in circumstances of sistan
R. Baradaran H. R. Fanaei M. SargeziIn order to investigate the effect of aridity tension ,an experiment was conducted under the Sistan circumstances in the form of once _shatterd acacia based on whole random blocks ,with four replications in the agricultural and natural resources research station of sist MoreIn order to investigate the effect of aridity tension ,an experiment was conducted under the Sistan circumstances in the form of once _shatterd acacia based on whole random blocks ,with four replications in the agricultural and natural resources research station of sistan in the crop year 88-89.the main cause of aridity tension included 4 levels:S1-irrigation in5-7 leaves ,asterring ,emergence of full head,50% flowering and seed filling ,S2- irrigation cut in 5-7 leaves ,S3-irrigation cut in5-7 leaves ,asterring ,emergence of full head, ,S4-irrigation cut in 5-7 leaves , irrigation cut in 50% flowering and seed filling.The peripheral factor was in 3 levels(8,10,12 bushes per square meter). The results of characters variance analysis showed that the effect of ariadity tension in developmental stages of the plant on morphological characters such as :height of stem, diameter of stem diameter of the head , :the number of seeds in the head, seed yield and oil yield, was one percent different in terms of statistical significance. The effect of loush condensation on other measured characters except for the bush height showed a statistically significant difference .the interactive effects of aridity tension and bush condensation on other measured characters except for the bush height and the oil percentage did not show any statistically significant difference .The highest seed yield in this experience was gaincd in treatment S1 with the average of 2314 kilograms a hectare and the lowest seed yield was gained in treatment S3whih the average of 810 kilograms a hectare .With the increase in bush condensation ,the seed yield showed a significant in crease in proportion to low bush condensation, despite the decrease in yield components .that was in a way which the highest value was gained in 12-bush condensation per a square meter with the average of2141 kilograms a hectare .The simple correlation results showed that the seed yield with the number of seeds in the head ,had the highest correlation coefficient .from all these results it could be concluded that irrigation before and after flowering with 12-bush condensation per a square meter, in recommended for Sistan circumstances. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
381 - Evaluation of correlation and path analysis of seed and oil yield in spring safflower cultivars under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions
ahmad reza Golparvar abdolah Ghasemi PirbaloutiIdentification of the important seed and oil yield components in safflower is very efficient in genetic improvement of these traits via indirect selection. So, 10 spring safflower cultivars were sown at normal irrigation and drought stress conditions based on RCBD with MoreIdentification of the important seed and oil yield components in safflower is very efficient in genetic improvement of these traits via indirect selection. So, 10 spring safflower cultivars were sown at normal irrigation and drought stress conditions based on RCBD with three replications in research field of Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch in 2009. Correlation analysis showed that positive and significant relation of 1000-seed weight, No. seed/plant and oil yield with seed yield and 1000-seed weight, No. seed/plant, seed yield and oil percent with oil yield in drought stress condition. Results of correlation, regression and path analysis designed traits 1000-seed weight, No. seed/plant, No. seed/capitulum and biological yield are the best selection criteria for genetic improvement of seed yield and traits 1000-seed weight and No. seed/plant for oil yield in drought stress condition. In non-drought stress condition, traits 1000-seed weight and No. seed/plant have positive and considerable effects on seed yield and accounted for the largest amount of variation exist in this trait. These traits are the best selection criteria for genetic improvement of seed yield in non-stress condition. Traits 1000-seed weight, days to physiological maturity and No. seed/plant are the most important oil yield components and recommended for breeding of this trait in non-drought stress condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
382 - Evaluation of correlation and path analysis of seed and oil yield in spring safflower cultivars under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions
A. R. Golparvar A. Ghasemi Pirbalouti Identification of the important seed and oil yield components in safflower is very efficient in genetic improvement of these traits via indirect selection. For this reason, ten spring safflower cultivars were sown at normal irrigation and More Identification of the important seed and oil yield components in safflower is very efficient in genetic improvement of these traits via indirect selection. For this reason, ten spring safflower cultivars were sown at normal irrigation and drought stress conditions based on randomized completely block design with three replications in research field of Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch at 6 March 2009. Correlation analysis showed that positive and significant relation of 1000-seed weight, No.seed/plant and oil yield with seed yield and 1000-seed weight, No.seed/plant, seed yield and oil percent with oil yield in drought stress condition. Results of correlation, regression and path analysis designed traits 1000-seed weight, No.seed/plant, No.seed/capitulum and biological yield are the best selection criteria for genetic improvement of seed yield and traits 1000-seed weight and No.seed/plant for oil yield in drought stress condition. In non-drought stress condition, traits 1000-seed weight and No.seed/plant have positive and considerable effects on seed yield and accounted for the largest amount of variation exist in this trait. Therefore, these traits are the best selection criteria for genetic improvement of seed yield in non-stress condition. On the other hand, traits 1000-seed weight, days to physiological maturity and No.seed/plant are the most important oil yield components and recommended for breeding of this trait in non-drought stress condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
383 - Investigation the effect of water deficit on agronomical characteristics and growth indices of winter rapeseed cultivars
S. Soleimanpour A. H. Shiranirad H. Madani A. Rezaeizad S. FareghiThis study was done to investigate the effect of water deficit on agronomical characteristics and growth indices of winter rapeseed cultivars in Kermanshah region. The experiment was performed by using a split plot design based on RCBD with 3 replications, in the farm r MoreThis study was done to investigate the effect of water deficit on agronomical characteristics and growth indices of winter rapeseed cultivars in Kermanshah region. The experiment was performed by using a split plot design based on RCBD with 3 replications, in the farm research of Eslamabad in Kermanshah. The treatments were selected as drought stress (D) as the main plot in two levels convectional irrigation or irrigation after 80 mm evaporation from A class pan (D1) and stopping irrigation since flowering stage (D2), and variety (V) as the sub- plot in 9 levels consist of Opera(V1), ARC-5(V2), Dexter(V3), SLM046(V4), Zarfam(V5), Okapi(V6), Talaye(V7), Licord(V8) and Modena(V9). Investigated agronomical characteristics were: the plant weight, stem diameter, the number of secondary branches in the plant, the number of pods in the main stem, the number of pods in the secondary branches, the number of pods in the plant, the number of grains in the pods of main stem, the number of grains in the secondary branches’ pod, the number of grain in plant’s pod, the 1000 grain weight, the percentage of grain’s oil, grain yield, oil yield, biological yield, harvest index, Total Dry Weight(TDW) and Leaf Area Index(LAI).The result showed that stopping of irrigation(drought stress) since flowering stage, had deleterious effect on the growth, yield, yield components and agronomical characters, so that observed difference were 1% and 5% significant. The simple effect of variety on the stem diameter, the number of pods in the secondary branches, the no. of pods in plant, the no. of grain in the secondary branches’ pods, the no. of grain in plant’s pods was not significant, but had considerable effect on the other characters. The interaction effects between irrigation and variety was only significant on the biological yield, harvest index and percentage of oil grain, and was not significant on the other characters. The variety of SLM046 based on the oil yield(1870 kg/ha), grain yield (4187 kg/ha), yield components and the stress tolerance index was put in the best group and Talaye, Zarfam, Licord, Opera, ARC-5, Dexter, Okapi and Modena varieties were put in the other groups. The analysis of the stage of growth showed that drought stress increasing causes the Total Dry Weight and the Leaf Area Index decreasing. The percentage of mentioned factors in SLM046 variety was less than other varieties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
384 - Interaction of drought stress and zinc on yield, yield components and harvest index in maize plant mycorrhiza
N. Sajedi H. Madani In order to study of different levels of zinc on yield, yield components and harvest index in maize plant mycorrhiza under drought stress, an experiment was carried out in research farm of Arak Islamic Azad University in 2006. The ex More In order to study of different levels of zinc on yield, yield components and harvest index in maize plant mycorrhiza under drought stress, an experiment was carried out in research farm of Arak Islamic Azad University in 2006. The experiment was laied out in factorial based on RCBD with three replications. The treatments were consisted as three levels of irrigations(irrigation equal of crop water requirementcv as control, irrigation equal of 75% crop water requirement and irrigation equal of 50% crop water requirement), inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi (Glumus intraradices) at two levels ( inoculation with and without mycorrhiza) and zinc sulphate at three levels (0, 25 and 45 kg/ha). The result showed that, drought stress reduced harvest index, yield and yield components significantly. Effects of mycorrhiza fungi on traits of number of grain per row, number of grain per ear, ear weight and grain yield was significant. Inoculation with mycorrhiza improved measured traits as compared to treatment of without mycorrhiza not only in condition of optimum irrigation but also drought stress. Using of mycorrhiza and zinc sulfate alone in condition irrigation control increased traits of measured. It was showded that with irrigation equal 75% water requirement, inoculation with mycorrhiza and 45 kg/hazinc sulfate obtain optimum yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
385 - Comparing effect of different nitrogen recourses on maize eco-morphologic characteristics under drought stress
M. Kavand H. Madani A. DadianIn order to study of effects chemical and biologic fertilizers and their interaction on physiological characteristics, yield and yield component corn forage under drought stress. An experiment was conducted in 2011 growing season at personal farm. An experiment was cond MoreIn order to study of effects chemical and biologic fertilizers and their interaction on physiological characteristics, yield and yield component corn forage under drought stress. An experiment was conducted in 2011 growing season at personal farm. An experiment was conducted split factorial based on randomized complete design with three replications. Sub factors experiment include nitrogen fertilizer was three levels zero , 125 , and 250 kg urea fertilizer in four stage from leaves six until after the stage pollination and three levels biologic fertilizers nitroxin include zero ,0 /5 and 1 lit per each 25 kg seed was the seed inoculation . Main factor include drought stress with tow stage irrigation 7 days (non-stress) and irrigation 10 days (drought stress) were in main plot. Traits measurement were according to ear height, ear diameter, ear length, row number in ear, kernel number in row, kernel number in ear and forage yield. Results showed employ urea and nitroxin on yield was better than none treated. Also complete irrigation than the drought stress was significant on yield. Highest and lowest yield forage obtained respectively in treatment integrated 125 kg urea fertilizer, 1 lit nitroxin in complete irrigation the mean 110/9 t/ha and in treatment none use of urea and nitroxin and drought stress the mean 59/1 t/ha. In general treatment integrated 125 kg urea fertilizer and 1 lit nitroxin in complete irrigation was better than other treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
386 - Evaluation of effects mycorrhiza inoculate in different levels of irrigation and nitrogen on morphological and physiological traits of corn
O. Alizade E. Majidi H. Nadian Gh. Noormohamadi M. R. AmerianIn order to investigation the effects of mycorrhiza inoculation in different levels of irrigation and nitrogen on morphological and physiological traits of corn variety ksc 704 an experiment was carried out on factorial based on RCBD whit 3 replications. Experimen MoreIn order to investigation the effects of mycorrhiza inoculation in different levels of irrigation and nitrogen on morphological and physiological traits of corn variety ksc 704 an experiment was carried out on factorial based on RCBD whit 3 replications. Experiments were done in research and education station of Islamic Azad University of Firouzabad branch in 2004. Results showed that simple effects of nitrogen, mycorrhiza, irrigation levels and interaction effect of mycorrhiza and irrigation levels and nitrogen on patterns such as plant height, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, leaf area and root length were significant. When mycorrhiza rose it caused increase of shoot and root dry matter and root/shoot ratio nitrogen fertilizer addition, increased shoot dry matter and root length of corn but also root dry matter was reduced by adding nitrogen. Root/shoot ratio and root length and percent of root colonization effected due to different levels of irrigation, in this case with increase of drought stress intensity, root length and percent of root colonization was decreased but ratio of root/shoot increased. Generally, the mycorrhiza growth response with drought stress intensity and root/shoot in mycorrhiza treatment toward check in drought stress were increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
387 - Effect of cycocel and micronutrients on antioxidants rates as indices of drought resistance of rapeseed
S. Hamrahi D. Habibi H. Madani M. Mashhadi Akbar BoojarEffect of micronutrients and cycocel in drought tolerance of rapeseed was determined by using split factorial design on RCBD with 12 treatments and 4 replications. Experiment was done in research farm of Arak Islamic Azad University during 2007-2008. The treatments cons MoreEffect of micronutrients and cycocel in drought tolerance of rapeseed was determined by using split factorial design on RCBD with 12 treatments and 4 replications. Experiment was done in research farm of Arak Islamic Azad University during 2007-2008. The treatments considened by irrigation as main factor in 2 levels (normal and drought), 3 levels of micronutrients (0, 1, 1.5 lit/ha) and 2 levels cycocel (0, 1.5lit/ha) as sub factors. 22 variables were determined which were included plant height, full and empty pod number per plant, pod weight per plant, pod number per stem and sub-branch, seed number per pod, stem diameter, seed weight per plant, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, total dry weight, harvest index, relative water content, ionic leakage, SOD, CAT, GPX, MDA , di-Tyro, 8-oh-dg. Result indicated high significant increase in antioxidant enzymes rate in drought condition which means the defensive mechanism of plant in drought condition. Micronutrients caused high significant difference in antioxidant enzymes rate between drought and normal condition so that caused drought tolerance in plant by decreasing the pressure of tension. In addition cycocel consuming resulted in high significant plant height decrease and stem diameter increase due to drought tolerance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
388 - Effect of drought stress and potassium sulfate on yield and yield components of sunflower
M. Yarnia P. Safaie M. B. Khorshidi-benam E. Farajzadeh In ordsr to study yield and some physiologic characteristics of sunflower (cv. Euroflor) in reaction to water and potassium applying, a RCBD base split plot experiment was conducted in 2009 at Islamic Azad University- Tabriz branch research farm. Wate More In ordsr to study yield and some physiologic characteristics of sunflower (cv. Euroflor) in reaction to water and potassium applying, a RCBD base split plot experiment was conducted in 2009 at Islamic Azad University- Tabriz branch research farm. Water deficite stress at four levels (50, 90, 130 and 170 mm evaporate from class A pan) arranged in main plots and five K2SO4 levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha) in sub plots. The results of variance analyzing of date showed that interaction of stress and K was highly significant on height of stem, leaf dry weight, number of grain in anthodium¸ weight of grain in anthodium, biomass, yield¸ harvest index and 100 kernel weight, effective filling period was significant. Result showed that the interaction effects of treatments had significant different in these traits. Rate of a traits under study increased when 200 kg/ha of potassium sulphate was used and field irrigated after 50 mm evaporation from pan. Application of potassium decrease drought stress damage. Irrigating after 50 to 90¸ 130 and 170 mm evaporation from pan decreased yield by 10.36¸ 24.43 and 59.46 percent. But yield reduction by application 200 kg/ha potassium sulfate fertilizer was only 32.48 percent. This indicates that by applying potassium fertilize yield reduction will be decreased under drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
389 - Effects of drought stress and Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteria strains on quantities and qualities characteristics in Soybean (Clark cv.)
Amin Farnia Hamid Madani In order to evaluate grain yield, protein and oil percent in Soybean (Clark cv.) under the condition of drought stress and also efficiency of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains, the research was performed an experiment during 2003-2004 within spli More In order to evaluate grain yield, protein and oil percent in Soybean (Clark cv.) under the condition of drought stress and also efficiency of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains, the research was performed an experiment during 2003-2004 within split plot design based on RCBD with three replications in the Agriculture Research Institute of Borujerd. The treatment of irrigation was selected as the main plot with three levels of drought stress, namely low stress (85% plant water requirement), medium stress (70% plant water requirement), high stress (55% plant water requirement) and also the plot as complete irrigation as control. The subplot was Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains made use of three stains including, Helinitro, Rizoking, Nitragin and also a level without use of bacteria strain (control). The amount of irrigation water calculated with the help of plant water requirement and the atmometer. In time of planting were inoculated seeds with bacteria strains. And then biological yield, grain yield, grain harvest index and grain hundred weight determined. The results indicated which grain yield was different under two conditions, stress and control irrigations ones. In the optimal irrigation of maximum of grain yield and biological yield produced by Nitragin bacteria strain. In the stress conditions, the efficiency of bacteria strains were different as under low and medium stresses, grain and biological yield obtained by Rizoking bacteria strain; so this strain had a adaptation with drought stress, but in high stress no different within all of the bacteria strains were observed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
390 - The Effect of Drought Stress on Grain Yield and Oil Rate and Protein Percentage of Four Varieties Castor in Climatic Conditions of Damghan
Gh. Laei -
Open Access Article
391 - Effect of micronutrient elements on germination and seedling characteristics in sugar beet under drought stress conditions
masomeh nasiri raouf ssharifiSeeds that grow in root and stem conditions under drought conditions can be found more quickly and quickly, and in poor environmental conditions, they guarantee higher yields. The experiment was a factorial experiment with completely randomized design with three replica MoreSeeds that grow in root and stem conditions under drought conditions can be found more quickly and quickly, and in poor environmental conditions, they guarantee higher yields. The experiment was a factorial experiment with completely randomized design with three replications. The investigated factors were 8 levels of fertilizer treatment 1. Control (no spraying) 2. Pure iron (2 per thousand) 3. Pure manganese (2 per thousand) 4. Pure boron (2 per thousand) 5. Boron and manganese (4 In thousand) 6. Iron and boron (4 per thousand) 7. Iron and manganese (4 per thousand) 8. Manganese and boron (6,000) and five osmotic potential levels (0, 2-, 4-, 6-, 8-). Polyethylene glycol 6000 was used to create various osmotic potentials. With the occurrence of osmotic stress, germination speed, germination uniformity, germination percentage and traits related to root and shoot dry weight, root length and shoot length decreased significantly. Germination percentage is related to root length. The roots become green before other plant organs come out of the seed. Consequently, they are subjected to environmental stress before other organs. Therefore, root length trait is a suitable criterion for choosing drought tolerance. The highest root length was obtained in manganese and the least in iron treatment with manganese. Figures with more germination percentage, seedlings longer and more dry matter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
392 - The effect of water stress on some traits of barley double haploid lines
Ali Khomari Mojgan Mahboubi Saeid AharizadIn order to compare barley double haploid lines from agricultural and morphologic characteristic aspects and recognition of probable lines, 45 double haploid lines of grain were experimented in the form of random complete blocks with 3 frequencies under two normal irrig MoreIn order to compare barley double haploid lines from agricultural and morphologic characteristic aspects and recognition of probable lines, 45 double haploid lines of grain were experimented in the form of random complete blocks with 3 frequencies under two normal irrigation and low water stress conditions at mahabad Agricultural researches station from 2011-2012. Results obtained from combined variance analysis of two experience case miles from all examined characteristics aspects, expect, for bush height. In regression analysis with step by step method. Grain performance under normal irrigation conditions from aspects such as number of grains in spike, straw performance, and each grain weight entered in final model that under normal irrigation and low water stress condition, has three performance such as straw, grain and the number of grain in spike as influence variable to grain performance entered to model. So the performance in two conditions showed that has the most positive and direct effect to grain performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
393 - evaluation genetic diversity to resistant genotypes of drought stress in durum wheat with using SSR molecular markers.
seyed saeed noorinia Shahab SadatTo evaluated of efficiency of selection by markers (MAS). 20 genotypes durum wheat was conducted as a split plot design in randomized complete block are planted and yield components calculated. Also in molecular level of 20 pair starter (SSR) to study genetic diversity MoreTo evaluated of efficiency of selection by markers (MAS). 20 genotypes durum wheat was conducted as a split plot design in randomized complete block are planted and yield components calculated. Also in molecular level of 20 pair starter (SSR) to study genetic diversity between varieties and determine genotypes tolerant to drought stress was used. After extraction of DNA and appointment that quantity and quality polymerase chain reaction took place in the touch down method. In total 58 allele of the 20 locus was detected. The largest allele detected belonged to the Xgwm610, and Xbarc108 with 4 allele and the lowest with 2 allele was reserved markers Xgwm413, Xgdm132, Xwmc48, Xbarc40, Xbarc121, Xgwm375. Average allele produced for each locus in this research is 2/9. Rating and length of the parts produced using the software UVDOC was specified. Similarity matrix, the cluster analysis in UPMMA method and draw dendrogram using NTSYS software took. Standard correlation coefficient of cophentic calculated and the number of 0/86 was obtained. Dendrogram represent 2 cluster of quite distinct. In one cluster the number of genotypes 1, 2, 15, 16, 20, 13, 3, 4, 19, 8, 12, 7, 9, 5, 14 and in another cluster the number of 6, 18, 10, 17, 11 are placed. Genotypes of 5 and 14 of higher stress tolerance index than other varieties. The result showed multiple allele trait a phenomenon quite usual and common in markers (SSR) continuity of trait or could be effect of the multiple genes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
394 - Study of the effects of number of irrigation intervals and different levels of compost on Morphophysiological characteristics and grain yield in two cultivars of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.).
payman ayoubi ESMAIL nabizade mehrdad bahmaniIn order to study the effects of number of irrigation intervals and different levels of compost on Morphophysiological characteristics and grain yield in two varieties of lentila trial was carried out in a field located in Badder Abad village, Saqez at 2015 season year. MoreIn order to study the effects of number of irrigation intervals and different levels of compost on Morphophysiological characteristics and grain yield in two varieties of lentila trial was carried out in a field located in Badder Abad village, Saqez at 2015 season year. Experimental design was split split split. The experimental treatments consisted of irrigation at three levels (control, one round and two rounds) in the main plot, compost in three levels (control, 15 and 30 tons per hectare) in sub plots and cultivars (Bile Savar and Kimia) in sub sub plots, which were evaluated in three repetitions. Results showed that irrigation interval effect on all traits was significant. The effect of compost and interactions of cultivar × irrigation on all traits except plant height was significant. Also, the effect of cultivar on all traits was significant except for aerial weight and shoot nitrogen percentage. Interaction of irrigation × compost level was significant on all traits except aerial dry weight and shoot nitrogen percentage. Finally, the effect of cultivar × compost on plant height, dry weight and shoot nitrogen percentage were significant. In this research, twice the level of irrigation in Bilesavar and Kimia cultivars increased grain yield compared to non-irrigation treatment, respectively, 64.84% and 61.22% respectively. Also, two irrigation intervals with 30 t/ha compost treatments had the highest plant height (43.87 cm), chlorophyll content (85.81), Root dry weight (5.24 g), nitrogen root percentage (1.95), number of root nodes (15.83) and grain yield (2.90 t/ha). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
395 - The effect of application of vermicompost and salicylic acid on activity of antioxidant enzymes and yield of milk thistle (Silybum Marianum L.) in different irrigation conditions
Morteza Shalalvand Alireza Pazoki Reza Monem Majid AbdoliIn order to investigate the effects of different irrigation methods on yield and some physiological characteristics and activity of antioxidant enzymes of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) under using of vermicompost and salicylic acid, a field experiment was conducted MoreIn order to investigate the effects of different irrigation methods on yield and some physiological characteristics and activity of antioxidant enzymes of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) under using of vermicompost and salicylic acid, a field experiment was conducted as split-factorial based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates on Shahr-e-Rey station during 2014-15 growing seasons. Irrigation methods as the main factor were conducted on four levels (including drip irrigation, basin irrigation, furrow irrigation, and alternate middle irrigation) and using of vermicompost on two levels (0 and 15 ton/ha) and application of salicylic acid on two levels (0 and 1 mM) were performed as minor factors. The results showed the highest activity of antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase were observed in alternate middle irrigation with the combined consumption of vermicompost and salicylic acid and the lowest them activity in drip irrigation. The amount of malondialdehyde was higher in alternate middle irrigation than drop irrigation and application of vermicompost and salicylic acid simultaneously was decreased amount of malondialdehyde. Also, the highest seed yield and chlorophyll content were observed in drip irrigation with the combined consumption of vermicompost and salicylic acid. The results of this study showed that consumption of vermicompost and salicylic acid has a role in eliminating the negative effects of stress, and can improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes and increase the yield of milk thistle plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
396 - Response of some new irrigated wheat line and cultivars to cut of terminal irrigation
Behrooz Ekhtiary Esmaeil NabizadehAccess to water is limited in many parts of the world and the drought process is more than any other environmental factor is limiting plant’s growth and crop production. In this study, quantitative and qualitative traits of Triticum aestivum (Triticum aestivum) un MoreAccess to water is limited in many parts of the world and the drought process is more than any other environmental factor is limiting plant’s growth and crop production. In this study, quantitative and qualitative traits of Triticum aestivum (Triticum aestivum) under irrigation at the end of the growing season, as a randomized complete block design with three replications, were conducted at a Research Field in Bukan County was studied. The main factor of moisture restriction (S) was two levels of S1: optimal moisture conditions and S2: Moisture constraint with irrigation cut off at the seed filling stage and in the event of rainfall, preventing precipitation by drainage during the filling stage. The second factor (C) is five types of wheat, including cultivars C92-5 and C91-4, Mihan, Heidari and pishgam. Tension treatments at the block and wheat cultivars in the block were placed. Drought stress reduced the traits (plant height, internode length, panicle length, number of seeds per spike, grain yield and biology, 1000 grain weight and harvest index). Among the cultivars used in this experiment, Heidari variety was superior to other cultivars in terms of traits, and in some cases, it had a significant superiority. For example, in the weight of a thousand seeds and number of seeds per spike, the cultivar Mihan and the number of spikes per square meter, the pioneer was superior to the rest of the cultivars. In conditions of drought stress, heydari, Mihan and pishgam cultivars were superior to the other two cultivars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
397 - Drought tolerance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties in seedling and adult stages
Ezzat Karami Omid KaramiDrought stress is one of the most important limiting factors in the expansion and regeneration of plants in the agricultural systems and natural environment, which the best way to deal with it is to introduce cultivars resistant to stress. For this purpose, by experimen MoreDrought stress is one of the most important limiting factors in the expansion and regeneration of plants in the agricultural systems and natural environment, which the best way to deal with it is to introduce cultivars resistant to stress. For this purpose, by experimenting in the 2015 -2016 cropping year, the response of 5 cultivars of chickpea including 3 Kabuli cultivars (Arman, Azad and ILC482) and 2 Desi cultivars (Pirooz and Kaka) to drought stress resistance under 5 levels of water potential (0, -3, -6, -9 and -12 times), using 6000 polyethylene glycol in the laboratory in a factorial design in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Cultivars were evaluated in field conditions in the form of a randomized complete block design with 4 replications at the research site of the Kurdistan Agricultural Research Center. The results showed that there are significant relationships between the characteristics measured in laboratory and field conditions. Among the studied cultivars, only Desi cultivars showed good germination potentials in (-9) and (-12) times. Therefore, in terms of drought stress tolerance at the germination stage, they had a significant advantage over Kabuli cultivars. In reducing the potential from zero to (-6) times, the greatest difference was seen in all traits. The highest number of days to flowering, day to maturity and the number of seeds per plant belonged to Kaka cultivar and the highest grain yield belonged to Arman cultivar. Cluster analysis revealed the similarity of Kabuli cultivars and their genetic distance from Desi cultivars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
398 - Investigation of grain yield and some agronomic traits in barley under normal and rain-fed condition
Khodadad Mostafavi Ezzat Karami Samane AziziIn order to study drought tolerance in barley, two separate experiments were conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications under normal humidity and rainfed conditions in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj branch MoreIn order to study drought tolerance in barley, two separate experiments were conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications under normal humidity and rainfed conditions in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj branch in the 2013-2014 crop year. Traits: Grain yield per unit area, day to spike, day to flowering, day to physiological maturity, number of fertile tillers, plant height, peduncle length, spike length, awn length, number of Grains per main spike, plant weight and spike weight were evaluated.The results of analysis of variance under normal and stress conditions indicated a significant difference between cultivars in terms of most of the studied traits.In normal conditions, harvest index and peduncle length and in stress conditions, harvest index and 1000-grain weight showed a positive and significant correlation with grain yield. Stepwise regression analysis showed that under normal moisture conditions, plant weight and peduncle length, and in dryland conditions, plant weight, spike length, day to flowering and day to spike are the most influential traits on grain yield in barley, respectively. Drought tolerance indices of MP, GMP, STI and HM were identified as efficient indices in detecting drought tolerant genotypes with high grain yield potential due to positive and significant correlations with Yp and Ys in barley. Kavir and Zarjoo cultivars with high values of MP, GMP, STI, HM, Yp and Ys indices were recognized as the most drought tolerant cultivars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
399 - Effects of Potassium Nitrate on Germination Characteristics and Early Growth of Sunflower under Salinity and Drought Stresses
Seyed Mohsen SeyediIn order to study the effect of priming sunflower seeds by potassium nitrate on germination seeds was conducted experiments in salinity and drought conditions. Location of experiments was Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan. Sa MoreIn order to study the effect of priming sunflower seeds by potassium nitrate on germination seeds was conducted experiments in salinity and drought conditions. Location of experiments was Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan. Salinity experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factor of seed priming and salinity and three replications. Priming levels included control and seed treatment by potassium nitrate and salinity levels included 0, -2, -4, -6, and -8 bar. Also, drought experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factor of seed priming and drought levels in three replications. Drought experiment treatment included control (non-priming) and priming by potassium nitrate and drought stress treatment were five levels (0, -2, -4, -6, and -8 bar). The results of two experiments showed that increasing in salinity and drought stress, decreased germination components including germination, germination rate and dry weight of seedlings. However, this reduction was lower for seeds that were treated by potassium nitrate. In terms of the studied traits, at all of the levels of salinity and drought treatment seeds were better than control seeds. In general, it can be concluded that the priming of sunflower seeds by potassium nitrate improved the germination components under salinity and drought stress and can increase sunflower plant resistant against these stresses in the germination stage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
400 - Effect of drought stress and selenium foliar application on morphological traits, yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamustinctorius .L)
Behnam Khademi Hossein Ali Shaibani Arash BorzouIn order to study the effect of selenium foliar application on morphological traits, yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamustinctorius .L) under drought stress an experiment in split plot based on complete block design with three replications in 2014 in Varam MoreIn order to study the effect of selenium foliar application on morphological traits, yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamustinctorius .L) under drought stress an experiment in split plot based on complete block design with three replications in 2014 in Varamin region. The first factor drought stress in four irrigation regimes were 50 (Control), 80, and 110 mm evaporation from evaporation pan (Class A) and the second factor consisted of four levels of selenium (Control, 100, 200 and 300 mg.lit) respectively. Results showed a significant effect of drought stress and selenium on on plant height, height offer branching of the soil, head diameter, grain yield, biological yield, 1000-grain weight, number of seeds per head, number of heads and number of branches, but the effect of treatments on stem diameteris not significant. Interactions between drought stress and selenium was significant and the best results in normal irrigation (control)and 300 mg treatment was obtained Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
401 - The effect of water stress and defoliation on some of quantitative and quanlitiveof )Teuciumpolium(in Iranshahr
najmeh Safari ahmad Mehraban khaled miriIn order to investigate the effect of different levels of water and defoliation on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of medicinal plant Teucriumpolium (Calpoureh). An experiment was Factorial shame in completely design conducted at the center for Agricul MoreIn order to investigate the effect of different levels of water and defoliation on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of medicinal plant Teucriumpolium (Calpoureh). An experiment was Factorial shame in completely design conducted at the center for Agricultural Research in Iranshahr city came in to force in autumn 2014. Treatment were combination of water stress on four levels (A1= -0.3, A2= -5, A3= -10, A4= -15 bar) and defoliation stress on three levels (B1= 0 , B2 =25 , B3 =50 perecent defoliation). The levels of water shortage as main treatment and defoliation levels were considered as sub-plots. For imposing drought levels, First, by using pressure plats method , and soil moisture content were determined various potential water and then weighed average soil and added water loss. Traits in this project were: SPAD ridings, Stomatal resistance, Canopy temperature, Leaf to steam ratio, Specific leaf weight, Percentage of dry leaves and root / shoot ratio were measured. The results showed that water stress canopy temperature and percentage of dry leaf in Teucriumpolium significantly. Defoliation stress also reduced SPAD readings in Teucriumpolium. Significant negative correlation was between leaf / stem ratio and different levels of water stress in the plant. Also, root / shoot ratio showed appositive correlation with different levels of water stress. With the increase of water stress and defoliation stress, quality characteristics (oil) Teucriumpolium was decreased. In generality can be said, Teucriumpolium the plants are sensitive to two stresses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
402 - Effects of humic acid sprying on yield and nutrients transition to wheat grain in drought stress condition
Rahim Mahmoodi Zoeek Mohammad Nasri meysam oveysiAn experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of humic acid spraying on grain yield and yield components of wheat, in agricultural research and natural resources center of Tehran province, in 2010-11. a split-plot layout within randomized complete b MoreAn experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of humic acid spraying on grain yield and yield components of wheat, in agricultural research and natural resources center of Tehran province, in 2010-11. a split-plot layout within randomized complete block design with three replications were used. main plots were three irrigation treatments contains of normal irrigation, non-irrigation at start of flowering stage (light stress) and non-irrigation at start of grain filling stage (severe stress), and sub plots were four levels of Humic acid spraying (spraying with pure water, Humic acid spraying with 200, 400 and 600 mg.l concentration). The result showed that, all of yield components except plant height and peduncle length affected significantly by drought stress on reproductive growth stage. The grain yield was significantly affected by Both light and severe stress treatments. The grain yield was decreased by 15.4% and 30.9% for light and sever stress respectively. humic acid spraying increased growth rate and leaf production and also accelerated maximum LAI achievement. The grain yield increased with Humic acid spraying for all three concentrations but, this was only significant in 600 mg.l.Protein and phosphorous percentage increased significantly with Humic acid spraying.. Polynomial equation for LAI changes manner, showed that the maximum LAI was achieved in higher amount and erlier time for normal irrigation and higher concentration of humic acid. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
403 - Effect of drought conditions and mycorrhiza on yield components and enzime activity of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius .L)
Amir Momeni Hossein Ali Sheybani Mohammad Reza MomayeziIn order to study the Effect of mycorrhiza on yield and yield components of Safflower under drought stress an experiment in split plot based on complete block design with three replications in 1392 in Varamin region was done. treatments were first factor drought in four MoreIn order to study the Effect of mycorrhiza on yield and yield components of Safflower under drought stress an experiment in split plot based on complete block design with three replications in 1392 in Varamin region was done. treatments were first factor drought in four irrigation regimes including 50 (Control), 90, and 130 mm evaporation from evaporation pan (Class A) and the second factor consisted of four levels of mycorrhiza (Control, 100, 200 and 300 mg) respectively. Results showed a significant effect of mycorrhiza on oil percentage and catalase, glutathione enzymes. Effect of drought stress on catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase enzymes and proline and protein and oil percentage was significant. Interactions between drought stress and mycorrhiza was significant and The Best Results in normal irrigation (control) and 200 mg treatment was observed. The highest oil content in the seed inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi 200 mg (B3) and control (B1), respectively, with an average of 28.11 and 23.44 per cent respectively. The highest and lowest catalase activity in the treatment of 130 mm evaporation Class A3 (severe stress) and 50 mm evaporation Class A1 (conventional irrigation), respectively, 16.6 and 9.7 mg protein per minute Was obtained. Most of the glutathione peroxidase activity in the treatment of severe drought stress (4.8 mg protein per minute) and the lowest in the treatment of stress (9.4 mg protein per min). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
404 - Effects of foliar application of methanol on agronomic and morphophysiological traits of sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) under drought stress
Neda Haghinezhad meysam oveysi Mohammad NasriTo study the effects of spray Methanol on farming and morphological characteristics under water deficit stress on oil sun flower was conducted on RCBD with three replications at research station of Islamic Azad University Varamin branch, in 2012. Experimental factors we MoreTo study the effects of spray Methanol on farming and morphological characteristics under water deficit stress on oil sun flower was conducted on RCBD with three replications at research station of Islamic Azad University Varamin branch, in 2012. Experimental factors were water deficit stress as main plots (normal irrigation, drought stress in flowering phase and drought stress in filling of grain phase) and methanol ( lack of methanol, 10% methanol, 20% methanol and 30% methanol) as sub plots. Times of spray methanol were when plant had 8 leafs, 15 days after and 15 days after. Results showed that drought stress decreased1000 kernel weight, Head diameter, grain yield, biological yield but it increased EC. Also spray methanol increased grain yield, biological yield, 1000 kernel weight, Head diameter but it decreased EC. Analysis of variance showed that interaction drought stress and spray methanol significantly affected on investigated traits.Maximum grain yield was obtained from normal irrigation and spray methanol that was 3205/667 and minimum grain yield was obtained from drought stress in filling of grain phase and lack of methanol that was 1648/371.In general, sun flower is sensitive in filling of grain phase and methanol decrease drought stress effects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
405 - Evaluation of sugar beet cultivars in agro ecological Miandoab region using multivariate statistical techniques in drought stress
Shahab Haidari Mehdi Panahi Kayvan FotuohiIn order to assessment of sugar beet varieties by using multivariate statistical methods in agro ecological conditions mentioned in normal and drought conditions a field study was conducted in Agriculture research center in Miandoab during year of 2014.Result of combine MoreIn order to assessment of sugar beet varieties by using multivariate statistical methods in agro ecological conditions mentioned in normal and drought conditions a field study was conducted in Agriculture research center in Miandoab during year of 2014.Result of combine analysis showed environment had significant effect Root yield, sugar content, the amount of sodium root, white sugar content, sugar yield, alkaline extraction of sugar and molasses. Difference between genotypes for all traits, except for the amount of potassium was significant. The interaction between environment and genotype had significant on all pages except white sugar yield. In represent study in normal and drought conditions white sugar yield had positive and significant correlation root yield, root potassium concentration, sugar yield and extraction of sugar. Based on cluster analysis genotypes were classified in 4 clusters under normal conditions that genotypes in cluster 2 had highest amount of root yield, sugar yield, the percentage of sugar white and white sugar yield than the average of the whole clusters and lower amount of sodium, potassium, amino nitrogen and molasses than average of the whole clusters. in drought stress genotypes were classified in 4 clusters that group of 3 had highest value of root yield, sugar percentage, amino nitrogen, the percentage of white sugar, sugar yield, extraction of sugar and white sugar yield than the average and had lower amount of sodium, sugar molasses and alkaline than average. The results of factor analysis showed in normal and drought conditions 2-factor were identified that explained 97.77 and 94.85 per cent of the total variance in the two conditions respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
406 - Effect of molybdenum (Mo) spraying on morphophysiological characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under drought stress condition
Amir Hossain Ghaffarian Reza Zarghami Behnam ZandAn experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of Mo spraying on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of wheat grain yield under water stress condition, in varamin agricultural research center in 2010-11. a split plot layout within randomized compl MoreAn experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of Mo spraying on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of wheat grain yield under water stress condition, in varamin agricultural research center in 2010-11. a split plot layout within randomized complete block design with three replications were used. main plots were three irrigation treatments (normal irrigation, non-irrigation at start of grain filling stage and non-irrigation at start of flowering stage) and sub plots were Mo spraying with three levels including spraying with pure water, Mo spraying with 0.5% concentration and Mo spraying with 1% concentration. The result showed that, grain yield and many of yield components affected by drought stress, significantly, on reproductive growth stage. Grain yield had significantly decreased by light and severe stress by 14.6% and 26.7% respectively. The most effect of stress at filling stage treatment were on thousand kernel weight leaf area duration and day to maturity, where as, number grain per spike and number of fertile ear affected with stress at flowering stage treatment. Severe stress treatment had a signifinant effect on maximum amount of LAI and CGR. Leaf area duration decreased for both two stress treatments and leaf defoliation started so earlier than normal treatment. Mo spraying has significant effects on grain yield and many yield components and also caused a significant decrease of water stress damages. 1% concentration of Mo spraying caused significant increase in total kernel weight, pedancle length, number of fertile spike and number of kernel per spike by 6.7%, 13.9%, 5.7%, 6.5% and 17.4% respectively. Day to maturity increased for 4 days in this treatment. Mo sprying with 1% concentration increased the grain yield from 5699 kg/hac to 6065 kg/hac significantly. There was no significant difference between to spraying concentrations (0.5% and 1%) for number of kernel per spike, total kernel weight, pedancle length, grain yield, biological yoeld, harvest index, protein yield and protein percentage. Also, the effect of Mo spraying was not significant for biological yield and harvest index. The manner of LAI and CGR changes during wheat growth period had significantly affected by Mo spraying. Protein percentage of wheat grain increased in both two irrigation and Mo soraying treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
407 - Evaluation of effect of drought stress on seed yield and water productivity in local and hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties
Fatemeh kohansal vajargah Farzad paknejad Abdul Reza AghajaniIn order to Evaluate effect of drought stress on Seed yield and water productivity in local and hybridrice(Oryza sativa L.) varieties factorialexperiment on the base of completely randomized designin 1389in pot conditions.15 varieties of rice include local and breeding MoreIn order to Evaluate effect of drought stress on Seed yield and water productivity in local and hybridrice(Oryza sativa L.) varieties factorialexperiment on the base of completely randomized designin 1389in pot conditions.15 varieties of rice include local and breeding varieties in 3 irrigation conditions submerge, stress in vegetative stage and stress in reproductive stage were studied in four replication.Results of analysis of variance showed that interaction effects between irrigation and varieties for total characteristics 1% levels of probability. Results of mean comparison showed that highest seed yield was belonged to Sepidrood (65.18 gr.pot) and Hybrid (64.63 gr.pot) cultivars in submerge condition, Mohammadi (35.85 gr.pot) andDorfak (32.52 gr.pot) cultivars in vegetative stress condition, Mohammadi (37.51 gr.pot) and Sahel (32.48 gr.pot) cultivars in reproductive stress condition.seed water productivity and total water productivity in stress in vegetative stage and stress in reproductive stage, Mohammadi cultivar was resistance cultivar todrought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
408 - Effects of Manure Fertilazer and super absorbent on morphological٫ quantitative and qualitativeCharacteristics of Soybean Under Water Deficit Stress Conditions.
Amir Hossain Mazaheri Hamid Reza Tohidi Moghadam Masoud Mashhadi Akbar BojarIn order to investigate the effect of manuring fertilizer and super absorbent under water deficit conditions on the morphological٫ quantitative and qualitative characteristics of soybean under water deficit stress condition an experiment were conducted with MoreIn order to investigate the effect of manuring fertilizer and super absorbent under water deficit conditions on the morphological٫ quantitative and qualitative characteristics of soybean under water deficit stress condition an experiment were conducted with three replications in form of split factorial based on complete block design at field of Islamic Azad university, Varamin branch.Treatment were include water deficit stress (normal irrigation, limited irrigation after poding), manure fertilize (control, 15 tha-1and 30 tha-1) and super absorbent (control, use of super absorbent 15 kgha-1). irrigation treatment Was considered as main plot and manure fertilizer and super absorbent were placed factorialy at sub plot, The results showed that the simple effect of irrigation had significant effects on the branch number, first pod distance٫ pod number in branch, pod number in stem, pod number in plant, protein percent, protein yield,oil yield٫ biologic yield and Seed yield. The simple effect of manure Was significant on branch number, first pod distance, seed number in pod, pod number in stem, pod number in plant, oil percent, oil yield, protein percent, protein yield, seed number in plant, biologic yield and Seed yield. The simple effect of super absorbent Was also significant on first pod distance, pod number in branch, pod number in stem, pod number in plant, protein percent, protein yield, seed number in plant, biologic yield , Seed yield and harvest index. The triple interaction had a significant effect on pod number in stem, pod number in branch, pod number in plant, oil yield, protein percent, protein yield, seed number in plant , biologic yield and Seed yield. Water deficit decreased all plant characteristics compared to the normal irrigation, but application of super absorbent and manure fertilizer in water stress condition increased all morphological, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of soybean. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
409 - Assessing the impact of fluorescent Pseudomonas on properties of canola seedlings under drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol
Somayeh Karami Chameh Massoumeh Namrvari Amin Fathi Sadegh Bahamin Fakher Kardoni Nowadays, drought stress and environmental pollutions due to irregular consume of chemical fertilizers, are the most important problems in agricultural productions. This study aimed to examine the bacteria Pseudomonas on vegetative characteristics of canola seedli More Nowadays, drought stress and environmental pollutions due to irregular consume of chemical fertilizers, are the most important problems in agricultural productions. This study aimed to examine the bacteria Pseudomonas on vegetative characteristics of canola seedlings under drought stress in the Seed Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture University Ramin was conducted in 2011. A factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three replications and 12 treatments were performed. The first factor Pseodomonas fluorescence strains of bacteria at three levels: control (no inoculation with the seed), 108p and 169 p and the second factor, 4 levels of drought stress were including zero (distilled water), -0.3, -0.6 and -0.9 MPa. The results showed that the effects of drought stress was significant on all traits measured. Pseudomonas aeruginosa on length of shoot and root and shoot dry weight and had a significant effect. At the highest levels of stress (-0.9MPa), shoot dry weight was hot 0.9 amount compared to the treatment of stress was 62 percent. The inoculation of seeds with Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria p 169, shoot fresh weight to the value of 68g was found that compared to non-inoculated treatment was 15 percent.Generally, the use of fluorescent Pseudomonas strains of bacteria could reduce the effects of drought on the properties of canola seedlings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
410 - Effect of B spraying on yield and physiological traits of wheat underwaterdeficit stress (Triticum aestivum L.)
Mohammad Reza Moeinian Kaveh Zarghari Javad HasanpoorAn experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of B spraying and drought stress on water relations of wheat, in varamin agricultural research center in 2009-10. A split-plot layout within randomized complete block design with three replications were used. MoreAn experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of B spraying and drought stress on water relations of wheat, in varamin agricultural research center in 2009-10. A split-plot layout within randomized complete block design with three replications were used. Main plots were three irrigation treatments (normal irrigation , non-irrigation at 50% stem elongation stage and non-irrigation at 50% flowering stage ) and sub plots were three levels of B spraying ( spraying with pure water, B spraying with 0.5% concentration and B spraying with 1% concentration ). The result showed that, the highest amount of grain yield was belonged to normal irrigation + B spraying with 1% concentration treatment (5632.5 kg/hac). This treatment had 53.9% yield increasing comparing with non-irrigation + spraying with pure water treatment (2591.4 kg/hac). Prolin percentage affected significantly with irrigation and B spraying treatments,. The highest and the lowest amount of Prolin was belong to non-irrigation at 50% flowering stage+ B spraying with 1% concentration treatment (1/01 Mg/g.fw) and normal irrigation + spraying with pure water (0/803 Mg/g.fw), respectively. Irrigation effects on cell membrane stability and chlorophyll content of leaves was affected but the effect was not affected B spraying, RWC affected significantly with irrigation and B spraying treatments, normal irrigation + B spraying with 1% concentration treatment had the highest amount of RWC (94%) and the lowest amount of RWC was belong to non-irrigation at 50% stem elongation stage + spraying with pure water treatment (56%) Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
411 - Evaluation of the effect of drought stress on some characteristics of germination and seed germination of four commercial soybean cultivars produced under low irrigation conditions with a standard germination test.
Z.S Hoseini tehrani آیدین Hamidi جهانفر DaneshiyanIn order to evaluate the effect of drought stress on some characteristics of germination and seed set of commercial soybean cultivars under water stress in the research farm of Karaj Seedling and Seed Breeding Research Institute, an experiment was conducted in 1400 usin MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of drought stress on some characteristics of germination and seed set of commercial soybean cultivars under water stress in the research farm of Karaj Seedling and Seed Breeding Research Institute, an experiment was conducted in 1400 using a standard germination test in the laboratory. The seed analysis of Karaj Seed and Seedling Registration and Certification Research Institute was carried out factorially in the form of randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The treatments include applying 4 levels of dry stress of polyethylene glycol 6000 with potentials of 0 (no stress), 3-, 6-, and 9-MPa, on the seeds of 4 commercial soybean cultivars, Williams, Hamilton x Essex, TMS, and Bunty, produced at 3 levels. The low irrigation stress of the mother plant, irrigation after the values of 50 (optimal irrigation and control), 100 (mild stress) and 150 (severe stress) mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan were class A). The examined characteristics include: percentage of final germination, percentage of normal seedlings, percentage of abnormal seedlings, percentage of hard seeds, percentage of rotten seeds, average daily germination, average germination time, seedling length and index The length and weight of the seedlings were. The results showed that the mutual effect of drought stress, low irrigation stress and variety had a significant effect on all the examined characteristics. In the treatment of 9-MPa drought stress and without water deficit stress, the Williams variety compared to the treatment without drought stress and without water deficit stress, the average germination time was 0.90 days, the percentage of rotten seeds, hard seeds and abnormal seedlings were 0.18%, 750 respectively. 5.5% and 0.60% increase and average daily germination of 1.28 days, final germination and normal seedling decreased by 1.28% and 4.92%, respectively. In general, among the studied cultivars, Williams variety showed the best and Bunty variety showed the weakest response to low irrigation and drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
412 - Effect of psychocell growth regulator on yield and yield components of wheat under drought stress conditions
علی Noshirvani Sh Mehri حسین Soleymanzade سعید AkbarimehrIn order to investigate the effect of Sykocel foliar application on the yield and yield components of wheat variety (Kohdasht) under drought stress conditions, An experiment was carried out at the station of the agricultural research, education and extension center of A MoreIn order to investigate the effect of Sykocel foliar application on the yield and yield components of wheat variety (Kohdasht) under drought stress conditions, An experiment was carried out at the station of the agricultural research, education and extension center of Ardabil province (Maghan) during the crop year of 2019-2019. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor includes psychocel with concentrations of zero (S1), 400 (S2), 800 (S3) and 1200 (S1) mg/liter and drought stress in 3 levels of full irrigation or control (D1), interruption of irrigation in Spikeing (D2) and stopping irrigation were in the seed filling stage (D3). The results showed that with the increase in the concentration of Psychocell, the height of the plant, the number of spikes per plant, the number of seeds per spike, the biological yield, the weight of one thousand seeds and the weight of the stem increased. In the condition of drought stress, the highest number of seeds per spike, spike per plant, 1000 seed weight and stem weight were obtained in the spike stage. In the stress of water shortage in the seed filling stage, the highest plant and stem height was obtained. The lowest number of seeds per spike, spike per plant, plant height, thousand seed weight, leaf weight and stem weight were observed in foliar spraying with a concentration of 0 mg/liter with the control treatment. Psychocel caused a significant increase in all traits compared to the control, which indicates an increase in plant resistance with the use of Psychocel, finally it seems that with foliar spraying with a concentration of 800 mg/liter and drought stress A higher yield can be achieved in the seed filling stage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
413 - Effect of drought stress, nitrogen resources and plant density on some agro-physiological traits of Sunflower (Haysan variety) in the north of Golestan province
serajodin moezi mohamadreza dadasi hosein ajamnorozi The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of drought stress, nitrogenresources and plant density on some agro-physiological traits of Sunflower (Haysanvariety) in the north of Golestan province. This experiment was done as split plot factorialbas More The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of drought stress, nitrogenresources and plant density on some agro-physiological traits of Sunflower (Haysanvariety) in the north of Golestan province. This experiment was done as split plot factorialbased on completely randomized design with 3 replication for two consecutive years and27 treatments in 2017 and 2017. Irrigation factor in 3 levels: S1: rainfed, S2: one plantingirrigation stage, S3: three irrigation (planting, flowering and seed filling) as main factorand nitrogen fertilizer resources in 3 levels: N1: 100% urea, N2: 50% urea and 50%nitroxin, N3: 100% nitroxin and plant density in 3 levels: D1: 50000 plants per hectare,D2: 75000 plants per hectare, D3: 100000 plants per hectare were considered as subfactor. The results showed that the highest mean of CGR was obtained in the S3N2 andN3D3 treatments with an average of 26.041 and 22.0300 g/m2, respectively. The highestplant height with values of 155.75 cm and 1252.89 cm was related to S3N2 and S3D3treatments, respectively. The highest number of seeds per inflorescence belonged to S3N2(285.68) the maximum 1000 seed weight with 29.27 g and 26.69 g were gained in S3D3and N1D1 treatments. According to findings, the highest economic yield (192.88 kg/ha )was conducted in irrigation at 3 stages, 50% urea fertilizer consumption + 50% nitroxinand 100,000 plant density per hectare. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
414 - The effect of foliar application of cycocel and iron and zinc micronutrient elements on yield and physiological traits of wheat under different irrigation regimes.
سعید Sayfzadeh ناصر Shahsavari سعید AkbarimehrCycocel as a growth regulator and micronutrient elements can moderate the effects of drought stress. This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of cycocel and iron and zinc micronutrient elements on the yield and physiological trai MoreCycocel as a growth regulator and micronutrient elements can moderate the effects of drought stress. This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of cycocel and iron and zinc micronutrient elements on the yield and physiological traits of wheat pishgam cultivar under drought stress conditions in a private farm in Rabat Karim, Tehran, during the cropping years of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018. The experiment was carried out in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. In this experiment, irrigation at two levels (I1: full irrigation (custom of the region) and I2: interruption of irrigation at the beginning of the spike emergence stage or 51 Zadoks) As the main factor, cycocel at two levels (C1: no use (spraying solution with pure water) and C2: consumption of cycocel at the rate of 0.5 liters per hectare) and foliar application of micronutrient elements in two stages of stem formation and spike emergence at four levels (F1: no use (pure water spray solution), F2: iron foliar application, F3: zinc foliar application, and F4: iron foliar application + zinc (each at a ratio of 3 per thousand) As sub-factors, they were factorial placed in sub-plots. The results of composite data analysis showed that the main effect of irrigation, cycocel foliar application and the interaction effect of irrigation × cycocel at the level of five percent and foliar application of micronutrient elements at the level of one percent was significant on grain yield. The results of comparing the averages of the effect of irrigation and cycocel on grain yield showed that the highest grain yield belonged to the cycocel application treatment under normal irrigation conditions with an average of 7077 kg/ha. The use of cycocel in normal irrigation conditions and also in stress conditions in the spike stage or 51 Zadoks increased grain yield. This increase was more evident under normal irrigation conditions. The results of comparing the averages of the effect of foliar application of micronutrients on grain yield showed that iron + zinc foliar application had the highest grain yield with an average of 5543 kg/ha, and the lowest grain yield belonged to the control treatment with an average of 4638 kg/ha. According to the obtained results, although the drought is causing damage to wheat, but cycocel, iron and Zinc foliar application partially compensated the damage caused by drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
415 - Effect of agronomic traits and drought resistance indices on determination of susceptible and tolerant sunflower lines
babak maghsodi damavandi shahram lak mahdi ghafari mojtaba alavi fazel tayeb saki nezhad In order to determine the susceptible and tolerant lines of sunflower to drought stress, acompletely randomized block design with three replications was conducted at Karaj seed OilResearch Institute. In this study, 12 different sunflower lines have been identified More In order to determine the susceptible and tolerant lines of sunflower to drought stress, acompletely randomized block design with three replications was conducted at Karaj seed OilResearch Institute. In this study, 12 different sunflower lines have been identified for thecharacteristics related to drought tolerance and were selected two susceptible and tolerantlines. Initially, sunflower lines were cultivated in two separate experiments under normalirrigation and drought stress conditions. Drought stress was carried out through stop irrigationin step 2 to 8 leaves formation. The studied traits included agronomic characteristics anddrought stress indices of sunflower, such as Plant height, Stem diameter, Head diameter, Seedyield, Leaf Area Index, Relative Water Content, SSI and STI. The studied traits weresignificantly different in water stress, except stem diameter. After analyzing the tested factorsand analyzing the data, the results were obtained by analyzing the percentage of variation ofstudied traits, calculating stress indices (drought tolerance indices, drought sensitivity) anddendrogram drawing from Cluster analysis of cultivars was identified. According to theresults, in terms of water deficit stress, RGK26 and RGK41 produced the highest and thelowest seed yield per plant. Comparison of traits can identify BGK221 as susceptible line andRGK46 as tolerant line among 12 studied lines. Also, correlation between traits showed thatdrought tolerance index (STI) was positively correlated with almost all traits. In addition,grain yield was positively correlated with all traits except plant height. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
416 - The effect of irrigation management and straw mulch on correlation analysis of traits with yield of peanut cultivars
ali abdzadgohari alireza pazoki omid sadeghipor Due to analyze the correlation and regression of agronomic traits (grain dimensions)with grain yield of two peanut cultivars under irrigation management conditions (waterrequirement) and plant mulch an experiment was done as factorial split plots based oncompletel More Due to analyze the correlation and regression of agronomic traits (grain dimensions)with grain yield of two peanut cultivars under irrigation management conditions (waterrequirement) and plant mulch an experiment was done as factorial split plots based oncompletely randomized blocks design with 3 replications during 2019 in AstanehAshrafieh. The irrigation management in 3 three levels (no irrigation (rainfed), 50 and100% of plant water requirement) as main factor and mulch application in 3 levels (0, 2and 4 cm) and peanut cultivars in two levels (Guil and Gorgani) were considered as subfactor. The results showed that the interaction between irrigation and mulch had thehighest seed yield in 100% of water requirement and 4cm of mulch application (2775 kgha-1). The plant height at 100% of water requirement was 73.8cm which showed 13.7%and 7.7% increase than irrigation conditions and 50% of water requirement respectively.The highest plant height was obtained in 4 cm mulch treatment (75.5cm). In irrigationmanagement, the highest seed length was obtained in 100% water requirement (2.4cm)and 4 cm mulch (2.4cm). The highest seed width was observed in 100% water requirement(1.2 cm), 4 cm mulch application (1.2 cm) and Guil cultivar (1.2cm). Seed yield waspositively and significantly correlated (0.788**) with seed length. It can be concluded thatwith higher seed length, greater seed yield will be observed. Overall, water stressdecreased yield and mulch application reduced the negative effects of water stress on bothGuil and Gorgani cultivars. Guil cultivar showed higher resistance to waterdeficit stresscompared to Gorgani cultivar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
417 - effect of irrigation interval and selenium application on agronomical traits of grain maize
Mohammad Shirmohammadi Saeed sayfzadeh Seyed Alireza ValadabadiThe present study was done at spring and summer of 2014 in Hesar Khorvan, Qazvin. This research as split plot as base of RCBD in 3 replications was conducted. The experimental factors included 4 levels of drought stress (I1: normal irrigation, I2: cut off irrigation at MoreThe present study was done at spring and summer of 2014 in Hesar Khorvan, Qazvin. This research as split plot as base of RCBD in 3 replications was conducted. The experimental factors included 4 levels of drought stress (I1: normal irrigation, I2: cut off irrigation at vegetative stage, I3: cut off irrigation at flowering stage, I4: cut off irrigation at vegetative and flowering stages) as main plot and selenium foliar application in 3 levels (S1: non application, S2: 15 g/L selenium foliar application and S3: 30 g/L selenium foliar application) as sub plot were considered. Results showed that effect of irrigation and selenium was significant on grain yield at 1% probability. Interaction of irrigation and selenium also was significant on grain yield at 5% probability. The mean comparison results indicated that the most grain yield was gain from normal irrigation (control) with mean of 7506 kg/ha and the least grain yield was belonged to cut off irrigation in both vegetative and flowering stages with mean of 4036 kg/ha. Results of mean comparison of selenium effect on grain yield demonstrated that the highest grain yield related to 30 g/L selenium with mean of 6185 kg/ha and the lowest value was observed in no application of selenium with mean of 5296 kg/ha. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
418 - Study the Effects of Application of Vermicompost and Mycorrhiza Inoculation on Growth and Yield Parameters of Wheat under Drought Stress Conditions
Mohammad Heydari Mirzaei allah Bakhsh SafariPresent study was conducted for evaluation of the effect of vermicompost (VC) and mycorrhiza on growth and yield and biochemical traits of wheat under drought stress conditions in greenhouse. Factors include three levels of irrigation, three VC level (0, 3 and 6 percent MorePresent study was conducted for evaluation of the effect of vermicompost (VC) and mycorrhiza on growth and yield and biochemical traits of wheat under drought stress conditions in greenhouse. Factors include three levels of irrigation, three VC level (0, 3 and 6 percent) and application and non-application of mycorrhiza. Results of present study showed positive and significant impact of vermicompost and mycorrhiza inoculation on wheat growth traits under drought stress conditions. Also, According to results Highest grain yield by 4.22 ton/ha achieved in control level of drought stress and application 6 percent VC and mycorrhiza and lowest amount obtained in non-application of mycorrhiza and VC by 2.89 ton/ha. Results showed that application of vermicompost and mycorrhiza inoculation caused to increasing proline content in plant and consequently increase in plant resistance to drought conditions which was evident in wheat plant yield and yield components. Organic fertilizers due to long term impacts on soil properties, providing micro- and macro nutrients and maintenance of soil biological properties could be economic and compensate production cost of bio-fertilizers and so make possible continuous and optimal use of agricultural land possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
419 - Effect of Foliar Applications of Various Levels of Salicylic Acid on Yield and Yield Components of Two Barley Cultivars under Dry Land Farming Conditions
Negar Farhadi Manouchehr Sayyahfar Ghodratollah ShakaramiIn order to study the effect of barley variety and various amounts of salicylic acid concentrations on yield and yield components of barley under dry land farming conditions, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized block design with three MoreIn order to study the effect of barley variety and various amounts of salicylic acid concentrations on yield and yield components of barley under dry land farming conditions, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized block design with three replication during 2014-2015 cropping year in research field of agricultural investigation center of Khorram Abad located in 5 Km away from the city. Studied factors include variety (Izeh and Mahur) and foliar application of salicylic acid (t six levels including 0, 0.5, 1, 1/5, 2 and 2.5 mM salicylic acid). Results showed that highest spike length, spikelet’s number per spike, spikes number per meter square, 1000-grain weight, biological yield and grain yield observed in Izeh cultivar. Also, highest grain number per spike, biological yield and grain yield obtained in 1.5 mM salicylic acid foliar application. Totally, results showed that Izeh cultivar by more rapid germination and more photosynthesis produced more grain yield and foliar application of SA increased plant resistance to water deficit conditions and increased grain yield of barley. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
420 - Effect of drought stress and humic acid on yield and yield component traits of Coriandrum sativum L. plant in the Khoram abad condition
Seyed Hamid Tahery Mosavi Kazem TaleshiIn order to study the effect of drought stress and humic acid on yield and yield component traits of Coriandrum sativum L. plant in the Khoram abad condition an experiment was conducted split-plot design in a completely randomized block design three replications, in Kko MoreIn order to study the effect of drought stress and humic acid on yield and yield component traits of Coriandrum sativum L. plant in the Khoram abad condition an experiment was conducted split-plot design in a completely randomized block design three replications, in Kkoram abad, Lorestan province in 2016. The experimental treatments including of different levels of drought stress at main factor such as: S1= regular irrigation (control), S2= Non irrigation at stem growth S3= Non irrigation at bloom growth stage S4= Non irrigation at stem and bloom growth stage, were assigned main plot and spraying different concentrations of humic acid; h1= non humic acid (control), 50, 100 and 150 (mil mg/L) as a sub plot. In this research, the characters of number of main and sub branches, number of seed per plant, number of umbel per plant, number of seed per umbel, 1000 seed weight, seed yield and biological yield were estimated. The results showed that drought stress and humic acid could have a very significant impact on yield and yield component. Drought stress decries yield and yield component but humic acid had positive effect on decries yield and yield component. The highest seed yield (1182.56 kg/ha) obtain at non drought stress and 150 (mg/L) humic acid treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
421 - Study the Effects of Application of Vermicompost and Mycorrhiza Inoculation on Growth and Yield Parameters of Wheat under Drought Stress Conditions
Allah Bakhsh Safari Mohammad Mirzaei HeydariPresent study was conducted for evaluation of the effect of vermicompost (VC) and mycorrhiza on growth and yield and biochemical traits of wheat under drought stress conditions in greenhouse. Factors include three levels of irrigation, three VC levels (0, 3 and 6 percen MorePresent study was conducted for evaluation of the effect of vermicompost (VC) and mycorrhiza on growth and yield and biochemical traits of wheat under drought stress conditions in greenhouse. Factors include three levels of irrigation, three VC levels (0, 3 and 6 percent) and application and non-application of mycorrhiza. Results of present study showed positive and significant impact of vermicompost and mycorrhiza inoculation on wheat growth traits under drought stress conditions. Also, According to results Highest grain yield by 4.22 ton/ha achieved in control level of drought stress and application 6 percent VC and mycorrhiza and lowest amount obtained in non-application of mycorrhiza and VC by 2.89 ton/ha. Results showed that application of vermicompost and mycorrhiza inoculation caused to increasing proline content in plant and consequently increase in plant resistance to drought conditions which was evident in wheat plant yield and yield components. Organic fertilizers due to long term impacts on soil properties, providing micro- and macro nutrients and maintenance of soil biological properties could be economic and compensate production cost of bio-fertilizers and so make possible continuous and optimal use of agricultural land possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
422 - Effect of Foliar Applications of Various Levels of Salicylic Acid on Yield and Yield Components of Two Barley Cultivars under Dry Land Farming Conditions
Negar Farhadi Manuchehr Sayahfar Ghodratollah ShakaramiIn order to study the effect of barley variety and various amounts of salicylic acid concentrations on yield and yield components of barley under dry land farming conditions, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized block design with three MoreIn order to study the effect of barley variety and various amounts of salicylic acid concentrations on yield and yield components of barley under dry land farming conditions, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized block design with three replication during 2014-2015 cropping year in research field of agricultural investigation center of Khorram Abad located in 5 Km away from the city. Studied factors include variety (Izeh and Mahur) and foliar application of salicylic acid (t six levels including 0, 0.5, 1, 1/5, 2 and 2.5 mM salicylic acid). Results showed that highest spike length, spikelet’s number per spike, spikes number per meter square, 1000-grain weight, biological yield and grain yield observed in Izeh cultivar. Also, highest grain number per spike, biological yield and grain yield obtained in 1.5 mM salicylic acid foliar application. Totally, results showed that Izeh cultivar by more rapid germination and more photosynthesis produced more grain yield and foliar application of SA increased plant resistance to water deficit conditions and increased grain yield of barley. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
423 - Study of water deficit effect under selenium application on agronomical traits of maize
Mohammad Shirmohammadi Saeid Sayfzadeh Seyad Alireza ValadabadiThe present study was done at spring and summer of 2014 in Hesar Khorvan, Qazvin. This research as split plot as base of RCBD in 3 replications was conducted. The experimental factors included 4 levels of drought stress (I1: normal irrigation, I2: cut off irrigation at MoreThe present study was done at spring and summer of 2014 in Hesar Khorvan, Qazvin. This research as split plot as base of RCBD in 3 replications was conducted. The experimental factors included 4 levels of drought stress (I1: normal irrigation, I2: cut off irrigation at vegetative stage, I3: cut off irrigation at flowering stage, I4: cut off irrigation at vegetative and flowering stages) as main plot and selenium foliar application in 3 levels (S1: non application, S2: 15 g/L selenium foliar application and S3: 30 g/L selenium foliar application) as sub plot were considered. Results showed that effect of irrigation and selenium was significant on grain yield at 1% probability. Interaction of irrigation and selenium also was significant on grain yield at 5% probability. The mean comparison results indicated that the most grain yield was gain from normal irrigation (control) with mean of 7506 kg/ha and the least grain yield was belonged to cut off irrigation in both vegetative and flowering stages with mean of 4036 kg/ha. Results of mean comparison of selenium effect on grain yield demonstrated that the highest grain yield related to 30 g/L selenium with mean of 6185 kg/ha and the lowest value was observed in no application of selenium with mean of 5296 kg/ha. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
424 - Study the Effects of Application of Vermicompost and Mycorrhiza Inoculation on Growth and Yield Parameters of Wheat under Drought Stress Conditions
Allah Bakhsh Safari Mohammad Mirzaei HeidariPresent study was conducted for evaluation of the effect of vermicompost (VC) and mycorrhiza on growth and yield and biochemical traits of wheat under drought stress conditions in greenhouse. Factors include three levels of irrigation, three VC level (0, 3 and 6 percent MorePresent study was conducted for evaluation of the effect of vermicompost (VC) and mycorrhiza on growth and yield and biochemical traits of wheat under drought stress conditions in greenhouse. Factors include three levels of irrigation, three VC level (0, 3 and 6 percent) and application and non-application of mycorrhiza. Results of present study showed positive and significant impact of vermicompost and mycorrhiza inoculation on wheat growth traits under drought stress conditions. Also, According to results Highest grain yield by 4.22 ton/ha achieved in control level of drought stress and application 6 percent VC and mycorrhiza and lowest amount obtained in non-application of mycorrhiza and VC by 2.89 ton/ha. Results showed that application of vermicompost and mycorrhiza inoculation caused to increasing proline content in plant and consequently increase in plant resistance to drought conditions which was evident in wheat plant yield and yield components. Organic fertilizers due to long term impacts on soil properties, providing micro- and macro nutrients and maintenance of soil biological properties could be economic and compensate production cost of bio-fertilizers and so make possible continuous and optimal use of agricultural land possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
425 - Effect of different levels of manure and superabsorbent on the growth indices and yield of vigna radiata plant under drought stress conditions
Hamed Jafari Mehdi Baghi payam PezashkpourIn order to study the effect of livestock manure and super absorption on yield and yield components and quantitative and qualitative performance of Mungbean varieties of Radix cultivar in climate conditions of Khorramabad, Lorestan province, the experiment was conducted MoreIn order to study the effect of livestock manure and super absorption on yield and yield components and quantitative and qualitative performance of Mungbean varieties of Radix cultivar in climate conditions of Khorramabad, Lorestan province, the experiment was conducted as split plate in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The research included drought stress in the main plots of fertilizer (livestock manure at the level of 10 tons per hectare), superabsorbent in the level (200 kg ha-1), 50 percent manure + 50 percent of super-adsorbent fertilizer and control without fertilizer) in educational levels Three replications were carried out in the Ridlan area, comparing the Duncan multiplicity range at 5% probability level. The results showed that the highest root dry weight, plant height, leaf dry weight, grain yield were observed in full irrigation. The highest root length, root dry weight, plant height, leaf dry weight, grain yield per hectare, biological yield, was obtained from 50% dry fertilizer + 50% fertilizer super absorption. Also, the effects of drought stress and fertilizer and super-grazing ratio on seed number per plant and total weed weight per plant are significant. The results of the experiment showed that the highest quality and yield of Mungbean was obtained in drought stress and the ratio of fertilizer and superabsorbent fertilizer densities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
426 - Effect of cattle manure and mycorrhiza on growth physiological indices of naked seed pumpkin in different moisture conditions
Mohsen Yousefi Jahanfar DaneshianAbstractDetection of medicinal plants growth under different irrigation conditions and drought stress can be a guide to planting resistant plants in arid or low water areas. In order to evaluate the effect of manure and mycorrhizal fungi on physiological indices of grow MoreAbstractDetection of medicinal plants growth under different irrigation conditions and drought stress can be a guide to planting resistant plants in arid or low water areas. In order to evaluate the effect of manure and mycorrhizal fungi on physiological indices of growth of naked seed pumpkin seedlings (cucurbita pepo L.) in underwater stress conditions, a split factorial in randomized complete block design with four replications in spring and summer 2009 The research center of Faizabad, Qazvin Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, was conducted. Irrigation at three levels including: I1 = 60, I2 = 120 and I3 = 180 (millimeter evaporation from a class A evaporation pan) in the main plots that were applied in the pre-flowering stage and the manure factor was at three levels: 0, 15 and 30 ton/ha, along with mycorrhizal fungi in two levels (application and non-application) in subplots. The results of four sampling stages showed that application of 30 tons per hectare of manure and application of mycorrhiza in dry matter conditions increased dry matter, relative growth rate and growth rate of crop. Also, after applying stress, physiological indices decreased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
427 - The Effect of Drought Stress and Biological Fertilizer on some Morphological characteristics of Coriandrum sativum L.
Seyed Raauf Mousavinejad Kazem TaleshiCoriander herb is one of the most valuable resources in the vast range of Iranian natural resources, which, of properly understood, can play an important role in non-oil production and export. so , In order to study the Effect of Drought Stress and Bio MoreCoriander herb is one of the most valuable resources in the vast range of Iranian natural resources, which, of properly understood, can play an important role in non-oil production and export. so , In order to study the Effect of Drought Stress and Biological Fertilizer on some morphological characteristics of Coriandrum sativum L . This experiment was conducted at Islamic Azad University of Khorramabad in 2016. Field experiment was carried out by a split plot design with 3 replications. The factors studied were drought stress as main plot (S) at 4 level (s1 – Irrigation (control) , s2 – Non Irrigation at steming , s3 - Non Irrigation at Flowering and s4 - Non Irrigation at steming and Flowering ) . The application of Biological fertilizer as sub plot (B) at 4 level ( b1- No biological fertilizer (control) , b2- Azeto Barvar , b3- Barvar phosphate and s4 - Azeto Barvar + Barvar phosphate). The results showed that drought stress and Biological Fertilizer effect on all characters. The highest length was (83.47 cm), Stem diameter was (5.5 mm), Lateral branch was (9.47) and Dry matter biomass was (552.3 kg/h). The Since simultaneous use of Azeto Barvar and Barvar phosphate in non-stress treatments leads to an increase in all traits, the simultaneous use of Azeto Barvar and Barvar phosphate in order to exploit the coriander plant in a non-stressed state is recommended . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
428 - Effect of biofertilizer and drought stress on yield and yield components of coriander (Coriander sativum L.)
Yousef Narimani kazem TaleshiExperiment on poldokhtar city located in the eastern miyankuh region in chemeshk village in cropping year 2017-18 with split plot in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with drought stress in developmental stage 4 of coriander (control, stemming, flowering, and se MoreExperiment on poldokhtar city located in the eastern miyankuh region in chemeshk village in cropping year 2017-18 with split plot in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with drought stress in developmental stage 4 of coriander (control, stemming, flowering, and seed formation) as the main factor and bio-fertilizers as well as in the 4 levels (control, 50, 75 and 100 g/ha) as sub factor in making seed stained. In this experiment the interaction of drought stress and bio fertilizer phosphate barvar-2 are affected on other traits, vegetative and reproductive. with the progress of plant growth, less influenced by stress, fruit yield and seed (phonological stages). Also, with the change in the process of applying biofertilizer and drought stress, changed biological yield and harvest index, and indicated that the lack of water on stemming stage, the lowest impact on the transmission of the photosynthetic materials and in the final stages, reduced harvest index influenced by the stress. Thus, in this experiment was concluded that better use of the resources to grow and there reduce the negative effects must that be set to an appropriate biofertilizer, irrigation and consumption stage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
429 - The effect of mycorrhizal fungi, water stress and year on flower yield and some characteristics of medicinal plant of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) in Yasouj region
Ali RahimiIdentifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal MoreIdentifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been used in many plants to deal with dehydration and drought stress. In this regard, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Yasuj region at years 2015 and 2016. Water stress was considered as the main factor in the form of irrigation after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan class A and mycorrhizal fungus was considered as a secondary factor in the form of no application, application of Glomus mosseae and application of Glomus intraradices. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation and mycorrhizal fungi on flower phosphorus, flower yield, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage was significant. In irrigation levels after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan, the use of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices compared to the absence of fungi respectively increased the yield of plant flowers (30.04% and 27.35 %), (90.2% and 90.98%), (93.21% and 94.1%) and (81.73% and 78.86%), also, at these levels of irrigation, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage flower achieved a significant increase in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus, compared to the absence of mycorrhizal fungus application. Application of both strains of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices in irrigation levels after 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan compared to no application of mycorrhizal fungus, respectively, resulted in a significant increase in the harvest index of Borage flower (44.55% and 43.36%), (13.21% and 15.96%) and (5.6% and 5.41%) and flower phosphorus (44.69% and 20.45%), (150% and 125%) and ( 267.74% and 235.48%). Mycorrhizal fungus was able to moderate the negative effects of drought stress and increase the above-mentioned traits in those irrigation levels, and based on the results of this study, irrigation treatment after 90 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan + the use of Glomus mosseae mycorrhizal fungi is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
430 - The effect of drought stress on the efficiency of rhizobial bacteria (Rhizobium leguminosarum) symbiotic with faba bean (Phaseoulus vulgaris) Barkat variety
Mohammad hossein ArzaneshIn order to investigate the effect of drought stress on some growth parameters and nodulation index, the symbiotic efficiency of rhizobial isolates an experiment in controlled greenhouse conditions in the form of a completely randomized design with 21 rhizobial isolates MoreIn order to investigate the effect of drought stress on some growth parameters and nodulation index, the symbiotic efficiency of rhizobial isolates an experiment in controlled greenhouse conditions in the form of a completely randomized design with 21 rhizobial isolates, a negative control treatment (without rhizobial bacteria) and a control treatment Positive (no bacteria with nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 70 mg/kg from urea source) and 3 repetitions were done in 2013. Different levels of drought stress including drought in two levels S0 (100% of field capacity (control or no drought stress)), S3 (55% of field capacity (severe stress)), which by adding different concentrations of zero and 310 grams per liter of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) was applied to the nutrient solution after one week of seedling germination. The results of statistical analyzes showed that drought stress had a significant reduction effect on shoot dry weight, shoot water content, nitrogen content, symbiotic efficiency of rhizobial isolates and nodulation index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
431 - The evidences for the prominence of the Goddess Anahita during the reign of Artaxerxes II(358-405 B.C)
Atousa AhmadiThis article strives to explain the factors leading to the prominence of the Goddess Anahita in that particular epoque based on the evidence found in the inscriptions in the Achaemanid era, and Aban Yasht in Avesta. Also reference is made to the writings of Greek histor MoreThis article strives to explain the factors leading to the prominence of the Goddess Anahita in that particular epoque based on the evidence found in the inscriptions in the Achaemanid era, and Aban Yasht in Avesta. Also reference is made to the writings of Greek historians to justify the significance of the Goddess Anahita, at the time of the drought, happening probably during the reign of Artaxerxes II. The climate of Iran’s plateau is also taken into consideration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
432 - Studying the impact of selenium spraying and drought tension on some traits of corn Ns 640 cultivar
فاطمه طاهريTo study the impact of selenium spraying and drought tension on some traits of corn Ns 640 cultivar, an experiment was carried out in split plot with complete random blocks in three replications in research farm of agricultural college of Urmia university in 1392. The e MoreTo study the impact of selenium spraying and drought tension on some traits of corn Ns 640 cultivar, an experiment was carried out in split plot with complete random blocks in three replications in research farm of agricultural college of Urmia university in 1392. The experimental treatments included four levels of selenium spraying ( control, % 162, % 243, and % 324 g per litre ); as the secondary factor and the irrigation treatments in three levels ( 80, 60, and 40 percent of farming capacity ); as the main factor. The results showed that the traits of the stalk height, 1000-seed weight, protein percentage, chlorophyll a and b, seed yield and the rate of selenium of seed were under the significant selenium and irrigation treatments. The biologic yield was under the impact of selenium but the irrigation treatment didn't have meaningful effect on this trait. The highest stalk height ( 246cm ), protein percentage ( %12.31 ), seed yield ( 14678.8 kg/h ) were obtained respectively from irrigation treatments in %80, %60, and %80 of farming capacity. Selenium spraying and selenium treatment with %243g concentration per litre had the highest amount of the mentioned traits. Manuscript profile
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