The Effect of Stress Modifiers on Nutrient Concentration of Leaf and Grain and Biochemical Characteristics of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under Water Deficit Stress
Subject Areas : Journal of Crop EcophysiologySeyyedeh Nasrin Hosseini 1 , Jalal Jalilian 2 , Esmaeil Gholinezhad 3
1 - Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2 - Professor Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
3 - Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: Drought stress, Salicylic acid, Ascorbic acid, Foliar application, nano-fertilizer,
Abstract :
To investigate the effect of water deficit stress and stress modifiers on the nutrient concentration of leaf and grain and biochemical characteristics of quinoa, a pot factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 16 treatments and 6 replicates was done in 2019 at Urmia University. The first factor includes water deficit stress at four levels (stress at vegetative growth stage, after plant establishment to flowering; stress at reproductive growth stage, from flowering to flowering end; stress at grain filling stag, from the beginning of filling to maturity; no stress, control) and the second factor is foliar spraying at four levels (ascorbic acid, 2 mM; salicylic acid, 2 mM; nano-micronutrient chelate fertilizer, 2 liters/1000 L water; control, water spray). The results showed that dehydration stress had a significant effect on leaf and grain elements and biochemical traits. Dehydration at different stages of growth reduced chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and soluble sugars compared to the control but proline content increased. Mean comparison showed dehydration stress in vegetative growth stage, reproductive growth stage and dehydration stress in grain filling stage compared to control (without dehydration stress) increased proline content by 15%, 28% and 31%, respectively. However, dehydration stress at vegetative growth stage, reproductive growth and grain filling stage reduced grain weight by 4, 20 and 20%, respectively, compared to the control (without dehydration stress). Foliar application by increasing proline accumulation and photosynthetic pigment content, increased quinoa grain weight. Foliar application of ascorbic acid, complete micro-nanofertilizer and salicylic acid increased the chlorophyll a content by 2, 13 and 5%, respectively, compared to the control (spraying), respectively. It seems that foliar application of salicylic acid had a more positive effect than other modifiers at different stages of dehydration.
Abaspor, H., and H. Rezaei. 2014. Effects of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid on hill reaction and photosynthetic pigmen (Dracocephalum moldavica ) in different levels of drought stress. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Research. 2: 2850-2859. doi: http://ijabbr.com/article_11587_1344....
Ahmadi, S.H., and J. Niazi Ardekani. 2006. The effect of water salinity on growth and physiological stages of eight canola (Brassica napus) cultivars. Irrigation Science. 25: 11-20. doi: 10.1007/s00271-006-0030-3.
Amal, A.M., and A.A. Aly. 2008. Alteration of some secondary metabolites and enzymes activity by using exogenous antioxidant compound in onion plants growth under seawater salt stress. American Eurasian Journal of Science Research. 3: 139-146.
2021. General meteorological department of West Azarbaijan province. http://www.azmet.ir.
Arnon, D.I. 1975. Copper enzymes increased isolated chloroplast polyphenoxidase increased Beta vulgaris Plant Physiology. 45: 1-15. doi: 10.1104/pp.24.1.1
Artyszak, A., D. Gozdowski, and K. Kuciń 2014. The effect of foliar fertilization with marine calcite in sugar beet. Plant, Soil and Environment. 60(9): 413–417. doi: 10.17221/451/2014-PSE
Azimi, M.S., J.S. Sayfzadeh, and S. Zare. 2013. Evaluation of amino acid and salicylic acid application on yield and growth of wheat under water deficit. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Science. 5(8): 816-819. doi: IJACS/2013/5-7/709-712
Azooz, M.M., and P. Ahmad. 2015. Legumes under environmental stress: Yield, improvement and adaptations. Published by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Bajji, M., S. Lutts, and J.M. Kient. 2001. Water deficit effects on solute contribution to osmotic adjustment as a function of leaf ageing in three durum wheat (Triticum durum ) cultivars performing differently in arid conditions. Plant Science. 160: 669-681. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00443-X
Bates, L., R.P. Waldren, and I.D. Teare. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205–207. doi: 10.1007/BF00018060
Bayati, F., A. Aynehband, and E. Fateh. 2015. Effect of different rates and application times of nano-iron on yield and yield components of canola (Brassica napus L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12(4): 805-812. doi: 10.22067/gsc. v12i4.27090. (In Persian).
Baybordi, A. 2004. Effect of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu on the quality and quantity of wheat under salinity stress. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 17: 140-150.
Baybordi, A., and G. Mamedov. 2010. Evaluation of application methods of zinc and iron for canola (Brassica napus). Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 2(1): 94-103. doi:10.15835/nsb.2.1.3531
Din, J., S.U. Khan, I. Ali, and A.R. Gurmani. 2011. Physiological and agronomic response of canola varieties to drought stress. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 21(1): 78-82. URL: http://www.thejaps.org.pk
Faraji, A., and K. Eslami. 2012. Effect of supplemental irrigation on seed yield and yield components of canola (Brassica napus) cultivars in gonbad region of Iran. Seed and Plant Production. 28(2): 133-144. doi: 10.22059/IJSWR.2022.344590. 669296. (In Persian).
Ghassemi-Golezani, K., P. Zafarani-Moattar, Y. Raey, and M. Mohammadi. 2010. Response of pinato bean cultivars to water deficit at reproductive stages. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 8: 801- 804.
Goufo, P., J.M. Moutinho-Pereira, T.F. Jorge, C.M. Correia, M.R. Oliveira, E.A. Rosa, and H. Trindade. 2017. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) metabolomics: osmoprotection as a physiological strategy for drought stress resistance and improved yield. Frontiers in Plant Science. 8(586): 1-22. doi:10.3389/fpls. 2017.00586
Hong, Z., K. Lakkineni, Z. Zhang, and D.P. Verma. 2000. Removal of feedback inhibition of delta (1) pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase results in increased proline accumulation and protection of plants from osmotic stress. Plant Physiology. 122(4): 1129-1136. doi: 1104/pp.122.4.1129
Idrees, M., M.M.A. Khan, M. Naeem, T. Aftab, N. Hashmi, and M. Alam. 2011. Modulation of defence responses by improving photosynthetic activity, antioxidative metabolism and vincristine and vinblastine accumulation in) Catharanthus roseus ) G. Don through salicylic acid under water stress. Russain Agricultural Sciences. 37: 474-482. doi: 10.3103/S1068367411060127
Irigoyen, J.J., D.W. Emerich, and M. Sanchez-Diaz. 1992. Water stress induced changes in concentration of praline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. Journal Physiology. 84: 55-60. doi: 1111/j.1399-3054.1992.tb08764.x
Jamali, J., Sh. Enteshari, and S.M. Hoseini. 2012. The effect of K and Zn on biochemical and physiological changes of tolerance to drought stress in Corn (cv. 704). Crop Physiology Journal. 14: 37-44. (In Persian).
Kalantar Ahmadi, S.A., A. Ebadi, J. Daneshian, S.A. Siadat, and S. Jahanbakhsh. 2017. Effect of drought stress and foliar application of growth regulators on photosynthetic pigments and seed yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus cv. Hyola 401). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 18(3): 196-217. (In Persian).
Karami Chame, S., B. Khalil-Tahmasbi, P. ShahMahmoodi, A. Abdollahi, A. Fathi, S. J. Seyed Mousavi, and S. Bahamin. 2016. Effects of salinity stress, salicylic acid and pseudomonas on the physiological characteristics and yield of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Science Agriculture. 14 (2): 234-238. doi: 10.15192/PSCP .SA.2016.14.2.234238
Keshavarz, H., S.A.M. Modarres Sanavy, and R. Sadegh Gol Moghadam, 2016. Impact of foliar application with salicylic acid on biochemical characters of canola plants under cold stress condition. Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 8(1): 98-105. doi: 15835/nsb819766
Khalid Hussein, Z., and M. Qader Khursheed. 2014. Effect of foliar application of ascorbic acid on growth, yield components and some chemical constituents of wheat under water stress conditions. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 10: 1-15. doi: 12816/0029871
Kumar, S., S.N. Saxena, J.G. Mistry, R.S. Fougat, R.K. Solanki, and R. Sharma. 2015. Understanding Cuminum cyminum: An important seed spice crop of arid and semi-arid regions. International Journal of Seed Spices. 5(2): 1-19.
Lawlor, D.W., and G. Cornic, 2002. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and associated metabolism in relation to water deficits in higher plants. Plant, Cell and Environment. 25(2): 275-294. doi: 1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00814.x
Lichtenthaler, H.K. 1987. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods Enzymol. 148: 350-382. doi: 1016/0076-6879(87) 48036-1
Marschner, H. 2012. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic press limited harcourt brace and company, publishers, London, pp. 347–364. doi: 978-0-12-384905-2
Mazaherinia, M., A.R. Astaraei, A. Fotovat, and A. Monshi. 2010. Effect of nano iron oxide particles on Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu concentrations in weath plant. World Applied Science Journal. 7(1): 156-162.
Movahedy Dehnavy, M., and S.A.M. Modarres Sanavy. 2007. Effect of Zn and Mn micronutrients foliar application on yield and yield components of three winter safflower under drought stress in Isfahan. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 13(2): 1-11. doi: 1016/j.indcrop.2009.02.004. (In Persian).
Nowak, V., J. Du, and U.R. Charrondière, 2015. Assessment of the nutritional composition of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Food Chemistry. 193: 47-54. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.111
Payghozar, Y., A. Ghanbari, M. Heidari, and A. Tavassoli. 2013. The effect of foliar application of trace elements on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pearl millet Nutrifid cultivar (Pennisetum glacum) under drought stress. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 10(3): 67-79. (In Persian).
Pirzad, A., M.R. Shakiba, S. Zehtab-Salmasi, S.A. Mohammadi, R. Darvishzadeh, and A. Samadi. 2012. Effect of water stress on leaf relative water content, chlorophyll, proline and soluble carbohydrates in Matricaria chamomilla Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 5(12): 2483-2488.
Ramswaroop, J., R.N. Sita, C. Rajsingh, and M. Irfan. 2017. Effect of potassium and sulphur on quality of sesame (Sesamum indicum ). International Journal of Current Microbiology Application of Science. 6(4): 1876-1878.
Ranjbar, M., H. Larry Yazdi, and Sh. Bromandjazi. 2010. The effect of salicylic acid on antioxidant enzymes, photosynthetic pigments of sugar content in rape (Brasica napus) under Pb stress. Journal of Plant Biology. 3(9): 39-52. doi: 1001.1. 20088264.1390.3.9.5.5
Sabzi, S., Z. Tahmasebi, and M. Barari. 2017. Study of the yield and some important plant of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes at different moisture levels. Envirnmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 10(1): 21-30. doi: 22077/escs.1396. 528. (In Persian).
Shahbazi Nejad, H., M. Feizian, B. Zahedi, and Y. Parvizi. 2019. Assessment effects of drought stress, superabsorbent and manure on agronomic and chemical traits in German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 49(4): 1061-1072. doi: 10.22059/ijhs.2018.228369.1195. (In Persian).
Shahgholi, Sh., S. Sayfzadeh, E. Hadidi Masouleh, N. Shahsavari, and H. Zakerin. 2022. Assessment of zinc, boron, and iron foliar application on wheat yield and yield components under drought stress. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 54(9): 1283-1292. doi: 1080/00103624.2022.2141772.
Shariat, A., G. Karimzadeh, M.H. Assareh, and J. Hadian. 2017. Variations of physiological indices and metabolite profiling in Satureja khuzistanica in response to drought stress. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research. 25(2): 232-246. doi: 22092/IJRFPBGR. 2017.113313. (In Persian).
Sheteawi, S.A. 2007. Improving growth and yield of salt-stressed soybean by exogenous application of jasmonic acid and ascorbic. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 9: 473-478. doi: 1560–8530/2007/09–3–473–478
Sibi, M., M. Mirzakhani, and M. Ghomarian. 2012. Study of cell membranes instability of safflower under water stress, application of zeolite and salicylic acid. Agronomy and Plant Breeding. 8(2): 119-136. (In Persian).
Subramanian, K.S., A. Manikandan, M. Thirunavukkarasu, and C.S. Rahale. 2015. Nano-fertilizers for balanced crop nutrition. In Nanotechnologies in Food and Agriculture. 69–80. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-14024-7_3
Subramanian, K.S., and M. Thirunavukkarasu. 2017. Nano-fertilizers and nutrient transformations in soil. In Nanoscience and Plant–Soil Systems. 48: 305-319. doi: 1007/978-3-319-46835-8_11
Turkan, I. 2011. Plant responses to drought and salinity stress. Development in a post-Genomic era. Advances Botany Research. 593p.
William, H. 2000. Official methods of analysis of AOAC international. 17nd ed. USA: Association Official Analytical Chemists, 100p. doi: 4236/ce.2020.118106
Zeid, F., E. Omer, A. Amin, and S.A. Hanafy. 2014. Effect of putrescine and salicylic acid on ajwain plant (Trachyspermum ammi) at vegetative stage grown under drought stress. International Journal of Agricultural Science Research. 4: 61-79.
_||_Abaspor, H., and H. Rezaei. 2014. Effects of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid on hill reaction and photosynthetic pigmen (Dracocephalum moldavica ) in different levels of drought stress. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Research. 2: 2850-2859. doi: http://ijabbr.com/article_11587_1344....
Ahmadi, S.H., and J. Niazi Ardekani. 2006. The effect of water salinity on growth and physiological stages of eight canola (Brassica napus) cultivars. Irrigation Science. 25: 11-20. doi: 10.1007/s00271-006-0030-3.
Amal, A.M., and A.A. Aly. 2008. Alteration of some secondary metabolites and enzymes activity by using exogenous antioxidant compound in onion plants growth under seawater salt stress. American Eurasian Journal of Science Research. 3: 139-146.
2021. General meteorological department of West Azarbaijan province. http://www.azmet.ir.
Arnon, D.I. 1975. Copper enzymes increased isolated chloroplast polyphenoxidase increased Beta vulgaris Plant Physiology. 45: 1-15. doi: 10.1104/pp.24.1.1
Artyszak, A., D. Gozdowski, and K. Kuciń 2014. The effect of foliar fertilization with marine calcite in sugar beet. Plant, Soil and Environment. 60(9): 413–417. doi: 10.17221/451/2014-PSE
Azimi, M.S., J.S. Sayfzadeh, and S. Zare. 2013. Evaluation of amino acid and salicylic acid application on yield and growth of wheat under water deficit. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Science. 5(8): 816-819. doi: IJACS/2013/5-7/709-712
Azooz, M.M., and P. Ahmad. 2015. Legumes under environmental stress: Yield, improvement and adaptations. Published by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Bajji, M., S. Lutts, and J.M. Kient. 2001. Water deficit effects on solute contribution to osmotic adjustment as a function of leaf ageing in three durum wheat (Triticum durum ) cultivars performing differently in arid conditions. Plant Science. 160: 669-681. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00443-X
Bates, L., R.P. Waldren, and I.D. Teare. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205–207. doi: 10.1007/BF00018060
Bayati, F., A. Aynehband, and E. Fateh. 2015. Effect of different rates and application times of nano-iron on yield and yield components of canola (Brassica napus L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12(4): 805-812. doi: 10.22067/gsc. v12i4.27090. (In Persian).
Baybordi, A. 2004. Effect of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu on the quality and quantity of wheat under salinity stress. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 17: 140-150.
Baybordi, A., and G. Mamedov. 2010. Evaluation of application methods of zinc and iron for canola (Brassica napus). Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 2(1): 94-103. doi:10.15835/nsb.2.1.3531
Din, J., S.U. Khan, I. Ali, and A.R. Gurmani. 2011. Physiological and agronomic response of canola varieties to drought stress. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 21(1): 78-82. URL: http://www.thejaps.org.pk
Faraji, A., and K. Eslami. 2012. Effect of supplemental irrigation on seed yield and yield components of canola (Brassica napus) cultivars in gonbad region of Iran. Seed and Plant Production. 28(2): 133-144. doi: 10.22059/IJSWR.2022.344590. 669296. (In Persian).
Ghassemi-Golezani, K., P. Zafarani-Moattar, Y. Raey, and M. Mohammadi. 2010. Response of pinato bean cultivars to water deficit at reproductive stages. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 8: 801- 804.
Goufo, P., J.M. Moutinho-Pereira, T.F. Jorge, C.M. Correia, M.R. Oliveira, E.A. Rosa, and H. Trindade. 2017. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) metabolomics: osmoprotection as a physiological strategy for drought stress resistance and improved yield. Frontiers in Plant Science. 8(586): 1-22. doi:10.3389/fpls. 2017.00586
Hong, Z., K. Lakkineni, Z. Zhang, and D.P. Verma. 2000. Removal of feedback inhibition of delta (1) pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase results in increased proline accumulation and protection of plants from osmotic stress. Plant Physiology. 122(4): 1129-1136. doi: 1104/pp.122.4.1129
Idrees, M., M.M.A. Khan, M. Naeem, T. Aftab, N. Hashmi, and M. Alam. 2011. Modulation of defence responses by improving photosynthetic activity, antioxidative metabolism and vincristine and vinblastine accumulation in) Catharanthus roseus ) G. Don through salicylic acid under water stress. Russain Agricultural Sciences. 37: 474-482. doi: 10.3103/S1068367411060127
Irigoyen, J.J., D.W. Emerich, and M. Sanchez-Diaz. 1992. Water stress induced changes in concentration of praline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. Journal Physiology. 84: 55-60. doi: 1111/j.1399-3054.1992.tb08764.x
Jamali, J., Sh. Enteshari, and S.M. Hoseini. 2012. The effect of K and Zn on biochemical and physiological changes of tolerance to drought stress in Corn (cv. 704). Crop Physiology Journal. 14: 37-44. (In Persian).
Kalantar Ahmadi, S.A., A. Ebadi, J. Daneshian, S.A. Siadat, and S. Jahanbakhsh. 2017. Effect of drought stress and foliar application of growth regulators on photosynthetic pigments and seed yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus cv. Hyola 401). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 18(3): 196-217. (In Persian).
Karami Chame, S., B. Khalil-Tahmasbi, P. ShahMahmoodi, A. Abdollahi, A. Fathi, S. J. Seyed Mousavi, and S. Bahamin. 2016. Effects of salinity stress, salicylic acid and pseudomonas on the physiological characteristics and yield of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Science Agriculture. 14 (2): 234-238. doi: 10.15192/PSCP .SA.2016.14.2.234238
Keshavarz, H., S.A.M. Modarres Sanavy, and R. Sadegh Gol Moghadam, 2016. Impact of foliar application with salicylic acid on biochemical characters of canola plants under cold stress condition. Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 8(1): 98-105. doi: 15835/nsb819766
Khalid Hussein, Z., and M. Qader Khursheed. 2014. Effect of foliar application of ascorbic acid on growth, yield components and some chemical constituents of wheat under water stress conditions. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 10: 1-15. doi: 12816/0029871
Kumar, S., S.N. Saxena, J.G. Mistry, R.S. Fougat, R.K. Solanki, and R. Sharma. 2015. Understanding Cuminum cyminum: An important seed spice crop of arid and semi-arid regions. International Journal of Seed Spices. 5(2): 1-19.
Lawlor, D.W., and G. Cornic, 2002. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and associated metabolism in relation to water deficits in higher plants. Plant, Cell and Environment. 25(2): 275-294. doi: 1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00814.x
Lichtenthaler, H.K. 1987. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods Enzymol. 148: 350-382. doi: 1016/0076-6879(87) 48036-1
Marschner, H. 2012. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic press limited harcourt brace and company, publishers, London, pp. 347–364. doi: 978-0-12-384905-2
Mazaherinia, M., A.R. Astaraei, A. Fotovat, and A. Monshi. 2010. Effect of nano iron oxide particles on Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu concentrations in weath plant. World Applied Science Journal. 7(1): 156-162.
Movahedy Dehnavy, M., and S.A.M. Modarres Sanavy. 2007. Effect of Zn and Mn micronutrients foliar application on yield and yield components of three winter safflower under drought stress in Isfahan. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 13(2): 1-11. doi: 1016/j.indcrop.2009.02.004. (In Persian).
Nowak, V., J. Du, and U.R. Charrondière, 2015. Assessment of the nutritional composition of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Food Chemistry. 193: 47-54. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.111
Payghozar, Y., A. Ghanbari, M. Heidari, and A. Tavassoli. 2013. The effect of foliar application of trace elements on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pearl millet Nutrifid cultivar (Pennisetum glacum) under drought stress. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 10(3): 67-79. (In Persian).
Pirzad, A., M.R. Shakiba, S. Zehtab-Salmasi, S.A. Mohammadi, R. Darvishzadeh, and A. Samadi. 2012. Effect of water stress on leaf relative water content, chlorophyll, proline and soluble carbohydrates in Matricaria chamomilla Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 5(12): 2483-2488.
Ramswaroop, J., R.N. Sita, C. Rajsingh, and M. Irfan. 2017. Effect of potassium and sulphur on quality of sesame (Sesamum indicum ). International Journal of Current Microbiology Application of Science. 6(4): 1876-1878.
Ranjbar, M., H. Larry Yazdi, and Sh. Bromandjazi. 2010. The effect of salicylic acid on antioxidant enzymes, photosynthetic pigments of sugar content in rape (Brasica napus) under Pb stress. Journal of Plant Biology. 3(9): 39-52. doi: 1001.1. 20088264.1390.3.9.5.5
Sabzi, S., Z. Tahmasebi, and M. Barari. 2017. Study of the yield and some important plant of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes at different moisture levels. Envirnmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 10(1): 21-30. doi: 22077/escs.1396. 528. (In Persian).
Shahbazi Nejad, H., M. Feizian, B. Zahedi, and Y. Parvizi. 2019. Assessment effects of drought stress, superabsorbent and manure on agronomic and chemical traits in German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 49(4): 1061-1072. doi: 10.22059/ijhs.2018.228369.1195. (In Persian).
Shahgholi, Sh., S. Sayfzadeh, E. Hadidi Masouleh, N. Shahsavari, and H. Zakerin. 2022. Assessment of zinc, boron, and iron foliar application on wheat yield and yield components under drought stress. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 54(9): 1283-1292. doi: 1080/00103624.2022.2141772.
Shariat, A., G. Karimzadeh, M.H. Assareh, and J. Hadian. 2017. Variations of physiological indices and metabolite profiling in Satureja khuzistanica in response to drought stress. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research. 25(2): 232-246. doi: 22092/IJRFPBGR. 2017.113313. (In Persian).
Sheteawi, S.A. 2007. Improving growth and yield of salt-stressed soybean by exogenous application of jasmonic acid and ascorbic. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 9: 473-478. doi: 1560–8530/2007/09–3–473–478
Sibi, M., M. Mirzakhani, and M. Ghomarian. 2012. Study of cell membranes instability of safflower under water stress, application of zeolite and salicylic acid. Agronomy and Plant Breeding. 8(2): 119-136. (In Persian).
Subramanian, K.S., A. Manikandan, M. Thirunavukkarasu, and C.S. Rahale. 2015. Nano-fertilizers for balanced crop nutrition. In Nanotechnologies in Food and Agriculture. 69–80. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-14024-7_3
Subramanian, K.S., and M. Thirunavukkarasu. 2017. Nano-fertilizers and nutrient transformations in soil. In Nanoscience and Plant–Soil Systems. 48: 305-319. doi: 1007/978-3-319-46835-8_11
Turkan, I. 2011. Plant responses to drought and salinity stress. Development in a post-Genomic era. Advances Botany Research. 593p.
William, H. 2000. Official methods of analysis of AOAC international. 17nd ed. USA: Association Official Analytical Chemists, 100p. doi: 4236/ce.2020.118106
Zeid, F., E. Omer, A. Amin, and S.A. Hanafy. 2014. Effect of putrescine and salicylic acid on ajwain plant (Trachyspermum ammi) at vegetative stage grown under drought stress. International Journal of Agricultural Science Research. 4: 61-79.
