The Impact of Two Decades of Climate Drought (1991-2011) on Developmental Instability in Heshiwar Village, Darab County

Subject Areas : Regional Planning

yasamin Ataei ¹ , sirous ghanbari ² , Samad fotohi ³

1 - MS, Student of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan
2 - Assistant Professor in Human Geography(Rural planning)Faculty of Geography and Environmentaal Planning,University of Sistan and Baluchestan,Zahedan.Iran.
3 - Associate Professor of Physical Geography University of Sistan and Bluchestan

Received: 2019-05-18 Accepted : 2020-01-04 Published : 2021-07-23

Keywords: "Drought", "Developmental Instability", "Hashiwar Village", "Darab County",

Abstract :

Undoubtedly, the first step in tackling drought and its consequences is to understand and understand this phenomenon and its implications in different dimensions so that effective strategies and strategies can be formulated and applied. Since Heshivar village of Darab County is known as a village with good agricultural potential, the economy of these villages appears to be directly dependent on rainfall and water resources. The purpose of this study is to investigate and explain the effects of drought on rural economy and migration in Heshivar village of Darab County. The present study is descriptive-analytical and in nature it is a kind of applied research that the method of data collection is library and field. The statistical population of the study is 17 villages of Heshiwar village (8403 out of 10 villages with population of this village). The sample size was 286 according to Cochran formula. Inferential statistics (T-test) and validated standard precipitation (SPI) and percentage of normal precipitation (PNPI) were used for data analysis. The results based on the Spi index show that the study area has experienced moderate drought during the years of 2003, 2005 and 2008, and in the year of 1995 there has been a very severe wet season. Also according to PNPI index in the years 2001 and 2003 the region was experiencing poor drought and in the years of 1999, 2000, and 2007, there was severe drought and in 2005, 2008, there was a very severe drought. Droughts during this period have reduced the cultivation levels in the villages of Heshiwar and have led to the instability of development in the economic and social areas, especially the reduction of income and migration. According to a questionnaire, the effect of drought on the social and economic dimensions of the rural population in the study area, 73% believed very high impact, 25% high impact and 2% believed it to be less effective.
 
Extended Abstract
 
Introduction    
   Any unforeseen and unexpected natural event that would undermine economic, social and physical capabilities is considered to be a natural disaster(Keshavarz&Karimi,2008:267). Studying the drought in Iran shows that although such crises are often not a widespread problem in the country, in general no region in the country has been immune from this phenomenon and experiences the effects of this destructive phenomenon depending on its natural location. Slow. The frequent droughts in Iran, which are characteristic of the arid and semi-arid climate of the country, put heavy pressure on the country's economy. So that almost every year a significant portion of the country's revenue can be used to meet economic and social development goals to tackle economic and social crises caused by droughts. Since Heshiwar village of Darab County is well known for its agricultural potential, the economy of these villages seems to be directly dependent on rainfall and water resources, However, in recent years, declines in rainfall have led to severe declines in agricultural and livestock production, resulting in a decline in the income and migration of many villagers in the region. Therefore, the present study was designed to identify the effects of drought on rural households in Heshiwar. The present study also seeks to answer the following question: "Have recent droughts caused developmental instability in the villages of Heshivar in Darab County?"
 
Methodology
   The present study is an applied-descriptive-analytical study with field studies to evaluate the droughts of the study area during the period 1991-1993 using validated standard precipitation (SPI) and normal percentage (PNPI) indices is. The effects of these droughts on the socioeconomic components of rural areas during the years 1991-1993 have been studied by using population statistics calendars and by using one-sample T-test and analysis of the results of questionnaires in Spss environment. The statistical population of the study consisted of 17 inhabited and uninhabited villages of Heshiwar village in Darab County in 2011. The sample included 10 villages with 2324 households with 8493 population.                                                                                                                                             
 
Results and discussion
   According to the SPI index, a very severe one-year rainfall occurred in the city in 1995 and most of the rainfall was normal for about 12 years. According to this index, average drought occurred in 2003, 2005 and 2008. According to the PNPI index, a very severe wet season occurred in the County in 1995. Also wet humidity has occurred in 1997 and 2004 in this County. Average humidity occurred three times during 1998, 2006 and 2010. Rainfall was normal for 4 years. According to this index, moderate drought occurred in 2001, 2003 and severe drought three times and in 1999, 2000 and 2007, and finally severe drought occurred twice in 2005 and 2008 in this County. A survey of the NDVI index for 1993 shows that the level of agricultural products was 19327500 square meters and in 2002 reached 7818300 square meters. Based on a comparison of different population and housing censuses in the periods, 1375,1385,1390 the population and number of households in most of the villages of Darab city and the villages in question have increased, although the drought has reduced the area under cultivation and the number of livestock. The villagers have been reduced, but due to the proximity of the villages to the town of Darab city, the villagers come to the town of Darab County every day for service and construction work and return to their homes at night and at night they return to their rural homes and villages, which are usually a long distance from Darab city, have been displaced or have been declining due to rural migration. Given that the T. value is significant at the 95% confidence level, the relationship between drought and economic instability and rural migration is significant and the answer to the research question is positive. In this regard, it should be noted that in the economic context the only variable the role of brokers has nothing to do with the drought debate and is not meaningful. In the social component, the role of variables: the occurrence of psychological stress and the distribution of credit among the villagers, has nothing to do with the drought debate and there is no meaningful relationship between them. Also in the environmental component, the reduction of the area of cultivation and the lack of villagers' tendency to cultivate crops were not significantly related to drought and it's not meaningful.                                                                         
 
Conclusion
    Using the data collected from the questionnaires, villagers' view of drought was investigated. The results show that drought has occurred in all the studied villages. The impact of the drought on the villages has left some villages (Zargaran, Bayadeh, New Castle, Hirbadan, Siahan, Gareshkon, Dekuyeh, Dehkoye, Khengab, Banoj) deserted. According to the findings of the study, the impact of drought on the social and economic dimensions of people living in the studied villages was 73% Very high, 25% high and 2% low. Investigating the amount of agricultural production in rural areas shows a sharp decline in agricultural production and a decrease in yield per unit area. Since most of the villagers are irrigated, the decrease in rainfall has greatly affected their yield. Livestock production has also been declining, and the number of livestock in the county has declined year-on-year, reflecting the negative impact of drought on livestock. Recent droughts have severely affected their lives and have caused the migration of villagers to Darab city or other County of Fars province such as Marvdasht and Saadat Abad. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the significance level of most of the questions was less than 0/05, indicating that there is a significant relationship between these effects and the drought situation.                                                                                                  

References:

1. Afroozeh, Fatemeh, Chabokro, Gholamreza & Seyed Mohammad Reza Akbari (2009): "Negative Effects of Drought and Coping Strategies (Case Study: Sistan)" Proceedings of National Conference on Water Crisis Management, Marvdasht Islamic Azad University, March, pp. 94-69 .                      

2. Alipour, Hassan., Gharib, Ali and Hamed Chaharsoo Ghiyamin (2013): "Investigating the Effects of Drought on the Socio-Economic Situation of Farmers, Case Study: Wheat Farmers of Nehbandan", Watershed Research, No. 1, pp. 125-113.                                                                                               

3. Bazargan, Abbas, Zohreh, Sarmad &Elahe Hejazi (2007): Research in Behavioral Sciences, Agah Publishing, Fourteenth Edition, Tehran.                                                                                                                  

4. Bostani, Alireza, Najafpour, Bahram, and Khadijeh Javani (2013): An Analysis on the Impact of Drought on the Instability of Rural Settlements in Darab County. Journal of Regional Planning, Year 6, Issue 21, pp. 155-165.                                                                                                                       

5. Dracup.j.A,et al,(1980): “On the definition of drought, water Resource Res”.Vol.16, No 2 ,pp:297- 302.                                                                                                                                                                

6. -Faraji, Abdolreza (1995): The Economic Geography of Iran (Agriculture), Payame Noor University Press, Volume I, Second Edition, Tehran.                                                                                           

7. Farajzadeh, Manouchehr (1995): Analysis and Prediction of Drought in Iran. Doctoral dissertation on climatology. Faculty of Humanities. Tarbiat Modarres University.Tehran.                                    

8. -Farid, Yadollah (1353): Population Geography, University of Tabriz Publications. First Printing, Tabriz.                                                                                                                                                    

9. -Faweett,T.ajmes,B. (1982): “Reasons For moving and migration Belhavior,world   Develpment.” vol. 10,No4,pp98-129.

10. Friend, R., and Moench, M. (2013):’What is the purpose of urban climate resilience? Implications for addressing poverty and vulnerability”. Urban Climate, 6, 89-552.

11. -Gholami, Mohammad, Hakim Doost, Yasser and Moosavi Rastegar (2013): "The Relationship Between Climate Drought and Rural Settlement, Case Study: Zanjan Province". Journal of Rural Research and Planning. Volume 2, Number 3, pp. 209-187.                                                                     

12. -Ghayour, Hassan Ali, Masoudian, Seyed Abolfazl (1997): "The magnitude, extent and frequency of droughts in Iran", Geographical Research Journal, No. 45. Mashhad, pp. 25-38.

13. Governorate of Darab County (2011): Statistics and Political Divisions of Darab County.              

14. Gutman, G., Ignatov,A.(1988): “The derivation of green vegetation fraction from NOAA/AVHRR data for use in numerical weather prediction models”. International Journal of Remote sensing 19(8),1533-1543.

15. -Hashemi Nia, Majid (2004): Water Management in Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publications, Mashhad.                                                                                                                           

16. Hejazi Zadeh, Zahra, Javizadeh, Saeed,& Seyed Mohammad Mousavi (2010): "Investigation of Climate Drought and its Impacts on Wheat Cultivation", Journal of Geography and Development. Year 8, Volume 24, pp. 27-27.                                                                                                                                    

17. -Hassaeizadeh, Abdolali (2007): Theories of Shiraz Immigration, Navid Publications, First Edition, Shiraz.                                                                                                                                                   

18. -Iran Census Center, General Population and Housing Censuses, 1995-1995.

19. -Javan, Jafar, Fal Suleyman, Mahmood (2008): "Water Crisis and the Need to Pay Attention to Agricultural Water Use in Birjand Plain", Journal of Geography and Development, Volume 11, Number 4, pp: 115-138.                                                                                                                          

20. -Kahrom, Ismail (1996): National Environmental Strategy and Sustainable Development Framework in the Islamic Republic, Environmental Protection Publications, First Edition, Tehran.  

21. Kamaneh, Seyed Abdolali, (1994): An Analysis of the Environmental Axes of Darab County, M.Sc., Isfahan University, pp. 124.

22. -Kardavani, Parviz (2007): Drought and the Ways to Deal with it in Iran, University of Tehran Press, Second Edition, Tehran.                                                                                                                        

23. -Karimi,V., Karimi,E.&Keshavarz.M.(2018):”Climate change and agriculture: Impacts and adaptive responses in Iran”. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(1), 1-15.

24. -Keshavarz, Marzieh and Karami, Ezatollah (2008): "Structures Affecting Drought Management and its Consequences, Using Structural Equation Modeling", Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, Volume 12, Number 43, pp. 283- 276.                                                                             

25. -Lashani Zand, Mehran (2004): "Investigation of the severity, persistence and frequency of climate droughts". Third Regional Conference and First National Conference on Climate Change. University of Isfahan, pp. 135-149.                                                                                                                          

26. Madani, K., AghaKouchak, A., and Mirchi A. (2016):”Iran’s socioeconomic drought: Challenges of a waterbankrupt nation”. Iranian Studies, 49, 997-1016.

27. -Mahdavi, Davar (2003): The Role ofTourism in Developing Rural Areas around Cities and Presenting a Strategic Model (Case Study: Lavasan Minor Village), Master of Geography, Tarbiat Modares University.                                                                                                                                

28. -Mahdavi, Masoud, Taherkhani, Mehdi (2006): Application of Statistics in Geography Using Statistical Programs in Humanities (SPSS), Qomes Publication, Second Edition, Tehran.                  

29. -Mahdavi, Masoud, Mojtaba, Ghadiri Masoum, and Behroozmohammadi Yeganeh (2004): "The Role of Natural Geographical Factors in Rural Instability and Migration in Zanjan Province", Journal of Geographical Research, Thirty-Sixth Year, No. 49, pp. 221-203.

30. -Mahjourian, Hassan (2002): Investigation of Economic, Social and Demographic Factors Affecting the Satisfaction of Migrants in the Settlement of Falavarjan, MA Thesis, Shiraz, Department of Sociology.                                                                                                                                              

31. -Mohammadi Yeganeh, Behrouz, Hakim Doost, Yasser (2009): "Economic Impacts of Drought and its Impact on Villages' Instability in Zanjan Province (Case Study: Ghara-Poshtloo Village)", Proceedings of the Regional Conference on Water Crisis and Drought.                                              

32. -Mohammadi Yeganeh, Behrouz, Rezaei Pejand, Hojjat and Mehdi Cheraghi (2012): "Investigating the Impacts of Drought on the Economy of Rural Areas of Abarkouh during the Period of 1996-2005", Marvdasht Regional Planning Journal, Volume 2, Number 6, pp. 57-68. Islamic Azad University of Rasht, 2009, pp. 267-273.                                                                                                                        

33. -Nazari, Ali Asghar (1369): The Geography of the Iranian Population, Geology Publications, First Edition, Tehran.                                                                                                                                          

34. -Palmer،W.G. (1965):”Meteorological Drought Reserch paper”. No .45, u.s.weather Bureau. washington, D.C.Feb.,58p.

35. -Pourtahari, Mehdi, Rokneddin Eftekhari, Abdolreza &Nasrin Kazemi (2013): "The Role of Drought Risk Management Approach in Reducing Socio-Economic Vulnerability of Rural Farmers (Officials and Experts) Case Study: Solduz Village, West Azerbaijan" Volume 1, Number 4 , Page 1-22.                   

36. -Raziei, Tayeb, Shokouhi, Alireza and Bahram Saghafian (2007): "Prediction of Drought Severity and Continuity Using Probabilistic Methods and Time Series in Sistan and Baluchestan Province", Desert Journal, Year 8, Volume 5, pp. 24-39.                                                                                       

37. -Riahi, Vahid, Pashazadeh, Akbar (2013): “Economic and Social Impacts of Drought on Rural Areas of Grammy County Case Study: Azadloo District”, Geographical Perspective on Human Studies, Volume 8, Number 25, pp. 71-73.                                                                                                        

38. -Salem, Jalal (2008): "The Impact of Drought on the Tribal Process of Taheri Tribal Tribal Life in Tabas County", Journal of Rural and Development, Volume 11, Number 4, pp. 124-89.                      

39. -Saleh, Iraj, Dariush Mokhtari (2007): "An Analysis of the Economic and Social Dimensions of Drought and its Impact on Rural Families in the Sistan Region", Iranian Journal of Agricultural Extension and Education Science, Volume 3, Number 1, p.100                                                           

40. -Shakour, Ali, Sharafi, Hojatollah, Khatereh Nakai, and Mahtab Jafari (2016): "Drought Ranking of Villagers with Environmental Perception Approach in Rural Residents Case Study: Villages of Jiroft County", Regional Planning Journal, Volume 6, Number 23, p. 190                                                  

41. -Shakour, Ali, Shamseddini, Ali (2012): "The Role of Urban Associations in Balancing and Developing Rural Areas Case Study:Masiri City and Surrounding Villages", Landscape Quarterly, Volume 7, Number 21, Rasht, Pages 77- 63.                                                                                          

42. -Sheikhi, Mohammad (2003): Spontaneous Settlements, the Transition from the Settlement to a Pattern of Settlements around the Metropolis of Iran, Javid Press, First Edition, Tehran.                   

43. -Taherkhani, Mehdi (2001): "An Analysis of Factors Affecting Rural-Urban Migration", Journal of Geographical Research, Volume 16, Number 3. pp. 34-49.                                                                 

44. -Uzzi, Ramadan (2011): Geography of Hazards (Natural and Human Hazards). Tabriz: Tabriz University Press.                                                                                                                                       

45. -Valie, Masoumeh and Sohrabi, Ali Hossein (2009): "Environmental, Socio-Economic and Political Impacts of Drought", Proceedings of the Regional Conference on Water and Drought Crisis, Islamic Azad University of Rasht, pp. 849-845.                                                                                                

46. Zanjani, Habibollah (2001): Migration and Settlement, Samt Publish, Fifth Edition, Tehran.              

47. -Zolfaghari, MR (2005): "The Insurance Industry of Iran and Natural Disaster Risk Management, Goals and Challenges", Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 84, Winter 84, pp. 59-48.