• List of Articles &#x0D

      • Open Access Article

        1 - Comparing dividend discount model with residual income model
        R. Shabahang علی Rouhi
        One of the most important function of stock markets is stock pricing Dividend discount model(DDM) is a very traditional model to calculate stick prices. According to this model stock price isequal with present value of all of futures cash flows that will be generated fr More
        One of the most important function of stock markets is stock pricing Dividend discount model(DDM) is a very traditional model to calculate stick prices. According to this model stock price isequal with present value of all of futures cash flows that will be generated from stock (dividend andsale price). In contrast, according to Residual Income Model (RIM) stick price is equal with sum ofbook value and present value of future residual incomes.Residual income model caused to create a very strong relation between accounting, finance andeconomic concepts, because it uses residual income and it is equal with:Net income- (required rate of return * book value of stock). Residual income named goodwill oreconomic profit. To calculating required rate of return we use CAPM (capital assets pricing model).Thus we will have Risk and Return together. When we explain residual income we are speakingabout “creation of wealth” , and when we explain about dividend discount model we are speakingabout “distribution of wealth”, with this matter our hypotheses is:“Creation of wealth approach is more suitable to calculate stock price on comparing withdistribution of wealth approach”.Analyzing data with using regression models indicated:RIM is more accurate to analyze and prediction of stock prices on comparing with DDM. Manuscript profile
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        2 - Designing a Mathematical Model for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Advertising Media on Consumer Behavior
        S. Khanmohammadi M. Mohammadi
        Advertising is one of the critical factors for success of any organization, so that advertising plans isimplemented with regarding effective factors such as marketing mix, environmental factors and marketinggoals in consumer's buying decision making process. In This pap More
        Advertising is one of the critical factors for success of any organization, so that advertising plans isimplemented with regarding effective factors such as marketing mix, environmental factors and marketinggoals in consumer's buying decision making process. In This paper a dynamic model for evaluating theeffectiveness of using advertising media is introduced. In this model the media planning is employed basedon internal and environmental parameters of organizations and their interactions, by using the expert’sconsults as linguistic fuzzy values. A multiple criteria decision making model is used to assign optimalbudget to advertising media. Manuscript profile
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        3 - The Need tp Adapt a Fundamental Change Approach to Public Administration Programs in Order to Improve and Enhance the Capacity and Competency of the State
        N.i Mirsepass M. Ghahremani
        Fundamental changes in bureaucracy in our country have been noted for many decades by scholars inthe field. In 2002, the Ministers’ Board agreed to implement a seven-principle program oftransformation in PA by state apparatus . The new definition of the state is a More
        Fundamental changes in bureaucracy in our country have been noted for many decades by scholars inthe field. In 2002, the Ministers’ Board agreed to implement a seven-principle program oftransformation in PA by state apparatus . The new definition of the state is as a facilitator andaccelerator factor of development; the goal of program is improvement of competence in PA. Thetransformation program should be implemented simultaneously to achieve the goal. This paperexamines the relationship between the implementation strategy for the transformation program of PAand the competence of the state.Using a common index, we gathered a sample of 99 participants from the public implement apparatusof center of the West Azarbayjan province . The findings show mismatching between the program andimplementation due to political, technical and organizational centralization; lack of proper motivationfor top managers; lack of non-governmental institutions in the process of evaluating performance. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        4 - An investigation of the smoothing of financial Ratios by management and the effect on decision users
        R. Shabahang M. Hemmat far
        The study investigates the smoothing of financial ratios by management and the effects offinancial in formation in accepted companies population in tehran securities exchange.In the study using deductive, inductive approach, firstly with expressing theoritical concepts More
        The study investigates the smoothing of financial ratios by management and the effects offinancial in formation in accepted companies population in tehran securities exchange.In the study using deductive, inductive approach, firstly with expressing theoritical concepts andfirst model going toward details of study (Financial statement) ends to inductive result and statistictests.It is disscused two hypothesis in the study, according to theorical bases: which the first oneinvestigates existence financial ratio smoothing and the second one smoothing Analysis of variance(ANOVA) statistics method is used.For testing the first method panel data multiple regression is used For testing second hypothesies.Testing the first hypotesies indecated that financial ratios smoothing behavior in 5% significantlevel for some under the study years (76-81) observed for the most of the investigated.Financial ratios the second hypothesis indicated that the mentioned factors on smoothing index ofsome investigeted financial ratios were efficacious.Among these effective factors the most power Full Factors on financial ratios smoothing indexhas been Agency debt, and the most weak factor has been the size of company. Manuscript profile
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        5 - Competency Modeling for Public Sector Managers (Middle Managers of Industrial Section)
        N. Mirsepasci D. Gholamzadeh
        Nowadays in our turbulent and stormy world what can undertake the developing life of organizationsand governments are just powerful and efficient managers. Efficient and competent managers shouldhave been trained to have efficient and effective management systems. Perfe More
        Nowadays in our turbulent and stormy world what can undertake the developing life of organizationsand governments are just powerful and efficient managers. Efficient and competent managers shouldhave been trained to have efficient and effective management systems. Perfect framework is neededfor training and developing consequently. We can reach to the goal and strategies of the organizationsand governments. in other side governmental organizations like private organizations involve manybig changes so we can not hope to static models of management development. Therefore new flexiblemodels are needed which consider different environmental variant and organizational policies andnecessary advises according to environmental changes. The goal of this study is planning and advisingmentioned contingency model. Therefore Dr. Johnson typology model with four kind of developingmanagement were selected. Then many other competency models from governmental organizations indifferent countries were studied. With applying comparative study, similarities and differences pointdefined. In operational part of this study with defining and describing deferent part of four kind ofdeveloping management and with presenting different competency, expert group are requested todefined appropriate competencies for each type of developing management according to their priority .Collected data analyzed and appropriate competencies for each type of management developmentworked out. Manuscript profile
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        6 - Study of the World's Higher Education Assessment Systems to Propose an Appropriate Assessment Model for Iran's Higher Education Assessment Aystem
        N. Ghoorchian H. Shahrakipoor
        Universities have interrelated and complicated roles nowadays. Hence, their quantitative growthcould not definitely be effective without consideration of scientific process changes as well as qualitystandards satisfaction.The study is trying to develop an appropriate mo More
        Universities have interrelated and complicated roles nowadays. Hence, their quantitative growthcould not definitely be effective without consideration of scientific process changes as well as qualitystandards satisfaction.The study is trying to develop an appropriate model for Iran's higher education to enhance thereliance assessment factor. Our country's universities must focus on the creation of a modernassessment system, which could have lawful and legitimate scientific activities. The universitiesmust not only develop the quantitative aspect of higher education training system, but also theymust maintain the dynamic higher education system as a lawful tool, thus, there is a need to developadvance and utilize the quality of Iran's higher education assessment system.The data collection study system is descriptive -survey. Two data questionnaires have been analyzed.The statistical community of the first questionnaire includes the university faculties who are teaching atthe universities. It includes 18 types of recognized higher education assessment systems of theworld higher education, the concerned questionnaires were distributed among the theoreticians. Andthe obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software, consequently, 360° assessment system wasspecified based on 4,97 out of 5 scales For Iran's higher education assessment system. According tothe obtained data and written information of the first questionnaire, we composed an appropriate 360°assessment evaluation system, and it was distributed among 384 people, 73 chancellors, 58 trainingassistants, 153 faculties, and 100 higher education specialists. The model consisted of buildingblocks of philosophy and objectives (90%), fundamentals of theory (76%), executive stages(100%) both anew engineering and assessment system (92%). Generally, 93 %out of 100%approved Iran's final higher education assessment system. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        7 - Survey of Relation Between Organizational Culture and Decision Style and Presentation an Optimal Model
        N. Mirsepase H. Danaei
        The current research seeks to explain the relationship between organizational culture and decision styles inorder to provide a model for effective decision styles in different organizational cultures. In fact, the mainquestion is that "is there any relationship between More
        The current research seeks to explain the relationship between organizational culture and decision styles inorder to provide a model for effective decision styles in different organizational cultures. In fact, the mainquestion is that "is there any relationship between using different decision styles and organizationefficiency", and if the answer is yes, which model com show this relationship? And, "is that model applied inthe statistical universe in the some manner?' Also, problems concerning the decision style of managers whichas a concealed but important and in fluential factor has not been sufficiently examined yet, and identifyingdecision styles among managers of statistical universe are the other key questions Pursued in this research.Studies on 61 organizations in Khorasan Razavi Province show that there are relationships betweendifferent decision styles (e.g. Directive, analytical, behavioral, conceptual) and various organizationalcultures (e.g. Role, power, support, achievement) as follows:- In organizations with a role culture, there is a direct and meaningful correlation between analyticaldecision style and performance.- In organizations with a power culture, there is a direct and meaningful correlation between directivedecision style and performance.- In organizations with a support culture, there is a direct and meaningful correlation between behavioraldecision style and performance.- In organizations with an achievement culture, there is a direct and, meaningful correlation betweenconceptual decision style and performance.Given that in role culture and in power culture, both the analytical and directive decision styles have adirect meaningful correlation with performance on one hand, and on the other hand descriptive findingsshow that wherever there is a role culture, one finds a power culture too, and finally the observations andinterviews of researcher in organization included in statistical universe, the researcher decided to categorizethe above tow cultures under one label and the relevant two decision styles under one label too; thus with theapproval of the knowledgeable experts, I chose the label of dominance-oriented culture instead of the roleand power cultures and the label of pragmatic decision-making style in place both analytical and directivedecision styles.In fact, the dominance- oriented culture is the organizational culture that is characterized by role and powerfeatures simultaneously and has the most frequency in statistical universe; the pragmatic decision-makingstyle is one which is formed by combining directive and analytical styles; i.e., it is vertical, rational andhierarchic from the thinking style point of view and is power- oriented from the other dimension point ofview Manuscript profile
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        8 - Evaluating performance management system for personnel of khorasan razavi gas corporation with using people capability maturity model (PCMM)
        Gholam Abas Shekari Mohamad Shahab Sheybanifar
        This research evaluates performance management system in Khorasan Razavi gascorporation based on people capability maturity model. This research also is based on appliedgoal and on the basis of data collecting is descriptive. This study conducted in order todetermine ma More
        This research evaluates performance management system in Khorasan Razavi gascorporation based on people capability maturity model. This research also is based on appliedgoal and on the basis of data collecting is descriptive. This study conducted in order todetermine maturity level in performance management process area, so, using formula ofestimation of sample size, 92 employee were selected randomly. The research tool for datagathering was questionire that reliability assess is 0.953.The result indicated performance management process area on the basis of people capabilitymaturity model is not optimum and Implementation Practices and InstitutionalicationPractices must establish in this corporation. Manuscript profile
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        9 - Designing and operating of BSC as a comprehensive system of performance assessment
        R. Shabahang M. Ebrahimi
        It was a long time that human kind was waiting for 21st century and it has brought us a great deal ofproblems more than previous time and these days we can hardly find stable organization more over, thepriorities are going to change so it is obvious that we should adapt More
        It was a long time that human kind was waiting for 21st century and it has brought us a great deal ofproblems more than previous time and these days we can hardly find stable organization more over, thepriorities are going to change so it is obvious that we should adapt ourselves to accept new technology andcompetitive efforts and it is necessary to know more about our status in order to make a reasonable attemptin our normal business days and we should be able to predict the outcome in future. Therefore, we shouldhave a brilliant strategy to achieve to these goals in the exact period according to our plan.In this due, without a doubt there was a great need to obtain comprehensive performance assistance whichis evaluated according to the organization’s strategies.In 1992 the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) was presented by Kaplan and Norton. This new method says thatsome custom’s methods like (ROI) are not complete approaches to present the organization’s function.BSC is analyzing procedures in learning and growth, internal, customer and financial perspective which isrepresented the most departments of the organization.BSC is paying attention to financial and not financial goals, quality and quantity and clarify what we havedone in the past and what we should do in the future.In this project first: The BSC models have designed in 8 steps according to strategy of one samplecompany then the relation between four perspective have tested.The major assumptions are as bellows:1- There is a meaningful connection between training and internal perspective.2- There is a meaningful connection between internal perspective and customer’s satisfaction.3- There is a meaningful connection between customer’s satisfaction and profitIn conclusion, the project presented that there were meaningful connections between training and internalperspective, internal perspective and customer’s satisfaction, customer’s satisfaction and profit of theorganization. Manuscript profile
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        10 - Effect of Distance Working on Performance of Employees of Ministry of Cooperative, Labor & Social Welfare
        Gh. Reza Memarzadeh Tehran Fatemeh Alsadat Abolmaali
        Nowadays through beginning the third millennium we are facing with new concept of laborthat is different its previous meaning in the 20th century that is called teleworking that is in factmoving from standard traditional working condition toward flexible procedures by u More
        Nowadays through beginning the third millennium we are facing with new concept of laborthat is different its previous meaning in the 20th century that is called teleworking that is in factmoving from standard traditional working condition toward flexible procedures by usinginformation technology and communication as modern solution for obtaining to objectives ofgoals and meeting human resource requirements. We are coping with a new challenge aboutdealing with management and benefit of increasing performance of employees for managers oforganizations.The objective of this research is studying the effect of teleworking on performance ofemployees at Ministry of Cooperative, Labor and Social Labor that with respect to result ofwork is regarded as applied research and with respect to objective is regarded as descriptivecorrelationresearch. The statistical universe of this research is all distance working employeesof Ministry of Cooperative, Labor and Social Welfare that are 630 persons. The tool forcollecting information is questionnaire. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed bysupervisor and advisor and 10 experts and for reliability of questionnaire it was applied fromAlpha Cronbach method that the remained Alpha at elementary stage was obtained as 0.924 andat main stage was 0.926.In order to analyze data it was applied from T-test, Pearson Correlation and Freedman test.Research findings show that teleworking has positive relationship with performancecomponents (organizational commitment, economizing in costs, motivation, improvement, jobsatisfaction and concentration) and due to flexibility it increases performance of employees.Results of research show that model factors are not equal and organizational commitment hashighest rank(4.8) and improvement factor with lowest rank (2.55) as the lowest important factorat distance working. Manuscript profile
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        11 - The predictive ability and information content of aggregate earnings beyond disaggregate earnings
        R. Shabahang Z. Lashgari
        The predictive ability and explanatory power of an aggregate model of reported earnings is compared to adisaggregated model of reported earnings by examining their associations with contemporaneous stockreturns and future earnings. The change in annual reported earnings More
        The predictive ability and explanatory power of an aggregate model of reported earnings is compared to adisaggregated model of reported earnings by examining their associations with contemporaneous stockreturns and future earnings. The change in annual reported earnings is disaggregated into changes in revenue,operating margin, and other expenses in order to examine whether they individually and jointly conveyinformation about future earnings that is not reflected in aggregate earnings and whether this incrementalpredictive ability is reflected in security prices.This study contributes to the information content literature in two ways. First, it examines the informationand valuation link between the operating income components of reported earnings and future earnings andstock returns. Second, the empirical analysis is conducted on an industry basis and over a eight-year periodto examine how the predictive ability and information content of earnings and its components vary acrossindustries and over time.The results indicate the following. First, changes in revenue, operating margin, and other expenses (thedisaggregated model) jointly have not predictive ability and information content beyond the change inaggregate reported earnings with respect to one-year ahead annual earnings and contemporaneous annualstock returns. Second, the predictive ability and, information content of these earnings components as well asaggregate earnings varies across industries and varies over time Manuscript profile
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        12 - Past, Present and Future of Marketing Practice: A critical Analysis
        Pejman Jafari
        Marketing consists of two different spheres including theoretical and practical. Although, theacademic aspect is quite new not more than a century but the practical aspect exists from thefirst of business history. This article is trying to introduce one of theoretical a More
        Marketing consists of two different spheres including theoretical and practical. Although, theacademic aspect is quite new not more than a century but the practical aspect exists from thefirst of business history. This article is trying to introduce one of theoretical attempts inmarketing practice.Present research is based on a critical review on typology study of contemporary marketingpractice which was developed by Coviello et al (1997) and has come to this result that if we aresupposed to have such classification scheme, a deep modification would be vital for applying indeveloping countries like Iran. Manuscript profile
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        13 - Simulating the Production Line of Reinforcement Bars and Determining the nondominant Solutions for the Number of Cranes
        Mohammadali Afshar Kazemi Mahmoud Alborzi Shadi Mahjoubravesh
        In this research, it has been attempted to model the production line of reinforcement barsusing discrete simulation modeling to determine the number of cranes required, considering therelevant factors such as, production line speed, failure rates of each machine and the More
        In this research, it has been attempted to model the production line of reinforcement barsusing discrete simulation modeling to determine the number of cranes required, considering therelevant factors such as, production line speed, failure rates of each machine and the spacerequirement. To achieve this, the production process was first investigated and an appropriatesimulation model was formulated using the Enterprise Dynamics (ED) simulation package. Therelevant data were then collected for each entity through time study. The sample size and thestatistical distributions were identified. To check for model validation, the simulation resultswere compared with actual data using statistical tests. To determine the desired number ofcranes and improve the production line performance, three indices i.e. output rate, productivityfactor and mean waiting time were determined through expert opinion and eight differentlayouts were constructed as alternatives considering the space constraint. All three indices weredetermined through simulation taking a reproducible approach. The weights of the criteria werecomputed using the Entropy technique and the alternatives were ranked using the TOPSISmethodology Manuscript profile
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        14 - Economic assessment and Policies on controlling air pollution due to Transportation: Case study of Tehran
        J. Pejoyan A. moghiminia
        The air pollution which is at present on of the most important problems in the city of Tehran, as anexternality, imposes costs and expenses on the economy of the country. These costs which are sometimesunaccountable while add to the environmental issues in the long &nda More
        The air pollution which is at present on of the most important problems in the city of Tehran, as anexternality, imposes costs and expenses on the economy of the country. These costs which are sometimesunaccountable while add to the environmental issues in the long – run and aggravate the circumstances inaccessing to sustainable development. So, by controlling and reducing the air pollution the necessarygrounds for creating appropriate and suitable conditions for growth and development should be prepared.Controlling the air pollution can be assessed in two directions (pivotal stages).First, posing rules and controls by the policymakers and second, setting environmental taxes. Using theestimations by the model which analysis the air pollution resulted from transportation in Tehran, weconclude that the distance demand is a less elastic factor (good) which is due to the low price of gas inTehran. The findings of the estimations after setting (posing) environmental taxes (taxes on the price of gasand distance plus taxes on vehicles) also, indicate that considering the less elasticity of the driven distancedemand, setting these types of taxes is merely useful for the income purposes of the government, while,pigovian purposes, that is, reducing the air pollution through reducing demand by consumers Will not besatisfactory via posing these types of taxes Manuscript profile
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        15 - The effect of human resources strategic management to attract, retain and empower human resources (case study: Agricultural Bank of Urmia)
        Reza Rostamzadeh Hossein Boudaghi Khajenobar Zeynab Soltani
        The research on strategic human resources management framework and its important role in attracting, retaining, and empowering employees is emphasized. The aim of the research is to answer the question whether strategic human resources management to attract, retain and More
        The research on strategic human resources management framework and its important role in attracting, retaining, and empowering employees is emphasized. The aim of the research is to answer the question whether strategic human resources management to attract, retain and empower effective or not. Based on this hypothesis was considered in the design and conceptual model for research Where strategic human resource management as an independent variable that consists of the following variables selection, participation, performance appraisal, compensation and training, and attract, retain and empowerment were considered as the dependent variable. The research aims to study, study population, employees were selected branches of the Agricultural Bank city of Urmia is the number of branches to 13 branches. 210 is equal to the population size according to the formula for determining sample size and sample size of 136 people. Results After collecting and analyzing data with software spss and pls confirm the results revealed three main hypotheses. In other words, the strategic management of human resources and a significant positive impact on attracting, retaining, and empowering human resources is among the staff of the Agricultural Bank city of Urmia. Manuscript profile
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        16 - Using Clustering and Genetic Algorithm Techniques in Optimizing Decision Trees for Credit Scoring of Bank Customers
        Mahmood Alborzi Mohammad Khanbabaei M. E. Mohammad Pourzarandi
        Decision trees technique as one of the data mining techniques, is used in credit scoring ofbank customers to classify them in order to offer credit facilities. The main problem is incomplexity of decision trees, excessive size, lack of flexibility and low accuracy incla More
        Decision trees technique as one of the data mining techniques, is used in credit scoring ofbank customers to classify them in order to offer credit facilities. The main problem is incomplexity of decision trees, excessive size, lack of flexibility and low accuracy inclassification. The purpose of this paper is to propose a compound model in the optimization ofdecision trees by using genetic algorithm technique. It appears that genetic algorithm can chooseappropriate features and build decision trees to reduce complexity and increase flexibility indecision trees. In the proposed compound model, the credit data is initially divided into twoclusters by Simple means clustering technique. On the next step, the important credit scoringfeatures in the data set are selected using genetic algorithm and the five feature selectionalgorithm based on Filter, Wrapper and Embedded approaches. Subsequently, five decisiontrees based on C4.5 algorithm in each cluster are constructed with a set of the selected features.The best decision trees in each cluster, are selected and combined based on the desiredoptimality criteria, mentioned in this paper, to construct the final decision tree. WEKA machinelearning tool and GATree software were used to in this purpose. Results show that using theproposed compound model in building decision trees leads to increased classification accuracy,compared to other algorithms in this paper. However the algorithm complexity of the proposedcompound model is more than some of the classification algorithms compared in this paper. Manuscript profile
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        17 - Design and Compilation a Measuring Pattern for Social Capital
        R.A. Royaee E. Kavousy
        Often it said that: “you will not able to manage if could not measure” and “every thing will be executable if itcould be measured.”Despite abundant prompts have been done about measurement of social capital by the researchers around theworld, reg More
        Often it said that: “you will not able to manage if could not measure” and “every thing will be executable if itcould be measured.”Despite abundant prompts have been done about measurement of social capital by the researchers around theworld, regretfully, there is a significant weakness which is the lack of unanimity about measuring method ofthese phenomena between them.Importantly, the first step in the measuring every entity is definition of its features and attributes. So, thisarticle has been started by mentioning various definitions of social capital, pursuing by social capitalmeasuring methods by emphesizing on disagreement of experts’ views. Among the qualitative modells;SCAT modell, presented by by Bin & Hix; CRLRA, developed by Falk & Kilpatric as well as Krishna andSherader have been introuced, then quantitatives modells including Snigders, Patnam and Fukuyamademonstrated and following that, measurable and economical patterns in order to measuring social capitalexplained. Suggested pattern has been intruduced after presenting of conceptual pattern.In this stage, fourdimentions of social capital have been considered and the relative components of each dimention introducedand following at components measuring indexes illustrated with tables and form. At the end, regarding theexperimental execution of this model in the Sience and Research of Islamic Azad University, executive stepsas well as some results of the research have been explained breifly. Manuscript profile
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        18 - Using Clustering and Genetic Algorithm Techniques in Optimizing Decision Trees for Credit Scoring of Bank Customers
        Mahmood Alborzi Mohammad Khanbabaei M. E. Mohammad Pourzarandi
        Decision trees technique as one of the data mining techniques, is used in credit scoring ofbank customers to classify them in order to offer credit facilities. The main problem is incomplexity of decision trees, excessive size, lack of flexibility and low accuracy incla More
        Decision trees technique as one of the data mining techniques, is used in credit scoring ofbank customers to classify them in order to offer credit facilities. The main problem is incomplexity of decision trees, excessive size, lack of flexibility and low accuracy inclassification. The purpose of this paper is to propose a compound model in the optimization ofdecision trees by using genetic algorithm technique. It appears that genetic algorithm can chooseappropriate features and build decision trees to reduce complexity and increase flexibility indecision trees. In the proposed compound model, the credit data is initially divided into twoclusters by Simple means clustering technique. On the next step, the important credit scoringfeatures in the data set are selected using genetic algorithm and the five feature selectionalgorithm based on Filter, Wrapper and Embedded approaches. Subsequently, five decisiontrees based on C4.5 algorithm in each cluster are constructed with a set of the selected features.The best decision trees in each cluster, are selected and combined based on the desiredoptimality criteria, mentioned in this paper, to construct the final decision tree. WEKA machinelearning tool and GATree software were used to in this purpose. Results show that using theproposed compound model in building decision trees leads to increased classification accuracy,compared to other algorithms in this paper. However the algorithm complexity of the proposedcompound model is more than some of the classification algorithms compared in this paper. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        19 - The Survey of Effective Behavioral Factors on Decision Making of Acceptance the Electronic Commerce, by Managers of SMEs in Tehran
        A. Hajiha F.i Ghaffar L. Hajihashemi varnosefadrani
        information technology offers opportunities for creating new business by opening new markets up andintroducing new products and services, but its acceptance encounters with many difficulties, speciallyby small and medium enterprises (SMEs). For example, a survey conduct More
        information technology offers opportunities for creating new business by opening new markets up andintroducing new products and services, but its acceptance encounters with many difficulties, speciallyby small and medium enterprises (SMEs). For example, a survey conducted by Verison found that36% of small and medium enterprises established web sites primarily to advertise and promote theirbusiness, compared to 9% who established one to sell or market online. Similarly, in a survey of 444SMEs during 2002, Pratt found that many SMEs were reluctant to conduct transactions online, morethan 80% were only using the Internet to communicate (via e–mail) and gather business information.This means that top managers/owners of SMEs do not realize the strategic value of electroniccommerce to their business or this means that they encounter significant barriers to implementing it.(Cyber Atlas, 2003)The research objective is determining the effective behavioral factors on decision making ofacceptance the electronic commerce by managers of SMEs in Tehran that it’s using the TechnologyAcceptance Model (TAM) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The research focused on thebehavioral intention and it doesn’t measure the actual behavior. The data collected from 226 personsof top managers/owners of SMEs in order to validating research models, then the models evaluatedby Lisrel. The findings of the Davis’ Technology Acceptance Model presented a support to thetheoretical links. Also the findings of the Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior presented a support tothe theoretical links (with the exception of the effect of subjective norm on the behavioral intention toaccept/use the electronic commerce). Manuscript profile
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        20 - Designing a mathematical qualification matrix model to assign individuals to jobs optimally
        S. Khanmohammadi A. Hajiha J. Jassbi
        For long assigning the right person to the right job has been out in management sciences. In thisregard, studies conducted in various fields of human resources have proposed training as a suitablesolution to match the two mentioned elements. However the definition of tr More
        For long assigning the right person to the right job has been out in management sciences. In thisregard, studies conducted in various fields of human resources have proposed training as a suitablesolution to match the two mentioned elements. However the definition of training requirements haspaid less attention to the content of the job and the capacities of the employee while majororganizational trainings have been prefabricated.This article proposes a mathematical model called qualification matrix which has been designedto evaluate the match between job and employee. First, the knowledge required for any job andevaluation of the knowledge the individuals possess, are determined, then the match between thetwo will be determined using the designed mathematical model. The results derived from this modelnot only make it possible to design a suitable training system to assign the right person to the rightjob, but using the same in other organizational systems such as determining the employees’ career,evaluating the performance, compensating for services, determining the qualifications to obtain thejob, and other human resources systems of the organization, will also be possible.In designing this mathematical model, the linear assignment technique has been used and a casestudy has been conducted on a portion of information elicited from a company rendering after-salesservices. Manuscript profile
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        21 - Evaluating impact Demand management policies (price and non price) on Energy conservation in IRAN using Energy system model
        M. R. Sharifazadeh Ali A. Esmaeilnia
        Energy as a fundamental factor of production processes an important place in the economics system so thatproviding secured energy is one of the most important problem for attaining sustained growth anddevelopment. Non consistency of domestic national product growth with More
        Energy as a fundamental factor of production processes an important place in the economics system so thatproviding secured energy is one of the most important problem for attaining sustained growth anddevelopment. Non consistency of domestic national product growth with that of energy consumption growthin the country shows that energy productivity is reduced. Therefore for purposes of energy efficiency andenergy conservation you meet to apply appropriate policies for the country.Implementation of demand management, policy in line with rationalization of energy consumption, ispossible in the content of price and or non price policy or combination of there two. By using an energysystem model in the content of various scenario a suitable policy was chosen, and the result optimal showedthat potential for conservation in the case of using price scenario was much higher in combination of pricepolicy. But using a combination of price policy(moving towards prices with marginal cost) and non price(moving towards using of legal instruments, standards, regulations and….) can be a more suitable policypackage for the country. I fact evaluation results of policies in the content of five scenarios, showed thisfundamental finding that by implementing a combination of price policy and non price policy such as settingstandards, passing laws and applying regulations in line with increases in productivity and improvingtechnical efficiencies of energy consuming facilities, the country can benefit more of the results of demandmanagement policies. Manuscript profile
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        22 - Organizational communication in Information Society: Effectiveness of Information & Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Organizational Communication Efficiency
        A.A. Farhangi V. Tarzami nejad
        Today, information and communication technologies (ICTs) are not only a simple tool for working but alsodraw on many contexts for changes in organizations. For example, changes in communication ways provideimportant challenges how we use ICTs for facilitating communicat More
        Today, information and communication technologies (ICTs) are not only a simple tool for working but alsodraw on many contexts for changes in organizations. For example, changes in communication ways provideimportant challenges how we use ICTs for facilitating communication in organization. Effectiveness thatICTs play in collaborative communication is resulted fostering improvements in human resourcedevelopment via coordination of communication abilities and capabilities. Together, these factors conductcommunication empowerment and productivity, increase organizational communication efficiency.In previous thirty years, the extant literature findings are differences about ICTs' effecting withinorganizations. In the other way, changes in the kinds of ICTs and different impact of everyone have reducedgeneralizable of previous findings. So, in this paper, we try to explain effectiveness of ICTs such as intranet,extranet, e-mail, teleconferences and etc on social structure variables (a succession of complexity andformalization) and physical structure variables (time-location independency of activities) that entailcommunication efficiency in base on communication empowerment inside the organization. These factorscomprise elements of our conceptual model that depicts this literature in area of organizationalcommunication.In order to fulfill the aim of the paper, the study was carried out among the performance employees inIslamic Republic Iranian Broadcasting (IRIB) which access ICTs and use it, till tested our conceptualframework. Data are analyzed with SPSS and empirical analysis showed how data on ICTs make it possiblethat communicational empowerment is effected by formalization, time-location independency and finallycomplexity in hierarchy. Manuscript profile
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        23 - Conceptual Model For New Product Development In Concurrent Engineering Environment
        S. M. Seied Hoseini S. J. Iranban
        Today necessary and important of new product, conversion as a necessary strategy for stay in business.Chief companies try to use new approaches for improvement of new product development (NPD) process.One of these new approaches is concurrent engineering (CE). Many rese More
        Today necessary and important of new product, conversion as a necessary strategy for stay in business.Chief companies try to use new approaches for improvement of new product development (NPD) process.One of these new approaches is concurrent engineering (CE). Many researches and studies about thisapproach was carried out or is doing now. In the general perspective, concurrent engineering presenting thepattern that have three aspects of design, production and customer. In other words, concurrent engineeringapproaches try to consider the design, manufacturing and customer of product for achievement thesignificant improvements in business. In this article try to consideration all three aspects of concurrentengineering and finally presenting the conceptual model of new product development (NPD) in thisenvironment. Manuscript profile
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        24 - Evaluation of The Relationship Between Customer Loyalty And Relationship Selling in Industrial Markets
        K. Heidarzadeh M. R. Ramezanighomi
        Examines how customers loyalty is influenced by their relationship with the firm at two distinct levels:The specific relationship customers have with their salesperson ; and the overall relationshipcustomers have with the firm . The findings highlight the importance of More
        Examines how customers loyalty is influenced by their relationship with the firm at two distinct levels:The specific relationship customers have with their salesperson ; and the overall relationshipcustomers have with the firm . The findings highlight the importance of strong customer-salespersonrelationships in the development of customers overall evaluations of the supplier firm.Furthermore , both types of relationship were found to impact positively on the probability ofcustomers exhibiting behavioral loyalty. Manuscript profile
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        25 - Examing the Importance of Brand Equity for Customer Loyalty in the Food and Beverage Industries in Iran
        M. Bamenimoghadam K. Hidarzadeh H. Mehrzadi
        Business organizations in B2B markets create strategies for attracting customers and gaining theirloyalty.This paper examines the importance of brand equity for customer loyalty in the food and beverageindustry of Iran. This study evaluates satisfaction, value, trust, r More
        Business organizations in B2B markets create strategies for attracting customers and gaining theirloyalty.This paper examines the importance of brand equity for customer loyalty in the food and beverageindustry of Iran. This study evaluates satisfaction, value, trust, resistance to change, affect, and brandequity in relation to behavioral and attitudinal loyalty. The results show that attitudinal loyalty isrelated with trust , satisfaction, and brand equity only. Manuscript profile
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        26 - Dynamic Organizational Planning Modeling with Fuzzy Data
        S. Khanmohammadi R. Radfar J. Jassbi
        Strategic planning models emphasizes on two major approaches: first, mathematical models andmulti criteria decision making are used for organizational strategy selection and second, geometricalanalysis are used for strategy selection. But these approaches are usually su More
        Strategic planning models emphasizes on two major approaches: first, mathematical models andmulti criteria decision making are used for organizational strategy selection and second, geometricalanalysis are used for strategy selection. But these approaches are usually suffering from the fourmajor drawbacks:1) The effect of time, as a basic variable, is not considered in strategic planning process;2) In classic mathematical models that are currently used in strategy selection process, it is notpossible to consider all of the effective parameters simultaneously;3) Mutual effects of components and subsystems are disregarded;4) The ignorance of lag effects between elements and relations.In this paper a dynamic system approach is used for modeling the planning process to overcomethese weaknesses. In this model, organizational planning has been done based on recognition ofinternal and external components and mutual effects to overcome the organizational problems.Dynamic planning model consider an integrated whole system is designed containing differentsubsystems. This model is used to select the best strategy between different possible solutions. Manuscript profile
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        27 - Examine methods of students’ selection in our country for presenting optimum model
        نادر قلی Ghaurchian M. Azamani
        Ongoing development of knowledge and technology in the ultra modern world and its spreading indeveloping countries obliged these countries a long-term investment for training the qualified and capablestudents who could strengthen the scientific aspects for our country a More
        Ongoing development of knowledge and technology in the ultra modern world and its spreading indeveloping countries obliged these countries a long-term investment for training the qualified and capablestudents who could strengthen the scientific aspects for our country and motivate for scientific andtechnologic advancement. Whereas reaching this goal is the purpose of the ruling organizations of eachcountry, the precision of commission and the accommodation of operation with this ideal are verysignificant, accuracy and authenticity of this purpose would be just possible by "Essay", "Assay" and"Evaluation".Therefore, researcher must studying the evaluation problem in educational system moreover investigate thevalues after high school and entering to the higher education, would search for achieving an ideal pattern inassay and optimum selection of capable and susceptible students for entrance to higher educational course.To gain this goal, certain facts should be kept in mind, such as; assigning the principle component instudents’ election, presenting an appropriate pattern and describe the structure as a strategic treatments inimproving the students’ election system. Researcher by applying the review of respective literature andcomparative study of selected countries as Japan, USA, Australia, England and French according to thedescriptive-survey method has codified a model consist of four basic components (Philosophy, Objects,Executive process, Evaluation and Feedback) and some subordinate components. The codifying modelinclude a questionnaire, a measure of 7 Likert Degree, was considered by authorities and experts forevaluation. The statistical sample for questionnaire of studying the suggested model was considered byFaculty members of universities, Managers and Experts of National Organization for Educational Testing,Managers and Experts of Minister of Education (n=50).Most important results obtained of questionnaire performance show authorities and experts confirmationwith above agreement (average 5.91 of 7) from suggested model. Thus, the member of statistical modelcompletely confirmed and accepted model of philosophy (90%), objective of model (80%), executiveprocess (80%), evaluation and feedback (90%).Finally, some recommendations and suggestions were presented for implementing the students’ admissionmodel in country. Manuscript profile
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        28 - Investigation the Effect of Brand Social Power Dimensions on Purchasing Decisions Based on Customers’ Subjective Readiness Levels
        K. Heidarzadeh S.M. Alvani K. Ghalandari
        The value of a brand lies in its associations with specific mindset and perception of its use in context.In this research, brand social power is considered as the perception that customers have about brandspecifications in the process of making purchasing decisions. Usi More
        The value of a brand lies in its associations with specific mindset and perception of its use in context.In this research, brand social power is considered as the perception that customers have about brandspecifications in the process of making purchasing decisions. Using French and Raven (1959)typology of social influence, five social power bases of brand are identified which correspond to theiroriginal power bases. Assuming the ability of brands to meet various social needs of customers,markets can be segmented, and the target segments can be identified on the basis of those needs.Therefore, referring to Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership theory, the readiness levels ofemployees (followers) are generalized to the subjective readiness levels of customers in order toobtain a new indicator for market segmentation, so that, according to each level, we can focus on asingle social power dimension in our market positioning strategies. This research aims to identify theeffect of brand social dimensions based on subjective readiness levels on the purchasing decision ofcustomers. In this survey-descriptive study using random classified sampling, information wasobtained from 382 students using a valid and reliable questionnaire. Structural equation modelingbased on partial least squares was used to analyze data and test the hypotheses. The results suggest thatthe effect of brand social power dimensions based on different levels of customer subjective readinesson purchasing decisions vary. Manuscript profile
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        29 - Customer perceptions of e-service quality in online shopping
        Housein Vazifehdust Donya eskandarnia
        ObjectiveInfluence dimensions of service quality in online stores(website design, reliability,trust, personalization, responsiveness) on the overall service quality, customer satisfaction andcustomer's perception which lead to purchase intentions,was reviewed.Methodolog More
        ObjectiveInfluence dimensions of service quality in online stores(website design, reliability,trust, personalization, responsiveness) on the overall service quality, customer satisfaction andcustomer's perception which lead to purchase intentions,was reviewed.Methodology descriptive (type of survey) study, society is people who have experiencedonline shopping. Sampling method was simple random sample, and sample volume was 385person. Data collection tool was a questionnaire, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Lisrelsoftware is used For analyzing.Research results website design and Personalization in online store, have not influence onpurchase intention. Trust, reliability, and responsiveness in an online store positively influencespurchase intentions.Research Limitations non- cooperation some online shops for insert questionnaire in theirstores, and Notcommonly online shopping among people.Managerial Implications Managersof online stores to set up an online shop mostly focused toput customer's confidence. Recommended to administrators of online stores is more attentiononthesecurity oftheir ownsaleswebsite.Originality/Value All stages of the research on the web and have been done online form. Manuscript profile
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        30 - Future Studies of Cultural Services in Islamic Advertising and Communication Department of Astan Quds Razavi
        Ahmad Borumand Hamed Davari Amirnaser Akhavan
        In 1394, Research and Planning Management of Islamic Advertising and Communication Department of Astan Quds Razavi in order to their inherent missions had defined a research project about the future of its own cultural services. In this regard, futures studies expert te More
        In 1394, Research and Planning Management of Islamic Advertising and Communication Department of Astan Quds Razavi in order to their inherent missions had defined a research project about the future of its own cultural services. In this regard, futures studies expert team was formed and they selected scenario development method (GBN) as a favorable futuristic planning. So library and field studies concluded by huge volumes of baseline studies, review of dozens of articles and administrative documents in addition to interviews. After recognizing key elements and driving forces, experts accredited these factors by their interactions in four specialized PEST panels, and potential defects were resolved. Then researchers identified two elements of "economic situation" and "cultural integrated management" as critical uncertainties and constructive scenario development axes based on the findings and Cross Impact Analysis. We have been considered level of integrated management (organizational and more broadly) and caused to describe total six inductive scenarios including preferable, probable and possible ones. Meanwhile guidance indicators and advices were described in order to make fields to shape better decisions and policies besed on Astan Quds Razavi vision. Manuscript profile
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        31 - The Study of the Corelation and Consistency Between the Organization Stracture (Formality, Concentration and Complexity) and the Strategic Goles in Radio and TV Organization and Presrntion of a Suitable Pattern
        R.A. Royaee H. Mozafar
        Objective of this Paper is to identify problems and hindrances of radio and TV Organization. Both to executeits procedural strategy and objectives. To realize recent structure and to organized: to identify its weaknessesand strength: and to execute its accomplished proc More
        Objective of this Paper is to identify problems and hindrances of radio and TV Organization. Both to executeits procedural strategy and objectives. To realize recent structure and to organized: to identify its weaknessesand strength: and to execute its accomplished procedural strategy and objectives.The presence of various kinds of communication devices such as satellite and Internet : social changes :positional threat of Radio and TV: procedural role of propagation: protection: development; explanation ofIslam’s superiority and universality as well as fundamentals of Islamic Revolution; and explaining ImamKhomeini (Rahs) thoughts , religious government; and principal of authority of the qualified faqih; we needto create a suitable organizational structure with the new strategy for Radio and TV organization of IslamicRepublic of Iran.When the structure is adaptable with the strategy; its success is enhanced and its strategy would change.Therefore, its structure would also change. So the researcher has tried to study the organizational structure ofRadio and TV organization and its strategic objectives by emphasizing on the complexity; formality andcentralization; the researcher also is going to answer this question! Is the organization structure of Radio andTV organization adaptable with its procedural objectives?There fore, the research hypothesis has been that, is a difference between the organizational structure ofRadio and TV organization and its procedural objectives or not?Respective to the research and investigation system, the investigation is descriptive (measurable) and itsobjective is applied, so, concerning the investigation objective , Radio and TV organization could utilize theresults of the investigation.The investigation results showed that, Radio and TV organization is highly centralized and formalized,according to the views of the respective managers and authorities the media has an important mission Manuscript profile
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        32 - Introduction and Testing of the Application of a Risk-Based Model in Operational Auditing
        H. R. Vakilifard M. Salahinejad
        The main objective of this dissertation is the introduction of a risk-based model for operationalauditing and testing its application in solving problems such as amount of fee, verification timeallocation and planning of an operational audit engagement. The Government A More
        The main objective of this dissertation is the introduction of a risk-based model for operationalauditing and testing its application in solving problems such as amount of fee, verification timeallocation and planning of an operational audit engagement. The Government Audit Organizationstandards on risk concept, evidence and materiality are applied in the introduced model. The riskbasedmodel, as a tool of planning, assists the auditors in proceeding to an acceptable assurance level.The introduced model is applied in seven audit engagement and collected data from those engagementare compared with 10 audit engagement performed by Audit Organization during 2001 to 2007 andeffectivness, efficiency and economy of the model is measured. Effectiveness is defined as theaccomplished results, efficiency is defined as the way that results are accomplished and economy isdefined as the reduction of cost of the engagements.This research is qualitative, application oriented and based on constructivism philosophy . Theapproach of the research is deduction- induction and the strategy of the study is action research. Timehorizon of research is longitudal. In order to test the hypothesis , essential data is collected by likertquestionnaire and verification evidence of audits files. In this research SPSS NO.13 and Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon non-parametric tests are used.The results of the study confirms following the hypothesis of the dissertation as follows:Using risk – based model increase the acceptable level of assurance, acceptable level of materialityand facilitates the preparation of the budget on the basis of the standards of operational auditingprocess.Using the risk- based model increases the efficiency index of "number of deficiencies / number ofteams member" and "number of offers / number of teams member" in operational auditing process.Using the risk- based model decreases the economy index of " actual hours / budgeted hours " inoperational auditing process. Manuscript profile
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        33 - Voluntary Disclosure in Financial Reporting: A Review of Theories and Researches
        R. Royaee B. Banimahd
        This paper study theories of the voluntary disclosures and represent outcomes of the latest researches in thisregard. Our study is focused on value added reporting and environmental accounting theories and researches,since these disclosures have been increased in the la More
        This paper study theories of the voluntary disclosures and represent outcomes of the latest researches in thisregard. Our study is focused on value added reporting and environmental accounting theories and researches,since these disclosures have been increased in the last two decades.We explain the meaning and usage of the political economy theory,legitimacy theory,stackeholderstheory,decision usefulness approach and positive accounting theory in above subjects. Outcomes of thisstudy show that voluntary disclosure is not consistent and these disclosures are done for particular purpose. Manuscript profile
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        34 - Comparing Administrative characteristics of male and female Librarians in Tehran's Universities
        Maryam Emami Nosrat Riahi
        Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to compare the characteristics of male and femalelibrarians in the public universities located in Tehran.Method: A descriptive survey method was used for this study. Sample population for thestudy was 56 managers and 104 staff More
        Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to compare the characteristics of male and femalelibrarians in the public universities located in Tehran.Method: A descriptive survey method was used for this study. Sample population for thestudy was 56 managers and 104 staff in the libraries Kharazmi University, Science andTechnology University, Amir Kabir University and Tehran University.Results: In the performance of the managers, only control and evaluation as components ofmanagement were different among males and females. Other components were found to have nomeaningful difference. In performance. Also, motivation and management styles were differentamong the male and female staffs. Job satisfaction showed to be higher among male managers.Library managers on the whole believe that they are performing their tasks in a good level, butthe staffs believe they are performing in a medium level. Manuscript profile
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        35 - Comparing Administrative characteristics of male and female Librarians in Tehran's Universities
        Maryam Emami Nosrat Riahi
        Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to compare the characteristics of male and femalelibrarians in the public universities located in Tehran.Method: A descriptive survey method was used for this study. Sample population for thestudy was 56 managers and 104 staff More
        Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to compare the characteristics of male and femalelibrarians in the public universities located in Tehran.Method: A descriptive survey method was used for this study. Sample population for thestudy was 56 managers and 104 staff in the libraries Kharazmi University, Science andTechnology University, Amir Kabir University and Tehran University.Results: In the performance of the managers, only control and evaluation as components ofmanagement were different among males and females. Other components were found to have nomeaningful difference. In performance. Also, motivation and management styles were differentamong the male and female staffs. Job satisfaction showed to be higher among male managers.Library managers on the whole believe that they are performing their tasks in a good level, butthe staffs believe they are performing in a medium level. Manuscript profile
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        36 - Appraising the Effect Of Macroeconomic Variables On Stock Returns
        Zahra Pourzamani Azita Jahanshad Hashem Kamali Rezaei
        Investors consider macroeconomics variables in making decision about their investments. This implies thatthey seek to decline investment risk (systematic risk) and obtain expected returns. The goal of this study is toinvestigate the effect of macroeconomic variables of More
        Investors consider macroeconomics variables in making decision about their investments. This implies thatthey seek to decline investment risk (systematic risk) and obtain expected returns. The goal of this study is toinvestigate the effect of macroeconomic variables of employee rate, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflationand growth of stock price index on stock returns in Tehran Security Exchange in period 1379-1385 using theregression model. The results of research indicate that growth of employee rate do not have significant effect onreturns and GDP (limit effect), inflation (negative limit effect) and growth of stock price index (significanteffect) affect returns affect returns. To understand the effect of macroeconomic variables on share returns canhelp investors to make decisions appropriately and also can help policymakers to direct macroeconomic policiesand to determine the effect of these policies on security exchange. Manuscript profile
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        37 - A MINLP Approach to Optimizing Batch Production Scheduling for Perishables Batches
        N. Hamidy M. A. Nayebi H. Saeidi
        Batch production is one of producing processes and cause to decrease production costs if itsprogramming is optimized. This method has many applications in chemical, mechanical parts andpolymer industries. Te literature review show a lot of researches concentrated on Bat More
        Batch production is one of producing processes and cause to decrease production costs if itsprogramming is optimized. This method has many applications in chemical, mechanical parts andpolymer industries. Te literature review show a lot of researches concentrated on Batch ProductionScheduling but shelf time have a little attentions from author. In this paper we modeled BatchProduction scheduling with heuristic method of operations sequence to separate constraint dependenceof fixed setting costs from objective function where products are perishable and have shelf time. Inthis study we applied Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) to model problem and solvedan numerical instance with using Lingo software package. Manuscript profile
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        38 - Support the strengthening of organizational culture in knowledge sharing based on Future Process
        Hosein Vazifedust Maryam. Abdoli Zahra Mallazadeh ordakloo
        Knowledge in today's complicated and variable environment as the source for the strategicrestructuring of an organization is not hidden from anyone. Knowledge enables organizations tomake faster and more effective than past acquisition of knowledge and to apply, therefo More
        Knowledge in today's complicated and variable environment as the source for the strategicrestructuring of an organization is not hidden from anyone. Knowledge enables organizations tomake faster and more effective than past acquisition of knowledge and to apply, therefore,provides a basis for maintaining a sustainable competitive advantage. The purpose of this studysupports the strengthening of organizational culture in knowledge sharing in cement factories(Suafian-Tabriz).This paper is as correlative-descriptive research and is from the appliedresearch. Statistical sampling is all of the employees from office-section in suafian commentfactories. For analysis the data, we used Spss and PLS software, in order to get results ofconformity factor analysis and partial least square.Hypothesis test results showed that the correlation between organizational culture andknowledge sharing with t = 68.87, in a significance level (p = 0.05) is significant .Thedimensions of organizational culture on knowledge sharing in both dimensions' adoptability (t=22.71) and mission (3.1 = t) are significant. The influence of dimensions of organizationalculture on organizational culture are significant, that also means from total of eight hypotheses,six hypotheses were confirmed.this results show that organizational culture is as the motivatorfactor, has direct influence on knowledge sharing. Manuscript profile
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        39 - Relationship between Biorhythm (Physical, Emotional, Intellectual, Intuitive) With Educational Performance of Students (The Case: Public Management Students in Science & Research Branch of IAU).
        S. Aliakbar Ajfe R. Jabbari
        The present article is in response to this question that “Whether there is a relationshipbetween biorhythm and educational performance of students?” Population of this study werestudents of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch and the sample More
        The present article is in response to this question that “Whether there is a relationshipbetween biorhythm and educational performance of students?” Population of this study werestudents of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch and the sample was the OBclass in master of public administration which included 28 students , 14 female students and 14male. During the course, 14 exams have been taken and because of absence some students insome sessions, all in all we collected 341 valid data. In this study, the biorhythm of studentshave been measured and registered in Easy-Bio software and educational performance by takeregular weekly exams in second semester 2010-2011. This study based on the empiricalresearch method in real environment and using the two techniques, qualitative (content analysis)and quantitative (comparison and correlation) have been analyzed and resulted. The collecteddata was analyzed using SPSS software and Pearson`s correlation and multiple regression, alsoused compare means and other helpful tests. The results of the research in content analysisindicated that there is a relationship between Physical, Intellectual and Intuitive cycles andeducational performance, although quantitative method didn`t prove any relationship betweenthem. Even, quantitative methods are more important because they are suitable to extent theresult of the search, but qualitative methods are more suitable for correct usage, especially in thefield of human resource. Manuscript profile
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        40 - To Develop Educational Administrators' performance Standards in Tehran High Schools and to present an Appropriate Model for Applying the standards.
        A. Taghipoor zahir N. Nasseri
        The standardizing topic of the administrators' knowledge and performance helps the effective managementnoticeably, so researchers by considering the theoretical principles and research priority in Iran and the worlddefined the principal components of performance standar More
        The standardizing topic of the administrators' knowledge and performance helps the effective managementnoticeably, so researchers by considering the theoretical principles and research priority in Iran and the worlddefined the principal components of performance standards of educational managers and put them into thefour general groups, administrators and organizational leadership, educational leadership, ethical behaviorhorizon, relation scheme with parents and society that each group itself had many related subcomponent andperformance standards.A questionnaire in terms of compiled performance standards, involved 104 designing locations, the membersof research statistical sample completed the questionnaires and the importance rate of performance standardsof approach was determined.Data collected was analyzed by using of inferential and descriptive statistics methods (frequency table andpercent, histogram, exploratory factor analysis, regression analysis).The results indicated that 5 factors are the most important with educational administrators which weredenominated by the educational management's educators and professors .Researcher's proposed model conceptual educational administrators' was designed as questionnaire andspecialists and education experts answer it and model suitability degree and its components in terms of theeducator's ideas were determined and the whole model was approved by 4.42 out of 5. Manuscript profile
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        41 - The Trend Toward Voluntary Corporate Disclosures: Reporting Frame Works, XBRL, XARL and It’s Effects
        H. R. Vakilifard A. Mohammadi M. Mohammadi
        The contemporary phenomenon of market globalization, competition and technical developments haveresulted in companies becoming more international in their orientation and have also led to increasedcomplexity in the business environment. While capital markets now offer u More
        The contemporary phenomenon of market globalization, competition and technical developments haveresulted in companies becoming more international in their orientation and have also led to increasedcomplexity in the business environment. While capital markets now offer unforeseen investmentopportunities, one important development associated with these trends is the tendency of investors to beconfronted with an abundance of information about myriad corporate activities. In addition to making therequired compulsory disclosures, more and more companies are disclosing information on a voluntarybusiness – presumably in the hopes that this extra data hasten the stock market to recognize hidden elements.In this article, we provide some insights into why the value gap is responsible for the enhanced demand forextra disclosures. We also outline some of the more important frameworks that have emerged in thecontemporary literature on disclosures, and we explore the potentially critical impact of XBRL (eXtensibleBusiness Reporting language) and XARL (eXtensible Assurance Reporting Language) on this topic. Finally,we present exist view about some of the likely implication of the trend toward additional voluntarydisclosures Manuscript profile
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        42 - Estimating the tax base in the value added tax system (case Iran 1995-1999)
        A. A. Peirow N. Samadpoor
        Expansion of government commitments in economic and social realms and efforts aimed at achieringobjectives such as economic growth, price stability, rise in employment and equitable income distributionhave faced the expenditures of governments with an asceding trend. Fu More
        Expansion of government commitments in economic and social realms and efforts aimed at achieringobjectives such as economic growth, price stability, rise in employment and equitable income distributionhave faced the expenditures of governments with an asceding trend. Funding such expenditures requiressources of revenue. Among government revenues, the tax revenue plays a major role.The value added tax system, as one of the methods for tax calcution and taxcollection, can transparentlycalcutate the tax base and facilitable tax collection, and also in many cases it can lead to increased taxrevenues.In the present research , using the inpout –output table, the tax base has been estimated for the period1995-1999 by the use of this method. The reslts obtained from estimation of the base of the value added taxwith regard to the tax code , indicate that during the second develoment plan, on average about 54 percent ofgross domestic product (GDP) has been annually envisaged as the tas base. Manuscript profile
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        43 - Factors influencing organizational effectiveness from the perspective of corporate social responsibility
        Reza Navidi Nekoo Khosro Arianfar Hani Honarmand l Nozari
        Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is not just for social specialists or large-scalecompanies, all business leaders and managers must understand why they are engaged in CSR.The objective of this study is to measure Corporate Social Responsibility and investigate itse More
        Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is not just for social specialists or large-scalecompanies, all business leaders and managers must understand why they are engaged in CSR.The objective of this study is to measure Corporate Social Responsibility and investigate itseffects on Organizational Effectiveness (OE) in cooperative companies in TEHRAN province.For this purpose, a sample of 388 customers of 4 cooperative companies was randomly selectedand gathered data was analyzed.The findings of our research based on Pearson correlation CO-efficiency show that there is ameaningful relationship between CSR and OE. Among the OE attributes, customers image andstaff morale have most relationship with CSR. Manuscript profile
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        44 - Survey relationship between investment in IT and financial performance
        Peyman Ghafari Abdollah Khademimoghadam Bahman Gholami
        This research empirically examines association between IT investment and Tehran stockmarket firm financial performance. This research to study of financial performance, adopts towtypes of measurement, namely return on asset (ROA) and return on sales (ROS) and ITcapabili More
        This research empirically examines association between IT investment and Tehran stockmarket firm financial performance. This research to study of financial performance, adopts towtypes of measurement, namely return on asset (ROA) and return on sales (ROS) and ITcapability are classified in three groups as IT infrastructure, human-IT resource and IT-enabledintangibles.In this study, we focus on enterprises which have listed on the Tehran stock market thatselected by group sampling method and based industrial group’s bourse firms that selected 79firms. In the study used by questionnaire and used spss software to data analyze and correlationship statistics testes.The results suggest that IT investment has positive contribution to IT capability and ITinfrastructure have positive contribution to IT-enabled intangibles but human-IT resource didn’tindicate relationship with IT-enabled intangibles. IT infrastructure and IT-enabled intangibleshave positive contribution to firm financial performance but human-IT resource didn’t indicaterelationship with firm financial performance. Manuscript profile
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        45 - The Causes of Impulse Buying: Evaluation of a Model in Iran
        K. Heidarzadeh F. Taherikia
        One of most discussion in marketing & consumer behavior, is an important subject, is choice &selection of product & buying behavior. Behavioral scientists make an effort to create in behaviormodels. In this research, it is inspected that variables like time More
        One of most discussion in marketing & consumer behavior, is an important subject, is choice &selection of product & buying behavior. Behavioral scientists make an effort to create in behaviormodels. In this research, it is inspected that variables like time available, money available, shoppingenjoyment, & impulse buying tendency as latent variables (independent). The influence positiveaffect, negative affect, in- store browsing. These variables influence to urge to buy impulsivity & atlast this variable influence to impulse buying. It is designed a questionnaire with 58 qustions &compute reliability in 2 stage. Because it needs to change some sentences. It is asked from 496customers in 20 shopping mall in Tehran, & used spss 16 & lisrel 8.3 to analysis data.In first phase of analysis, it is used to conformity factor analysis in respect to confirm the relationsbetween variables, then it is used with common factor analysis to reduce questions, & next phase, & itis used to exploratory factor analysis to explorer of new relations between variables.If it is compared that between result from Beatty & Ferrell (1998) & result from this research, it isnotice that although this model is respectable, but some relation is not similar to previous researchesarticles. One of these relation that is significant, is between impulse buying tendency & impulsebuying. On the other h&, one of them is significant, but effect is reverse. It is established questioneree& a model that suitable for impulse buying in Tehran- Iran. Manuscript profile
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        46 - The evaluation of relationship between customer value and customer relationship management performance
        K. Heidarzadeh A. Zendehdel Ali Hossin Soltani
        Current studies (2004) show a potential challenge between customer management relationship(CRM) and customer value in achieving superior performance. In fact one of the main obstacles inassessing the performance of CRM is not knowing "factors which create superior custo More
        Current studies (2004) show a potential challenge between customer management relationship(CRM) and customer value in achieving superior performance. In fact one of the main obstacles inassessing the performance of CRM is not knowing "factors which create superior customer valueand process of offering this value to customers." The focus of this study is on "the effects ofdimensions of customer value on tangible and intangible functions of CRM on Modeiran Company(the exclusive representative of LG monitors.)"The information of statistical society, the buyers of the products of this company, on the first halfof the year 1384 was studied on the basis of available data. Moreover, using a questionnaire,customer information was gathered.The main variables include: performance value, social value, emotional value, perceivedsacrifices, loyalty to brand, customer satisfaction, and the performance of CRM. The type of presentstudy is correlational investigation with applied and sectional nature.According to the results, "perceived sacrifices" do not have a direct and negative (reversed)relationship with variables of the performance of CRM on the basis of customer behavior, customersatisfaction and customer loyalty. In other words, the increase of material and immaterial losses,due to buying LG monitors did not lead to decrease of loyalty or satisfaction, which is the result ofthe quality of the services and products. This study has revealed a direct and positive relationshipbetween emotional and social values with the performance of CRM on the basis of customerbehavior. This shows the popularity of LG monitors in Iran's market and customers' satisfaction ofthis product. Manuscript profile
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        47 - Modeling Cause and Effect Relationships of Strategy Map Using DEMATEL Technique
        Javad Jasbi Farshid Mohamadnejad
        The Balanced Scorecard is widely adopted performance management framework firstintroduced in the early 1990s. More recently it has been proposed as the basic for a strategicmanagement system. Strategy mapping is the most important task in building a BalancedScorecard sy More
        The Balanced Scorecard is widely adopted performance management framework firstintroduced in the early 1990s. More recently it has been proposed as the basic for a strategicmanagement system. Strategy mapping is the most important task in building a BalancedScorecard system. Strategy mapping is the process for visually making cause and effectrelationships between all possible strategic objectives in an organization. The process forbuilding and constructing a strategy map is a human centric activity which could be consideredas the combination and integration of all knowledge and preferences of the managerial boards.From the view point of strategic decision making in an organization, the process for building astrategy map, could be viewed in a general body of a unified group decision making context. Ifwe see the strategy map, as a structural modeling framework for making the cause and effectrelationships among the strategic objectives, it is possible to deploy Decision Making Trial andEvaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) as a framework for structural modeling approach subject tothe problem. The DEMATEL method gathers collective knowledge to capture the causalrelationships between strategic criteria. The model is especially practical and useful forvisualizing the structure of complicated causal relationships with matrices or digraphs. In thisprocess, the integrated structure can be offered for the macro level balanced scorecard and inaddition to the mathematic modeling of cause and effect relationships, a decision supportsystem could be presented in the execution frame that may increase the efficiency of thebalanced scorecard management system. Manuscript profile
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        48 - Modeling Cause and Effect Relationships of Strategy Map Using DEMATEL Technique
        Javad Jasbi Farshid Mohamadnejad
        The Balanced Scorecard is widely adopted performance management framework firstintroduced in the early 1990s. More recently it has been proposed as the basic for a strategicmanagement system. Strategy mapping is the most important task in building a BalancedScorecard sy More
        The Balanced Scorecard is widely adopted performance management framework firstintroduced in the early 1990s. More recently it has been proposed as the basic for a strategicmanagement system. Strategy mapping is the most important task in building a BalancedScorecard system. Strategy mapping is the process for visually making cause and effectrelationships between all possible strategic objectives in an organization. The process forbuilding and constructing a strategy map is a human centric activity which could be consideredas the combination and integration of all knowledge and preferences of the managerial boards.From the view point of strategic decision making in an organization, the process for building astrategy map, could be viewed in a general body of a unified group decision making context. Ifwe see the strategy map, as a structural modeling framework for making the cause and effectrelationships among the strategic objectives, it is possible to deploy Decision Making Trial andEvaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) as a framework for structural modeling approach subject tothe problem. The DEMATEL method gathers collective knowledge to capture the causalrelationships between strategic criteria. The model is especially practical and useful forvisualizing the structure of complicated causal relationships with matrices or digraphs. In thisprocess, the integrated structure can be offered for the macro level balanced scorecard and inaddition to the mathematic modeling of cause and effect relationships, a decision supportsystem could be presented in the execution frame that may increase the efficiency of thebalanced scorecard management system. Manuscript profile
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        49 - On the relationship between Tehran stock exchange indexes and capital expenses of government
        G. Talebnia N. Jalili
        The government investments can have strength role in development activity of stock exchange .Therefor,the aim of this research is survey and studying a bout the relationship and effect of capital expenses ofgovernment on the activity of tehran stockexchange as a mainpar More
        The government investments can have strength role in development activity of stock exchange .Therefor,the aim of this research is survey and studying a bout the relationship and effect of capital expenses ofgovernment on the activity of tehran stockexchange as a mainpart of capital market and important part ofeconomics. This stady address the following hypothesis: «there is a meaningful relationship between tehranstock exchang indexs and capital expenses of government.» this hypothesis has six secondry hypotheses inwhich the meaningful relationship between capital expenses of government and six tehran stock exchangindexs such as tehran price index, tehran dividend price index, tehran dividend index, financial, industrialand 50 more activ company index (tse-50) are considersd.The results of this research revealed that: there is a positive and meaningful relationship between capitalexpenses of government and tehran price index, tehran dividend price index and industry index, in period ofsurvey and a not very strong relationship between capital expenses of government and tehran dividend,financial and fifty more activ company indexes, on during five years (1377-1381) has been observed.In the light of these findings, we can utilize government financial policy and specialy capital expenses ofgovernment for predict the changes of tehran stock exchange indexs. Manuscript profile
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        50 - The Investigation of Cash Flow Volatility on Systematic Risk in Accepted Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange
        Younes Badavar-Nahandi Hossein Bevrani Hamzeh Abravan
        Evaluation of utility of a platform investment in uncertain status is based on its risk andreturn values. In other words, awareness from risk of companies, especially the systematic riskcan play an important role in decision-making. The main purpose of this research is More
        Evaluation of utility of a platform investment in uncertain status is based on its risk andreturn values. In other words, awareness from risk of companies, especially the systematic riskcan play an important role in decision-making. The main purpose of this research is study ofeffects of volatility in cash flows on systematic risk. In this study the effect of volatility in cashflows related to each of the sections of Cash Flow Statements (accounting standards of Iran) onsystematic risk of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange has been studied. The aim ofthis research is Applied Research and research method is causal or post facto method. In thisstudy, financial information of 73 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period2004 to 2008 were investigated. In order to test the hypotheses, statistical techniques ofcorrelation and regression analysis and test of significance for the Pearson model, T and F hasbeen used.The results show that volatility in cash flows from operating activities, volatility incash flows related to income tax, volatility in cash flows from investment activities andvolatility in cash flows from financing activities have positive effect on systematic risk, whilevolatility in cash flows related to investments returns and interest and dividend paid forfinancing activities has no impact on systematic risk. Manuscript profile
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        51 - Apply Capital Budgeting Techniques in the Firms Accepted in Exchange Stock of Tehran
        Gh. Talebnia H. Valipoor
        Favorable implementation of capital assets depends on accurate appraising of them before implementation.This generally happens through capital budgeting techniques. The purpose of the research is to study how toapply capital budgeting techniques, and whether not applied More
        Favorable implementation of capital assets depends on accurate appraising of them before implementation.This generally happens through capital budgeting techniques. The purpose of the research is to study how toapply capital budgeting techniques, and whether not applied, study the obstacles of these techniques.The population of the research. Is financial managers of the firms accepted in exchange stock and the samplewas selected through simple random. The information was gathered through questionnaire. Descriptive andanalytic statistics were used for analyzing in formations.The results represent that the firms do not used these techniques. And payback period was the most usedmethod among the firms. Other findings show significant relationship between cost of investment andapplied techniques. But no significant relationship was seen between education and applied techniques.Other findings show that education and technical, structural and environmental obstacles, causes implyingcapital budgeting techniques. Of course educational and technical obstacles have had the most influence. Manuscript profile
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        52 - Functions of electronic government establishment in Iran (Study case: electronic banking)
        Parveneh Zeynali Someh Ali Asghar Pourezat Parvin Dodangeh
        The aim of establishing the electronic government is offer an easygoing and fastgovernmental services to citizens and affairs.So it is advisable that governments as a first stepfor pitch the electronic government,establish and support the internet,collective and groupwa More
        The aim of establishing the electronic government is offer an easygoing and fastgovernmental services to citizens and affairs.So it is advisable that governments as a first stepfor pitch the electronic government,establish and support the internet,collective and groupwaressystems .On the other hand providing easier and faster interactions with custumers and affairs toelectronical services and payment the received services from them,need to creation anddevelopment of electronic banking as a one of the most important fundamentals of electronicgovernment.This research attempt to verify the applications of establishment of electronicgovernment in electronic banking section from view point of services executors for clarifyingthe electronical services,amount of responsiveness to citizens expectations, paperwork and thepercent of citizen trust for utilization of electronical services.In current article , the surveymethod is used and 92 subjects from Refah Karegaran Bank base managers are selected as astatistical sample for poll.Findings show that first of all with development of electronic bankingthe percent of government responsiveness to citizens,their trust to government has increased andofficial formality has decreased so hence of clarity in presenting the governmental servicessystem wasn't approved. Second,there is a significant relationship between the decrease ofofficial formality and increase of people trust towards government and third that there is apositive and significant relation between clarity in offering the services and people trust level togovernment and also between goveerment responsiveness to citizens and people trust level togovernment Manuscript profile
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        53 - Functions of electronic government establishment in Iran (Study case: electronic banking)
        Parveneh Zeynali Someh Ali Asghar Pourezat Parvin Dodangeh
        The aim of establishing the electronic government is offer an easygoing and fastgovernmental services to citizens and affairs.So it is advisable that governments as a first stepfor pitch the electronic government,establish and support the internet,collective and groupwa More
        The aim of establishing the electronic government is offer an easygoing and fastgovernmental services to citizens and affairs.So it is advisable that governments as a first stepfor pitch the electronic government,establish and support the internet,collective and groupwaressystems .On the other hand providing easier and faster interactions with custumers and affairs toelectronical services and payment the received services from them,need to creation anddevelopment of electronic banking as a one of the most important fundamentals of electronicgovernment.This research attempt to verify the applications of establishment of electronicgovernment in electronic banking section from view point of services executors for clarifyingthe electronical services,amount of responsiveness to citizens expectations, paperwork and thepercent of citizen trust for utilization of electronical services.In current article , the surveymethod is used and 92 subjects from Refah Karegaran Bank base managers are selected as astatistical sample for poll.Findings show that first of all with development of electronic bankingthe percent of government responsiveness to citizens,their trust to government has increased andofficial formality has decreased so hence of clarity in presenting the governmental servicessystem wasn't approved. Second,there is a significant relationship between the decrease ofofficial formality and increase of people trust towards government and third that there is apositive and significant relation between clarity in offering the services and people trust level togovernment and also between goveerment responsiveness to citizens and people trust level togovernment Manuscript profile
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        54 - Providing a conceptual framework for institutionalize information and communication technologies (ICT) in university management systems
        A. Taghipoor-Zahir A. Sharifi
        Use of "Information and Communication Technology" encompass all aspects of The Living and coincidewith other sections, In the Higher education also created amazing Evolution. Many scientist agree in thisarea that Universities should be not only as "Think Tank and Social More
        Use of "Information and Communication Technology" encompass all aspects of The Living and coincidewith other sections, In the Higher education also created amazing Evolution. Many scientist agree in thisarea that Universities should be not only as "Think Tank and Social development center", that Indrawn andintegration Technology in to Universities, But also to be pioneer in Technology innovation. This agendaneed to have Frameworks and Models that shows relationship between dimensions of ICT and acting asguidance for doing.Very efforts were accomplished that Conceptualizing Use of ICT in Education and Higher Education adhoc,and explain role of these Technologies. But not Represented Framework that InstitutionalizedIntegration of ICT in Universities.The aim of this study is represent same Framework. For this point, I identify dimensions of ICT inUniversities by investigate of theorical foundation and Research Background, and categorized thisdimensions in to The five categories as Independent Variables that each level contained Several clusters ofvariables. Also, it was investigated which approaches are emerging with Respect to the used of ICT inUniversities. These approaches were depend variables which have Two levels: Now and Future.It Seeks to Answer for Study questions. For this object, It is designed Questionnaire that it is contained 47questions and 201 statement. Then, account questionnaire reliability and validity and gathered data of 410samples (Include: 60Managers, 180 Faculty and 170 University staff). This Data is Analyzed by StatisticalMethods Such as; One Samples t Test, Paired Samples t Test, ANOVA, Factor Analysis and Regression.Conclusions showed that each Five Categories variables are important in use of ICT in UniversityManagement. However, for Institutionalization ICT in University Management, First need to exactlyidentified approaches then identified variables That Will Have an Influence on this approach, and betterexplain it changes. In finally step, this variables Involved in planning for development of ICT inUniversities.Finally, In Terms of analysis, provided a Conceptual Framework for Institutionalizing use of ICT inUniversity Management. In This Framework each category of variables predicts next category, and allvariables predicts university approaches for Use of ICT. Manuscript profile
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        55 - Efficient patterns of knowledge management in supply chain
        Jamshid Nazemi Zahra Torkashvand Reza Samizadeh Seyed shahrooz Seyedi hosseini nia
        Knowledge is known as the most important factor to achieve competitive advantage in advancedorganizations. Organizations with the capability of learning, will take the benefit of the organizationalknowledge. Therefore, in case organizations can adapt to changes they fac More
        Knowledge is known as the most important factor to achieve competitive advantage in advancedorganizations. Organizations with the capability of learning, will take the benefit of the organizationalknowledge. Therefore, in case organizations can adapt to changes they face, they may survive. In this study, theelements of knowledge management process in medium industrial organizations have been recognized. Thestructural model of knowledge management elements in these organizations has been developed. Our researchhas shown that all elements have not the same effect on knowledge management efficiency. The modeldeveloped shows different efficient patterns of knowledge management which can be selected by organizationswith respect to their internal strengths and capabilities. The patterns provided and its relationships will assistknowledge engineers and knowledge management process to utilize the best suitable approach for their specificrequirements. Manuscript profile
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        56 - The Application of Altman & Springate Models In Bankruptcy Prediction of Accepted Companies In Tehran Stock Exchange
        A. Mohammadzadeh M. Noferesti
        The investors are always trying to prevent from losing their capital ad interest through predicting theprobability of the bankruptcy of a Company since in the event of the bankruptcy, value of thesecurities decreases intensely. So, the investors are looking for methods More
        The investors are always trying to prevent from losing their capital ad interest through predicting theprobability of the bankruptcy of a Company since in the event of the bankruptcy, value of thesecurities decreases intensely. So, the investors are looking for methods by which they could predictthe bankruptcy of the Companies. Moreover, one of the issues discussed 'in financial management isthe investment and trust in the investment and one of the things that could help the investors to makeright decisions in their investments is the existence of some tools and models for the assessmenl offinancial status and the condition of the Organizations.The purpose behind this research is to determine the efficiency of Altman and Springate Models inpredicting the bankruptcy of a Company. The statistic Community on which this research was 'madeis~ the successful and bankrupted Companies in Tehran's Security Exchange and the required Data tomake this research is collected in a period of five years (2001-2006). After calculating the ratiosexistent in the models and determining z index, accuracy and error for each of the models arecalculated .Regarding the results obtained from the, research, both, of Altman and Springate Models have thecapability to predict 'the bankruptcy of the Companies in Tehran's security Exchange while AltmanModel enjoys from more accuracy in comparison with Springate Model. So, the prospective investors,shareholders and others are recommended to use Altman Model in predicting the bankruptcy of theCompanies accepted in Tehran 's Security Exchange. Manuscript profile
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        57 - Examining Relationship Between Organizational Culture and Knowledge Management (KM) Implementation in Central Tehran Branch Faculty of Management
        Ayoub Pazhouhan Alireza Amirkabiri
        Knowledge management that is one of ways for promoting organizational survivalconditions, when will be successfully performed in organization if the appropriate culturalcontext be provided to this system that previously. Because the guidance of current knowledgein organ More
        Knowledge management that is one of ways for promoting organizational survivalconditions, when will be successfully performed in organization if the appropriate culturalcontext be provided to this system that previously. Because the guidance of current knowledgein organization, is a human issue, and completely relates to human resources and depends tostaff organizational culture. Therefore organizations should provide the appropriate culture forsuccessful performance of knowledge management.The purpose of this study is examining relationship among organizational culture andknowledge Management (KM) Implementation in Central Tehran Branch Faculty ofManagementStatistical population of this study includes the whole staff personnel and faculty members ofCentral Tehran Branch, faculty of management ( N: 180), that this number 70 staff personneland 110 faculty members and sample of this research( N: 120), include 40 staff personnel and80 faculty members. For gathering data in this study tow questionnaires, ( %76 validity fororganizational culture questionnaire and %96 validity for knowledge management) have beenused. The respondents evaluated the situation of organizational culture and knowledgemanagement implementation averages in the faculty of management and the results showed thatthere are meaningful relation between organizational culture and it’s categories include:management support, organizational belongings, individual creativity. and leadership style withimplementation of knowledge management in both groups of statistical population and whereasthere is meaningful relation between agreement to conflict and implementation knowledgemanagement in staff group, But in faculty members, there is not meaningful relation betweenagreement to conflict and implementation knowledge management in faculty of management. Manuscript profile
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        58 - Effective conditions and factors on tax policies implementation
        G. Memarzade H. Taherpour Kalantari
        For finding effective factors on implementation of tax policies, approved by parliament, first, inconsideration to theory bases, researcher fined 36 variables. Based on these variables, a questionnaire with167 questions was provided. In consideration with 233 tax rules, More
        For finding effective factors on implementation of tax policies, approved by parliament, first, inconsideration to theory bases, researcher fined 36 variables. Based on these variables, a questionnaire with167 questions was provided. In consideration with 233 tax rules, 350 auditors and chief auditors of TaxOrganization of Tehran (sample size), implementing tax rules, answered the questions. Using of Varimaxmethod of Factor Analysis, 167 questions was formed 12 factors: 1) transparency of tax rules and policies, 2)organizational leadership and attention to community culture and participation in policy making, 3) social –political conditions and people support, 4) importance of implementing organization for other organizationsand constitutions, 5) commitment of implementing organizations and their management to policyimplementation, 6) attitude of personnel of implementing organization, 7) cooperation and consentienceclimate in organization, 8) tendency and motivation of personnel of implementing organization, 9) diversityof taxpayers and dependent organizations, 10) time limitation and guaranty of implementation, 11) economicconditions, and 12) knowledge of personnel of implementing organization. Variance of these factors was49/7. Manuscript profile
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        59 - Providing a Model for Technologic Capability Assessment of Automotive Parts Manufacturers
        R. Radfar M. Moradpoor M. Ehteshami Ale Agha
        In order to develop any strategy, it is essential to first identify opportunities, threats, weak and strong points.Assessment of technology level provides the possibility of concentrating on weak and strong points.Technology assessment, through investigation of technolo More
        In order to develop any strategy, it is essential to first identify opportunities, threats, weak and strong points.Assessment of technology level provides the possibility of concentrating on weak and strong points.Technology assessment, through investigation of technologic capability level, identifies weak and strongfields at the specified technology, and creates the required field for decision making in regard with expansionof technologic capabilities. The results of technology assessment have a direct effect on decision makingprocess in the field of technology transfer or expansion of internal research capabilities. After specifying theweak points, action can be taken to identify ways for strengthening these points through more advancedtechnologies, and at higher levels.This paper presents a model for assessment of technologic capability level. This model was tested on tenautomotive parts manufacturers under the superintendence of SAPCO. After studying different models ofTechnology Capability Assessment and the efficiency of each, a number of these models were selected asbasis and foundation of assessment models. However, considering that sheer use of these models and theirproposed indexes did not have any effective application in Iran, localized and applicable indexes wereprepared, and then, using questionnaire, capability level of automotive parts manufacturers was assessed.Using this model, capability level of manufacturers was investigated in four fields of hardware, info ware,human ware, and organization ware Manuscript profile
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        60 - On the Behavioral Difference Between Institutinos and Individuals Investors after the Weekend
        M. Khaliliaraghi F. Rahnamaye roud poshti A. Joudaki
        This paper compares the trading patterns of individuals and institutions investors during the datefollowing the weekend. The comparison is based on transactions of a large sample of investors who dosell and purchase stocks for 166 weeks in a major brokerage hall in Tehr More
        This paper compares the trading patterns of individuals and institutions investors during the datefollowing the weekend. The comparison is based on transactions of a large sample of investors who dosell and purchase stocks for 166 weeks in a major brokerage hall in Tehran from 2004 Mar. 27th to2007 Feb. 5th.This paper is based on applied goal and on the basis of data collecting is casual comparretive, due tocomparison survey of investor’s behavior before and after weekend.We find that weekends influence both individuals and institutions investors, however they affect themin opposite directions.Individuals increase both their buy and sell accctivities after weekend.On the other hand institutions tend to perform fewer buy as well as sell trades after the weekend, butunlike individuals, the drops in their activity are almost the same for buy and sell trades.We find out collectively volume of transaction institutions investors is more than individuals becauselots of exchanges are dedicated to them. Manuscript profile
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        61 - A Survey of Effective Factors in Decision Making about Utilizing Enterprise Resource Planning Systems in Iranian Organizations
        A. Hajiha A. Ameli F. Moghimi
        During the recent decades, the significant role played by information has turned information management inorganizations into a challenging subject. To improve this, various organizational solutions were proposed,one of the most prominent of which was enterprise resource More
        During the recent decades, the significant role played by information has turned information management inorganizations into a challenging subject. To improve this, various organizational solutions were proposed,one of the most prominent of which was enterprise resource planning (ERP).Utilizing enterprise resource planning systems in Iranian organizations is a necessity. Since enterpriseresource planning systems are an importing technology, organizations should choose the most suitableoption, from among various organizational solutions during a decision making process. Designing thisprocess requires identification of effective factors and criteria in decision making. These are the factors andcriteria which, when considered in decision making, cause the organization to act properly while respondingto its needs and problems.Although there is a great need for paving the way to this decision making, little studies have been done inthis regard in our country which has created a gap between Iranian organizations and enterprise resourceplanning systems. This article is prepared to fill this gap, to reduce decision making risks, and to encourageorganizations to pass this doubtful path. To do this, two distinct questionnaires have been used to identify theeffective factors and criteria in decision making for utilizing enterprise resource planning systems. The majorexperts and counselors in this field, who are developing this system, had their opinions used. The effectivefactors and criteria were then classified into technical and organizational perspectives.After specifying the priorities of the elements, creating harmony among the systems in order to elevate theinformative trend of the organization in organizational view, matching and cooperating the software packageof ERP with the organization processes were all identified as the most important elements of which themethods of applying the elements to decide the application of ERP is explained through presenting appliedsuggestion in this research Manuscript profile
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        62 - Study on Status of Higher Education System in Our Country Using Dynamics Systems Modeling
        M.A. Afshar Kazemi H. Asgarian
        One of the important and determining sectors of each society is its higher education system. The highereducation of each country is the factor which creates expert workforce and resolves the various problems ofthe country in a scientific way. In our society these factor More
        One of the important and determining sectors of each society is its higher education system. The highereducation of each country is the factor which creates expert workforce and resolves the various problems ofthe country in a scientific way. In our society these factors and other various factors cause the everincreasingdemand for continuation of higher education at the university and entry to this system and create agap between the number of applicants and the existing facilities, encourage creation of new capacities(mostly with planning) because there is a delay between the beginning of capacity-creation and its fruition.At time of delivery of newly-created capacities, again there is not a harmony between the demand andcapacity. Sometimes this causes the existing capacities not to be filled and completed.In this research we have tried to model the structure of capacity-creation for applicants of entering theIranian higher-education system and execute it in the framework of systemic thought and dynamic systemtools in VENSIM software.Accordingly at first the main variables defining this system to a considerable extent are identified andrealized and their relations are codified according to casual loop diagrams. Then its technical structure iscompleted through design of the main model according to Flow & Stock diagram and assimilated in thesoftware. Through execution of model and analysis of its results the status of the higher education system infuture, derived from today's policies and planning, will be specified. At last more important, more effectiveand more principal indexes will be identified. Some variables can be added to this model. Furthermore anystrategy and solution can be tested and assessed without witnessing the probably negative consequences inreal world. Manuscript profile
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        63 - The Future of Media Management & The Management of Future Media
        Ali-Akbar Farhangi Ataollah Abtahi
        Preface and the aim of research: this research has an obvious question: “how will be the future ofmedia management” which can be more cleared by another question: “How will be the managementof future media”, why current media constantly alternati More
        Preface and the aim of research: this research has an obvious question: “how will be the future ofmedia management” which can be more cleared by another question: “How will be the managementof future media”, why current media constantly alternating what seems to have taken on thetraditional media which have become part of history. And these two questions immediately willchallenge us with this thought that “Future media, themself how would be”. Afterwards withcontemplation on this notion as well as through the enterprise architecture will figure out that "thishow" will be including “Form, Content and infrastructure”.In the other hand, modality of future of media management or how will be the management offuture media will have been defined by defining form, content and also infrastructure of futuremedia.Methodology of research: Based on survey Methodology, this study can be classified asdescriptive research and to do it, through library research methodology and Internet, with takingperspectives of approximately 500 specialists in communications, media, Futures Study, and ICTfields, Delphi method was used.Results (Findings): in this research, by redefining media and showing the developing relations ofsocial and public media in addition six stages of “Media transformation”, supplementation oftraditional media with digital dimensions, modality of producing new method by new form andcontent and finally necessity and expectations of the media audiences, it is specified which “There isno possibility of survival for traditional media” and “in next generation of media (future media) anew form and content must be presented”. Also, characteristics of "this new form and content" havebeen provided in "future media".Amongst essential features which were found in this research can be noted “Mandatorycontinuous change and definite destruction of form and content of the current traditional media,becoming "multi-format & hyper" all media products, eliminate of time and place of receive andbroadcast, production and broadcasting on demand, COD & POD ( Cast On Demand and ProduceOn Demand), Accompany or mobility, Interactive, cyber, Cyborg, CybHuOrg, Socializing,Intelligent, and Being Based on Apps, and dozens of other features extracted from "form andcontent".Furthermore, concepts such as PGPC (Private, Governmental, Public, and CooperationalManagement (that it is the structure of future media’s Owning. Architectural Model of Content,Global mobile media / GMM, Social Mass media / SMM, etc.Conclusions: In this study by using different Enterprise Architecture and business models, themost efficient possible model has been suggested and identified which future of media means thefuture of "the form, content, and infrastructure ". Manuscript profile
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        64 - The Effect of Environmental and Managerial Factors on Investment Mutual Funds' Return in Iran
        Z. Poorzamani A. Rohy A.M. Safari
        The capital market as a mirror of economy has different functions. One is to improve liquidity in themarket, which provides security for investors. Financial innovations for managing risks are aim toachieve this goal. Accordingly, various kinds of funds have been design More
        The capital market as a mirror of economy has different functions. One is to improve liquidity in themarket, which provides security for investors. Financial innovations for managing risks are aim toachieve this goal. Accordingly, various kinds of funds have been designed to collect money fromnonprofessional investors in order to reduce risk and make a profit. In this study, we gathered datafrom 13 authorized mutual funds during a 65-week period . To examine the effect of variables on fundreturns, the Fama-MacBeth multilateral regression model was used. The parameters were estimatedusing a mixed panel-data model. Seven fundamental hypotheses were tested; three were disproved;and the rest were confirmed. The results show a meaningful and positive correlation between funds’ex-fluctuations of returns, last period return, age, assets turnover rate, and acquired return. However,no positive or meaningful correlation was found between assets under funds managers’ control, fundfees and charges, rate of injection of new money to funds, and the funds’ acquired returns Manuscript profile
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        65 - Measuring IS/business Alignment: A case study of Port and sailing organization
        Mir-Ali Seyedi Nasser Poursadegh Solmaz Akbarpour
        IS strategic planning towards realizing organizational is one of the most important topicsamong Executive managers of companies. It is known as strategic alignment. The purpose ofthis study is to evaluate the maturity of strategic alignment in Irans Port and sailingorga More
        IS strategic planning towards realizing organizational is one of the most important topicsamong Executive managers of companies. It is known as strategic alignment. The purpose ofthis study is to evaluate the maturity of strategic alignment in Irans Port and sailingorganization. the alignment factors identified in Luftman strategic alignment maturity modelform the basis of the present study. Luftman model is comprised of five levels, each consistingof six factors. The statistical population of this study consists of CEOs , CIOs and IT experts ofport and sailing organization who are 55 people and were chosen by cases and samples. Thedata was collected using an eight parts questionnaire to determine organization's current status.The result of the analysis of data indicates that according to the idea of manager, the port andsailing organization is at the third level of strstegic alignment maturity(stablished focused).theperspective of the improvement is toward forth level of the strategic alignment maturity. Manuscript profile
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        66 - Management commissioning forgotten necessity in production and industrial organizations
        I. Soltani H, Taghizadeh J. P, Anvarian
        Management systems in productional and in dustrial organizations from start to operations, can be dividedin to three stages:1- Management of construction2- Management of commission and3- Management of operation.These types of management have structural differences. Mana More
        Management systems in productional and in dustrial organizations from start to operations, can be dividedin to three stages:1- Management of construction2- Management of commission and3- Management of operation.These types of management have structural differences. Management of construction stage has a specificdefinition and framework, organization's management system.Management of operation has a clear status too. But management of commission has no clear status inmanagement system of production and industrial organizations. This is because the related regulations andsystems are different in these stages. Hence and regarding the importance of management in commissionstage, the concept of commissioning management and the necessity of attention to it has been explained. Thecomponents and condition of commissioning stage, required managers, employees, environmental workcondition, current regulations in organization, working with contractors, condition of safety system,customer, oriented and management of human resources has been explained and compared to other stages. Manuscript profile
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        67 - The Role of Think Tank to Recognition Problem on Refah Bank Policies
        Karamollah Daneshfard Fatemeh Sadat Aboalmaali
        Context: This study is done with investigate purpose the role of Think Tank on Refah Bank Policy of problem detection . In fact, the nature of public policy and organizational process as one of the most important tools of public administration, provides a framework for More
        Context: This study is done with investigate purpose the role of Think Tank on Refah Bank Policy of problem detection . In fact, the nature of public policy and organizational process as one of the most important tools of public administration, provides a framework for decisionmaking and problem detection. Purpose: Independent variables Think Tank and the dependent variable were analyzed Problem detection with the component (understanding the organization and the environment, creating and proposals possible, evaluate options and the final selection, implementation and follow-up) from the logical processes of problem-solving doctor Danesh Fard. Method: This research result is applied and the target is descriptive - survey. The study population was composed of 400 members of the think tank. But based on simple random sampling only 60 members were chosen. Data gathered by a questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by professors and experts. Its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0.819. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality of the data and for the relationship between the variables of one-sample t-test and Friedman test was used to rank the components. Finding: According to Friedman's test solutions is expanding in terms of Experts and the second priority is the implementation of the evaluation. The analysis results showed that the detection of the policy think tank and its dimensions in Tehran, Refah bank has Significant Impact. Conclusion: Based on the results of Friedman test solution of the problem in the first place from the perspective of experts and a second assessment of the problem is enforcement. Manuscript profile
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        68 - Measuring IS/business Alignment: A case study of Port and sailing organization
        Mir-Ali Seyedi Nasser Poursadegh Solmaz Akbarpour
        IS strategic planning towards realizing organizational is one of the most important topicsamong Executive managers of companies. It is known as strategic alignment. The purpose ofthis study is to evaluate the maturity of strategic alignment in Irans Port and sailingorga More
        IS strategic planning towards realizing organizational is one of the most important topicsamong Executive managers of companies. It is known as strategic alignment. The purpose ofthis study is to evaluate the maturity of strategic alignment in Irans Port and sailingorganization. the alignment factors identified in Luftman strategic alignment maturity modelform the basis of the present study. Luftman model is comprised of five levels, each consistingof six factors. The statistical population of this study consists of CEOs , CIOs and IT experts ofport and sailing organization who are 55 people and were chosen by cases and samples. Thedata was collected using an eight parts questionnaire to determine organization's current status.The result of the analysis of data indicates that according to the idea of manager, the port andsailing organization is at the third level of strstegic alignment maturity(stablished focused).theperspective of the improvement is toward forth level of the strategic alignment maturity. Manuscript profile
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        69 - Study and Effectiveness of Marketing Mix (Service) on Customer Relationship Management (Especial Ref. to Insurance Industry )
        V. R. Mirabi
        Insurance industry is one of the most valuable industry in every society that causes development'scountry. Today in all developed country insurance plays an important role in development of countries, because they believe that insurance plays an important role in all pa More
        Insurance industry is one of the most valuable industry in every society that causes development'scountry. Today in all developed country insurance plays an important role in development of countries, because they believe that insurance plays an important role in all part of economy and bycompensation damages of doing economic and developed activities of society increase investmentmotivation. In other word, Insurance industry as a collection of economic agencies consider cost andbenefit and in optimum point should prepare the best services by the least of cost that it leads to fastermovement of country development . One of the characteristic of insurance companies is being it's vitalrole in financial matters that makes dynamic movements or changes in growing and developing capitalmarket , beside in they prepare security in all economic activities via corporation and using financialsources . In spite of fundamental and important role of Insurance industry in financial market , activeentities in this markets don't have cohesiveness and integration and they manage process traditionallythat causes effects on other economic parts. Insurance industry partnership in capital market in Iran incomparison of other developing and developed country shows that it can increased between 30% -100% . We can use marketing techniques to improve Insurance industry in Iran by considerationpotential capabilities in Insurance industry in Iran. Manuscript profile
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        70 - Investigating of the effect of Iran Accounting Standards on Earnings response coefficient
        Mohamad Reza Shoorvarzy Afsaneh Afrouzmanesh
        because of importance of accounting standards and earnings response coefficient, in thisresearch, a model has been presented according to the Iran Accounting Standards for evaluationEarnings response coefficient. Earnings response coefficient is one of the criteria that More
        because of importance of accounting standards and earnings response coefficient, in thisresearch, a model has been presented according to the Iran Accounting Standards for evaluationEarnings response coefficient. Earnings response coefficient is one of the criteria that isimportant in the quality of accounting information, also it is a way that we can evaluate theearnings quality. The earnings response coefficient has been examined in two separated time,five years before implementing of accounting standards ( 1996 to 2000) and five years afterimplementing of accounting standards ( 2001 to 2005). for testing hypothesis , we usedcorrelation analysis test and variance analysis test.The results show that there is a significant difference between earnings response coefficientof companies before and after implementing of accounting standards. Manuscript profile
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        71 - Presentation of Learning Organization Model for Production Corporations (Case study: Iran Tractor sazy Corporation)
        R. Najafbeigi, Sh. Mirzaei daryani
        Among the recent theories and approaches to management, the theory of learning organization isconsidered by most of the scholars to be the most competitive one and so a necessity of theinformation age. It has been made clear by studies that the most important factor in More
        Among the recent theories and approaches to management, the theory of learning organization isconsidered by most of the scholars to be the most competitive one and so a necessity of theinformation age. It has been made clear by studies that the most important factor in building a learningorganization, is the learning process managed systematic and purposeful. Accordingly in this search,theories of organizational learning and learning organization, measuring learning process, recognizingobstacles of learning, and models of creating learning organization have been discussed. In additionefforts have been made to survey the learning processes in the research sample, Iran TractorManufacturing Company. To this end, the degree of trust in learning organization among top managershas been estimated by a questionnaire which is designed based on five principles of sengeorganizational learning. Learning processes in individual, group and organizational dimensions fromthe viewpoint of middle and operational managers and line and staff workers have also been measuredand evaluated based on benchmarked questionnaire of wathkins and marsik. Both descriptive statisticsbased on the mean scores and calculation of mode, and inferential statistics proportional to themeasurement scales of variables have been used for analysis the findings. Research findings in IranTractor Manufacturing Company indicate that: this organization haven’t has optimum action in theway transformation into learning organization, because top managers do have little believe in learningorganization. These results are in according to the believes of most scholars in theory of learningorganization which argue that the first sign of emergence of organizational learning is the trust of theleaders in that. This research along with describing the model and modeling literature, has presentateda pattern of learning processes reengineering with emphasis on building a learning center andredesigning empowerment mechanisms training, knowledge, innovation and motivation systems. Theaim is to develop process learning under leadership learning center, systematic and balanced indimensions of individual, group and organization, for levels managers and employees, until IranTractor Manufacturing Company is directed in the way transformation to learning organization. Themost important mission of learning center will be transformation top managers to learning leaders. Manuscript profile
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        72 - Presentation a Model for Accountability Managers in Higher Education System of Iran.
        A. TaghiPourZahir T. Safaei
        Daily increasing changed and necessity of conducting reforms in systems of higher education hasintroduced new expectation from scientific centers, especially universities which always invites highereducation to a scientific and cultural jump through assessment to key ch More
        Daily increasing changed and necessity of conducting reforms in systems of higher education hasintroduced new expectation from scientific centers, especially universities which always invites highereducation to a scientific and cultural jump through assessment to key challenges and invitation for astatement of new missions.Announcement of year of accountability by supreme leader and recommendation of Unesco worldconference to higher education systems of world for being responsive and accountability ofuniversities towards accepting results and consequences, duties and decision- making is one of thebasic motives of this research.Researcher after review of research literature , models, theories, conceptual frameworks including :management based on Islamic values, knowledge management, multi-dimensional and comprehensivemodels of accountability, cubic framework of evaluation processes, information technologicalframework and review the latest conducted research regarding accountability, has provided a modelconsist of five basic elements ( philosophy& aims, theoretical foundation ,conceptual framework,administrative phases and evaluation & re-engineering) and 8 components and 60 subcomponentsthrough of questionnaire.Conclusions shows that the sample groups emphasis on basic elements of model and eight basiccomponents of accountability including: authority and responsibility, management and leadership,effective and purposeful supervision, attention to interested groups, information management, humanresources, communication management and standards of teaching and learning and 45 subcomponent.And ultimately has suggested model with 91/9 percent among groups under study were discernedsuitable. Finally, practical suggestions and recommendations were presented for the better applicationof this model in higher education system of Iran Manuscript profile
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        73 - The Obstacles for Empowering the Human Resources of The Active Non- Governmental Organizations in Tehran City
        A. Sarafizadeh, M. Haji anzahaei
        The following research is aiming to recognition the obstacles for empowering the human resources ofthe active bottom up non- governmental organization in Tehran city.The bottom up non- governmental organizations activity for ensuring needs groups of society withfour str More
        The following research is aiming to recognition the obstacles for empowering the human resources ofthe active bottom up non- governmental organization in Tehran city.The bottom up non- governmental organizations activity for ensuring needs groups of society withfour strategic: focalization on culture building ideology, institution bulding ideology ,social legalstructure ,compound strategic .of course the optimum strategic is compound strategic that threeprevious strategic similar three triangle rib and capacity building with goal of empowering is centretriangle.In the article ,reviewing non- governmental organizations operation and NGOs influence on thesustainable development . then considered empowering the human resources and influence for thepurpose to quickly reach their goal and to remove the empowerment obstacles.for information gathering, distributed questionnaire in Statistical population performed in onespresence. Statistical population is managerial and amenable liable this organizations in the Tehrancity.In the base of financial resources deficiences theory, unsuitable management method , unreadiness oftarget group and special deficienc is obstacles for empowering the human resources that formed fouraccessory hypothesizes and to experience with independent test (chi-square karl piersoun) and thisliaised is verification.Finally in the base of analyzing data , the suitable method is recommend. Manuscript profile
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        74 - Developed Fordyce Webster Algorithm for Solving Periodic Ordering with Fuzzy Costs
        N. Hamidi P. Samouei M. Eghbali
        One of the most useful algorithms for inventory efficient control is the Fordyce Webster algorithm.This algorithm can solve problems with certainty parameters. In the real world, many parameters, likeinflation, can change inventory costs. This article establishes an alg More
        One of the most useful algorithms for inventory efficient control is the Fordyce Webster algorithm.This algorithm can solve problems with certainty parameters. In the real world, many parameters, likeinflation, can change inventory costs. This article establishes an algorithm based on fuzzy inventorycosts (e.g. holding costs, ordering costs, and purchase cost). These costs are fuzzy triangular numbers.A numerical example is explained. The results show that the proposed algorithm is very flexible. Manuscript profile
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        75 - A Study of the Dimensions of Educational Administration Empowerment to Provide an Appropriate Framework for School Principals in Iran
        A. Taghipourzahir R. Jahanian
        This study with the aim of determining the aspects of empowering the educational managers, in orderto provide them with a suitable framework. The review of literature shows that empowering the humanresources has been studied from three approaches: relational, motivation More
        This study with the aim of determining the aspects of empowering the educational managers, in orderto provide them with a suitable framework. The review of literature shows that empowering the humanresources has been studied from three approaches: relational, motivational and cognitive. In order toachieve the abovementioned goals, this research with a national scale is done in two-phases survey; inthe first stage, 1088 managers of primary and secondary schools as well as the heads and publiceducation deputies in the Ministry of Education were selected, based on Morgan’s table of samplesizes. They were sampled by means of the random stratification method and they were asked tocomplete the questionnaire one (with the validity of 0.95). The results demonstrate that theempowerment framework can be divided into 13 aspects and 61 factors, whereas their average factorloading is 0.675. In the second stage of the study, that is the questionnaire two (with the validity of0.97), 152 experts and specialists in the Ministry of Education were selected in line with the goal ofthe study and they were asked to judge the degree of efficiency of the framework. The results showthat 93.43 per cent of the experts and specialists in the Ministry of Education considered the proposedframework as perfectly appropriate, while the average factor loading of the framework was 0.709 andthe correlation coefficient of the factors in every section of the framework was 0.99 percentsignificant. Consequently, based on the obtained results in this study, other researchers’ works, andavailable theories, the framework enjoys adequate theoretical and experimental supports and itsadministration for empowering the operational managers is strongly suggested to the high andintermediary managers in the Ministry of Education in Iran. Manuscript profile
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        76 - Evaluation the effect of Generics-Prone Purchaser Demographics and Pcychographic Characteristics on Generics Purchase’s Decision-Making
        B. Kheiry M. Haji mohammad reza
        In the history of the food business, few things have been as surprising or in some cases ascontroversial as the rapid proliferation of so-called generic products. The present study, have beendone in order to evaluate the effect of generics-Prone Purchaser Demographics a More
        In the history of the food business, few things have been as surprising or in some cases ascontroversial as the rapid proliferation of so-called generic products. The present study, have beendone in order to evaluate the effect of generics-Prone Purchaser Demographics and PcychographicCharacteristics on Generics Purchase’s Decision-Making. The present investigation of a relativelybroad spectrum of variables in connection with generics should serve to enlarge our understanding ofthis market. This study considers five types of segmentation variables: demographics, requirements forprice and quality, Requirements for brand, information seeking behavior, relevant behavioralcharacteristics. In addition to identify generic products Purchaser generally, generic purchase, haveconsidered at three level (none, low, high), toward to demographics and psychographic characteristics.Requirement information have been gathered by Descriptive-Correlational research and cluster, simpleRandom sampling of 265 people at Shahrvand chain store and Tehran grand market by using of validand reliable questionnaire. For testing hypothesis have been used of One-Sample T Test, Independent-Sample T Test, One-Way ANOVA and Univariate ANOVA, and have been analyzed through SPSS16software. The findings shows that price proneness, quality proneness, less brand loyalty, private( Vs.national) brand proneness, personal source usage, general change proneness, venturesomness,innovativeness and less perceived risk were determined to be positive influences on purchase ofgenerics .On the other hand, label readership, electronic and print media usage and approval ofadvertising were determined to be reverse influences on “high” generic purchaser group and finallypurchaser generics were characterized to be younger and married. Manuscript profile
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        77 - A New Approach For the Arrangement of the Resources Under Undetermined Jobs Sequence
        M. T. Taghavifard H. R. Dehnarseidi
        In this paper, a new approach for the time arrangement of the resources and its applications ispresented. If sequence of jobs is neither deterministic nor controllable, then sequencing and schedulingissue will knot to the decision making under conflict and uncertainty t More
        In this paper, a new approach for the time arrangement of the resources and its applications ispresented. If sequence of jobs is neither deterministic nor controllable, then sequencing and schedulingissue will knot to the decision making under conflict and uncertainty that has been addressed in thecontext of sequencing and scheduling models for the first time in here. Models created under theseconditions are named wariness models. In this paper, a general approach is presented for the solutionof such problems and moreover, a pessimistic-based method for solving the problems with the fixedresources arrangement is introduced. Anti-Akers-x algorithm has been propounded to determineidentical job sequences in an n × m environment to maximize Fmax. The wariness models complexity ischecked and then an application example is propounded from the wariness models and it was solvedusing Anti-Akers-x algorithm and the solution obtained was checked by the general method. Finally,Anti-Akers-x algorithm’s validation and verification are tested. It is concluded that: the relatedproblems must be solved by game theory and the presented schedule is able to solve this strongly NPhardproblems correctly and in reasonable time duration. Manuscript profile
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        78 - Evaluation of Maturity Level of Total Quality Management in Iranian Central Medical Libraries and Guid Lines For Improvement
        A. Taghavi Sh. Mashhadi tafreshi
        The present research investigates the degree of the comprehensive quality maturity in the centrallibraries at the universities of medical sciences in Iran thus providing guidelines for their promotion.The objectives of the present research study lies in the determinatio More
        The present research investigates the degree of the comprehensive quality maturity in the centrallibraries at the universities of medical sciences in Iran thus providing guidelines for their promotion.The objectives of the present research study lies in the determination of the level of theComprehensive Quality Maturity using the EFQM model of evaluation(European Model of QualityManagement ) as well as the determination of the relationship between the quality level of librariesand satisfaction of their users. The analytical measurement method was used in this research andconclusions drawn through comparison and evaluations made between the results and the EFQMmodel as the criteria of comparison.The research sample included all the vice-chancellors in research affairs and heads of the centrallibraries affiliated to the University of Medical Sciences in Iran the numbers of whom was deliberatedthrough a simple count. Also using the sampling technique of Michael Mark & Julie Jonin (1983 ) anumber of Academic Staff using the library were included. The data gathering tools comprised of a50-item questionnaire based on the EFQM model made available to the research vice-chancellors aswell as the heads of the libraries and a 22-item user-satisfaction questionnaire.The collected data was analyzed through descriptive, inferential statistical procedures making use ofminitab and spss statistics Analytical tools. The results of the analysis revealed that the centrallibraries of the Universities of Medical Sciences in Iran enjoy a level of commitment to excellence andall of the 5 enabler's criteria with regard to excellence stood loest .Also no relationship was observed between the ratings ( quality standards ) of the libraries and usersatisfaction. In conclusion and with retrospect of the results revealed by this research, a number ofsuggestions were made to promote the degree and level of the comprehensive quality management inthe said libraries. Manuscript profile
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        79 - Using a Modified Trainable Neural Network Ensemble for Trend Prediction of Tehran Stock Exchange (Case Study: Kharg Petrochemical Company)
        A. Shahrabadi R. Ebrahimpour H. Nikoo
        This paper represents a comparison between modified trainable neural network ensemble with othertrainable and non-trainable ensembles. The historical data available in this case study are from khargpetrochemical company in Tehran stock exchange. This company is one of t More
        This paper represents a comparison between modified trainable neural network ensemble with othertrainable and non-trainable ensembles. The historical data available in this case study are from khargpetrochemical company in Tehran stock exchange. This company is one of the biggest producers ofpetrochemicals, including methanol, in Iran and its stock price is very much dependent on worldmethanol price. Therefore Kharg stock price reflects its financial information more clearly than otherswith no products for global exportation. The reason of choosing Kharg is related to its large datahistory and high rate of stock free float1. The results show how a modified trainable neural networkensemble can overcome other trainable and non-trainable ensembles. This study also demonstrateshow we can beat the market through our proposed model without the use of extensive market data orknowledge Manuscript profile
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        80 - Students Participation Development in University
        R. Jahanian
        AbstractThis research paper ,called student participation development in university, was performed for thepurpose of recognition , of students participation development methods in Islamic Azad Universityactivities in educational , studentship research and cultural dimen More
        AbstractThis research paper ,called student participation development in university, was performed for thepurpose of recognition , of students participation development methods in Islamic Azad Universityactivities in educational , studentship research and cultural dimension with survey method . Allstudents (2700 people) and staff (701 members) from the University were statistic society for thisresearch and 475 number of students and 780 number of officers chosen on the basis of Morgansample volume determination table with systematic random method were statistic sample.The methodfor collecting data in this research is the questionnaire.After its experimental performance , its validity was calculated through the experts expressings and itsreliability was calculated through Kernbakh alfa . and its co-efficient is 92/. Obtained data fromperforming questionnaire was calculated with descriptive statistics which includes plentifulness andpercentage , mean and standard deviation of examinable answers .Factor analysis with inferential help has been used for students participation recognition and T test hasbeen used in order to compare tow groups of students and staff.Obtained results from analyzed data in exploratory factor analysis way demonstrates that students 25dimensions in educational affairs domain , student affairs domain , research affairs domain and incultural affairs domain which will be presented in detail in research findings segment . Also obtainedresults from T test certainly demonstrate that 95% of students and staff of the University (karajbranch) are unanimous about the students participation methods in university activities in educational ,students , research and cultural dimensions which have been presented in research findings. In theother words , there is not a considerable difference between the two mentioned groups in regard to thestudents participation development ways .Therefore it is suggested that , in order to develop students participation in university activities , thegrounds of excution of the presented ways in the present research should be provided . Manuscript profile
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        81 - Application of MPT & PMPT in Evaluation of Risk ( Financial-Marketing Approach to Iran Cement Industry )
        H. R. Vakilifard J. Barzigar
        According to Modern Portfolio Theory , the total risk dividend into two types : uncontrollable risk( systematic risk ) and controllable risk ( unsystematic risk ) . therefore , determining of systematicrisk and comparing it with unsystematic risk can assist cement Co. m More
        According to Modern Portfolio Theory , the total risk dividend into two types : uncontrollable risk( systematic risk ) and controllable risk ( unsystematic risk ) . therefore , determining of systematicrisk and comparing it with unsystematic risk can assist cement Co. managers & shareholders .In the reality word , shareholders decide about financial assets based of post modern portfolio theory(PMPT) , so comparing of different risks through undesirable risk creates realler results. So, in thisresearch , In the first process , is done the quantitative evaluation of cement risks with the financialapproach and in the result of it cleared that in the research time territory , the undesirable risk of thecement co. portfolio, in every years, was more than the risk of the market co. portfolio and alsorecognized that unsystematic risk of the cement companies is more than their systematic risk .So , the most of the risk that affecting the cement co. returns is rise of the internal factors , such as :the company management or cement industry and the external factors , such as : market factor has hadthe low affect on the risk of the cement co. portfolio returns and the reason of it is that the allgovernments is accepted the cement supply in every conditions and so , the cement industrial is noteffected of environmental changes .In the second process , is done the qualitative evaluation (identifying & rating) of Cement risks withthe marketing approach .For identifying and rating the existing risks in the cement industrial through the questionary andopinion assessment , is analyzed replies and the below results is obtained :The change in foreign exchange , inflation , governmental annoyer regulations , no foreign investment, natural unexpected events , political occurrences are effective in systematic risk in cement companiesand determined that The cheapness of the cement sale price & the governmental control on prices , thelack of the skill workers , the lack of sufficient liquidity , the lack of innovation and competition ,the hard to return of projects and the same pricing for the same cement formula with different qualities, unstability in issuance of cement exporting licences , unsafe activity of broker network in cementdistributions , weariness of equipments & installations , using of present valence in minimum of scale ,the cement smuggle and the cement import are effective in unsystematic risk of cement companies .also , The cheapness of the cement sale price & the governmental control on prices , the lack of theskill workers , the lack of sufficient liquidity , the lack of innovation and competition , the hard toreturn of projects and so on , are the most serious factors in increasing risk in cement corporations .Also, privatising and private management , foreign investment , private management with governmentsupervision and export , are the most serious factors in decreasing risk in cement corporations . Manuscript profile
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        82 - Elements of Culture and Civilization in Works of Ikhwān-al-Ṣafā
        سمانه عسکری سید عباس ذهبی
        The age of Ikhwān-al-Ṣafā, was the age of introduction to andinteraction of different cultures and civilizations with each other.Ikhwān-al-Ṣafā noticed this variety; as that in their mental systemfactors such as variety of climate conditions, difference of naturalresour More
        The age of Ikhwān-al-Ṣafā, was the age of introduction to andinteraction of different cultures and civilizations with each other.Ikhwān-al-Ṣafā noticed this variety; as that in their mental systemfactors such as variety of climate conditions, difference of naturalresources and wealth, method of exploitation of these resources, typeof food, clothing and variety tendencies toward industries, moralvariety of humans – that due to expectorant mater and health, effectsof months and stars, way of education – and also difference of varietyreligions – as a effective factor in social order and relation and moral– and too variety of political system of relative to religions anddifference of languages and words, different tendencies toward musicand finally science; Cause distinction between different societies andcreation of different cultures and civilizations. All of these factors areconnected to each other and affect each other. In the course of theseeffects what is more influential is the religious system. Manuscript profile
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        83 - Social Consequences of Arab Tribes Immigration to Iran
        زهره دهقان پور علی بیات
        The entry of Islam to Iran and then immigration of the Arab tribes tothat country had some great and essential political, social, cultural andeconomical effects on it. Because the migrants had differentmotivations, they didn’t just consist of military forces and p More
        The entry of Islam to Iran and then immigration of the Arab tribes tothat country had some great and essential political, social, cultural andeconomical effects on it. Because the migrants had differentmotivations, they didn’t just consist of military forces and primitivepeople, but also included all the Arab Tribes and groups. Although themigrants were in minority, they had enormous and deep effect onIranian society and they had accepted may of Iranian’s values,because these group’s religion and political affairs were prevalentamong Islamic nations. The article is considering the consequences ofArab migration to Iran until the end of Umayyad period. Manuscript profile
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        84 - Calling Iranians to Islam from the first Muslim’s invasion To the Kadisīyyah Battle
        آذر آهنچی
        Calling followers of other religions to Islam (dacwa) has mostly beenaccompanied by one of these three alternatives: to accept Islam, to payJizya, or to enter into a war. Proposing to accept Islam upon toIranians is reported by various sources. The content of these repo More
        Calling followers of other religions to Islam (dacwa) has mostly beenaccompanied by one of these three alternatives: to accept Islam, to payJizya, or to enter into a war. Proposing to accept Islam upon toIranians is reported by various sources. The content of these reportsare of two distinctive aspects: the formal and objective aspect of theevents, the religious spiritual aspect associated with approaches andinsights of the reporters. Different reports of the same event andcontradictory ideas in these reports raise some questions: Were theMuslims able to invite the Sassanids forces to accept Islam before anywar? What kind of options may have come up regarding the threealternatives? And why the main sources have considered “dacwa” as amain issue? What is the reason for the differences between the reports,and what are the motivations of the contradictory ideas? The presentarticle investigates “dacwa” of Iranians or more precisely of theSassanids to Islam with the purpose of revealing the difficulties ofhistorical reports. Manuscript profile
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        85 - Al-Sahīh min Sīra al-Nabīyy al-A‘zam: A New Approach to Life-Historiography
        محمد سپهری
        Although, due to some proofs, the life-historiography began too late, butalways the holy prophet’s biography has been noted by the Muslim.Compiling on this subject is still continuous.Dependence on some religion or school, also relying on some bases andcriteria, b More
        Although, due to some proofs, the life-historiography began too late, butalways the holy prophet’s biography has been noted by the Muslim.Compiling on this subject is still continuous.Dependence on some religion or school, also relying on some bases andcriteria, by the life-historiographers; and different destinations, approaches,principles and motivations created very various works on the life-style.One of new writings in the Seminary (Ḥawza) is a book entitled Al-Sahīhmin Sīra al-Nabīyy al-A‘zam by Sayyid Ja‘far Murtadā ‘Āmilī. Conveyingcharacter of the Messenger of Allah in the different resources, he studies thephenomenon of prohibition of narration and its role in deviation of thehistorical realities, and also currency of the fabricated traditions. Hedeliberates the role of the people of the Book who converted to Islam, andthe story-tellers. After description of the agitated principles and criteria incompiling life-styles, he presents some principles, rules and criteria for acorrect scientific research in this regard. Lastly he tries to present a truepicture of the Messenger of Allah’s life, based on the Shia and Sunni mainresources, in the field of exegesis, narration and history. Manuscript profile
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        86 - Āle- zubeīr-’s resources and origins of narrative data in early period of Islam
        محمدرضا غضنفری
        Āle- zubeīr is one of the families who became famous afterward the rise ofIslam and the name of “Zubīr-ibni-،awwān” and his ancestry has beenrepeatedly asserted in Islamic resources too.Zubīr-ibni-،awwān was not only as a narrator of prophet’s traditio More
        Āle- zubeīr is one of the families who became famous afterward the rise ofIslam and the name of “Zubīr-ibni-،awwān” and his ancestry has beenrepeatedly asserted in Islamic resources too.Zubīr-ibni-،awwān was not only as a narrator of prophet’s tradition, but alsoas a companion had effective role in early events of Islam; His wives, sonsand servants quoted events and narrations from his assertions as well. Theavailable works mentioned mostly to political features of his family, whiletheir scientific role neglected- in spite this role was persistent andsignificant.In accordance to pay attention to what is quoted in various resources aboutZubīr-ibni-،awwān-’s narrations and quotations, this essay engages in theirdata as well as their method of quotations and of narrations. Here is alsomentioned their way of transmitting and exposing this tradition tocontemporary and latter class of narrators Manuscript profile
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        87 - Causes of Fatimid Educational-Promotional Centers’ Failure in the Development of Ismaili Sect in Egypt
        احمد بادکوبة هزاوه زینب فضلی
        After moving Fatimid Capital to Cairo (362 A.H.), Ismailipropagation system was organized in the form of promotionaleducationalinstitutions like Madjālis al-Hikma, Djāmi’ al-Azhar andDar al-’ilm. Though, these institutions were not so successful in theirmiss More
        After moving Fatimid Capital to Cairo (362 A.H.), Ismailipropagation system was organized in the form of promotionaleducationalinstitutions like Madjālis al-Hikma, Djāmi’ al-Azhar andDar al-’ilm. Though, these institutions were not so successful in theirmission. Consideration of this failure could be important in theexplanation of Fatimids’ weakness in establishing Ismaili sect inEgypt. Complicated Ismaili beliefs and its hierarchical system whichmade difficulties in people’s conversion to it, and uncoordinatedpromotional activities of al-Azhar and Dār al-’ilm, are of the causesof this failure Manuscript profile
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        88 - Būyids and Zīyārids: A newly found account from Kitāb al-Tājī
        محمد علی کاظم بیکی
        An important part of the available information on the Iranian dynastiesof Būyid and Zīyārid is derived from the dynastic history of theBūyids, entitled Kitāb al-Tājī fī Akhbār al-Dawla al-Daylamīyya, thelost well-known work of Abu Ishāq al-Şābī (d. ca. 381 A.H.), ofwhi More
        An important part of the available information on the Iranian dynastiesof Būyid and Zīyārid is derived from the dynastic history of theBūyids, entitled Kitāb al-Tājī fī Akhbār al-Dawla al-Daylamīyya, thelost well-known work of Abu Ishāq al-Şābī (d. ca. 381 A.H.), ofwhich fragments are found in the later works. The condensation ofKitā al-Tājī has also been produced by Majd al-Dīn Abu al-Fath FadlAllah al-Kirmanī (d. ca. 620 A.H.) in his commentary on al-Yamīnī,entitled Jawāmi‘ al-Fikar wa Lawāmi‘ al-Fikar. This abridgement hasnot been studied as yet. Enlightening internal reason of the Būyids’collapse, the present article provides both the edited text of al-Kirmani’s abridgement as well as explanatory notes on its contents.The study of the abridgement of Kitāb al-Tājī indicates that legitimacyof the Būyids’ rule and justification of policies of Adud al-Dawla, themost powerful Būyid ruler (d. 372/983), towards his own householdwere the main concerns in the dynastic history which al-Şābī wasforced to write. Manuscript profile
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        89 - Local Competition in Bayhaq: Political Roots (3-7 AH)
        مرتضی دانشیار
        In the early Islamic centuries, Bayhaq region was a dependent ofNīshāpūr. In the first Islamic century when the Khurasan- Iraq- roadreplaced by Nīshāpūr-Bayhaq- Ray- Iraq highway, Bayhaq gainedincreasing commercial and military importance. So that, her safeguardbecame a More
        In the early Islamic centuries, Bayhaq region was a dependent ofNīshāpūr. In the first Islamic century when the Khurasan- Iraq- roadreplaced by Nīshāpūr-Bayhaq- Ray- Iraq highway, Bayhaq gainedincreasing commercial and military importance. So that, her safeguardbecame a priority for governors of Khurasan. Since then Bayhaqexperienced both local uprisings and competitions as well. Presentstudy intends to examine causes of this instability. The findingssuggest that policy of governors of Khurasan in changing the seat ofthe Bayhaq region was a main cause of local competition and conflict. Manuscript profile
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        90 - A Study on the Evolution of Tafwī' (delegation) Discourse in the 2nd Century A.H. and its Relationship with the Circle of Mufa''al ibn #Umar
        سیدمحمدهادی گرامی
        Among many studies on the history of Imāmīya, less attention hasbeen paid to the discourse of Tafwī' and Mufawwi'a. However thereare some studies which examined this issue, they investigated Tafwī'only in a polemical framework and study of Tafwī' and related issuesin a More
        Among many studies on the history of Imāmīya, less attention hasbeen paid to the discourse of Tafwī' and Mufawwi'a. However thereare some studies which examined this issue, they investigated Tafwī'only in a polemical framework and study of Tafwī' and related issuesin a historical context did not accorded. This paper discusses theformation history of Tafwī' discourse and its evolution in the 2ndcentury AH. Investigating this discourse at the beginning of the 2ndcentury demonstrates that it did not related to the Ghuluw at the time,while it was used for issues related to djabr and Tafwī'(predestination) during the -ādiÎayn lifetimes. Although before thelate 2nd century Ghulāt was held Tafwī' notions, but author showsthat the formation of Tafwī' discourse was not in that time and it wasemerging as discourse and found a social identity at the late 2ndcentury AH. In this paper we also continue to investigate the causesthat led the Circle of Mufa''al to be charged with Tafwī' or in somecases called Mufawwi'a. Manuscript profile
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        91 - Reference to Quran in Islamic Anti-heterodoxic Literature till the 7th century; a Survey of Social History of Religious Language
        امین مهربانی
        From the early time of Islam, the holy prophet and his followers inencountering and calling outsider and insider impiouses, who arerespectively called in Quran “Kafir/Mushrik” and “Munafiq/Fasiq”,have been using Quranic terms and phrases. Studyin More
        From the early time of Islam, the holy prophet and his followers inencountering and calling outsider and insider impiouses, who arerespectively called in Quran “Kafir/Mushrik” and “Munafiq/Fasiq”,have been using Quranic terms and phrases. Studying social history ofreligious language in Islam and observing so many evidences fromdifferent theological, juridical, historical and literary texts, it is seenthat many users of the imprecation and expletive during the religiousdisputations and controversies, by referring to Quran have accreditedtheir language. In many cases, inaccurate perceptions of the versesabout infidels and heretics have led some muslims to use the termsand phrases of these verses against opponents and rivals incombinations, reprimands, charges and different theological, politicaland social arguments, by means of analogy and generalizing. In thissurvey, by presenting some historical samples it has been attempted toinvestigate the perceptions of the mentioned verses and briefly showhow the inaccurate interpretations and abuses of them instead ofunifying may result in separation and divergence. Manuscript profile
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        92 - Reflection of History in Mahmūd Kāshgharī’s Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
        سید مهدی جوادی
        Kāshgharī’s Dīwān focuses mostly on Turkish language and literature. Theauthor himself had a hand in governmental organization. The longintroduction of the work includes history of the Turks; Turkish accents;noticeable information regarding political, literal, soc More
        Kāshgharī’s Dīwān focuses mostly on Turkish language and literature. Theauthor himself had a hand in governmental organization. The longintroduction of the work includes history of the Turks; Turkish accents;noticeable information regarding political, literal, social, cultural history;historical geography and administrative terminology in 4th and 5th centuriesA.H. The writing posses some rare information, particularly regarding theTurks; the common ceremonies of the Islamic world’s residents; a coloured  Manuscript profile
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        93 - Politics,history and litreature in kabusnama
        مهدی فرهانی منفرد
        Likewise some persian historical texts have significant literary value, there are literary texts that is difficlt to be ignored their histiorical aspect. Besides this, creating a litrary work is a historic event and some of them have hisorical tiesin different ways. Kab More
        Likewise some persian historical texts have significant literary value, there are literary texts that is difficlt to be ignored their histiorical aspect. Besides this, creating a litrary work is a historic event and some of them have hisorical tiesin different ways. Kabusnama by Amr Unsur al-Ma ali is of the kind. The author himself was a ruler who belonged to one of well-known dynasties of Iran. This book in fact is a book of advice and its author try to teach his son the arts of governance. The book mirrors a rulers’ life perfectly and discusses either kingship manner and its condition or servicing a king. Books chapters on arts of battle and secretaryship, ministry manners and condition, are all in order to teach political ethics to one who is prepared by his father for governance. In addition, historical information of the book is noticeable. This article is to examine the historical features of this literary work and determine its status regarding its historical and literary aspects. Manuscript profile
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        94 - The Fatimid's Policies towards their Sunni Subjects during the Invitation Period and at the Beginnings of the Formation of the State
        سید جمال موسوی نگار ذیلابی
        Two founders of Fatimid caliphates were Abu cAbd Allah al- Shici andcUbayd allah al- Mahdi. They had different behavior with their Sunnisubjects in two different era, i.e., invitation time and then at thebeginnings of the formation of the state in Ifriqiyya. Taking into More
        Two founders of Fatimid caliphates were Abu cAbd Allah al- Shici andcUbayd allah al- Mahdi. They had different behavior with their Sunnisubjects in two different era, i.e., invitation time and then at thebeginnings of the formation of the state in Ifriqiyya. Taking intoconsideration those policies and behaviors, this article shows thatthere is a significant difference between the former caliphate and thelatter with regard to the status of Sunnites. While Abu cAbd Allahfollowed a policy of toleration towards the Sunnites, al-Mahdi wasprejudiced against them. Apart from their individual characteristics,the obvious difference was a result of the socio-political conditions.Historians told that Abu cAbd Allah's policy was according to thenecessities of the missionary or invitation period on which it wasgoing to fascinate hearts of the religious opponents to pave the wayfor the formation of the new state, but cUbayd Allah's policy wasaimed at stabilizing of the state by emphasizing on Ismacili identity. Manuscript profile
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        95 - DASHT-I |_PČA|: A Geographical and Historical Survey
        مهدی عبادی زینب فضلی
        Dasht-i |ip´aÎ is a name used in the Islamic geographical andhistorical sources for the vast plains of northwest Asia, WestKazakhstan and southern present-day Russia (Eurasian steppes).Research in the Sources indicates that this name appears in variousforms. More
        Dasht-i |ip´aÎ is a name used in the Islamic geographical andhistorical sources for the vast plains of northwest Asia, WestKazakhstan and southern present-day Russia (Eurasian steppes).Research in the Sources indicates that this name appears in variousforms. Despite the high frequency of the name in the sources,especially from the fifth/eleventh century onwards, because of theexisting brief and concise information, it is not possible to conceivethe geographical borers of this plain. However, it is clear that thisplains up to the Mongol domination in the early seventh/thirteenthcentury, inhabited and dominated by the confederation of the |ip´aÎ (Kipchak) tribes. Reasons such as non-existence of a State and thecentral power with known Territories and clear frontiers in Dasht-i |ip´aÎ, scattering of the |ip´aÎ tribes in the vast plains and thecontinuation of nomadic life of |ip´aÎ s during nearly two centuriesof their domination on the steppes, are the major obstacles that make itdifficult to determine exact borders of Dasht-i |ip´aÎ.  Manuscript profile
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        96 - A Consideration on Mongols’ Religious Toleration in Iran
        مهدی عبادی
        During Ilkhanid era (656-736 A.H.), religious changes in Iran wasfollowed by a relative development of Shiite thought in comparisonto the past. Several researches have arisen out of this historicalphenomenon; some relate it to “Mongols’ religious toleration& More
        During Ilkhanid era (656-736 A.H.), religious changes in Iran wasfollowed by a relative development of Shiite thought in comparisonto the past. Several researches have arisen out of this historicalphenomenon; some relate it to “Mongols’ religious toleration”.Reexamining Ilkhanids’ politics against different religions and sects,and presenting a clear view of religious status of this era, this articleis to consider truth or falsity of the aforementioned idea. Manuscript profile
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        97 - Ibn Abī Zar‘ and Rawd al-Ḳirtās
        یونس فرهمند
        This article is a survey of one of the most important local historical books ofmaghrib especially in Marinid’s period, entitled al- Anīs al-Mutrib bi Rawdal-Ḳirtās fī Akhbār Mulūk al-Maghrib wa Ta’rīkh Madīna Fās.This article is to recognize the real aut More
        This article is a survey of one of the most important local historical books ofmaghrib especially in Marinid’s period, entitled al- Anīs al-Mutrib bi Rawdal-Ḳirtās fī Akhbār Mulūk al-Maghrib wa Ta’rīkh Madīna Fās.This article is to recognize the real author’s identity, considering differentviews regarding this questionable subject, and also to represent method ofcomposition, the style of writing, the author’s resources and status of thework among the same historical writings of Marinid’s era by revisingcontext of the book, and then comes to conclusion that ’Abulhasan b.Abdullā b. Abī Zar‘ was the author of at least the main part of the book or itsdraft. Since Marinids and Fez were brought under consideration, the workwas imbued with genealogy and flattery. Whereas the author used to live atthe age of Christian reconquest of Andalus, he recorded in a simple andfluent prose, valuable details of the event, especially the last wars betweenthe Muslim and Christian in Marinid’s era.Finally it should be pointed that the author took advantage of coins,epigraphs, written sources and his eye observations well, to interpret thehistorical matters. Manuscript profile
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        98 - Position of Baghdad Shurta Institution and Its Power (from Establishment till Early Buyid Period)
        سید هاشم آقاجری علیرضا اشتری تفرشی
        Baghdad shurta was one of the most important governmentalinstitutions in Iraq region during Abbasid caliphate. Alluding to thestory of the formation of this institution and some of its specialfeatures, this article is to consider different political motivations forbein More
        Baghdad shurta was one of the most important governmentalinstitutions in Iraq region during Abbasid caliphate. Alluding to thestory of the formation of this institution and some of its specialfeatures, this article is to consider different political motivations forbeing in control of Baghdad Police; influence of different authoritiesand politicians and their politics on it; backgrounds and ways throughthem political changes and competitions affected the prevalentprocedures of its management, such as choosing its chief; and itsfields of activity and duties. Manuscript profile
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        99 - Rebuttal Writing against Islam in Andalusia and Its Influence on this Tradition in the Western Europe
        محمد کاظم رحمتی
        Ph.D. Student of History of Islam, Tarbiat Modarres UniversityIn Islamic Andalusia, Mozarebs (or Arab speaking Christians),targeting Islamic theology, began to write Arabic controversialtreatises against Islam. This newly formed controversial literaturehad a great effec More
        Ph.D. Student of History of Islam, Tarbiat Modarres UniversityIn Islamic Andalusia, Mozarebs (or Arab speaking Christians),targeting Islamic theology, began to write Arabic controversialtreatises against Islam. This newly formed controversial literaturehad a great effect on the process of the translation of Islamictheological books, particularly Latin translation of Qurān, and alsoon the tradition of rebuttal writing in the Western Europe. Thisarticle is a survey of the process of formation of the controversialliterature in Andalusia and its different effects. Manuscript profile
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        100 - Madjriti and his Alchemical Pamphlet
        یونس فرهمند امیر عبدالهی
        Madjriti is one of the Muslim scholars in the fourth century A.H. inAndalusia. Although he is known in astronomy and mathematics, hehad some important writings in other sciences such as alchemy. Oneof his works that its ancient translation in Persian is also available i More
        Madjriti is one of the Muslim scholars in the fourth century A.H. inAndalusia. Although he is known in astronomy and mathematics, hehad some important writings in other sciences such as alchemy. Oneof his works that its ancient translation in Persian is also available is apamphlet called al-Risāla al-Kiftiyya. This pamphlet containsconversations held between Ikhwān al-Safā and Madjriti. Through theconversation, he prescribed some drugs in the response of those whohad asked him concerning their illness. When the questioners receivedhis opinions, they called them "elements of the strange practice ofmedicine''. Introducing short biography on Madjriti, this articlecontains a critical text of Arabic and Persian edition of al-Risāla al-Kiftiyya Manuscript profile
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        101 - Analysis if Sources of the History of Administrative and Financial Organizations in Fatimids State
        نگار ذیلابی
        Fatimid historiography is featured by the appearance of anew style which considered together with the political history,various aspects of social history, like quality of state s operoutionin managing financial, judicial administrative and military affairs,and organizat More
        Fatimid historiography is featured by the appearance of anew style which considered together with the political history,various aspects of social history, like quality of state s operoutionin managing financial, judicial administrative and military affairs,and organizational system. This paper is to introduce some of theoldest scripts which have written on the history of administrativeand financial organizations in Fatimid era or in the beginning ofAyubid era and are counted as later sources of historiography, andalso is to discuss the importance and validity of these sourcesbriefly. Manuscript profile
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        102 - Marine Trade in Siraf during the First Islamic Centuries
        داوود یحیایی
        Siraf port founded in Sassanid time in order to develop trade andsecurity in Persian Gulf, and soon became very important, like Ubullaport. In Islamic medieval centuries, especially 3rd and 4th centuriesA.H., some backgrounds and factors led Siraf to flourish and become More
        Siraf port founded in Sassanid time in order to develop trade andsecurity in Persian Gulf, and soon became very important, like Ubullaport. In Islamic medieval centuries, especially 3rd and 4th centuriesA.H., some backgrounds and factors led Siraf to flourish and becomethe most important port in Persian Gulf. The decline of Basra port dueto political riots; appropriate geographical location of Siraf andsuitable depth of its shores; experiences and efforts of siraf’s seafarersand tradesmen; and finally Buyids special patronage to this port andits hinterlands in Fars province, are considerable factors in this regard.Siraf in its flourishing period had effective regional andintercontinental commercial relations with Different ports and regionsof China, India and Ceylon, Red sea and eastern Africa, and southernand northern shores of Persian Gulf. Manuscript profile
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        103 - Sagbān Developments in the Ottoman Administration
        حسن حضرتی طاهره بابایی
        Sagbān or Sekban as one of the court jobs were allocated a special placein the hunting sector in Iranian states and Ottoman. This term in the Ottomanadministration -as compared with the administration of other states - is moreprominent and There was many changes in this More
        Sagbān or Sekban as one of the court jobs were allocated a special placein the hunting sector in Iranian states and Ottoman. This term in the Ottomanadministration -as compared with the administration of other states - is moreprominent and There was many changes in this term. According to the needsand conditions of the Ottoman administration, the sagbāns in addition to thecourt fuctions, has used as military force and also their court duties Wasforgotten over time. With the continuing militarization of Segbans, this termbe synonymous with Warrior or Soldier and was used exclusively in militaryaffairs. Manuscript profile
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        104 - Nuķtawiyya’s Millenarianism
        مهدی فرهانی منفرد نسیم خلیلی
        Nuķtawīs were of active dissident groups began a movement inSafawid era which challenged the government. Examining Nuķtawīthoughts becomes more important when one considers theircomplicated philosophical system which millenarianism is one of itsmost important teachings. More
        Nuķtawīs were of active dissident groups began a movement inSafawid era which challenged the government. Examining Nuķtawīthoughts becomes more important when one considers theircomplicated philosophical system which millenarianism is one of itsmost important teachings. This article aims to shed light on thisNuķtawī doctorine Manuscript profile
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        105 - Rulers and Religious Changes in Azerbaijan (From the Fall of the Ilkhanids till the Rise of the Safavids)
        مهدی Ebadi
        Due to different political, social and religious developments, from thefall of the Ilkhanids till the rise of the Safavids, majority of Sunnitesbegan to decrease in Iran, and therefore Azerbaijan. By the time of theestablishment of the Safavids, Azerbaijan was more susc More
        Due to different political, social and religious developments, from thefall of the Ilkhanids till the rise of the Safavids, majority of Sunnitesbegan to decrease in Iran, and therefore Azerbaijan. By the time of theestablishment of the Safavids, Azerbaijan was more susceptible to thisreligious shift. Apart from these developments, Azerbaijan’s rulers atthis time did not adopt fanatic policies to support Sunnites.Furthermore, the Jalayirids and the Qara Quyunlu indicated unanimitywith Shi‘ites to the extent that they are considered as Shi’ite states.Presenting an image of the course of religious developments inAzerbaijan, this article is to clarify the formation of backgrounds ofthis religious shift in Azerbaijan of that time. Manuscript profile
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        106 - Avicenna’s Achievments in Astronomy in Medieval Islamic periods
        سید محمد مظفّری
        This paper gives a critical review of Avicenna’s Astronomy intheoretical and observational aspects. Theoretically, it investigates hismodel for the prime and second motions of the heavens, which havebeen propounded in his Dānishnāma cAlā’ī as well as in al-N More
        This paper gives a critical review of Avicenna’s Astronomy intheoretical and observational aspects. Theoretically, it investigates hismodel for the prime and second motions of the heavens, which havebeen propounded in his Dānishnāma cAlā’ī as well as in al-Najāt. Inthis model, he geometrically and with the strict insistence on theAristotelian dogma in the configuration of the planets’ orbs, i.e. theapplication of the only uniform circular motion, explains that how thePrime Mover is pertinent to the Firmament and the minor orbs of theplanets. In the second aspect, the only observational quantitymeasured by him, that is, his magnitude, 23º;33,30, for totaldeclination, is mentioned, which with accompany of the othermagnitudes gained by his Greek and Muslim predecessors had madehim to believe in changing total declination. Another aspect of hiswork, that is, the synthesis of two aforementioned aspects appears inhis Solar Model, described in the astronomical part of al-Shifā', wherehe attempted to construct a theoretical model for the solar motion bythe combination of five orbs so that it is able to justify theobservational evidence of the change in total declination. Manuscript profile
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        107 - Religious Teachings and Food Culture of Iranian Ordinary People
        ابراهیم موسی پور
        The food culture of Iranian people has been an aspect of Iranians'everyday life which in spite of throughout changes that were the resultof officialization of Shi'ism, has not been so shifted or modified. Infact, Shi'ism couldn't be supposed as an effective factor in ma More
        The food culture of Iranian people has been an aspect of Iranians'everyday life which in spite of throughout changes that were the resultof officialization of Shi'ism, has not been so shifted or modified. Infact, Shi'ism couldn't be supposed as an effective factor in making anyreligion-based change in nutrition system of the ordinary people at thisperiod. Nevertheless, along with the Islamic general recommendationsabout eating rites (ādāb al-akl) and the pattern of proper and improperacts /rights and wrongs which believers were supposed to consider intheir food behaviors, some Shiite teachings and particularly thereligious occasions have formed some food habits of Safavid-Qajaridpeople or at least have resulted in some certain regulations in thesehabits. Upon this survey, most of these teachings are originated ingeneral Islamic tradition and the resulted changes of Shiite teachings,are mainly manifested in public feedings and vow ("nadhr"s) rites inShiite temporal or local situations, mostly in a popular religionapproach Manuscript profile
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        108 - Historical Treatises within Safīni-yi Tabrīz
        هادی عالم زاده
        Safīni-yi Tabrīz is a manuscript which includes 209 books, treatises,books’ excerpts, odes, long poems, tables and letters; all are selected,summarized or composed by Abu al-Majd Muhammad b. Mas،ūdTabrīzī during 721-723 A.H. He scribed all the collection himself.T More
        Safīni-yi Tabrīz is a manuscript which includes 209 books, treatises,books’ excerpts, odes, long poems, tables and letters; all are selected,summarized or composed by Abu al-Majd Muhammad b. Mas،ūdTabrīzī during 721-723 A.H. He scribed all the collection himself.There are 12 works within this collection which are historical orcontaining historical materials. Examining these works, this article isto evaluate them briefly. Manuscript profile
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        109 - Mīrzā Abū Turāb Naţanzī and A Novel Attitude to the Problem of Trisection of An Angle
        هادی عال مزاده فاطمه دوست قرین
        Qajarid era was simultaneous with huge social and cultural changesin Iran, including the teaching of exact sciences in modern schoolsrather than traditional seminaries; we encounter a religious scholar,who was expert in both fields of rational and traditional sciences,c More
        Qajarid era was simultaneous with huge social and cultural changesin Iran, including the teaching of exact sciences in modern schoolsrather than traditional seminaries; we encounter a religious scholar,who was expert in both fields of rational and traditional sciences,called Mīrzā Abū Turāb Naţanzī. In a treatise entitled Dar Ma، rifatiWatar-i Thulth-i ķaws-i Ma، lūma al-Watar (on the knowledge ofthe chord of one-third of an arc with a known chord), he presented anovel numerical method for trisecting an angle. This article is tosurvey Mīrzā Abū Turāb’s biography and works, and introduce histreatise and method. Manuscript profile
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        110 - The Problen of Iranian Calendar (A critique on “comparison of various methods and equations for applying intercalaries of Hidjrī Khorshīdī” Calendar)
        موسی اکرمی
        Mr. Farid Ghasemlu has tried to find, in “comparison of various methodsand equations for applying intercalaries of chronology of Hidjrī Khorshīdī”,‘various methods for applying intercalaries of chronology of HidjrīKhorshīdī’ in ‘various res More
        Mr. Farid Ghasemlu has tried to find, in “comparison of various methodsand equations for applying intercalaries of chronology of Hidjrī Khorshīdī”,‘various methods for applying intercalaries of chronology of HidjrīKhorshīdī’ in ‘various resources’; and then, has compared them withoutpresenting any instances for such relevant equations.The pronounced subject-matters have significance for me from two points:(1) To expose the most important topics for Iranian chronology in the worksof many great calendar-writers and calendar-researchers(2) To explain some of my attitudes based on my two published workHere, I endeavor to evaluate a few segments of Ghasemlu’s essay and statethe problem of Iranian chronology which consist of two correlated subject:solar year and bissextile order or arrangement of intercalary in big period,sub-periods, and under-sub-periods, moreover, would make clear my -not soprofessional- position among Iranian calendar-researcher; and I wouldexplain my method, its authenticity and accuracy as well. This methodaccomplish in paying attention to middle duration of solar year – which is assame as duration of every year – and based on computer computation, byapplying fruitful tradition of Djalālī-’s calendar too; and the achievements ofsuch method is in parallel with dynamic tradition of attempt for attainingexact rule of calculating leap years and for writing comparative chronologywhich is applicable to past years and future. Manuscript profile
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        111 - Shibanids and The Mughals
        محمد علی کاظم بیگی زینت تاج علی
        In the early 16 century Sultan Muhammad the Shibanid Khan(d.1510)captured Samarkand‚ capital of the Timurids andestablished Shibanids dynasty. His Timurid rival Babur (d.1530) hadalready abandoned Central Asia in order to found the Mongol Empirein India. The pr More
        In the early 16 century Sultan Muhammad the Shibanid Khan(d.1510)captured Samarkand‚ capital of the Timurids andestablished Shibanids dynasty. His Timurid rival Babur (d.1530) hadalready abandoned Central Asia in order to found the Mongol Empirein India. The present article intends to study Shaibani-Mughalrelations in 15-17th centuries.The findings of this study, demonstrates that despite earlierhostilities, the ruling econo-politcal realities in the region, especiallythe existence of powerful Safavid Iran on the one hand, on the otherneed Mongol and Shibanids to develop their commercial ties, forcethem to revise their former hostilities and to establish good relations.The common Islamic culture and civilization paved the way for theties for important of relations.(M. K.) Manuscript profile
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        112 - Wābkanawī’s Calculations of the Annular Solar Eclipse of 30 Jan 1283 A.D./ 29 shawwāl 681 A. H.
        سید محمد مظفری
        The paper presents a critical review of the iterative process used byShams al-Dīn Muhammad al-Wābkanawī (Iran, Maragha, ca. 1260–1320) in order to compute the parameters of the annular solar eclipseof 30 January 1283 from the solar and lunar parameters obtained by More
        The paper presents a critical review of the iterative process used byShams al-Dīn Muhammad al-Wābkanawī (Iran, Maragha, ca. 1260–1320) in order to compute the parameters of the annular solar eclipseof 30 January 1283 from the solar and lunar parameters obtained byMuhyī al-Dīn al-Maghribī (Maragha 1260–1274). Due to theimpossibility of the annular eclipse in the Ptolemaic tradition, theposition of this prediction in the context of medieval astronomy shallalso be shortly discussed. Furthermore, since Wābkanawī calls hisobservation as an evidence for the correctness of his prediction, thecomputed results have been compared with the true modern data,which established a remarkable agreement between them. Manuscript profile
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        113 - The Role of Religion in Political - Military Relations between the Ilkhanīd and the |ip´aÎ Kings
        صالح پرگاری مریم محمدی
        |ip´aÎ Kings and Ilkhanid, were two divisions of Mongols that thelatter was established and expanded to the west by Hulagu and |ip´aÎKhanat were the possessors of Chengiz legacy. Because of politicalrivalry, they went through a war which was the More
        |ip´aÎ Kings and Ilkhanid, were two divisions of Mongols that thelatter was established and expanded to the west by Hulagu and |ip´aÎKhanat were the possessors of Chengiz legacy. Because of politicalrivalry, they went through a war which was the first within Mongoldynasty. One of the motives for this conflict was the religiousdifferences between Berka, as a Muslim and Holagu, as a Buddist andso it had a great impact on the political and military ties between twogovernments..This led to the conversion of |ip´aÎ Kings to Islam forattracting Muslim support and obtaining the religious ties with theMamluk as the enemy of Ilkhanid. After the conversion of Ilkhanid toIslam, |ip´aÎ changed their policy but the religious dispute wascontinued to the end of their period. This article aims to consider therole of religion in the conflicts between these two governments. Manuscript profile
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        114 - Review of Ali Akbar Velayati’s Islamic Culture and Civilization
        اسماعیل چنگیزی اردهایی
        Islamic Culture and Civilization written by Dr. Ali Akbar Velayati would beauthored and proposed as a text book for graduate students. This book, notonly has structural, methodic and contextual mistakes, but also involvescomposing, formal and editing errors too, because More
        Islamic Culture and Civilization written by Dr. Ali Akbar Velayati would beauthored and proposed as a text book for graduate students. This book, notonly has structural, methodic and contextual mistakes, but also involvescomposing, formal and editing errors too, because of its expanded scope ofthe subject and author’s lack of sufficient expert in many topics and itsvarieties; and also author’s confidence and trust on less authentic andimportant– i.e. second hand - resources, and inaccurate translations of somenon-Persian resources.The work has also a few controversies, incorrect analyses and invalidinferences which I would show them hereby a few evidences Manuscript profile
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        115 - One Civilization and Two Interpretations: Rereading Two Works by Abdulḥusayn Zarrinkub: Du Qarn Sukut and Karnami-yi Islam
        سیاوش Shohani
        Islamic historiography has been full of ups and downs, and has beenaffected by many social and historical parameters, to such an extentthat some of these parameters, in the same way as a historicaldiscourse, have created a historiographical era. AbdulḥusaynZarrinkub&rsq More
        Islamic historiography has been full of ups and downs, and has beenaffected by many social and historical parameters, to such an extentthat some of these parameters, in the same way as a historicaldiscourse, have created a historiographical era. AbdulḥusaynZarrinkub’s works on the history of Iran at first centuries of Islamicperiod were of great importance and authority in academies in Iran.Du Qarn Sukut, written in thirties (Persian calendar), his most famouswork, presents a different account in comparison with Karnami-yiIslam, written in fifties. In his first account, Zarrinkub attacks theachievements of Islamic civilization in two first centuries, andconsiders Arab conquest as the reason of Persian’s misfortune; whilein his second account, admires this civilization, and considers thisencounter as a reason for flourishing and fruitfulness of bothcivilizations. This article tries to compare these two accounts ofIslamic civilization, and examine the aforementioned contradictionhermeneutically. Manuscript profile
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        116 - Ibrahimiiyya School: An educational institution of Kerman Shaykhiyya in the Qajar period
        محمد خداوردی تاج آبادی
        Ibrahimiiyya, the most important School in Kerman in Qajar era, wasestablished by the order of Ibrahim Khan Zahir al-Dawla, thegovernor of Kerman (1218-1240), for promotion of the Shiite sciencesand culture in this city. He also devoted some properties to the schoolso t More
        Ibrahimiiyya, the most important School in Kerman in Qajar era, wasestablished by the order of Ibrahim Khan Zahir al-Dawla, thegovernor of Kerman (1218-1240), for promotion of the Shiite sciencesand culture in this city. He also devoted some properties to the schoolso that the necessities of the duration of the activities could besupplied. In spite of this, it didn’t take much time and unlike itsfounder, Ibrahimiiyya was changed to a Scientific-Cultural center foractivity of new sect of Shaykhiyya and continued this role until theend of Qajar dynasty. Its founding show that Haj Mohammad KarimKhan, son of Ibrahim Khan, and after tending to Shaykhiyya religionand tendency for leading the Kerman branch of the said sect and withchanging the contents of the Devotion Letter of Ibrahim Khan, notonly he allocated the produced endowments to himself but also heappointed himself as the manager of the school. In addition to this, healso devoted new properties to Ibrahimiiyya. Therefore the saidSchool was changed to Scientific-Advertising center for the thoughtsof Haj Mohammad Karim Khan and his successors with sufficientfinancial support and without interference of experts of religion. Manuscript profile
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        117 - Salafiyan Takfiri or al-Djihaddiyyun: Origin and Ideas
        سعید عدالت نژاد سید حسین نظا م الدینی
        Salafiyan Takfiri are among the extremist groups of Muslims who areknown by this title, given to them by their opponents, due to theirparticular ideas. The group emerged in Egypt but then later appearedin other Muslim countries. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empirea More
        Salafiyan Takfiri are among the extremist groups of Muslims who areknown by this title, given to them by their opponents, due to theirparticular ideas. The group emerged in Egypt but then later appearedin other Muslim countries. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empireand the emergence of new independent countries in the region in1924, economic, social, and political developments in later decadesgradually led to the idea of forming Islamic government as analternative to the Caliphate in Egypt. The adherents of this vision weresome Muslim groups who felt that their Islamic identity in suchconditions was subject to the danger of destruction. They who,generally speaking, stem from the Muslim of Brotherhood and wereunder their influence in attitudes, occupied the socio-politicalatmosphere of Egypt in the seventies and eighties. Among them, themost important groups of those are TanÛÐm al-Faniyya alÝAskariyya,DjamAÝa al-MuslimÐn or DjamAÝa al-TakfÐr wa al-Hijra, DjamAÝa al-Jihad. Introducing the ideas as well as the leadersof these groups, this paper tries to examine why they became wellknownas Salafiyan Takfiri or al-Djihaddiyyun. Manuscript profile
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        118 - Annales Historiography School
        بهزاد کریمی
        This article investigates Annales school, formed in the early 20thcentury in France. This school has been one of the most influentialhistoriographical schools and enlightment movements. Authorapplying a descriptive-analytic approach, with study of historicalcontext of A More
        This article investigates Annales school, formed in the early 20thcentury in France. This school has been one of the most influentialhistoriographical schools and enlightment movements. Authorapplying a descriptive-analytic approach, with study of historicalcontext of Annales appearance seeks formation and developments ofthat in level of first generation. This article will show how private lifeeffected spiritual leaders' intellectual bases. At the end, Annales'achievements will submit briefly. Manuscript profile
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        119 - A Reexamination on Relation between the Islamic Arts and Mysticism on the Historical Evidences
        مهرداد قیومی بیدهندی
        Many scholars have suggested that, in the Islamic culture, there was afirm and deep relation between the arts and the Islamic mysticism. Asthe Sufi poets tried to present their mystic intuitions in poems, theIslamic artisans and craftsmen tried to realise their mystic f More
        Many scholars have suggested that, in the Islamic culture, there was afirm and deep relation between the arts and the Islamic mysticism. Asthe Sufi poets tried to present their mystic intuitions in poems, theIslamic artisans and craftsmen tried to realise their mystic findings inthere are works artefacts, buildings, calligraphy, paintings, music, etc.Such an assertion is based on two premises:(1) The non-modernIslamic milieu was full of spirituality in spite of many reports aboutvillainous acts in it;(2) The art works which we have inherited fromthe non-modern Islamic culture are of spirituality enough to lead us tosomehow contending the spiritual character of their creators, or, atleast, the spiritual milieu and the context in which they were created.But in fact the efforts for showing reliability of the premises are notenough. We know that a good number of the Islamic artists were Sufibut all of them were not so. Hever the less we can also find manyhistorical instances showing that the milieu was full of mysticism aswell as the prominent effective artists were Sufi or, at least, had Sufitrends. Moreover, in the Islamic society, the men who had publicacceptability, i.e. the moral leaders, were Sufi or had somehowrelation with Sufism and mystic cycles. In this article, the presentauthor introduces many instances from the Persian literature andhistoric texts to show the relation between Sufis and art, as well as therelation between the Iranian Muslim artists and mysticism. Manuscript profile
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        120 - Fuzzy Inference System Predictor of Good Governance against Administrative Corruption
        Hamed Rahmani Morteza Mousakhani Gholamreza Memarzade Tehran
        Today, the term ' corruption ' can be found in many news headlines. Increasing of corruption in organizations and other institutions can be recognized only with reference to the press and a variety of mass media. Recently announced the corruption perception index, Iran More
        Today, the term ' corruption ' can be found in many news headlines. Increasing of corruption in organizations and other institutions can be recognized only with reference to the press and a variety of mass media. Recently announced the corruption perception index, Iran was among the countries with high corruption. This study follows an extensive review of previous research literature to create a comprehensive model for measuring administrative corruption and the definitions of fuzzy sets of factors affecting administrative corruption has been used here, including predictive variables of good governance in the world bank; the right to comment and accountability; political stability and absence of violence; government effectiveness; regulatory quality and rule of law. In this study, all the different dimensions of good governance against corruption were considered as input of fuzzy inference system and administrative corruption was used as an output. After that, membership functions and fuzzy rules, a fuzzy inference system measuring administrative corruption was designed using good governance indices. At the end, the outgoing model was compared with the Experts' opinion. In this study, the rule writing was created, using the comment of five university professors. The results indicated that the results of the Experts' opinion and those of fuzzy inference sustem were close, which indicates the validity of the system. It can be concluded that one of the main reason for this validation, is the identification of appropriate metrics to predict. In this study these metrics were obtained from the World Bank. The results revealed that the index of the rule of law in governance has a significant influence on the model output which shows the reduction of administrative corruption and by its increasing and decreasing, the level of anticipated corruption in the organization increases and decreases. Manuscript profile
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        121 - The study of the relationship between the learning organization and organizational commitment Fars Power Distribution Company
        Sara Rivaz Maliheh Nikkar Mozhdeh Rivaz Fariba Tabe Bordbar
        The study aimed to investigation the correlation between the learning organization and organizational commitment Fars Power Distribution Company were 350 people that among of them were selected about 170 people. The tools used of the Allen & Meyer s organizationa More
        The study aimed to investigation the correlation between the learning organization and organizational commitment Fars Power Distribution Company were 350 people that among of them were selected about 170 people. The tools used of the Allen & Meyer s organizational commitment Questionnaire and learning organization were Senge Questionnaire. SPSS17 software for data analysis and statistical tests were used Pearson Correlation and regression. The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between LO and OC. It was found the most and the least commitment related to affective commitment and continuance commitment. The highest and lowest scores of the employees of the learning organization components are systematic approach and mental models. It was found that the dimensions of organizational commitment with age, gender   , work experience and education are significantly related, but was not observed with the marital relationship.In addition, it was found that component of the learning organization with the marital and work experience is statistically significant. So that the relationship between LO and OC can be interpreted by interested as the when a person has a positive outlook about the situation and enhancement there in the organization, therefore try to bring to organization to it   s goals. Manuscript profile
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        122 - A New Model for Evaluation of the Iran’s Public Policies Implementation in the Health and Treatment Sector
        غلامرضا معمار زاده طهران ناصر میر سپاسی سودابه جلیلی
          This study is an attempt to evaluate the implementation of the general developmental policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the field of health and treatment ratified by the national Parliament (Majlis) of this country. In the course of this study, an ana More
          This study is an attempt to evaluate the implementation of the general developmental policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the field of health and treatment ratified by the national Parliament (Majlis) of this country. In the course of this study, an analysis of the Fourth National Development Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran was conducted in order to achieve a reliable assessment model based on internationally accepted evaluation literature. To this mean, a pathological study of the development policies implementation in the course of Iran’s Fourth National Development Program (F.N.D.P.) was conducted. The efficiency rate of the implemented policies was classified and assessed according to the efficacy assessment criteria for the policy implementation especially the Matland’s synthesized ambiguity conflict model. Prior to this, the data collection procedure was performed through authoritative interviews and surveys. Te data collection was performed through survey and interviews with the expert active in the related fields. The findings of this research depict a vivid discrepancy between efficiency rates of different methods of implementation. Moreover, it is concluded that in order to achieve higher efficiency rates, allowance should be made for different criteria Manuscript profile
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        123 - The impact of general policies and administrative systems in the field of human resources on staff retention in the educational system of higher knowledge, Iran
        Marzieh Mohammadi Masoud Pourkiani
        Purpose of this research is to survey effect of administrative system policy’s dimensions in the area of human resource on the retention of knowledge-based employees in the framework of higher education system in Iran. It is descriptive- correlation research which More
        Purpose of this research is to survey effect of administrative system policy’s dimensions in the area of human resource on the retention of knowledge-based employees in the framework of higher education system in Iran. It is descriptive- correlation research which has conducted in a survey way. In terms of object it is practical. Population of the research are heads and deputies of science ministry’s universities and Az   ad universities of Tehran and by using Kerjsi & Morgan’s table 217 of them were selected as sample. Tools to collect data were questionnaire and collected data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings of the research show that admi   nistrative system policy’s dimensions in the area of human resource have positive effect on retention of knowledgebased employees in the framework of higher education system. Manuscript profile
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        124 - Comparison between Boroujerd and Dooroud Islamic councils in terms of performance
        حسن گیوریان مسعود یاراحمدی علیرضا شیروانی حاجیه رجبی فرجاد
        Abstract In viewpoint of Islam and The Constitution law of Islamic Republic of Iran, Islamic councils play an important role and have a great position. So that some verses of The Holy Quran and traditions and principles of The Constitution law have been allocated to More
        Abstract In viewpoint of Islam and The Constitution law of Islamic Republic of Iran, Islamic councils play an important role and have a great position. So that some verses of The Holy Quran and traditions and principles of The Constitution law have been allocated to councils. The councils are one of the important components of local governments in every country. Local government or organization is similar to a country in more narrow size. Compared to definition of country and local organization, some common grounds are appeared. It means that local units must have certain territory, population, and enough authority to perform their duties. In regard to Islamic councils are in during the third period and have emerged from childhood, question in this research is to consider how is the performance of councils in various places. So in this paper we studied comparatively performance of Borujerd and Doorud Islamic councils and proposed assumptions in which Borujerd Islamic council had effective function more than Doorud Islamic council regarding size of the planning, monitoring, counseling, implementation of functional indexes. Because the normality of variables was supported, we used the parametric test in this study. These tests include T test, the comparison independently between two groups that were used in this study.concerning test results,these hypotheses were not confirmed. Manuscript profile
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        125 - The use of organizational capabilities to increase customer value (case study: marketing managers and experts of Sepah bank)
        Hosein Vazifehdoust Maryam Abdoli
        The importance of the customer's role in the management of a firm has been increasing for the last twenty years. A firm's organizational capabilities, both internally and externally oriented, are essential for increasing customer value creation   .Accordingly, the More
        The importance of the customer's role in the management of a firm has been increasing for the last twenty years. A firm's organizational capabilities, both internally and externally oriented, are essential for increasing customer value creation   .Accordingly, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of organizational capabilities (knowledge management, market orientation and customer relationship management) to create value for customers in the banking industry. This study used a descriptive-survey research design based on the correlation method. The selected populations were managers and marketing experts of Sepah Bank branches in Tabriz city and customer information was collected by using researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of all variables are accepted. To test the model, the least squares method and PLS-Graph software were used. The results showed that knowledge management has positive impact on marketing; customer relationship management as well as market orientation, customer relationship management and knowledge management have positive impact on customer value creation. Based on research results it can be concluded that addressing this era of knowledge-based marketing is a necessity and using it is considered as one of the main competitive advantages of businesses. Manuscript profile
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        126 - Vol. 2, No. 4, winter 2012 Designing the pattern of organizational legitimacy in order to making pleasure organizational self image tending to successful implementation of organizational strategies in N.I.O.P.D.C
        سعید قربان نژاد ملکی جعفر بیک‌زاد یوسف بیگ‌زاده محمد مبینی خدیجه امین‌نژاد
        Abstract: Introduction and purpose:   Main purpose of this research is to designing the pattern of organizational legitimacy in order to making pleasure organizational self image tending to   successful implementation of organizational strategies in N.I. More
        Abstract: Introduction and purpose:   Main purpose of this research is to designing the pattern of organizational legitimacy in order to making pleasure organizational self image tending to   successful implementation of organizational strategies in N.I.O.P.D.C, Therefore some   goals are be followed as below:   1   ‐ Calculation of current situation of legitimacy in N.I.O.P.D.C 2     ‐ Calculation of current situation of organizational self image in N.I.O.P.D.C 3     ‐ Calculation of current situation of successful implementation of organizational strategies in N.I.O.P.D.C   4     ‐ Definition of effective factors on organizational legitimacy in N.I.O.P.D.C 5     ‐ Prioritizing of effective factors on organizational legitimacy in N.I.O.P.D.C 6     ‐ Rendering the pattern of organizational legitimacy in order to making pleasure organizational self image tending to successful implementation of organizational   strategies in N.I.O.P.D.C   And applicable purpose of this research is to suggesting some advices of pattern   development specially in the case of management switching and changing.     Methodology:   Current research is an application as purpose and it used correlation and descrip   􀆟on methodologies. The sta􀆟s􀆟 cal society of this research involved 540 employees of Iranshahr branch of National Iranian Organization Of Petroleum Distribution Company   of Tehran Province.     Results:   Results of assessment of current situation of legitimacy, self image and successful implementation of strategies have been calculated and then the right pattern of   legitimacy has been rendered in N.I.O.P.D.C   Suggestions:   The weaknesses have been defined and advised to be improved as their specific way as expressed in main article almost completely. Manuscript profile
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        127 - Determining the organizational intelligence librarians of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research
        S. Balal S. Alavi Hamid Arablu
        AbstractPurpose: This study aims to determined organizational intelligencelibrarians Islamic Azad University, Science and Research.Method: the method used is descriptive survey. The community that isbeing studied is all librarian of Central Library of the Islamic Azad U More
        AbstractPurpose: This study aims to determined organizational intelligencelibrarians Islamic Azad University, Science and Research.Method: the method used is descriptive survey. The community that isbeing studied is all librarian of Central Library of the Islamic Azad University,Science and Research.Finding: The results show that Strategic Vision is first position andKnowledge Deployment is second.Conclusion: Totally, Knowledge Deployment, Strategic Vision, Appetite forChange is desirable but Alignment and Congruence, Shared Fate, Heart Islow Manuscript profile
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        128 - ارتقای بهره وری و دموکراسی در پارادایم خدمات دولتی نوین
        farid ahmadi سهیلا ahmadi
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        129 - نقش دولت در توسعه عدالت اجتماعی
        زین العابدین amini یداله abaszadeh
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        130 - نقش برنامه ریزی استراتژیک در توسعه منابع انسانی
        esmaeil kavoosi
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        131 - تبیین مدل فضای اجتماعی در توسعه مطبوعات محلی : مطبوعات محلی استان یزد
        مهرداد نوابخش علی محمد مزیدی
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        132 - لزوم ایجاد نظام اخلاق حرفه ای در تبلیغات بازرگانی
        علی اکبر فرهنگی بیتا شاه منصوری
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        133 - پیش بینی فروش فیلم های سینمایی در ایران با استفاده از شبکه های عصبی و مقایسه آن با روش های آماری
        عباس طلوعی اشلقی عباس سقایی سارا خورسندی کریمی
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        134 - امکان سنجی پیاده سازی روابط عمومی الکترونیک دردانشگاه آزاد اسلامی(موردمطالعه: واحد تهران شرق- قیام دشت)
        سیدعلی رحمانزاده سید محمود هاشمی
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        135 - جامعۀ چند فرهنگی : حقوق شهروندی و رفتار رسانه ای
        نسترن خواجه نوری
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        136 - بررسی وضعیت و کارکرد خبرگزاری های ایران
        فیروز دیندار فرکوش فرنوش صمیمی
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        137 - نقش وبلاگنویسی در توسعۀ فرهنگی ایران
        مهدی منتظرقائم فرزانه نزاکتی
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        138 - بررسی رابطه استفاده از اخبار ساعت 21 شبکه یک سیما و مشارکت سیاسی (موردمطالعه دانشجویان دانشگاه تهران شرق)
        فیروز دیندار فرکوش سید وحید جهانبازی گوجانی طیبه جهانبازی گوجانی روح الله احمدزاده کرمانی نادر صادقی لواسانی حسن نظری گلدرق
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        139 - بررسی وضعیت پویانمایی داخلی ایران از دید کارشناسان حوزه مؤسسات پویانمایی
        فاطمه السادات ارشاد سید محمد دادگران
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        140 - رابطه سطح نیازهای دبیران با مهارت های اجتماعی آنان
        سمیه تاجیک اسماعیلی
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        141 - رابطه بین میزان هوش فرهنگی مدیران استانی و توسعه مشارکت کارکنان در مراکز شهرستانی (مورد مطالعه: موسسه فرهنگی خبرگزاری فارس)
        سید علی رحمانزاده اسماعیل کاوسی hassan haji
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        142 - رابطه فناوری های نوین اطلاعاتی و توسعه مدیریت منابع انسانی الکترونیکی
        اسماعیل کاوسی سید محمود هاشمی
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        143 - عوامل مؤثّر بر اعتماد شهروندان کرمانی به اخبار شبکۀ یک تلویزیون
        نوروز هاشم زهی سمیه سادات مهدوی
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        144 - Problems, obstacles and solutions to develop and improve electronic Public Relations
        Mohammad reza haghighi Mohammad soltani far
        Technology development in producing, processing, releasing and usage of information caused a deep change in relationshipbetween humans and organizations. Now a day in developed society, organizations move toward by use the strategy of dataand relation technology in the More
        Technology development in producing, processing, releasing and usage of information caused a deep change in relationshipbetween humans and organizations. Now a day in developed society, organizations move toward by use the strategy of dataand relation technology in the realm their goals. In the meantime, Public Relations as the most basic and most important unitof any organization plays the role of informing and a strong communicating bridge between staffs organization and externalmilieu. This unit can be the corridor for changes and provide necessary awareness for accelerating the change process bytraining instruments it holds. Also public relationship or necessary skills can be effective in top management so thatmanagement be accompanied in change processing. If we accept that use of data technology and relationship in a basicchange is positive and effective, with the adoption, public relations find a new face that one way of providing of this new faceis changing public relation from traditional to electronic. The electronic public relation can firm its activities with detailedplans measurement by data technologies and communicative with quick Informing and on time and considering to Pivotal ofaudience, so that by providing optimized services, clarification of the information, leaves a sense of trust and good mentalpicture in internal and external dimensions of the organization. The basic purpose of this essay is surveying of effectivefactors electronic public relation and also we try to offer the meaning, benefits, limitations and challenges facing electronicpublic relation, to the extent possible. Manuscript profile
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        145 - بررسی نقش رسانه ملی در توسعه ارتباطات بین فرهنگی در میان اقوام ایرانی از دیدگاه صاحب نظران
        سید علی رحمانزاده زهرا غفاری معین
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        146 - Using the Component Model of Sustainable Landscape for the Quality Assessment of Urban Natural Public Spaces: A Case Study from Tehran’s River-valleys
        Shahindokht Barghjelveh Nima Sayad
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        147 - Urban Growth Carriers; An Alternative Policy for Urban Growth Management in Iran
        Hamid Majedi Amir Hosein Pourjohari
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        148 - Providing Thermal Comfort in Tourist Walkways (Case Study : Bypass Located at the Contour between Vakil Bazaar (market), Karim Khan Zand Castle and Pars Museum)
        Mohammad Amin Hatami Nahal Eghtesadi
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        149 - اPerformance Assessment of South Fars Power Generation Management Company by using of Data Envelopment Analysis with Interval Data and Undesirable Outputs
        J. Gerami A. R. Ghanaatian
        Due to the power industry importance in the process of country economic development,studying the efficiency of power plant s is very important. By measuring the efficiency canbe perceived the strength and awareness of different sectors and can improve theirperformance b More
        Due to the power industry importance in the process of country economic development,studying the efficiency of power plant s is very important. By measuring the efficiency canbe perceived the strength and awareness of different sectors and can improve theirperformance by provide the appropriate solutions. In this paper, power plants was assumedas a decision-making unit that consume gas and gasoline fuel as input to generate electricityproduction and pollutant gases as desirable and undesirable outputs respectively. In thisresearch, we discussed to measure the technical efficiency of power plants in powergeneration Management Company of Jonoob-e-Fars since 2010 to 2014, by using the DEAwith interval data and undesirable outputs. We got results and finally, we determined theefficient and inefficient units by implementation of all the proposed models of DEA indifferent technologies. In the following, we determine rank of units by using of topsis andShannon’s entropy methods and discussed to determine the most economic rates of industryplants and provide the scientific proposal to improve the efficiency of the unit ineffectivedecision-making units. Manuscript profile
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        150 - Comparing the Efficiency of Dmus with Normal and Skew-Normal Distribution using Data Envelopment Analysis
        A. Nazari M. H. Behzadi
        Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric approach to evaluate theefficiency of decision making units (DMU) using mathematical programmingtechniques. Almost, all of the previous researches in stochastic DEA have been usedthe stochastic data when the inputs an More
        Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric approach to evaluate theefficiency of decision making units (DMU) using mathematical programmingtechniques. Almost, all of the previous researches in stochastic DEA have been usedthe stochastic data when the inputs and outputs are normally distributed. But, thisassumption may not be true in practice. Therefore, using a normal distribution willbe lead to wrong results. The skew-normal (SN) distribution is one of the importantdistribution in statistics. The SN distribution is an asymmetric distribution which hassimilar properties to a normal distribution and it can be extended to the normaldistributions. In the present study, a stochastic BCC model was proposed formeasuring the stochastic efficiency of DMUs with inputs and outputs having Skew-Normal (SN) distribution. Moreover, it is shown that this model encompasses theBCC model assuming the normality of data as well. The proposed model inmeasuring the efficiency of a bank's 25 branches is used. Manuscript profile
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        151 - Inverse Maximum Dynamic Flow Problem under the Sum-Type Weighted Hamming Distance
        H. Banikhademi H. Salehi Fathabadi
        Inverse maximum flow (IMDF), is among the most important problems in the field ofdynamic network flow, which has been considered the Euclidean norms measure in previousresearches. However, recent studies have mainly focused on the inverse problems under theHamming dista More
        Inverse maximum flow (IMDF), is among the most important problems in the field ofdynamic network flow, which has been considered the Euclidean norms measure in previousresearches. However, recent studies have mainly focused on the inverse problems under theHamming distance measure due to their practical and important applications. In this paper,we studies a general approach for handling the inverse maximum dynamic flow problemunder the weighted sum-type Hamming distance. We assume that a dynamic network flow,and a desired feasible dynamic flow on the network is given. We try to adjust the current arccapacity vector to maximize the dynamic flow and minimize the changes. The motivationfor this study stems from the Hamming distance that is made practically important in thesituation where we only care about the change, disregarding its magnitude. In this paper,first we prove some preliminary results, then we show that this problem (IMDF) can betransformed to a minimum dynamic cut problem. So, we proposed a combinatorialalgorithm for solving the IMDF in strongly polynomial time. Ultimately, the proposedalgorithm, is illustrated by a numerical example on a dynamic network. Manuscript profile
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        152 - Methodology of International Law
        علی اصغر Kazemi
        In this article, the author attempts to fill the gap arisingfrom the lack of attention to the methodology in the field oflaw. Through putting forth the discussion of the methodologyof international law, he paves the way for researchers andstudents of international law a More
        In this article, the author attempts to fill the gap arisingfrom the lack of attention to the methodology in the field oflaw. Through putting forth the discussion of the methodologyof international law, he paves the way for researchers andstudents of international law and related fields. Studying thedominant methodological and theoretical currents in the fieldof international law, new outlooks, which were proposed inthe Methodology of International Law Symposium in 1991,are introduced and assessed. In this context, the first sectionof the article deals with the methodology in general. The othersections refer to the category of methods and methodology,and methodology in philosophy and legal studies. The authorfinally pays attention to the point that the understanding andcommand of the methods and approaches are necessary withrespect to the recognition of sources, incremental codificationand development, implementation, interpretation and judgmentat all levels of the study of international law. Manuscript profile
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        153 - Foreign Policy Analysis Changes in the International Relations Debates
        عبدالعلی Gavam
        The author in this paper analyzes the changes in foreign policygrowing out of the new thinking in international relations debates. Theauthor here has the advantage in his analysis of having been able to moredefail and alternatives within the changes. He outlines the ins More
        The author in this paper analyzes the changes in foreign policygrowing out of the new thinking in international relations debates. Theauthor here has the advantage in his analysis of having been able to moredefail and alternatives within the changes. He outlines the institutionaldomain of foreign policy in international relations debates and examines itsconnection with international politics. The author makes a striking case onsetting out to fashion and implement a foreign policy, as well as, circumscribing the debates among idelists and realists and also the debates withinthis sphere between traditionalists and behaviorists. This paper provides theclearest indication of how the different concerns and insights of the statesaffects the political analyzes. He deals with what he calls chronicle in thenature of international politics and relationship between states. The authorhere provides varying perspectives of international relation’s thinkers anddoers and also demonstrates the role of countries of the south in framingthe rise of international system. This paper probides the policy alternativessupported by various groups within the elite, like: Kenneth Waltz, Alisonand Singer. Manuscript profile
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        154 - New terrorism: A Theoretical Framework
        ابوذر Gohari moghadam
        International terrorism can be defined in the framework of international systemchanges. To do so, in this article we try to describe terrorism through theglobalizations’ different aspects. In better words, this essay is a theoreticalexplanation of the new terroris More
        International terrorism can be defined in the framework of international systemchanges. To do so, in this article we try to describe terrorism through theglobalizations’ different aspects. In better words, this essay is a theoreticalexplanation of the new terrorism by applying some globalization effects on theindividual especially the South people. Presenting a new framework of analysis toexplain new terrorism, this article is to mention the main globalization aspectsnaming political, economic, cultural and technological on occurring new terrorism.Globalization process has created a dozen of phenomena such as emerging newnon-governmental actors, weak states, international crimes, great immigrations,merging of different races, information & technologic revolution, distribution ofWMDs etc. These elements beside the other main factors of globalization causemeaning and identity crisis in under developing countries and specially groups andindividuals of the South. To project this crisis the individuals resort to ideology andreligion to find or redefine their identity. They try through ideology to escape fromfrustration and in this way if they access to WMDs the results of their actions is newterrorism Manuscript profile
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        155 - The Criticism of Methodological Consciousness in Gadamer,s Philosophical Hermeneutics and its Political Implications
        ملک Yahya علیرضا Esmailzadeh
        The aim of this study is to specifically evaluate how hermeneutical consciousness- as represented in Hans-Gadamer,s philosophical hermeneutics- is formed in some ways in reaction to Rene Descartes,s methodological consciousness. This consciousness indicates a concept of More
        The aim of this study is to specifically evaluate how hermeneutical consciousness- as represented in Hans-Gadamer,s philosophical hermeneutics- is formed in some ways in reaction to Rene Descartes,s methodological consciousness. This consciousness indicates a concept of rationality which is based on subjectivity. According to the subject- based concept of wisdom, the origin of rationality is an abstract mind which is opposed to the objective world as a subject of knowledge. But from one point of view, hermeneutic consciousness- which seeks to establish the concept of rationality on the basis of an interpretation of intersubjectivity- is formed in reaction to the results of subject- based rationality. In addition, this paper discusses some results and political implication of philosophical hermeneutics.   Manuscript profile
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        156 - بازشناسی اطلاعات نهانی و قلمروی آن در نظام حقوقی ایران
        جعفر جمالی سمیه سادات آقا میری فرهاد عابدینی سعدآباد الهام سلیمان دهکردی
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        157 - Domestic and foreign policies from the perspective of Turkey's AKP
        Hamid Ahmadi Fatemeh Hatamabadi Farahani
        This article examines the impact of the Islamist justice and development party in turkey's domestic and foreign policy and promote the dignity of the party's strategic turkey in the Middle East, to promote turkey's position as a member of NATO and the EU closer to the g More
        This article examines the impact of the Islamist justice and development party in turkey's domestic and foreign policy and promote the dignity of the party's strategic turkey in the Middle East, to promote turkey's position as a member of NATO and the EU closer to the gates of Europe, the deals. Changes in turkey since 2002 and the Islamist justice and development party to power started and won by the party will continue as president. However, interpret the "Second Republic" to describe the modified Turkish Islamist AKP party is properly interpreted. Turkey under the AKP rule witnessed a serious change in the regional policy of this country. The Turkish government, before the justice and development party eyes were pinned to the north to be leniency of the Europe union countries to be turkey and the economic benefits of joining the Europe union will benefit. Justice and development party, especially the second half of the nineties changed their strategy and his eyes towards the south and surrounding areas and the strategic environment and tailor their civilization. Manuscript profile
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        158 - Postmodernism in the International Relations
        Alireza Azghandi Mohsen Mahmoudi
        Postmodernists in the arena of International Relations maintain that it is possible to ventureinto the field and view its subjects and principles in different ways. From their point of view,the basic concepts of classical IR theories have collapsed and loosen their cert More
        Postmodernists in the arena of International Relations maintain that it is possible to ventureinto the field and view its subjects and principles in different ways. From their point of view,the basic concepts of classical IR theories have collapsed and loosen their certainty and universality.In this new approach, what has previously been in the foreground can be marginalizedand the issues which have been downgraded marginal can be brought to the mainstreamof international studies. The main target of postmodernists like Der Derian, Ashley, Diutakand others is to problematize and eliminate those assumptions of IR theory. Which claim todemonstrate the reality at international level and recognize it through positivist methods. Thisarticle is divided into four sections: the first deals with the relationship between power andknowledge in the context of IR; the second discusses a summary of textual strategies appliedin postmodern approaches to international relations; the third section shows how postmodernismin related to the state, and the forth section briefly explains the ethical orientation ofpostmodernism. Manuscript profile
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        159 - The Theoretical Qualification of Mediation for International Litigation
        محمود Vaezi
        In late 19th and 20th century, much has happend for the peacefulsettlement of disputes, taking full account of the recent developmentsinstead of the use of force. After much travail the internationalconferences have been created, the system for addressing disputes setup More
        In late 19th and 20th century, much has happend for the peacefulsettlement of disputes, taking full account of the recent developmentsinstead of the use of force. After much travail the internationalconferences have been created, the system for addressing disputes setup by the conventions, come into force. As with other means of disputesettlement is the process of mediation. The cases just considered arewhat the author indicates about the kinds of concerns that induce thisway of settlement: political, legal and technical questions and alsothe dispute itself. The purpose of this article is a completely referenceto a definitive overview of mediation of disputes to the litigation,mediator, mediation clauses. The author has produced a critique ofthe mediation with special focus on litigations. Manuscript profile
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        160 - A Succinct Review of Judicial Settlement of the International Disputes
        Hossein Sorayaii Azar
        The path of the development of the International Law, during the last centuries, seen from the actual modern era of the legal theories point of view, is associated with the peaceful settlement of disputes between independent States . The "raison d'etre" of the first an More
        The path of the development of the International Law, during the last centuries, seen from the actual modern era of the legal theories point of view, is associated with the peaceful settlement of disputes between independent States . The "raison d'etre" of the first and second Hague Conferences (1899 and 1907) was the dispute settlement discussions, and the Permanent Court of Arbitration is the fruit of these conferences . The Permanent Court of International Justice (1920)was the cornerstone of the judicial development of the International Law in the League of Nations system.Whilest the International Court of Justice(1945) was  heraldic  of modern era of  legal theories in International Law ,in which the different mechanism of judicial settlement of disputes have been developed . Actually the judicial settlement of disputes between States is considered as the hub of world legal order and inter- States relations of different nature (e.g. commercial ,regional, environmental etc.)   Manuscript profile
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        161 - Constructivism: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Foreign Policy
        علیرضا Azghandi
        In this article, the author intends to explain the IslamicRepublic of Iran’s foreign relations in the post Iran-Iraq war era,using the constructivist theory and emphasizing the awareness of the characteristics of the fourth debate in internationalrelations field. More
        In this article, the author intends to explain the IslamicRepublic of Iran’s foreign relations in the post Iran-Iraq war era,using the constructivist theory and emphasizing the awareness of the characteristics of the fourth debate in internationalrelations field. The application of the above theory, which isanalyzed as the most recent approach in international relations,is intended to answer the question that whether constructivismcould play an explanatory and interpretative role in the studyof Iran’s foreign policy and relations. This article coversthree sections the first of which describes constructivism ininternational relations and the next sections scrutinize AlexanderVent’s opinions on constructivism, and the Iranian foreign policyfrom this perspective. The author reaches the conclusion thatas long as the structure of international system differentiatesbetween the actors constituting the system and there is a lackof a realistic recognition of the nature of the structure, none ofthe approaches including realism, liberalism and constructivismis an appropriate choice in the study and analysis of the IslamicRepublic’s foreign policy. Manuscript profile
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        162 - Elixir of Recent Vestiges; A Comparative Study of the Indentity Problem in the Qajar Chronology
        محسن Khalili
        Cataloging of historical events could be done in three manners:historigraphy, chronology and beholding history. The author callsthem narration which has a distinguished speciality. He belives that asa matter of fact writing the events which have been taken place in theQ More
        Cataloging of historical events could be done in three manners:historigraphy, chronology and beholding history. The author callsthem narration which has a distinguished speciality. He belives that asa matter of fact writing the events which have been taken place in theQajar dynasty into history was not never historigraphy and nor wasa chronology by itself. So there are several themes that run throughthe time which attemp to rethink beholding history in this way. Theauthor uses a modernized one: identity. He describes it as a processwhich leads to the realization of what is and who is. The content ofthis context can be analyzed on the basis of “Self-Else” , “traditionalreligiouslegitimate” and “authority”. In this article three texts of theQajar dynasty have been collate by these Substances: (elixir of history,royal vestiges, modern history). He concludes that identity have anyobjectivity itself. It is important to appreciate the full significance ofthe point that the history texts imply a process with men’s identity orindividaulity. This binary matching of identity with history has beenunderstood too inflexibly. Manuscript profile
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        163 - A Comparative Study on Duties, Powers and Obligations of Labour Inspectors in Iran Labour Laws and International Labour Standards
        Seyed Mohammad Hashemi Ali Hajivand
          Whereas the labour inspection system is a public function and aresponsibility of government, therefore, the necessity dictates that labourinspectors shall be composed of public qualified officials, and they also haveexecutive, regulatory, advisory, corrective, m More
          Whereas the labour inspection system is a public function and aresponsibility of government, therefore, the necessity dictates that labourinspectors shall be composed of public qualified officials, and they also haveexecutive, regulatory, advisory, corrective, making policy and preventiveimportant duties. Hence, In order to enforce these duties in premises, they, inaddition to have certain rights and powers, should enjoy the stability andindependence of the employment, so that they exercise their duties andpowers in impartial manner and free of undue pressures and constraints fromoutside the system, in order to protect the manpower, economic sources andenvironment of work that are, nowadays, considered as essential elements ofsustainable developments. Therefore, labour inspectors, as representatives ofthe State in thr world of work, are empowered considerable rights legalpowers that their proper enforcement of these rights and duties constitutesthe fundamental to the authority of inspectors and inspection system as awhole.Instead of these rights and powers, labour inspectors also undertakethe obligations that consist of: the compliance to the principle of theimpartiality in the process of the inspections, preservation of professionalsecrecies concerned with employers, confidentiality regarding the source ofcomplaints and professionalism and competency. Manuscript profile
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        164 - Understanding of Nation-State in Theories of International Relations
        Sreyed Abdol-Ali Ghavam Afshin Zargar
        This article reviews different understandings of Nation-State in IR theories. studying different IRtheories and recognizing their weaknesses and strength for presentation of suitable understandingabout Nation-State, and reentering the theme of order in IR theories and d More
        This article reviews different understandings of Nation-State in IR theories. studying different IRtheories and recognizing their weaknesses and strength for presentation of suitable understandingabout Nation-State, and reentering the theme of order in IR theories and dividing it into two categories- intrastate order and interstate order - this article has made an attempt to achieve suitableunderstanding about the way of making and changing states in International Relations. To achievethis goal, we emphasize on the proximity of IR therory to Political theory. Therefore in this way wecan offer the primary researching pattern for a more precise understanding of why, how and whatthe Nation-Stateis. (appearance, evolution and function.)This study approves that we can not ignore the issue of Nation-State with aspects dimensionsof it, especially appearance, evolution and change (Nation-State making in IR studies because suchignorance will lead to offering defective and incomplete understanding of IR particularly centralactor of it; Nation-State. Manuscript profile
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        165 - Studying Note 2 of Article 295 of the Islamic Penal Law
        Ramin Poursaeid Maryam Mohamady Nooghizadeh
        Homicide is considered the most grievous offence to a reasonable creature in which the offender ispunished and faced with severe penalty. But in some cases, people do something that makes themsubject to blood money nullification . This issue is treated in Islam as blood More
        Homicide is considered the most grievous offence to a reasonable creature in which the offender ispunished and faced with severe penalty. But in some cases, people do something that makes themsubject to blood money nullification . This issue is treated in Islam as blood waste.From special proceedings of fatal offences, sole jurisdiction of the judiciary to arraign,prosecute and punish the accused as well as the principle of legality of the crime and therelative penalty and the right to counsel, we come to the conclusion that no one is rightfulto kill a person at the thought that his/her blood money is nullified. In case he does so, he issubject to retaliatory punishment and Note 2 of Article 295 with some specification isallocated to the wrong belief in the issue. With the omission or at least adaptation of thenote we are able to hinder some branches of the country’s supreme court to bring the wrongbelief in their judgement also pave the way towards more igorous proceedings by the judge. Manuscript profile
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        166 - Digital opportunities in cyber space and human right dilemma
        Mehdi Khalaf Khani
        Writer believes that cyber space is in pursuit of enlightenment tradition and trying to survey thenew age effects on expansion or limitation of human rights. In this article digital opportunities aresurveyed by multidimensional approaches and finally a conclusion will b More
        Writer believes that cyber space is in pursuit of enlightenment tradition and trying to survey thenew age effects on expansion or limitation of human rights. In this article digital opportunities aresurveyed by multidimensional approaches and finally a conclusion will be offered. Writer believesthat new space has provided opportunities for the uncompleted enlightenment project .On the otherside he believes that it provides an opportunity for states to have panopticon control over people.Writer believes that general use of the Internet and the easy access to television programs onsatelliteare main limitations for exercise of power. This is not meaning that the human rightdilemma is will be solved in the cyber space. Ideology, security and development are the mainreasons for a state to limit human rights.General use of the Internet and easy access to television programs on satellite will be themain challenges to states for exercise obsolete sovereignty. Therefore, states will begin torebuild and restate them in cyber space. New conversations about the Internet governanceare the signs of these attempts. These issues finally provide context to dialogue about a ruleof NGOs and civil societies in future governance. Manuscript profile
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        167 - Iran and the New Iraq: Challenges and Opportunities
        کیهان Barzegar
        Considering the developments taking place in Iraq andthe imminent installing of a new government in the country, theauthor, in this article, seeks to explore the opportunities andchallenges of the aforementioned situation to the Iranian nationalinterests. The main quest More
        Considering the developments taking place in Iraq andthe imminent installing of a new government in the country, theauthor, in this article, seeks to explore the opportunities andchallenges of the aforementioned situation to the Iranian nationalinterests. The main question of the research involves that whatkind of government in Baghdad would secure the Iranian nationalinterests, as the fact that Iraq has persistently represented andwill be a strategic rival and a security threat to Iran. This articleis organized in three sections. In the first section, the authorexposes the Iranian general views toward the Arab world andIraq in particular. The second and third sections observe the constants in the Iranian-Iraqi relations and pays attention to thechallenges ahead. Finally, the author undertakes that Iran andthe new Iraq are able to divert their relations from the stage ofcontinued conflicts and threatening each other’s interests anddirect them toward a constructive rivalry and cooperation withinthe framework of common interests. This will largely depend onthe first step to be taken by the new Iraqi government. Manuscript profile
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        168 - Constraints to Iran’s Regional Supremacy
        سیدجلال Dehghani
        The new pan-regional approach of Iran’s foreign policy hasits own grpples with the fundemental problem of internal andinternational relations. The rule of the game could be and should bethe direct result of evolution of Iran’s inter-regional and foreign poli More
        The new pan-regional approach of Iran’s foreign policy hasits own grpples with the fundemental problem of internal andinternational relations. The rule of the game could be and should bethe direct result of evolution of Iran’s inter-regional and foreign policy.This is an welcome opening of this matter that will outline much ofthis progressive agenda in four section: Theoratical arrangements,structural indicators, regulation features, international systemsreaction. The author has produced a critique of different doctrines:the neo-realism approach, international system, structure organizing,structuralistic apporach. He concludes that for the foreseeablefuture, the bedroch of Iran’s pan-regionalism will remain bilateralagreements, collective alliance among the entire region on a regularbasis. New arrangements are needed to deal with distinct sets of issues in international and regional system. Manuscript profile
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        169 - US Defense and Foreign Policy after the September 11th
        حمید Hadian
        This article is a study of the American compulsive and coerciveforeign policy formulation and its defence stategy on preventive war andpre-emption after the September 11/2001. The immediate application ofthis policy was a broader formulation of coercive and compulsive f More
        This article is a study of the American compulsive and coerciveforeign policy formulation and its defence stategy on preventive war andpre-emption after the September 11/2001. The immediate application ofthis policy was a broader formulation of coercive and compulsive foreignpolicy which accepted the right of the U.S. to pursue unilateral or even multilateralsolutions, and also a doctrine permitting pre-emptive and preventivestrikes against contemporary international terrorism, terrorism and genocide(nuclear terrorism). These policies, developed during the invasion ofAfghnistan and Iraq wars. Supporters of the Bush doctrine, also described as the neo conservatives, advocate the dominance of Middle East issues by theU.S. and are involved in this plan (Greater Middle East Initiative). The authorbelives that this strategy is based on fostering economic progress and thedeveloping skill levels of the politics in this region, instead of, dealing withimplications for settlement on core issues of the Palestinian-Israeli ongoingdisputes. The new national security strategy of the united states issued afterthe September 11th, is a policy of actively ignite a new era of economicgrowth in Arab countries and finite political resources for them to meet theU.S. priorities Manuscript profile
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        170 - سند رسمی الکترونیک )مطالعه تطبیقی امکان صدور سند رسمی الکترونیک در حقوق ایران و آمریکا(
        مرتضی وصالی ناصح
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        171 - The Institution of Shiism in Iran: Challenges and Opporatunities
        سید مصطفی Zbtahi
        In this article, the author takes a close look of the two centuriesof governship in the Shiism which subscribed the legitimacy ofgovernment in the occult era and also the Safavid achievementsfor the then governments. He also focuses his attention on thedebate evolution More
        In this article, the author takes a close look of the two centuriesof governship in the Shiism which subscribed the legitimacy ofgovernment in the occult era and also the Safavid achievementsfor the then governments. He also focuses his attention on thedebate evolution of political origins of Shia, to address the Safavidaccomplishment to mark the conclusion of “new pardigm” in Shia’spolitical philosophy and specially its foremost infulence on the statuesof Shia government in this period. The author is of the believe that thereason of methodical Islamic jurisprudence victory over narrativism,the stabilization of imitation and exertion principle the experssionof the Twelve-Imam theory and fagih (jurists) gurdianship traditionis because of the main debate which history had at the Safavid era.He conculdes that this debate was essentially ensused of these facts:Safavid founders claim about the relationship with the PromisedImam (Mehdi), their claim for supremacy and communication withthe dessendants of Prophet Mohammad and the existence of IslamicJurists in this period. Manuscript profile
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        172 - A Survey on the US Supreme Court
        محمد Amjad
        The United States is a federal system in which poweris distributed among the states and the federal governmenton the one hand and the legislature, the executive and thejudiciary on the other. The US Supreme Court is comprised ofnine members appointed by the president fo More
        The United States is a federal system in which poweris distributed among the states and the federal governmenton the one hand and the legislature, the executive and thejudiciary on the other. The US Supreme Court is comprised ofnine members appointed by the president for life time. Thesejudges may not be dismissed except through indictment. Themembers of the US Supreme Court are among the country’selites and mainly belong to the higher strata of middle classes.The presidents seek to appoint those for this position who arecloser to them ideologically. Notwithstanding, all members of theSupreme Court preserve their independence and act contrary tothe presidents’ opinions on many occasions. In this article, theauthor endeavors to explain the structure and functions of theUS Supreme Court, and its role and impact on the political-socialdevelopments of US society. Manuscript profile
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        173 - Condominium and Joint Ownership in Iranian and French Law
        SH Nikovand
        One of the important issues the general civil practice dealswith is the significant benefits of the joint ownership and its realizedeconomic results. The author has fresh ideas on regarding theownership share regime and right of possession in the orders of thecivil law More
        One of the important issues the general civil practice dealswith is the significant benefits of the joint ownership and its realizedeconomic results. The author has fresh ideas on regarding theownership share regime and right of possession in the orders of thecivil law in Iran. He offers good advices on the matter of exercisingthe right of possession and use by co-owners and the legal regulationswhich contain the legal relationship among the co-owners and alsothe way of obligation. He illustrates important trends that each coownerhas the right to possess and use whole common property,however, none of them shall exercise this right if it adversely affectsothers legal interest. He also emphasizes on the right of the co-ownersof disposition the property share. He documents the French approachon how they regulate this question Manuscript profile
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        174 - Regional Security and the Function of Confidence–building Regime
        (Seyed) Hosain Mousavi
        The Presupposition of our Foreign Policy is achieving development through decreasingcosts and increasing opportunities. Providing Security is one of the costly projects of ourcountry and now that realistic approaches can not meet all the security needs of societies,conf More
        The Presupposition of our Foreign Policy is achieving development through decreasingcosts and increasing opportunities. Providing Security is one of the costly projects of ourcountry and now that realistic approaches can not meet all the security needs of societies,confidence–building regimes in terms of the neo–liberal institutionalism theories as asecurity regime and regarding its successful experiences in Europe, Southeast Asia and SouthAmerica have been considered as an alternative security. Confidence–building is an armscontrolling regime that tries to demonstrate this claim that states have nonaggressivepolitical and military intentions, and they demonstrate this claim by accepting transparencyand regulation. The Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) Which washeld in 1972 in the era of cold war with the participation of all of the European Countries(except Albania) and North America, during different meetings and periods have becomegradually a common purpose. The military projects have been exchanged by each otherunder regulation and transparency, and the culture of cooperation and confidence decreasedmost of the overwhelming costs and psychological insecurities of the leaders and thepeople. The process of confidence – building regime and its achievements in Europe canprovide useful experiences for developing regional security in world’s insecure regions. Manuscript profile
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        175 - Berlin’s Articulation of Value Pluralism and Human Rights
        مسعود Rostami
        After the downfall of the Soviet Union and the impact ofglobalization, universalist democray has become the focus ofattention. Given the intensification of universal civil society andmuch of the progress in establishment of democratic govrenments the implications of hum More
        After the downfall of the Soviet Union and the impact ofglobalization, universalist democray has become the focus ofattention. Given the intensification of universal civil society andmuch of the progress in establishment of democratic govrenments the implications of human right has become a significant subject ofthe debate. The prominance of human rights from all side developedwith different kind of interpretations. Isaiah Berlin as the renownedpolitical and moral thinker of the age, has realized his task as oneof contributing to this idea. Comparing him with later liberals, hisaccount of human rights remains unexplored. In Beriln’s most explicitaccount, the national law doctrine is presented as unrestricted. In thisarticle, the author attempts to conclude with a brief discussion of theconception of human rights flowing from the value pluralism. Centralto this improvement of classical liberalism through the agonistic one,what is special about Berlin’s version of value pluralism, which leds tothe promotion of human rights? Manuscript profile
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        176 - Ruling Systems as a new step toward getting out of a dead end: Dual definitions of Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism
        Shohreh Jalalpour Shiva Jalalpour
        A Passing review of the history of the power structure in the third world societies indicatesa fundamental principle: A long written history of autocracy and dominance of despoticgovernments and personal rules.Asiatic or Oriental Despotism (Karl Marx), Oriental Patrimon More
        A Passing review of the history of the power structure in the third world societies indicatesa fundamental principle: A long written history of autocracy and dominance of despoticgovernments and personal rules.Asiatic or Oriental Despotism (Karl Marx), Oriental Patrimonial Rule (Max Weber), AsisticPatrimonial Despotism (Ahmad Ashraf) and the Sultanistic Regimes Theory (Linz and Shahabi)are models advanced to explain such a structure of power.The theory of Sultanistic Regimes is a relatively new and different theory which compared toother theories has demonstrated considerable potentialities.However, this theory has not-found an appropriate position among the models explainingnon-democratic structures.The present paper is an effort to explain and analyse the theory of Sultanistic Regimes andintroduce the main theorists. Manuscript profile
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        177 - Piracy and Marian Terrorism Perception on International Treaties
        Jaafar Kousha Farhad Shaygan
        Unlike piracy and slave trade that were as the first instances of international crimes and world jurisprudence in combination with prosecuting and punishing those who committed them, there are some other international committed crimes in marines that have recently attra More
        Unlike piracy and slave trade that were as the first instances of international crimes and world jurisprudence in combination with prosecuting and punishing those who committed them, there are some other international committed crimes in marines that have recently attracted the attentions of world community. Amongst different kinds of crimes according to the degree of importance as mentioned above and how the world copes with them by entering into the international treaties, two items of important crimes such as piracy, armed robbery against ships with marine terrorism have been considerably noticed. The spread of treaties to cope with the crimes mentioned above in territories beyond states’ jurisprudences were mainly focused on these discussions. This paper has also discussed the four conventions of Genoa (1958), marine laws (1982), Rome convention (1988) and attached protocol on navigation security accompanied by other international documents and those of regional and reciprocal documents. Manuscript profile
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        178 - The legal status of workers with special status
        Abolfazl Ranjbari Mehdi Mirzaii
        Following Article 190 of the Labor Law which protects some of the worker groupssubjected to double oppression and considers them subject to a separate act, thispaper attempts to explore causes, principles and ways of supporting mentionedgroups. In this regard, we have s More
        Following Article 190 of the Labor Law which protects some of the worker groupssubjected to double oppression and considers them subject to a separate act, thispaper attempts to explore causes, principles and ways of supporting mentionedgroups. In this regard, we have studied the legal status of fishermen, transportationstaff (ground, air, marine), workers with phisycal disabilities, household employees,workers in intermittent jobs and the workers whose wage is supplied in whole or inpart by their clients. We have also investigated their status according to internationalstandards, particularly, international labor standards, comparative labor law andlabor lights in Iran. Manuscript profile
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        179 - Ideology, Discourse and Political Analysis
        جهانگیر Moeini
        The decline in attention to the ideology factor representsone of the consequences of the rise of relativist and nonessentialistperspectives in political science. This process beganwith resort to the critique of subjectivism and battle against thetheory of truth in polit More
        The decline in attention to the ideology factor representsone of the consequences of the rise of relativist and nonessentialistperspectives in political science. This process beganwith resort to the critique of subjectivism and battle against thetheory of truth in politics. The author, in this article, argues that not only influencing the concept of ideology has no bearingon subjectivism, but also a new horizon could be achieved byoffering a new understanding of the concept of ideology withinthe framework of a discourse theory. The author proposesa theory of ideology which completes the theory of discourseand does not contrast it. Hence, in his opinion, maintaining thedistinction between the two concepts of ideology and discourseis useful and better explains the relationship existing betweenthe political order-symbols and power. Manuscript profile
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        180 - A Theoretical Analysis of the Role of New Middle Class in the Process of Transition to Democracy during the Oil Nationalization Movement
        Ahmad Saei Fereydun Akbarian
        In general, the social base, actors, and the democratic discourse prevalent in the Oil NationalizationMovement, belonged to the new middle class. In this movement the new middleclass was the main structural or social base of the transition which tried to fulfil this goa More
        In general, the social base, actors, and the democratic discourse prevalent in the Oil NationalizationMovement, belonged to the new middle class. In this movement the new middleclass was the main structural or social base of the transition which tried to fulfil this goalin a specific historical conditions (1328-32), when in the field of politics the relationshipamongst the ruling political actors for transition to democracy were favourable. In themeantime, the new middle class through the establishment of national front and accessionof executive power, was able to fulfil the first two phases of transition, ie, the defeat ofauthoritarian forces and the boos of democratic institutions. However, owing to variouschallenges and obstacles they were unable to fulfil the third stage, namely, establishmentand strengthening the democratic institutions. As a result, the process of democratizationwas incomplete and, soon after, authoritarian rule once again became the dominant force inthe Iranian society. Manuscript profile
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        181 - A Survey of the Fundamental Breach of Contracts in the International Sales
        مجتبی Zahedian
        The United Nations Convention on Contracts for theInternational Sale of Goods is Widely recognized as a landmark effortto harmonize laws governing international transactions. The author ‘ssearching in many contracts, cases, the convention itself has reviewedthe pr More
        The United Nations Convention on Contracts for theInternational Sale of Goods is Widely recognized as a landmark effortto harmonize laws governing international transactions. The author ‘ssearching in many contracts, cases, the convention itself has reviewedthe problem of breaching such a contract. He considers that, a breachof contract committed by one of the parties is fundamental if it resultsin such detriment to the other party as substantially to deprive himof what he is entitled to expect under the Contract. Citing the matterin a judicial manner, he believes that the remedies which have beenprovided for the parties in this convention, have been made subject tospecific restrictions. In this regard he reaches the conclusion that theparties must have the right to declare the Contract avoided and in themeanwhile to claim for damages, too. Manuscript profile
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        182 - An analysis of the Methods of Marriage Contract Cancellation
        Dr. Mohammad Reza Chavoshiha
        Development of the legal rules pertaining to the cancellation of contract for marriage underthe Iranian law has been influenced by both the religious opinions of the Islamic juristsand the doctrine generated by legal scholars. The latter is distinguishable by its effort More
        Development of the legal rules pertaining to the cancellation of contract for marriage underthe Iranian law has been influenced by both the religious opinions of the Islamic juristsand the doctrine generated by legal scholars. The latter is distinguishable by its efforts toaccommodate for the current needs of the society. Neither of the two sources can be its duecredit, but what should always be borne in mind is the original reason for which cancellationof marriage was primarily introduced. The reasons which entitle a person to opt out ofa contract for marriage, regardless of whether they have been expressly enumerated by theshiite Imams or explained in general terms by them, could not be changed. Hence, eventhough some of the diseases that would have given such a right to the other party could nowbe easily cured, this medical development could not deprive that party of his or her rightto terminate the relationship.Changes in this regard could be justified through expressing contractual terms whichin case of noncompliance with the description would result in an option to terminate. Inthis manner the option could be extended to new diseases. As to diseases that could nowbe easily cured in a manner that they would have no effect on the marriage relationship,jurists such as Dr. Mohaghegh Damad have tried to use principles such as the principle ofla zarar,the principle of la haraj, the principle of misrepresentation(‘’ghorur ‘’), option fordeception and option for nonocompliance in order to find a solution. Using the principle ofla zarar seems to have many advantages . This is the best way to change the scope for whichthe right to terminate the marriage contract has been foreseen. Thus, not only could thisright be extended to new diseases, in case of those diseases that are now easily curable,the right could be revoked. Manuscript profile
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        183 - ارزیابی حقوقی فاجعه حلبچه و انفال و تاثیرات آن در تحول حقوق بین الملل
        اسعد اردلان محمد رامبد فرهودی مقدم
        Manuscript profile
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        184 - The Comparative Study on Reservation Right for Consignee in Various Types of Contracts for Transport
        Amir Hoseyn Fakhari Sharareh Mofidian
        carrier shall be obliged to deliver goods to consignee in accordance with mentioned qualificationin Bill of Lading Hence, consignee has direct right arising from contract of carriage against carrier.The right of consignee has not been mentioned in Acts and in internatio More
        carrier shall be obliged to deliver goods to consignee in accordance with mentioned qualificationin Bill of Lading Hence, consignee has direct right arising from contract of carriage against carrier.The right of consignee has not been mentioned in Acts and in international conventions as«Reservation Right», but by giving right to consignee for sending notice of claim after receipt anddetermining damages and importance of them , the reservation right has practically established infavor of consignee. The right of Carrier in time of receiving goods for mentioning the qualificationof goods in Bill of Lading, is recognized as reservation right. On the other hand, a similar right isconsidered at the end of carriage in favor of consignee In destination, consignee shall have right todeclare the non-conformity of goods with description of Bill of Lading at delivery or to maintain hisright by sending the notice according to regulation after delivery and inspection. Although the rightof consignee can not be mentione in Bill of Lading like the right of carrier, but it could not be entitledother than «Reservation Right for Consignee» .There are different discussions over basic of the rightof consignee against that for carriers’ due to relativity of contract .In some international regulations,right of action for consignee shall be eliminated if notice is not brought timely, except for the case ofcarrier’s malice. It will be necessary to consider some excuses for lack of timely notice circumstancebecause of its gross compensation. Incidentally determining identification of carrier in text of Acts orconventions can be effective in establishment of justice in proper time with lower costs. Manuscript profile
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        185 - Mortgage Commercial Documents in Iranian Law
        Ramin Pour Saeed Zahra Davoudi
        The present research studies the nature of commercial papers, nature ofproperty, and the concept of pledge and securities in connection withcommercial papers/trades bonds. Pledge of commercial papers has beenaccepted in most countries as a principal; however, the surfac More
        The present research studies the nature of commercial papers, nature ofproperty, and the concept of pledge and securities in connection withcommercial papers/trades bonds. Pledge of commercial papers has beenaccepted in most countries as a principal; however, the surface of Iranianlaws is in favor of non-acceptance of such pledges. In view of theimportance of the subject and increasing usage of commercial papers ininternal, domestic and foreign business area, this paper tries to help in liftingthe main obstacles in accepting the pledge of commercial papers byattributing to some of the laws, by-laws and presenting a new definition ofproperty. Manuscript profile
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        186 - Good Faith in the International Commercial Law
        کوروش Jafarpour
        The Principle of Good Faith in the law of contracts is one of themost important and fundamental principles. Nowadays this principleis located and mentioned in general rules of international commercialdocuments. It means that Good Faith should be considered andexecuted i More
        The Principle of Good Faith in the law of contracts is one of themost important and fundamental principles. Nowadays this principleis located and mentioned in general rules of international commercialdocuments. It means that Good Faith should be considered andexecuted in every transaction. In this article, the author endeavors toexplaine the importance of this principle in international transactions.In the first part it is tried to explain the concept of Good Faith. Thenit is shown the place of this principle in Common Law and Civil Lawsystems. In the second part of this article, it is explained the place ofGood Faith in international Commercial documents like CISG, PECLand UNIDROIT. In this part we can see the great expansion anddevelopment in the scope of Good Faith principle in new internationalcommercial documents. All of these lead us to have an independent common law. The aim of this study is to consider the notion and elements ofevasion of law in private international law as a limitation of party autonomy.It will consider the relationship of this doctrine to other institutions such asavoidance, public policy, good faith and mandatory rules, and will discusswhether or not it can be considered as a proper device for limiting freedomof choice by the parties. Consideration will also be given to the existenceof this doctrine in private international conventions in particular the RomeConvention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations, 1980. Manuscript profile
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        187 - Right to Development; in Theory and in Practice
        رهالوسین Zohadi
        This article foregrounds afresh the legal and policyframeworks required in the international system at both economicand human rights fields to reach effective enjoyment of theright to development. The analyses of the author relate to fourindividual studies: 1- The recor More
        This article foregrounds afresh the legal and policyframeworks required in the international system at both economicand human rights fields to reach effective enjoyment of theright to development. The analyses of the author relate to fourindividual studies: 1- The record of the right to development; 2-The legitimacy of the right to development; 3- Interdependenceof the right and the process of development; 4- Monitoring andimplementation. The result is an effort to dislodge internationallaw from its exclusive focus on the states, internationalinstitutions, and particular logics of economic development.The author argues that the states must recognize the right todevelopment as a human right in order to realize developmentas an obligation in the line of national action and internationalpartnership. She concludes that the development of the conceptof right to development needs time to become accomplished,though it is currently used as a bargain in the hands of states. Manuscript profile
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        188 - Scope of Another’s Property Management A Comparative Study
        محسن Rahmani
        Article 306 of Iran Civil Code relates to power of property management forabsentee, interdicted, or such persons if certain conditions are met. However, FrenchLaw, where Article 306 was originally adopted, as well as laws of Egypt and Syriaprovide for wider scope of pow More
        Article 306 of Iran Civil Code relates to power of property management forabsentee, interdicted, or such persons if certain conditions are met. However, FrenchLaw, where Article 306 was originally adopted, as well as laws of Egypt and Syriaprovide for wider scope of power, compared to what is stated in Iran Civil Code,which includes pressing and / or essential material and legal appropriation for thebenefit of the owner. The civil codes in the three countries under study define thelegal entity as “Management of another’s affairs”. This study attempts to review andarrive at a better understanding of the legislators’ intent by comparing it with similarlaws of other countries. Furthermore, this study tries to prove that management ofnon-financial matters as well as management of debt and receivables may, undercertain circumstances, fall under the relevant laws of another’s propertymanagement. Manuscript profile
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        189 - The Concept of Natural Law and International Law inThomas Hobbes’s Political Thought
        Malek Yahya Salahi Vahed Amini
        Many authorities believe that new attitude to the concept of Code, Natural Law and InternationalLaw has been theorized through Thomas Hobbes viewpoints in the ground of modernthought. The influence of Natural law theories in the International Law began along withfrom th More
        Many authorities believe that new attitude to the concept of Code, Natural Law and InternationalLaw has been theorized through Thomas Hobbes viewpoints in the ground of modernthought. The influence of Natural law theories in the International Law began along withfrom the beginning of 16th century the genesis of International Law. However,17th centurywas the time of science dynamism. In this situation Hobbes began his effort to explain theprinciples of the existence of political society and his doctrine would become the Firstmodern moral philosophy, because it was a philosophy that completely accepted consequencesof modern Natural Sciences and related ancient relativism in the form of “LegalTheory”, according to which man’s natural law explicates the thing that man desires to do.Then Natural Law derived from Natural Code. As a theoretician of modern Natural Law,Hobbes was among those who merely believed in Natural Law in the international relationsand denied the existence of Subject Law and only assigned Natural Law as the basis ofInternational Law. His book, leviathan, as a great and unique masterpiece in the field ofpolitical philosophy, written in English, best indicates his effort in scrutinizing concepts likecode, Natural Law, Politics Science, Political Power and Sovereignty. This essay aims tostudy Thomas Hobbes attitude to code concepts, Natural Law, Natural Codes InternationalLaw, Natural Situation, Political Society, Political Power and Leviathan by contemplationthrough his theorization and research through his political thought. Manuscript profile
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        190 - Electronic Signature
        جمشید Noorshargh
        One of the important matters about the reviewing the conclusion of the ElectronicContracts, which are concluded through different Electronic devices like telephone,telegram, fax, in the cyber space and through Email, is the matter of the Electronicsignature. Indeed the More
        One of the important matters about the reviewing the conclusion of the ElectronicContracts, which are concluded through different Electronic devices like telephone,telegram, fax, in the cyber space and through Email, is the matter of the Electronicsignature. Indeed the Electronic documents and specially the Electronic Contractswill be completed by signature and will be attributable to the relevant party. Thecomparison between the Electronic and traditional signature, will be helpful forachieving a better conception of the issue.The importance of this discussion is for supporting the contractual right both for thesender of data massages and also the receiver. In the other words conclusion or nonconclusion of the Contract formatted via Electronic devices and subsequentlyforming the rights and the obligations of the parties, is substantially focused on thiskey question that whether the relevance of data massage to the sender is attributable?The idea of insured data massage or insured Electronic signature and also suggestingthe certification authority is based on possible avoidance of any kind of doubt orambiguity about the attribution of data massage. Manuscript profile
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        191 - Unilateral Humanitarian Interventions and International Law
        علیرضا Mohammad Khani
        Nato’s claim that the intervention must be motivated byhumanitarian reasons, and its unilateral intervention in Kosovoelevated the most controversial questions. The international reactionto this action has been mixed. This paper seeks to engage with thecurrent deb More
        Nato’s claim that the intervention must be motivated byhumanitarian reasons, and its unilateral intervention in Kosovoelevated the most controversial questions. The international reactionto this action has been mixed. This paper seeks to engage with thecurrent debate over the legitimacy of humanitarian interventionby focusing on the legal and moral challenge posed by unilateralaction in the society of states. The author investigates if the UNauthorization is a crucial condition for the legitimacy of humanitarianinterventions, and if so, what is the proper relationship between theSecurity Council and the General Assembly? The first part of thepaper briefly considers how the problem of unilateral action is treatedin the disciplines of international law and international relations. Therest of the paper identifies three alternative interpretations of thelegality and morality of Nato’s unilateral action in Kosovo: First, theintervention was illegal and a fundamental threat to the principlesof international order; Second, it fails the test of legality but shouldbe morally approved. Finally, it represents a landmark case in thedevelopment of a new rule of customary international law permittingunilateral humanitarian interventions. Manuscript profile
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        192 - The effect of FDI on Economic Growththrough the Channel of Financial Development in the MENA region
        مانی موتمنی فائزه آریانی
        This study is to show that the financial development in the MENA region is animportant prerequisite for the impact of FDI on economic growth. For this purpose, thefinancial impact of FDI on economic growth for 15 countries in the region (Jordan,Algeria, United Arabic Em More
        This study is to show that the financial development in the MENA region is animportant prerequisite for the impact of FDI on economic growth. For this purpose, thefinancial impact of FDI on economic growth for 15 countries in the region (Jordan,Algeria, United Arabic Emirates, Iran, Bahrain, Tunisia, Oman, Morocco, Egypt, Yemen,Turkey, Libya, Qatar Malta and Saudi Arabia) between 2001 and 2010 by the dynamicand static panel data models and generalized moments estimator (GMM) is evaluated.The results of this study show that, In the MENA region, the impact of FDI on economicgrowth through the development of financial markets is positive and significant. Manuscript profile
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        193 - Influence of information content of earning on price and buy- hold period return
        فرزین رضایی سکینه سلیمانی راد
        Investors try to gain more profit through investing in stocks. they often intend toinvest in industries which have high return and less risk. Optimum decision makingfor investment in enterprises requires transparent and comparable financialinformation. Net income and re More
        Investors try to gain more profit through investing in stocks. they often intend toinvest in industries which have high return and less risk. Optimum decision makingfor investment in enterprises requires transparent and comparable financialinformation. Net income and related components are among information which isconsidered in decision making by users. As informational content of earning، bycompanies have the capability to influence the decisions of buying, selling or holdingthe shares by investors, so this study was conducted with the goal of determining theinformational role of earnings on price and buy -hold return of shares.To do this, theeffect of informational variables on the performance of 60 companies listed in Tehranstock exchange was investigated during 1383-1388. The methodology used in thisstudy is correlation. To analyse data,we used multiple regression with cross-sectionpanel data. Results show the direct and significant effect of earning on share marketprice ,buy-hold return, buy-hold cumulative abnormal return and buy-hold abnormalreturn. Manuscript profile
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        194 - Estimating Conditional VaR Using Symmetric and Non-Symmetric Autoregressive Models in Old and Oil Markets
        Saeid Fallahpour Fatemeh Rezvani Mohammadreza Rahimi
        Price volatility on gold and oil market is the top news all the time. Global economy isaffected by those markets volatility. Because of the domestic investor tendency in goldmarket and feasibility of investing on oil by Energy Exchange in Iran, in this paper wefocus on More
        Price volatility on gold and oil market is the top news all the time. Global economy isaffected by those markets volatility. Because of the domestic investor tendency in goldmarket and feasibility of investing on oil by Energy Exchange in Iran, in this paper wefocus on the volatility of gold and oil return. The implemented method is one-day aheadout of sample forecast by the conditional value at risk.The goal of this paper is to answer which of the models; GARCH, ECHARCH, andTARCH is best at forecasting the CVaR for gold and oil return. We estimate the value byassuming normal and t-student distribution.The results show that the TGARH(1,1) model specifications are good option forforecasting the CVaR in oil market by t-student distribution Manuscript profile
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        195 - مطالعه تأثیر نسبت دوپونت تعدیل شده و اجزای آن بر رفتار توده وار سرمایه گذاران
        مجید زنجیردار پروانه خالقی کسبی
        Manuscript profile
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        196 - Effect of High-frequent trading (HFT) of Stock liquidation
        Mona Askari ferydoon Rahnamay Roodposhti M. Ali Abdolvand
        One of the major functions of exchange is to enhance stock liquidation. If stock market is not cash and liquid, it will not encourage investment. On the other hand, stock market has intensely been affected by the development of advanced computer technologies, which has More
        One of the major functions of exchange is to enhance stock liquidation. If stock market is not cash and liquid, it will not encourage investment. On the other hand, stock market has intensely been affected by the development of advanced computer technologies, which has caused a large volume of trades to conduct online.The present research analyzes the trades conducted in Tehran Stock Exchange from the viewpoint of high-frequent trading (HFT). It also discusses the effect of such trades on market liquidation.Based on this, it studies five major and influential factors on liquidation power, including number of trades, number of buyers, number of the traded stocks, number of trading days and value of the stocks traded in Tehran Stock Exchange between 21 Mars 2011 and 22 September 2012. Correlations between these factors and the variable of the HFTs were tested through multivariate regression and SPSS.According to the results, there is a positive and significant relationship among the HFTs with 3 variables including number of trades, number of buyers and number of trading days at confidence level of 95%. Therefore, HFTs are effective in liquidation power. Manuscript profile
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        197 - Inflation Targeting: the Impact of it on Inflation Trend in Different Countries around the World
        Ahmad Jafari Samimi Sara Hanjari
        The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of inflation targetingon inflation rate in different countries around the world. To do so, thepublished data by the International Monetary Fund in 2007, have beenused. The research findings as a result of testing th More
        The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of inflation targetingon inflation rate in different countries around the world. To do so, thepublished data by the International Monetary Fund in 2007, have beenused. The research findings as a result of testing the mean comparison,(one for all countries, another for each countries individually during1975-2007), indicate that this policy reduce the inflation rate in selectedcountries. Therefore using this policy in other countries which have theprerequisites such as central bank independence is suggested. Also inIran improving central bank independence to adopt inflation targeting forlong-run, emphasized. Manuscript profile
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        198 - Effect of Changes Percentage in Dividend Payout on Future Earnings Growth
        آزیتا جهانشاد محمدرضا عسگری وحید اسدی کلی
        This research investigates the effect of changes percentage in dividend payout onfuture earnings growth in Tehran stock exchange .This investigation contains anindependent variable that is called percentage changes in dividend payout and adependent variable future earni More
        This research investigates the effect of changes percentage in dividend payout onfuture earnings growth in Tehran stock exchange .This investigation contains anindependent variable that is called percentage changes in dividend payout and adependent variable future earnings growth in one and three years period and 5 variablecontroller variables such as firm size, leverage , return on assets , E/P Ratio, laggedearnings growth(one and three years period).This research is based on yearlyobservations period from 1384-1388.the result of this research shows that changes percentage in dividend payout haspositive effect and significant relationship on future earnings growth, it means whenthe changes percentage in dividend payout is increased the future of earnings growthis increased although this increase is low. Manuscript profile
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        199 - The Relationship of Under pricing with IPO Aftermarket liquidity in Tehran Stock Exchange
        حسن قالیباف اصل رحیم صادقی دمنه مهدیه کلانتری دهقی
        This article deals with study of the relationship of Underpricing with IPOAftermarket liquidity in listed companies on TSE.To achieve this purpose, required financial data from 80 qualified initial publicoffering in nine-year period between the years 2001 and 2009 were More
        This article deals with study of the relationship of Underpricing with IPOAftermarket liquidity in listed companies on TSE.To achieve this purpose, required financial data from 80 qualified initial publicoffering in nine-year period between the years 2001 and 2009 were gathered. Afterdetermination of initial return period, relationship between underpricing andaftermarket liquidity, have been examined in sections 30, 120, 240 trading days afterinitial public offering by multivariable regression tests. Significant of model andcoefficients have been examined by F fisher and T-student tests.The results indicated that underpricing (initial return) is positively related toturnover ratio and negatively related to illiquidity measure. These relation aresignificant after controlling for other factors. Manuscript profile
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        200 - Working Capital Policy and Stock Profitability
        Hasham Valipor Zahra Sadat Hossiny
        The aim of this research is to find out the effect of working capitalmanagement on profitability and stock return. Working capital is one ofthe most important item of the right side of the balance sheet of eachcompany and is equal to the current assets. Working capital More
        The aim of this research is to find out the effect of working capitalmanagement on profitability and stock return. Working capital is one ofthe most important item of the right side of the balance sheet of eachcompany and is equal to the current assets. Working capital managementis the best compound of the items of working capital that causes thehighest wealth for the company’s shareholders.This research has examined 75 companies of the SEC of the Tehran in aperiod since 1379 to 1386. The method is correlation. For analyzingdata’s, Pierson rate of coefficient and multiline regression and ANOVAanalysis has used.The results have shown that working capital policies have relationwith profitability. Another result have shown that profitability of stockhave direct relation only with working capital policy and don᾿ t haverelation with growth of fixed assets and growth of sales . Manuscript profile
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        201 - Investigating effect of important indicators of technical analysis on short term investment of investors in Tehran Stock Exchange
        رضا تهرانی محمد اسماعیلی
        Investment in stock exchange is one of investments to increase investors wealth.There are three various methods for investment of stock exchange: fundamentalanalysis, technical analysis and Buy & Hold strategy. In this research, effectiveness ofusing technical analy More
        Investment in stock exchange is one of investments to increase investors wealth.There are three various methods for investment of stock exchange: fundamentalanalysis, technical analysis and Buy & Hold strategy. In this research, effectiveness ofusing technical analysis in Tehran Stock Exchange researched by focus on severalimportant and applied indicators.Seven valid indicators in two type of technical analysis; trend and oscilators.This research is period of 4 years from beginning of 1380 to ending of 1383 s.br.including of both Bull period (beginning of 1380 to mid of 1382) and Bear period(mid of 1382 to end of 1383) and 62 of best companies aspect of the number oftrading days and with considering of trading costs.The results demonstrate that each of technical analysis indicators individually andcombination of trend technical analysis indicators compared with Buy & Hold strategycannot create high and abnormal return for their investors and chartists.But, combination of oscilator technical analysis indicators, specially relativestrength index and stochastics, can create high return relative to Buy & Hold strategysignificantly. Manuscript profile
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        202 - کاربرد تحلیل ناپارامتریک بازهای و پنجره ای به عنوان مکملی برای ارزیابی کارایی مالی (مطالعه موردی: بانکهای پذیرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران)
        محمد حسین طحاری مهرجردی علی فاضل یزدی محمد زارعی محمود آبادی
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        203 - Introducing an Early Warning System for High Volatility in Tehran Stock Exchange: Markov Switching GARCH Approach
        Younes Nademi Esmaeil Abounoori Zahra Elmi
        The goal of this paper is to introduce a new model to predict the high volatility of Tehran Stock Exchange. For do it, a Markov switching GARCH models was modeled. With Estimating this model, the transition probability matrix of two states of high and low volatility, wa More
        The goal of this paper is to introduce a new model to predict the high volatility of Tehran Stock Exchange. For do it, a Markov switching GARCH models was modeled. With Estimating this model, the transition probability matrix of two states of high and low volatility, was calculated. Using this matrix, we can forecast the probability of market fluctuations in the each period ahead and we can obtain a suitable model for forecasting high volatility. According to the model selection criteria consist of AIC and BIC, the Markov regime switching GARCH model with GED distribution is the best model for forecasting volatility in Tehran Stock Exchange. Based on this model, in this paper, an Early Warning System has been introduced in Tehran Stock Exchange. This model can be used for policy makers to prevent the occurrence of high volatility and to increase the security of investors in Tehran Stock Exchange. Manuscript profile
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        204 - Investigation of the Effect of Interest Rate and Investment Rate on Iran Economic Growth
        Sina Nematizadeh Mahdiye Siydall Mosavi
        This paper investigates the effect of interest rate and investment rate onIran economic growth using data from 1376 (1997) to 1386 (2007).,Atfirst we calculated the Interest rate, Investment rate and Iran economicgrowth, the related result is analyzed by SPSS14 and Evie More
        This paper investigates the effect of interest rate and investment rate onIran economic growth using data from 1376 (1997) to 1386 (2007).,Atfirst we calculated the Interest rate, Investment rate and Iran economicgrowth, the related result is analyzed by SPSS14 and Eview3 software.The result suggested that there is a positive correlation between interestrate and economic growth but there is no positive correlation betweeneconomic growth and investment rate .this paper also suggested that thereis no relationship between interest rate and investment rate Manuscript profile
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        205 - امکان سنجی استفاده ازمدل ترکیبی سهام(CANSLIM)در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران با استفاده از مدلهای اقتصاد سنجی
        رضا تهرانی پرویز پیری پویا گورانی
        Manuscript profile
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        206 - Relationship between Stock Liquidity and Investment Opportunities
        حسین کاظمی عباس حیدری
        One of risks which relevance with firm’s stock is stock liquidity. Stock with highliquidity for stockholders and investments have been attractive and increase demand forit. Increasing in demand and attractive for firm’s stock, leads to easy and inexpensivefi More
        One of risks which relevance with firm’s stock is stock liquidity. Stock with highliquidity for stockholders and investments have been attractive and increase demand forit. Increasing in demand and attractive for firm’s stock, leads to easy and inexpensivefinancing and increase in firm’s expanding. More over decrease expected returns ofstockholders. Therefore in this article investigate relationship between stock liquidity andinvestment opportunities which liquidity measure with bid- ask spread, the period from1383 to 1389(Iranian calendar). Results show that there is a positive and relationsignificant between stock liquidity and investment opportunities. More overThere is a negative and significant between stock liquidity and expected returns. Onthe other hand liquidity is one of ingredient which increase firm’s opportunities anddecrease cost of equity capital. Manuscript profile
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        207 - The two-stage Approach for Stock Selection and Portfolio Composition (Enriched Promethee Method)
        Saeed Khodamoradi Mahdi Bashiri Hossein Reisi
        Deciding about portfolio selection and composition are the main challenge ofinvestment institutions. The nature of analysis and effective criteria in industry andcompany are different. They should rank the industry and companies options with regardto multiple and confli More
        Deciding about portfolio selection and composition are the main challenge ofinvestment institutions. The nature of analysis and effective criteria in industry andcompany are different. They should rank the industry and companies options with regardto multiple and conflict criteria that they have different weights and priorities. This articleseeks to provide two-stage approach for stock selection and portfolio composition. Weenriched promethee (compensatory MCDM method) by weight of criteria. Then we usedit in intended approach. The expert opinions and objective data used to criteria ranking.An ANP was used to determining weight of criteria that merge in promethee method.After designing we tried to validate our approach with real data. The results show wehave 7% (simple mode) and 11% (enriched mode) return more than actual performance.Using of Porter five forces analysis for indentifying and verify industry criteria, toinclude some indices from corporate governance and technical analysis, weighting thecriteria and integrate them in the promethee are our research novelty. Manuscript profile
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        208 - پیش بینی نرخ ارز در بازار سرمایه با استفاده از مدل های میانگین متحرک خود رگرسیون انباشته و شبکه عصبی )مطالعه موردی: دلار استرالیا، دلار کانادا، ین ژاپن و پوند انگلستان(
        Mohammad Ehsanifar Reza Ehtesham Rasi
        Monetary policy in order to prevent losses arising from changes in exchange rates of disruptive are Always trying to find a suitable method to predict exchange rates. However, multi-dimensional characteristics of the converter makes it is complicated and nonlinear behav More
        Monetary policy in order to prevent losses arising from changes in exchange rates of disruptive are Always trying to find a suitable method to predict exchange rates. However, multi-dimensional characteristics of the converter makes it is complicated and nonlinear behavior. One of the traditional methods of forecasting, time series analysis, which is based on two as sumptions static linearity. Some doubts about the performance of these traditional models have been created One of the alternative methods, artificial neural networks that In some cases are shown a good potential for time series prediction. In this Article , After reviewing the research conducted to clarify the predictive ability of mass moving average models and Artificial Neural Networks to compare The two methods for the prediction of the daily exchange rate has been made in the period from 01.01.1990 till 01.01.2012. The results showed that the neural network approach estimates the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) method provides better responses. In this study, MATLAB software and computational tools and data STATGRAPHICS economies of Australia, Canada, Japan and the United Kingdom, and the dollar exchange rate in those countries than in America is using. Manuscript profile
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        209 - Evaluation of factors affecting price earnings ratio of listed companies in Tehran Stock
        سیدعلیقلی روشن ابوالفضل آرین سید حسن حسینی کامبیز نوابی زند علی دریکنده
        Price to earnings ratio is widely used by investors and for investors has a majorrole in investment decisions. Hence having a scientific understanding of the price toearnings ratio and ability to identify factors affecting has great importance. Based onprevious empirica More
        Price to earnings ratio is widely used by investors and for investors has a majorrole in investment decisions. Hence having a scientific understanding of the price toearnings ratio and ability to identify factors affecting has great importance. Based onprevious empirical studies and findings about factors affecting price earnings ratio andalso according to the Gordon basic model, the major factors is selected. Independentvariable of research includes the growth rate of dividends, the coefficient of dividendspayments and systematic risk (beta). The sample includes 41 companies from thecompanies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange between 84 to 88 years. This study usespanel data and multiple regression analysis and Tested the hypothesis by E-viewssoftware. The results showed that the growth rate of dividends and the coefficient ofdividends payments have a positive impact on P/E ratio and beta with negative impacton the P/E ratio. Manuscript profile
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        210 - پوشش ریسک با استفاده از قراردادهای آتی سکه بهار آزادی مورد معامله در بورس کالای ایران: رهیافت ضریب جینی بسط یافته به میانگین(MEG)
        جاوید بهرامی اکبر میرزاپور بهزاد فکاری
        Manuscript profile
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        211 - The survey of relative influence of business strategies on the relationship between financial leverage and performance
        سمیرا هنربخش حمید بیرجندی مسعود بیرجندی
        This study empirically investigates the effects of business strategies on therelationship between financial leverage and the performance of firms.The research data is collected from 45 firms in the Tehran Security Exchange(TSE) during 1381-1387, using by Rahavard softwa More
        This study empirically investigates the effects of business strategies on therelationship between financial leverage and the performance of firms.The research data is collected from 45 firms in the Tehran Security Exchange(TSE) during 1381-1387, using by Rahavard software and TSE site. The statisticaltechnique used for examining the assumption is regression coefficients. For testing ofthe assumptions, firms divided to 2 sections: firms with cost leadership strategy andfirms with product differentiation strategy. The results indicate that in the 2 typesfirms, there is positive relationship between leverage with performance.The results also suggest that in the firms with cost leadership strategy, dividendpay out have positive relationship with performance and in the firms with productdifferentiation strategy, there is positive relationship between firm’s size withperformance, but relation between dividend pay out with performance is negative. Manuscript profile
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        212 - The Study Of The beneficially Contrarian Investment Strategy To Gain The Return And Analyze Sensitivity Of Financial Indicators By Using Tukey Test In Tehran Stock Exchange
        محمود معین الدین شهناز نایب زاده رسول زارع مهرجردی علی فاضل یزدی
        In capital markets and behavioral finance literature, according to the different reactionof investors and in order to increase the return of capital and earn returns in excess of theexpected return, different investment strategies are presented. Contrarian InvestmentStr More
        In capital markets and behavioral finance literature, according to the different reactionof investors and in order to increase the return of capital and earn returns in excess of theexpected return, different investment strategies are presented. Contrarian InvestmentStrategy is one of these strategies, this strategy is based on the hypothesis of investor'soverreaction. However, knowing how to use contrarian investment strategy can helpinvestors to choose the appropriate stock in order to achieve maximum return. Thisresearch examines gain return by using contrarian investment strategy and analyzesSensitivity of Financial indicators in Tehran Stock Exchange. In order to conductresearch, first the period of research was divided into 16 establishment and test periodsand in establishment period, based on 11 research variables (Sale, Operating profit,Operating Cash Flow, Stock returns, the ratio of Sales to assets ratio, the ratio ofoperating profit to investment, the ratio of operating cash flow to investment, Return onassets, Return on equity, Earnings per share and The ratio of net profit to sales), thecompanies divided to two portfolio winners and losers, and then in test period, the winnerand loser portfolio return was calculated and compared. The results of researchhypotheses Show that by using Contrarian Investment Strategy, additional return can begained in Tehran Stock Exchange and also investors in each different period ofestablishment and test, show overreaction towards certain variables. Manuscript profile
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        213 - Stock selection of Tehran stock exchange investors with hybrid of data envelopment analysis (DEA) and goal programming (GP)
        محمد غلی افشارکاظمی مریم خلیلی عراقی احمد سادات کیایی
        One of the most important concerns of investors in financial market is to select astock or portfolio which is optimal in profitability. So a lot of methods related to stockselection have been introduced. The purpose of this study is to make optimal portfolioby hybrid of More
        One of the most important concerns of investors in financial market is to select astock or portfolio which is optimal in profitability. So a lot of methods related to stockselection have been introduced. The purpose of this study is to make optimal portfolioby hybrid of data development analysis (DEA) and goal programming (GP). Thereforethe data which is related to 6 industries among Tehran Stock Exchange (250 firms)have been collected from October 2009 March 2010. The ratio efficiency of everyindustries' firms has been calculated and the most efficient ones selected, and finally48 efficient firms have been determined. In next phase after collecting data related tothe criteria of investing for efficient firms, in order to determine F the linearprogramming has been used and to ensure the goals attainment with the low priorities,the result has been brought to goal programming model after a little coordination. Infinal phase investor has decided by considering priorities and his goals and using goalprogramming. The result show the complete achievement of (Beta), (Return), (Di)and (liquidity) goals and the incomplete achievement of (risk) goal and (Ci) goal has2.27 units positive derivation and it was made a various portfolio includes 8 stocksamong 250 stocks. Manuscript profile
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        214 - بررسی تأثیر عامل حساسیت سهامداران، ویژگی های سهام شرکت ها و اثر مومنتوم بر بازده سهام و عملکرد مالی شرکت های پذیرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران
        Davood Hamzeh Maryam Khalili Araghi Kambiz Peikarjoo
        Investors invest in stock market to gain benefit, so always trying to make a reasonable relationship between the stock price, return and the financial performance; therefore, it is important to identify the effective factors. In this study, effect of investor’s se More
        Investors invest in stock market to gain benefit, so always trying to make a reasonable relationship between the stock price, return and the financial performance; therefore, it is important to identify the effective factors. In this study, effect of investor’s sensitivity, stocks properties and the momentum effect on stocks return and financial performance were reviewed and analyzed over the period of 1386 to 1392. The statistical population of this research study is the companies listed on the Tehran Exchange Stock, and the linear regression was used for assumption testing.Methodology- This research is practical, and has examined effect of investor’s sensitivity, stocks properties and the momentum effect on stocks return and financial performance. For the shareholder’s sensitivity evaluation, the EMSI indicator has been used.Results- The shareholder’s sensitivity indicator depicted that investors had risk aversion great deal of 37.48%, during the period of investigation. Hypothesis test results presented that the sensitivity of the shareholders indicator, the ratio of book value of company to the market value, firm’s size and stocks volatility had a significant effect on stock returns. With studying effect of mentioned factors on the performance indexes, following result indicated:Shareholder’s sensitivity, firm size and the ratio of book value of company to the market value have a significant effect on company’s asset return.Firm’s size, stocks volatility and the ratio of book value of company to the market value have a significant effect on stockholder’s equity return.Firm’s size and the ratio of book value of company to the market value have a significant effecton Tobin’s Q ratio.Shareholder’s sensitivity, firm size and the ratio of book value of company to the market value have a significant effect on the ratio of stock prices to corporate profits. Manuscript profile
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        215 - Comparing of Bayesian Model Selection Based on MCMC Method and Finance Time Series(GARCH Model)
        محمدرضا صالحی راد نفیسه حبیب یفرد
        By using the time series models, we can analysis financial data(in last and futuretime). In financial discussions, because of heteroskedastic observations, we can notuse the classical time series models.We focus on popular practical models for financial time series, GAR More
        By using the time series models, we can analysis financial data(in last and futuretime). In financial discussions, because of heteroskedastic observations, we can notuse the classical time series models.We focus on popular practical models for financial time series, GARCH- typemodels, that were introduced for the first time by Bollerslev(1986). These modelsrepresent a very wide class of heteroskedastic econometric models. Time seriesmodels(GARCH models too), like regression models, have random errors. Theseerrors have specific distributions.Since that, the GARCH models variability is not clear, thus, we use the Bayesianmodel selection methods to estimate the parameters of the model. In this method, byusing the prior distributions on the parameters, we find the posterior distributionwhich has integral. Then, we can inference about the parameters.To explore the role of the posterior distribution, the most powerful technique is touse Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) computing methods such as the Gibbssampler and the Metropolis Hasting (MH) algorithm. These algorithms enable toestimate the posterior distribution, but, they don’t readily lend themselves to estimateaspects of the model probabilities. The most widely used one is the group of directmethods, such as the harmonic mean estimator, importance sampling and bridgesampling. Chib(1995 and 2001) proposed an indirect method for estimating modellikelihoods from Gibbs sampling output. This idea has recently been extended to theoutput of the MH algorithm.We use a reversible jump MCMC strategy for generating samples from the jointposterior distribution based on the standard MH approach. Manuscript profile
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        216 - The Survey Comparison Between The Traditional Of Liquidity Indices And The New of Liquidity Indices In ISE - Automotive Industry
        عباس طالب بیدختی فریده فرجی
        The main purpose of this paper,is The survey a comparison betweenThe traditional of liguidity indices and the new of liquidity indices in theCompany adopted the Tehran Stock Exchange (Automotive Industry) arehereby to users of financial statements in order to help obtai More
        The main purpose of this paper,is The survey a comparison betweenThe traditional of liguidity indices and the new of liquidity indices in theCompany adopted the Tehran Stock Exchange (Automotive Industry) arehereby to users of financial statements in order to help obtain optimaldecisions. The study population of this study, listed companies in TehranStock Exchange (Automotive Industry) during the years 1383 to 1387and is omissive sampling method has been used and informationnecessary to implement this research with the financial statements andnotes have been collected . For analysis of descriptive and analyticalstatistics have been used.The result indicate that between traditional of liquidity indices andthe new of liquidity indices is positive correlation and all the proposedcriteria for measuring liquidity within the range of assumptions that arespecific to their place are suitable for each of these indicators, howeverafter a liquidity problem have been considered and some other aspects areignored. Manuscript profile
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        217 - Financial Performance Evaluating by Grey Relational Analysis (Case Study: Province Telecommunication Companies)
        حبیب اله میرغفوری میثم شفیعی رودپشتی غزاله ندافی
        With the increasing knowledge in today's world, companies in order to comply withenvironment variable conditions have to use communication technologies and investingin technology are rapidly increasing. In this study using grey theory and according to theindicators iden More
        With the increasing knowledge in today's world, companies in order to comply withenvironment variable conditions have to use communication technologies and investingin technology are rapidly increasing. In this study using grey theory and according to theindicators identified, telecommunications companies are ranked. Recently to evaluateperformance application of Grey theory has been highly regarded . In this theory, isbroken many of the limitations of regression and new approach has before to assess theperformance of researchers. In this paper, Financial performance evaluating provincialtelecomm unction companies are reviewed and evaluated based on the indicatorsidentified and telecommunications companies. In this study, was used of grey theory, thefinal ranking of the provincial telecommunications companies are achieve fiscal yearending 1388. Results of this study suggest that telecommunications companies provincesof Yazd, West Azerbaijan and Ghom are the most efficient. Manuscript profile
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        218 - Investigation and Test Algorithm of Stochastic Dominance for Evaluation of Optimum Portfolio Efficiency.
        Parham Pedram
        Concepts similar to stochastic dominance have been known for manyyears but the two papers published by Hadar and Russell, and Hanochand Levy in 1969, and the paper published by Rochschild and Stiglitz in1970 paved the way for a new paradigm called stochastic dominance,w More
        Concepts similar to stochastic dominance have been known for manyyears but the two papers published by Hadar and Russell, and Hanochand Levy in 1969, and the paper published by Rochschild and Stiglitz in1970 paved the way for a new paradigm called stochastic dominance,with hundreds of studies following in their tracks. These studies, dealwith theoretical as well as empirical issues in various areas of economics,finance, accounting, statistics, agriculture, and medicine.The need to develop the stochastic dominance rules stems fromparadoxes that are sometimes revealed by the commonly used meanvariancerule. To be more specific, there are cases in which a clear-cutchoice between two risky assets exists, yet the mean-variance rule isunable to rank the two alternate investments. Let us assume we have twoalternative investments: x providing $1 or $2 with equal probability and yproviding $2 or $4 with equal probability. A simple calculation showsthat both the mean and the variance of y are greater than thecorresponding parameters of x; hence the mean-variance rule remainssilent regarding the choice between x and y. Yet, any rational investorwould (and should) select y, because the lowest return on y is equal to thelargest return on x. Well, this is a trivial case in which the mean-variancerule fails to show the superiority of one investment over another.However, there are many more such cases in which the mean-variancerule is unable to rank two investments Manuscript profile
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        219 - Stock prices and exchange rates in Tehran stock market
        مانی موتمنی فائزه آریانی
        This paper investigates the linkage between total index of Tehran stock exchange(TSE) and non-official exchange ratesby daily data from May 2011 to May 2013. In thisperiod, exchange rate tripled and TSE doubled. Johansen Cointegration test and VECMmodel applied to speci More
        This paper investigates the linkage between total index of Tehran stock exchange(TSE) and non-official exchange ratesby daily data from May 2011 to May 2013. In thisperiod, exchange rate tripled and TSE doubled. Johansen Cointegration test and VECMmodel applied to specify this linkage. Exchange rates and TSE found to be Co-integrated.TSE has positive response to exchange rates but exchange rate has negative response toTSE and it is weak exogenous. Manuscript profile
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        220 - The Investigation of Relationship between Earnings Management and Corporate Financial Failure in Tehran Stock Exchange
        زهرا پورزمانی مهدی پویان راد
        Due to importance of financial status of corporate and accounts manipulations, wedecided to investigate the relationship between corporate financial failure (bankruptcy)and earnings management that are amongst the main issues in companies grouping andaccounts manipulati More
        Due to importance of financial status of corporate and accounts manipulations, wedecided to investigate the relationship between corporate financial failure (bankruptcy)and earnings management that are amongst the main issues in companies grouping andaccounts manipulations, respectively.Therefore, income smoothing as a part of earnings management was partitioned andrelation each part of it separately was studied on three levels (net income, operationincome and gross profit) to companies status. For this study, data was collected for 33bankrupt companies (subject to article 141 of commerce law) and 33 non-bankruptcompanies active in Tehran exchange in 1380-1387.The research hypothesizes have been tested using the chi-square, t-test and logisticregression.Hypotheses test results showed that there is a direct and fairly strong correlationbetween research variables in real income smoothing, and for artificial income smoothingno meaningful relation between research variables was noted. Manuscript profile
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        221 - Risk Analysis & Financial Evaluation in Power Plant BOT
        Faramarz Nouri Parastoo Mohammadi Esmaeil Vassaf
        The aim of this thesis is identifying and modeling the risks of the power plant BOTprojects. Main identified risks in this study are project financing risk(equity ratio risk)and the risk of revenue of project. In order to model the risks, we used the MartingaleVariance More
        The aim of this thesis is identifying and modeling the risks of the power plant BOTprojects. Main identified risks in this study are project financing risk(equity ratio risk)and the risk of revenue of project. In order to model the risks, we used the MartingaleVariance Model (MVM) for the revenue risk and the Triangular distribution function forthe equity ratio risk. We applicated the Monte Carlo simulations method for obtainingthe probability distribution function and critical values of the decision index (Net PresentValue, Internal Rate of Return, Debt Service Coverage Ratio). The one of thermal powerplant projects data prepared by MAPNA, has been implemented in this study. The resultsof the simulation indicate that the risk of negative NPV of project is 13.41 percent and therisk of DSCR lower than 1.2 is 8.65 percent. Therefore, the sponsors suffering more risksthan lenders in the studied project. Manuscript profile
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        222 - Investigation of relation between the currency rates of volatility on open position of Tejarat bank
        H. Ebrahimi
        This research, Investigate the relation between the currency rates ofvolatility on open position Tejarat bank and its effects of the impulsesfrom the exchange rate volatility and other variables on open position. Inorder to do this , we have utilized open position items More
        This research, Investigate the relation between the currency rates ofvolatility on open position Tejarat bank and its effects of the impulsesfrom the exchange rate volatility and other variables on open position. Inorder to do this , we have utilized open position items, reference rates ofCentral bank , Stock price index , Money supply and Balance ofcountry’s monthly payments over a six-year period from 1381 to1386.Foreign exchange position as it’s name signifies , shows the state ofbeing long or short in position. In other words, the differential of theassets and the liabilities of the bank in one foreign exchange is calledforeign exchange position.For this purpose, the new econometric procedures have been used.Vector Auto Regressive model has been used for variables which are inthe augmented level (Japan’s Yen and Swiss Frank) and Vector ErrorCorrection Model has been used for variables which became augmentedby a differential.(based on Dollar , Euro , Pound , and sum of foreigncurrencies).In the meantime , as per the standard pattern of SchwarzBayesian ,Akaike , and Hannan Quinn , Quantity 2 has been selected asthe optimum degree for VAR.Surveys in this research show that the reaction of open position offoreign currency against the impulse from the currency rate varianceinfluence the value of the foreign currency assets and the liabilities of thebank , and make the bank confront with the considerable risk in the valueof the foreign currency assets and liabilities. Manuscript profile
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        223 - مقایسه استراتژ یهای خرید و فروش سهام در سرمایه گذاری بلند مدت
        زهرا پورزمانی فرزانه حیدرپور محمدرضا محمدی
        Manuscript profile
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        224 - The Relationship Between created shareholder value (csv) and Performance Evaluation Measures in Growth and Value Companies
        دنیا احدیان پور پروین
        The aime of this study is to analyze the Relationship Between created shareholdervalue (csv) and Internal Performance Measurement in Growth and Value Companiesconsidering to size during 2003-2009 in Exchange Tehran Stock.The results show that there was significant corre More
        The aime of this study is to analyze the Relationship Between created shareholdervalue (csv) and Internal Performance Measurement in Growth and Value Companiesconsidering to size during 2003-2009 in Exchange Tehran Stock.The results show that there was significant correlation between the refinedeconomic value added in the growth companies and market value added in valuecompany and shareholder wealth was more than the other variables and inclassification of company in size, in growth companies coefficient between MVA inmedium companies and REVA in large companies and in value companies coefficientbetween MVA in small and medium companies and shareholder wealth was more thanthe other variables. Manuscript profile
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        225 - تبیین نقش تجارت خارجی و نوآوری از طریق دستیابی به تکنولوژی خارجی بر سرمایه گذاری و رشد اقتصادی کشور ایران
        هاشم نیکو مرام فریدون رهنمای رودپشتی ایمان جوکار تنگ کرمی
        Manuscript profile
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        226 - Application of Game Theory in Evaluation of Stock Investment
        غلامرضا اسلامی بیدگلی رضا احتشام راثی
        Nowadays the enterprises are in an intensive competition and can notmerely rely on traditional methods of decision making over certainty, riskand uncertainty situation in facing domestic or international rivals.Hence recognizing the new techniques of decision making aga More
        Nowadays the enterprises are in an intensive competition and can notmerely rely on traditional methods of decision making over certainty, riskand uncertainty situation in facing domestic or international rivals.Hence recognizing the new techniques of decision making against thecompetitors in the contradictory situations seems to be a vital necessityfor each enterprise. These techniques assist the investors to make aneconomical evaluation of the investment alternatives and help them tomanage and mitigate the risk.Investment in the developing countries is competitive and isendangered by a plenty of unknown and unexpected variables which leadthe investors towards investigating and applying the new methods like"Games Theory".This article describes how to use the Games Theory's Methods tomake the proper and timely decisions against the rivals and how toevaluate the investment alternatives economically. It also tries to showhow the Games Theory maintains the interests of different investors inthe alternatives and helps them to reach to an equilibrium point ofconsent. Study result showed that Game Theory have applicable inInvestment evaluation Manuscript profile
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        227 - Survey Of Reduction Procedure Of Facilities Interest Rate And Its Role On Inflation Indicator And Presantiation Apporpriate Pattern For Management And Control In Iran Between 1375-86
        منوچهر جفره خدابخش داشگرزاده محمد عقبائی
        One of the most important macro-economic variables, the interest rate facilities thathas an important influence on the inflation indicator. So that facilities with higherprofits, cost of capital increases, which will lead to increased production costs.According to the t More
        One of the most important macro-economic variables, the interest rate facilities thathas an important influence on the inflation indicator. So that facilities with higherprofits, cost of capital increases, which will lead to increased production costs.According to the theory of cost push inflation, increasing production costs, the totalsupply curve moved to the left and provides an increase in inflation.In this research ; first , we evaluate facilities interest rate beetwen 1375-86 andinflation indicator rate by using Vector Autoregressive Regression (VAR) , AutoRegressive Distrebuted Lag (ARDL) and Dichey - Fuller test on the Schwartz -Bayesian ciriterion in long period term and for estimating relationship in theseelements of short term period ; we use Error correction model . correlation method isused in this research and Data gathering is in bibliotheca and documantaries .As a result ; it implies according to statistics experiments ; relation betweenfacilities interest rate and inflation indicator of long term period is expressive and toreduction in facilities interest rate concludes decrease in inflation indicator . in shortterm period this relationsheep is meaningless and reduction in facilities interest ratehas a negligible trace in Iran economy. Manuscript profile
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        228 - Ownership Structure and Cash Divided (Evidences from Tehran Stock Exchanges)
        علی سعیدی سید مجتبی حسینی قیداری
        Stockholders made decision on the amount of dividend which will be paid. Commonsense about the relationship between percentage of legal stockholders ownership isnegative correlation, it means that the higher the percentage of legal stockholders, thelower the amount of d More
        Stockholders made decision on the amount of dividend which will be paid. Commonsense about the relationship between percentage of legal stockholders ownership isnegative correlation, it means that the higher the percentage of legal stockholders, thelower the amount of dividend payout. Also, Common sense is that the higher thepercentage of natural person stockholders, the higher the amount of dividend payout,because they need more cash for their consumptions. Anyway, this common sense iscompatible with some theories such as birds in hand.Now the question is whether this common sense is acceptable for Tehran StockExchanges (TSE) Listed Companies or not.In this research we applied panel data regression analysis; cash Divided to identify therelationship between ownership structure and Payout Ratio among 171 TSE ListedCompanies for 5 years beginning from 200۶ to 2010. On the basis of our findings, thereis significant and direct relationship between payout ratio and nature stockholdersownership and significant and negative relationship between payout ratio and Casesperson stockholders ownership and also significant and negative relationship betweenpayout ratio and free float. Manuscript profile
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        229 - Evaluation the Performance of e-Banking Using Combined Fuzzy Analytic Network Process and BSC Approach (Case Study in Pasargad Bank in Tehran)
        Nazanin Pilevari
        The evaluation of performance in facilitating organizational effectiveness is an important and vital duty. Balanced score cards is a performance evaluation framework with a set of financial and non-financial scales has comprehensive view to organization performance. One More
        The evaluation of performance in facilitating organizational effectiveness is an important and vital duty. Balanced score cards is a performance evaluation framework with a set of financial and non-financial scales has comprehensive view to organization performance. One of the most important positions of using balanced score cards is banks as the importance part of economy of Iran. The present study at first collects performance evaluation indices of e-banking of Pasargad bank based on review of literature. Then, based on survey of experts of Pasargad bank of Tehran city in the form of questionnaire, 37 indices are selected as final index. By the opinion of experts of Pasargad bank, the indices are classified and final indices are placed in balanced score cards aspects. To determine the weight of aspects and indices, fuzzy analytic network process is applied. Finally, the indices are prioritized and the aspects and indices are prioritized based on importance. Manuscript profile
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        230 - Performance Evaluation of productivity growth and some member countries of the Asian Productivity
        محمد نصراله نیا محمد ابراهیم مداحی فرزانه رحمانی زاده
        Today, achieving economic growth through the promotion of economic efficiency isone of the most important objectives. Instances of explicit and implicit productivity ineconomic development programs have been considered (i.e., 30 percent of productivitygrowth in the Fift More
        Today, achieving economic growth through the promotion of economic efficiency isone of the most important objectives. Instances of explicit and implicit productivity ineconomic development programs have been considered (i.e., 30 percent of productivitygrowth in the Fifth Development Plan). Given the emphasis in the program identifyingand removing barriers to increase productivity is of great importance. In the presentstudy, after presenting an overview of the concepts, definitions and indicators ofproductivity, the role of productivity in economic growth has been investigated in theAsian Productivity Organization countries. To calculate productivity indicators, thelibrary statistics were used. Then, a brief mention of the status of productivity in Iraneconomic development, Total Factor Productivity, Labor and capital productivity wereestimated. Finally, referring some main obstacles to increase productivity, opportunitiesand strategies for increasing productivity were presented. Manuscript profile
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        231 - Examining the Relationship Between Reliability Components of the Earning and Earnings Persistence.
        Ali Akbar Chaharmahali Javad Zahedi Reza Barati Mostafa Amiri
        The primary purpose of this research is : '' examining the relationshipbetween reliability components of the earning and earnings persistence. Thecomparison of the persistence of components of the earnings.'' So the mainquestion of this research is as follows: Is the pe More
        The primary purpose of this research is : '' examining the relationshipbetween reliability components of the earning and earnings persistence. Thecomparison of the persistence of components of the earnings.'' So the mainquestion of this research is as follows: Is the persistence of different componentsof earnings the same ?In this research we have made use of operational earnings and theinformation of Accrual items of 113 firms which were stock exchange membersbetween 1378- 1386. To test the hypotheses of the research, we have made useof the multivariant linear regression method. To examine the meaning fullness ofthe differences between regression coefficients , we have made use of vald testand complete and decreased models of regression.Accounting earnings are divided into two parts of cash and accrual sections. Theaccrual section is divided into three more parts of current operational activities,and non cash operational activities , accrual items of finance activities. First wecompared the persistence of cash section of earnings with the persistence ofaccrual section of earnings then we compared the persistence of cash section ofearnings with the persistence of accrual components. Finally the persistence ofaccrual section of earnings have been compared with each other.The persistence of accrual element of earnings is lower that of cash elementof earnings the reason for this is that the larger amount of the subjectivity ofaccrual items and their reliability is lower than cash element to the results of thisresearch show that the persistence of cash section has a meaningful differencewith the persistence of accrual section and its components. On the one handwhen the accrual section of earnings is unusually high or low the earning haveless persistence. On the other hand the difference between the persistence ofaccrual components of earnings is not high and statistically , none of thesedifferences are meaningful the results of this research show that the earnings ofthe firms in which the cash section of earnings is higher than that of the wholeearnings the earnings will have more persistence. Manuscript profile
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        232 - The study of effective factors on probability of default banks' credit facilities (The case study of legal customer of Export Development Bank of Iran)
        شمس اله شیرین بخش ندا یوسفی جهانگیر قربان زاد
        The aim of this research is to verify effective factors of legal counterparty creditrisk of Export Development Bank of Iran (EDBI), and design a probability of defaultmeasurement model using logit regression.330 probability samples were selected from companies that took More
        The aim of this research is to verify effective factors of legal counterparty creditrisk of Export Development Bank of Iran (EDBI), and design a probability of defaultmeasurement model using logit regression.330 probability samples were selected from companies that took loans in year 1387(2008-2009) including 256 good pay bank customers and 65 bad pay bank customers.Seven variables have been recognized which have significant influence atcompanies' credit risk among 13 selected financial ratios as effective explanatoryvariables in default probability based on statistics indexes and economic and financialtheories. after significant examining total of the regression with LR statistic finalmodel in 5% level of significance created by them.The results expressed that cash flow on total debt ratio (CSDT), assets turnoverratio (SATA), current ratio (CACD) and liquidity ratio (LR) have a reverse effect oncredit risk. Free cash flow ratio (RETA), total debt ratio (TDTE) and current debts tonet worth ratio (CDTE) have a direct effect on credit risk. Manuscript profile
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        233 - Financial Literacy Level of Tehran Households and its Determinant Factors
        Zahra Dianati Dilami Mohamma Hanifezadeh
        Nowadays financial instruments play an important role in human lifestyle. Bysurveying the evidence on financial literacy levels around the world, results show thatimproving financial literacy level of individuals will effect on the financial deals as wellas social welfa More
        Nowadays financial instruments play an important role in human lifestyle. Bysurveying the evidence on financial literacy levels around the world, results show thatimproving financial literacy level of individuals will effect on the financial deals as wellas social welfare. In order to introduce, measure and represente new methods ofimproving financial literacy, comprehensive national initiatives and programs funded bythe World Bank and other donors have sprung up around the world. In this survey wemeasured financial literacy level of Tehran households and its determinant factors by theuse of questioner. 410 households were randomly selected to participate in the survey.The results indicate that financial literacy of selected individuals is not desirable althoughinterested on using financial advice and having family financial advisor. Other factors(such as age, generation, education level, revenue level, wealth accumulation level,education field and location), surveyed as a separate assumption to the financial literacyof Tehran households. Their relation with financial literacy were confirmed and learningprograms and introducing by mass Medias are our offers for the first step. Manuscript profile
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        234 - Investigation the Effects of Industry's Mean Employment and Mean Capital on Survival of New Firms in East Azarbaijan Province
        غفار تاری
        In this paper the effects of industry's mean employment and mean capital haveinvestigated on survival of manufacturing firms in east Azerbaijan province. Thedataset of Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade has used for data gathering and anonparametric Cox regression has More
        In this paper the effects of industry's mean employment and mean capital haveinvestigated on survival of manufacturing firms in east Azerbaijan province. Thedataset of Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade has used for data gathering and anonparametric Cox regression has used for data analyzing. The results of thisstudy shows that there is a negative meaningful relationship between industry'smean capital and firms survival, but the industry's mean employment has nomeaningful effect on survival rate of new firms. Manuscript profile
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        235 - Developing a model for Iran for Public-Private Partnership as a modern financing method for infrastructure projects
        فرشاد هیبتی هاشم نیکومرام
        Implementing the infrastructural projects has so many degrees of importance and avital role in economic growth and development of the countries. Since governmentsare aimed to give services more efficiently and with higher quality, they are doingrelated works and attempt More
        Implementing the infrastructural projects has so many degrees of importance and avital role in economic growth and development of the countries. Since governmentsare aimed to give services more efficiently and with higher quality, they are doingrelated works and attempts in order to facilitate and accelerate the said projects.Experiences of different countries show that factors such as lack of financialresources, budgetary deficit of the governments for financing big projects and highdemand for investing in these projects have lead countries to do their attempts to fulfilpartnership of the private sector and make suitable competitive climate for theircooperation. These attempts have result in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) andfacilitated the growth and development of the countries. In this study, the relationshipbetween the factors influencing the utilization of PPP in 21 countries during 2000-2008 using panel data method are studied. The results show that countries’ revenue,economic stability, budget deficit and underground sources are the main factorsinfluencing public private partnerships in the studied countries. Finally, the model forpublic private partnerships has been generated. Manuscript profile
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        236 - The Seasons Effect on the Total Stock Prices for 50 Active Companies in Tehran Stoch Exchange
        Zohre Hajiha
        This research is on a new field of investment management titledbehavioral finance. The research is about one of the anomalies of theinvestment market named “Visceral inferences “, that proposes there aresome differences and anomalies in the basic variables i More
        This research is on a new field of investment management titledbehavioral finance. The research is about one of the anomalies of theinvestment market named “Visceral inferences “, that proposes there aresome differences and anomalies in the basic variables in the market likeshare prices ,in different seasons .therefore, investors can obtainabnormal return in certain seasons. In this study total share prices for 50active companies produced by TSE are examined for the period of 1382to 1386 to compare the reasons if there are any differences betweenprices in any season.The results show significant differences between prices of 50 activecompanies in Tehran Stock Exchange for spring and atom and in theatom average of prices are higher than other seasons . Manuscript profile
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        237 - A Proposed Model For Cooperation Between The Bank Branches For Construction With Analytic Network Process And Zero One Goal Programming
        ناصر حمیدی رضا کشاورز جهانی پروانه سموئی
        Nowadays, customer satisfaction has been considered as the most significantsubject in value production by many organizations. Among these, banks can behighlighted in which customer attraction, attainment and improvement of customersatisfaction are the essential factors More
        Nowadays, customer satisfaction has been considered as the most significantsubject in value production by many organizations. Among these, banks can behighlighted in which customer attraction, attainment and improvement of customersatisfaction are the essential factors of success in their competitive environments.Distribution method of branches is also an important issue which has considerableeffect on customer satisfaction. On the other hand, the resource shortage is asignificant concerns of customer oriented organizations which may occur on varioustimes and organizational structures. Relating to banks, it can be mentioned that theyhave continuously faced human and financial resource shortage for developing furtherbranches and providing distinctive services.This research deals with finding a desirable approach for selecting optimizedlocations of new branches for private banks to achieve customer satisfaction andmarket dominance in competition with their governmental counterparts. Meanwhile,the cooperation of various departments in private organizations will also beconsidered.In order to harmonize the dispersion of branches, this thesis was aimed to find newmethodology for future development of branches which can remarkably increase themarket share of private banks compared to the governmental section if used by allcomponents of private sector. Manuscript profile
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        238 - Surveying the relationship between external corporate financing and stock return
        Majid Zanjirdar Sajjad Ebrahimi
        This research is about the consideration of the relationship between theexternal corporate financing and the stock return. It represents andanalyses whether there is a relation between external corporate financingand the real return of the companies or not. Besides the More
        This research is about the consideration of the relationship between theexternal corporate financing and the stock return. It represents andanalyses whether there is a relation between external corporate financingand the real return of the companies or not. Besides the present researchhas been done in different industries in Iran,s capital market for six years(from1381to1386).According to its method it is a kind of correlationresearch and according to the aim it is a kind of applied ones .The resultof this research show that there is a weak relation between externalcorporate financing by equity financing and the stock return. There is apositive relation between external corporate financing and return stock indrug industry. Its other result show that a positive relation betweenexternal corporate financing by getting long term loans and stock returnin cement and tire industries Manuscript profile
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        239 - The effect of corporate tax on private investment
        Jamshid Pajoyan تانیا Khosravi
        Investment is one of the effective factors on economic growth and development. So, paying attention to growth and development of private investment is very important. Corporate tax, in addition to being a sourse of income for the government, has an impact on private inv More
        Investment is one of the effective factors on economic growth and development. So, paying attention to growth and development of private investment is very important. Corporate tax, in addition to being a sourse of income for the government, has an impact on private investment. In this study the effect of corporate tax on private investment has been investigated. The data were collected through library and they were based on time series data taken from central bank and the Organization of the Tax Affairs.Through a neoclassical investment model, the effect of explanatory variables on governmental section, corporate tax, inflation, interest rate and two dummy variables, using the econometrics method GMM and software Eviews for the economy of Iran were estimated. The investment in governmental section, corporate tax, inflation and interest rate had a negative relationship with private investment, but facilities, adjustment policies and Currency Reserve Fund had positive effects on private investment. Regarding the reversed relationship between investment and corporate tax,applying different tax exemptions in corporate tax discussion, setting the rate of depreciation more than the real economics depreciation rate, speeding up the acceptable depreciation using the rate of decreasing tax on companies, after several progressive rates and on the whole reassessment of that descreased interest rate can be effective in encouraging investment Manuscript profile
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        240 - Measuring the effect of neoclassical and institutional variables on employment rate in the OECD Developed countries
        Mohammadreza Sharif Azadeh Akbar Komijani Teimour mohammadi Akbar Bagheri
        The purpose of this paper is to compare the effect of neoclassical and institutional variables (good governance indices) on the employment rate in the developed countries in the Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) selected countries. The neoclassical and instit More
        The purpose of this paper is to compare the effect of neoclassical and institutional variables (good governance indices) on the employment rate in the developed countries in the Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) selected countries. The neoclassical and institutional variables are considered based on panel data econometric models for 24 of the OECD countries in the period of 1996 - 2011. The research model estimation includes seven equations (the first equation with neoclassical variables and the other equations with neoclassical variables and good governance indices separately) for developed countries of the OECD countries. The research model shows that neoclassical variables such as; the share of Gross Fixed Capital (GFC), the share of per capita real Final Consumption Expenditure (FCE) and the share of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flow as a percentage of real GDP are positive and significant in all seven estimated equations except in some sections for FCE and FDI. Also the effect severity of GFC is higher than FDI and FCE on employment rate. However, all six indicators of good governance (institutional variables) had a significant positive effect on the employment rate so that control of corruption index, voice of people and government accountability, government effectiveness, rule of law, regulatory quality and political stability, have had the first rank to sixth in terms of the impact severity on employment rate in these countries. Finally, practical suggestions are presented for improving the employment rate of the relevant countries according to the institutional approach (with an emphasis on good governance). Manuscript profile
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        241 - Inflation; Inflation Uncertainty; Investment growth and Economic Growth in Iran
        امیر غلامی اکبر کمیجانی
        This study investigates the relationship between inflation; inflationuncertainty; investment growth and economic growth, over the period 1367‐1387 in Iran. We used Trivariate‐GARCH model and our results indicate thatthe hypothesis of Friedman (1977) and Ball (1992) conc More
        This study investigates the relationship between inflation; inflationuncertainty; investment growth and economic growth, over the period 1367‐1387 in Iran. We used Trivariate‐GARCH model and our results indicate thatthe hypothesis of Friedman (1977) and Ball (1992) concerning that theincrease in inflation rate, leads to inflation uncertainty, is not rejected for Iranduring the period of our study. Thus, we conclude that any variable thatincreases the rate of inflation, leads to inflation uncertainty and consequentlyreduces the economic growth in Iran. Therefore it is helpful if governmentpursue an inflation targeting policy. Our results also confirm that any increasein inflationary uncertainty reduces the rate of investment and production asindicated by Bernanke (1983); Dixit &Pyndyk (1994) and Friedman (1977).Finally our model rejects the hypothesis of Holland (1995) i.e. there exist anegative causality between inflation uncertainty and inflation rate. Manuscript profile
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        242 - The study of effective economic factors on trade openness in IRAN under stable and nonstable conditions
        Mohammadreza Mohammadvand Nahidi Parisa Sagezchi
        In this paper we attempt to identify the most important economic factors influencing the trade liberalization of Iran.  The period of our study is from 1352 to 1386. The findings of our study indicate that based on ARDL and GARCH models there is a positive and mean More
        In this paper we attempt to identify the most important economic factors influencing the trade liberalization of Iran.  The period of our study is from 1352 to 1386. The findings of our study indicate that based on ARDL and GARCH models there is a positive and meaningful relation between the size of GDP and the degree of economic openness in Iran. However, Consumer Price index and  Foreign Exchange rate have negate impact  on  economic liberalization Manuscript profile
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        243 - An Analysis of Consumption Behavior among Urban Households through Error Correction model Linear Approximate of Almost Ideal Demand System
        A. Moradi F. Mostashari
        The present paper studies consumption pattern of the following selected items; housing, appliances & furniture, fuel and clothing, for urban households in Iran through Error Correction Model Linear Approximate of Almost Ideal Demand System (ECM-LA-AIDS) based on a c More
        The present paper studies consumption pattern of the following selected items; housing, appliances & furniture, fuel and clothing, for urban households in Iran through Error Correction Model Linear Approximate of Almost Ideal Demand System (ECM-LA-AIDS) based on a co-integration approach from 1980 to 2010. The results indicate that while Iranian households suffer from money illusion, there is speedy adjustment toward long-run equilibrium in the first three markets. Comparing short-term price elasticities of demand with long-term Marshal/Hicks elasticities indicate that implementation of price control are more effective in short run. However, expenditure elasticities for all categories except clothing are higher in the long-run. Manuscript profile
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        244 - Currency Devaluation and Demands for Imports: Case of Iran (1959‐2008)
        یداله رجایی شهلا احمدی
        In this study, we investigate the long‐run relationship between demand forimports and the relevant determining factors. We use the method of leastSquares Engel Granger (1987) and Maximum Likelihood Johansen (1988) aswell as Joe Hansen and Joe Sylyvs (1990) to estimate t More
        In this study, we investigate the long‐run relationship between demand forimports and the relevant determining factors. We use the method of leastSquares Engel Granger (1987) and Maximum Likelihood Johansen (1988) aswell as Joe Hansen and Joe Sylyvs (1990) to estimate the Long‐Run ImportDemand Function.To have a better assessment of the effectiveness of trade policies; a logicalunderstanding of demand for imports is of particular importance. Our studyshows that the oil revenue, real income, and GDP evaluated at domesticprices, are positively related to demand for imports. On the other hand, therises of price of imported goods relative to the price of domestically producedgoods and currency devaluation have a negative effect on demands forimports of intermediate goods as well as consumption and capital goods. Manuscript profile
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        245 - Green tax effect on unemployment (Case Study of the Economic Cooperation Organization member states)
        نارسیس امین رشتی ابراهیم صیامی عراقی
        Green taxation in the new concept tax is considered as an effective and applicative base which prevents pollution. This kind of tax that is based on cost decreases in the rate of pollution and increases efficiency in the economy. In these circumstances , the government More
        Green taxation in the new concept tax is considered as an effective and applicative base which prevents pollution. This kind of tax that is based on cost decreases in the rate of pollution and increases efficiency in the economy. In these circumstances , the government is going to obtain a new source of tax revenue that , considering a neutral situation in the received tax revenues , can decrease taxes the corporate tax and wage and salary tax . The imposition of the latter two taxes misallocate resources. However, this type of taxation has been able to improve successfully the quality of the living environment ; but that whether it can be substituted for other taxes is a hypothesizes for inquiry which should be examined as a double benefit one . In this study the above hypothesis has been tested by time series – cross section data for some of OECD countries which use green tax explicitly , using the two models mentioned . The results indicate that in the first model the diffusion of greenhouse gas affects the green tax in the second model in which the green tax is considered to be autonomous , it can be effective unemployment. Manuscript profile
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        246 - The Effects of Corruption Perception Index on Tax Revenues In Iran
        M. Mohammadi A.H. Ghafarinejad S. Ahmadi
        The main purpose of this study is to explore how corruption in public sectors affects collection of tax between in Iran. We have used GMM models to find the impact of Corruption Perception Index on tax revenues collected from 1980 to 2010. The results show that lower c More
        The main purpose of this study is to explore how corruption in public sectors affects collection of tax between in Iran. We have used GMM models to find the impact of Corruption Perception Index on tax revenues collected from 1980 to 2010. The results show that lower corruption perception indices i.e. high level of corruption has reduced every type of tax revenues except consumption and sales taxes. We have also found that GDP per capita and the degree of economic openness are positively related to the amount of tax collected. Another finding of our study is that inflation and value added of agricultural sector are negatively related to all tax revenues. -SA style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Nazanin'>این مقاله با استفاده از شش مدل، به بررسی شاخص درک فساد بر درآمدهای مالیاتی و اجزا آن می­پردازد. این مدلها با استفاده از تکنیک GMM داده­های سری زمانی برای 31 سال برآورد شده است. نتایج نشان می­دهد که شاخص­های درک فساد بر انواع مالیات­ها به جز مالیات بر مصرف و فروش دارای تأثیری منفی بوده و متغیّرهای درجه باز بودن اقتصاد و درآمد سرانه نیز تأثیر مثبت و معنی­داری بر انواع درآمدهای مالیاتی دارند. همچنین ارزش افزوه بخش کشاورزی و تورم دارای تأثیر منفی و معنی­دار بر تمامی مالیات­ها می‌باشند. از این رو مهم ترین توصیه سیاستی این مطالعه آن است که اگردولت به منظور بالابردن سطح رفاه در پی افزایش درآمدهای مالیاتی است، بایستی با بهره‌گیری از سیاست­های مناسب و با پیاده سازی اصلاحات از میزان فساد مالی و اداری بکاهد و این امر مستلزم افزایش درآمد از پایه­های مالیاتی است که کمتر در معرض فساد هستند.   Manuscript profile
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        247 - Comparing the impact of information and communication technology on employment in Ilam and Lorestan province industries
        فرید Sefati
        As we know two provinces, Lorestan and Ilam, are as derived provinces in Iran despite their natural resources .on the other hand , today is the world of information technology and communication .according to these conditions, the question is , what is the effect of new More
        As we know two provinces, Lorestan and Ilam, are as derived provinces in Iran despite their natural resources .on the other hand , today is the world of information technology and communication .according to these conditions, the question is , what is the effect of new economical achievements on the employment of these two provinces ? this essay has attempted to answer this question .therefore, the purpose of the essay is identifying, considering, comparing and estimating information technology effect on the employment in the industry of Lorestan and Ilam between 1385 and 1386(It is necessary to mention that one of the basic problem in this study I the lack of statistics and information, along with statistics dispersion. Thus,whit great effort only the information of these two years has been collected).this study has been done in a descriptive , analytic and deductive manner .Using econometrics model and panel data has analyzed and compared information technology effect or communication on the employment and demand labor in Lorestan and Ilam .the result shows that information technology has little effect on the job creation in these two provinces ,especially Ilam . The important reason is due the labors knowledge in the industry of these provinces and the lack of necessary infrastructure .generally all the given hypotheses in the study are not accepted. Therefore, information technology and communication don’t have similar effect on the job creation in these two provinces, Thus according to the great effects of knowledge of economics in economics, there is a need invest purposefully in order to achieve goals in these two provinces. Manuscript profile
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        248 - Effects of E-commerce on Labor-force productivity (a case study of Industrial sector in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran)
        N. Moradhasel F. Hosseinzadeh
        The goal of this paper is to examine the impacts of E-commerce and the level of human capital on labor productivity in industrial units with ten or more employees. Our sample is made of 39 factories with four digit ISCI codes. Using Cobb-Douglas production framework a More
        The goal of this paper is to examine the impacts of E-commerce and the level of human capital on labor productivity in industrial units with ten or more employees. Our sample is made of 39 factories with four digit ISCI codes. Using Cobb-Douglas production framework and the accelerator principle, we estimated the labor productivity from 2006 to 2010 and found that electronic purchases have a significant negative effect on labor productivity, while electronic sales have no effects. Human capital was also shown to be positively related to labor productivity.   کار درصنایع کارخانه­ایاستان آذربایجان شرقیبا استفاده از تابع تولید کاب داگلاسوموجودی سرمایه در صنایع این استان با استفاده از اصل شتاب محاسبه شده  است. نتایج حاکی از این است که خرید الکترونیکی در صنایع استان اثری منفی ومعنادار بر بهره‌وری نیروی کار دارد،  اما فروش الکترونیکی اثر معناداری بر بهره‌وری نیروی کار ندارد و سرمایه انسانی بر بهره‌وری نیروی کار اثری مثبت و معنادار دارد.   Manuscript profile
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        249 - Investigating the Comparative Advantage of Raisin in Province Zanjan and Determining Domestic Market Structure for it
        Dina Rajaei Ghazilou Yadollah Rajaei Karim Emami Joz
        In this research we are investigating the potentials of raisin production in Zanjan province of Iran. We applied PAM matrix, RCA and HHI indices to identify the domestic market structure and to see whether Zanjan has comparative advantage in production of raisin. We&nbs More
        In this research we are investigating the potentials of raisin production in Zanjan province of Iran. We applied PAM matrix, RCA and HHI indices to identify the domestic market structure and to see whether Zanjan has comparative advantage in production of raisin. We    used both mailed questionnaires and information provided by FAO and our results confirmed that government subsidies are important elements in this market. Manuscript profile
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        250 - The Effect of Exchange Rate and its Volatility on Stock Price Index in Iran
        Azadeh Mehrabian Ilnaz Chegeni
        One of the effective factors on stock price index is exchange rate that often its quantities is fluctuating in different domains. In different countries with considering the differences in investment infrastructure and economic situation, the effect of exchange rates an More
        One of the effective factors on stock price index is exchange rate that often its quantities is fluctuating in different domains. In different countries with considering the differences in investment infrastructure and economic situation, the effect of exchange rates and its volatility on stock price index can be different. This article uses monthly mean of Tehran price index (TEPIX) and real exchange rate between 1380/M1-1391/M3 with purpose of studying the effect of exchange rate and its volatility on TEPIX. By Using Eviews6 software, at first, volatility of exchange rate is calculated by GARCH method and then the effect of exchange rate and its volatility on TEPIX is estimated by VAR model. The results indicate that in all periods the effect of exchange rate is more than its volatility. Based on the results of Johansen test, exchange rate and its volatility has a significant long-run equilibrium relationship with TEPIX. Exchange rate has negative effect on TEPIX and its volatility has a positive one.   Manuscript profile
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        251 - Effect of Economic Stability on Demand for Money in Iran (1973‐2008)
        رویا آل عمران فهیمه نصراله سیدعلی آل عمران
        In this survey, we study the impact of the economic stability on demandfor money in Iran. We use ARCH‐GARCH model to introduce an EconomicStability Index (ESI), which is a weighted average of variables such as grossdomestic product (GDP), foreign exchange rate, inflatio More
        In this survey, we study the impact of the economic stability on demandfor money in Iran. We use ARCH‐GARCH model to introduce an EconomicStability Index (ESI), which is a weighted average of variables such as grossdomestic product (GDP), foreign exchange rate, inflation rate, long‐terminterest rate, and Stock Market Average Price Index.With the help our calculated ESI and employing the ARDL method weestimate the demand for money in Iran for the period of 1352‐1387. Theresults of our study show that the Economic Stability Index has a positiveimpact on demand for money in Iran. Manuscript profile
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        252 - Welfare Loss of Monopoly in Iran’s Telecommunication (Fixed Phone
        عباس Memarnejad داوود Hadi Far
        Long term monopoly in the telecommunications sector can make to the welfare costs. In this paper using 30 provincial telecommunication company that supply fixed telephony in Iran during period 2004-2008 we estimate welfare loses. Study concludes that estimated welfare l More
        Long term monopoly in the telecommunications sector can make to the welfare costs. In this paper using 30 provincial telecommunication company that supply fixed telephony in Iran during period 2004-2008 we estimate welfare loses. Study concludes that estimated welfare loses (45 to 63 percent of sale value) comparing other research is so high and continuing to raise in study period and therefore proposes regulation for this sector. Manuscript profile
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        253 - Estimation of Economic Growth Model for Iran Using Feder’s Model
        ریحانه گسکری مالیکا میستری
        In this study, with the help of Feder’s Growth Model (1982), the authorstry to explain the relationship between export and Economic Growth in Iranfor the period of 1353‐1384. Using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), amodel is estimated by dividing the overall More
        In this study, with the help of Feder’s Growth Model (1982), the authorstry to explain the relationship between export and Economic Growth in Iranfor the period of 1353‐1384. Using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), amodel is estimated by dividing the overall production of the economy intothree sectors: Oil exporting production; Non‐oil exporting production andproduction for domestic market. This study showed that investment in non‐oilsector has significant positive impacts on economic growth, and its effecttended to last for several years. On the other hand, investment in othersectors has smaller and statistically less significant impacts on economicgrowth. Manuscript profile
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        254 - ICT and Urban Family Generation Gap in Iran
        Habibollah Karimian Mehrdad Navabakhsh
        Manuscript profile
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        255 - HIV/AIDS Related Stigma in Iran: A Qualitative Study
        Alireza Mohseni Tabrizi Peyman Hekmatpour
        Manuscript profile
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        256 - Education Effect Based on Gardner Multiple Intelligence Hypotheses in Students Mathematics’ Education Progress of High School Second Grade in Garmsar City
        Soudabeh Sadat Mousavi Fakhreddin Ahmadi
        Manuscript profile
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        257 - The Cultural Capital and its Impact on the Lifestyle of the Secondary School Female Students (Case Study: Arak City)
        Sohiela Naseri Hassan Piri Sepideh Hazrati
        Manuscript profile
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        258 - The Virtual Social Networks and Couples’ Commitment
        Azadeh Sedghijalal Soroush Fathi
        Manuscript profile
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        259 - Presenting a Model for Economic Empowerment of Vulnerable Women based on Grounded Theory (Case of Study: Vulnerable Women Supported by Tehran Municipality)
        Zahra Sadat Moshir Estekhare
        Manuscript profile
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        260 - Factors influencing Attitudes toward Drug Use among College Students (Case of Study: College Students University of Kharazmi)
        Sayed Hossein Serajzadeh Younes Akbari
        Manuscript profile
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        261 - The Rise and Decline of Kurdish Movement in Years 1978-88
        Hamidreza Jalaeipour
        Manuscript profile
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        262 - A Hybrid Grey-Game-MCDM Method for ERP Selecting Based on BSC
        M. H. Kamfiroozi A. BonyadiNaeini
        Manuscript profile
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        263 - Absorptive Capability and Competitive Advantage: Some Insights from Indian Pharmaceutical Industry
        J. K. Sharma A. K. Singh
        Manuscript profile
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        264 - Imam Khomeini’s View Point about the Nature of Religious Rule
        Ahmadreza Tavakoli
        Discussion about the nature of religious rule is from imaginarymanners of principles Knowledge . Differences of attitudesabout the nature of religious rule affect basic orientations indifferent discussions of principles Knowledge .There are tow important attitudes about More
        Discussion about the nature of religious rule is from imaginarymanners of principles Knowledge . Differences of attitudesabout the nature of religious rule affect basic orientations indifferent discussions of principles Knowledge .There are tow important attitudes about rule definition amongprinciples scholars . Some believe rule is a falsified andconventional thing that does not have instance in the realworld and others believe it is a real and incipient thing . Ruledefinition according to principles scholars contain one ofintroductions and different stage of the rule including interestsand mischiefs , creation , volition , legality and accosting .In contrast to some scholars who consider religious rule as areal thing , Imam Khomeini considers rule as a conventionalthing and religious forgery that has just tow degrees ofcreation and reality . He has not accepted the definition of therule in terms of volition , interests and mischiefs and hebelieves these real thing are the introductions of the rule . Hehas refused the division of the volition within religious andincipient volition . He believes the volition of lawgiver aboutreligious things belongs to the fabrication of the law not todoing duty by obligated people . In this thesis , differentdefinitions of the rule and some famous attitudes about thenature of the creation and convention have been investigatedand the attitude of Imam Khomeini about religious rule hasbeen compared with other definitions .Four fold degrees of religious rule have been criticized andfinally , the results of the discussion have been offered . Manuscript profile
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        265 - Subjection of Jurisprudential Rulings to Interests and Harms
        Hossein Ahmari
        The following of religious commandments after prudence andcorruptions. The prudence means a beneficial issue which producesspiritual or material advantage which is the opposite point tocorruption. Inreletionwiththe followingofreligious commandmentsofter prudencethere ar More
        The following of religious commandments after prudence andcorruptions. The prudence means a beneficial issue which producesspiritual or material advantage which is the opposite point tocorruption. Inreletionwiththe followingofreligious commandmentsofter prudencethere are two major principlesA- The thought of denial which is attributed to Eshaere whobelieve that no prudence or corruption etists inherently in the matterwhich is followed by the religious commandments, but thecommand or for bidding of the leg is lator produces prudence orcorruption in the actions.B-The thought of proving which is sometimes attributed to all therationalists or some of the most famous of them , believe that divinecommandments.Follow prudence and corruptions which already have produced inthe actions, although not understandable for us. Manuscript profile
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        266 - The place of Doctrinal Verses in Deduction of Jurisprudential Decrees
        Seyd Mohamd Ali Ayazi
        The holy Quran is the foundation and source of jurisprudential decrees.So there is no doubt that the Quran is the primary and foremost source ofIslamic law. On the other hand, contemplation of jurisprudential legal versesin various subjects whatsoever, can not be fulfil More
        The holy Quran is the foundation and source of jurisprudential decrees.So there is no doubt that the Quran is the primary and foremost source ofIslamic law. On the other hand, contemplation of jurisprudential legal versesin various subjects whatsoever, can not be fulfilled without that of otherverses. Any explanation of jurisprudential decrees of the Quran is the same asother parts of the Quran. Doctrinal issues are raised within jurisprudentiallegal decrees, and the latter are found within ethical material of the Quran.Thus in the process of the formulation of the theoretical foundations of legalverses, one of the important issues in the field of jurisprudential study is thesurvey of doctrinal verses and their place in deduction of legal decrees. Thisclass of material forms the largest part of the Quran. That is why the questionraises itself whether legal decrees can be derived from this class of verses, andif so what is the validity of this derivation.The present article explains the nature of doctrinal verses, theirbackground, and their classification. It also deals with the problems arisingwhen referred to as proofs or sources. Further, the article deals with the waysof referring to these verses and the theories of jurisprudents in this regard.Finally, it explains where and how the doctrinal verses and those concerningIslamic world view may prove to be useful in the field of jurisprudence. Manuscript profile
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        267 - The survey of the prohibition and lawfulness theories about surrogacy in Imamites
        Vahid Zarei Sharif
        This writing investigates the prescriptive judgement about surrogacy forwhich four theories are found including: permission, prohibition, apparentexemption and lawfulness. The said theories are based on the validImamites references. Those who believe in prohibition argu More
        This writing investigates the prescriptive judgement about surrogacy forwhich four theories are found including: permission, prohibition, apparentexemption and lawfulness. The said theories are based on the validImamites references. Those who believe in prohibition argue thatsurrogacy is illegal. They refer to sermons and arguments, and believe inthe necessity of keeping the pudendum safe, or taking care of if, also, theyargue about the prohibition of putting sperm in the others, wombs andthey think the kinship should be prevented, too. Some jurisprudentsbelieve in its being lawful based on permission and exemption principles.The fourth theory calls it contingent jast as a medical treatment and underspecific conditions. Having investigated the afore-mentioned theories andthe Imamites. Jurisprudents, beliefs and same dependable reasanings, weare led to believe that none of the sermons and narrations aboutprohibition believes in surrogacy and the third theory which is about theexemption, despite the existence of real prevention, is not clear-cut. Thelast theory has no investigatory basis, as it deals with public permission, ifneeded, and also because it presents no independent theory aboutsurrogacy. As a result, in this survey, we will be led to the second theory,that is, the lawfulness based on the real permission. Manuscript profile
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        268 - A Jurisprudential Analysis and Criticism of Certain Articles of the Islamic Penal Code (on the Liability of Public Treasury towards the Compensation for Murder)
        Abasali Heydari
        According to certain articles of the Islamic Penal Code and provisionsenvisaged under the same, the Islamic judge, or in other words, the PublicTreasury is responsible to pay the compensation for murder to the avengers ofblood.Surveying the legal foundations of the liab More
        According to certain articles of the Islamic Penal Code and provisionsenvisaged under the same, the Islamic judge, or in other words, the PublicTreasury is responsible to pay the compensation for murder to the avengers ofblood.Surveying the legal foundations of the liability of the Public Treasurytowards compensation for murder, the author in this article has reached thefollowing conclusions:1. The liability of the Public Treasury in some cases including thatmentioned in article 236 of the Islamic Penal Code – majority ofjurisprudents have issued Fatwa on the same issue on the authority ofan event of the earlier days of Islamic – is under question and subjectto criticism.2. Considering contemporary common and social conditions which arequite different from the time of the issuance of Hadiths concerningthose liable to the compensation for murder including the PublicTreasury, it is possible to present alternative mechanisms moreconsistent with temporal requirements. Thus it is suggested that thelegislation reconsider the above – mentioned articles and revokearticle 236 of the Islamic Penal Code. Manuscript profile
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        269 - The Critical and Hermeneutic Methodology of Legal Cases
        Ramin Poursaeid Hossein Yasseri
        This research is attempting to highlight the interpretation of legalcases from hermeneutic perspectives and to comprehend theambiguous perceptions in legal texts and sources. Further, it takesinto consideration the roles of tradition, convention, the civil, legal,and cr More
        This research is attempting to highlight the interpretation of legalcases from hermeneutic perspectives and to comprehend theambiguous perceptions in legal texts and sources. Further, it takesinto consideration the roles of tradition, convention, the civil, legal,and critical supervisory systems in deciphering the codes in legaltexts after the Dekartian revolution. From a modern perspective andthe degree of accountability for the fulfillment of the requirementsof humanity, in fact, the hermeneutic interpretations of the legalcases lead to independence and, achieving unfettered freedom fromthe imposed interpretations dictated by metaphysical legaltraditions. Manuscript profile
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        270 - Transfer of Proprietary Trusteeship to Jurisprudential one and its Consequences
        Nasrollah Jafari Khosroabadi Pegah Sarmadi
        People’s possessions in terms of others’ real properties are either onguarantee basis or on trust basis and trust possessions are eitherproprietary or religious. In several cases due to incidences likeinsanity and death in authoritative contracts, proprietar More
        People’s possessions in terms of others’ real properties are either onguarantee basis or on trust basis and trust possessions are eitherproprietary or religious. In several cases due to incidences likeinsanity and death in authoritative contracts, proprietary trustpossession turns to religious one and this conversation of possessionhas consequences on the parties’ relationship which have not beenexplicitly mentioned in the Civil Code and legal experts andresearchers have not noticed them yet. Since legal orders arelacking here and Civil Code is defective, by virtue of principle 167of the Constitution, with reference to valid jurisprudential texts, theresearchers not only stipulate evidences of trust possessionconversion, but also count its effects. Manuscript profile
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        271 - Analysis of Punishments of Child from the Perspective of Shiite Jurisprudence
        Ehsan Aliakbari Babookani Reza Abaaspor Hossein Naseri
        Shiite jurisprudence is not prohibited the punishment of child ingeneral. But due to certain circumstances, the ban is lifted.However, the preliminary sentence of child punishment is sanctity,only have some exceptions in specific circumstances. Exceptions ofchild punish More
        Shiite jurisprudence is not prohibited the punishment of child ingeneral. But due to certain circumstances, the ban is lifted.However, the preliminary sentence of child punishment is sanctity,only have some exceptions in specific circumstances. Exceptions ofchild punishment is under tow general term including discretionarycorrection and correction. Although most of the Islamic scholars didnot separate this two general term in the corporal punishment ofchildren, it seems necessary in some cases to separate these twogroups, because the cases, the conditions and many accessories ofthis tow general term are different and the separation of this towterm haven’t any significant practical results. Moreover, sinceIslamic scholars haven’t argued within the issue, many of the termsand conditions including corporal punishment of children, thequality, level and the persons who have the right of punishment hasnot been investigated in the texts of jurisprudence. Manuscript profile
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        272 - Considerations on Knowing the Nature of Contracts with a Comparative Approach towards Sale
        Mehdi Mohaghegh far
        The proper application of the regulations of contracts depends on theactual knowledge of each of them. Although certain contemporaryjurisprudents have dealt with some aspects of the nature of contracts whilediscussing sale contract, no distinct and sufficient text has b More
        The proper application of the regulations of contracts depends on theactual knowledge of each of them. Although certain contemporaryjurisprudents have dealt with some aspects of the nature of contracts whilediscussing sale contract, no distinct and sufficient text has been written onImÁmiyya jurisprudence of contracts. The present article seeks to raisesome important considerations presenting outlines of the general methodof knowing the nature of contracts. It deals briefly with distinguishing theontological approach from the conceptual one, distinguishing thedelimiting elements from the causal ones, that of contracts property fromvows property, explanation of causal and effectual attitude to contracts,distinguishing the nature of contracts from their effects, their compoundor simple nature, all of which contribute to finding the essence and natureof contracts. To come to more tangible conclusions, I have delimited thecontracts under discussion to reciprocal ones. I have also studied certaincases of applying these considerations in sale contract with a comparativeapproach Manuscript profile
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        273 - A Study of the Causes of the Dynamism of Jurisprudence
        Alireza Feyz Batol Hosseini Semnani
        The present article deals with the facts which have given rise to thedynamism of jurisprudence under various circumstances and spatio –temporal requirements.As a matter of fact, dynamic jurisprudence is the same traditionaljurisprudence adapting itself with tempor More
        The present article deals with the facts which have given rise to thedynamism of jurisprudence under various circumstances and spatio –temporal requirements.As a matter of fact, dynamic jurisprudence is the same traditionaljurisprudence adapting itself with temporal requirements which may bedivided into two categories: internal factors and external ones.Internal factors are those relevant to the responsibility of Muslimjurisprudent with respect to the foundations and sources of jurisprudence, theflexible nature of the Quran and the Sunna, and application of reason (aql) asa source for deriving Islamic decrees.External factors are those relevant to spatio – temporal requirementsunder which dynamic jurisprudence flourishes, government which is thesource and executor of administrative rules within the interests of the Islamicsystem, and the protection of the Islamic territory against foreigners threatsand invasions. Manuscript profile
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        274 - Theory of Self-Defense in Aboration
        Azghar Arabian
        Abortion is considered both as a crime and a social necessity (atleast according to those committing the termination) which roots insocio-cultural and politico-economic conditions. However, abortionmight become medically inevitablety, since continuation of thepregnancy More
        Abortion is considered both as a crime and a social necessity (atleast according to those committing the termination) which roots insocio-cultural and politico-economic conditions. However, abortionmight become medically inevitablety, since continuation of thepregnancy may hurt fetus, mother or both of them. Beforeensoulment, if the mother’s life is in dander, all Sunni and Shiafaqihs (jurisprudents) permit abortion. In case of hardship for themother, most of the faqihs allow it. Some Sunni faqihs have gone sofar as consider it mobah (halal).In case of ensoulment (beginning of human life in the fourthmonth), traditional Sunni and Shia faqihs do not permit abortion,while some of the contemporary ones authorize it in some specialconditions. My article will focus on the case of danger for mother,which, in my opinion, is permitted, as a case of legitimized selfdefense,by Sharia and common sense. In case of conflict betweentwo wajibs (obligations), mother has the right to protect herself. Soabortion in this case is authorized, and the physician and the nursewill have no civil and penal liability. Although some faqihs do notpermit abortion in such cases, some others, with special emphasison common sense, allow it. Manuscript profile
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        275 - A Study of the Effects and Rules of Temporary Marriage, its Praiseworthiness and Blameworthiness in an Approach to Ahl al- Bayt Hadīth
        Fateme Mirshamsi
        The rules and consequences of temporary marriage are different fromthose of permanent marriage. Marriage portion and duration must bestated in temporary marriage. Failure to state the marriage portion intemporary marriage leads to the nullification of the contract. Howe More
        The rules and consequences of temporary marriage are different fromthose of permanent marriage. Marriage portion and duration must bestated in temporary marriage. Failure to state the marriage portion intemporary marriage leads to the nullification of the contract. However,failure to state the duration gives rise to a permanent marriage accordingto some jurisprudents. Others see it as a nullifying factor of the contract.In this type of marriage, the wife is not entitled to maintenance, norinheritance. Majority of jurisprudents hold that it is possible to considermaintenance for the wife according to a proviso within the contract.However, there are different views concerning succession. The dissolutionof temporary marriage is due to various factors including expiration of theterm, dispensing with remaining term, revocation, automatic cancellation,and the death of one of the spouses. Following the dissolution of marriagecontract in case of having had sexual intercourse, the wife is bound toobserve a waiting term. Temporary marriage makes the wife the owner ofthe whole marriage portion enjoying the right to withhold it.If considered parallel with permanent marriage, temporary marriagemay lead to the collapse of the foundations of family or failure to form it.Traditions of the Household of the prophet have recommended thetemporary marriage for specific cases and in certain cases have consideredit an indecent and shameful act. Wasāil al-ShīÝa devotes a chapter entitled"the undesirability of temporary marriage" to this issue considering itundesirable for married men and virgins. The chapter embraces 14traditions considering temporary marriage in case of virgins and marriedmen an indecent and shameful act which causes humiliation of womenand daughters on the one hand, and a matter of promiscuity and laxity formarried men on the other hand. Manuscript profile
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        276 - Intoxication and It's Effect on the Intoxicated's Conducts Rules in Islamic Jurisprudence
        Jalal Alavi Naser Marivani
        In Islamic jurisprudence giving obligation to drunkens acts andcorrectness of wordly and deedly acts and it's athari waz`y this acts,is an arguable subject between usulin and jurists. While usulian tolean on principals such as understanding abilities of duties fromrequi More
        In Islamic jurisprudence giving obligation to drunkens acts andcorrectness of wordly and deedly acts and it's athari waz`y this acts,is an arguable subject between usulin and jurists. While usulian tolean on principals such as understanding abilities of duties fromrequired; and by comparison of asleep, neglegant and mad, agreewith not giving obligation to drunk acts and especially according tokhitab al-waz` view, by analysis problem to causation, intoxicatedshould be responsible for the results of their deeds and wards.Majority of jurists by refereeing to rules such as" al-aimtnae` bilakhtyarla yanafai al-akhtyar" related to delibratly drunk, say thatintoxication cann't be an abstacle to giving obligation and drunk andsober are equal in giving obligation. Deliberated drunk is someonewho without having one of the legal excuses such as reluctance,necessity, ignorance; deliberately drink with awareness.From the view point of majority jurists, such person for havingfreewill and awareness in becoming intoxication and also forcommitting legal prohibition, would be recompand to punishmentand results of his/her acts. Opposed to, undelibrated drunk whohis/her intoxication is allowable and it is legal excuses. Such person People healthy and their lineage pure and original. In this case,Iranian and Egyptian legislators by counting some of the instancesof permenant prohibition of marriage in law text, have beenemphasized on it. Manuscript profile
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        277 - Ownership and Sale of Gamete
        Rahmat Farahzadi
        Obtaining gamete and its transfer through auxiliary ways ininsemination and fertilization is one of the new arising issueslinking medical technologies with jurisprudence, ethics,psychology, sociology, etc. Gamete as one of the benefits of genitalorgans is the principal More
        Obtaining gamete and its transfer through auxiliary ways ininsemination and fertilization is one of the new arising issueslinking medical technologies with jurisprudence, ethics,psychology, sociology, etc. Gamete as one of the benefits of genitalorgans is the principal element in producing human being.Therefore, transfer of gamete is an ethical, jurisprudential, and legalissue more than being a merely medical and scientific one.The transfer of gamete, although done out of reasonable and humangoals and motives, it may face serious challenges due to itsaffiliation with the owners, its special rules, and its legal andreligious consequences in various aspects. In case of presumption ofreasonable and legitimate benefits, separable benefits such asblood, hair, marrow, semen, and its products are capable ofownership and their sale would be valid. Considering the elementsof time and space in changing the usage of the ritually impureobjects is of high importance. Being ritually impure does not haverelevance in the prohibition of sale , nor is of the sufficient cause ofthe prohibition. Capability of an object to be owned depends on itslawful intended profits. Nowadays the reasonable profits of gameteis proven. However, according to divine law, the child born ofgamete is affiliated to the father and this right is not susceptible towaiving. Therefore, gamete lacks some of the essential elements ofproperty and thus lacks the qualifications of transaction. Manuscript profile
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        278 - Active Involuntary Euthanasia from the Viewpoint of Islamic Jurisprudence and the Statue of the Islamic Republic of Iran
        Saleheh Yazdanifar Mehdi Khodaie
        “Euthanasia” or “The Compassionate Preferring Death of theIncurable sick” in the medical term is any intentionally act oromission that done in request or without request of an incurable illto end his life without more pain and suffering. Based on More
        “Euthanasia” or “The Compassionate Preferring Death of theIncurable sick” in the medical term is any intentionally act oromission that done in request or without request of an incurable illto end his life without more pain and suffering. Based on thebehavior of the medical team and that the physician behavior hasthe manner of "act" or "omission", euthanasia divides into “Active”and “Passive”. Also, if euthanasia spring out of the will and volitionof the patient, it will be called “Voluntary” and in the cases wherethe patient is legally incompetent to decide, it will be called“Involuntary”. Based on the Islamic criminal system and the statueof the Islamic Republic of Iran, active euthanasia is a clear exampleof murder and therefore, it is illicit and causes retaliation and thecompassionate motive of the physician will not fail physician’scriminal responsibility or will not cause any discount in hispunishment. Also whenever the physician is spared by theforgiveness of the parents, if the court recognizes his act as a causeof disrupting the community or creating fear, or if be afraid abouthis or other doctors’ Audacity, it can sentence him to thediscretionary imprisonment. Manuscript profile
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        279 - A Study of the Role of Theorists of Baghdad Legal School in Institutionalizing “Reason” in the Process of Development of Shiite Studies of Jurisprudence
        Seyd Mohamd Mohsen Marashi Shoshtari Hormoz Asadi Kohbad
        To fulfill its mission, Shiite jurisprudence has undergone certain stages ofdevelopment according to the spatio – temporal requirements. So it has had itsown features in every age. One of these stages is the brilliant age of Baghdadschool during which prominent sc More
        To fulfill its mission, Shiite jurisprudence has undergone certain stages ofdevelopment according to the spatio – temporal requirements. So it has had itsown features in every age. One of these stages is the brilliant age of Baghdadschool during which prominent scholars such as Shaykh Mufid, SayyidMurtada, and Shaykh Tusi founded a new school. Establishing this schoolbased on the great sources of the Quran and the Sunna, they also introducedintellectual method in the field of jurisprudential studies with a specialprudence and applying new approaches.Venerating the former generation of jurisprudents adherent to textualproofs and commemorating their sincere efforts in safeguarding the precioussource of “texts”, they analyzed the former approaches and founded a newschool. The present article seeks to survey the process of institutionalizing“reason” in the methodology of jurisprudence by Shiite jurisprudents. Manuscript profile
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        280 - Implied Stipulations of Marriage Contract: Survey and Comparison of Some Examples in Imamiyya and Sunni Jurisprudence
        fateme Mirshamsi
        Implied stipulation is the very obligation and fulfilment of the same, i.e.each of the parties to the contract may ask the second party for a certainquality, performance or nonperformance of an act, or the result of anothercontract within the contract in question. In on More
        Implied stipulation is the very obligation and fulfilment of the same, i.e.each of the parties to the contract may ask the second party for a certainquality, performance or nonperformance of an act, or the result of anothercontract within the contract in question. In one classification, impliedstipulations are divided into valid and invalid ones. Valid stipulation is onehaving the qualifications of the validity of stipulation. Otherwise, it is invalid.Invalid stipulation may cancel the contract when it leads to the loss of one ofthe general principles or conditions of the validity of a contract. The exampleis when the condition is unknown or contrary to the nature of the contract.Valid conditions may be divided into three classes: those of quality, ofperformance of an act, and of collateral events.If one of the spouses has asked another for a certain quality in themarriage contract, in case of nonsatisfaction the former enjoys the right ofcancellation. That is a kind of misrepresentation which brings about the rightof option. If the condition of collateral events is stipulated, the wife wouldhave the power or option of divorce and she can transfer it to the third partyby power of attorney. This condition makes the deputation contract obligatoryand it is a type of absolute deputation. The condition of option is notpermissible in marriage contract. Sunnīs allow deputation and delegation ofdivorce to the wife. They have not considered the right of dissolution ofmarriage contract unique to the holy prophet’s wives. They hold if thehusband makes the wife free to choose between continuation or dissolution ofmarriage contract, and she opts the separation and termination of marital life,the marriage contract would be dissolved. In Imamiyya jurisprudence,optional divorce is known to be the unique right of the holy prophet. Manuscript profile
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        281 - Theories Concerning the Commencement and Close of Childhood in Islamic Law
        Seyd Abolghasem Naghibi
        Inadequate physical, intellectual, and mental growth of a child requiresthe necessity of his extraordinary protection as an undeniable principleadopted in different legal systems. Thus, it is necessary to know thecommencement of childhood which brings about this legal p More
        Inadequate physical, intellectual, and mental growth of a child requiresthe necessity of his extraordinary protection as an undeniable principleadopted in different legal systems. Thus, it is necessary to know thecommencement of childhood which brings about this legal protection.Experts in law have raised three theories concerning the commencementof childhood. They are as follows:1. Birth of foetus alive2. Capability to live on its own out of the whomb or in the laboratory3. Formation and development of spermAuthentic and frequently – quoted Hadiths indicate that a foetus bornalive is entitled to inheritance. So the first theory can be established on thegrounds of these Hadiths.Quranic verses and traditions (Hadiths) identify puberty – the stage inwhich sexual organs are capable of reproduction – as the criterion oftermination of childhood. Nevertheless, child’s property should not beentrusted to him after puberty unless his mental qualification (Rushd) isestablished. Thus, mental qualification is also necessary to reach the stage oftermination of childhood in financial affairs Manuscript profile
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        282 - Approaches and mechanisms of Practicing Ethical Rules in “Protection of Family“ Bill
        seyd Abolghasem Naghibi
        Family is the most essential and the most important human beinggroup with the longest historical record. Love of wife and husbandtoward each other and the affection of parents towards children arethe origin of the formation of the first social institution each ofwhose m More
        Family is the most essential and the most important human beinggroup with the longest historical record. Love of wife and husbandtoward each other and the affection of parents towards children arethe origin of the formation of the first social institution each ofwhose members experience ethical and legal solidarity preparingthemselves for entering the society. Wife and husband minglemorality with love in order to pave the ground for promoting thelevel of the quality of their emotional life and provide anatmosphere rich in unity and solidarity towards physical andspiritual growth of children. Thus ethical teachings should beconsidered the most important source for the dynamism of thefamily governing the emotional and social relations of its members.Some of ethical rules and teachings have gradually been manifestedas legal rules. The duty of spouses in good behavior and associationand their collaboration towards strengthening the foundations of thefamily and bringing up children is a legal proposition manifested inthe context of the development of ethical rules. The influence ofethics on the legal rules of family law is so wide and deep thatethics should not only be considered as the constituent elements offamily law, but it may be considered first and the foremost in thisfield. Ethical rules play their role in strengthening the foundationsof family to the same extent that they have a role in its formation.Thus ethical rules are a support for the protection of familyinstitution. Recommendation to peace and reconciliation throughfamily counseling centers and the institution of arbitration,implementing justice between the wives, separation and divorce ina moral way, are among the ethical approaches in the “protection offamily “bill. Implementation of ethical rules and principles in caseof a legal vacuum, provision of specialized prosecutors office of thefamily , family police, and the institution of family social workersfamiliar with ethical and social skills are among the mechanisms ofinstitutionalization of ethical obligations absent in the protection offamily bill. Manuscript profile
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        283 - The effect of corporate governance bylaw of Tehran Stock Exchange on earnings management
        زهرا پورزمانی محمدرضا اولی جواد عبدالهیان
        AbstractIn late 1386, Tehran Stock Exchange adopted new regulations regard to corporategovernance called corporate governance bylaws. Subject of this study is to review the effectof implementation of these regulations on earnings management on listed companies ofTehran More
        AbstractIn late 1386, Tehran Stock Exchange adopted new regulations regard to corporategovernance called corporate governance bylaws. Subject of this study is to review the effectof implementation of these regulations on earnings management on listed companies ofTehran Stock Exchange. To do this, required information of 133 listed companies, by usingcross-sectional analysis, for fiscal years 1385 and 1388 was collected. The relationshipbetween earnings management and corporate governance mechanisms stated in the bylawswere analyzed by using multivariate regression model. The results show that following theadoption of corporate governance regulations, board independence has improved, sinceimproving the level of board independency is associated with lower levels of earningsmanagement. This study also provides evidence that the separation between the role of CEO,and Chairman, as well as stock ownership of inside directors have no significant relationshipwith earnings management. According to the survey results to increase the effectivenessof the regulations as a regulatory tool in the capital market, it is proposed that the Regulationsof the company become a law in Iran to benefit from stronger performance guarantees. Manuscript profile
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        284 - The effect of organizational culture on earnings quality of firms listed on Tehran Stock Exchange
        زهرا دیانتی دیلمی وحید طیبی
        The results of done researches on earnings quality show that several factors affectthe quality of these items. Among these factors can state cultural and ethical factors,the kind of companies' ownership, the level of law's defense of countries frominvestors, law's press More
        The results of done researches on earnings quality show that several factors affectthe quality of these items. Among these factors can state cultural and ethical factors,the kind of companies' ownership, the level of law's defense of countries frominvestors, law's pressure, disclosure index and others. So, the purpose of this researchis, surveying organizational culture's dimensions on the earnings quality of the firmslisted on Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, at first the kind of financialmanagers' organizational culture was specified by distribution Cameron andFreeman's organizational culture questionnaire and then the data related to earningsquality was extracted from firms' financial statements.Then, the causal model of affecting culture on earnings quality was presented bygathering data and the structural equation model based on partial- List square (PLS)method. The results of gathered data for 85 firms show that organizational culture ofmanagers (Adhocracy- Market- Hierarchical) has a positive effect on their reportedearnings quality and it explains 43.5% changes of earnings quality. Manuscript profile
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        285 - Comparing the impact of co-determinants on return on assets: focusing on Business Strategies
        فرزین رضایی رضا محسنی مریم رایقی
        The present study investigates the impact of assets' age and business strategies on therelationship between the growth of assets and the operational performance of the companies.return on net operational assets is considered to be the representatives of the operationalp More
        The present study investigates the impact of assets' age and business strategies on therelationship between the growth of assets and the operational performance of the companies.return on net operational assets is considered to be the representatives of the operationalperformance of the companies. For this purpose, a sample including 86 companies listed atTehran's stock exchange during the 2006 and 2010 has been studied. By doing hierarchicalcluster analysis, the companies were categorized into two clusters of cost leadership andproduct differentiation. In order to analyze and examine the relationship between the variablesin our study, the approaches of balanced panel data was used. The results show that there's asignificant relationship between and the assets' age operational performance of the companies.These findings underline the influence of the variables of the assets' age and businessstrategies on the relationship between growth of the assets and the performance of thecompanies. These results indicate that the impact of factors on the growth of assets in thecompanies with older assets is more intensive. From the other hand, the findings show that theimpact of the growth of the assets in the companies following the product differentiationapproach is negative. Since the main key to success in investments is to determine eachcompany’s particular competitive advantage and the stability thereof; hence, the empiricalresults of these strategic concepts could provide a useful mechanism for entrepreneurs inorder to gain a better future performance. Manuscript profile
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        286 - The relationship between voluntary disclosure, decision making cognitive styles, and information Asymmetries: A Brunswick Leans Model Approach
        زهرا پورزمانی قدرت اله طالب نیا احمد یعقوب نژاد علی بیات
        Voluntary disclosure reduces information asymmetry for firms have become increasinglyValue Relevance. In this study to evaluate the different decision making styles a cognitive andbehavioral model are used. The field of this research in terms of territory subject to the More
        Voluntary disclosure reduces information asymmetry for firms have become increasinglyValue Relevance. In this study to evaluate the different decision making styles a cognitive andbehavioral model are used. The field of this research in terms of territory subject to the"theory of information overload" and Processing "Brunswik Leans Model" is placed inbehavioral accounting. This research has a quasi-experimental method. Research period are in2012. For purposes of this study, Experimental group (176 respondents) and control group(158 respondents), were classified in the four dominant styles: directive, analytical,conceptual, and behavioral. Also, investors in terms of the brain dominant style and cognitivecomplexity so as uncertainty about the tolerance level were classified. Evidence waspresented that shows left-brain dominant style used more items on average to processinformation. Also, Behavioral decision-making style than other styles used lowest items toprocess information. Indeed The results show all styles of Experimental group have lessinformation asymmetry than the control group. This findings support the voluntary disclosureof information by companies to reduce the level of information asymmetry the market offers. Manuscript profile
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        287 - Fuzzy Activity Based Costing
        Yahya Hasas Yeganeh Hojat Hassanzadeh Mohammad Ghadiry Talaghiyan
        ABC is New Paradigm in Managerial Accounting This Study Investigatesthe new Paradigm in ABC as Fuzzy Activity Based Costing. Comparative ofthis Method with ABC. Accrued Many Information and Usefulness forDecision Making.
        ABC is New Paradigm in Managerial Accounting This Study Investigatesthe new Paradigm in ABC as Fuzzy Activity Based Costing. Comparative ofthis Method with ABC. Accrued Many Information and Usefulness forDecision Making. Manuscript profile
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        288 - Applying the Discriminant Function (analysis) for Going- Concern Forecasting of Corporations by Some Variables of Basic Financial Statements (Balance Sheet, Income Statement and Statement of Cash Flow)
        یحیی حساس یگانه محمد صیادی
        Discriminant analysis (function) is one of the best instruments to recognizevariables affecting to the going concern. This paper seeks to discriminate failed andnon-failed corporations using discriminant analysis (function) by some variable ofbasic financial statements. More
        Discriminant analysis (function) is one of the best instruments to recognizevariables affecting to the going concern. This paper seeks to discriminate failed andnon-failed corporations using discriminant analysis (function) by some variable ofbasic financial statements. Sample includes 51 failed and 51 non-failed corporations.In discriminant analysis, wilks' lambda determines affecting variables todiscriminate of groups. Then, the discriminant function is getting out. This function isused to discriminate groups to failed and non-failed corporations. The test resultsproved to be extremely accurate in predicting going concern correctly in 77 percent ofall firms in the failed and non-failed groups assigned to their actual classification.Conclusively, The results shows that retained earnings (x1) (from balance sheet)and operational income (x2) (from income statement) are the two most influentialvariables in going concern prediction. Manuscript profile
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        289 - Investigating the relationship between intellectual capital and indices performance assessment of companies in Tehran Stock Exchange
        دکتر علی اسمعیل زاده مقری دکتر محمود همت فر علیرضا زمانیان
        The present research is investigating “The relationship between intellectual capitaland indices performance assessment of companies in Tehran Stock Exchange”. Thissubject was tested by searching the relationship between intellectual capital asindependent var More
        The present research is investigating “The relationship between intellectual capitaland indices performance assessment of companies in Tehran Stock Exchange”. Thissubject was tested by searching the relationship between intellectual capital asindependent variable and earning before tax, operating cash flows and value added asa dependent variables. Statistical society of this research includes all admittedcompanies in Tehran Stock Exchange from 1383 to 1387 that have determinedrequirement for statistical society. Then 73 firms of statistical society were selectedand studied Manuscript profile
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        290 - Management accounting practices in the firms listed on the Tehran stock exchanged: An empirical examination
        یحیی حساس یگانه زهرا دیانتی دیلمی ابراهیم نوروزبگی
        One of the most important aspects of accounting research in different countries isacquiring knowledge about situation of accounting systems and finding theweaknesses and gaps, and providing solutions to resolve existing deficiencies andupgrading to higher levels. Despit More
        One of the most important aspects of accounting research in different countries isacquiring knowledge about situation of accounting systems and finding theweaknesses and gaps, and providing solutions to resolve existing deficiencies andupgrading to higher levels. Despite many studies about financial topics in Iranianfirms, unfortunately, a comprehensive study for determining managementaccounting's evolution stage and it's current position is not performed. In this study, asample consisting of 105 firms listed on TSE is selected that only 72 companies'management responses to questionnaire. The results show that %73.6 of companiesare in the first evolution stage, %51.4 are in Second stage, %45.8 are in third stage,and %15.3 are in fourth stage.The result of this study is similar to results of studies in other developing countries.In addition, providing information for annual financial reports, cost allocation andcontrol are more used in our sample companies and tools such as risk management,strategic planning and decision making are fewer used. Manuscript profile
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        291 - Investigating Value Creating of Human Capital Reporting (HCR)
        یحیی حساس یگانه نظام الدین رحیمیان اسماعیل توکل نیا
        Based on existing evidence, Successful companies’ most important assets are intangible –such as their human capital. However, few companies provide detailed information about thisresource. Human capital reporting (HCR) can also be regarded as an instrument t More
        Based on existing evidence, Successful companies’ most important assets are intangible –such as their human capital. However, few companies provide detailed information about thisresource. Human capital reporting (HCR) can also be regarded as an instrument that affectcompany financial performance and ultimately increase firm value. In this article,Gamerschlag and Moeller’s model (2011) is used that describes cause-and-effect relationshipsbetween HCR and company financial performance. So, the main purpose of this study is toexamine the impact of HCR on financial performance and value of companies listed in theTehran Stock Exchange. The dataset includes 112 companies listed in the Tehran StockExchange during the period 1385-1389. The study finds no significant evidence of the effectof HCR on the firm financial performance, but HCR has a positive and significant effect onstock price and firm value. Also, findings suggest a positive moderating effect of companysize on the relationship between HCR and stock price and between HCR and firm value. It isalso found that financial leverage and debt maturity have significant and positive impact onHCR. Manuscript profile
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        292 - Cost Reengineering In Iranian Insurance Companies
        حمیدرضا شماخی
        The new organizations establish base on concepts such as value customer, valuebased management, value chain analysis, value engineering, wealth (value) creation.Three factors, cost, quality & quantity, are very important on continuingorganizations. The companies try More
        The new organizations establish base on concepts such as value customer, valuebased management, value chain analysis, value engineering, wealth (value) creation.Three factors, cost, quality & quantity, are very important on continuingorganizations. The companies try to delivery their products & services in at least cost,high quality & quantity to customers. Accounting information systems must be updated with new conditions business & customers' needs. Updated accountinginformation systems provide information for make decision, planning, control & othertasks of management. Cost management system has been designed to reply to newmanagement needs in currently business environment. Cost management system has astrategic view to cost, control & reduction expenses, increase quality & quantity.This article explains, how to adjust the costing framework in iranian insurancecompanies by new approaches in managerial accounting. Integrated activity basedcosting & economic value added model for determining cost of policies & fair price ininsurance company will be discussed. The findings show that 1. cost of the policiesshould be adjusted, 2. Integrated activity based costing & economic value addedmodel can be used in iranian insurance companies. Manuscript profile
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        293 - the relationship between audit report quality and audit fees of accepted companies in Tehran Stock Exchange
        فاطمه داروغه حضرتی زهرا پهلوان
        Audit fees are the important issues that preoccupy the mind of client and auditorand should be negotiated clearly about it. Different factors can effect on audit fees.Among these factors, audit report quality can be noted. The main question of thisresearch is that wheth More
        Audit fees are the important issues that preoccupy the mind of client and auditorand should be negotiated clearly about it. Different factors can effect on audit fees.Among these factors, audit report quality can be noted. The main question of thisresearch is that whether there is a relationship between audit report quality and auditfees. For this purpose, the data needed for this research has been collected from 54companies in the period 1382 to 1388. Statistical method used to test hypothesis ismultiple regression. This research includes 4 hypotheses that investigate therelationship between earnings management, qualified provisions in the audit report,type of auditor and board size with the amount of audit fees. The results show thatfour factors listed above, have a direct and meaningful relationship with the amount ofaudit fees. Manuscript profile
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        294 - Corporate governance vs. intellectual capital performance of the Tehran Stock Exchange firms
        آرزو جلیلی هدی همتی
        The main objective of this article is to investigate the relationship betweencorporate governance and intellectual capital performance of the firms. The dependentvariable is the amount of intellectual capital -measured by Value Added IntellectualCapital Coefficient (VAI More
        The main objective of this article is to investigate the relationship betweencorporate governance and intellectual capital performance of the firms. The dependentvariable is the amount of intellectual capital -measured by Value Added IntellectualCapital Coefficient (VAIC), which based on Pulic model (1998,2000). On the otherhand the independent variables are: the percentage of the firms stocks which isretained by major financial institutes to the total stocks, the ratio of nonexecutivemanagers to the total members of board of directors, the existence of CEO and/or vicepresident, and the existence of internal auditing.To test the hypothesizes, the Multi Variables Regression, Panel Data, Two AverageComparison, and Variance Analysis were exploited.The results of the study showed that: There is a meaningful relation betweennonexecutive managers and structural capital variable.A meaningful relation exists between existence of CEO and/or vice president andhuman capital. There is also a meaningful relation between internal auditing, on onehand, and human capital and structural capital on the other hand. Manuscript profile
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        295 - Comparative Between Innovative and adaptive Cognitive Manager in use & ERP Implementation
        منیر امیری نسب علیرضا مهرآذین
        The present study, the first of its kind in Iran, focused on an innovative- adaptive cognitivestyle due to its close relationship with one's acceptance and use of new informationtechnology. More specifically, it compared innovative and adaptive managers, regardingaccept More
        The present study, the first of its kind in Iran, focused on an innovative- adaptive cognitivestyle due to its close relationship with one's acceptance and use of new informationtechnology. More specifically, it compared innovative and adaptive managers, regardingacceptance, using, and implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning system (ERPs). WithUnified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), the present study examinedthe acceptance and the using of Enterprise Resource Planning system by managers. Theparticipants were 31 managers working in cement industry companies. The necessary datawere collected using a questionnaire containing 50 questions. The results showed thatbetweeb managers with innovative cognitive style and adaptive cognitive style about theacceptance, use and implementation of ERP system in cement Firms does not exist asignificant difference. Manuscript profile
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        296 - Relationship between Intellectual Capital and Firms Performance at Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE)
        Hashem Nikoomaram Hoseyn Zarafshan
        This research discusses about the relationship between Intellectual capitaland performance of accepted companies in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE).Here, the measures of performance assessmsnt of net profit, Return onInvestment, Economic Values Added are considered. Indeed, More
        This research discusses about the relationship between Intellectual capitaland performance of accepted companies in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE).Here, the measures of performance assessmsnt of net profit, Return onInvestment, Economic Values Added are considered. Indeed, this research canreply to this question. "does the Intellectual capital influence on performance ofStudied companies, or not?" The concept of intellectual capital is trying to usethe avallble knowledge and intangible assets effectivity. Dimentions ofintellectual Capital include three parts: such as human capital structural capitalwich are considered research.From the purpose viewpoint method of this research is applicable and itsexecutive way is descriptive based on corellation that for analysis of hypothesisis used from the panel analytic method and for estimation of parameters ofregresion model is used from the pocied least squares method. For gatheringthe required data, the research are used of audited financial statement ofaccepted companies in Tehran Stock Exechange (TSE).The achieved results of research hypothesis test during 2002 – 2006 showedthat there is a significant relation between intellectual capital and performanceindexes in all of the studied companies and the intellectual capital had affectedon these indexes. Manuscript profile
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        297 - Investigation of ABC in Hospital
        سیدجمال امیدوار
        These traditional costing systems are often unable to determine accurately theactual costs of production/services and consequently cause managers were makingdecisions based on inaccurate data especially where there are multipleproducts/services. Costing is outstanding f More
        These traditional costing systems are often unable to determine accurately theactual costs of production/services and consequently cause managers were makingdecisions based on inaccurate data especially where there are multipleproducts/services. Costing is outstanding for the service organizations such ashospitals. Therefore, having an efficient system to control costs at the same timemaintain quality is one of the main concerns of today's hospitals..This research seeks to measure efficiency of the current costing systems ofKurdistan Province hospitals and then to study the possibility of utilizing the moderncosting systems (such as ABC) in these hospitals. The statistical society of thisresearch is Kurdistan Province hospitals which were done in 2011. The needed datawas gathered through the exploratory studies and questionnaire distributed amonghospital personnel. The gathered data was analyzed using SPSS software and then theresearch hypotheses were tested by chi squared test or χ2 test. According to theresearch findings, the costing systems of the hospitals studied had relative efficiencyconcerning direct materials and labor but was inefficiency concerning overhead costs.it is recommended that Kurdistan Province hospitals to prepare the necessary facilitiesin order to utilize the modern costing systems (such as ABC and target costing). Manuscript profile
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        298 - Evaluating the financial performance of banking industry in TSE: applying TOPSIS logic in Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA)
        محمدرضا رستمی جواد قاسمی فرزانه اسکندری
        Evaluating financial status of banking industry helps managers to understand theniche and make right decisions based on results. In this paper we develop a systemicapproach to evaluate efficiency based on TOPSIS-DEA, which applies TOPSIS rulesin DEA. We ranked all liste More
        Evaluating financial status of banking industry helps managers to understand theniche and make right decisions based on results. In this paper we develop a systemicapproach to evaluate efficiency based on TOPSIS-DEA, which applies TOPSIS rulesin DEA. We ranked all listed banks based on both optimistic and pessimisticapproach. This method uses two virtual ideal and anti-ideal DMU and measures theefficiency of each DMU according to virtual ones, putting this results in a relativeneighborhood index we are able to rank DMU's. results showed Karafarin, Mellat andParsian have the least intervals with the ideal and Saderat has the most, and with theanti-ideal Saderat has the least while Karafarin has the most intervals. Manuscript profile
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        299 - Information Asymmetry Gap Analysis among professional bodies, Users and Preparers of Accounting Information under Qualitative Characteristic of Financial Reporting
        دکتر حمیدرضا وکیلی فرد وهاب رستمی
        Critical role of accounting and financial reporting is providing useful information fordifferent and entitled users to help them in making economical decisions. While repeatedly itis stressed that value of accounting information is it’s convenient usage not necess More
        Critical role of accounting and financial reporting is providing useful information fordifferent and entitled users to help them in making economical decisions. While repeatedly itis stressed that value of accounting information is it’s convenient usage not necessarily it’sreporting, sometimes it is mentioned that the users of accounting information couldn’tunderstand the meaning of released information in the expected level. Besides reducing theeffectiveness of accounting reports, by creating vast information asymmetry, this subjectcauses to reduce capital market efficiency. In this study it is intend, with aid of accountingand financial reporting qualitative characteristic, determine perception gap of qualitativecharacteristic preferences between profession, users and preparers of accounting informationand also areas of financial reporting whereby this gap is huger and deeper. In order to test,two main hypotheses of the study that were designed by theoretical framework, 281questionnaires distributed among accountants, auditors, stock analysts, bank specialists andaccounting and management students. Collected Data tested by Kruskal-Wallis and Friedmanstatistical methods. The results showed there is a meaningful differences among profession,preparers’ and users’ viewpoint about accounting qualitative characteristics preferences andspecially auditors comparing to others less satisfied of level of current financial reportingaccordance with qualitative characteristics. Moreover this study revealed that respondents,among six investigated qualities comparing to timeliness, Comparability and Relevance morecomplain of current condition of the inadequate disclosure, have no sufficient Reliability ofpresented financial information. This finding is in accordance with past findings that showedin contrary to public imagination, FASB by concentrate on standard-overloud, states that thebest way to achieve accounting objectives isn’t always increasing the level of accountingdisclosure, but also quality and form of disclosure or it’s reliability must be considered. Manuscript profile
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        300 - The relationship between Skepticism Indexes and Audit Quality
        احمد یعقوب نژاد رمضانعلی رویایی کاوه آذین فر
        AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the relationship between skepticism indexes and auditquality.The main purpose of this research is to answer the question whether there is arelationship between professional skepticism in independent auditors and auditquality or not? More
        AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the relationship between skepticism indexes and auditquality.The main purpose of this research is to answer the question whether there is arelationship between professional skepticism in independent auditors and auditquality or not?This research uses audit institutions of Iran certified accountants' society andtrusted audit institutions of Iran Stock Exchange for the period 2007 to 2010.In this study, a statistical sample of 150 auditors in the form of 10 audit institutionsis selected and research hypothesis has been tested in them. Research method isdescription from type of correlation. The results indicate that there is a positive andsignificant relation between skepticism indexes and audit quality in trusted auditinstitutions of Iran Stock Exchange. Manuscript profile
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        301 - A comparison on accounting variables in income smoother and non-income smoother firms by using Moses income smoothing behavior index
        آزیتا جهانشاد سعید امیری
        This research intends to compare accounting variables in income smoother andnon-income smoother firms in Tehran Stock Exchange market. In this regard, thestatistical typical companies were firstly separated to two income smoother and nonincomesmoother firms and then the More
        This research intends to compare accounting variables in income smoother andnon-income smoother firms in Tehran Stock Exchange market. In this regard, thestatistical typical companies were firstly separated to two income smoother and nonincomesmoother firms and then the accounting variables were compared subject toabove different groups.Six features including company’s size, personnel’s costs, debt ratio, industry,management bonus and tax as independent variables and income smoothing behavioras dependent variable were examined in the research. This research has been carriedout based on annual observations since 1384 to 1389 (2006-2011). Research findingsshow that company’s size, personnel’s costs, management bonus and tax are noteffective factors on income smoothing behavior of samples and also there is nomeaningful difference among income smoother and non-income smoother firms inthese stated variables. Instead, debt ratio and industry variables are effective factorson income smoothing behavior. It reveals that there is a meaningful differencebetween in income smoother and non-income smoother firms in view point of debtratio. In addition, the income smoothing behavior of companies differs from eachother. Manuscript profile
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        302 - The impact of national accounting standards on the quality of financial reporting in Tehran stack Exchange: Earning Persistence approach
        هاشم نیکومرام زاد اله فتحی
        This study has attempted to evaluate the effect of Iranian accounting standards onearnings persistence. In fact, earnings persistence is one of the methods of measuringearning quality. To do so, 80 active corporations from Tehran stock exchange werechosen as the Earning More
        This study has attempted to evaluate the effect of Iranian accounting standards onearnings persistence. In fact, earnings persistence is one of the methods of measuringearning quality. To do so, 80 active corporations from Tehran stock exchange werechosen as the Earnings persistence of these participants was studied in two timeperiod. In the first period, which was happened "during 1994-1998" these participants.In that period, there was no mandatory to present financial statement based on Iranianaccounting standards. In the second period "during 1999-2004" it was mandatory topresent financial statement based on national accounting standards. To realize whetherthe null hypothesis is true or not, correlation coefficient Wald statistics wasimplemented to analyze the data. The results show that there is not a significantdifference between the earnings persistence of the participants on before and after theapplication of Iranian accounting standards. That is, accounting standards are noteffective on earnings persistence. Manuscript profile
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        303 - Evaluation Improving Financial Operations by Implementing Knowledge Management System
        رضا رادفر نرگس رضائی ملک محمد رضائی ملک
        AbstractToday base knowledge companies are most powerful and successful firms in the world, sohaving knowledge management system become one of preference strategic on companies.According to international economic condition, most of companies are looking for specialway f More
        AbstractToday base knowledge companies are most powerful and successful firms in the world, sohaving knowledge management system become one of preference strategic on companies.According to international economic condition, most of companies are looking for specialway for improving financial operations. This study assessed the impact the implementation ofknowledge management systems to improve financial operations in private company. Byimproving financial operation, company’s income, advantage have increased and waste costhas decreased that it caused company’s marketing share have good progress. In this researchby interviewing with experts, and studding previous research has identified the effectiveindices. The required data were collected by using questionnaires. Techniques has used isstructural equation model and regression. The results had shown positive effect (75%) ofknowledge management on financial operations in organization. With implementationknowledge management, marketing share and income increased and waste cost decreased.With this strategy could be able to decrease the prohibition economic pressure. Manuscript profile
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        304 - A survey of the effect of the existence of the audit committee on the attraction of investors for investors for investment in accepted corporations in Tehran stock exchange market.
        Ghodrat-Allah Talebnia HAMIDREZA VAKILI FARD Mansoore Shahsavari
        Changes incurred in the developed countries, in recent years have madeindependence of auditors in relation to management while ouditng . One of thesechanges is to use audit committee as a monitoring factor on financial reportingprocess.In many countries of the world, au More
        Changes incurred in the developed countries, in recent years have madeindependence of auditors in relation to management while ouditng . One of thesechanges is to use audit committee as a monitoring factor on financial reportingprocess.In many countries of the world, audit committies are widely being used in thefirms. However; In our country, not only audit committees arenot used, also noresearch has been canducted to see if they are necessary.The purpose of this research is to identify the effects of audit committees oninvestors investment in security exchanges.Four hypotheses have been made based on abave-mentioued questions. Theinformation needed to test hypotheses has come from reliable scientific texts andarticles as well as 6 generally questions to gether with 26 technical questions in theform of a questionnaire. The resulted information from the questionnaire was tested,analyzed and interpreted in the parts:In the first part through deseriptive statistics , the general information of thequestionnaire was tested. In the second part through inferential statistics , a t-test anda chi-squre were used to test the hypotheses of the study. The results show that thehypotheses were confirmeal in 95% level of significance. So, there is relationshipbetween the existence of audit committee and attracting investors trust, the number oftransactions, the volume transactions and the efficiency of companies securityexchanges in Tehran. As a result, investore are recommended to trustin and invest inthese companies Manuscript profile
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        305 - The Relationship between Organizational Culture and Use of Management Accounting Innovations in Companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange
        زهره حاجیها محدثه خراط زاده
        Organizational culture is beliefs and expectations that are created norms and it has aneffect choicing tools that used in the organization. All tools using in different parts of anorganization to manage, promote and develop innovative are affected by organizationalcultu More
        Organizational culture is beliefs and expectations that are created norms and it has aneffect choicing tools that used in the organization. All tools using in different parts of anorganization to manage, promote and develop innovative are affected by organizationalculture. Cultural factors affect the application of management accounting and its innovations,especially the culture of innovation. Therefor in this research studied the organizationalculture based on Muijen’ Organizational culture model and its relationship whit usingmanagement accounting innovations in companies listed Tehran Stock Exchange. In thisstudy, management accounting innovations are: Activity-based costing (ABC), Activity-basedmanagement (ABM), Balanced scord card (BSC),Target costing (TC), Standard Costing,Quality costing Kaizen costing and dimensions of Muijen organizational culture model are:Support orientation, Innovation orientation, Rules orientation, Goal orientation. Based on theresults of this research, between the kinds of organizational culture of the companies that haveused management accounting innovations and those who have not used of these innovations,there are significant differences. The dimension of the Support and Goal orientation arehigher in groups that have used management accounting innovations. Managers for theirdecisions need accurate and timely information. Management accounting systems isresponsible to prepare information. According to the results, managers can create a culturalchange in organizations to improve management accounting systems. Manuscript profile
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        306 - A Review of Iranian and Australian Management Accounting Researches
        حسین اعتمادی رضا حصارزاده آمنه بذرافشان
        This paper to classifying objects, statistical populations, theories, methods andanalysis techniques of management accounting researches of Iranian and Australianresearchers, investigates 67 and 199 articles of them in 9 known journals. Findingsindicate, while there is More
        This paper to classifying objects, statistical populations, theories, methods andanalysis techniques of management accounting researches of Iranian and Australianresearchers, investigates 67 and 199 articles of them in 9 known journals. Findingsindicate, while there is a significant correlation between general approaches of theresearches, but diversity of Iranian sub-classify is smaller than Australian ones. Alsothere are some cases that need to more attention and so, to more advertence and moreresearches in universities. Manuscript profile
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        307 - LDF, QDF & ANN-GA based models for stock market surveillance in Tehran's Stock Exchange
        M. Hossein Poustfroush Alireza Naser Sadrabadi Mahmood Moeinaddin
        In this study, Discriminant Analysis (DA) model and the hybrid model of Genetic Algorithm based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN-GA) are used to estimate manipulation of stock prices in Tehran Stock Exchange. In this study, first by using screening data method, a sampl More
        In this study, Discriminant Analysis (DA) model and the hybrid model of Genetic Algorithm based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN-GA) are used to estimate manipulation of stock prices in Tehran Stock Exchange. In this study, first by using screening data method, a sample of 345 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange were selected and then information about the 'TEDPIX' index, closing price, volatility of closing price and trading volume in the timeframe years 1387 to 1391 were collected. Afterwards the selected companies categorized into manipulated and non-manipulated groups by using duration dependence test, skewness & kurtosis test and run test. Then with scrutiny of the trend of Tedpix's chart and volume chart of the manipulated group, Start of price manipulation is determined. In next step by using Linear Discriminant Function (LDF), Quadratic Discriminant Function (QDF) and Genetic Algorithm based Artificial Neural Network and by using closing price, volatility of closing price and trading volume variables and also using information in range one year before starting manipulation group and in range four years for non-manipulation group, designed models for forecasting manipulation. At the end, the prediction ability of the models was examined. According to the results, the prediction ability of QDF model compared to the LDF model and ANN model is better. Manuscript profile
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        308 - The Investigation of Corporate Governance Characteristics on Management Earnings Forecast Quality in Tehran Stock Exchange
        غلامحسین مهدوی سید مجتبی حسینی زهره رئیسی
        The importance of earning forecast and its impact on economic decisions ofinvestors in the stock market is widely known. There are many researches about thequality of management earnings forecast to identify the factors that have effects on it.So this study examines whe More
        The importance of earning forecast and its impact on economic decisions ofinvestors in the stock market is widely known. There are many researches about thequality of management earnings forecast to identify the factors that have effects on it.So this study examines whether corporate governance attributes have an effect on thequality of management earnings forecast. The measures of corporate governance areboard attributes, institutional shareholders and auditing committee. Managementearnings forecast quality is then measured by management earnings forecast accuracyand bias. We used data of 100 companies for the period of 1384-1388 in Tehran stockexchange. The results show that corporate governance variables in Iran have no effecton the quality of management earnings forecast. Manuscript profile
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        309 - Auditors’ Skeptical Characteristics and Their Relationship to Auditors' Judgments and Decisions
        زهره حاجیها احمد گودرزی زهرا فتاحی
        The goal of this study is to consider the features of auditors’ skepticism and their relationwith judging and taking decision. The studies in past showed that obtaining insight aboutfeatures of skepticism can play an important role in judge and taking decision. St More
        The goal of this study is to consider the features of auditors’ skepticism and their relationwith judging and taking decision. The studies in past showed that obtaining insight aboutfeatures of skepticism can play an important role in judge and taking decision. Statisticalpopulation is consisted of auditors in Auditing Organization and firms which are member ofCertified Public Accountants' Association. Sample was chosen randomly. The sampleconsisted of 100 auditors with different organizational job groups. Method of research wasdescriptive–measurement. We used questionnaires to measure the variables and statistic PLStest was in order to analyze data.Results of the study indicated that features of skepticism(Interpersonal trust, Suspension of judgment, Locus of control ، Professional skepticism) areeffective for judging and taking decision. But the most influential is Locus of control and ifthe attention to that is increased, the quality of judging and taking decision will also beincreased. Manuscript profile
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        310 - The Relationship between Real Earnings Management Activities and Future Performance of the Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange
        علی سعیدی نرگس حمیدیان حامد ربیعی
        There is considerable research on accrual-based earnings management in accountingliterature but, real activities-based earnings management and its effects are lessinvestigated. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relation of real earningsmanagement activi More
        There is considerable research on accrual-based earnings management in accountingliterature but, real activities-based earnings management and its effects are lessinvestigated. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relation of real earningsmanagement activities and future performance of listed companies in Tehran StockExchange.This research utilizes panel data method and a sample of 123 firms during the period2000-2010. Following Cohen & Zarowin (2010), we use the abnormal cash flows fromoperations, abnormal cost of production and abnormal discretionary expenditures asproxies of real earnings management activities. The future cash flows from operationsand future earnings from operations are considered as proxies of future performance.The results indicate that there is a negative and significant relationship betweenabnormal cash flows from operations, abnormal cost of production, and abnormaldiscretionary expenditures as the proxies of real earnings management and futureperformance Manuscript profile
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        311 - Investigating the Relation between Market Value Added (MVA) To Earning Ratio with Economic Value Added (EVA) To Earning Ratio (Tehran Stock Exchange)
        قدرت اله طالب نیا اسماعیل شجاع
        Optimal Performance resulted in increase of company value and ultimatelyincrease wealth Of shareholders .The main challenge of managing trade institutions iscreating Value for institutions in particular and wealth crating for shareholders inparticular. Today economic va More
        Optimal Performance resulted in increase of company value and ultimatelyincrease wealth Of shareholders .The main challenge of managing trade institutions iscreating Value for institutions in particular and wealth crating for shareholders inparticular. Today economic value added is considered as the highest index fromwealth for shareholders. This index has a close relation ship with market value addedas external index of wealth creation. This research is a comparative reviewbetween relative market value added (MVA) favor accounting profit and economicvalue added in favor of accounting in companies accepted at Tehran stock BondBourse from the year 1382 until 1386 . So that on this basis one can haveaccess to internal performance assessment criteria ,a representative market value thatis considered achieved. Statistical methods This study , along with linear regressiontogether with determination ratio and E views software is used to test hypotheses.The results show a positive relationship-though a weak one- as variable Dependent to(EVA/Earning) as independent variable in all companies under study regardless totheir industry . There for in accepted companies in Tehran Stock Bond Bourse(EVA/Earning) as an internal performance alone can not measure criteria , predictvalues market . In the Group companies and industries being reviewed exceptpharmaceutical and automobile manuactur- ing industries which showed ameaningful relationship between variables, in other remaining industries there wasno significant relationship between variables . Manuscript profile
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        312 - The effect of task uncertainty, and AIS characteristics on the performance of AIS
        زهره حاجیها شایسته نبیونی
        Abst rac tAccounting information system is considered as a basic and main managementinformation system and its duty is to provide information needs of different levels ofmanagers in planning and control of resources, evaluation of performance and makingdecisions. Withou More
        Abst rac tAccounting information system is considered as a basic and main managementinformation system and its duty is to provide information needs of different levels ofmanagers in planning and control of resources, evaluation of performance and makingdecisions. Without an effective and precise system, management actions are limited to makingdecisions and case control without any criterion and purpose. Therefore, evaluating differentconditions and knowing the most important characteristics of these systems that have desiredeffects on their performance can help us to improve and promote designing these systems.Accordingly, purpose of this research is to study the effect of accounting information system(AIS) characteristics (including information with wide, aggregated and timely scope) on theirperformance in conditions that organizational tasks are analyzable. Sample of the studyincludes 220 questionnaires received from financial and operating managers of acceptedcompanies in Tehran stock exchange.Based on multivariate regression, results of the study revealed that in the condition of taskanalyzability, presenting the information with wide and aggregated scope by informationsystem increases managers’ satisfaction of AIS; however, in this condition on-timepresentation of information has an inverse effect on managers’ satisfaction of performance ofaccounting systems. In other words, when organizations have analytical tasks, managersexpect wide and aggregated information from AIS but timeliness of information has aninverse significant effect on satisfaction. Manuscript profile
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        313 - An assessment effect of management accounting information system based on decision support and business intelligence in stock exchange companies
        هاشم نیکومرام محمد محمودی
        In this paper, we studied and reviewed the literature and library to provide managementaccounting information system model based on business intelligence and decision support onspecifications in the form of four groups, including communications and Inference, alarmsyste More
        In this paper, we studied and reviewed the literature and library to provide managementaccounting information system model based on business intelligence and decision support onspecifications in the form of four groups, including communications and Inference, alarmsystems and donor reporting, analysis tools and effective decision. Using a writtenquestionnaire to collect opinions of financial managers in Tehran Stock Exchange companiesabout accounting information systems based on management decision support, businessintelligence and decision variables in their economic units, including being timely, desiredefficiency returns, risk acceptance and environmental conditions during the year 1389. Thequestionnaires according to our sample test sent.Results of nonparametric regression, rankspearmen correlation coefficient shows a more component based on management accountinginformation system and decision support ,business intelligence systems including thecommunications and Inference, alarm systems and donor reporting, analysis tools andeffective decision, not significantly correlated with decision variables but, associated withsome components such as the use of backward &forward Reasoning ,optimization based onthe desired efficiency returns,ahead after it, the use of group decision making andsummarization with the risk acceptance decision-making process and the use of agent, visualgraphs, summarization, group decision making with decision-making process based onenvironmental conditions correlated to the level of 95 percent. Therefore, decision-makingprocess based on desired efficiency returns, risk acceptance and environmental conditions ofthe components including backward &forward Reasoning, optimization, decision-makinggroup, summarization, and agent, visual graphs, and group decision making in is suggested Manuscript profile
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        314 - Studding of Efficiency and Sensitivity Analysis Operation Techniques of Management Accounting In Improvement of Performance of Companies by Data Envelopment Analysis Models (Case Study: Pharmacy Companies Accepted In Tehran Stock Exchange)
        محمود معین الدین علی مروتی شریف آبادی علی فاضل یزدی محمد حسین طحاری مهرجردی
        The subject of globalization and increasing of commercial intricates accompaniedby outstanding development in technology result in developing of methods andtechniques of management accounting, and so today with due attention to growth andincreasing importance of organiz More
        The subject of globalization and increasing of commercial intricates accompaniedby outstanding development in technology result in developing of methods andtechniques of management accounting, and so today with due attention to growth andincreasing importance of organizations and companies in communiting, has been highlyregarded to evaluate their performance. The present study with purpose of consideringof efficiency of operations techniques of management accounting estimate performanceof companies with due attention to analysing of sensitivity in data envelopment analysismodels. The present study is in one period of time from application and time. Strategyapplied is based on analysis of mathematical model and with using of data envelopmentanalysis models. Data was gathered using two method the questionnaire anddocumentation. The place domain of study is pharmacy companies accepted in tehranstock exchange. And time domain of it is in 1390 year.. Designing and implementingappropriate models of data envelopment analysis, efficiency of pharmacy companiesaccepted in Tehran stock exchange was determined. In this model with variable returnsto 53 percent of companies, have performance full. Analysis of sensitivity of inputsshowed that between inputs, costing techniques, budgeting, and decision for investmenton efficiency has been useful very much. Consequently companies must have moreattention to using of these techniques. Analysis of sensitivity of outputs showed thatboth outputs of model, efficiency rate of investment and value-added of economic aremore important in performance of pharmacy companies so attention to these criterionsin estimating of performance is very important. Manuscript profile
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        315 - A Evaluation Power of Value at Risk (VaR) model and Fama & French 3-Factor Estimation model Selecting Optimazed Portfolio of Stock in Stocks Market of Tehran in Year 2001-2008
        دکتر قدرت اله طالب نیا فاطمه احمدی نظام آبادی
        If investors inrest all their stocks in one special possesson, they may confront withmany risck and only gain major capital but also minor capital too. So, they select setof investories in their decisions , so that set is the best of possible set from investory ,until , More
        If investors inrest all their stocks in one special possesson, they may confront withmany risck and only gain major capital but also minor capital too. So, they select setof investories in their decisions , so that set is the best of possible set from investory ,until , they can gain access to their optimum out put that is close to market out put.Aim of this search is that with use from ٢models such as 3 Fama & French factorsand Value at Risk model, in Power of estimation models for selection of bestportfolio, to designers is helped. Hypothesis of this search is based on this subject thatevery one has foresight ability estimation optimazed portfolio. Atlast, after to do testof hypothesis by regresion, this result is Fama & French 3-factor has power ofsuggestion in selection of optimazed portfolio and Value at Risk moel has power ofsuggestion in selection of optimazed portfolio. Manuscript profile
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        316 - Evaluating impact of management accountants professional ethics on Management accounting information quality characteristics (by using Entropy-Fuzzy)
        هاشم نیکومرام فریدون رهنمای رودپشتی عباس طلوعی اشلقی یوسف تقی پوریان
        Organizations are more complex and increasing work immoral, illegal and irresponsible inoccupational environments has attracted attention to ethics and its various effects.The main purpose of this research is evaluating impact of management accountants'professional ethi More
        Organizations are more complex and increasing work immoral, illegal and irresponsible inoccupational environments has attracted attention to ethics and its various effects.The main purpose of this research is evaluating impact of management accountants'professional ethics on Management accounting information quality characteristics (by usingEntropy-Fuzzy). Weights calculated from the entropy matrices used in the one of fuzzy steps.The statistics population includes Professional accountants working in industry who arefamiliar with the concepts of management accounting. In this research, a Data collection toolis questionnaire that Comply with the standards of ethics for management accountants, whichhas been developed by the America Management Accountants.Hypothesis testing shows that management accounting information has all the features ofmanagement accounting information quality characteristics.From the perspective of respondents and Based on the observations ratio, Relevance is ahigher (wider range) than other qualitative characteristics and Accuracy, completeness andtimeliness that is the extent of their range respectively. Professional ethics of managementaccounting in all aspects is effective on qualitative characteristics of accounting informationon all aspects. This reflects the importance of professional ethics in finance and accountingdepartments. from Among Aspects of management accountants' professional ethics;professional competence has the greatest impact on management accounting information andthen management accountant's objectivity and neutrality Manuscript profile
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        317 - Studying the relation between Corporate Governance Mechanisms on the Amount of Created Shareholders Value
        قدرت اله طالب نیا نظام الدین رحیمیان مجتبی باقری نویر
        This study is aimed to provide evidence on the relationship between the corporateGovernance mechanisms and the amount of created shareholders value. Independentvariables of the study are corporate Governance mechanisms, which are examinedfrom four aspects, including num More
        This study is aimed to provide evidence on the relationship between the corporateGovernance mechanisms and the amount of created shareholders value. Independentvariables of the study are corporate Governance mechanisms, which are examinedfrom four aspects, including number of institutional investors, investment ratio ofinstitutional investors, independence of the members of the board of directors, and theratio of nonexecutive directorse. The dependent variable of the study is the createdshareholders value, which is measured based on the Pablo Fernandez Model. PabloFernandez believes that since book values are used in the calculation of the EconomicValue Added (EVA), the calculations lack a sufficient reliability and may result indecision makers’ mistakes. Pablo Fernandez proposed a model in which marketvalues of shares are used instead of book values. The control variable of the study isthe size of the company. In this study, the dependent variable is tested with a oneyearinterval in comparison with the independent variables. The statistical samplewas selected based on the systematic deletion and the application of limitations,resulting in the selection of 98 corporations listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange(TSE) during 2004-08 For testing the relation between independent and dependentvariable of the study, simple and multiple regression methods were used. Generally,the results of the study indicate that there is no significant relationship between thecorporate Governance mechanisms and the amount of created shareholders value. Manuscript profile
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        318 - Bloated Balance Sheet and Substitute Mechanisms to Avoid Negative Earnings Surprises
        Hassan Farajzadeh Dehkordi Hassan Hemmati Hale Sanaee
        In this paper, we examine the role of the balance sheet as a constraint on accrual-basedearnings management and its impact on the tradeoffs between accrual-based earningsmanagement, real earnings management, and forecast guidance in managing earningssurprises. Overall, More
        In this paper, we examine the role of the balance sheet as a constraint on accrual-basedearnings management and its impact on the tradeoffs between accrual-based earningsmanagement, real earnings management, and forecast guidance in managing earningssurprises. Overall, our evidence suggests that managers turn to real earnings management or downward forecast guidance as a substitute mechanism to avoid negative earnings surprises when their ability to manipulate accruals upward is constrained by the extent to which net assets are already overstated in the balance sheet. Nevertheless, our evidence should be interpreted with caution given the limitations of our study. In particular, our study uses management’ earnings forecasts rather than analysts’ earnings forecasts. Manuscript profile
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        319 - Study of the relation between Asymmetric information and Dividend Policies
        Hamidreza Vakilifard Ghodratollah Talebniya Mehdi Ali Hoseyni
        This research shows the relation between Asymmetric Information andDividend Policies in the accepted companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange ofsecurities. Asymmetric information means the asymmetry of informationbetween investors and financial statement producers .To mea More
        This research shows the relation between Asymmetric Information andDividend Policies in the accepted companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange ofsecurities. Asymmetric information means the asymmetry of informationbetween investors and financial statement producers .To measure theAsymmetric Information, the earning per share and dividend per share are usedduring a 6 years period from 2002 to 2007.Dividend policies of the companies are separated into four policies: Paying afixed percent of net profit, regular dividend policy, multiple increase policy,and extras dividend .The companies have one of these dividend policies basedon definition of each policies and dividend, which is paid to the stockholdersper year.Analysis of gathered information and test of hypotheses during 2002-2007show that there is a significant relation between Asymmetric Information anddividend policy. Manuscript profile
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        320 - The role of corporate transparency in determining the relationship between government political support and the performance of the companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange
        حمید محمودآبادی زهرا نجفی
        This research aims to investigate the role of corporate transparency in determining therelationship between government political support and the performance of the companieslisted on Tehran Stock Exchange. The results of analyzing panel data for the years 2003-2010,demo More
        This research aims to investigate the role of corporate transparency in determining therelationship between government political support and the performance of the companieslisted on Tehran Stock Exchange. The results of analyzing panel data for the years 2003-2010,demonstrate that there is a negative and significant relationship between government politicalsupport and information transparency, but according to the results, there is not any significantrelationship between government political support and information transparency with ROA.However, when, firm performance is peroxide by Tobin-Q, there is a positive and significantrelationship between government political support and firm performance. Results alsodemonstrate that information transparency acts as a mediating variable in the relationshipbetween government political support and Tobin-Q.In the other words, government politicalsupport reduces information transparency and in turn, low transparency caused betterperformance. Manuscript profile
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        321 - The Investigation of the Board Characteristics' Effect on Firm Debt Maturity Structure
        زهره حاجیها حسنعلی اخلاقی
        In this study, the effect of board characteristics as corporate governancedeterminants on the firm debt maturity structure has been investigated. Therefore, themain objective of this paper is to review the effect of board size, percentage of nonexecutive directors in th More
        In this study, the effect of board characteristics as corporate governancedeterminants on the firm debt maturity structure has been investigated. Therefore, themain objective of this paper is to review the effect of board size, percentage of nonexecutive directors in the board and CEO/Chair duality as independent variables on debtmaturity structure as a dependent variable in Tehran Stock Exchange. To achieve theobjective, 8 year information (2002-2009) of 72 firms were analyzed. To hypothesestesting, we have employed multivariate regression with panel data.The research results imply that there is a positive significant relation between boardsize and debt maturity structure. There is also a negative significant relation betweenpercentage of non executive directors and debt maturity structure. Additionally, it wasnot found any relation between CEO/Chair duality and debt maturity structure. Researchfindings represent the effect of strong board on financing decisions. Furthermore,hypnoses testing among different industries indicate that about relation of the board sizeand debt maturity structure in Drug and Automobile industries there are significantpositive relations and in Cement industry there exists a negative relation. In Cementand Food Industries, percentage of non executive directors in the board has a significantnegative relation. The relation between CEO/Chair duality and debt maturity structure isalso negative in the level of Chemical, Drug and Food. Manuscript profile
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        322 - The model for relationship between corporate governance and earnings quality
        Hashem Nikoomaram Heydar Mohammadzadeh salteh
        This study investigates relationship between earnings quality (accrual quality,earnings persistence, earnings predictive ability and CFO-Operating income ratio) andcorporate governance dimensions (strength and adequacy) at listed companies inTehran Stock Exchange. Under More
        This study investigates relationship between earnings quality (accrual quality,earnings persistence, earnings predictive ability and CFO-Operating income ratio) andcorporate governance dimensions (strength and adequacy) at listed companies inTehran Stock Exchange. Under the premise that firms that have good performance inthe past have less residual agency problem, we use ROE as a measure of the adequacyof corporate governance in place. We use constructed G-Index from corporategovernance mechanisms as a measure of the strength of corporate governance. Wefind that is no correlation between factors of corporate governance (non-executivedirectors board, institutional investors, audit type, ownership type, parent and freefloat share) and earnings quality indexes. We find that reporting/earnings quality -accrual quality, earnings persistence, earnings predictability and CFO-Operatingincome ratio (CFO/OI) is higher for firms that have good performance in the pastregardless of whether the corporate governance levels were strong or weak. We alsofind that reporting/earnings quality is higher for such firms after controlling for thestrength of corporate governance. Manuscript profile
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        323 - Analysis of the relationship between Corporate Governance and Economic Value Added (EVA) in Tehran Stock Exchange
        محمد رضا اولی مهدی قائمی اصل سعیده امین زادگان الناز عظیمی
        The present study is based on experimental of the relationship between corporategovernance and economic value added With a sample of n = 122 firms listed in Tehran StockExchange during the period 1388 to 1385.The present study is descriptive - analytical studybased on p More
        The present study is based on experimental of the relationship between corporategovernance and economic value added With a sample of n = 122 firms listed in Tehran StockExchange during the period 1388 to 1385.The present study is descriptive - analytical studybased on panel data. In analyzing the data stepwise and multiple regression methods wereused and to estimate regression fixed effects, random effects and ordinary least squaresmethods were used. The results indicate that among the five elements of corporate governanceonly institutional investor ownership variable have significant and positive impacts oneconomic value added. Moreover, causality of this variable with economic value added isconfirmed by Granger causality test. Iran Khodro investment in mining and metals andSaipa, respectively, have the highest impact on corporate governance on economic valueadded. Manuscript profile
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        324 - The effect of conservatism over the accrual based, real and aggregate earnings management in the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE)
        عبدالمهدی انصاری مصطفی دری سده علی شیرزاد
        The manager often manage earnings to hustle the stockholders. So, it is ususal thatstockholders say earnings management is bad and try to control managers.Stockholders believe that conservatism is a control object that limits earningsmanagement. This study investigates More
        The manager often manage earnings to hustle the stockholders. So, it is ususal thatstockholders say earnings management is bad and try to control managers.Stockholders believe that conservatism is a control object that limits earningsmanagement. This study investigates probable effect of conservatism on earningsmanagement. An untested common assumption in prior literature is that conservatismlimits the opportunitiesforsuccessful accruals-based earnings management. Samplingpopulation of the present study includes 135 accepted companies at Tehran stockexchange and manufacturing parts in the time period of 2006 to 2011.In this study weuse jones model and Kothari for measuring accrual management and realmanagement, and for measuring conservatism we use from Garcia et al study.In thisstudy we find a negative associationbetween conservatism andaccrualsearningsmanagement, and a positive association between conservatism and real earningsmanagement. Also we testeffect of conservatism onAggregate level of earningsmanagement and we find a negative associationbetween conservatism andAggregatelevel of earnings management. Manuscript profile
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        325 - Investigates the effects of corporate governance mechanisms of benefit sharing
        هاشم ولی پور لادن زارع اسماعیل خرم
        This study investigates the effects of corporate governance mechanisms of benefitsharing, different kinds of ownership structure and number of board of directormembers on firm value. In this study, the role of the number of board of directormembers moderating barrier wi More
        This study investigates the effects of corporate governance mechanisms of benefitsharing, different kinds of ownership structure and number of board of directormembers on firm value. In this study, the role of the number of board of directormembers moderating barrier with different ownership structure and their impact on thefirm value is examined. In order to reach the mentioned goal, a 9 year period (1380-1388) was considered which ultimately 98 companies of Tehran Stock Exchangemember firms were selected in this study. The type of this research is Descriptive –correlation study and statistical method which is used for testing the hypotheses ofresearch is "panel data".The results show that governmental, managerial ownership and number of board ofdirector members have significant positive impact on the value of company. Moreoverwe find that the number of board of director members conversely affect the relationshipbetween governmental ownership and firm value. While does not affect the relationshipbetween concentrated and managerial ownership and firm value. Manuscript profile
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        326 - Investigation and Recognition of the Effective Factors of Application Continuous Auditing Based on Internal Auditing
        Zohreh Hajiha
        This study investigated the effective factors on motivation of internal auditors to use of continuous auditing. Internal audit is one of the critical bases of control environment. Continuous auditing is designed to enable auditors to assessment in shorter period than th More
        This study investigated the effective factors on motivation of internal auditors to use of continuous auditing. Internal audit is one of the critical bases of control environment. Continuous auditing is designed to enable auditors to assessment in shorter period than the previous and traditional model.Methodology of the research is survey, a standard questionnaire was used.The 151 questionnaires distributed and collected from the auditors and internal audit supervisors and managers and the random sampling method was used to fit. In four hypotheses of the research influences of effort expectancy, performance expectancy, facilitating conditions and the social influence impact on the motivation of internal auditors in the usage of continuous audit was examined.To analysis and process data structural equations were used. The results suggested there are significant relationship between all factors and motivation of the internal auditors in trying to use continuous auditing, except the effort expectancy. There is significant relationship between performance expectancy and motivation of the internal auditors to use of continuous positive and significant relationship.There is a significant negative relationship between facilitating conditions and motivation of the auditors to use of continuous internal audit and between social influence and motivation of internal auditors to use continuous auditing is a significant positive relationship. Manuscript profile
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        327 - An analysis of accounting software based on accounting information systems (AIS) (case study: companies based on zanjan province)
        دکتر مهرداد علیپور حسین بدیعی مرتضی رمضانی
        Accounting software has been used as one of the parameters of accountinginformation systems in companies. As such, a study of whether exist maincharacteristics of AIS in these software or not, is the main interest of this article. Anaccounting information system should More
        Accounting software has been used as one of the parameters of accountinginformation systems in companies. As such, a study of whether exist maincharacteristics of AIS in these software or not, is the main interest of this article. Anaccounting information system should have features such as compatibility, flexibility,internal control, general characteristics, training, and reporting structure. The above –mentioned characteristics can be considered as main variables of this study withregard to their impact on. Dependent variable – accounting software.These variables have been selected and a six-hypothesis of research have beenanalyzed. Research method in this article is descriptive – survey and is completelyapplied one. The basis of data gathering consists of primary inputs and secondaryinputs by making use of questionnairs, interviews and documented inputs, derivedfrom traditional and digital libraries. Statistical societies in this study are zanjanbasedbusiness, service and merchandising companies. The sampling method israndom quota sampling which derives from Cochran Formula by using size of sample.Descriptive and inferential statistics have been used for information analysis. Fordescriptive statistics, general characteristics of sample (sex, age, work experience,discipline, kind of activity and the number of human resources) have been described.For inferential statistics by using one- sample T-test and kroskal valis the significancehas been defined. With regard to indentifying the extent of influence of some usedvariables in case companies. All of them except reporting structure have beencharacterized as suitable AIS. All hypotheses indicate that compatibility and controlhave nothing to do with companies' activity and flexibility in the number of humanresources. Manuscript profile
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        328 - Positive Change of Earnings Per Share and Share Price: Functional Fixation Hypothesis
        بهمن بنی مهد مهدی مراد زاده فرد فاطمه مروارید عراقی
        The objective of this study is to investigate functional fixation hypothesis in the TehranStock Exchange(TSE). Functional fixation hypothesis will be study from differentapproaches. In this study , we first examine above hypothesis by investigating relationshipbetween p More
        The objective of this study is to investigate functional fixation hypothesis in the TehranStock Exchange(TSE). Functional fixation hypothesis will be study from differentapproaches. In this study , we first examine above hypothesis by investigating relationshipbetween positive change of earnings per share and share price, second, by relationshipbetween earnings management and share price. Sample of study are 100 firms during a 6-year period from 2005 to 2011. Using correlation method and multiple linear regressiontechnique, the results of this study show that there is a positive relation between positivechange of earnings per share and share price. Research evidence also show a positiverelation between earnings management and share price. This issue confirm functionalfixation hypothesis in TSE . Manuscript profile
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        329 - Examining the Effect of Corporate Governance Mechanisms on Efficient working Capital Management
        محسن دستگیر مهسا هنرمند
        One of the important issues of accounting and financial management literature is companyownership, because this belief that the mechanisms of corporate governance are hiring theabilities, which have straight effect on the abilities of investors to make the management us More
        One of the important issues of accounting and financial management literature is companyownership, because this belief that the mechanisms of corporate governance are hiring theabilities, which have straight effect on the abilities of investors to make the management usethe existed resources in organization effectively. Working capital management is one theother part which plays a critical role in management structure of a company. Ineffectivepolicies of working capital management can be followed by a weak corporate governance andresult in reducing the wealth of stockholders. This research includes influential analysis andactions of corporate governance on effectiveness of working capital management betweenlisted firms of Tehran Stock Exchange. To do so, variables of percent of institutionalownership, concentration of institutional ownership, size of board, independence of board,and segregation the tasks of chairman and vice chairman as mechanisms of corporategovernance and variables of duration of accounts receivable, duration of keeping inventory,duration of accounts payable, and cash flows of company as the measures of effectiveness ofworking capital management are taken to account. The required data were gathered annuallyduring 2006-2011.According to econometric propositions, the regression method based onpanel data based on constant effects for all hypotheses of research is chosen and analysis ofdata followed .the findings of this study indicate that corporate governance plays some role inimproving the efficiency of working capital management. Manuscript profile
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        330 - Forecasting the Type of Audit Opinions: A Data Mining Approach
        محمدحسین ستایش فهیمه ابراهیمی سیدمجتبی سیف مهدی ساریخانی
        Data mining methods can be used to assist auditors with providing audit opinions.The purpose of this research is to forecast the type of audit opinions using data miningmethods and compare the performance of these methods. Artificial neural networks,support vector machi More
        Data mining methods can be used to assist auditors with providing audit opinions.The purpose of this research is to forecast the type of audit opinions using data miningmethods and compare the performance of these methods. Artificial neural networks,support vector machines, nearest neighbors and decision tree methods were used toconduct the research. The sample consists of 842 observations between 2001 and 2010.The observations were divided in two groups: one group for training and the other forassessment of the method. A comparison of the performance of methods indicates thatsupport vector machines approach outperforms the other approaches with a predictiveability of 76%. Also measuring type I and type II error rates of each method shows thatthe performance of support vector machines is higher than the other methods. Manuscript profile
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        331 - Examining the Impact of Voluntary Disclosure Level on Value Relevance of Accounting Information of Firms Listed in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE)
        هاشم ولی پور قدرت اله طالب نیا رضا احمدی
        AbstractThis paper investigates Impact of Voluntary Disclosure Level on Value Relevance ofAccounting Information, specifically, earnings and book values of Firms Listed in TehranStock Exchange (TSE). Based on the assumption that an increased focus on the informationalne More
        AbstractThis paper investigates Impact of Voluntary Disclosure Level on Value Relevance ofAccounting Information, specifically, earnings and book values of Firms Listed in TehranStock Exchange (TSE). Based on the assumption that an increased focus on the informationalneeds of investors should increase the value relevance of the information contained infinancial statements, As a consequence, we expect that greater voluntary disclosure levelsamong companies listed on the TSE will be associated with greater value relevance inearnings and book value information for investors. Statistical sample includes 71 companiesduring 2007 to 2011. Statistical technique used to test the hypotheses is the MultivariateRegression.The results for the price and returns models provide evidence that earnings and bookvalues are significant factors in the valuation of firms Listed in TSE.Other results show that increasing the voluntary disclosure level, the information contentof the book value increased; on the other hand the information content of earnings is the sameinformation at all voluntary disclosure levels. Manuscript profile
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        332 - The Role of Accounting Department in Outsourcing Decision-Making (Case Study: Yazd Textile Industry)
        شهناز نایب زاده علی مروتی شریف آبادی مریم گلشن
        The aim of the present research is The Role of Accounting Department in Decision-Making about Outsourcing in companies that activate in Textile industry in Yazd. The modelof this research has been formed with using variables, intensity of competition, firm size, firmper More
        The aim of the present research is The Role of Accounting Department in Decision-Making about Outsourcing in companies that activate in Textile industry in Yazd. The modelof this research has been formed with using variables, intensity of competition, firm size, firmperformance, cost leadership strategy and differentiation strategy as independent variable andparticipation level of Accounting Department in Decision-Making about Outsourcing asdependent variable. This research is applied research according to the purpose of research andAccording to research method is descriptive correlation. Required data is collected by usingquestionnaires and survey methodology. The statistical population of this research has beenactive companies in the textile industry in the city of Yazd and was used from Stratifiedsampling to select the sample and collected 175 acceptable samples. Data analysis wasaccomplished with using Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman. Research resultsshow that there are a significant relationship between intensity of competition and the firmsize with participation level of Accounting Department in Decision-Making about outsourcingand that there are not a significant relationship between, corporate performance, costleadership strategy and differentiation strategy with participation of Accounting Departmentin Decision-Making about Outsourcing. Manuscript profile
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        333 - Investigation of the accounting conservatism effect on decision usefulness
        Hashem Nikoomaram Hamidreaza Vakilifard Roohallah Dehghan Banadaki
        This study analyzes the impact of accounting conservatism on decision usefulness.The hypothesis of the study were tested by making use of the mixed data of thecorporations accepted into the Securities Market from years 1381 to 1386. Thefindings of the study show that ac More
        This study analyzes the impact of accounting conservatism on decision usefulness.The hypothesis of the study were tested by making use of the mixed data of thecorporations accepted into the Securities Market from years 1381 to 1386. Thefindings of the study show that accounting conservatism has no decision usefulness inthe Iranian Securities Market. In other words, against the given theory in the sharedconceptual framework, there were not observed any relations between conservatismand decision usefulness in Iran. It is possible that this issue is affected by theinefficiency of the Iranian market, which is dependent on some information other thanthe accounting and financial information, and is less affected by the financial andaccounting information. Manuscript profile
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        334 - Survey of Information Technology Effects on Voluntary Corporaye: XML and Its Effects on Digital Financial Reporting
        کریم نوروزی پور مهدی محمدی نادی علیزاده
        The contemporary phenomenon of market globalization, competition and technicaldevelopments have resulted in companies becoming more international in theirorientation and have also led to increased complexity in the business environment.While capital markets now offer un More
        The contemporary phenomenon of market globalization, competition and technicaldevelopments have resulted in companies becoming more international in theirorientation and have also led to increased complexity in the business environment.While capital markets now offer unforeseen investment opportunities, one importantdevelopment associated with these trends is the tendency of investors to be confrontedwith an abundance of information about myriad corporate activities. In addition tomaking the required compulsory disclosures, more and more companies are disclosinginformation on a voluntary business – presumably in the hopes that this extra datahasten the stock market to recognize hidden elements.In this article, we provide some insights into why the value gap is responsible forthe enhanced demand for extra disclosures. We explore the potentially critical impactof XBRL (extensible Business Reporting language) and XARL (extensible AssuranceReporting Language) on this topic. Finally, we present exist view about some of thelikely implication of the trend toward additional voluntary disclosures. Manuscript profile
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        335 - The study of investigating the necessity of utilization information systems in order to documentation in construction projects
        Mandana Jazayeri Ahmad Farahi Mehdi Norooz
        Construction companies in today's changing world filled a significant role in the processof global economy and the significant volume of liquidity of countries flows in thiscompanies.Nowadays, these companies are faced with a new condition. ON one hand, countries needde More
        Construction companies in today's changing world filled a significant role in the processof global economy and the significant volume of liquidity of countries flows in thiscompanies.Nowadays, these companies are faced with a new condition. ON one hand, countries needdevelopment of infrastructure and on the other hand, developments in global process have asignificant impact to them. These companies are constantly growing, but their durability andsurvival requires the use of modern management tools and information system, because ifthey can’t reduce the cost and increase the quality, they won’t have a place in competition.These companies should change their traditional methods to modern methods through acodified program and be prepared for upcoming situations. Technical documentation is aneffective solution to reduce the cost of constructional management that leads to Increaseproductivity also. Technical documentation is a branch of knowledge management fortransferring experience and tacit/objective knowledge among other projects.Due to the nature of constructional project, there is a need to information technology toolsespecially information system, for targeted, correct and complete documentation .In this study, the impact of information systems based on technical documentation, on theknowledge management cycle and consequently the technical documentation, has beenevaluated. This purpose achieve by scrutiny of using information systems in each cycle ofZack Cycle in knowledge management, which include collecting, refining, storage / retrieval,distribution and display data. It was concluded that it seems to be necessary using informationsystems commensurate with the activities of this type of projects, for preventing duplicationof many waste of energy and capital in construction projects, In addition, by using thesesystems, intangible assets resulting from doing this kind of projects that are typically highvalue and will be collected and used, which is important for knowledge managementI hope the result of this research be able to answer many of the problems in thedocumentation of construction projects, and leads to reduce futile repetition and cost. Manuscript profile
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        336 - The effects of judgmental biases on managerial accounting techniques
        فریدون رهنمای رودپشتی هاشم نیکومرام آرزو جلیلی
        The main objective of this article is to investigate the effects and consequences ofbehavioral biases – at the judgmental level – on managerial accounting techniques. Inthis respect, the individual judgmental biases – including: Over Confidence, Optimi More
        The main objective of this article is to investigate the effects and consequences ofbehavioral biases – at the judgmental level – on managerial accounting techniques. Inthis respect, the individual judgmental biases – including: Over Confidence, Optimism,Hindsight, and Representativeness biases, - are treated as independent variables, whilethe managerial accounting techniques functions– including: Budgeting and Forecasting,Evaluating the undesirable consequences of the risk, Performance Evaluation, TakingRisky Options, Ranking and Weighting the potentiality of the risk in different ventures,and feedback assessment of the risk potentiality, - are considered as dependentvariables.The Structural Equation Modeling Technique, with Maximum Accuracy (ML) hasbeen utilized for hypothesis test. The following results are the overall findings:1) The results showed that, there is an opposite relationship between OverConfidence and Optimism biases, on one hand, and managerial accountingtechniques on the other hand;2) A meaningful straight linkage between Hindsight bias and managerialaccounting techniques was observed;3) No potential relationship between Representativeness bias and the dependentvariable could be found; Manuscript profile
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        337 - The survey of effective factors on Equity Valution in the Presence of Accounting Noise (Empirical Evidence using profit Margins) in the accepted companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange
        عباس طالب بیدختی سمیه علیشاهی
        The main purpose of is studying effective factors on equity valution in the presenceof accounting noise ( Empirical Evidence using profit Margins) in the acceptedcompanies in theTehran Stock Exchange. Dependent variables in the present research market priceper share and More
        The main purpose of is studying effective factors on equity valution in the presenceof accounting noise ( Empirical Evidence using profit Margins) in the acceptedcompanies in theTehran Stock Exchange. Dependent variables in the present research market priceper share and the independent variables are: the book values per share, measures ofprofit for per share, deviation of the profit measures per share, the differencebetween net profit and measures of profit for per share. The main hypothesis of thisstudy includes a main hypothesis and three sub-hypothesis. The studied period of thestudy is 1381 to 1386 years and selected pattern includes 69 companies. In order totest hypotheses, since the analysis of independent several variables are effective toexplain or the dependent variable changes, the multi-variable regression was used.The results of the main hypothesis suggests that the gross profit deviation, the profitdeviation before tax deduction and net profit deviation have a positive significanteffect on market prices, and operating profit per share doesn't significantly effect onmarket price per share, but among three profit standards deviation that have asignificant relation with the market price per share, just gross profit deviation embedsinto the optimum and the AEK model, when j = 4, is complete and is as following:P=2772.88 + 2.19 EPS4 +2.92 DIF4+2.03 S4+ 1.61 BPSAEK model indicates that accounting noise more likely occurs in the gross profitand this finding these noise and can be effective for price adjustment of market price.The results of sub-hypotheses indicate that the book value per share, measures ofprofit for per share, the difference between net profits and measures of profit per sharewith market price per share has a significant relation. Manuscript profile
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        338 - Review and analyze the factors affecting the behavior of sticky costs
        مجید زنجیردار پیمان غفاری آشتیانی زهرا مداحی
        According to the importance of cost in profits, pricing , growing companies, and also theimportance of cost behavior for planning in the future; This study examines the sticky SG&Acost and cost of goodssold and the Impact of various characteristics such as number of More
        According to the importance of cost in profits, pricing , growing companies, and also theimportance of cost behavior for planning in the future; This study examines the sticky SG&Acost and cost of goodssold and the Impact of various characteristics such as number ofemployees current assets fixed assets and company debts on the bonding costs is studied .The applicable goal of this research is descriptive correlational nature that dataclassification, calculated variables and analysis of data are used from Excel and Spsssoftware.The results of this study according to seventy active productive company’s data in Tehranexchange for a period of 10 years from 1381 to 1390 which have been selected based on thesampling and systematic elimination.It shows that SG&A cost and cost of adhesion Goods sold is very high in cost of goodssold and indexes such as number of employees, company current assets and debts can beaffected on SG&A cost adhesion intensity on the cost of goods sold. However, the adhesionintensity of cost on current assets is less than fixed assets. Understanding these characteristicsand significant impact on cost behavior can help managers to have better analysis and morecomprehensive budgeting. Manuscript profile
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        339 - The effect of external auditor report paragraph on transparency of financial reports
        رویا دارابی عاطفه رضائی جعفری
        This research has been carried out according to the effect of independent auditorreport paragraph on transparency of financial reports of automobile andproducing segments companies group accepted in Tehran stock exchange frombeginning of 1382 to the end of 1388.The stud More
        This research has been carried out according to the effect of independent auditorreport paragraph on transparency of financial reports of automobile andproducing segments companies group accepted in Tehran stock exchange frombeginning of 1382 to the end of 1388.The study is carried out as Deductivework. This research from subject dimension classified in practical research anddescriptive - survey research.The results of research confirmed that independent auditors reports improve thelevel of statutory examiner remark to meeting and the external auditing reportsparagraph have decreased in automobile and producing segments companiesgroup accepted in Tehran stock exchange during 1382 to the end of 1388, relatedto that same topic each year in comparison with previous year, and also thementioned report causes omitting the items of auditing reports company’s annualgeneral meeting, and the board of directors do in order to eliminate theparagraph of auditing report.The main result of present research is that the paragraph of external auditorsreport cause transparency of financial reports of automobile and producingsegments companies group accepted in Tehran stock exchange. Manuscript profile
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        340 - Evaluation portfolio’s performance according to Sharp and Traynor ratio which selected based on accounting models of Intellectual Capital by using Grid matrix model H
        هاشم نیکومرام فریدون رهنمای رودپشتی هدی همتی
        Portfolio selection based on the active strategy, which is called Grid matrix model, cantake place based on various characteristics. This model seeks to identify a set of portfolioswith higher return than the market. In this study portfolios are selected based on type o More
        Portfolio selection based on the active strategy, which is called Grid matrix model, cantake place based on various characteristics. This model seeks to identify a set of portfolioswith higher return than the market. In this study portfolios are selected based on type of firm(growth, growth-value and value), type of stock (aggressive, defensive and neutral) andintellectual capital (IC) which measured by six accounting model, then their return wascompared to determine which one of them can lead to higher return.The data of the research is gathered from companies which listed in Tehran stockexchange through ٢٠٠۶-٢٠١١ by random sampling procedures. Returns of selected portfoliosare computed by Traynor and Sharp performance ratios. The Spearman Correlation test isused to test the hypothesis.The results show that portfolios which selected based on pulic model (sixth model) formeasuring IC in Grid matrix model, have higher return than traditional and new models ofGrid model. Hypothesis of study wasn’t accepted for the five other model in this study. Manuscript profile
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        341 - A comparative study of the impact of audited and non-audited earning on the stock value by considering the information asymmetry
        Hashem Valipour M. Javad Valipour
        The purpose of this study, in the first step is to compare the information content of audited and non-audited earning, in the relation with changes in stock value. In The second step is to examine the effect of the information asymmetry on the information content of the More
        The purpose of this study, in the first step is to compare the information content of audited and non-audited earning, in the relation with changes in stock value. In The second step is to examine the effect of the information asymmetry on the information content of the audit and non-audit earning.The statistical population of the study is listed firms in Tehran Stock Exchange. Based on applied criteria for selecting the sample, 214 firms selected over the period of 2 years from 1391 to 1392. To collect data was used of libraries method and for analyzing data was used of the regression analysis.The results indicate that the audit and non-audit earning has a significant positive impact on stock value. Also the findings, Implies that audited earning has more information content than non-audit earning. Other evidence also shows that information asymmetry has a moderator for relationship between the audit and non-audit earning with changes in the stock value. Manuscript profile
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        342 - The Implementation of the Time-Driven Activity Based Costing Model In the Manufacturing Companies
        سیداحمد خلیفه سلطانی مقصود میرزایی کلانی
        This research studies and compares the results of implementation of traditionalabsorption costing model and time-driven activity based costing model(TDABC) inorder to calculating the cost of products and services in the Pasargad Polymercompany. The fundamental hypothesi More
        This research studies and compares the results of implementation of traditionalabsorption costing model and time-driven activity based costing model(TDABC) inorder to calculating the cost of products and services in the Pasargad Polymercompany. The fundamental hypothesis of this paper states that the implementation ofTDABC model presents more relevant results than traditional absorbtion costing inthe above mentioned company. The data has been collected by library and fieldresearch methods. Then the collected data were placed in the two models and theresults of data processing were analyzed. The results show that the traditionalabsorption costing model over allocates overhead costs to the higher volume productsand services and overstates the cost of these products and services accordingly. Butthe TDABC model, the simplified one of traditional activity cased costing model,modifies the over and under overhead allocation by utilizing the time equations anddrivers and reports the cost of products and services properly.. The TDABC alsomeasures the idle capacity and its cost and can help the managers in evaluating theperformance of company's departments. Manuscript profile
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        343 - The Effect of Intellectual Capital on Management Accounting of Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange
        زهرا دیانتی دیلمی
        Along with expansion of knowledge-based economy, intangible assets, intellectualcapital of firms in particular, plays a key role in achieving a sustainable competitiveadvantage. Thus, this study has followed the impact of intellectual capital on the use ofmodern managem More
        Along with expansion of knowledge-based economy, intangible assets, intellectualcapital of firms in particular, plays a key role in achieving a sustainable competitiveadvantage. Thus, this study has followed the impact of intellectual capital on the use ofmodern management accounting tools according to the evolution steps of managementaccounting. Thus, we were trying to gathering parameters' data by frequent follow-upand visiting 105 firms listed on TSE but only 30 companies were willing to provideinformation.Data collected were analyzed by SPSS software. The results of this statisticalanalysis indicate that intellectual capital has impact on evolution of managementaccounting in sample firms. So that, The companies whit high level of human, physical,and infrastructure capital have a more chance to move higher up the evolutionary stepsof management accounting. In addition, among these 3 dimensions of intellectualcapital, human capital and physical capital, and ultimately the structural capitalrespectively has more effect on separation and development to higher stages ofevolution of management accounting. Manuscript profile
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        344 - Comparative Analysis the Power of Accounting and Non Accounting Informative Indicators in Explanation and Prediction of Stock Market Value Indicators
        فرشاد هیبتی محمد حسنی
        In the investment process, using the models that can assist investors to predict firmvalue is necessary. In this research, the power of accounting and non accountinginformative indicators is investigated in explanation and prediction of stock marketvalue indicators. Acc More
        In the investment process, using the models that can assist investors to predict firmvalue is necessary. In this research, the power of accounting and non accountinginformative indicators is investigated in explanation and prediction of stock marketvalue indicators. According to this, 30 variables are known as accounting and nonaccounting informative indicators and 2 variables of relative valuation models basedon price to earnings and price to book value are known as stock market valueindicators.In this research, at first, we use the accounting and non accounting informativeindicators to establish patterns that can explain relative valuation models based on P/E& P/B. The result of this analysis shows that compound accounting & non accountinginformative indicators have more explanatory power than both of these indicatorsseparately.Then, we examine the validity of prediction that is made by extracted patterns. Theresult of this examination shows that there is no meaningful difference between theaverage of predicted and real values in both predictive patterns of P/E & P/B. Manuscript profile
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        345 - Investigating the Relation between Applying Advanced Management Accounting Tools and Economic Value Added (EVA)
        Zahra Dianati Deilami Amir Alambeigi Morteza Barzegar
        In order to gain competitive advantage in current trade environment, modern management accounting approaches must be used. Correct use of proper management accounting procedure is expected to maintain companies in an acceptable level even in happening of depressions. Ex More
        In order to gain competitive advantage in current trade environment, modern management accounting approaches must be used. Correct use of proper management accounting procedure is expected to maintain companies in an acceptable level even in happening of depressions. Existence of modern management accounting tools (MATs) helps managers to achieve company goals better and in these goals increasing shareholders’ wealth and value of company is above all. Achieving the aforementioned goals can be put to test via capital markets and this matter is done by analyzing financial statements and via financial indices. Hence aim of this research is investigating the relation between modern management accounting tools and economic value added (EVA). In this article multiple regression is used and the data are collected from financial statements and questionnaire of 48 companies which were accepted at Tehran stock exchange before the year 1387 and have continued their activity constantly until the year 1392, and these data are analyzed by PLS. Results show that applying modern management accounting tools has positive effect which is equal to 0.263, on index of EVA. Thus, it can be said that applying accounting tools which are value-based, has led to improvement in performance of company in terms of index of EVA. Manuscript profile
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        346 - Evaluating influential factors in Environmental management accounting (EMA) adoption
        سیدامین عالمشاه
        Environmental management accounting(EMA) as a management tool assists in improvingfinancial and environmental performance through enhanced environmental accountability.This study accomplished with to focus of attention upon EMA, for to identify factorsinfluencing EMA ad More
        Environmental management accounting(EMA) as a management tool assists in improvingfinancial and environmental performance through enhanced environmental accountability.This study accomplished with to focus of attention upon EMA, for to identify factorsinfluencing EMA adoption. For achieving the research objective, established 6 hypothesises.For hypothesises testing, sent questionnaire to key personnel with three different functions(i.e. financial Manager, chief accountant and management accounting headman). After datacoding, those tested and analyzed by T-test. Results indicated 1)Low priority of accountingfor environmental costs 2)Resistance to conventional accounting practices change3)Efficiency or financial considerations 4)Expert member and resource constraints5)Difficulties in collecting or allocating environmental costs 6)External pressure, are factorsinfluencing the decision to adopt, or not to adopt, EMA in mentioned corporations. Finallyprovided suggestions made by this study for EMA adoption. Apart from the theoreticalextension to this area of research, the results and findings of this study supported the uses andapplications of EMA by our industries. Much more can, and should, be done by corporationsin relation to how they account for the environment. This can provide benefits not only for thesector itself, but also for the environment in which we live. Manuscript profile
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        347 - The associations between cost system complexity, purposes of use, and cost system effectiveness
        احمد خدامی پور بهنام کرمشاهی مازیار برهانی
        This research examines the associations between cost system complexity, purposesof use, and cost system effectiveness. For this research we used descriptive kind ofmeasurement method. First, factor analysis identifies two underlying dimensions ofcost system purposes of More
        This research examines the associations between cost system complexity, purposesof use, and cost system effectiveness. For this research we used descriptive kind ofmeasurement method. First, factor analysis identifies two underlying dimensions ofcost system purposes of use, which refers to the range (scope) of purposes for whichthe cost system is used, among nine widely used purposes; cost system usage forproduct planning and cost management purposes. Next, the effect of cost systemcomplexity and usage for product planning and cost management purposes on costsystem effectiveness, as proxied by the intensity of use of and level of satisfactionwith the cost system, was examined. The results indicate that at higher (lower) levelsof usage for product planning purposes, cost system complexity negatively(positively) affects cost system intensity of use, while at higher (lower) levels ofusage for cost management purposes, cost system complexity positively (negatively)affects cost system intensity of use and satisfaction. Manuscript profile
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        348 - Strategy, Strategic Management Accounting and Performance in the Companies Listed in Tehran Stock Exchange
        محمود موسوی شیری ماهرخ شاکری
        The relationship between strategy, management accounting based control systems andperformance has commanded significant attention in the accounting and management researchdomains. The main purpose of this study is to appraise whether strategic managementaccounting&rsquo More
        The relationship between strategy, management accounting based control systems andperformance has commanded significant attention in the accounting and management researchdomains. The main purpose of this study is to appraise whether strategic managementaccounting’s alignment with strategy can improve performance. Also, this study examines theimpact of strategic management accounting and strategy on the performance. For processingand testing hypotheses, regression and clustering methods are used. The final sample used forthis study consists of 41 companies listed in Tehran stock exchange. Also, data were collectedusing a questionnaire. Results showed that apply prospector strategy and costing techniques (abunch of strategic management accounting techniques) improve the performance. Also, thefindings reveal that strategic management accounting’s alignment with strategy improve theperformance. Manuscript profile
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        349 - The Effect of Accounting Conservatism On Reducing Stock Price Crash Risk
        جواد مرادی هاشم ولی پور مرجان قلمی
        The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of accounting conservatism onreducing stock price crash risk in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). The time period ofthis research is from 1380 through 1387 and the sample consists of 90 companieswhich listed in TSE over t More
        The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of accounting conservatism onreducing stock price crash risk in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). The time period ofthis research is from 1380 through 1387 and the sample consists of 90 companieswhich listed in TSE over this time period. The findings show that there is a reserverelation between existence of stock price crash event and accounting conservatismover the research period. In other words, the findings suggest that accountingconservatism has a positive effect on reducing stock price crash. The results suggestthe relation between conservatism and stock price crash event in companies with highinformation asymmetry isn’t significant, too. These empirical evidences show thatinformation asymmetry isn’t able to increase the effect of conservatism in reducingstock price crash. Manuscript profile
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        350 - The relationship of levels and components of reported earning to predict the value of the Company
        دکتر هاشم ولی پور وهاب رستمی علیرضا شهابی
        Net income and its components in the profit and loss account are presented, theprimary measure of financial performance is assessed which is very attractive forusers. So it seams essential that should review this attraction leads to an increase invalue for a company or More
        Net income and its components in the profit and loss account are presented, theprimary measure of financial performance is assessed which is very attractive forusers. So it seams essential that should review this attraction leads to an increase invalue for a company or not? Study for examining this issue is needed communitysurvey companies listed in Tehran stock exchange, based on condition intended toselect the sample, 49 companies during 1378, was acted. To gather information from alibrary method is used. Also for data analysis used regression.Research findings suggest indicates that the levels and components of the incomestatement information in connection with determining the value of the company areconsidered other. Result provider indicates that contact surfaces ad components forprofit and loss ratio of market value to book value is higher than Q Tobin. Manuscript profile
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        351 - Survey the role of budget settlement report in the implementation of parliamentary control over government's performance
        Karamollah Daneshfard Hasan Ghezelbash
        The budget settlement report is a tool for the implementation of the parliament'ssupervisory status and a instrument for the implementation of parliamentary control.Definitely, if the settlement budget is presented and sent to the parliament in a timelymanner, it can be More
        The budget settlement report is a tool for the implementation of the parliament'ssupervisory status and a instrument for the implementation of parliamentary control.Definitely, if the settlement budget is presented and sent to the parliament in a timelymanner, it can become an appropriate foundation for the assessment of government'sperformance and an indicator for many technical ideas and an index for manytechnical ideas and assessments of the government agencies and the ministries as aresult of which the accuracy of the government's operations will improve.Government's performance in this research has been operated by three-partmeasurement, including: government's accountability, reduction in violations, andusing this report in the future planing. In general classification of researchs,this studyis descriptive research and based on the method of the data collection,a field study,and also based on the nature of the goals applied .this study population is the country'saccounting agencies' experts in which the mass-questioning method has been used.The tools for the collection of data are the questionnaires whose validity has beenconfirmed by using the formal method and the reliability by calculating theCronbach's alpha and also the use of the accurate Fisher test. The result of the studyindicate that there is a significant correlation between the budget settlement and thereduction in violations and the government's accountability. However, as far as theeffect of the budget settlement report on the government's future planning isconcerned, the conclusions indicates that between the budget settlement report and thefuture government planning there is no significant correlation. Manuscript profile
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        352 - Evaluation of the opportunity cost in Jam Petrochemical Company Projects
        ابراهیم عباسی عیسی رستگار
        The purpose of this paper is evaluating of opportunity cost in jam petrochemicalprojects. The hypothesis of this research were investigated by using of Kolmogrov-Smirnov test ,Paired samples test and the Pierson correlation. The results due thestudy of 4 projects that w More
        The purpose of this paper is evaluating of opportunity cost in jam petrochemicalprojects. The hypothesis of this research were investigated by using of Kolmogrov-Smirnov test ,Paired samples test and the Pierson correlation. The results due thestudy of 4 projects that were started and finished during 2002-2006years demonstratedthat the real cost of all projects are over than their budgets. Also the opportunity costaverage of the projects are over than used expenditures. So the results demonstratedthat there is significant correlation among budget deviation , depreciation expense ,capital cost and opportunity profit with the opportunity cost. With study has beenconducted in JAM petrochemical companies projects can accept which reasonincrease of project's cost and tardiness is inexperience of internal contractor andnon-performance correct and complete map of project management Manuscript profile
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        353 - Accounting Engineering
        فریدون رهنمای رودپشتی هدیه احیایی
        Mathematics and quantitative methods have been always used in accounting. Bydeveloping these methods and their applications in different knowledge related tofinance, accounting related to these new methods have also experienced differentchanges. The cooperation between More
        Mathematics and quantitative methods have been always used in accounting. Bydeveloping these methods and their applications in different knowledge related tofinance, accounting related to these new methods have also experienced differentchanges. The cooperation between accountants, financial analyzers andmathematicians resulted to new methods in management accounting and evaluatingbusiness firms So we can introduce accounting engineering approach as "using theengineering and mathematical methods in accounting."In this article, the role of mathematics in accounting from beginning up to now, a briefintroduction of some new methods in engineering mathematics and the amount of itsusage in recent years was studied through historical method.The results show that, in recent years valuable researches have been done about usingnew engineering and mathematical approaches in accounting but there are thepossibility of further development which can result to extend the new applications ofmathematical methods in accounting and identifying the new models which canperform better in special occasions of decision making. Manuscript profile
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        354 - Inter organizational Cost Management: Its concepts, practices, and antecedents
        فریدون رهنمای رودپشتی رضا غلامی جمکرانی
        Management of costs that cross organizational boundaries is important because ofusing of agile production system and outsourcing have increased. Inter organizationalcost management (IOCM) has been used by organizations to achieve the collaborativemanagement of costs thr More
        Management of costs that cross organizational boundaries is important because ofusing of agile production system and outsourcing have increased. Inter organizationalcost management (IOCM) has been used by organizations to achieve the collaborativemanagement of costs throughout the value chain. The purpose of this paper is todefine the subjective literature of IOCM, practices, techniques, several constructs thatmay affect IOCM, and the benefits that result from its use. IOCM refers to a set ofactivities, processes, or techniques that managers can use to manage costs that spanorganizational boundaries. Inter organizational target costing, inter organizationalkaizen costing, open book accounting, and information sharing are IOCM practices.Internal cost management, absorptive capacity, and electronic integration are threeimportant capabilities to use IOCM. The results of study show that IOCM has thepotential to improve the overall performance of each firm in the value chain. Manuscript profile
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        355 - The effect of auditor's individual characteristics in desire to use and relying on decision aid
        امید پورحیدری سعید بذرافشان
        The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of auditor's individualcharacteristics (Such as experience and Confidence in personal judgment) in desire touse the decision aid and relying on the results of that. Data collection tool isquestionnaire, which has proved More
        The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of auditor's individualcharacteristics (Such as experience and Confidence in personal judgment) in desire touse the decision aid and relying on the results of that. Data collection tool isquestionnaire, which has proved its reliability and validity. To achieve the mentionedgoal, was used a decision aid that its usefulness was confirmed in previous research.The questionnaires containing decision aid were distributed between auditors. Dataanalysis was performed using the path Analysis method with Amos software. Theresults showed, with increasing the auditor's experience and addition with increasingauditor's confidence personal judgment, his desire will increase to use the decisionaid. This also led to less reliance by auditor on the results of the decision aid. Also theeffect of direct experience and confidence in personal judgment (withoutintermediate: desire to use decision aid) in relying on the results decision aid, theresults showed an inverse and significant relationship. Manuscript profile
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        356 - Theoretical Foundations of Corporate Social Responsibility and Research Paradigms in Professional Accounting
        یحیی حساس یگانه قدرت اله برزگر
        Wave of financial scandals and the collapse of large companies such as Enron , ArthurAndersen and WorldCom in the early twenty-first century , shows evidence of unethical andirresponsible business practices of the social dimension , and on the other hand , the influence More
        Wave of financial scandals and the collapse of large companies such as Enron , ArthurAndersen and WorldCom in the early twenty-first century , shows evidence of unethical andirresponsible business practices of the social dimension , and on the other hand , the influenceof corporations on global concerns and expectations of stakeholders are considered one of thebusiness units in the population is rising . Due to the effect of companies , led to theemergence of new and important concept in business literature is called social responsibilityand corporate sustainability .are .This paper describes the evolutionary process of the first generation of corporate socialresponsibility , an overview of the concepts , definitions , and also aspects of corporate socialresponsibility and sustainability reporting and disclosure in the words of the domain ofdominant should be presented. Manuscript profile
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        357 - Factors Affecting the Development of Entrepreneurship in Agricultural Advisory Services of Iran
        F. Kazemi Mianroodi
        Manuscript profile
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        358 - Effects of R&D spending and Spill-Over on Agricultural TFP in Iran
        Solmaz Shamsadini Saeed Yazdani Reza Moghaddasi
        Manuscript profile
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        359 - THE ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE STRUCTURE OF ARTISTIC-CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS (STUDIED CASE: The artistic-cultural organization of Tehran city hall)
        Ramazan Ali Royaei Seyed Mohammad Gharibian Lavasani
        In this article, in order to indicate the role of information technology in thestructure of artistic-cultural organizations, first the importance of the issue ispointed out, and the relationship between information technology and theorganizational structure are describe More
        In this article, in order to indicate the role of information technology in thestructure of artistic-cultural organizations, first the importance of the issue ispointed out, and the relationship between information technology and theorganizational structure are described, and then the importance of informationtechnology, its effect on the organization and its advantages are explained.Afterwards, the concept of organizational structure and its dimensions areindicated, and the reasons of indicating the research hypotheses on therelationship of organizational structure and information technology arepresented. According to the results from this investigation, it is clear thatimplementing information technology has led to the decrease of organizationalhierarchy, number of workers and number of organizational units within thestudied organization. Manuscript profile
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        360 - A Survey of Knowledge Management Functions at Universities (the Case study; Payam Noor University)
        دکتر میرحسین سیّدزاده
        The advancing role of knowledge,innovation and moden technology in makingstrategic advantages and also value importance of knowledge resource to manageorganizations leads to remarkable situation of knowledge management at strategicpolicy center of organizations.However, More
        The advancing role of knowledge,innovation and moden technology in makingstrategic advantages and also value importance of knowledge resource to manageorganizations leads to remarkable situation of knowledge management at strategicpolicy center of organizations.However,knowledge management can achieve goalsand objectives by direct effection on such concept as custemor-oriented,organizationallearning,cultural promotion,leadership,intelligent decision making,redesignprocesses,producing new knowledge,converting implicit knowledge into explicit.Alsoaccording to new attributes of PNU central organization,it seems knowledgemanagement is necessary to PUN mission and goal achievement.As result,the relatedliterature and variables are reviewed,conceptual model is designed,then it is tested indescriptive_analytical survey by PUN managers and practitioners. Manuscript profile
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        361 - Study of Women's Entrepreneurship in the Manufacturing Centers of Tehran and Suburbs
        دکتر مهرداد نوابخش مرضیه زارع هرفته
        The concept of entrepreneurship is rapidly gaining importance and recentlywomen's entrepreneurship has attracted many people around the world. Womenthrough entrepreneurship can show their potentialities, remove the obstacles andimprove their abilities.In the developing More
        The concept of entrepreneurship is rapidly gaining importance and recentlywomen's entrepreneurship has attracted many people around the world. Womenthrough entrepreneurship can show their potentialities, remove the obstacles andimprove their abilities.In the developing countries, women are considered as the main hope to improvethe status of the family as well as country. Through entrepreneur activities, womennot only provide economic profits, but socio-cultural benefits as well. The main objectof the present research is to examine the socio-economic developmental affects ofwomen's entrepreneurship.The sample consisted of 150 women chosen from prod using, industrial andservicing companies. The methods used are survey research and documental research,using written questionnaires and fish notes for gathering information.The analysis of information is arranged in four sections, including descriptivesection, testing the hypothesis correlation analysis and multivariable regressionanalysis. For testing the hypothesis Q.S statistical method were used, according whichall the hypothesizes were approved.In other words there was a relationship between individual (motives, objectivesand human capital) environmental (cultural and socio-economic factors) and networkfactors and entrepreneurship index.Regression analysis index of entrepreneurship's relation with independentvariables indicates that among independent variables, individual-personality factorsand network factors and cultural factors have interred the equation and thatenvironmental factors are of the main importance. Manuscript profile
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        362 - Managerial model of "cultural security - social" According to the identity elements in Iran
        Seied Reza Salehi Amiri Mohsen Ghadami Fateme Baratlo
        Security in here is society's ability to continue to evolve as part of his nature.Identify the Iranian elements of "social-cultural security" is presented in this surveyand also explained the procedure. Variables including national identity, ethnicidentity, religious id More
        Security in here is society's ability to continue to evolve as part of his nature.Identify the Iranian elements of "social-cultural security" is presented in this surveyand also explained the procedure. Variables including national identity, ethnicidentity, religious identity, modern identity. Validity and reliability of this instrumenthave already been confirmed.The theoretical frameworks are Parsons AGIL model, systems theory; Culturalmanagement to identify needs, Copenhagen school, or "Security Studies,Copenhagen, " and School of symbolic interaction.Ends statistical methods including factor analysis to confirm the structures, Methodsof descriptive statistics and correlation analysis of variance with post hoc tests, the Ttestcompared with the Friedman test is a constant.Finally, Variable elements of both ethnic identity and national identity as a strongsecurity culture - social and can be considered as a strategic variable in the modelmanagement of cultural- societal security is emphasized. Monitoring andmanagement pattern of adopting a strategic approach to the issue of identity andthe variables, the general attitude of plurality in unity is obtained. The policy ofdecentralization in the management of cultural security - in the community isemphasized Manuscript profile
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        363 - REVIEWING THE PRESENT MANAGEMENT METHOD BASED ON THE VIEW OF BEING AGENT AND SERVANT (Studied case: cultural center, subordinate of the artistic and cultural organization of the city hall of Tehran)
        Esmaeil Kavousi Seyed Mahdy Sharif Zadeh
        In this article, in order to answer this important question that “If managersshould devote themselves to the organization, or the organization should bedevoted to managers”, two approaches of “being agent and servant” leadershipare first defined, More
        In this article, in order to answer this important question that “If managersshould devote themselves to the organization, or the organization should bedevoted to managers”, two approaches of “being agent and servant” leadershipare first defined, then the most important effecting these two approaches aredescribed, based on the analytic model of investigation in psychological,structural and cultural dimensions. Following this description, considering thatthis investigation is conducted in cultural center, subordinate of the artisticculturalorganization of city hall of Tehran, and that the results from thequestionnaires are analyzed based on the hypotheses of the research, it isclarified that managers psychologically have the tendency of the approach of“being servant” in the studied society. Manuscript profile
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        364 - Designing & Presenting a Price Setting Model for Cultural Goods
        دکتر رمضانعلی رویایی دکتر علی رشیدپور
        This research aims to achieve the price setting algorithm of cultural and artisticgoods. It focuses on using mathematical concepts in qualitative elements and usingfunctions in real conditions. The research studies various viewpoints and theoriesabout the process of pri More
        This research aims to achieve the price setting algorithm of cultural and artisticgoods. It focuses on using mathematical concepts in qualitative elements and usingfunctions in real conditions. The research studies various viewpoints and theoriesabout the process of price setting, different methods for using the proper price settingmodel and the assessment models of cultural goods. This research is one from theapplicable researches and has been done through the mathematical model making.Questionnaires have been handed out to 52 students who majored in culturalmanagement and economics, also to experts from the Children and Teenager'sIntellectual Education Center examining the production of goods and to culturalproducers and consumers. Then the hypotheses of the research have been proved afteranalyzing the collected questionnaires. Manuscript profile
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        365 - Study the effect of entrepreneurship, as a cultural factor, on the empowerment of women
        Maryam Soufi Aliakbar rezaei
        Introduction and purpose: The most important factor contributing to the culture ofentrepreneurship movement from potentiality to actuality, the development of theentrepreneurial spirit of the people is through education.Accordingly, the present study was to evaluate the More
        Introduction and purpose: The most important factor contributing to the culture ofentrepreneurship movement from potentiality to actuality, the development of theentrepreneurial spirit of the people is through education.Accordingly, the present study was to evaluate the impact of entrepreneurship trainings, aswell as cultural factors, the promotion of women's empowerment is an attempt to answerthis question: If entrepreneurship trainings in” entrepreneurship center of Tehranmunicipality” on the empowerment” of women has been effect?Methods: In this study, 382 women living in zones 2, 4, 5, 6, 11 and 16 of Tehran wereinterviewed .201of them participated in entrepreneurship training periods and 181 womennever participated in entrepreneurship training periods. Sampling the whole number ofpersons in the first group and the second group stage cluster sampling was conducted .Results:In variable rates of women's empowerment, the average score of those whoparticipate in entrepreneurship training periods (99.74),was less than the average score ofthose who didnt participate (95.20), It can confirm the hypothesis that : there is a significantrelationship between the independent variable "entrepreneurship education" and thedependent variable" women's empowerment”.Conclusion: The empowerment of women is significantly influenced entrepreneurshiptrainings. High levels of psychological empowerment, social, intellectual independence anda sense of power among women participating in the courses , Tweets reveal the role of thistraining. Manuscript profile
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        366 - Studying The Present& Ideal positions Of Iranian Culture From Practionares& Elites’ Point Of View_According To Scientific-Domestic Indicators(Characteristics Of Society defined in Iranian Strategic Perspective Document[ISPD]) In Order To Administrate Cultural Management
        دکتر علی اکبر رضائی مریم بختیاری
        This research studies present culture and the ways toIdeal culture defined in Iranian Strategic Perspective Document [ISPD] by themethods of measurement.The purpose is”To represent a scientific-domesticpattern of culture, adjusted to [ISPD].So, the cons & pros More
        This research studies present culture and the ways toIdeal culture defined in Iranian Strategic Perspective Document [ISPD] by themethods of measurement.The purpose is”To represent a scientific-domesticpattern of culture, adjusted to [ISPD].So, the cons & pros of present culture, it’slevels, factors & indicators are defined by Edgar Shine’s view point.Then, Thefactors and Indicators of Ideal culture in [ISPD] is revealed by culturalelites’viewpoints.Materials&Methods: The collective data is analyzed by the statistic methods, thepattern of Ideal culture and its cons&pros are stated.Results&Conclusion: The findings try to decrease the gap between present andideal cultures via cultural management techniques in a frame of cultural strategy. Manuscript profile
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        367 - Triangle assertive of “Development dialogue and Relaxation and mutual respect” in the indicators of intercultural communications
        احمد ودادی حسین اخلاقی نسب
        Introduction and purpose: Indicators of cultural communications are assessment tools for regress or progress of that communications in the International Dialogue. in addition the indicators are support measures objectives for example: "dialogue and relaxation and mu More
        Introduction and purpose: Indicators of cultural communications are assessment tools for regress or progress of that communications in the International Dialogue. in addition the indicators are support measures objectives for example: "dialogue and relaxation and mutual respect " was detected in view Islam’s first development then triangle formed which the reference point there are in heads of course output of the triangle is to make a sound of Anti ‐war horn. As a result we say sovereign: "dialogue has been support of in beyond the borders of the Hejaz. Method: library resource and documents and experts. Results: 3 indicators dialogue and relaxa 􀆟on and mutual respect have been significant the 99% confidence level and have large share of measurement of research. Conclusion: Assessment tools for cultural communications are not only resistant to prevent a war between cultures. But collection of the tools in to a triangle is strongly field for international affairs because cultural discourse is replaced for cultural war. Triangle assertive of “Development dialogue and Relaxation and mutual respect” in the indicators of intercultural communications Manuscript profile
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        368 - The investigation of the impact of the cultural values on conservatism in financial reporting in listed companies of Tehran Stock Exchange
        دکتر هاشم نیکومرام سعید جبارزاده کنگرلوئی سعید خدایار یگانه
        With respect to major differences of religion, belief and cultural values indifferent societies, the expected result of advances in various fields including scienceand information technology, different cultures must move towards the integration ofcultural. In this regar More
        With respect to major differences of religion, belief and cultural values indifferent societies, the expected result of advances in various fields including scienceand information technology, different cultures must move towards the integration ofcultural. In this regard, financial issues are very important with the creation offinancial Multinational companies working in the different communities with differentcultures. The other hand, the value accounting can be a subset of social and culturalvalues that its characteristics will be visible in the financial reporting and accountingstandards. Therefore, researchers in accounting have done more research using theGray's model for the measurement of the impact of culture on accounting values. thisresearch have done for the response to this question that, do Hofstede's cultural valuescan affect on conservatism in financial or not. In order to test research hypotheses,were selected sample from among 107 member companies listed in Tehran StockExchange between 1380 and 1386. Subsequent, Conservatism in financial reporting ismeasured through Guly and Hine model (2007) and information of variables related toculture was collected through the standard questionnaire Hofstede (1991). Finally,correlation between research variables was examined through multivariate regression,Durbin - Watson and Pearson correlation model. hypothesis test results, although issimilar to previous research conducted in Iran from the point of correlation betweenvariables, but ultimately very weak correlation between culture variables andconservatism in financial reporting resulting to rejection of research hypothesis andrejection of significant relationship between cultural values and conservatism infinancial reporting. Manuscript profile
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        369 - Factors affecting the tax culture from the perspective of taxpayers and tax experts VAT Office in Tehran
        Mohammad Masihi Aboulghasem Mohammad nejad alizamini
        Introduction and Objective: Identify factors affecting the tax culture and solutions toimprove itMethod: The method used in this study is applicable, the type of data, quantitative and themethod of data collection, descriptive and correlational. Structural equation mode More
        Introduction and Objective: Identify factors affecting the tax culture and solutions toimprove itMethod: The method used in this study is applicable, the type of data, quantitative and themethod of data collection, descriptive and correlational. Structural equation modeling (SEM)method for the analysis of the conceptual model is based on the research data analysissoftware LISREL 8. In two parts: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural model. Inthe first part, the technical characteristics of the questionnaire with the reliability index,converged check and the second part of the structural coefficients were used to investigateour hypothesisFindings: The results show that one of the obstacles to the realization of income tax is thetax culture. Based on the results of familiarity with the rules, understand the people on theproper implementation of laws, a person familiar with the preferences, the process ofcollection, preservation and protection of the enforcement of law and respect of clients andtheir makers is an important issue affecting the formation of tax culture. The findings alsoshow that tax payers and law-makers do their job activities to be very important and equalmoral and religious values and tax crimes and violations of national and international knowthere's fitness taxConclusions: Our results indicate the positive and significant impact of knowledge of taxpayers satisfaction, job satisfaction, tax agents, will govern and, rule of law enforced onorganizational culture Manuscript profile
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        370 - The multiple relationships of organizational citizenship behavior and job satisfaction of Qaemshahr education and training staff
        K. Niazazari M. Abdollahi
        Introduction and purpose: In today’s , fundamental changes in job and employment,leading to the feeling of insecurity, the threat of reducing job satisfaction anddeclining morality. In this regard, by enhancing the organizational citizenshipbehavior, job satisfact More
        Introduction and purpose: In today’s , fundamental changes in job and employment,leading to the feeling of insecurity, the threat of reducing job satisfaction anddeclining morality. In this regard, by enhancing the organizational citizenshipbehavior, job satisfaction can increase.The purpose of the study was to examine the multiple relationships of organizationalcitizenship behavior (OCB) on job satisfaction of Qaemshahr education and trainingstaff.Method of the research: The study was a practical research and the crosscorrelationmethod is applied. The statistical society includes all education andtraining staff (100 ones) in Qaemshahr and 80 members selected for sampling. Inorder to measure OCB, Pudsakf questionnaire was used. JDI questionnaire was usedto measure the job satisfaction. For data analysis, regression coefficient wascalculated and T and F tests were performed.Finding: After the analysis of hypothesis, all hypothesis mentioned in this study,were confirmed and the results showed that there is a significant relationship amongeach variables such as, altruism, fairness, respect, honor and civic virtue and jobsatisfaction. Also for any changes in variables, job satisfaction increase respectivelyas, 1.23%, 3.09%, 1.52%, 2.09%, and 1.52%Conclusion: One of the basic strategies is to identify each variables theorganizational citizenship behavior and provide the necessary conditions forimplementing such behavior to increase job satisfaction. Manuscript profile
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        371 - An examination of the level of employment among Cultural Management students and graduates in the managerial and the cultural professions, and a proposition of some guidelines for efficient policy making
        سید رضا صالحی امیری علی ربیعی زهرا علاف بهبهانی
        Abstract Introduction and Research Purpose: This research intends for examination of the level of employment among the Cultural Management students in the managerial professions, as well as an appropriate policy making in the cultural sphere; hence proceeding a dis More
        Abstract Introduction and Research Purpose: This research intends for examination of the level of employment among the Cultural Management students in the managerial professions, as well as an appropriate policy making in the cultural sphere; hence proceeding a disquisition in this field, the present research states main guidelines for the efficient policy making as the necessity and purpose of the following research. Thus the examination of the conditions of employment of students of Cultural Management in the managerial and the cultural professions of the country, and proposition of guidelines for its advancement are the practical purposes of the present research Method This research, with regard to its purpose and essence, is a descriptive survey. The statistical population includes the students and graduates that are available of Cultural Management and Planning; between 1386 to 1391, subject at Islamic Azad University, Olum ‐Tahghighat Tehran Branch Iran Findings: Findings form this research demonstrates the fact that the extent of knowledge, the type of proficiency and skill, as well as the demand of the cultural associations and organizations are highly influential in employment in the cultural and the managerial professions. 48/4 percent of the employees have stated that in their workplace, Cultural Management subject belongs to the category of employing professions; in addi 􀆟on, 51/6 percent have declared a nega􀆟ve response to the same ques 􀆟on. The level of knowledge of 72.4 percent presents the highest, and teaching method with 53.1 percent presents the lowest average in the standards of employing students in the cultural and the managerial professions Conclusion: According to the findings from the research, the level of knowledge of the students of Cultural Management and Planning is more influential in their employment in related professions. Thus guidelines and fundamental actions and efficient policy making regarding the level of employment among Cultural Management students and graduates in the cultural association and organizations, is requisite in structural, political, programmatic, etc., levels.   Manuscript profile
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        372 - Studying the Relation between Leading Methods & Functions of Tehran's Cultural & Artistic Municipality Organization in Two Eras of Management
        دکتر ابراهیم عباسی سعید تیموری
        This research aims to study the relation between leading methods & functions ofTehran's Cultural & Artistic Municipality Organization in two eras of management;one, Mr. Karbaschy's era and the other, Mr. Ghalibaf's era of management. 45 expertsand executives of More
        This research aims to study the relation between leading methods & functions ofTehran's Cultural & Artistic Municipality Organization in two eras of management;one, Mr. Karbaschy's era and the other, Mr. Ghalibaf's era of management. 45 expertsand executives of Tehran's Cultural & Artistic Municipality Organization completedthe questionnaire. Using the Lone Test & T-Test, the following results were found:firstly, the leading method of each mayor was not very different from each other;secondly, the experts and executives believed that there was a meaningful differencebetween the two mayor's deeds in Tehran's Cultural & Artistic MunicipalityOrganization. Also, the correlation test has shown that the experts and executivesthought that there is a firm positive relation between the two methods of leading andfunctions in Tehran's Cultural & Artistic Municipality Organization during the time ofeach mayor's management Manuscript profile
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        373 - The Attitude toward Western Culture and Effective Factors on it among the Youth
        سروش فتحی مریم ثابتی
        Introduction and Purpose: The aim of this study is the evaluation of the attitude toward western culture and effective factors on it among the youth. In this respect culture is set of beliefs and values which are exhibited in conventions, language, literature, religio More
        Introduction and Purpose: The aim of this study is the evaluation of the attitude toward western culture and effective factors on it among the youth. In this respect culture is set of beliefs and values which are exhibited in conventions, language, literature, religion and other sentiments and cultural heritages. It affects peoples’ characters and invading it means a full-scale effort of a nation with its own culture to impose it to other societies. Method: The methods used in this study were predicative and surveying methods. A sample of 250 individuals was selected with a simple random sampling technique usingcochran’s formula. Findings: based on descriptive findings, 51% of respondents were male and 49% were female. The most male respondents (55%) were in age category 21-25 and the least (18%) were in 26-30 of age. Also, the most female respondents (53%) were in age category 21-25 and the least (14%) were in 26-30 of age. Conclusion: the analytical findings showed that there was a significant and positive relationship between the feeling of social isolation, feeling of social deprivation, access to western media, gender and feeling of social apathy and the attitude towards western cultures. Also there existed an inverse relationship between defected religious beliefs and western culture Manuscript profile
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        374 - Studying the Effect of Non-Governmental Organizations on the Cultural Behaviors of Young Adults
        دکتر حسین مظفر حسین قنادیان
        This research aims to study the effect of non-governmental organizations on thecultural behaviors of young adults by using the descriptive-analytical research methodto test the sample society which was the licensed members of non-governmentalorganizations ranging betwee More
        This research aims to study the effect of non-governmental organizations on thecultural behaviors of young adults by using the descriptive-analytical research methodto test the sample society which was the licensed members of non-governmentalorganizations ranging between ages 15 to 29. The 8 factors of logical behavior, group& contribution behavior, planned behavior, responsible behavior, civil behavior,strategic & hopeful behavior, extending behavior and appreciative behavior werestudied and then the research hypotheses were tested. The results have shown thatnon-governmental organizations do not effect the cultural-social behaviors of themembers and managing the cultural behaviors of young adults is useless; but, it canstrengthen social empowering, enforce the spirit of contribution and develop thepublic culture of the youth. Manuscript profile
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        375 - Management Geometry in Culture & the Shiite Civilization (Using the Right & Left Brain Hemisphere)
        دکتر عماد افروغ دکتر علی نوری مطلق
        This research studies the management geometry of Shiite societies and recognizesthe elements and relation & interaction process among management elements existingin the Shiite culture and civilization as a system by using the behavioral models of theRight & Left More
        This research studies the management geometry of Shiite societies and recognizesthe elements and relation & interaction process among management elements existingin the Shiite culture and civilization as a system by using the behavioral models of theRight & Left Brain hemisphere. The researcher uses the mathematical model makingmethod to present the management geometry existing in the Shiite culture andcivilization and to recognize the base convergence process and moderation point ofthe system. This research is a basic research and has been done through the case-fieldmethod. An open-ended questionnaire and a closed questionnaire were used to collectthe opinions of 15 professors and prodigies teaching different fields in variousuniversities. Finally, after analyzing the information given, hypotheses were provedand a management model was presented. Manuscript profile
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        376 - Reviewing the role of cultural industry in cultural development, and the emphasis on books and book reading
        Seyed Reza Salehi Amiri Zohreh Hossein Zadegan
        This article is written aiming to review “the role of cultural industry inculture development” and tries to emphasize mostly on the issue of“books and book reading”. In this research, in order to find the desiredmanagement models and the approach More
        This article is written aiming to review “the role of cultural industry inculture development” and tries to emphasize mostly on the issue of“books and book reading”. In this research, in order to find the desiredmanagement models and the approaches of development of books andbook reading culture in Iran, the data from the questionnaires distributedamong book publishers in Tehran city is analyzed in a surveying method,and offering some descriptive and inferential findings, it concludes thatconcerning increasing the book reading rate, the economical system hasalmost no role, social system plays a weak role, and educational andmanagement systems both have very important roles in it. Manuscript profile
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        377 - Assessment of the internet in cultural development
        فاطمه کبیری فر اصغر صرافی زاده
        This text aims at the assessment of the internet as one of the newcommunicative technology in cultural development. In the first place, this study triesto define two concepts of the internet and cultural development; secondly, it looksover the structure, features, advan More
        This text aims at the assessment of the internet as one of the newcommunicative technology in cultural development. In the first place, this study triesto define two concepts of the internet and cultural development; secondly, it looksover the structure, features, advantages and disadvantages of the internet. Afterward,to clarify the cultural development this article scrutinizes the role of the internet incultural and educational development as the main principle of cultural development.Finally, this study presents the result of a survey Manuscript profile
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        378 - Opportunities and challenges of the Islamic Propagation Organization for Planning Methods against diversion
        سید رضا صالحی امیری فاطمه مطهری
        Introduction and Research Objectives: The main purpose of this paper, the planning system to identify opportunities and challenges confronting the Islamic Propagation Organization styles of are misleading . Method: The main question is whether the paper between th More
        Introduction and Research Objectives: The main purpose of this paper, the planning system to identify opportunities and challenges confronting the Islamic Propagation Organization styles of are misleading . Method: The main question is whether the paper between the opportunities and challenges confronting the current system of planning and organization of advertising there is diversion? Results: The results of this research and development will be collected in the form of nine hypotheses. The final result is obtained in support of the rule, having a strategic plan of organization, knowledge organization tools and methods to deal with Nhlh diversion, the organization's existing resources in the virtual space, poor communication and interaction with other units of, the Islamic Propagation Organization, the capacity is relatively high in all educational and cultural products. Manuscript profile
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        379 - The Impact Rate of the Emotional Intelligence on Happiness between the Students of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch & Qazvin Islamic Azad University
        علی اکبر رضایی مینا قدمی
        ABSTRACT Introduction and Research objective: And also Happiness dimensions are as following: Identify, Health, safety, Money and perceived value. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of emotional intelligence on the components of Happiness be More
        ABSTRACT Introduction and Research objective: And also Happiness dimensions are as following: Identify, Health, safety, Money and perceived value. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of emotional intelligence on the components of Happiness between the students of Islamic Azad University, science and Research branch & Qazvin Islamic Azad University. Method: This research is applied in purpose and descriptive in implementation. It is a descriptive ‐measurable research. The sample volume was determined through Morgan’s table; and they were selected via stratified random sampling which was appropriate for the sample volume (347 people). In this research, the students of science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University & Qazvin Islamic Azad University, par 􀆟cipated in the Study based on 60‐item questionnaire, containing five different sets of items related to Self ‐Awareness, Self‐Control, Social awareness, Social Skills and Self ‐Motivation in related to Happiness. At first, we explained Research totality. Then we explained Research literature, Research method and Information Analysis. Findings: This research indicates direct statistical relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Identify, Emotional Intelligence and Health, Emotional Intelligence and safety & Emotional Intelligence and perceived value. But in the fourth hypothesis, this relationship was not observed with Money’s dimension. The results of regression analysis proved the fact that emotional intelligence effects on the components of Happiness in whole. Conclusions : Finally, This research indicates direct statistical relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Happiness between the students of science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University & Qazvin Islamic Azad University, and in the end, some suggestions in case of the results of the study have been proposed to the people and future researche Manuscript profile
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        380 - Survey of Create Electronic Journal database Of Islamic Azad University
        علی حاجی شمسایی صمد صبوری سروش فتحی
        The commission review and approval of Journal in Islamic Azad University issuepublication license of 221 Journals in Various scientific fields. Islamic AzadUniversity, Branches have published hundreds number of those Journals in throughoutthe country. since the Journals More
        The commission review and approval of Journal in Islamic Azad University issuepublication license of 221 Journals in Various scientific fields. Islamic AzadUniversity, Branches have published hundreds number of those Journals in throughoutthe country. since the Journals are valuable resources in research process and papersare the most reliable and latest specialized information .This study is intended toprovide Database design and creation of these electronic Journals , continuous , easy ,update and without limitation of time and space access to papers full text , Directcontact and cooperation researchers , teachers and students together inside and outsideof Islamic Azad university, distance search , subscription instead to ownership,citation analysis report of Journals ,selective dissemination of information(SDI) andcurrent awareness service(CAS) for researchers inside and outside of Islamic AzadUniversity. Manuscript profile
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        381 - Developing a New Dynamic Model for Art full Waste Management
        محسن قدمی میترا آفتاب آذری مینا قدمی
        Introduction and Research Objectives: The aim of this study is considering moral and intellectual human dimensions as one of the essential components to reach art full development. For this purpose, according to zero based theory induced by natural and living system More
        Introduction and Research Objectives: The aim of this study is considering moral and intellectual human dimensions as one of the essential components to reach art full development. For this purpose, according to zero based theory induced by natural and living systems cycle, we consider three cycles of production, distribution and usage and then articulate the behavior of variables affecting human development in a non ‐linear and dynamic space and therefore remind system managers and regulators of their roles. Method: This study is a theoretical‐applied research and its methodology, regarding subject and goals, is of cause and effect kind and its implementation is rather nonlinear mathematical modeling. In execution, the research method is a combinational method Results: In dynamic model, the sensitivity of subsidiary and fixed variables were analyzed by considering their cause ‐effect relations and the most sensitive one was identified. Considering the model, one can find that : a) In production process, the most important damages affecting on intellectual human dimensions are weak knowledge management, lack of capacity management, inefficiency of supervising system and distrust (prejudice), lack of pluralism, lack of comprehensive theory on health and weak policymaking; b) In distribution process, the most important damages affecting on intellectual human dimensions are unilateral transfer of information, Censorship, lack of financial support, lack of transparency, lack of capacity management, inefficiency of social security coverage system and offense; c) In usage process, the most important damages affecting on intellectual human dimensions are lack of motivation (no motivation), personal and mental causes and social cynicism. In spite of being distinguishable, behaviors are never similar and it is impossible to exactly specify their details. As behaviors are rather qualitative than quantitative In order to give a primary prediction, it is necessary to use non ‐linear planning and computer simulation to identify qualitative patterns and behavior as a whole. Manuscript profile
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        382 - The role of the “Institute for Intellectual Development of Children” in increasing the creativity level of children
        Shahnaz Hashemi Seyed Reza Salehi Amiri Leyla Babakhani
        This article aiming to review the extend to which the education ofcultural activities have in increasing the creativity level of children in the“Institute for Intellectual Development of Children” of Tehran province,analyzes the content of creativity tests o More
        This article aiming to review the extend to which the education ofcultural activities have in increasing the creativity level of children in the“Institute for Intellectual Development of Children” of Tehran province,analyzes the content of creativity tests of both groups of children who aremembers of these institutes and who are not members of these institutes.These investigations show that children who have regularly attended thecultural activities of the “Institute for Intellectual Development ofChildren” are much more creative than children who do not take part inthese cultural activities. Manuscript profile
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        383 - Evaluating the Role of the Islamic Culture and Relations in Cultural Interchanging with Other Countries
        دکتر سید رضا صالحی امیری سعید محمدی
        This research has concentrated on the study of Islamic organization, culture andrelations in interchanging cultural aspects with other countries in terms of culturalmanagement which could be known as a study of Iran's cultural relations with othercountries. This researc More
        This research has concentrated on the study of Islamic organization, culture andrelations in interchanging cultural aspects with other countries in terms of culturalmanagement which could be known as a study of Iran's cultural relations with othercountries. This research has been done through the measurement method and 210questionnaires were collected from cultural managers and counselors to analyze 60representatives of the Islamic Relations Organization. The conclusion was that thereare the necessary facilities and authorities for cultural interchange among differentcountries for the Islamic Culture and Relations Organization. But, designing theproper management model for specifying the complete cultural strategy abroad isessential which is only possible through using some kind of an influential culturaldiplomatic structure in various geographical regions according to the list of prioritiesset by the cultural management elements. Manuscript profile
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        384 - REVIEWING THE POSITION OF PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATION OF BOOKS AND GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES IN IRAN
        Seyed Reza Salehi Amiri Farideh Behbahanian
        In this article, the writer reviews the position of professional publication ofbooks in Iran and the effect government’s policies in this field. Studying thestate of governmental and private publishers and the role of each of them inprofessional publication, the w More
        In this article, the writer reviews the position of professional publication ofbooks in Iran and the effect government’s policies in this field. Studying thestate of governmental and private publishers and the role of each of them inprofessional publication, the writer reviews the methods of the government’ssupport of book publication, and discusses the positive points and the defaultsof these methods, and presenting a proposal model of the government’ssupporting method of the publication industry, the writer concludes that thegovernment should revise its policies, and in this revision: 1) the governmentshould quit being one-sided, and take all elements and factors of publicationinto consideration of these policies, and 2) planning a harmonizing structuresuch as The National Book Development Council in the country, it shouldexercise harmonious and cohesive policies in this field. Manuscript profile
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        385 - The role of the organizational commitment on IAU faculty members' participations in the cultural activities (Case Study: Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch)
        Ali Attafar Mahmoud Azizi
        This essay is going to survey the role of the organizational commitment in IslamicAzad University Faculty Members' participation in the cultural activities. Theorganizational commitment is defined to be assimilated with a special organizationor to be dependent on that o More
        This essay is going to survey the role of the organizational commitment in IslamicAzad University Faculty Members' participation in the cultural activities. Theorganizational commitment is defined to be assimilated with a special organizationor to be dependent on that organization. In this essay the commitment is dividedinto three parts such as normal, emotional and continuous commitment. The type ofrelation between organizational commitment and on IAU faculty members'participations in the cultural activities is main objective. The view points are 365members of IAU faculty members teach in IAU North Tehran Branch (management,social and Humanity College). The sample value according the Crèches chart andMorgan is 191 members.The researcher has used the questionnaire to gather the data and after analysis thedata he came to conclusion that all hypotheses have been proved. The conclusionsshow that there is a high strong relation between the faculty members ' emotionaland continuous commitment and their participation, but there is a strong relationbetween the faculty members ' normal commitment and their participation. Manuscript profile
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        386 - Studying the Relation of EQ & Job Satisfaction of Instructors & Their Success Level
        دکتر اسماعیل کاوسی ژیلا سرلک چیوایی
        This research aims to study the relation of EQ and job satisfaction of instructors &their success level. The sample population in this research has been the instructorsworking in the 4 regions of Ahvaz teaching in the educational year of 1386-1387. Thisresearch is f More
        This research aims to study the relation of EQ and job satisfaction of instructors &their success level. The sample population in this research has been the instructorsworking in the 4 regions of Ahvaz teaching in the educational year of 1386-1387. Thisresearch is functional and an analytic & cross-sectional study. The research methodwas correlational research method. According to Morgan's table of sample size, 266questionnaires were completed. Two questionnaires were used in this research; onewas the EQ questionnaire of Cyberia Shrink and the other was Hesburgh's jobsatisfaction questionnaire.The research results have shown that there is a meaningful relation between EQand the job satisfaction of instructors. There is also a meaningful relation between jobsatisfaction and the factors of self-acknowledgement, self-control and socialquotient/sympathizing no matter what the sex. Job satisfaction andsocial/communicational skills had a meaningful relation with the sex of instructors.There was a meaningful relation between the job satisfaction of male and femaleinstructors, but there was no meaningful relation between the EQ of male or femaleinstructors. Manuscript profile
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        387 - athology & Explaining the Political Culture of Iranian Governmental Organizations & Presenting an Influential model
        دکتر مهرداد نوابخش دکتر مسعود پور کیانی دکتر حسین شریعت
        This research focuses on pathology, explaining the political culture of Iraniangovernmental organizations and presenting the kind of the governing political culturein organizations. Then comes the analysis of the relation between political culture andorganizational infl More
        This research focuses on pathology, explaining the political culture of Iraniangovernmental organizations and presenting the kind of the governing political culturein organizations. Then comes the analysis of the relation between political culture andorganizational influence and the presentation of an influential model. The researchwas done through a descriptive-analytical method of co relational studies andquestionnaires were handed out to 30 prodigies and professors of the IranianGovernmental Management field and to 1451 employees of governmentalorganizations from 6 provinces of Iran. By analyzing the foresaid collection of theinformation and data, 62 of the damages from political cultures of the Iraniangovernmental organizations were classified which were in 3 phases of individualdamages, organizational damages and environmental damages. At last, the kind ofpolitical culture of Iran's governmental organizations has been partially assessed. Manuscript profile
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        388 - Reviewing effective factors on university cultural managers’ performances Studied cases: Branches of district 8 of Islamic Azad University
        karim hamdi Seyedeh Maryam Haeri
        In this article, primarily reviewing the issue of culture and theapproaches of propagating it, writers emphasize on that the key to achievethis goal is paying attention to the issues of “cultural management”; withthis preassumption , they review the effectiv More
        In this article, primarily reviewing the issue of culture and theapproaches of propagating it, writers emphasize on that the key to achievethis goal is paying attention to the issues of “cultural management”; withthis preassumption , they review the effective factors on universitycultural managers’ performances. This investigation which studies thecultural managers of Islamic Azad University, branches of district 8 asindividual cases, and analyzes the data using the inferential statistics,concludes that there is a link between the university cultural managers’performance and the individual characteristics, attitudes and persuasionsof cultural managers, organizational and environmental factors of culturalunits. Manuscript profile
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        389 - Investigation related to information technology supports knowledge management in in the Drug Control Headquarters (DCHQ) of the Presidency
        Syed Abbas Heydari Mohammadali Hassani
        Introduction and Objective: Today, organizations of all kind are subject to changeand the effects of using information technology in all areas of informationtechnology and communications is apparent with the arrival of major technologiessuch as information technology, a More
        Introduction and Objective: Today, organizations of all kind are subject to changeand the effects of using information technology in all areas of informationtechnology and communications is apparent with the arrival of major technologiessuch as information technology, and past experience are not efficient enough manyof the policies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-drug campaign in2012-2013, is an information technology with the aim to achieve organizationalmodel for supporting knowledge management.Methodes: The first phase of this study, information technology and informationtechnology Drug Control Headquarters (DCHQ) of the Presidency has been extractedand identified. The second phase of this study, in order to support models andknowledge management tools fieldwork was conducted. Based on data collectedfrom a sample of 226 managers, assistants, supervisors and staff narcotics, whichwere selected by random sampling, statistical analysis is performed. The data wereanalyzed using statistical software LISREL were.Results: The results show that knowledge management is supported by informationtechnology and the use of information technology there is a significant relationshipbetween anti-drug campaign.Conclusions:The results show that is a relationship between knowledge management tools andprocesses. According to the standard model coefficients can be defined as theweight of the components in the knowledge management process the mostimportant factor is that the conversion of knowledge and knowledge creation withthe lowest standard rate. Based on the findings of the model is verified using themodel. Manuscript profile
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        390 - میزان تاثیر تماشای شبکه‌های تلویزیونی ماهواره‌ای فارسی زبان بر سبک زندگی دانشجویان دانشکده مدیریت و اقتصاد دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران
        Paria Shahabeddin Bahareh Nasiri
        Media play a role of impulsive engine in creating and developing different lifestyle. Media,specially, satellite networks are the source of lifestyle formation of a lot of people in asociety. This research aimed to study the impact of watching Persian satellite televisi More
        Media play a role of impulsive engine in creating and developing different lifestyle. Media,specially, satellite networks are the source of lifestyle formation of a lot of people in asociety. This research aimed to study the impact of watching Persian satellite televisionnetworks on lifestyle of students of school of management and economics of science andresearch branch, Islamic Azad University of Tehran. This research has a functional aspect andthe data are quantitative and the research methodology has been cross-sectional survey.The statistical population of this research was all of the students of school of managementand economics of science and research branch, Islamic Azad University of Tehran. Theresearch sampling was stratified random sampling and the sample size by using Cochranformula was determined 345 students. For collecting data questionnaire was used and SPSSsoftware was used for analyzing the data. The analysis of data has been done at two levels ofdescriptive and inferential level. In the inferential level the Kolmogorov Smirnov test andPearson correlation coefficient test were used to investigate the research hypotheses.According to whatever were found in this research all of the hypotheses of this researchwere confirmed and as a result it can be concluded that watching Persian satellite networkshas direct impact on the lifestyle of the students. According to the major theory of this studythe more watching the satellite networks the more impressing the students by the lifestylesthat advertised in these satellite networks. The increasing of watching satellite networks hasbeen caused to increase the body management and as a result spending of leisure timeamong the students has changed, but the amount of cultural product consumptiondecreases. Manuscript profile
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        391 - Reviewing obstacles of investing in private sections of picture galleries in Tehran
        Farzaneh Chavosh bashi Morteza Shakeri
        This article is concerned with the issue of picture galleries, obstacles ofinvesting and contribution of private sections. In this respect, first wehave defined picture galleries, next described the quality of economicactivities in the fields of arts and culture, then e More
        This article is concerned with the issue of picture galleries, obstacles ofinvesting and contribution of private sections. In this respect, first wehave defined picture galleries, next described the quality of economicactivities in the fields of arts and culture, then explained subjects likeeconomical contribution and investing, privatization, artistic and culturalcontribution, and finally we have characterized visual arts and itseconomic dimensions. And presenting the research framework,hypothesis, questions and goals of the investigation, we have pointed outthe results from the analysis of the data. Manuscript profile
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        392 - Iranian Folk Dances, a Cultural Attraction for Tourists
        Arghavan Asadi Seyyed Saeed Seyyed Ahmadi Zavieh Abbas Ardekanian
        Introduction and Purposes: Iranian folk dances are derived from ritual and mythicalroots, which can still be found among locals in some regions; therefore as a legacythey own cultural value and have the potential to give the society and culture of itsoriginated country More
        Introduction and Purposes: Iranian folk dances are derived from ritual and mythicalroots, which can still be found among locals in some regions; therefore as a legacythey own cultural value and have the potential to give the society and culture of itsoriginated country a unique identity.Unfortunately this phenomena as a cultural product has become limited andundervalued. My purpose in this research is to recognize record and revive Iranianfolk dances once again as a cultural attraction for tourists.Research Method: This research has been gathered by qualitative descriptiveanalyticalmethod, using library documentation.Conclusion: Iranian folk dances with their ancient roots in culture just like all theother phenomena in folklore are derived from fundamental concepts of life andtherefore are compatible with the structure of lives, intellectual and morality ofvariant Iranian ethnics with themes such as happiness, lyrics, epics, battles and labor;because of this and also their positive enduring values they are considered as one ofthe cultural attraction of this land. Manuscript profile
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        393 - Assessment of Relationship between Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in Customer Decision Making Behavior in Travel around Ilam Province
        حمیده رشادت جو علی نعمتی زاد محمد ابویی اردکان
        The aim of this research is to consider and evaluate service quality and its relationship with customers satisfaction in behavioural decisions of the customers of travel agencies in Ilam. In theorical basics, concept and definition associated to service, satisfaction More
        The aim of this research is to consider and evaluate service quality and its relationship with customers satisfaction in behavioural decisions of the customers of travel agencies in Ilam. In theorical basics, concept and definition associated to service, satisfaction, behavioural decisions and research back ground are considered, This work is descriptive study as a type of correlation. Statistical population of this research was all of the agency customers that were call on this office in autumn and winter 1389 and were received service. The selected sample consisted of 200 persons. The tool for collecting information was questionnaire in this research which its narrative was considered by professional and experts views and its persistence was estimated by kronbakh ×coefficient (0/726). Then related ques􀆟onnaires were distributed among sample members. In order to analysis of results, initially we used smironv ‐ kolmogorov test to study data normality and it was found that data have not normal distribution. In ferential statical of T ‐test , ANOVA and multivariate reression were used to analysis data and hxpothesis testing. The results of this tests indicate that service quality have significant and positive correlation with customer satisfaction. ( α < /1) Also customer satisfaction have significant and positive correlation with behavioural decisions that have shown in detail in this study. Manuscript profile
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        394 - Relation between participative management and employee effectiveness of Culture Radio
        Behzad Asemannasab Fatemeh Baratlou Ali Akbar rezaei
        Participative management is a relatively new type of management, which together withrecognizing the importance of the workforce, is trying to seek solutions for the activepresence of the collective personnel in the organization.in recent years this concept which inone w More
        Participative management is a relatively new type of management, which together withrecognizing the importance of the workforce, is trying to seek solutions for the activepresence of the collective personnel in the organization.in recent years this concept which inone way based on solid views any, studied, and in another aspact ,is benefiting frompragmatic and useful methods ,has been adapted by many organizations with activities inproduction .based on this ,services and administrative fields, with successful results inincrease the level of effectiveness. Whether or not the organization is under study. has beenimplementing the participative management.And in what level; and if so, whether or not the participative management has any effect onthe employee`s elevation of effectiveness with the attention to the fact that the objectivefor this research is to observe the role of participative management in the organization,effectiveness, in order to achieve that, the "statistical research" method has-been used. thewhole body of personnel at "culture" radio network , have been studied in this researchingaddition to qualitative statistics which have been used to explain the research variations,tolerance statistics which are being used in this study are as follows spaceman bondagemultiplier test) in order to observe the relation among variations (two statement test)inorder to study the presence or participative management and the effectiveness of workforcein the organization the Friedman analyses variance test(in order to observe the importanceto the command measures in participative management and the effectiveness theexperimental results from the two statements test explain that participative managementand effectiveness of the workforce in the organization under study, has been practiced inlow level. Have shown that there is a high degree of coexistence between the aspects ofparticipative management) cooperation in decision making, targeting and control.as a wholeand to the full extent there is a high degree of coexistence between participative.Management and effectiveness in the organization Furthermore, the results from Friedmanvariance analysis test show that organizational commitment aspect among the effectivenessaspects and. Manuscript profile
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        395 - Survey and comparison of knowledge, attitude and skill level of the Master students of information technology management using virtual and traditional education in Islamic Azad University
        جواد مقدسی دکتر رضا نوروز زاده
        The objective of all educational system in different level is deployment ofchange in knowledge, attitude and skill of the students. The present study addressedthe survey and comparison of knowledge, attitude and skill level of the masterstudents of information technolog More
        The objective of all educational system in different level is deployment ofchange in knowledge, attitude and skill of the students. The present study addressedthe survey and comparison of knowledge, attitude and skill level of the masterstudents of information technology management using virtual and traditionaleducation in Islamic Azad University. The population for the study included 101members. Sampling is according to population. For gathering data a researcher-madequestionnaire was used. Reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.91.Statistical data was analyzed by t-test and man-Whitney test. The results show thatthere is no significant difference between the knowledge, attitude and skill level of thestudents using virtual and traditional education in Islamic Azad University. Manuscript profile
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        396 - How to Practice Knowledge Management in Education- Research Organizations
        دکتر زهرا برومند نگار آقایی فر
        This research was done to study the process of the knowledge management onwork in Iran's Industrial Management organization. Initially, the concept ofknowledge management, the educated organizations and the influential elementsleading to the success of knowledge managem More
        This research was done to study the process of the knowledge management onwork in Iran's Industrial Management organization. Initially, the concept ofknowledge management, the educated organizations and the influential elementsleading to the success of knowledge management have been briefly studied. Then,questionnaires were handed out to 42 members of the said organization and in theIndustrial Management Organization. The research was done through the descriptivemeasurementmethod of the field studies. In this type of research, the researcheranalyzes the information and research finding, proves his/her hypotheses andrecommends putting in work knowledge management projects in organizations,especially in Iran's Industrial Management Organization.v Manuscript profile
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        397 - Impact of Cultural Diplomacy on National Interests of Countries
        دکتر زهرا خرازی محمدوندی آذر
        Out of various forms of modern diplomacy, including public, media, andeducational diplomacy, cultural diplomacy is of special significance. Culturaldiplomacy allows countries to directly contact ordinary people and leaders of publicopinion by employing influential eleme More
        Out of various forms of modern diplomacy, including public, media, andeducational diplomacy, cultural diplomacy is of special significance. Culturaldiplomacy allows countries to directly contact ordinary people and leaders of publicopinion by employing influential elements of their cultures. Influencing foreignmasses and banking on their opinions at international level is a means of puttingpressure on their governments. The main question of this research is whygovernments publish their cultural information and values to international communityand why they believe that this will help them protect their national interests?The present paper will first discuss status of cultural diplomacy among variousforms of modern diplomacy before focusing on management of cultural diplomacy byvarious countries which seek to meet their national interests. Manuscript profile
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        398 - The Participation of University Students and It’s Role in Developing of Cultural Activities (The case study: I.A.U, Khalkhal Branch)
        مسعود اکبری
        This research indicates the participation of university students and its effects oncultural activities in advance.Therefore the concept’development’with all dimensionsare described in viewpoint of participation advantages. Consequently, the role ofstudents&r More
        This research indicates the participation of university students and its effects oncultural activities in advance.Therefore the concept’development’with all dimensionsare described in viewpoint of participation advantages. Consequently, the role ofstudents’participations in dealing with development of cultural management isdefined.Since the researcher attempts to find main barriers of this participation atI.A.U, Khalkhal Branch, then represents several suggestions for making studentsmotivated to participate in cultural activities.However, the ‘questionnaire forms’ aredistributed in 200students as statistical participation whom are studying at I.A.UKhalkhal Branch in mehr 88 (Sep-Oct2009).Finally, the data derived from questionnares is analyzed, and then the mosteffective factors of students’participations are found. Manuscript profile
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        399 - A LOOK ON FASHION AND OFFERING A PLAN FOR FASHION MANAGEMENT
        A. Rashid Pour A. Fardi Biranvand M. Masouri
        The present article which is an investigation in the field of fashion andculture, offers first a comprehensive definition of fashion and culture andtheir effect on the society, and then reviews the identity of fashion and itsvariety in different societies. Considering t More
        The present article which is an investigation in the field of fashion andculture, offers first a comprehensive definition of fashion and culture andtheir effect on the society, and then reviews the identity of fashion and itsvariety in different societies. Considering the way fashion and fashiontendency appears in different societies and the way it declines, this articlepoints out the importance and necessity of fashion management insocieties, and discussing the steps of management of the phenomenon offashion, it offers a managerial plan for it. At the end, it concludes thatcultural phenomena are manageable and controllable, and the problem offashion and fashion tendency should be directed and controlled. Manuscript profile
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        400 - Studying the Range of Relation between Organizational Culture Factors & Strategic Goals (Specifically Studying: (Tehran's Cultural-Artistic Municipality Organization)
        علیرضا مومنی
        This research aims to study the range of relation between organizational culturefactors & strategic goals(specifically studying: Tehran's Cultural-Artistic MunicipalityOrganization); to do so, the researcher has defined concepts such as organizationalculture, organi More
        This research aims to study the range of relation between organizational culturefactors & strategic goals(specifically studying: Tehran's Cultural-Artistic MunicipalityOrganization); to do so, the researcher has defined concepts such as organizationalculture, organizational culture factors & strategic goals and has presented a theoreticalframework for this very research through a questionnaire, an interview, studying theorganization's documents and understanding the organization's functional goals. Then,the data gathered were analyzed using SPSS statistical software and the hypotheseswere studied. The results have shown that there is a meaningful relation between theorganizational culture factors & the organization's strategic goals; also, all hypotheseswere firmly confirmed.The samples selected as the population at study were from different groupsconsisted of executives, supervisors, senior experts and cultural, artistic, religious,social, sport & educational experts of the organization. The results have shown thatthere is a firm relation between the organization's current culture and its goals whichhave been established by the initial pioneers of the organization. Manuscript profile
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        401 - Examining the Role of Human Resources in Hotel Ranking in Iran
        Amir Mohsen Madani Leila Bagheri NezamAbad
        Introduction and Objectives: People of different nationalities and ethnicities hotelnear term, so the hotels as a cultural institution, is at the forefront of culturalencounter as a showcase for the entire facade, reflecting the national culture of thehost country are c More
        Introduction and Objectives: People of different nationalities and ethnicities hotelnear term, so the hotels as a cultural institution, is at the forefront of culturalencounter as a showcase for the entire facade, reflecting the national culture of thehost country are considered. Maintaining mobility in the field of global competition,the need for attention to local and national features, standardization of hotelservices has doubled. Because of cultural attitudes, standardization is essential inbuilding a national brand.Research method: In this model, the best and most complete satisfying services forguests has a 100 percent points. This rate is the calculated score for the quality andquantity of service, 0.638 and the points calculated for architecture and building ofhotel is 0.362. The main parameter of the model is 71 and the number of sub- factoris 850.Research findings: According to the research conducted, the main components ofhotel ranking and classifying in Iran were determined and the importance of eachwere identified. Finally, some solutions are offered to improve the status of hoteland tourism industries in Iran .Conclusion: Inspection and investigate public and private hotels, away from thestandards in some indicators suggest, therefore all the stars did not show the correctdegree of hotels in Iran &Usually between 1 and 2 stars are added to the existing style of grading andstandardization meet the diverse needs of today's world, not tourists. The testresults show that the model structures, hotels, undeniable role in the developmentof cultural tourism, standardization and globalization are making a national brand. Manuscript profile
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        402 - Sociological study of cultural challenges the achievement levels of management in Iran
        اصغر مهاجری ناصر اقبالی فاطمه ملک محمدی
        “Society cultural system” based on the structure and its element, of employment and access of women to managerial levels is determined. The society cultural system is formed by the deep belief and frame, organizational network and micro- culture community. S More
        “Society cultural system” based on the structure and its element, of employment and access of women to managerial levels is determined. The society cultural system is formed by the deep belief and frame, organizational network and micro- culture community. Since each of these factors combined have organized two variables. In total the six independent variables describe and analyze the research issue in statistical society of Tehran municipality through their elements and indexes. With the discovery of reality which is based on scientific present study, cultural programming can be done until the women get the active participation condition in the development of the country process and play their worthy share to its accomplishment and the issue as a society concern is the necessity and objective of the present research. Combination of cultural development theories, cultural and organizational network with social psychology and personal and social skills, theoretical framework is built which support the research issue theoretical and conceptual and in the light of this the cultural challenges and barriers to women's access to managerial levels in Iran is properly investigated. Hypotheses derived from the theoretical framework of this study were selected 300 samples randomly from the 4347th person of the statistical population of Tehran municipality with benefit utilizing of methods and efficient techniques of research studied and were tested. The results and findings of the research in the context of describing the research sample population, explaining descriptive hypotheses, explain comparison - preference hypotheses, preferential-gender hypotheses, hypothesis of preferential of two-dimensional and finally to explain the mainhypothesis of research is reported and confirmed. The results indicate that culture, organizational structure and network have higher priority in achieving Iranian women to management levels. The cultural belief and faith of men and women about the cultural barrier associated with research issue is different. Manuscript profile
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        403 - Presentation of Cultural Development Management Model through Vision Document
        محسن قدمی میترا آفتاب آذری
        In this review article , first of all the subject has been explained & then, in orderto reply the question that by which model we can investigate & evaluate the rate ofattaining vision document target in the field of cultural development first theimportance of t More
        In this review article , first of all the subject has been explained & then, in orderto reply the question that by which model we can investigate & evaluate the rate ofattaining vision document target in the field of cultural development first theimportance of the cultural development has been pointed out & followed culturaldevelopment view points of respective authorities and describing the dimensions ofthe cultural development. In the conclusion the ways of creation and accomplishmentof the cultural development model has been explained. Manuscript profile
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        404 - Electrocatalytic properties of platinum and it's binary alloy with vanadium in oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)
        Mohammad Yari Sajjad Sedaghat Sherehjini
        Manuscript profile
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        405 - The effect of polylactic acid support in stability and electrical field of heterocyclic coupled hexa peptide nano systems: A novel strateu to drug delivery
        B. Khalil Hadad M. Monajjemi
        Manuscript profile
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        406 - NBO Analysis of Structural and Electronic Properties in B30N20
        Rahim Esmkhani Majid Monajjemi
        Manuscript profile
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        407 - Ab initio Study of Simple Mg-Ene Reactions of Propenyl Magnesium Halides and Ethylene (Type-I Intermolecular Reaction)
        Elahe Rajaeian Avat (Arman) Taherpour
        Manuscript profile
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        408 - Experimental and theoretical studies on green and efficient deoximation using H202 catalyzed by Montmorillonite-K10 supported MnC12
        M. Mahmoodi Hashemi A. Ezabadi Gh.R. Najafi F. Mollaamin M. Khaleghian R. Zhiani
        Manuscript profile
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        409 - Volumetric and viscometric studies of -alanine in water and ammonia solution at 293- 313K: structure making and breaking effect
        Adeogun Abideen Idowu Idowu Abidemi Mopelola Ahmed Sikiru Akinyeye Ayegbusi Samuel Temitope
        Manuscript profile
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        410 - Quantum mechanics investigation of acid dissociation constant of carboxylic acids in aqueous solution
        M. Khaleghian Gh. R. Ghashami
        Manuscript profile
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        411 - Structural Relationship Between Randić Indices, Adjacency, Distance Matrixes and Molar Absorption Coefficient of Linear Conjugated Polyene Compounds
        Avat (Arman) Taherpour Fatemeh Shafiee
        Manuscript profile
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        412 - Coating of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Human and Bovine Serum Albumins: A Thermodynamic Approach
        M. Keshavarz Z. Ghasemi
        Manuscript profile
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        413 - CATALYTIC REFORMING OF n-HEPTANE ON PLATINUMNIOBIUM SUPPORTED ON GAMMA-ALUMINA
        Mehdi Vadi Gholamreza Farmani Hamidreza Seyedjafari M. Sohrabi
        Manuscript profile
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        414 - Electronic transport in Si and Au monoatomic chains considering strongly correlation effect, a first principle study
        Mansoureh Pashangpour Vahid Ghaffari
        Manuscript profile
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        415 - Investigation of the Effect of Penicillin as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel Using Electrochemical Techniques
        M. Shahidi Gh. Golestani D. Ghazanfari
        Manuscript profile
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        416 - Potentiometric Study on the Interaction of Hexadecyl Ttimethyl Ammonium Bromide (HTAB) with Urease Enzyme
        Morteza Keshavarz
        Manuscript profile
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        417 - Investigation of Solvent Effects on Temozolomide anticancer drug (TMZ); An al initio Study
        F. Najafi L. Saedi F. Mollaamin H. Aghaie
        Manuscript profile
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        418 - Gyration Radius and Energy Study at Different Temperatures for Acetylcholine Receptor Protein in Gas Phase by Monte Carlo, Molecular and Langevin Dynamics Simulations
        M. Monajjemi A. R. Oliaey
        Manuscript profile
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        419 - An Ab Initio SCF-MO Study of Conformational Properties of (Z)- Cyclooctene
        Issa Yavari Hassan Kabiri-Fard
        Manuscript profile
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        420 - Binding Data Analysis for Interaction of n- Alkyl Sulfates with Insulin
        M. Keshavarz A.K Bordbar K Zare H. Aghaei
        Manuscript profile
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        421 - An Ab Initio SCF-MO Study of Conformational Properties of Cyclodeca-1,2,3-triene
        Issa Yavari Hassan Kabiri-Fard
        Manuscript profile
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        422 - Comparison of adsorptions of phenol,p-nitrophenol and 1-butanol on the activated carbon
        Gholam-Hossein Naficy Seyed, Saeed Reza Emamian
        Manuscript profile
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        423 - A simulation study of calcium release channel
        M. Monajjemi H.H. Haeri S.M. Hashemianzadeh M. Gholami K. Zare
        Manuscript profile
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        424 - Quantitative Correlation of Randić Indices and Adjacency Matrixes With Dewar Resonance Energy of Annulene Compounds
        A. Taherpour F. Shafiee
        Manuscript profile
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        425 - Nano Theoretical Study of NMR Shielding Tensors on Ginger Plant
        M. Monajjemi M. Sheikhi
        Manuscript profile
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        426 - Solvent Effects on Tautomeric and Microscopic Protonation Constants of Glycine in Different Aqueous Solutions of 1,4-Dioxane
        M. S. Mojarrad A. Shamel F. Gharib
        Manuscript profile
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        427 - Platinum Nanoparticles Deposited on Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups at Carbon Vulcane XC-72 as a Cathode Catalyst for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
        Sajjad Sedaghat Sharehjini Mohammad Yari Omid Moradi
        Manuscript profile
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        428 - Characterization of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) in Adsorption Gas: Monte Carlo and Langevin Dynamic Simulation
        L. Mahdavian M. Monajjemi R. Zhiani
        Manuscript profile
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        429 - Chromium (III) ion selective electrode based on di(benzylamino)glyoxime
        M. Kia H. Aghaie M. Arvand K. Zare M. Aghaie
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        430 - Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure Determination of Iron(III) Hetero-ligand Complex Containing Chloride, Dimethyl sulfoxide, pyridine-2, 6-dicarboxylate and Water, [Fe(Pydc)(DMSO)(H2O)Cl]
        M. Rafizadeh
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        431 - Quantum Chemistry Study & Evaluation of Basis Set Effects on Prediction of Amino Acids Properties:
        M. Monajjemi M. Karimkhan M. R. Gholami A. Ziglari K. Zare S. Afsharnezhad
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        432 - Study of Photooxidative Degradation of Reactive Dyes from Aqueous Solutions by UV/ C102 Process
        S. Hashemian K. Zare
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        433 - Topological Relationship Between Wiener Index in contrast to the Energy and Electric Moments in TUVC6I2p, ill with Same Circumference and Various Lengths
        Esmat Mohammadinasab
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        434 - Complexation of L-arginine and L-lysine by p-sulphonatocalix (61 arene in aqueous solution at different temperatures
        M. Faraji K. Zare A. Farajtabar F. Gharib
        Manuscript profile
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        435 - Removal of Cadmium Using a Novel Nano Composite, Silica Aerogel, Activated Carbon
        M. H. Givianrad M. Saber-Tehrani P. Aberoomand-Azar M. Hosseini Sabzevari
        Manuscript profile
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        436 - Solvent Effect Study on the Stability Energies of Glycine, Alanine and Valine Amino Acides
        F. Keshavarz Rezaei A. Taherpour M. Aghaie
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        437 - Computational Investigation on Alcohol Nano Sensors in Combination with Carbon Nanotube; A Monte Carlo and Ab Initio Simulation
        M. Falahati M. Monajjemi
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        438 - Introducing critical residues in the human prion protein and its Asp 178 Asn mutant by molecular dynamics simulation
        S. Mansouri
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        439 - Removal of betamethasone sodium phosphate from wastewater using zinc oxide nanoparticles
        M. Giahi H. Taghavi S. Habibi Habibi R. Sariri
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        440 - Impact of Lewis acid catalyst on the regioselectivity and kinetics of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azidobenzene with acrolein: a theoretical study using DFT
        F. Shams S. R. Emamian E. Zahedi
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        441 - Entanglement in the XZ spin chain model in the external magnetic field
        F. Soheilian M.R. Soltani M. Firoozi S. A. Hosseini
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        442 - Thermal negativity in a two qubit XXX and XX spin chain model in an external magnetic field
        M. Ghasemloo N. Nikdel M. R. Soltani M. Firoozi F. Soheilian
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        443 - Investigation of the Effect of Vanillin as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Stainless Steel Using Electrochemical Techniques
        M. Shahidi E. Sasaei M. Ganjehkaviri M.R. Gholamhosseinzadeh
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        444 - Derivation of ionization energy and electron affinity equations using chemical hardness and absolute electronegativity in isoelectronic series
        S. Kaya C. Kaya
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        445 - Modifications of Internal Molecular Structures of Asphalt Components Due to Physical Aging
        Iffat R. Arisa
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        446 - Catalyst of Ni and Co dependencies for carbon nanotube synthesis by CVD method
        Morrasa Amani Malkeshi Karim Zare
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        447 - Electrochemical and Quantum Chemical Study of Vanillin as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for AA6061 in NaCl Solution
        M. Shahidi R. Mansouri M.J. Bahrami S.M.A. Hosseini
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        448 - Theoretical thermodynamic study of CO and O2 Adsorption on Au14 Nano Cluster
        Somayyeh Ghasemlou H. Aghaie
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        449 - Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of Cd(II), Zn(II) and Ag(I) in different matrixes after solid phase extraction on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-coated alumina as their 2,3 Di Hydro 2,3 para tolyl Qinazoline (1 H)- 4 one (DPTQO)
        Farveh Raoufi Saidah Bagheri Ebrahim Niknam Khodabakhsh Niknam Hamid Reza Farmani
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        450 - A competitive Diels-Alder/1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of1-H-imidazole 3-oxide toward sulfonyl methane. A DFT study on the energetic and regioselectivity
        Saeedreza Emamian
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        451 - John Rawls’ Theory of Justice: From Moral Justice to Political Justice
        شهلا اسلامی
        The present article pursues the development of Rawls’ theory ofjustice from moral justice to political justice. Envolving Rawls'stheory of justice has two seminal stages. In the first, Rawlsintroduces fundamental concepts such as social contract, originalposition, More
        The present article pursues the development of Rawls’ theory ofjustice from moral justice to political justice. Envolving Rawls'stheory of justice has two seminal stages. In the first, Rawlsintroduces fundamental concepts such as social contract, originalposition, and reflective equilibrium; these concepts have moralphilosophicalcontent. In the second, represented in his politicalliberalism and justice as fairness, Rawls introduces concepts likepluralism, well ordered society, public reason, and overlappingconsensus. Explicating these concepts makes it easy to realize thathow Ralws's theory is developed. Having discussed thisdevelopment, the article concludes that also the second stage ofRawls’ theory has moral-philosophical content. Manuscript profile
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        452 - Personal Unity of Being and its Reflection in the Knowledge of One in Plotinus
        S. Morteza Hosseini Shahroudi Fatemeh Estesnaei
        There is no doubt that Plotinus believes in the intuitive unification, butfor some reasons such as totality and limitless of One, interpretation ofcausality to emission, non acceptance reincarnation and unity, nonindependence of Persons, knowing the manifolds as image a More
        There is no doubt that Plotinus believes in the intuitive unification, butfor some reasons such as totality and limitless of One, interpretation ofcausality to emission, non acceptance reincarnation and unity, nonindependence of Persons, knowing the manifolds as image and ray, ofone can infer personal unity from his expressions and its reflection inhis theory about the knowledge f One. He, on the basis of various kindsof souls, emphasizes on the diverse stages of Knowledge. According toPlotinus the One is utterly unknowable both intuitively andintuitionally, and the only way to receive him is to transcend Intuitionwhich represents the duality of witness and witnessed. As a result in thestage which correspondence to mystical inexistence there is only onereality percept. Manuscript profile
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        453 - Religious Experience and Perceiving God; A Critical Evaluation of Alston’s Theory
        بابک عباسی
        In his magnum opus Perceiving God, William Alston has tried to showthat one can be justified in believing some religious beliefs on thegrounds of some religious experiences. According to his theory, thosereligious experiences which have -phenomenologically- perceptualch More
        In his magnum opus Perceiving God, William Alston has tried to showthat one can be justified in believing some religious beliefs on thegrounds of some religious experiences. According to his theory, thosereligious experiences which have -phenomenologically- perceptualcharacters are entitled to play the role of ground for some other beliefs.This paper examines some of the main criticisms of this view, as wellas Alston's replies to them. Evaluating the arguments of two sides ofthe debate, the author puts forward his comments and criticism. It hasbeen finally concluded that as far as Alston's arguments are concernedhis main claim remains under question. Manuscript profile
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        454 - Operationalism: the Relationship Between Concepts and Operations (a Glimpse to Percy Bridgman)
        کیوان الستی
        What is the difference of physical concepts in physicians’ usage and inordinary people’s one? One possible answer could be that inphysicians’ usage of physical concepts every concept is its operationalmeasurement. But, for every concept there are diffe More
        What is the difference of physical concepts in physicians’ usage and inordinary people’s one? One possible answer could be that inphysicians’ usage of physical concepts every concept is its operationalmeasurement. But, for every concept there are different operationalmeasurements. Which one has to be proffered? The defenders ofoperationalism tell us that there is not a priori criterion for thisjudgment. In this article, after interdicting Bridgman’s operationalismsome of its advantages and disadvantages will be discussed. Manuscript profile
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        455 - The Beauty of Form and Reigidity of Content due to the rigour of the "Critique"
        Musa Akrami
        After looking at the development of the idea of writing the bookCritique of Pure Reason and the Features of its two editions, theauthor tries to show its beauty of form and rigidity of content. Then hePresents Kantian great project of evaluating the ability of Pure reas More
        After looking at the development of the idea of writing the bookCritique of Pure Reason and the Features of its two editions, theauthor tries to show its beauty of form and rigidity of content. Then hePresents Kantian great project of evaluating the ability of Pure reason,Critique of various kinds of specalative Knowledge, their possibilityor impossibility, the realm of metaphysics, Kant's hope formetaphysics entering upon the secure Path of a science andrepresenting it as a doctrine, and finally, the place of the book in theworld of philosophy Manuscript profile
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        456 - A Sociological Approach to the Relationship between Engineering and Society
        علیرضا ثقه الاسلامی
        This paper introduces the sociological approach in studying theEngineering as a social organization and evaluating the relationshipbetween engineering and society. The focus, here, is on qualifyingengineering education and training the engineers sensitive to socialvalue More
        This paper introduces the sociological approach in studying theEngineering as a social organization and evaluating the relationshipbetween engineering and society. The focus, here, is on qualifyingengineering education and training the engineers sensitive to socialvalues. First, I explain the relationship between engineering and societyin such extent that interacting each other. Then, it is claimed that therole of engineering is illustrated in details in the modern society ratherthan the traditional society. Introducing 14 social problems shows thatengineering is redefined more irrefrangibly to the social context. Itflows that most important achievements of the sociological approachwill be educating and training “engineer-sociologist”. The ideaengineer-sociologist is preferred as a strategic policy in the engineeringeducation by which is introduced the humanistic, ethical and socialvalues promotion in variety technologies and their applications inartifacts production and development. Teachers and students are themain practitioners in this education and research program. It is thusrecognized that interdisciplinary studies of the engineering andsociology as an independent and necessary filed where the socialproblems of the technologies and the engineering enterprises would beinvestigated Manuscript profile
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        457 - Quranic Method in Expounding Bases and Causes of Precepts
        S. Mohammad Ali Ayazi
        The discourse of dynamism of Islamic shariah is dependent uponpresentation of knowing bases of precepts especially its expressionin the Quran. Investigation and survey of the method of presentationof causes of precepts is considered as one way of knowledge anddiscovery More
        The discourse of dynamism of Islamic shariah is dependent uponpresentation of knowing bases of precepts especially its expressionin the Quran. Investigation and survey of the method of presentationof causes of precepts is considered as one way of knowledge anddiscovery of bases of precepts – a basis which can characterize themode of precepts in case of appearance of change andtransformation in social conditions.Quranic scholars who have dealt with juristic verses or rules ofdiscovering precepts in the Quran are less concerned with causesand the method of their representation. The present essay attemptsto take such a Quranic method into consideration in variousdimensions, to present characteristics of each one and the mode ofdiscovering its basis, and finally to offer a criterion for discoveringbases of precepts Manuscript profile
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        458 - Difference between Man and Woman in Compensation
        Sohaila Babivardi
        Killing is a phenomenon man has always been encountering. In order toprevent individuals from violating rights to others’ life, man hasexperienced and thought of various ways so far. Islam has also madespecial laws in order to prevent men from committing this unpl More
        Killing is a phenomenon man has always been encountering. In order toprevent individuals from violating rights to others’ life, man hasexperienced and thought of various ways so far. Islam has also madespecial laws in order to prevent men from committing this unpleasantphenomenon in such a way that the killing is committed deliberatelythe killer must face retaliation and if it is done unintentionally he mustpay blood money. Such a law-making is explicitly mentioned in theverse 92 of the second Quranic surah. The present essay expoundsperspectives of earlier jurists concerning compensation first and thoseof later jurists secondly, discusses juristic essential of man and womanbeing equal in compensation thirdly, explains juristic essential ofwoman’s compensation being half of man’s fourthly, and deals with thereason for difference between man and woman in compensation finally Manuscript profile
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        459 - بهکتی و عشق در عرفان هندی و اسلامی
        زهرا Hoseini hamid
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        460 - Could Negative Facts Solve the Negative Truths Problem?
        محسن زمانی
        AbstractThe truthmaker principle – which looks to be based upon a seeminglyplausible intuition – faces a number of troubles, including that ofnegative truths. According to the truthmaker principle, truepropositions are true in virtue of what exists. But, int More
        AbstractThe truthmaker principle – which looks to be based upon a seeminglyplausible intuition – faces a number of troubles, including that ofnegative truths. According to the truthmaker principle, truepropositions are true in virtue of what exists. But, intuitively, negativetruths are true in virtue of what does not exist. Adding negative facts toone’s ontology isa metaphysical cost that has been paid to solve theproblem of negative truths. In this paper, I firstly mention somepreliminary issues about the truthmaker principle. After enumeratingpossible solutions to negative truths, I will deal with the solution whichappeals to negative facts. Then I will argue that which kind of negativefacts does better its jobs. In the rest of the paper, I will disallow somepropounded difficulties with this solution. Afterwards, I will illustratethat negative facts face three new problems. Manuscript profile
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        461 - Demonstration of Kant's Theory on Transforming All Forms of Syllogism into the First Form
        Ali Akbar. Peyman
        In the beginning, syllogism, Kant's attitude, on syllogism, and its fourbasic forms are defined. Form Kant's view, only the first form issignificant and other forms can be transformed into the first one. Then,the various forms and formulas of Aristotelian - Classical lo More
        In the beginning, syllogism, Kant's attitude, on syllogism, and its fourbasic forms are defined. Form Kant's view, only the first form issignificant and other forms can be transformed into the first one. Then,the various forms and formulas of Aristotelian - Classical logic areintroduced. Finally, there is an attempt for demonstrating status oftransforming all forms of syllogism into the first form , i.e. Barbara, byrelying on formal language of mathematical logic, theory of sets, andespecially Van's diagrams. In each case, an example in natural languagefor a more accurate understanding is provided. Manuscript profile
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        462 - Aristotle’s Essentialism and Brian Ellis’s Scientific Essentialism
        مریم معیرزاده
        Essentialism like many philosophical subjects is rooted in the ideas ofGreek philosophers. This theory is related to the stability, motion andchange. In fact, a reasonable explanation of the motion and change wasinterest of philosophers. Aristotle's theory is in this fi More
        Essentialism like many philosophical subjects is rooted in the ideas ofGreek philosophers. This theory is related to the stability, motion andchange. In fact, a reasonable explanation of the motion and change wasinterest of philosophers. Aristotle's theory is in this field. This theorythat concerns to laws of nature was the most notable philosophicalachievements and metaphysical foundation for the science of that time.Aristotle was able to study species of plants and animals as a naturalkind because of variety and apparent difference between them. In hisview, any natural kind acts in goal-oriented. From this perspective,Aristotle’s essentialism has been criticism, so was not a serious activityon this topic till 20 century. Brian Ellis is formulated his scientificessentialism with offers to natural kinds and dispositional properties.He offers a variety of criteria for natural kind but he does not acceptbiological kind because it does not satisfy some of the criteria. Heclaims that his scientific essentialism is realistic. The natural kinds ofthis theory are in transition and interact to each other. What appearsdepends on a variety of roles of natural kinds that participating in theprocess. The paper presents two ideas of Aristotle and Ellis'essentialism and pays to new essentialism functionality. This studypresents why Ellis does not accept natural kind in biology even geneticstructure and unlike the traditional view, according to close relationshipbetween the definition and explanation, there is no such connection inEllis’s essentialism. Manuscript profile
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        463 - Kant’s Copernicusian Revolution
        لیلا نصیری حسین گلچینی
        Kant’s Copernicusian revolution is a well-known topic in history ofepistemology, though its implications and impacts are not welldiscussed enough. No need to mention that analysis of knowledge wasKant’s first philosophical self-commitment. Aspiring of Copern More
        Kant’s Copernicusian revolution is a well-known topic in history ofepistemology, though its implications and impacts are not welldiscussed enough. No need to mention that analysis of knowledge wasKant’s first philosophical self-commitment. Aspiring of Copernicus’srevolution in astronomy, he changed the centrality of subject/object inhis epistemological approach and maintained that mind (cognitivefaculties) must be departure of metaphysical analysis; that was arevolutionary idea. Doing so, he, as it is well-known, divided alljudgments from two different aspects: first, analytic/synthetic; andsecond, apriori/aposteriori. He, then, argued that there are apriorisynthetic judgments – by which the possibility of knowledge iswarranted – are universal and necessary. These judgments not onlyrefer to external world, but also belong equally to physics,mathematics, and metaphysics. He believed that his doctrine could(dis)solve the old long-standing epistemological problem in modernphilosophy such as the debates on source of knowledge(reason/experience), dogmatism/skepticism, etc., among rationalistsand empiricists. Although his ideas, specially stressing on aprioriconcepts as a key, help him to (dis)solve some epistemological puzzles,either reveal a few new problems in newly changed epistemologicalscope. Manuscript profile
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        464 - Collection and Compilation of the Quran
        Mohammad Sepehri
        The holy Quran is sent down to the holy Prophet, via Gabriel, atonce as well as during twenty three years of his prophecy.Subsequent to receiving revelation, the holy Prophet conveyedrevealed āyas to Muslims and then dictated them to “revelationwriters” in o More
        The holy Quran is sent down to the holy Prophet, via Gabriel, atonce as well as during twenty three years of his prophecy.Subsequent to receiving revelation, the holy Prophet conveyedrevealed āyas to Muslims and then dictated them to “revelationwriters” in order to put any āya and sura in its specific place underhis direct control. The question of this research is that when was thepresent Quran collected and compiled in this manner? Referring toboth Shiite and Sunni sources and relying on historical evidence andproofs, this essay holds that the Quran was collected in its presentmanner in the holy Prophet’s time under his precise control andsupervision Manuscript profile
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        465 - Harry Gordon Frankfurt on Love
        ندا مسلمی مالک حسینی
        Harry Frankfurt construes a different conception of love. He does notrecognize love as a response to the perceived worth of the beloved,because one may love something with no value at all. In contrast to thecommon belief that only valuable things are to be loved, Frankf More
        Harry Frankfurt construes a different conception of love. He does notrecognize love as a response to the perceived worth of the beloved,because one may love something with no value at all. In contrast to thecommon belief that only valuable things are to be loved, Frankfurtargues that we, by loving anything we want, make valuable what welove. Anything we love will necessarily be valuable to us because welove it. Frankfurt believes self-love to be the purest form of love. Weall see self-love as one of the goods that we care about. Love has fourmain necessary features. First, love is a disinterested concern for thewell-being of what is loved. Second, love is personal and there cannotbe an alternative for the beloved. Third, the lover identifies her or himwith her or his beloved; that is, they take the interests of their belovedas their own. Finally, love requires volitional necessities and we cannotchoose what to love. By loving we always pursue the final end, an endwhich has intrinsic value for us; it is valuable for its own sake, andthat’s why we always know which way to take and which desires tofollow. With love; then, we will not be affected with mental confusion;instead, we will feel a sense of freedom. The present article discussesHarry Frankfurt̉ s view on concept, significance and characteristics oflove. In spite of having a description format, the article includes inconclusion critics on Frankfurt̉ s view. Manuscript profile
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        466 - The Methodology of Justification and Critique in Sadrian Theosophy
        عبدالعلی موحدی
        One of the major issues in modern methodological discussions isthe method of justification in different schools of thought, whichwas formerly called “the why of justification”, that is, the reasonwhy something is justified. Defying the limiting methodologies More
        One of the major issues in modern methodological discussions isthe method of justification in different schools of thought, whichwas formerly called “the why of justification”, that is, the reasonwhy something is justified. Defying the limiting methodologies ofhis predecessors in justification, Mullā Sadrā makes methodologicaluse of his intuitive findings, on equal footing with demonstrativesyllogism. He resorts to methods of mystics in justifying thetranscendent theses in his philosophy. Moreover, in listing the basicpropositions, next to the first principles of the past philosophers, healso includes intuitive propositions acquired through the faculty ofillumination.Since Mullā Sadrā sought to found a novel system of thought, heconcerned himself with analyzing and criticizing otherphilosophers, employing logical methods in dealing with theirprinciples, arguments, and conclusions Manuscript profile
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        467 - Tabataba’i and his Successors Problem of Knowledge
        Ghasem Pour Hasan Darzi Maryam Solgi
        Tabataba’i has defined knowledge as the presence of one abstract inanother abstract. The first abstract which is the known has its existencein knowledge by presence and its essence in knowledge by aquintance.The second one is the very knower’s mind. Tabataba More
        Tabataba’i has defined knowledge as the presence of one abstract inanother abstract. The first abstract which is the known has its existencein knowledge by presence and its essence in knowledge by aquintance.The second one is the very knower’s mind. Tabataba’i and hissuccessors have deduced some argument in order to demonstrateabstractedness of the two mentioned case. It seems that suchargumentation would be the first step in ontology of knowledge. Othersteps and themes are the realms of being, overlapping of these realms,unification of knower and known and that of knowing [world], andreduction of knowledge by acquaintance to knowledge by presence. Manuscript profile
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        468 - Two Rival Approaches to Problem of Irreversibility
        سید رضا ملیح زهرا شجاعی
        With the discovery of second law of thermodynamics and the attemptto supervene it on the classical dynamics, the paradox of irreversibilityshowed up for the first time, as the laws of classical dynamics, incontrast to the second law of thermodynamics, were reversible an More
        With the discovery of second law of thermodynamics and the attemptto supervene it on the classical dynamics, the paradox of irreversibilityshowed up for the first time, as the laws of classical dynamics, incontrast to the second law of thermodynamics, were reversible andsymmetric with respect to time. In this paper, after reviewing theproblem of irreversibility, we pin down two rival approaches to theproblem. The first approach whose pioneer is Ilya Prigogine claims thatirreversibility arises out of dynamical instabilities defined as “disorder”at microscopic level. However, according to the rival theory, which isadvocated by Price and Bricmont, irreversibility at macroscopic levelarises out of specific initial conditions of the world. This is notcontrasted with the notion of irreversibility at microscopic level.Although the two rival theories are completely different with respect totheir theoretical foundations, I will show that one can trace a consensusin a view that reversibility is “practically in principle” impossible. Thisis the term I have coined for the commonality between the two opposedtheories Manuscript profile
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        469 - Al-ThaÊlabi and His Commentary „Al-Kashf waÊl Bayan `an Tafsir al-Quran
        Mehrdad Abbasi
        Abu Ishaq al-Tha’labi is a great Quranic commentator fromNishabour in the fourth and fifth centuries. His commentary entitled“Al-Kashf wa’l Bayan `an Tafsir al-Quran” has played a significantrole in the itinerary of writing theological books as w More
        Abu Ishaq al-Tha’labi is a great Quranic commentator fromNishabour in the fourth and fifth centuries. His commentary entitled“Al-Kashf wa’l Bayan `an Tafsir al-Quran” has played a significantrole in the itinerary of writing theological books as well as Quranicexegesis in late centuries. Reviewing al-Tha’libi’s scientific,cultural life shortly and introducing his works briefly, the presentessay introduces his most significant work, i.e., his Quraniccommentary, including a survey of his sources as well as hismethod, an explanation of status of al-Kashf wa’l Bayan in theQuranic exegesis, and judgments of Islamic scholars concerningthat commentary. Manuscript profile
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        470 - Semantic Account for Truth of the Sentences of Deduetive Disciplines: Based on Tarski's Ideas
        مهدی بهنیافر علی اکبر احمدی افرمجانی
        A. Tarski's truth- theory is based on classic conception ofcorrespondance-truth-theory and of semantics. The semantic impartof Tarski's study on truth makes his project distiguished from theother truth- investigations. One of the most issues which Tarskipays attention t More
        A. Tarski's truth- theory is based on classic conception ofcorrespondance-truth-theory and of semantics. The semantic impartof Tarski's study on truth makes his project distiguished from theother truth- investigations. One of the most issues which Tarskipays attention to it, is deductive disciplines. The deductivedisciplines consist in axioms (or postulates), primary concepts, andcertain derivation rules. In this research, first, we try to answer thequestion whether asking for truth of the sentences of deductivesystem such as mathematics and logic is correct and significant one.Second, after asserting postive answer to first question, in virtue ofTarski's semantical ideas, it is examined the ways by which isacommplished for truth of the sentences of sciences and deductivesystems. Such definition is based on Tarski's conception of"concequence" and "model" which are in accordance with hissemantic approach. Then it is mentioned that the semantic accountis in contrast with apodictic and syntactical ones which are not inaccordance with Tarski's semantic attitudes and didn't enclude allformulated theorms in deductive systems. Finally, the positivefeatures of the new definition for truth is explained and some(re)assessments and/or (re)evalutions are discussed. Manuscript profile
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        471 - Railton, Explanation, and Metaphysical Debates
        سید محمد حسینی مجید اکبری
        Metaphysical debate between realists and anti-realists is here at issue.P. Railton claimed that these debates reduced to explanation. All topicssuch as IBE, unification of scientific theories, science progress, conceptof observation, experimentation and primacy reductio More
        Metaphysical debate between realists and anti-realists is here at issue.P. Railton claimed that these debates reduced to explanation. All topicssuch as IBE, unification of scientific theories, science progress, conceptof observation, experimentation and primacy reductionism deal withand depend on explanation.Railton suggests that metaphysical debates on the alleged topicsreduced to explanation because it depends on our account (andunderstanding) of the world and its necessary persistent of phenomena.Since, our perception of facts of worlds come to date which are notneutral and value free, the conflict couldn’t remove. In Railton’s view,very conflict and challenge go head to controversies without anyplausible outcome. Manuscript profile
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        472 - Metaphysics in Daoism and Confucianism
        طاهره توکّلی
        The structure of Daoism is similar to that of Confucianism: both expressa this-worldly concern for the concrete details of experimental existenceand tangible phenomena for men rather than pursuing abstractions andideals, or setting up the logical and philosophical rules More
        The structure of Daoism is similar to that of Confucianism: both expressa this-worldly concern for the concrete details of experimental existenceand tangible phenomena for men rather than pursuing abstractions andideals, or setting up the logical and philosophical rules or dogmaticprinciples. Because of this fact, metaphysics in China is different fromwhat was discussed in Greeck or Islamic philosophy. Explanation ofUltimate Reality, including kind of sacredness, is one of the mostsignificant problems of ancient chinese metaphysics. In Daoism andConfucianism, two concepts can be considered from this point of view:Tian or Heaven and Dao. Both Daoism and Confucianism conceive theworld as the trinity of heaven, earth, and man, emphasizing theconstitution of harmony and consistency between them. However, thereexist serious distinctions especially in their interpretation of Dao.Confucius intended moral perfection and improvement of social systemand recognized Dao in depth of tradition and society; while in Daoism,Dao is the axis of everything and the mere Truth or standard man shouldaccept its harmonious flow and conform himself with it. As a result, man'sfelicity is perceived in nature not in society. In China, nature has a widemeaning, ranging from material phenomena to non-material ones in bothregions of heaven and human beings. Finally, Confucianism can beunderstood as a Humanistic school that pays attention to metaphysics justfor its influence on human being, and Daoism as a Naturalistic one inviteshuman being to discover the rules of sensible nature by a metaphysicalapproach Manuscript profile
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        473 - Libertarianism and Freewill: A Review of Kane’s Ideas
        احسان جوادی ابهری
        Libertarians on the one hand hold that free will is incompatible withdeterminism, and on the other hand free will is real and can be realizedeven in indeterministic conditions. Therefore, libertarianism tries toshow that firstly how determinism and free will are incompa More
        Libertarians on the one hand hold that free will is incompatible withdeterminism, and on the other hand free will is real and can be realizedeven in indeterministic conditions. Therefore, libertarianism tries toshow that firstly how determinism and free will are incompatible andsecondly how free will can be possible in an indeterministic world. Thesecond challenge seems to be more difficult than the first one, since inindeterministic conditions agent's actions and choices would seem to bematter of luck and not under control of the agent. Most of traditionallibertarians had tried to solve these problems by appealing to nonnaturalfactors. However, some people like Robert Kane have presentedtheir solutions without any explicit metaphysical presupposition. Theybelieve that modern sciences can resolve the problem of free well. Inthis essay, we will firstly explore Robert Kane's ideas and then try totake a critical view on it. Manuscript profile
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        474 - The Problem of the Unit of Selection and the Ontic Structural Realist's Solution
        ابوتراب یغمایی
        The variety of answers to the unit of selection problem threatensscientific realism both methodologically and ontologically. In thisarticle, I argue that the account developed by Elizabeth Lloyd justsolves the problem from methodological point of view and leaves theonto More
        The variety of answers to the unit of selection problem threatensscientific realism both methodologically and ontologically. In thisarticle, I argue that the account developed by Elizabeth Lloyd justsolves the problem from methodological point of view and leaves theontological side unsolved. I will show that getting rid of mereologicalmetaphysics and replacing it with ontic structural realism solve theproblem ontologically. Manuscript profile
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        475 - Max Weber and Heinrisch Rickert on the Distinction between Natural and Human Sciences
        Keyvan Alasti
        For explaining why "progress" in human sciences is not sensible likeprogress in natural sciences, there are two different approaches. In thefirst approach methodology of natural sciences is the same as themethodology of human sciences. But quality of one of them, i.e. h More
        For explaining why "progress" in human sciences is not sensible likeprogress in natural sciences, there are two different approaches. In thefirst approach methodology of natural sciences is the same as themethodology of human sciences. But quality of one of them, i.e. humansciences is lower than another. Proponents of this approach believe thathuman sciences are not "science" in the same way that natural sciencesare. In the second approach, human sciences are "science" in the sameway that natural sciences are. But their quality is different and so theirmethodology is different. Neo-Kantians like Wilhelm Windelband,Heinrisch Rickert and Max Weber are proponents of second approach.In this essay, firstly, I briefly examine the difference between methodsof two sciences and dichotomy between "explanation" and"understanding". Secondly I describe Neo-Kantian approaches and byintroducing new dichotomy proposed by Rickert and Weber, I examineMax Weber's ideas in methodology in details. Finally I come toconclusion that Weber's approach for social science is comparable withsome scientists approach in natural science. Manuscript profile
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        476 - The Ending of Divine Retribution in Ibn al-Arabi's Mystical Eschatology
        H. Siahkuhian
        The Constancy of Divine Retribution is an important subject inIslamic eschatology. This subject which is related to "the committer ofcardinal sins" has a special place in theological discussions. Ibn-al-Arabi among Islamic thinkers is the only one who belives in DivineR More
        The Constancy of Divine Retribution is an important subject inIslamic eschatology. This subject which is related to "the committer ofcardinal sins" has a special place in theological discussions. Ibn-al-Arabi among Islamic thinkers is the only one who belives in DivineRetribution no to be perpetual. He holds that Hell is a changeablephenomenon and anunstable affair. According to Ibn-al-Arabi viewpoint, the Divine Retribution finally will be transformed in to DivineGrace and eventually eternal peace(1) In Mechanics, Nature is regarded in the abstract, in the simplest andvaguest form of its idea -- that of externality. (2) Physics: In all thethree portions of mechanical Nature it is quantity and quantity only thatis exhibited. The matter which physics verifies is qualitative orindividual. (3) Organics, where Nature first acquires the character ofsubject, with the power which a subject has of gathering up all its partsor differences under its own control. Manuscript profile
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        477 - The Logic of Situation and its Appliance to Literary Criticism and Theories
        رهبر اشنوئی محمودزاده
        Much has been said in discussions concerning literary criticism fromthe position of the writer and the reader deciding the type of theexisting readings and claims in criticisms. But the problem is that theidentity of the writers and readers of various texts are not prec More
        Much has been said in discussions concerning literary criticism fromthe position of the writer and the reader deciding the type of theexisting readings and claims in criticisms. But the problem is that theidentity of the writers and readers of various texts are not preciselydefinite and determined in a way we could be able to establish ourcritic claims. How could we deal with such a problem and what mightbe the solution to it? The concepts such as “the real individual”,“typical individual” and the broader concept of “the logic of situation”have been applied here to find a solution to this problem and all thesediscussions have become an introduction to Roland Barth's “the deathof the writer” theory. And here Roland Barth's viewpoints can bechallenged. A study of Barth's theory according to the concept of “thelogic of situation” can lead us to results contradictory with those ofBarth's. In fact, the work done here in this article is that the theory of 'the death of the writer' has been applied to that theory itself; that is, theconsequences of Barth's theory have been studied independent from hisown intentions. Manuscript profile
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        478 - A Comparative Study of the Teleology of the Cosmos in Islamic Philosophy and Sunni Theology
        Monireh Sayyid Mazhari
        One of the general questions regarding the divine actions is thatwhether divine actions have any finality and destination or they are freeof any destination. The debate on finality and ultimate causes have avery strong connection with divine theosophy and is recognized More
        One of the general questions regarding the divine actions is thatwhether divine actions have any finality and destination or they are freeof any destination. The debate on finality and ultimate causes have avery strong connection with divine theosophy and is recognized as oneof the most valuable issues in theosophy; because if we deny thefinality and ultimate causes in the realm of existence, it would lead tothis conclusion that the cosmos would be void of a divine actor or anykind of actor. Hence, some philosophers and theologians have namedthis topic as " of wisdom transcendent God".(Lahiji, 1362, p. 73) Manuscript profile
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        479 - Amin Khuli and Founding Literary School in the Quranic Exegesis
        Morteza Karimi- Nia
        Literary school in the Quranic exegesis is among contemporarymethods rooted in the old tradition of Quranic commentary. Somesuch literary commentators of the second and third centuries as IbnQutayba, Abu `Ubayda, Abu `Ubayd, al-Kasaee, and al-Farra’ haveattempted More
        Literary school in the Quranic exegesis is among contemporarymethods rooted in the old tradition of Quranic commentary. Somesuch literary commentators of the second and third centuries as IbnQutayba, Abu `Ubayda, Abu `Ubayd, al-Kasaee, and al-Farra’ haveattempted mostly in expounding grammatical and sometimesrhetorical points of the Quran. In later centuries such an emphasisupon literal and rhetorical aspects has appeared more and more inthe works of al-Zamakhshari, al-Sharif al-Radi, al-Sharif al-Murtada, and al-Shaykh al-Tusi and sometimes has beenexaggerated in such Quranic exegeses as al-Bahr al-Muhit by AbuHayyan al-Gharnati. In the whole history of Quranic exegesis suchvarious tendencies has been called lexical commentary, syntacticcommentary, explanatory commentary, rhetorical commentary andsometimes literary commentary. In the present century theoutstanding Egyptian thinker and scholar Amin Khuli added anotherkind of commentary to that collection and called it literary school inthe Quranic exegesis. On the basis of that method in the Quraniccommentary, the primary gem of the Quran is its literary facet andthe commentator must attempt to attain literary, artistic corners ofthis book before anything else. Different aspects of Amin Khuli’sliterary theory in the Quranic exegesis alongside with a briefintroduction to his life and works are presented in this essay Manuscript profile
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        480 - Intersubjectivity in Life World of Husserl’s Phenomenology
        فهد حیاوی
        Transcendental Ego is the principle of principles that philosophizationof great philosophers such as Husserl has been based upon it. Husserl,too, as a follower of Descartes meditations and philosophy withattemption in intentionality of transcendental ego accepts it as t More
        Transcendental Ego is the principle of principles that philosophizationof great philosophers such as Husserl has been based upon it. Husserl,too, as a follower of Descartes meditations and philosophy withattemption in intentionality of transcendental ego accepts it as the baseof principles of philosophization and declares himself as a NewCartesian. In this study, the author develops an original reading of theCartesian Meditation. This text, far from giving rise to a“Transcendental solipsism”, leads to a constitution of intersubjectivityon various levels (“primordial”, “Intersubjective” et “Objective”). In itscenter, a “Phenomenological Construction” operates, i.e. amethodological piece that masters the genetic approach ofintersubjectivity. Closely following the “almost mathematical” rigourof this crucial text of Husserl’s phenomenology, in this way equallytackles the issue of the constitution of the experience of the other andthe truly intersubjective structure of transcendental subjectivity. Thisstudy concludes with the metaphysical results of the analysis of theexperience of the other. Manuscript profile
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        481 - Empiricism vs. Scientific Realism: A Historical Survey of the Developments of These Two Approaches until the Early Twentieth Century
        یاسمن هوشیار
        Scientific realism is the thesis that the claims of scientific theoriesabout the facts in the world are literally true. That the theoriessometimes even go beyond our sense data and experience in orderto give us an understanding of natural phenomena and their causes,and More
        Scientific realism is the thesis that the claims of scientific theoriesabout the facts in the world are literally true. That the theoriessometimes even go beyond our sense data and experience in orderto give us an understanding of natural phenomena and their causes,and that if we accept a theory as true, we are also committed to theexistence of certain undetectable things as the causes of thosephenomena.Although scientific realism as an independent area in philosophy ofscience is almost recent, as a general idea it can be detectedthroughout the history of western thought where it meets withoppositions mainly coming from the empiricist quarter.Searching through the history of thought and focusing on scientificexplanation as the main goal of science, this paper shows thephilosophical roots of these two approaches as well as their gradualdevelopment since antiquity through intricate evolvement into moresophisticated and systematic forms which emerged almost whenphilosophy of science came to be known as an autonomous field,the period within which the dominant approach is scientific antirealism.The writer is therefore concerned with three majorphilosophers of science, Mach, Poincaré, and Duhem, emphasizingthe main features and trying to come into certain conclusions aboutthe two approaches at issue. Manuscript profile
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        482 - Maddy’s Naturalistic Approach to Philosophy of Mathematics
        Omid Mohammad Heydar
        Naturalism is an approach to the world phenomena from perspective ofnatural sciences. This approach avoids any kind of a priori philosophy and, ingeneral, any alleged knowledge of what is supernatural. In ontology,epistemology and methodology, naturalism by no means rel More
        Naturalism is an approach to the world phenomena from perspective ofnatural sciences. This approach avoids any kind of a priori philosophy and, ingeneral, any alleged knowledge of what is supernatural. In ontology,epistemology and methodology, naturalism by no means relies onmetaphysics or any kind of knowledge beyond the framework of empiricalsciences neither on any method and criterion except scientific methodologyand criteria. Naturalism, in one of its readings, considers philosophy as abranch of empirical science or a field of enquiry within the framework of sucha science. Penelope Maddy’s works on naturalism, especially in philosophy ofmathematics which this thesis intends to expound, are the continuation ofQuine’s works. Quine, as a prominent naturalist philosopher, is thepropounder of effective and thorough theories regarding naturalism, realismand other relevant areas. Unlike the past philosophers and epistemologists, hedoes not seek any basis, for empirical sciences, stronger than science, so thathe always relies on findings of empirical sciences. Penelope Maddy startsfrom Quine’s naturalism and, in response to the questions posed by othernaturalists in philosophy of mathematics, looks for a fundamental method,emphasizing on the set theory as a crucial basis in her arguments. Maddybelieves that if a conflict arises between philosophical explanation andsuccessful mathematical practices, it is philosophy that should retreat from itsposition. Neither philosophy nor science can annul or change methodologicalprinciples of mathematics, both science and philosophy being metamathematicaltrials for mathematics. Maddy’s important achievement innaturalistic philosophy of mathematics is heterogeneous naturalism to whichhe referred as the Second Philosophy. She recommends only mathematicalmethods and issues, and believes that other disciplines are not in the positionto be able to criticize mathematics. Manuscript profile
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        483 - Wittgenstein and “Overview”
        مالک حسینی
        A very important element in Wittgenstein’s thought is “overview”(“Übersicht”). In the philosophical method of the so called laterWittgenstein this concept obtains special importance, and alongwith other concepts forms his method as a n More
        A very important element in Wittgenstein’s thought is “overview”(“Übersicht”). In the philosophical method of the so called laterWittgenstein this concept obtains special importance, and alongwith other concepts forms his method as a new one in the history ofphilosophy. Quoting Wittgenstein’s sayings on “overview”, thepresent article tries to introduce this main element of hisphilosophical method and to explain its significance for his idealphilosophizing. Manuscript profile
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        484 - Justice as Fairness, Political not Metaphysical
        محمد علی صافی
        Rawls’ thoughts can be divided into two significant periods. In his firstperiod, he is impressed by Kant’s ethical philosophy but in secondperiod, he goes far from abstract philosophy and tries to make histheory pragmatic, scientific and methodological. Most More
        Rawls’ thoughts can be divided into two significant periods. In his firstperiod, he is impressed by Kant’s ethical philosophy but in secondperiod, he goes far from abstract philosophy and tries to make histheory pragmatic, scientific and methodological. Most of philosophersin enlightenment and after, try to applied metaphysical presuppositionsfor establishing their philosophical frameworks. Many Philosophicalschools have been established by these presuppositions. Even somestates have been applied some of that schools same as utilitarianism.For instance: Immanuel Kant had been established his philosophicalframework by applying ethical doctrine or Lock had been establishedhis philosophical theories by different interpretation of Christianity.But is Rawls that he called himself as follower of named philosophers,imitate their method? Or same as his claim that: he tried to establish histheory without depending of any metaphysical presuppositions and justcall it merely political concept. In this article, firstly, introductory aboutLock’s theory of justification and Kant’s effect on Rawls has beenconsidered then; I just try investigating of Rawls claim of justice asfairness is political concept, not metaphysical. Manuscript profile
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        485 - Walter Benjamin and Reproducible Art
        زهرا کمالی مجید اکبری
        Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) was philosopher and cultural and literarycritic. In 1936, he wrote the essay titled "The Work of Art in the Age ofits Mechanical Reproduction". This essay has had a profound influenceon the approaches to art. His main concern was the change i More
        Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) was philosopher and cultural and literarycritic. In 1936, he wrote the essay titled "The Work of Art in the Age ofits Mechanical Reproduction". This essay has had a profound influenceon the approaches to art. His main concern was the change in thenature of the art in virtue of its technical reproducibility. Massreproducibility transformed both of the art reception and the impact ofartworks. The change in the impact of artworks on the audiences is dueto the substitution of the ritual function with exhibitional function.Benjamin believes that, which disappears in the age of mechanicalreproduction is the "aura" of the artwork. Mechanical reproduction inphotography and film has completed this process in which the auraslowly disappears. He maintains that, this new experience alters theconcept of art itself and recoils the function in favor of political andsocial behaviors; to say exactly, social function of art has changed fromritual to political one. He believed that, there is a hidden force inreproductive artwork in present age which can function againsttradition. Manuscript profile
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        486 - Laws and Necessity
        امیر کرباسی زاده
        In this paper, I offer a view of laws as descriptions oranalyses of fundamental dispositions. As analyses of dispositions,laws are metaphysically necessary truths. In the first section Iexplain what I mean by laws being property description. In thesecond section, I cons More
        In this paper, I offer a view of laws as descriptions oranalyses of fundamental dispositions. As analyses of dispositions,laws are metaphysically necessary truths. In the first section Iexplain what I mean by laws being property description. In thesecond section, I consider the possibility of being some necessarytruth can be known a posteriori and I claim laws of nature have thisepistemic status. In the last two sections, I try to accommodate myview on laws of nature with the modal intuitions about physicalnecessity that have lead many to reject necessary laws. Manuscript profile
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        487 - The Study of Dawkins's Simplicity Argument about the Emergence of the Universe
        علیرضا فرخی بالاجاده
        The English biologist and philosopher, Richard Dawkins, in hissimplicity argument claims that the basic rules of physics are simple, soit is actually more likely that the relatively simple laws of nature wouldbe came into existence for no reason than that they would be More
        The English biologist and philosopher, Richard Dawkins, in hissimplicity argument claims that the basic rules of physics are simple, soit is actually more likely that the relatively simple laws of nature wouldbe came into existence for no reason than that they would be designedby a God whose being would have to be more complex than they are.Thus, there is no God. By contrast, keith Ward and other theistphilosophers like Richard Swinburne and Alvin Plantinga withseparating "exclusive" and "inclusive" simplicity, defends from"integrative" simplicity of God. The existence of God integrates allelements, products of evolution and natural basic rules, in acomprehensive system, thus, it is simplest explanation, whileDawkins's materialistic view, is not enough explanatory. So "simplicityargument", is in fact, "the fallacy of simplicity". In this article, it istried to deny Dawkins's simplicity argument. Manuscript profile
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        488 - Inference to the Best Explanation
        رضا علیزاده ممقانی
        Explanation is one of the main purposes of scientific research thatphilosophers of science have paid attention on it. Inference to the BestExplanation (I.B.E) is one the explanation models for this aim. Here,firstly, a detailed account of I.B.E model is presented, accom More
        Explanation is one of the main purposes of scientific research thatphilosophers of science have paid attention on it. Inference to the BestExplanation (I.B.E) is one the explanation models for this aim. Here,firstly, a detailed account of I.B.E model is presented, accompanying witha few critical explications on it; secondly, we take a realistic approachtowards the topic in question; finally, we propose an epistemologicalsummary and solution to the problem Manuscript profile
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        489 - Nietzsche, Psychology and Ethics
        Dr.Tahere Mesgar Heravi
        This Article refers to Nietzsche’s opinions about ethics from hispsychological perspective to show how his thoughts of philosophy areinfluenced from this perspective.Nietzsche’s idea of " The Will to Power”, as a fundamental force indepth of the human' More
        This Article refers to Nietzsche’s opinions about ethics from hispsychological perspective to show how his thoughts of philosophy areinfluenced from this perspective.Nietzsche’s idea of " The Will to Power”, as a fundamental force indepth of the human's nature, that is hidden from consciousness,determines the human’s will and acts, and also with showing theimportant and influential role of unconsciousness in act of thought andconsciousness he presents a psychological interpretation of the human'sacts, and thereby challenges concept of transcendental ego, free willand finally ethics. In the following, by considering some of mainconcepts of the Nietzsche's standpoint of psychology, his commonideas in this subject with concepts of new psychology and especiallywith Freud's opinion will be discussed. Manuscript profile
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        490 - Avistotle, Ibn-Sina, and Spinoza on “Substance”: A Comparative Study
        مهدی اسعدی سید مرتضی طباطبایی
        Aristotle and Spinoza are two stream making Philosophers in thehistory of philosophy, and both has chosen the matter of substance astheir philosophical subject. The root of many disputes on a huge part ofwest philosophy can be obtained through comparing the characterist More
        Aristotle and Spinoza are two stream making Philosophers in thehistory of philosophy, and both has chosen the matter of substance astheir philosophical subject. The root of many disputes on a huge part ofwest philosophy can be obtained through comparing the characteristicsof the sub from their point of view. This is notable that thesephilosophers has some similarities in defining the substance, but theyget far from each other in defining the characteristics and instances ofsubstance. The article's first step to examining Aristotle's viewpoint intwo books of Arganon and Metaphysics, and analayzing Spinoza,stheory in book of Ethics. However, looking toward the meaning ofsubstance in the Avecina's custom context and expression, and hisinnovation can also help for better understanding of substance throughMashaism's views. The researchers scale for analyzing has been theamount of consistency of substance definition with the other parts ofphilosophical system. With examining the following the conclusionwould be that Spinoza's definition bears more logical stability andprovides a more solid system. Manuscript profile
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        491 - Classical Interpretation of Probability and its Problems: Philosophical – Historical approach
        Mansour Besharati Aghdam
        The subject of this article is about Classical Interpretation ofProbability and its Problems. For centuries, Classical Probability wasthe only prevalent approach in Probability theory. Because of someProblems and paradoxes in this theory, new interpretations wereintrodu More
        The subject of this article is about Classical Interpretation ofProbability and its Problems. For centuries, Classical Probability wasthe only prevalent approach in Probability theory. Because of someProblems and paradoxes in this theory, new interpretations wereintroduced by Philosophers and thinkers in the beginning of 20thcentury. In this article, we introduce the classical interpretation ofprobability from Philosophical–Historical approach and review itsproblems. We also review the frequency interpretation, logicalinterpretation and subjective interpretation as alternatives for classicalinterpretation. Manuscript profile
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        492 - Body in Suhrawardi's Philosophy and MullaSadra
        مریم عاطفی محمد سعیدی مهر
        Islamic philosophers, like their Greek predecessors, have discussedthe essence and quiddity of the body. Suhrawardi and Mulla Sadra,among the others, have proposed some ideas concerning the natureof the body and its characteristics. Suhrawardi considers the body inthree More
        Islamic philosophers, like their Greek predecessors, have discussedthe essence and quiddity of the body. Suhrawardi and Mulla Sadra,among the others, have proposed some ideas concerning the natureof the body and its characteristics. Suhrawardi considers the body inthree different stages: first, following the Peripatetic philosophy, hedefines it as a subsistence composed of "form" and “matter". Thenhe moves to regard it as mere magnitude. Finally, Suhrawardidefines the body according to his own illuminative principles as thecomposition of attributive light and dark substance. Sadra,according to his principle of the "principality of Existence", sees thequiddity of the body as something composed of matter and form,but its true reality is nothing but existence. In this paper, we arguethat there is not any contradiction between Suhravardi's differentviews depending on everystaye since each of them is proposed in aspecific context. On the other hand, we show that Sadra's existentialphilosophy, necessarily concludes to a result which the real essenceof the body is nothing than existence. Final section, we make somecomparisons between the views of these two great Muslimphilosophers Manuscript profile
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        493 - Mysticism and Fuzzy Thinking
        Hādi Wakili
        The article, tries to explore mysticism from a fuzzy thinking angle ofview and analyze it in terms of epistemic and social pathology. To dothis end, it undertakes first to define the notion and historicalbackground of the term "fuzzy" and then proceeds to describe thefu More
        The article, tries to explore mysticism from a fuzzy thinking angle ofview and analyze it in terms of epistemic and social pathology. To dothis end, it undertakes first to define the notion and historicalbackground of the term "fuzzy" and then proceeds to describe thefuzzy worldview. It then goes on to expound, what is meant by "fuzzylogic" explaining and proving its theoretical principles andfundamental theorems. While introducing the "fuzzy notion" andanalyzing its relation to categories such as "knowledge" and "hikma",the author goes on to discuss the relation between mysticism on theone hand and fuzzy logic and thinking on the other. Accordingly.mysticism enjoys naturally such characteristics that are in harmonywith corresponding ones in fuzzy thinking. For this reason, mysticismshould be considered as a quasi- fuzzy thinking. Manuscript profile
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        494 - Ellery Eells on Probabilistic Causation
        منصوره قبدیان
        In this research, the theory of probabilistic causation is investigated.The main idea of this theory is that the cause changes the probability ofhappening effect. The causation in this theory is introduced as anobjective relation and it is based on inherent properties. More
        In this research, the theory of probabilistic causation is investigated.The main idea of this theory is that the cause changes the probability ofhappening effect. The causation in this theory is introduced as anobjective relation and it is based on inherent properties. The causalrelation is attended in type level. Otherwise human cognition of naturalphenomena is not definite and determined; the process of cognition isapproximated to the truth. In another words, with the acceptance offault of human cognition, man suggests a probable frame forexplanation of his findings. Probabilistic causation uses the probabilitytheory as a tool for explaining the relationship between cause andeffect. Probabilistic causation is proposed in two levels: type level(General causal) and token levels (Singular causal). In this research,like Eells’s approach, probability causation relationship in type leveland it is considered in General causal meaning. Causal relation isconsidered as typical factor or Property. There are two differentinterpretations: objective interpretation and subjective interpretation.What is explored in this research is objective interpretation in the frameof frequency-propensity interpretation. The main question in thisresearch is consideration in the sense of probabilistic causation theoryand pondering the capability and merits of this concept in against withontological and epistemological challenges. Manuscript profile
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        495 - Duhem and Scientific Realism
        مریم قاسمی نراقی
        Duhem’s viewpoint about physics is a systematic and mathematical onethat surely somehow has effected to his philosophical explanation ofscientific theories. For Duhem, the aim of science is classifying thephenomena in a good mathematical frame in which it could id More
        Duhem’s viewpoint about physics is a systematic and mathematical onethat surely somehow has effected to his philosophical explanation ofscientific theories. For Duhem, the aim of science is classifying thephenomena in a good mathematical frame in which it could identify thereal relationships among the theoretical identities without manifestingthem. Theories are not only full boxes of phenomena classified toolsthat are proper for today and improper for tomorrow. The mostimportant characteristic of a scientific theory is to predict phenomenaand experimental laws that is not discovered, but what is effective inthis novel predict is the relationship between identities. In the view ofontology, scientific theories make no commitment for theoreticalidentities. In spite that Duhem is a scientific historian, and by searchingin his works and ideas we can’t clearly say Duhem is the realist or theinstrumenalist about scientific theories. Even some believe that he istried to find a way between realism and instumentalism. In this paper,at first Duhem ideas about the aim and structure of physical theory willbe surveyed. Then by some pro and opponent ideas with Duhem'srealism we will demonstrate his ideas about scientific theories has moretendencies to structure realism. Manuscript profile
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        496 - Ghaznawides and Philosophy and Theology in Khorasan and Transoxania
        Dr. Mahbub Mahdavian
        The lands of Khorasan and Transoxania before Islam were one of theimportant scientific and cultural centers of Iran, and had an outstandingrole in ruling Abbasides during the Isiamic era. Because of this, Theyhave been one of the pioneering lands in the world of Islam, More
        The lands of Khorasan and Transoxania before Islam were one of theimportant scientific and cultural centers of Iran, and had an outstandingrole in ruling Abbasides during the Isiamic era. Because of this, Theyhave been one of the pioneering lands in the world of Islam, from notonly political but also scientific and cultural points of view, particularlyin philosophy and theology. Ghaznawhdes government was one of themost important governments that ruled the entire of this land duringtheir authority. in this article, it has been attempted to survey andanalyze the role of Ghaznawides in the development of philosophy andtheology in Khorasan and Transoxania which led to the suppression ofphilosophy, Ismailism and Mutazilites, and strengthening of theologicalcastes of karramites and Ashrites. Manuscript profile
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        497 - The Impasse of the Text in Margins A Response to “An Inquiry into the Possibility of so Translating Heidegger’s Sein und Zeit into Persian that such a Book Deserves” written by P. Zia’ Shahabi
        سیاوش جمادی
        The article written by P. Zia’ Shahabi consists mainly of a critique of twoPersian translations of Heidegger’s Being and Time, which have beenrecently published. My article is not as a response to his whole article;rather, it is a response to that part of hi More
        The article written by P. Zia’ Shahabi consists mainly of a critique of twoPersian translations of Heidegger’s Being and Time, which have beenrecently published. My article is not as a response to his whole article;rather, it is a response to that part of his article which is directly concernedto my translation. I also assess his critique and method in general. Noneed to say that any point of his critique which is correct is boldlyacknowledged and appreciated. Some points are incorrect which arerefuted through exposing sufficient argumentation (or reasoning). Someother points which seem neither correct nor incorrect, stimulating me tomodify my translation, are explicated. (I, of course, do so accompanyingwith appreciation and thanks!)Saying thanks is not formal and a mere nonsensical appreciation, thoughsuch a formality is in vogue. Wherever there is philosophical thinking ,particularly phenomenological thinking, whatever is “hors de sujet”,including personal implausibility and individual pain, ought to bedismissed. According to Aristotle: ‘Amicus Plato, set magis amicarerites’.Finally, there are two points which are important: first, answering to all ofthe critic’s notes is impossible because of the standards of this journal(about the bulk of content). Second, following the critic, I would make useof his Persian transliteration of Heidegger’s name except in quotations. Manuscript profile
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        498 - The Survey of Frost and Sliding in Sanandaj and Hamadan by Using Climatic conditions Matrix
        حسین Mohammadi پیمان Mahmoudi
        Climatic factor and atmospheric phenomenas are the most effective factors ontransportation safety, and frost is most dangerous between them. It was used climaticconditions Matrix for temporal and spatial study frost phenomenas on Sanandaj-Hamadan Road. In this regard, i More
        Climatic factor and atmospheric phenomenas are the most effective factors ontransportation safety, and frost is most dangerous between them. It was used climaticconditions Matrix for temporal and spatial study frost phenomenas on Sanandaj-Hamadan Road. In this regard, it was collected and analyzed 3 temperature,precipitation and relative humidity daily data parameter of Sanandaj, Hamadan andGhorveh Synoptic Stations.Based on climatic conditions, N5 Atmospheric Situation and N6 are dangerouscondition for vehicle and transportation safety with concentrating Janiuary (9 days),Febrvary (5 days) and December (4 days) on Sanandaj- Hamadan Road. The start ofregional frost is late of September and March is ended, but hazardous frost for roadsafety is December. Manuscript profile
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        499 - Research role of environment potential in rural planning Case study: central region of Mahabad city
        Masoud Mahdavi Mohammad Amin Mohyeddini
        Regarding the developing processes of rural a sees. The analysis and theidentification of the current rural conditions and inspection of the facilities and theircircumstances in different aspects was important. And to help the rural planners toassign the developed targe More
        Regarding the developing processes of rural a sees. The analysis and theidentification of the current rural conditions and inspection of the facilities and theircircumstances in different aspects was important. And to help the rural planners toassign the developed targets to specify the diplomacy and the ways to establish them.So in this research the evaluation and assessment of environmental potential of thecentral region of the mahabad city is in consideration and for this purpose and to getthe answer of the main question of this thesis effective environmental factors to searchthe rural development. Are in consideration and analysis. This thesis in addition to thenatural facilities of concerned area and property scope of the area regarding thesefacilities and possibilities is also supposed to explain the position of these factors andtheir importance in rural development area. In spite of main goal of this thesis is todetermine the degree of the indigence of the environmental abilities in central ruraldeveloping area of mahabad city, the whole researches and studies accomplished inthis area, is in order to search the main goal of this thesis and the observer has initiallyanalyzed the remote position of the region on the basis of environment and then on thebasis of that has stepped up to search-out the main points of the research. Manuscript profile
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        500 - Survey of Flood water Spreading on quantitative changes of Vegetation Cover and Groundwater Recharge by Remote Sensing and GIS in Tasouj Aquifer in East Azarbayjan
        Hossein Saadati Maghsoud Khayyam
        One of the methods for water supplying and control of drying and flood is theapplication of water flooding. The work reported here was conducted at theexperimental station located in Tassuj plain, 110 km north-west of Tabriz in thenorthern of Oroumiye lake, situated bet More
        One of the methods for water supplying and control of drying and flood is theapplication of water flooding. The work reported here was conducted at theexperimental station located in Tassuj plain, 110 km north-west of Tabriz in thenorthern of Oroumiye lake, situated between 45°18 to 45° 33E and 38° 15 to 38° 24 N,with an average annual precipitation of 362.3 mm, and average annual evaporation of989.5 mm. The study basin has an area of 5590 km2 with 3000 km2 on which floodspreading is possible. The aims of this research are investigation of efficacy of FloodSpreading Project (FSP) on vegetation cover and recharge of groudwater in Tassujstation. Remote sensing and GIS systems are effective and efficient techniques inwatershed management and investigation flood distribution in plains. After preparingmentioned parameters in GIS environment (using Arc GIS software), digital maps andtwo satellite images TM (1992) and ETM (2002, 2006) of the study area from floodspreading of Tassuj was used. Images were interpretated by Hybrid or optic method oncomputer monitor. The results were indicated that vegetation cover increased afterFlood Spreading Project equal 18% to 34% in 1378 to 1384 year. Bare soil decreasesin 9 years at last too. Deposit of drying, groundwater level does not decrease but alsodischarge of wells was increased. Study of unit hydrograph of Tassuj plain wasdeterminated that groundwater level decreases equal 10 meters in 1373 to 1380 butafter flood spreading in the1380 year it increased. Manuscript profile
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        501 - The role of rural cities in regional balancing Case Study: Town of Vahidieh in the City of Shahriar
        Homaira Mahdibigy Masoud Mahdavi Hajilouee
        Population concentration in developing countries has brought about numerousproblems in large cities. Among those problems we can mention populationcongestion, migration, housing deficiencies, unemployment, environmentaldegeneration, etc.Accordingly, regional and urban a More
        Population concentration in developing countries has brought about numerousproblems in large cities. Among those problems we can mention populationcongestion, migration, housing deficiencies, unemployment, environmentaldegeneration, etc.Accordingly, regional and urban analysts have started paying attention to thedevelopment of small and medium size towns as an essential solution for dealing withthe imbalance originated from development of prime cities.In this study, we have assessed, analyzed and examined Vahidieh's urbanizationprocess as well as that of Shahriar area as a sample of Tehran Province towns andcities before and after this occurance. Variables studied are population, occupancy,educational-cultural facilities, political-administrational, telecommunications,commercial and service providing facilities. Analysis of the data acquired from thestudy through statistical models - entropy coefficient, elasticity coefficient, MorrisDevelopment Index, parabolic-sectional variation analysis model – has been assessedand evaluated. Results derived from statistical models show that the urbanizationprocess of Vahidieh has not had desirable effects in balancing distribution ofpopulation and establishment of settlements throughout the area, stabilization of thepopulation, prosperity of solar rural sections, and growth of agricultural sectiontherefore being unsuccessful in that regard. Despite the fact that at some period,growth of industrial section in the city of Shahriar and in Tehran has had positiveeffects on population growth due to low cost of housing for people who have mostlybeen service and industrial laborers.Ultimately, the overall results drawn from this study reveal that urbanization ofVahidieh has not had an effective role in the development process of rural outskirts.. Manuscript profile
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        502 - The Position of Common Areas in Creating an Identity of the New Cities," a Case Sample Parand New City"
        Seyyed Rahim Moshiri Azita Rajabi Seyyedeh Fezzeh Jafar Nejad Shourkaei
        This present article begins with a basic inquiry about "what relationship there isbetween common areas established in Parand new city and identity forming and thesense of belonging to a place and the spaces full of social life.In fact, this article is searching for dete More
        This present article begins with a basic inquiry about "what relationship there isbetween common areas established in Parand new city and identity forming and thesense of belonging to a place and the spaces full of social life.In fact, this article is searching for determining the role, the type and the degree ofthe relationship between common areas and identity in Parand new city meanwhile itsmain purpose is recognizing the degree of the relationship between common areas andidentity and the sense of belonging to a place.Results obtained from studies show that there is a meaningful relationship betweencommon areas as an independent variable and the identity of Parand new city as adependent variable in this research. That is, the higher is the degree of the mentionedindependent variable in the aimed community (Parand new city), the more would bethe identification and their sense of belonging to Parand new city. Manuscript profile
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        503 - Stable Urban Devlopment: A review on concepts, Trends and Events
        مهرداد Navabakhsh سید رحمان Eghbali
        Stable development in general, and «Stable Urban Development» in Specific, areamong the most significant issues of Urban societies related to the present and futurequestions of the environment and cities. Along with the increasing concentration andorientatio More
        Stable development in general, and «Stable Urban Development» in Specific, areamong the most significant issues of Urban societies related to the present and futurequestions of the environment and cities. Along with the increasing concentration andorientation toward the Stable development at a universal level, understanding this issueand more emphasis at the national level, considering the development of the urban lifein the country as well as steps to be taken for the materialization of such adevelopment has been given attention to. What the present study accomplishes is toconsider the related concepts, trends, and events as well as to describe the evolutionaryhistory of «Stable Urban Development». Also the study is meant to reveal theoreticaland practical acpects of what is presently known as stable Urban Development in aglobal level. Therefore, first the concept and conception of Stable Urban Development(SUD) would be surveyed between 1960, to 1990, and the influential factors affectingit will be rec:ognized spacio-temporally, which are the result of individual and groupattempts at global conferences. Next, there would be a discussion on the differentaspects of urban life in the present world and its future perspective, which containproblems and difficulties that the public encounter. Another section of the article isdedicated to the materialization and the emergence of SUD and the related steps takenin this regard. In this section, the important events taking place in connection with thedevelopment of SUD during the second half of 1970, up to the present, would beconsidered via a similar viewpoint. In this connection, therefore, the importance ofcitizens and the vital role of Urban management and local states in the development ofurban life would be highlighted and the necessity of locally–oriented action toovercome global issues was stressed.Mentioned issues, the study sets forth a description on major terminologies andexpressions utilized within the body of article as well as a comprehensive list ofreferences. Manuscript profile
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        504 - Natural constraints of the development of the city of Lar (southern Fars province)
        M.R Servati
        The city of Lar is the largest settlement of Laristan. At an elevation of 915 m a.s.l., it islocated on the Dasht-e-Lar piedmont plainwithin the folded Zagros Mts. The ancientcity oofLar is situated in the northwestern part of the dasht. The new city, which wasrebuilt a More
        The city of Lar is the largest settlement of Laristan. At an elevation of 915 m a.s.l., it islocated on the Dasht-e-Lar piedmont plainwithin the folded Zagros Mts. The ancientcity oofLar is situated in the northwestern part of the dasht. The new city, which wasrebuilt after the devastating earthquake if 1339 (1960) is situated on the Tang-e-Asadalluvial fan in the southern part of the plain. Up to 1339 there had not even been asingle dwelling at this place. By now not only the Tan-e-Asad alluvial fan has beencompletely taken over by urban land use. Housing activity has also continued towardsthe mountain, where the valley floor is very narrow and where there is a considerableflood hazard.These two cities grow north- and southward, respectively, and are likely to joinin the near future. The long-term natural limiting factors of urban development are themountains to the north and south of the 6 km wide Dasht-e-Lar.Earthquakes always have to be reckoned with, making it an obligation to construct allbuildings in an earthquake-resistant way. The warm and dry climate with very hotsummers and the water deficit for drinking and other purposes is the principal andoldest problem of the city. The prolonged drought of the last years has increased thewater problem. Due to the salt domes in the Lar area, the surface and ground watersfrom the Mishan and Gachsaran formation and the local marlstones are mainly saltyand alkaline.Against these natural constraints are set a relatively high urbanization culture,especially with respect to public participation and considerable public help for the cityas a whole.This paper has made use of the conventional research methods of geography,primarily based on repeated field trips to Larestan. The urban planners should becomeaware of the environmental realities of the Lar region and should follow a line ofdevelopment that should provide the same opportunities for everybody. In theirrelationship with the environment they should prefer the ecocentric to theanthropocentric approach. Manuscript profile
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        505 - Historical Transitional Trends in City life
        مهرداد Navabakhsh سروش Fathi
        The foundation of a city is a social, economical and political organized phenomenon. Itrelies on the presence of basic circumstances, which were formed thousands of yearsago in the Stone Age. The agricultural revolution also played an important part as itsexistence was More
        The foundation of a city is a social, economical and political organized phenomenon. Itrelies on the presence of basic circumstances, which were formed thousands of yearsago in the Stone Age. The agricultural revolution also played an important part as itsexistence was one of the reasons why wondering tribes began to station themselves.Early communities were formed around fertile grounds or on river banks, whichgradually formed villages and towns. Thus the agricultural revolution was turningpoint in human existence.Agriculture was the reason why migrant who were used to hunting, stayed in oneplace and thus establish the groundwork for the creation of later cities. Cities thatdeveloped quickly witnessed another revolution in the second half and the eighteenthcentury. The industrial revolution, changed lifestyles and standards of living, andquickly swallowed traditional and ancient cities, and drastically changed them tomodern industrial cities. This led to basis for a third type of revolution. After theSecond World War, the medial revolution influenced economic growth amonggovernments as well of non-governmental organizations, and life suddenly becamevery exciting. This paper is an attempt to explain some phenomenon such as electronicmigration, social electronic control, unification of home and workplace, internetfriendship and many other phenomenons which are the creation of globalization andthe advancement of technology. Manuscript profile
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        506 - Synoptic patterns of the flood rains of Gorgan River
        بهلول Alijani طواق Gholparnian
        In order to study and identify the pressure patterns responsible for the floods of theGorgan River the dates of the sudden increase of daily discharge of the river wereextracted for each calendar month during the 1968-1998 period. For each calendarmonth one intensive an More
        In order to study and identify the pressure patterns responsible for the floods of theGorgan River the dates of the sudden increase of daily discharge of the river wereextracted for each calendar month during the 1968-1998 period. For each calendarmonth one intensive and widespread flood was selected. The weather maps of thesedays at the surface and 500 hPa levels were analysed and the main pressure patternswere determined.The results showed four distinctive patterns: cyclonic, anticyclonic, warm front, andlocal cold front. The anticyclonic pattern was the most frequent one which is followedby the cyclonic pattern. Manuscript profile
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        507 - The Determination of Andimeshk Urban Physical Development With the Application of R.S and G.I.S
        اصغر Nazarian سیمین Tolaei مریم Khosravi
        Most of the cities have been exposed by physical growth. This could be explained byhigh population groyth as well as rural – urban migration. This in turn, resulted the inthe development of cities upon unsuitable lands.This study deals with the determination of An More
        Most of the cities have been exposed by physical growth. This could be explained byhigh population groyth as well as rural – urban migration. This in turn, resulted the inthe development of cities upon unsuitable lands.This study deals with the determination of Andimeshk urban physicaldevelopment using T. M (1987), (ETM (2002), and LISS PAN (2003) projectionsystems.The Methodology of this study is as follows:At first urban land use maps were drawn. The urban physical development rates werecomputed based on comparsion between the maps. In the next step, taking intoconsidration the relevant factors responsible for urban physical development potential,distance layers pertaining to distance of the city from C.BD, from main routes, fromwest ravine were determined and scaled. This is followed by calssification of land into10 brackets. The final aereage devoted to future development were computed by 1408.it is suggested that urban physical development of Andimeshk were confined to justvertical development due to preservation of agricultural lands of the city. Manuscript profile
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        508 - Some guidelines for sustainable rural developments with emphasis on applied Geography
        علیرضا Estelaji
        From the view point of applied geography, the programming of the “rural sustainabledevelopment” is a process through wich all the environmental, economic, social andphysical factors are so internally integrated and adaptable with the climatic conditions.Havi More
        From the view point of applied geography, the programming of the “rural sustainabledevelopment” is a process through wich all the environmental, economic, social andphysical factors are so internally integrated and adaptable with the climatic conditions.Having this perspective in mind, we can claim that the rural regions lake thesustainability needed for geographical zones. Therefore, it is considered essential that athorough and extensive programming for sustainable development should be designedand well accomplished with regards to both regional biological factors and also thesystematic concepts toghether with environmental-conceptual and behavioralgeography.In this respect, an analytical essay has been complied and prepared focusing on theexisting sustainable rural developments throughout the country (IRAN), with somecertain case studies of certain regions.In addition, in this extract several guidelines and recommentation of methods ofsustainable rural developments. Manuscript profile
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        509 - The Effect of Synoptic Patterns on the Floods of the Southern Caspian Sea Coast, Case Study: Shafarood and Talar Rivers
        بهلول Alijani Gh Azizi پرویز Rezaei
        This research has been carried out in the southern coasts of Caspian Sea. Thisarea consists of about 150 catchments. Most of the rivers have small basin, covered byvegetation and confined by sea and mountains.In order Shafarood for the 1961-98 period were analysed. This More
        This research has been carried out in the southern coasts of Caspian Sea. Thisarea consists of about 150 catchments. Most of the rivers have small basin, covered byvegetation and confined by sea and mountains.In order Shafarood for the 1961-98 period were analysed. This period has nearlyexperienced 558 flood from which from which 59% belong to talar and Shafaroodcatchments, respectively. To determine the synoptic patterns of the floods, the surfaceand 500hP daily maps of 36 floods were analyzed. The result of the study showed that:The flood of Shafarood occurred mostly in the September to November periodand Talar floods in March and April.11% of the floods occurred simultaneously in both basins. The synoptic patternrespolsible fore these floods was the west of the Caspian Sea.The other floods were occurred when the through axis was moved over CaspianSea or to its east coasts. In These conditions Surface cyclones and anticyclones werevery important.The main moisture sources of the floods were the Medeaterian Sea for tha talarBasin and the Caspian Sea for the Shafarood Basin. Manuscript profile
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        510 - Analysis and forecasting of precipitation in the Larestan area by Markov chain.
        بهلول Alijani زین العابدین Jafarpoor حیدر Ghaderi
        In order to analyze the precipitation of the Larestan area, the rain days with 0.1millimeter or more were obtained from the Iranian Meteorological Organization for the1960-2003 period. First the rainy periods with different lengths were identified andtheir monthly and s More
        In order to analyze the precipitation of the Larestan area, the rain days with 0.1millimeter or more were obtained from the Iranian Meteorological Organization for the1960-2003 period. First the rainy periods with different lengths were identified andtheir monthly and seasonal frequencies were calculated. On the monthly basis Januaryhad the highest wet days frequency and winter was the wettest but the spring was thedriest season. The wettest year had 44 rain days while only 11 days were experiencedduring the dry year. The mean daily density of rain was 8.2 mm and the mean timeinterval between successive rainy periods was 6.2 days. On the average the rainyperiod begins each year on 8 of December and ends on 6 of April.The first order Markov chain was applied to the data series to forecast the wetperiods. The model responded well and was able to forecast significantly andprecisely. The model was fitted best for the runs of one to six days proving thehypothesis of the study. Manuscript profile
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        511 - Study of Function Ecotourism in Rural Stabile Development Case Study: Core and Lahroud East Meshken District in Mashken Shahre
        Abad allah Asadpour Seyed Rahimi Moshiri
        Rural area's Residents Are Dependent On Environment Directly or Indirectly toLive. Grown in The Field or Garden, Products Obtained From Domesticated Animals,Animal Increasing Population, the Requirement to Provide Stable Employment forExtra Population Taking into Accoun More
        Rural area's Residents Are Dependent On Environment Directly or Indirectly toLive. Grown in The Field or Garden, Products Obtained From Domesticated Animals,Animal Increasing Population, the Requirement to Provide Stable Employment forExtra Population Taking into Account the Maintenance and Stability of Environment,Maintenance and Revival of Environmental PatternsTribal, Rural, Urban, and FoodSecurity are Now very Important. Therefore, it Requires Programming in allDimensions Especially Environmental, Economic, Social, Cultural, And Physical-Bodily Aspects so that it Leads to Comprehensive and Stable Development.Meshkinshahr Being Mountainous Area, Having Three Environmental Patterns Tribal,Rural, Urban with Anthropolgical Point of View, Moderate Andcold winter andsummer Humid Climate With High Comfort Level Especially in Eight Monthes ofYear, Geomorfologic and Natural Condition of Saban Mountain from Mountainingand Geoparking Point of View, Green Countries and Meadows and Forest Parks,Rivers Filled with Water Such as Khiavchay, Meshkinchay, Ghareh Soo, AgriculturalFields and Gardens to Develop Ecotourism Require Condition to ProgramEspeciallyNatural Tourism Which Is Suggested For Post-modernismEra. Manuscript profile
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        512 - Sustainable City with Emphasizing on Urban Transport Management and Traffic Reduction Strategies with a Glance at Tehran Metropolis
        Asghar Nazarian Mohammad taqi masoomi Rasoul maleki Nezamabad
        Every week world urban areas gain another one million people. nowadays cities asthe settlements of over fifty percent of world's populations face many challenges likeair pollutions, noises, traffic congestions, stresses and so on. this trend threat bothhuman´s lif More
        Every week world urban areas gain another one million people. nowadays cities asthe settlements of over fifty percent of world's populations face many challenges likeair pollutions, noises, traffic congestions, stresses and so on. this trend threat bothhuman´s life quality and environment quality. ideal city for citizen´s life is sustainablecity in which improvement in the quality of human life is achieved in harmony withimproving and maintaining the health of ecological systems. In this city life isdesirable and increased quality of life, less conflicts, more effective economy, socialprogress and … are main advantages of these cities. There are many Barriers forCreating Sustainable Cities and one more important of them is weak urban transportsystems and traffic congestion. Traffic congestion in cities has social, economic andecological effects. On the other hand these three factors (social, economy and ecology)are the pillars of sustainable development. therefore inadequate management of urbantransport systems so existence of traffic congestion in cities is an important barrier ofcreating sustainable city. access to sustainable city requires a shift towards sustainableurban transport. sustainable transport is a term used to describe those modes oftransport which are not primarily associated with the use of non-renewable energyresources for the transport of individuals without causing a deterioration in the qualityof urban life. Nowadays Tehran as the biggest city and Capital of our country hasmany problems and barriers to be a sustainable city . high increasing in population,centralization, uncontrolled development, Air pollution, traffic congestion, accidentsand so on are some of these problems. Air pollution is the most importantenvironmental problem of Tehran which is caused mainly by motor vehicles. Motorvehicles produce 60-80% of pollution in this city. low price of fuel, low quality ofgasoline, large number of old cars, very high price of vehicles, Tehran's geographicposition, high dependency on private passenger car, improperly enforced driving andtraffic rules and finally lack of harmonious management are the most important factorsthat caused non-sustainable transport system is used in the city and as a result Tehran is an unsuitable place for living . in order to avoid this unsuitable situation changing ofTehran to a sustainable city it is necessary to support comprehensive models ofsustainable transport that are suitable with special conditions of our country andTehran city. one of these models is mooted in this study and there is no doubt aboutthat it is impossible to achieve urban sustainability in Tehran without attention inspecial consideration associated with our country . Manuscript profile
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        513 - Analyzing of movement and tribal groups of Khozestan province
        Ali Bijani Ezatollah Ezati
        The present study tries to analyze movements and Arabian tribal parties ofKhozestan province as an ancient Iranian tribes.These movement have specificsituation from view poin of number of population,geogeraphic and geopoliticalpotenatial,shiett religion being borderer.C More
        The present study tries to analyze movements and Arabian tribal parties ofKhozestan province as an ancient Iranian tribes.These movement have specificsituation from view poin of number of population,geogeraphic and geopoliticalpotenatial,shiett religion being borderer.Coexistence and good understanding withneighbouring countries from view poit of dependence ,necessitate to present anddefine scientific strategies to avoid of causing tension and crisis of national authorityin the region,so the study present the special task. Manuscript profile
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        514 - Assessment of Climatic Comfort in the Rural Houses the North of Qazvin plain by Using ET and PET Methods
        Hossein Inanlo Hossein Mohammadi
        The Approach of being compatible with nature is very important so that complying withenvironmental housing will be a valuable step in modulating the energy challenges. Thevillages and the rural - urban located suburban have considerable importance .In this study,firstly More
        The Approach of being compatible with nature is very important so that complying withenvironmental housing will be a valuable step in modulating the energy challenges. Thevillages and the rural - urban located suburban have considerable importance .In this study,firstly, population-based study has been done to determine the need for housing in ruralnorthern plains of Qazvin using Statistics, Population and Housing in the years, 1996, 2006and 2011 .Then according to the data from meteorology stations within and adjacent areas,climatic zoning in Arc GIS was performed. Finally, climate comfort zone with experimentaleffective temperature (ET) and the application of physiologically equivalent temperature(PET) was calculated. The results showed, In terms of population, study rural housing is thejustified. Map and typing climate became semi-arid to arid climate along the northwest to thesoutheast of the region. As a result of the differences in climate, the climate comfort in thesoutheast direction, shows a significant decrease. The results of this study is to recommendpractical cases such as run compact architecture with heavy roof and wall, locating veranda inthe North East of houses, roof openings and brick facade of the application . Manuscript profile
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        515 - Analysis of the Droughts in the Southern coastal areas of the Caspian Sea.
        بهلول Alijani زین العابدین Jafarpoor GH Janbaz
        In order to analyze the statistical and synoptic characteristics of the droughts inthe Southern Coastal region of the Caspian Sea, the monthly precipitation data wereanalyzed for the period 1961-99. The drought was identified according to deciles and Zindices. The synop More
        In order to analyze the statistical and synoptic characteristics of the droughts inthe Southern Coastal region of the Caspian Sea, the monthly precipitation data wereanalyzed for the period 1961-99. The drought was identified according to deciles and Zindices. The synoptic origin was determined from The surface and 500 hPa NCEPdigital data. The results showed:1. The two month drought periods are frequent and most of the droughts are severand widespread.2. Three weather types responsible for the droughts are: zonal type, High pressureover the Caspian Sea, and low pressure system. All these types prevented the northerlyor northeasterly cold rain bringing winds over the Caspian Sea. Manuscript profile
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        516 - Research on Tehran’s dry and wet periods using second grade Markov chain Model
        پرویز Kerdavani حسین Mohamadi مژگان Afshar
        In order to Statistically and Synoptically analyze and predict the dry and wet periods inTehran during the cold period, the days with 0/1 milimeter rain or more , mehrabadstation was daily chosen and surveyed as wet days during 1985-2003. The secondgrade markov chain mo More
        In order to Statistically and Synoptically analyze and predict the dry and wet periods inTehran during the cold period, the days with 0/1 milimeter rain or more , mehrabadstation was daily chosen and surveyed as wet days during 1985-2003. The secondgrade markov chain model was used For determinig dry and wet periods. At firstfrequancy wet and dry days according to their continuation were classified andfrequancy eash one was studied individually.Tthen the possibility of every sequencewas calculated monthly and a six month of cold ness period.The most frequancy of rainy days 51 days and its least is 25 days a year. Marchwith 188 and October with 81 days rain is the Maximum and the Minimum frequency.1995 and 1996 years have been the driest and wettest years.After determining thesequences , the survey of effective pressure patterns in creating rain during the days 27to 30 of November ,1 to 7 of December 2003 as a longhest period and 10 to 13 ofDecember 1995 as a period of 4 days of wetness during the driest year , the surveyperiod was synoptically analyzed for this reason. It has been necessary to use sea levelpressure maps and 500 hp and also maps of direction and speed of the wind andspessific humidity 700 hp.The comparison of the frequency of predicted sequences with the frequancy ofobserved sequences , shows markov chain model exactness in predicting the dry andwet sequences of Tehran region which have sharp mismathch of rain.In synoptically maps it was specified that the most important source of humidityin Iran have been the Red sea, Arab sea, Adan gulf, which concidence of these wetnesssources with the Persian gulf and Saudi Arabia high pressure has caused moretransition of wetness into Iran and Tehran. Manuscript profile
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        517 - The importance of Environmental Geopolitics in today's world
        زهرا Pishgahifard عمران Alizadeh
        The advent of industrial revolution in Europe and Modern technology in human'slife led to many changes on the earth. These events which were along with the off takeand destruction of the natural resources all over the geographical regions of the globeled to deep changes More
        The advent of industrial revolution in Europe and Modern technology in human'slife led to many changes on the earth. These events which were along with the off takeand destruction of the natural resources all over the geographical regions of the globeled to deep changes on the earth. These changes in half second 20th century which werealong with the destruction of ozone, vast extinction of vital species, strong destructionof herbaceous strong reduction of natural resources caused Environmental crises.From the beginning, governments reacted against these events like other crises.They tried to restrain from much Environmental crises in national, regional anduniversal term by international meeting, manifesto issuance and different convention.These crises were so deep and vast that in addition to governments, parties and Nongovernmentorganizations such as "Green peace parties" were made all over the world.Near the end 20th century they could control the governments in some of the industrialcountries with expanding their activities and national acceptability.The aim of this essay is explaining the concepts of Environmental geopolitics anddiscovering whether these environmental crises will change to conflicts and crisesamong the nations of a country, in region countries and finally the universal areas.Also how Geopolitics and Environmental researchers can suggest guidelines to thegovernments and Non- Government organization in order to restrain from changingEnvironmental crises to security crises.The results of the research show that Environmental crises and strong reduction ofnatural resources will be the source of many national and regional confects in thefuture. More relations, consideration, national, regional and universal conflicts basedon these crises will come to existence. Manuscript profile
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        518 - AN ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHY EDUCATION PROGRAMS IN IRANIAN UNIVERSITIES (A Case Study: A Proposal On Establishing B.A Geography & Rural Planning)
        نصرالله Molaei
        The fast growing and changing world today, as regards the ever expanding borders ofscience and skills, has changed the geographical perspectives and domains as well,whereby the geography and geographers are affected likewise. In our society, asregards many a development More
        The fast growing and changing world today, as regards the ever expanding borders ofscience and skills, has changed the geographical perspectives and domains as well,whereby the geography and geographers are affected likewise. In our society, asregards many a development made on different grounds to remove the cultural, social,economic and environmental predicaments, the educational programs should bedirected toward satisfying the country’s need for broad implementation ofgeographical science in one hand, and establishing and developing geographyprograms in universities and higher education institutes to maintain and enrich the truestatus of geography in land use planning, and providing man with places to live andprosperity as to the domain of the science of geography, on the other. The presentpaper, based on the writer’s experiences, and sources and information available, aimedat investigating the educational programs of studies, as to their contents andapplications, developed before and after the cultural revolution, reviewing the changesoccurred in the course titles as to preserving their scientific characteristics, the status ofgeography in the higher education system of the country, establishing professionalmajors and minors programs in the field, and finally proposing an undergraduateprogram (B.A) of study under rubric of “Geography and Rural Planning”. Manuscript profile
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        519 - Study on Outcomes of spatial relocation of the earthquake Stricken in Roodbar county”
        Shahab Nobakht Haghighi Hossein Asayesh Alireza Estelaji
        This study have been designed to address the socio-economic, ecologic andstructural outcomes of spatial relocation of some villages in roodbar county ,after theearthquake of year 1990, and also the positive and negative effects of relocation andmerging of those villages More
        This study have been designed to address the socio-economic, ecologic andstructural outcomes of spatial relocation of some villages in roodbar county ,after theearthquake of year 1990, and also the positive and negative effects of relocation andmerging of those villages.The results of data analysis show that the personal specifications of the samples ofthis study including their age and the number of their family members affect theirattitude toward relocation .it has also been found that relocation. It has also been foundthat relocation has made changes in socio-economic, ecologic and structuralspecification of the samples of this study. in fact, most of the samples of this studywere pleased about relocation, despite of the results of the samples of this study werepleased about relocation, despite of the results of previous related studies whichemphasized unsuccessful experiences of relocations and merging of villages in socioeconomic,ecologic and structural condition of community which has been occurreddue to the spatial relocation of the villages.Regarding the unsuccessful previous experiences of relocations or merging ofvillages, such activities should only be done in highly needed situations, withacquiring participation of target communities and providing secure socio-economic,ecologic and structural condition. In other word, success of spatial relocation projectsdepends on providing the appropriate socio-economic, ecologic and structuralcondition for the target communities. Manuscript profile
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        520 - Synoptic Analysis of the Nature of Sudan Low Pressure Systems (Case Study: December 2001 Storm)
        عباس Mofidi آذر Zarrin
        In order to investigate some synoptic aspects of Sudan low systems such asupper and lower level tropospheric circulation pattern and moisture source and theiradvection way, the synoptic pattern on the occurrence time of December 2001 stormover Iran has been noticed. The More
        In order to investigate some synoptic aspects of Sudan low systems such asupper and lower level tropospheric circulation pattern and moisture source and theiradvection way, the synoptic pattern on the occurrence time of December 2001 stormover Iran has been noticed. Therefore the maps of surface, 500, 200, 50hpa levelsbefore and after storm were studied. In order to understand the situation of subtropicaljet stream and how it strengthens, maps of zonal wind component and velocitypotential (x) of 200hpa level have investigated. Also, satellite images of cloud form ofstorm have been studied.The results showed that although like previous studies, there was low cycle indexand existence of a ridge in mid-troposphere over the west Mediterranean and a deeptrough over the east Mediterranean had important role on the formation and evolutionof Sudan low; but the main role belonged to the stretching of polar vortex in lowerstratosphere as the main source of vorticity for abnormal circulation and strengtheningof Hadley cell and Subtropical jet stream over Mediterranean and north of Africa.The results indicated that the suitable position of Subtropical jet stream core overMiddle East associated with the settlement and strengthening of a ridge in middle andlower troposphere over the Arabian Sea are necessary for the evolution and developingof Sudan lows.However, the position and speed of subtropical jet stream core over the MiddleEast and it’s axis direction in the upper troposphere control both the mid-troposphericcirculation pattern and the tracks of incoming Sudan lows to Iran.The consequences indicated that settlements and strengthening of ridge/high over theArabian Sea, while making a set positive feedback and subsequently intensify Hadleycell and strengthening subtropical jet stream over Red Sea region, lend to directtransportation of moisture from the Arabian Sea into Sudan lows.Moreover, it was found that the main sources of moisture of Sudan systems aretropical Eastern Africa and southwest sector of Arabian Sea which strengthening whenthey pass over the Read Sea and Persian Gulf. Manuscript profile
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        521 - Assessment effect of structure and texture characteristics of rock units in Alvand pluton on the outcrop resistance against destruction and weathering
        Hossein Bakhtiari Ebrahim Moghimi Mohammadreza Servati
        The Alvand plutonic mass is one of the largest plutonic bodies in the Sanandaj – Sirjanmetamorphic belt. This paper evaluates outcrop relative resistance of rock units againstdestruction and weathering based on intact rock texture and structure properties with usi More
        The Alvand plutonic mass is one of the largest plutonic bodies in the Sanandaj – Sirjanmetamorphic belt. This paper evaluates outcrop relative resistance of rock units againstdestruction and weathering based on intact rock texture and structure properties with using thenumerical value. For this purpose at first the some properties of texture and structure as thecriteria were chosen and indexed. Then relative resistance outcrop of rock unites based onnumerical value from 1 to 10 was assessed, and the zoning map was provided. AccordinglyPegmatitic granite has minimum resistence with 3.75 and Olivine gabbro has maximumreasistence with 5.75. Weighted average degree of Alvand pluton was specified 5.1 whichreflects the moderate resistance degree outcrops against destruction and weathering in terms ofstructure and texture characteristics between internal igneous rocks. Manuscript profile
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        522 - Spatial analysis of the impact of the climate on the military equipments in Iran
        محمود Ahmadi بهلول Alikhani
        Climate affects all military activities specially military sites and equipments. Thisresearch is undergone to analyse the impact of the climate on the military equipmentsin Iran. For this purpose the daily climatic elements were obtained for 117 weatherstations during 1 More
        Climate affects all military activities specially military sites and equipments. Thisresearch is undergone to analyse the impact of the climate on the military equipmentsin Iran. For this purpose the daily climatic elements were obtained for 117 weatherstations during 1982-2004 period. The daily temperature, relative humidity, rainfalland wind were analysed according to the climatic thresholds of the major militarymaterials. The weather elements variations over the country were weighted accordingAHP model. Finally the stations were grouped according to their suitability formilitary equipments into three good, moderate, and weak regions. Stations such asMinab showed highest rate of suitability of 98 % and stations such as Jusk showed thelowest suitability rate of 66%. Manuscript profile
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        523 - Analytical Approaches in Sustainable Development of Urban Tourism
        Abdolreza Farajirad Seyedeh Jaleh Seyed Nassiri
        The present study has been written to identify status and importance of urbantourism, study the concepts, process of evolutional and processes related to sustainabletourism development strategy and evaluation the relation between urban and tourismdevelopment as well as More
        The present study has been written to identify status and importance of urbantourism, study the concepts, process of evolutional and processes related to sustainabletourism development strategy and evaluation the relation between urban and tourismdevelopment as well as positive and negative consequences of this kind of tourism.Urban areas form most complete of human station that have been includedimportant centre of economic, scientific, recreational, and medical as well asattractions of cultural, historical and natural. Cities are the most important spaceswhich draw the attention of visitors amongst various destinations. Thus it is said mostcities are the best centres to attract tourists.This study is a descriptive analysis method in order to identify the elements withtourism and urban patterns determine sustainable development of urban tourism andstudy of actual and potential capabilities of cities in tourism development as well asprocesses of sustainable tourism development in cities. The present study has offeredproposals to tourism and urban sustainable development. Manuscript profile
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        524 - Metropolitan region and its spatial organization: Case study, Tehran
        اصغر Nazarian
        The increase of urban population and its post-effects is one of the currentproblems and difficulties of the people at the world, regional, or national scales. Therise of metropolitan of Tehran in our country has changed the urban order. Its spatialexpansion not only has More
        The increase of urban population and its post-effects is one of the currentproblems and difficulties of the people at the world, regional, or national scales. Therise of metropolitan of Tehran in our country has changed the urban order. Its spatialexpansion not only has created new alleys, city divisions, and new towns, but alsochanged the small and old population centers of suburban villages into theconcentrated population poles. As a result, the unique spatial order established before1335 in Tehran and its suburb, were altered due to some economic, social, and politicalactivities and all the city and its periphery were developed to an enlarged spatialorganization. This process of changes created a new form of spatial organization whichis now called "urban region", "urban complex", or "urban system". Manuscript profile
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        525 - The geographical analysis of eco – social effects of evaculating life stocks from forests .District of kelardasht , Chalous town .
        منصور Badrifar آمنه Haghzad
        In a dry and Semidry land Such as Iran, Caspian Sea Shore forest is great ecologicresource which has hidden enormous natural and economic worth in it preserving thisresource , and enhancing the environmental condition is crucial both for the societydirecty related to it More
        In a dry and Semidry land Such as Iran, Caspian Sea Shore forest is great ecologicresource which has hidden enormous natural and economic worth in it preserving thisresource , and enhancing the environmental condition is crucial both for the societydirecty related to it , and for all the State . Unfortunately , miss uses and ill uses withoutproper aims and plans has presently put this forest in danger.Some 31 of all northern forests in the State (6000000 acres) is covered with deforestedportions. Within these ruins , there are 1 and more families living densely or aboundantlywho have been a fundamental deforestating factor. In this area , Some 100000 familieswith almost 4.5 million flocks or herds are living in 2300 life stock units , whose main jobis keeping flocks and herds . these people are naturally depending on the environmenthaving lived from generation to generation. The forest habitats make a living on free –range animal husbandary which damaged the forests.This study is The geographical analysis of eco–social effects of evaculating life stocksfrom forests . with 2 hypotheses :The economic development of the animal husbands and habitants after the plan andincreasing Social Services and infer structural facilities in kelardasht villages after theplan . we are trying to find the answers to the two hypotheses.People undergone the plan were paid cash or lands but mostly haven’t been able toimprove their life and animal husband angies, So they have been made economical andSocial problems .Library , field and Survay methods were used for a better Study and results. The authorbelieves the following factors should be paid more attention Dedicating complementary facilities considering local talents Such as weaving , Smallvillage work shops , developing bee keeping , etc, So the unemployment is Som whatSolved.- Accepting and Conducting the plan on the basis of the fundamental local Culture.- Holding aforestation classes based on the plan.- Supporting the families under the plan until they get self – sufficiency.- Providing the people under the plan with lands near their home lands. Manuscript profile
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        526 - Study of Effective factors on Ghetto and its reflex considering Urban Services Applications (The Case study: Yazd city)
        Mehri Heidari Noshahr Asghar Nazaryan
        The characteristics of Third World urbanization is inharmonious and inequality.Significant proliferation of the wealth and on the other hand, minorities who live inpoverty are considered as frustrations in urban policy. Ghetto results frominharmonious development and ma More
        The characteristics of Third World urbanization is inharmonious and inequality.Significant proliferation of the wealth and on the other hand, minorities who live inpoverty are considered as frustrations in urban policy. Ghetto results frominharmonious development and malfunctions of urban system. Urban applicationsinfluence social and economic classification, and when settlers in ghetto feel that theyare unable to improve their social and economic situation, it causes a deprivation forthem and forces them to commit offenses. This study investigated the causes shapingghettos in the city of Yazd in terms of the indices of education, health, culture,business, sport, green space and social reflections from it. With regard to thecoefficient of functions and urban services in ghettos and nearby, it is inferred thatabove mentioned factors affect forming ghettos and there is a relationship betweenghetto and underdevelopment. Based on linear regression, there is also a significantrelationship between ghettos and unfair distribution of services and underdevelopment.In addition, the results from the cluster model suggest that the settling in aneighborhood, besides lack of services and functions, other factors were alsoconsidered. The other finding of this study has been about social impact of ghettos.Based on the finding, the relatively low-income unemployed people commit morecrimes and there is no significant relationship between immigration and socialoffenses. Manuscript profile
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        527 - Estimating Flood potential of Zilaki and Firehrud drainage basins by emphasize on Geomorphologic characters by using SCS method
        Mohammad reza Sarvati Ardavan Behzad
        Flood is amongphenomenon which bring about considerable damage each year.This has been attractedgreatly by hydrologists. The factors such as physiography,geomorphology and human factors can accelerate this phenomenon in basins. Forusing water source, flood management, d More
        Flood is amongphenomenon which bring about considerable damage each year.This has been attractedgreatly by hydrologists. The factors such as physiography,geomorphology and human factors can accelerate this phenomenon in basins. Forusing water source, flood management, damming, watershed management and themost basic hydrologic studies, peak discharge is important, so accuracy of studies andthe safeties’ level of the hydraulic structures and establishments are independent to it.In this research potential flood Zilaki and Firehrud drainage basins were studied byusing of SCS method and finally were compared together. So BasinHydrographdimensions calculated by using of 24 hour rainfall, time of concentration, CurveNumber, rainfall excess, time to peak and peak discharge.Then was designHydrograph for basins in 2,5,10,25,50,100 period time Results show, because ofphysiography of Firehrud basin, It has more ability for making flood than Zilaki basin. Manuscript profile
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        528 - The necessity to reform management of urban development in Tehran
        A. Sayyaf Zadeh Mansoor Badri Far
        Urbanization and globalization of cities has been an essential feature of the recentdecades. This phenomenon is significant in developing countries like Iran which hasencountered a huge growth in urbanization. This condition has make crises in urbandevelopment managemen More
        Urbanization and globalization of cities has been an essential feature of the recentdecades. This phenomenon is significant in developing countries like Iran which hasencountered a huge growth in urbanization. This condition has make crises in urbandevelopment management and urban structures.This article investigates Tehran management system and determines challenges andopportunities in this system by investigating Tehran management system to analyzepublic traditional and multi-faceted management features in Tehran. Multi aspectmanagement, housing crisis, marginalization, ground source misuses, councils andmunicipalities are among the most important challenges of Tehran urban management.Considering such situations, management of urban development in Tehran has facedsocial-economical, managerial and incapable development plans and urbancivilization.These conditions necessitate a revelation in managerial system of urbandevelopment in Tehran which can not be accomplished easily and requires a processand “passing period”. This period involves changes in the current managerial systemtowards “planning approach paradigm” which covers progress, flexibility, andadaptability.Based on this planning approach paradigm and manipulated researches, some of themost remarkable approaches in reforming managerial system of urban development inTehran have been introduced. Manuscript profile
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        529 - GIS- using Analysis of the popular participation rate In parliament elections of Iran
        Farhad Hamzeh zahra Pishgahifard
        The increasing important role of election in a regional, national and world level, hasobtained it as a basic political topic. therefore often Political and election - relatedgeographers and researchers try to recognize some different dimensions of thisphenomenon in orde More
        The increasing important role of election in a regional, national and world level, hasobtained it as a basic political topic. therefore often Political and election - relatedgeographers and researchers try to recognize some different dimensions of thisphenomenon in order to have more favorable outcomes in decision - making ProcessesNormally in recent 3 decades, Iran has experience of holding elections, once a year. Inother words, Iran has repeated the experience of democracy several times .Accordingto the natural conditions and human geography, Iran is affected by climate systems anddivided into different areas. Depending on their knowledge, economic situations,literacy level and the effect of ethnic and tribe thoughts, resident people in areas andregions have shown different variable political behaviors.The Islamic Consultative Assembly election is one of the most important politicalevents in Iran which holds every 4 years, once. The main aim of this research is toevaluate the effects of popular participation rate on The Islamic ConsultativeAssembly election, to recognize political points which the popular participation ratehad decreased or increased within, and to analyze deputies political positions and theirarrangement changes. In the fact, it is possible to find out the variables space ofpolitical geography in Iran by applying statistic methods such as time data and theresults using GIS .One of the outcomes of this analysis shows ethnic links and relations effects onparticipation rate. In other hand, participation in parliamentary elections hold in Iran,is an increasing and active process .This paper concentrates the process of changingand growing rates of participation for Right parties, won a majority of the seats in allparts and limited activity of reformist political parties in west parts, gained a heavydefeat in the rest of the country. Manuscript profile
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        530 - Review of Urban Quartering Process (The case study: Noshahr and Kelardasht)
        احمد Poorahmad مصطفی Ghadami Gh Jahan
        Quarter as a Socio – Physical Unit is one of the components of Urban Space thatcan be defined and distinguished on internal homogeneity basis. Distinguishing anddrawing the real boundries of Quarters and other Urban Spatial Units is used as a basisin Urban Landuse More
        Quarter as a Socio – Physical Unit is one of the components of Urban Space thatcan be defined and distinguished on internal homogeneity basis. Distinguishing anddrawing the real boundries of Quarters and other Urban Spatial Units is used as a basisin Urban Landuse Planning.This base is used to determine the distribution andallocation of Land uses and to determine the standards and Urban Capita. Fundingsthis Research show that regarding the emphsis of Urban Plans to quantity sides andform factors, especially edges and streets in the process of drawing the boundries ofUrban Spatial – Physical Units like Quartering, this process never results in determinigthe real boundries of Quarters and sometime makes the plans more ineffective.Thus inorder to know the real boudries of Quarters it is necessary to pay attention toQualatative Method and Process Factors as a necessity besides Quantative Methodswith an emphsis on Form Factors.This Article is concerned with the important ofQuartering in Urban Planning , critcism the present Quartering Methods and someSuggestion for preparation a Compound Method in The Urban Quartering Process.The mothod used is Analytical based on doucumentry and Field Studies. Manuscript profile
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        531 - Dynamics of geographical structures in rural landscapes Case study: Shivasar,Govaver and Dinavar rural districts in Kermanshah province
        منصور Badrifar نوذر Ghanbari
        Rural landscapes cover a vast area of territory of Iran as they accommodate aboutForty percent of the population of the whole country. In order to develop landuseplanning, rural landscapes have obtained special significance and value and they play akey role. Rural devel More
        Rural landscapes cover a vast area of territory of Iran as they accommodate aboutForty percent of the population of the whole country. In order to develop landuseplanning, rural landscapes have obtained special significance and value and they play akey role. Rural development results in urbanism . In developing countries, develop ofservice and industry section, depend on agricultural development and to developAgriculture, primary emphasis is on rural development. Rural areas in Iran areaccounted for the most important activity field which face ill-designed andunorganized strategies and suffer from the lack of an institutional framework andregional development plans. This witnesses the lack of landuse planning in rural areas.It seems to be obvious that this controversial issue exists in different natural, social,economical and of mountainous, hilly and plain villges (areas).The results of this paper imply significantly the lack of Transformation changeand dynamism in some components and elements of landscape (Geographical bases)in relation to the time and place which accounted for the reason of undeveloped ruralareas. Every kind of villages (mountainous, hilly and plain) do not have any changesand dynamism which lead to malfunction in the whole system (rural landscape). Inorder to develop the rural landscape the emphasis in this research is to findout andrecognize these components and elements and also create transformation change,reconstruction and reorganization. Manuscript profile
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        532 - Examination and analysis of urban distribution and Spatial organization of Qazvin Province
        رمضانعلی Shoormig منصور Badrifar
        In this research it will be tried to assign the relationship between the decisionmaking system , and social, economic policies with the existing structure and spatialorganization.We also want to know what the effect of building Alborz Industrial city –as aleader o More
        In this research it will be tried to assign the relationship between the decisionmaking system , and social, economic policies with the existing structure and spatialorganization.We also want to know what the effect of building Alborz Industrial city –as aleader of growth pole-will be on the urban distribution and spatial organization gettingof Qazvin Province, Selecting the city of Qazvin with Alborz Industrial city sa ine ofthe active industrial poles of the country has caused an imbalance from the structuraland physical aspect of the province; and special effort has been made in this researchto examine the existing imbalance in the province along the time, while using currentpatterns and models in district planning.At last some solutions-suitable to economic , social and ecological conditions ofQazvin province- to modify and decrease this imbalance are offered.It has been clarified that the spatial organization getting of Qazvin Province divided into three eras. 1)The superiority of traditional economical system 2)conversion oftraditional in to modern one 3)The estabh3 hment era.In this research it will be tried to examine the spatial organization getting ofaazvin province along the time through Fredman's model and rmperfect balance of thespatial –rgoruzation getting of Qazvin province through Fredman's model has beenproved.The analysis of spatial organization getting in the district level has been dealt withusing the follpwing concepts:Anthropy models , contrality criteria, hierarchy and penetrating area, place andfeature coefficient , etc.In this research poularization of Qazvin in the urban hierarchical system of area ,imbalance in urban pyramid of the city , shortages of towns and medium sized cities inurban system and --- spatial organization getting has been agreedon,Moreouer , foundation of grouth pole of Alborz Industrial zone as the total reasonfor modification in spatial organization getting in establishment era has been proved. Manuscript profile
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        533 - Social Justice and Spatiale equity; An investignation and theoritical comparing of John Rowls and David Harvey
        حسین Hataminezhad عمران Rasti
        The Justice as a popular and interested concept has been among a few conceptsthat are already debated by philosophers and social economic elites and there havebeen various theories about social justice. John Rawls is one of the famous politicalphilosophers in 20th centu More
        The Justice as a popular and interested concept has been among a few conceptsthat are already debated by philosophers and social economic elites and there havebeen various theories about social justice. John Rawls is one of the famous politicalphilosophers in 20th century and David Harvey is most outstanding geographer insecond half of 20th century too. They have many philosophic approaches and articlesabout social Justice and spatial equity. This paper is going to investigate justiceconcept from point of their views and represent their common and differentiationviews. Manuscript profile
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        534 - The analyze impact of commercial tourism development on physicalspatial change cities by analytic process network model(ANP) case study: Baneh city
        Esmaeil Nasiri Ali Ahmadi
        Urban tourism in recent decades has a significant impact on the spatial development or spatialchange of cities and urban. Baneh city is one of the areas in Kurdistan province has witnesseda significant change in tourism sector in recent years And impact in changes in ec More
        Urban tourism in recent decades has a significant impact on the spatial development or spatialchange of cities and urban. Baneh city is one of the areas in Kurdistan province has witnesseda significant change in tourism sector in recent years And impact in changes in economic,social, and physical in the city. The aim of this study was to determine the nature and impactof business tourism is the city's Baneh and has been determined indices to investigate thisrelationship. The application of network analysis to evaluate the variability of each of theparameters and prioritize them. It was found that the conversion of residential to commercialuse (normalized score of 0/546) in the site-specific clusters of urban land developmentbusiness tourism in Baneh, Option "build commercial complexes" (a normalized score of0/510) in cluster housing and commercial complexes, Under the "rise residential townsaround the city" (a normalized score of 0/473) in the cluster expansion of the city And nodes'park' (normalized score 0/473) in clusters of residential areas, catering and entertainment outmore points than the other nodes in the cluster. Manuscript profile
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        535 - Iranian urban management outlook with emphasis on urban Sustainable development
        Akbar Parhizkar Ali Firouzbakht
        Structure of urban management in Iran, to transit from centralized system, movetoward decentralized system and go out of current challenges, has to consider planningsystem and urban development management transformation as a fundamental solutionthis is not a choice but More
        Structure of urban management in Iran, to transit from centralized system, movetoward decentralized system and go out of current challenges, has to consider planningsystem and urban development management transformation as a fundamental solutionthis is not a choice but an undeniable need. Since in current situation , this structuredespite of abundant efforts and endeavour to make interaction and relation amongthree main factors of city formation (human, space, environment ) is unable torespond and solve increasing social, economical, physical and environmental problemsof cities particularly major cities of country , and current methods of planning andurban development management not only show weak and insufficient before theseproblems but exacerbate the situation and make it more critical through the creation ofcentralization and excretion of participation system.In this article, using implemented laws and their prospect with respect togovernment approach, the Iranian urban management system will be analyzed , thenwith regard to series of topics and issues regarding urban sustainable development,future horizon of urban management with sustainable development approach will beanalyzed and evaluated. The result of this analytical and descriptive article show thattransformation of centralized urban management system should be on the basis ofurban sustainable development approach. Manuscript profile
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        536 - Assessment of Hydrogeochemistry and Groundwater Contamination of Shoush Plain Using Iso-Parameter Maps, Factor and Cluster Analysis
        H.R Naseri
        Factor analysis of the hydrogeochemical data obtained in four rounds of sampling thegroundwater of Shoush plain reveals that the groundwater composition is largelycontrolled by the geochemical processes viz. dissolution, sedimentation and ionicexchange and surface activ More
        Factor analysis of the hydrogeochemical data obtained in four rounds of sampling thegroundwater of Shoush plain reveals that the groundwater composition is largelycontrolled by the geochemical processes viz. dissolution, sedimentation and ionicexchange and surface activities such as agriculture have little effect on it. Amongstothers, gypsum dissolution is the greatest contributer in regional groundwaterevolution since it increases the concentration of calcium, magnesium and sulphate ionson one hand and reduces the alkalinity through the processes of dedolomitization andcalcite deposition. The dendogram resulting from the cluster analysis also indicates thedominance of bicarbonate type in the unconfined aquifer of Shoush plain. Thesimilarity of Iso-EC and Iso-Cl Maps illustrates the effects of evaporation on thegroundwater composition of Shoush plain. Nitrate contamination is localized and is notspread in the Plain while bacterial contamination is associated with human and animalwaste that are diffused from sewage outlets, cesspools and irrigation wastewater intothe environment. Pollution probability increases from NE to SW corresponding to theflow direction of the groundwater. Manuscript profile
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        537 - The study of the Geomorphology and the Erosion in Alomoute river basin.
        SH GHAHRAMANI محمد رضا SARVATI
        The Alamute rood basin is located in central Alborz montain , and is one of the trinmings and the main lops of the Shahrood river and at last beside a basin of the Sefidrood vast basin in the east – north of Ghazvin. Each year 40 milliun  of the sediment of t More
        The Alamute rood basin is located in central Alborz montain , and is one of the trinmings and the main lops of the Shahrood river and at last beside a basin of the Sefidrood vast basin in the east – north of Ghazvin. Each year 40 milliun  of the sediment of this surface is separated and move to rivers flows and at last pour to Sefidrood dam and the surface of the below before the Sefidrood dam lake. At the bottom of the Allamute valley and the middle of the basin the markers that is related to Neogen period include sediment of evaporated and discontracted and also the makers of paleogen in the sowth hight and the makers of the kartase and infra kambrin in the North hight. The landforms that are the same on old conic. Erosion valley and the earthquicks specially in the Neogen and red and small sediment in konglomera in Neogen and also erosion cliff. In this way 16% of the rigeon that are in the makers of the Neogen have the hard and influenced of the forming of sediment. Paint this geomorphology that is influenced in the erosion and the sediment in the basin. The topography factor is the fint factor and the geometry and the kind ofter sond is the second and the coverage of the greens factor that is included the act changes of the farms for the herbivorons is the last factor of the erosion. Manuscript profile
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        538 - Analysis of balance for geomorphologic shapes, depend on Deyvis & Gylbert's point of views and it's adaptation with some Qoran's interpretations
        Fatemeh Saki Mohammdreza Servati Ebrahim Moqimi
        In the fields of insight recognition, the significances are applied often differently, so despitehaving the same structure and domain in the matter, their coincidence's load varies in differentaspects. Geomorphologic's balance is one of the examples. The meaning of bala More
        In the fields of insight recognition, the significances are applied often differently, so despitehaving the same structure and domain in the matter, their coincidence's load varies in differentaspects. Geomorphologic's balance is one of the examples. The meaning of balance is appliedin all evolution aspects of Dayvis, in the field of systematic perception'sdistrict(ramesht1381p77) and also in the Qoran's interpretations. the Dayvis 's point of viewtime would encounter evolutions orgradually depletions, in other words they haveunreturnable changes in a way that this meaning has its origin in antropy's backgrounds andpositive feedbacks. but undoubtedly the balances meaning in dayvis's opinion differs with theqoran's systematic point of view.(chapters:naml,verse88,shams,verse6,meraj,verse9,alqare,verse5 and many others)thatexpresses the evolution, regularity, permanency and balance in the phenomenons. but with thegylbert's that the forms and processes could be related to negative feedbacks that thechangings are with different speeds and cause surfaces forms proportionaly vary with them.therefore the earth's forms are dependant to a situation which the forms that change in ashorter time. in this editorial is tried to analyze the conflicts and the similarities through thebasis of library studies. the issue will help to achieve a better comprehension from themeanings by encountering different views of balance in Geomorphology and also emphasiseson the importance of it's significances load, and the contrasts in different views. Manuscript profile
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        539 - Climate change in the Zagros region
        Masoomeh ُSofi Bohloul Alijani
        Climate change, especially global warming affect s every aspects of the environment, socialstructure, and food security. The zagros region due to its rugged nature and diverse climate isvery vulnerable to climate change such as temperature warming and rainfall decrease. More
        Climate change, especially global warming affect s every aspects of the environment, socialstructure, and food security. The zagros region due to its rugged nature and diverse climate isvery vulnerable to climate change such as temperature warming and rainfall decrease. In orderto unclose the signs of climate change in the Zagros region, the existing monthly rainfall, raindays, mean, low and high temperatures of 26 stations in the region were studied. Thesestations had data with different durations ranging from 17 to 55 years. The normality of thetime series were tested via lobly force, and their trend with Ljung-Box and Mankendal Tau.The degree and sign of the trend were tested by correlation coefficient.The results did not show any significant trend in the rainfall series. But the mean lowtemperature and daily temperature range showed significant trend. More than 90 percent ofthe stations showed significant increasing trend in the minimum temperature. While the dailyrange showed both increasing and decreasing trends. Manuscript profile
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        540 - The comparative study of cultural landscapes in mountainous and plain villages (A case study : ROODSAR TOWNSHIP)
        نصرالله Molaei سیده مرضیه Roodbari
        In consideration of the rural landscape, we can find that in a human residencedifferent elements continue their life in a natural bed by using of human culture(population, economic and spatial characteristics) and they have been spread in themutual actions to each other More
        In consideration of the rural landscape, we can find that in a human residencedifferent elements continue their life in a natural bed by using of human culture(population, economic and spatial characteristics) and they have been spread in themutual actions to each other.In this study, with a view to this main question that "what are the differences andsimilarities between cultural landscape in mountainous villages and plain villages? "the main purposes like considering the component elements of the cultural lands cap inmountainous villages and plain villages and also analyzing the mutual effects of theseelements on each other and on the rural environments have taken in to attention as theeffective chains.In direction of the analysis of these purposes , the analytic and descriptivemethods of studies are in two ways including documents - library studies and fieldstudies and also through analytic considering the cultural landscapes of the villagesunder in restigalion in Roudsar township, we have been engaged in hypothesis test,concluding and presenting propositions.The achived results are consist of:The kind of living is an important factor in explaning the differnces between thecultural landscape of mountainous and plain villages.Presentation of the infra structural and public services in mountainous and plainvillages are effective in the changes of the cultural landscape of villages . Manuscript profile
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        541 - The role of islamic azad university on formation human capital (a survey on its units scattering in iran)
        ناصر Eghbali
        In this article the write explains human and social resources and their mutualinteractions . He believes that in the developing countries including Iran, human resourcesbecause of their prominent role in increasing awareness and productivity of the membersof society has More
        In this article the write explains human and social resources and their mutualinteractions . He believes that in the developing countries including Iran, human resourcesbecause of their prominent role in increasing awareness and productivity of the membersof society has a leading role in the formation of social resources. Next the writer points atthe role of Islamic Azad. University in establishing higher educational system throughoutthe country and facilitating the access of all people the higher education to accelerate theformation of human resources. Therefore in the next step he points at the humandistribution of the students of this university by using the indicator of human resources.He furthermore mentions the student distribution of this university by using averageindicator and the co efficiency of branch changes and the center of each province. Hebelieves that the process of student distribution had an acceptable direction (growth)during 1380-1384. Manuscript profile
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        542 - In the stability of the western slopes of mountain in Talesh and its morphological effects on filled plain of Ardabi
        Nader Golzad nanekaran Jamshid Jedari Eyvazi
        After the age of Euosen, the plain of Ardabil has been appeared like a subsidence hole, by faults (Neuor, Hir, Anbaran …) and the sediments wich are sensitive to Quaternaring erison have covered them. also From beginning of the middle age of Oligocene mountains o More
        After the age of Euosen, the plain of Ardabil has been appeared like a subsidence hole, by faults (Neuor, Hir, Anbaran …) and the sediments wich are sensitive to Quaternaring erison have covered them. also From beginning of the middle age of Oligocene mountains of the reigion have been elevated and the next age of erosion has started. the orogency of Pasadenian causes faulting mild thrust and region elevation. The existence of congolomerate with fragile cement and volcanic pieces in the southen part of Ardabil in Peleo- Quaternary are the sings  of  havy rain fall in the beginning of Quaternary. The new alluvium of Quaternary(Holocene) have been  carried through by mountaion waterway to the Ardabil plain and his process is done by the region water ways at the present time. The Alluvial terraces, alluvial con and … are signs of instability of the western slops of Talesh mountains and its morphological effects on filled plain of Ardabil. Manuscript profile
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        543 - Evidences of Pleistocene glacial geomorphology in the northern slope of Khashchal mountain (western Alborz)
        Jalilaldin Sorour Nima Farid Mojtahedi
        Identification and study of geomorphological heritage an important role to representthe trend of last climate chamges in a region. In this research using, topograph,geology maps and field evidences of glacial geomorphology in khashchal mountainnorthern slope is detected More
        Identification and study of geomorphological heritage an important role to representthe trend of last climate chamges in a region. In this research using, topograph,geology maps and field evidences of glacial geomorphology in khashchal mountainnorthern slope is detected. Detecd evidence are Glacial erasionablation landform like,glacial cirques, glacial valley and Glacial deposits Include glacial moraine. Resultshow during Pleistocene period, climate in northern slope of khashchal mountain hadlower temperature and probably with more precipitation in compare to recent climate.Erasion and morphogenes glacial processes have been active. While nowdaysevidence showing because of high evelation and precipitation and temperaturesituation in region, subglacial morphogenes process (freezing and melting)dominate inthe region. Manuscript profile
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        544 - An Examination of The Rosgen Classification System Efficiency Case Study . Classification of Babol and Talar rivers on the Caspian coastal plain zone
        M.M Hosseinzadeh رضا Esmaeili صدرالدین Motevali
        Rivers ranges widely, in channel form, and in their degree of dynamism. A wide rangeof geomorphic river classification schemes have been proposed since the late 19thcentury, reflecting the variety of environmental settings. In this paper, using withRosgen classification More
        Rivers ranges widely, in channel form, and in their degree of dynamism. A wide rangeof geomorphic river classification schemes have been proposed since the late 19thcentury, reflecting the variety of environmental settings. In this paper, using withRosgen classification system and based on geomorphic variables includingentrenchment, gradient, width/depth ratio, sinuosity and channel material sizeexamined for Babol and Talar rivers in the Caspian coastal plain zone. In this riversrecognized in two major groups (D and F) along the longitudinal gradient of river. TheD type streams have braided pattern and flow on the alluvial fans and the F typestreams have meander pattern and flow on the coastal plain. Also, this research showsthat substituting predictions from a classification system for real fluvial investigationscould lead to counterproductive management schemes. Manuscript profile
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        545 - Evaluation of accidents and sefety of road transportation with method of climatic hazards in karaj- chalous road
        Reza Borna Hossein Mohammadi Mohammad Rez Sarvati
        Different factors affect on road transportation safety, one of them is theenvironmental hazards, among the environmental hazards affecting on the roadtransportation safety, it can be mentioned about the avalanche, rain, snow, frost andfog phenomena. In this research, in More
        Different factors affect on road transportation safety, one of them is theenvironmental hazards, among the environmental hazards affecting on the roadtransportation safety, it can be mentioned about the avalanche, rain, snow, frost andfog phenomena. In this research, in addition to evaluating the relation between each ofenvironmental hazards as well as road transportation safety in the KARAJCHALOUSroute, it was took an action for providing the accident hazard probableplans in each environmental diffirent manners using the observed information and datain the are view. According to the obtained results, there are the most hazard probableduring the raining from the kilometer 95 to 145, while being the frost phenomenonfrom the kilometer 35 to 85, during the snowing from the km 45 to 85 as well asduring the fog from km 96 to 130 and during falling avalanches from km 56 to 70 ofthe KARAJ- CHALOUS route being shown in the plan. Manuscript profile
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        546 - The role of geomorphology on evaluation and prevention of natural disasters in Iran
        Davood Mokhtari
        Because geographical situation, geologic and geomorphologic conditions andhistorical background from economic, social and cultural point of view, Iran is adisastrous country in worldwide. In spite of advances in geomorphology in Iran inrecent decades, relation of this f More
        Because geographical situation, geologic and geomorphologic conditions andhistorical background from economic, social and cultural point of view, Iran is adisastrous country in worldwide. In spite of advances in geomorphology in Iran inrecent decades, relation of this field of geography to Natural disasters is not makingclear still. This paper attempt to investigate of geomorphologic dimensions of somenatural disasters occurred in recent years in our country, and importance of theincorporation not only of geomorphologic research, but also of geomorphologies inrisk assessment and management programs in Iran is emphasized.Studies on some natural disasters such as landslides, sandy storms, earthquakes andetc. indicate that this natural disasters lead to geomorphic problems from two aspects:first, natural hazards produce special geomorphic landforms and second, activegeomorphologic agents are origin of natural disasters occurring. Indeedgeomorphology is a powerful field that must play a role in the interdisciplinary effortsto develop adequate strategies for prevention and mitigation of natural disasters. Manuscript profile
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        547 - Evaluation of environmental instability indicators, with emphasis on urban waste (Case Study of Ahvaz Metropolis)
        Mostafa mohammadi Dehcheshme Mohammad Ali firoozi jafar saeedi
        Present research, the analytical method is applied. The aim of study was to evaluateindicators of environmental instability Metropolis of Ahvaz, emphasizing the waste index.To achieve the above objective, the concept of urban sustainability and urban instabilitybecame t More
        Present research, the analytical method is applied. The aim of study was to evaluateindicators of environmental instability Metropolis of Ahvaz, emphasizing the waste index.To achieve the above objective, the concept of urban sustainability and urban instabilitybecame to the identification of criteria and sub-criteria of the action And then according tothe objectives of the study, the conversion process criteria and indicators and the indicatorsare quantitative indicators within the AHP weights became prioritized for analysis of spatialdata, software, GIS, is used. In this context, the most important explanatory factors for theassessment of environmental instability, urban, urban waste pollution indicators and theindicators chosen Evaluated. The findings of this study indicate that in Ahwaz, based on thestudy, the environmental conditions are instability So that the effect of one factor (387/0),the highest value is weighted in the urban areas And the two Area have by weight (02/0), thelowest in the scale waste pollution in the urban areas. Manuscript profile
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        548 - Change Detection of costal landform in Asalooyeh (south of Iran)
        Ali Naeimi Nezamabad Manijeh Ghahroudi Tali Mohammad Reza Servati
        Recently progression of Remote Sensing caused that the changes were studied moreaccuracy and fast with less expenses. Method of change detection is a important wayto defined changes in costal in time ranges. Most of landforms in beach were collapsebecause of develop of More
        Recently progression of Remote Sensing caused that the changes were studied moreaccuracy and fast with less expenses. Method of change detection is a important wayto defined changes in costal in time ranges. Most of landforms in beach were collapsebecause of develop of petroleum in costal of Iran. Since petroleum installations wereexpanded in Asalooyeh costal, therefore this spot is one of the area where destroyed inIran. In this research coastal zone was taxonomy based on Geomorphology andIKONOS images in 2000. In the following changes of landforms were studied by IRSimages during 6 years. Unsupervised classification method, change detection, high &low position, statistics analyses and field research were use in order that the land formschanges were reconnoitered and the result were studied in Geography InformationSystem. In effect 85 % of geomorphologic landforms were collapsed because ofindustry installation. There are small gulf and marsh. The rest was destroyed. Some ofthe organizations in Iran make a preservation of natural environments Manuscript profile
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        549 - Analysing the development of effective natural factors warmness, case and cover the hole edge of the desert Haj Aligholi
        Saeid Kamyabi Mohammadali Rajaei Rizi Rahim Yousefizadeh Hamidreza Maleki
        Water is life resource for living creatures especially human being. Water is the first andnecessary toop for industrial development the base for agricultural production .if the mater ofwater and soil conservation be considered systematically and in the wide spread scale More
        Water is life resource for living creatures especially human being. Water is the first andnecessary toop for industrial development the base for agricultural production .if the mater ofwater and soil conservation be considered systematically and in the wide spread scale, in factthe consistency of natural environment is fulfilled (rajaei 1382).The resource area is locatedbetween 50 35 to 26 36 of north latitude and 12 54 to 46 54 north longitude which reachesfrom north to alborz mountain frome east to moladeh village, from west to damghan city andfrom sout to hajali gholi playa . in this area the following villages are located , mehmandoost,dehmolla, kalati molla, forat,zarrin abad mehdi abad, abbas abad,vamerzan, bagh, jazan,heidarabad and haji abad which contain a population about 62000 person including damghancity.the main occupation of population of this region is gardening.The disaster of underground water table falling , salinization of water,increase of demand andregion potential for increasing cultivating lands needs a full study for providing sustainablesituation and is one of the most necessary need of the ragion. In order to reach to this aim allgeographical,natural and especially geomorphology agents of region were strictly and in thefield , using GIS hardware were studied to find the role of them on water resources of this areawhere is one of the centers of human activities in the field of agriculture . the results show thatthe geomorphology of the region including tall mountains, affecting on the amount of rainfall,also tectonized limestone formation, have an important role on water provision of the region,which with wide plainheads have the principle role oo feeding underground tables. Manuscript profile
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        550 - Defining of the role of the Great Bazar of Tehran in urban tourism development
        Sima Boozari Ebrahim Khalifeh Mojtaba Babakinejad
        Urban management of Tehran City have been faced to different challenges, special in theeconomic structure, while this mega city has both specific location (administrative – politicalcentrality )to attract the capital in the country and it's historical background i More
        Urban management of Tehran City have been faced to different challenges, special in theeconomic structure, while this mega city has both specific location (administrative – politicalcentrality )to attract the capital in the country and it's historical background indicate that' scapability to attract the inner and outer tourists ,so The Great Bazar of Tehran, because of hislocation in urban old texture and it's various functions (commercial, religious, recreational andso on ) is considerable. This article attempts to know comprehensively of various capabilitiesof The Great Bazar of Tehran with an descriptive- exploratory approach in urban tourismdevelopment. In this article ,according to the research type (correlation), different limitationsin data collection , samples number is 150, that is based on the accidental sampling.According to the hypothesis and research problem and to measure the correlation between thevariables (the infrastructures of The Great Bazar and urban tourism development ), indicatorsinclude( communicative, informal, servicing ,cultural - religious , historical , commercial andrecreational) have been studied. Based on the Conclusions of the research ,about (Studyingand comparison of changes trends of The Great Bazar of Tehran) show that considerablefunctional weakness is on the management and planning of tourism developmentplanning(The Great Bazar of Tehran);Thus The Great Bazar of Tehran, according to it'sspatial potentials , with a strategic planning , participatory management and quantitative andqualitative provision of the communicative, servicing and informal infrastructures ,byadapting to universal standards and criteria, can has so important role to attract inner andouter tourists and positive functional changes in Tehran city and the other levels. Manuscript profile
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        551 - The Clarification of Monthly Precipitation Fluctuations in Ahar Station in relation to the Tele-connection Patterns
        Ali Mohammad Khorshiddoust Yousef Ghavidel Rahimi
        Authors have studied the precipitation fluctuations and rainfall changes inAhar synoptic station in this paper, applying long term monthly records for the47 year period (1960-2006). Results of using Man-Kendal test indicatesignificant correlation between precipitation c More
        Authors have studied the precipitation fluctuations and rainfall changes inAhar synoptic station in this paper, applying long term monthly records for the47 year period (1960-2006). Results of using Man-Kendal test indicatesignificant correlation between precipitation changes and tele-connectionpatterns in the study area. With regard to this matter, the relationship of autumnprecipitation with El-Nino atmospheric-oceanic pattern (so-called ENSO) duringwarm phase increases precipitation and the same linkages with La-Nina duringcold phases enhances droughts. The correlation of winter precipitation with teleconnectionpatterns of Northern Atlantic and Arctic Ocean has been alsosignificant in such a way that during the North Atlantic negative phases themagnitude of incoming cyclones to the area creates higher rates and on the otherhand, in positive phase causes a decrease in precipitation due to the dominanceof Azure Anticyclone. Testing of Standardized Precipitation Indexes (SPI) forevaluating monthly wet and dry periods also indicates that the occasionaloccurrence of drought periods in the area is irreversible. The independence ofmonthly wet and dry periods is also one of the main results of this study. Manuscript profile
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        552 - The analyzing and assessment of share's role of factors on the Rock flow's occurrence, by using of bivariated methods Case study: Garangoo catchments (eastern slope of Sahand Mt.,NW of Iran)
        M. B. Khatibi
        Catchment of Garangoo is as a semi-arid region (from 46゜. 27´ to 47゜. 42 E, from36゜. 58´ to 37゜. 44´N) and is as largest catchment of Sahand mountain. The RockFalls and Rock Flows, as one type of mass movement and as marked ofgeomorphologic hazard, fre More
        Catchment of Garangoo is as a semi-arid region (from 46゜. 27´ to 47゜. 42 E, from36゜. 58´ to 37゜. 44´N) and is as largest catchment of Sahand mountain. The RockFalls and Rock Flows, as one type of mass movement and as marked ofgeomorphologic hazard, frequently are occurred on rocky slope of semi-arid mountain.These events are the natural outcome of natural processes which the occurrences ofevents are intensive with human impacts and are threat the human structure ,speciallyin mountain area and are imposed economical damage to villager The environmentmanagement is require firstly, to study mechanism of the occurrence of these eventsand then zonation of susceptible area to the occurrence events. The aim this article isassessment share of factors and is define share of 10 factors on the occurrence of Rockflow. The Rock flow hazard mapping is often performed through the identification andanalysis instability factors .For mapping ,firstly distribution map of factor produce anddigitized of factors and then analyzed by bivariated methods and the next stage,weighted to factors and final stage, produced Rock flow hazard zonation map by usingof Arc/View .This map show that, large part of Garangoo catchment is consist ofvolcano ash ,marl and old alluvial ,with steep slope at site of 2000 m altitude. Thevolcanic material (andesite and dasite) specially Miocene volcanic stone,produced thedebris and rock segments. These materials deposited on roads surface and distortedpassengers. Manuscript profile
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        553 - Study and qualitative of estimation erosion on geomorphologic outcrops using FAo method Navroud drainage basin
        Tahereh Fatolahzadeh Mohammadreza Servati
        Watershed basins of Iran are very different with a view to geology, unevenness, climate andthe other factors effective in erosion. The aim of this research is study of different types oferosion in Navroud watershed basin, investigation of the intensity of erosion, sedim More
        Watershed basins of Iran are very different with a view to geology, unevenness, climate andthe other factors effective in erosion. The aim of this research is study of different types oferosion in Navroud watershed basin, investigation of the intensity of erosion, sedimentproduction and the factors effective in this relation. The physiological, topographic, climatic,geological and geomorphological specifications, plant covering, soil, erosion and sedimentproduction were generally studied. The area of the basin is about 265.46 square kilometers.Then with integration of the original work units and their petrological structure. The intensityof erosion and sediment production in each work unit was investigated with use of(qualtitative) FAO (experimental method). On the basis of the obtained results subbasins Nos.Also they have the most amount of sediment production as compared with the othersubbasins. Some of the reasons include the great slope, change of application, ruining offorests and pastures, construction of roads and existence of the formations sensitive toerosion. The other subbasins have the least amount of erosion and sedimentation, becausetheir formation is resistant to erosion and generally includes biotite, sandy lime, tuff andandesite. Generally the results of this research show that in each work unit, slop is the mostimportant factor of erosion and this is true in some of the outcrops. The most considerablefactors for occurrence of erosion in a basin include application change, forests and pasturesruining, road construction and very great slope. Manuscript profile
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        554 - AIDA Technique Usage in Urban Palnning Case Study of Historical Region of Yazd City
        Hossein Kalantari Khalilabad Ahmad Pourahmad Hossein HatamiNejad
        Planning in renovation of old area of cities which is of a condensed area , narrowand meandering alleys and streets means: renewal of life or renovation of central partof city.The old area of Yazd which had been designed for the other needs at that time,cannot adapt its More
        Planning in renovation of old area of cities which is of a condensed area , narrowand meandering alleys and streets means: renewal of life or renovation of central partof city.The old area of Yazd which had been designed for the other needs at that time,cannot adapt itself with the new conditions in these days and its residents are moving tonew areas day by day;on the other hand, nonnatives and migrants tend to thatareas.The lack of affinity and attention to the old areas,not only results in increasing ofobliteration but it also does in social change,moral rudeness and criminals; in otherwords, not having a proper social and basic structure between old and new area leadsto defeat of old area, eventually.In this essay, regarding to the present problems in the old area of Yazd as well asthe possibilities and abilities, the following objects have been set out in order torenovate and restore of old areas.The most important objects are as follows:-Keeping of historical values and space restoration along with their functions,-Stabilizing of population,-Social optimization and restoring the essence of historical-cultural areathrough keeping of real groups of people and removing of social damages,-Improving in economical structure,-Promoting the social services,and reinforceing of urban management.Then ,using the analysis of the fields of related decision making technique,suggested guidelines and projects have been presented to renovate the area. Manuscript profile
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        555 - The Graphic Techniques in the Urban Planning From Basic Tool to Prominent Technique
        مهدی Modiri احمد Poorahmad
        The increasing development of urban community under the influence of irregulargrowth population and immigrations, leading to unplanned constructions and itsuncontrolled expansion brought about many changes in the spatial structures of urban,This overall changes in its t More
        The increasing development of urban community under the influence of irregulargrowth population and immigrations, leading to unplanned constructions and itsuncontrolled expansion brought about many changes in the spatial structures of urban,This overall changes in its turn require more than ever informed direction, substantialorganization and suitable spatial design. On the other hand, the fundament social,cultural and economical changes are seeking an extensive transformation in the spatialstructure of environmental complexes. Certainly, such changes can not advancewithout effective planning and guidance of urban developers.Urban and regional planners advocating formulating and regulating plans andadopting policies need continuous acquisition of information. Urban planning anddesigning from perception to designing and implementing urban plans need correct,precise , rapid and up-to-date information of local, urban and region.So far, cartographical elements (such as graph, histogram, map, photo, aerialphoto, satellite image and geographical information system) acted as a basic tool forsecuring correct, precise and up to date information leading to better understanding ofurban and regional potentialities, trends of urban planning and designing and finallyproviding an accepted image for urban .Over the recent years, cartographic knowledge, which is influenced byelectronic, satellite and automation has been on the threshold of a fundamental changeand in addition to its determining role of simulation, it has transformed into a uniquetechnique in modeling (designing for future) for the purpose of designing and planningand testing of processes and analyzing the results prior to the implementation.The aim of this article is conducting a research to explain the influence ofautomation in changing the cartography and transforming it into an effective andsalient technique in urban and regional planning and presenting a suitable model. Manuscript profile
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        556 - Agriculture Products Insurance Assessment of Iran with Sustainable Agriculture Approach
        Hamdollah Pishro Parvaneh. Azizi Roza Azarkamad
        In general, insurance is a form of risk management used to hedge against acontingent loss. Agriculture insurance is a special line of property insurance applied toagricultural firms. As well as Agriculture insurance is one of the most efficient waysof managing the risks More
        In general, insurance is a form of risk management used to hedge against acontingent loss. Agriculture insurance is a special line of property insurance applied toagricultural firms. As well as Agriculture insurance is one of the most efficient waysof managing the risks inherent to farming. Sustainable agriculture integrates threemain goals-environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economicequity. Agriculture insurance is one of sustainable agriculture economics dimension.The aim of the study is to analyzes Agriculture insurance of Iran. The report starts withthe description of sustainable development definition and Sustainable agricultureindexes. Than evaluate the performance of agriculture insurance deals during 2006-2007. Gardens and farms are highly vulnerable, because are low water resources andIran is located on the desert region.The findings of this study show that implementation of agriculture insurance, risk ofoperating in this sector has reduced somewhat. Also performed calculations shows thatthe farmers funds received has been able to produce only 10 percent of the productcost. Other results show that only 12 percent of the garden farm country s have beensubject to insurance. So Iran agriculture is less stable in terms of agriculture insurance. Manuscript profile
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        557 - The Role of Geography Factors on Human Behavior
        Mahmoud Safari Hidar Lofti Byandor Atashpanjeh
        The effects of Geography factors on human behavior are considered by researchersfrom past time. The natural factors have had considerable influences on humanbehavior and its function for ever as the natural environmental changes due to differentclimate situations can ha More
        The effects of Geography factors on human behavior are considered by researchersfrom past time. The natural factors have had considerable influences on humanbehavior and its function for ever as the natural environmental changes due to differentclimate situations can have special reaction on human behavior.In this article the author with considering to scientific experiment and the science ofGeography has tried to survey the relation between human and natural environment with aview to Geography Manuscript profile
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        558 - Crime agaist Tourists in Tourism Destinations Case Study:Tehran Metropolise
        Azita Rajabi Marzieh Khanmohammadi
        Tourism is a very delicate and sensitive industry especially in relation with safetyand security matters in different national,regional and international levels. Every kindof security incidents such as :crime against tourists ,war,riots and terrorism will causeirrecover More
        Tourism is a very delicate and sensitive industry especially in relation with safetyand security matters in different national,regional and international levels. Every kindof security incidents such as :crime against tourists ,war,riots and terrorism will causeirrecoverable damage to the industry.Control and providing the security of tourists and prevention of crime againstthem,not only boots their reliability but also by reducing their concerns for providingtheir physical and financial security,make them enjoy their trip and travel further.Tehran city includes one forth of urban population of the country (the mainpopulation centers) and arrival and departure place of the most incoming tourists toIran, so it is playing the main role in managing tourism destinations in the country.Therfore, security incidents and crime agaist tourists can destroy tourism industry inseveral occasions.The goal of this article is surveying security issues and crime against tourists intourism destinations.The methods of this research is descriptive- analystic and the aimis practical. the results and findings of the research shows that social andenvironmental security in Tehran city is not in proper level ,and like many othermetropolises the crime rate is high. therefore, Tehran city is not in a proper securitysituation for developing tourism industry at present time.So it seems some extrememeasures should be taken to improve tourism industry in the under study city. Manuscript profile
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        559 - Analytical Maurice and Guttman scales models using the rate in Khuzestan province
        Nosrat Farhadi Naser Orak
        The first step in planning is to recognize the economic, social and cultural inequalitiesbetween different regions. Since the criteria is very common in regional development, theareas classified according to various indicators of economic, social, cultural and physical. More
        The first step in planning is to recognize the economic, social and cultural inequalitiesbetween different regions. Since the criteria is very common in regional development, theareas classified according to various indicators of economic, social, cultural and physical.Because of the important role of the Khuzestan province level has always been of interest tomanagers and administrators spent planning specific to this region. This province has apopulation of over 4.2 million people that is 23 city and 67 percent in urban areas and ruralareas are remaining. This research is descriptive method, analytical measurements and datacollection methods and statistical library has been done to determine position of theKhuzestan province and inharmonious Maurice and Guttman scales models is used.Coefficient based on the calculated results of development assistance Maurice and Guttmanscales models in Khuzestan province, Behbahan city having highest and Andika city has thelowest coefficient. Manuscript profile
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        560 - Evidences of mountains Phenomenon Glacial of Pleistocene at the Bozabon and Bozakuh mountains (east of Gillian)
        جلیل الدین Sarvar Nima Farid-Mojtahedi
        Studies about Quaternary of IRAN started by foreign Scientists in the beginning of 20the century. Iranian scientists tried to find Geomorphologic. Effects of climate changesand geology. They considered researches of past scientists. Consideration ofmountainous glaciers More
        Studies about Quaternary of IRAN started by foreign Scientists in the beginning of 20the century. Iranian scientists tried to find Geomorphologic. Effects of climate changesand geology. They considered researches of past scientists. Consideration ofmountainous glaciers phenomenon's of IRAN are important among mentioned studies.Despite in lots of studies about Arbors mountainous and Gillian northwest glaciers. Afew studies were done about Gillian south east. Recognition of mountainous glacierseffects and knowledge increasing of geography were the aims of this research. Theabstract is written here. Campaign-historic‚ geomorphologic analysis‚ based on directobservations‚ documents consideration and will be applied methods of this research.The results of researches indicated: During north mid latitude Pleistocene freezing(cold and humid period). There were mountainous glaciers at the southeast of Roodsar.Effects of its function are observable as cirque glaciers moraine and etc‚ in the regionunder sturdy. Manuscript profile
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        561 - Locate and determine the scope of the development of Koohdasht using Fuzzy Logic and GIS
        Hojjat allah pashapour Mostafa Tavakoli Nagme Abolfazl Noori Elnaz Rezaei
        Locate a process by which a user can be assigned to specific criteria and according toavailable resources, the perfect place to be determined.to the world of computer science andsoftware opens, it floats and unlimited space between the numbers one and zero logic andreas More
        Locate a process by which a user can be assigned to specific criteria and according toavailable resources, the perfect place to be determined.to the world of computer science andsoftware opens, it floats and unlimited space between the numbers one and zero logic andreasoning also applies to (Jvrabyan, Mahmoud et al: 1381), can also be used to locate much asvalues between zero and one will take., tilt, of processes (weathering, range, flow anderosion), the risks of failure (destruction of dams, underground water, facilities, etc.) and thusthe effects of environmental hazards on human structures and increased construction costs dueto the risks faced is, except for land located in East and West (the best locations for futurephysical development), there is no other place for physical development Kuhdasht Manuscript profile
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        562 - Synoptic analysis of heavy rainfall in November 21, 2011 in Kohkilooyeh and BoyerAhmad (Likak)
        Majid Montazeri Mohammad Hassan Nami Hamideh Dalaei
        Heavy rainfall and its direct and indirect effects on human’s lives and activities not onlyjustify the attention to the peripheral phenomenon but also provide the way to predict theirfuture occurrence.In thisstudy, after selectin gcriteria for Iran’s heavy r More
        Heavy rainfall and its direct and indirect effects on human’s lives and activities not onlyjustify the attention to the peripheral phenomenon but also provide the way to predict theirfuture occurrence.In thisstudy, after selectin gcriteria for Iran’s heavy rainfallin theSouthWest, theperipheralto circulation approach was used and the synoptic conditions at thetime of the event(21November2011) was evaluated. Results show that the progression ofSudan low pressure from the South and the European high pressure from the North and thecollision of the setwohot and coldsystems have made the mass in West and SouthWest of thecountry. In addition,in the middle level of atmosphere deepening of the Mediterraneanlanding area and its East- toward movement on the same day has located the study area in theEast Region of the landing are a which is the positive volubility area and the created spin hasmoved to the East. Therefore, Due to the severe the rmalinstability and gradient this led torising air in the region.Highhumidity has also contributed to instability and has providedconditions for heavy rainfallin the region more than before Also, one of the other factorsaffecting the heavy rainfallin the study area is that he subtropical river windspeed core haslocated on the Red Sea andin the north of Arabia Manuscript profile
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        563 - Identify river geomorphic figures – part 1: Review of channel bed morphology (case study: northern catchments of central Alborz – Challos to talar )
        M.M Hosseinzadeh رضا Esmaili صدرالدین Motevali
        Rivers are characterized by a continuum of morphological diversity. River geomorphicunits also based on their setting in channel and valley divide to four parts, includingchannel bed morphology, various mid channels, bank-attached and floodplain features.Two primary cha More
        Rivers are characterized by a continuum of morphological diversity. River geomorphicunits also based on their setting in channel and valley divide to four parts, includingchannel bed morphology, various mid channels, bank-attached and floodplain features.Two primary channel-reach are recognized; bedrock and alluvium that theirfeatures including: fall, pothole, rapid, cascade, step-pool, plane bed (run), pool-riffleand sand ripple-dune. This paper provides a review of previous researches in rivergeomorphic units that samples and features produced from northern catchments ofcentral Alborz. The examination these river geomorphic units provide a simplyunderstanding of water and sediment transport regime and river behavior. Manuscript profile
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        564 - Geomorphology And Integrated Coastal Zone And River Basin Management Of Persian Gulf Coast From Kong To Hosineyeh Harbours.
        Ahmad Ansari Lari M. R. Sarvati
        With regard to this fact that the very most of the worlds population have settled at thecoastal regions and their activities are typically related to the sea exploitation, coasts asone of the significant morphodynamic regions are of a special importance. Coastalregions More
        With regard to this fact that the very most of the worlds population have settled at thecoastal regions and their activities are typically related to the sea exploitation, coasts asone of the significant morphodynamic regions are of a special importance. Coastalregions all over the world are under a severe pressure. At least, there are five humanfactors which have produced the grounds on which destruction of coastal regionsoccur. They are as follows: population growth, pollution, destruction of theenvironment, conflicts of the benefits between the users and irregular exploitation ofresources.Some local, regional and notional actions have been taken for solving suchenvironmental difficulties and managing coastal regions sustainably in differentcountries. Most frequent and current managerial plans of coastal regions are focusedon coastal dangers such as erosion and flooding, pollution caused by land activitiesand marine transportations. Extensive exploitations in the fields of fisheries, truism,commercial transportations, etc.give these regions a double significance. Since anykind of human activities such as establishing coastal and portal construction as well asother types of exploitations like transportations, commerce and sanitation necessitatethe stability of coastal lines according to morphodynamic factors through both themovements of sea water and processes of the land environment. It is necessary tostudy geomorphology and management of integrated coastal zone comprehensively.Hence the basic and effective variables under study which should be attained for achange in the coastal line and area in clued waves, tides, coastal currents as thedynamic factors of the sea environment, wind and river processes and human landactivities (on a limited scale).Considering the natural features and geographicalsituation of the coastal region of Kong port up to Hosseinieh port, a natural operationhas been used in such a way that catchment areas have been regarded as an inseparablepart the coastal regions according to the definition of this region for management andits boundary reaches the dividing line of the catchment areas with regard to the strongnatural functional criterion between the two mentioned parts Manuscript profile
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        565 - A study of the tribal realm in semi – nomads In Gilan ( case study : Asalem of talesh)
        نصرالله Molaei
        The decamping tribes of Iran, widespread and with a long history have Played animportant role in the production cycle. That is why, an attempt must be made toconsider the role of this ''third society'', in addition to urban and rural societies. That iswhy, it is essenti More
        The decamping tribes of Iran, widespread and with a long history have Played animportant role in the production cycle. That is why, an attempt must be made toconsider the role of this ''third society'', in addition to urban and rural societies. That iswhy, it is essential to fill in the gap between this third society, on the one hand, andrural and urban societies on the other.Decamping tribes , on the contrary to stuble societies, live in a vast area , moving fromone area to another on the basis of climatic conditiones. To be more specific they moveto winter – quarters in the winter, summer – quarters in the summer spring & autumnqnarters in these two season. And the realm of decamping tribes in Asalem is the Est –west pivot.A significant feature is the short time it takes for these tribes to move to winterquarters, summer quarters and spring and autumn quarters in these two season. It isworth mentioning that 95 percent of the members of these tribes move onmotorvehicles. On the other hand, 99 percent of domestic animal are transferred usingtraditional methods. Manuscript profile
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        566 - Thermodynamic and Synoptic analysis of torrential rain in the kermanshah
        S. Ameneh sajjadi
        One of the most important disaster in the west of Iran, Particularly in cold season isflood. The precipitation in the west regions is longer while tropical systems arepredominant. In this research we studied this percipitation which is accompany withconvective instabili More
        One of the most important disaster in the west of Iran, Particularly in cold season isflood. The precipitation in the west regions is longer while tropical systems arepredominant. In this research we studied this percipitation which is accompany withconvective instability. one long precipitation period (1994) in the cold season ofkermanshah .Maps:surface, 500 & 300 hpa levels , upper atmosphere of kermanshahzone & skew-T diagrams at (1200UTC) hour were applied for synoptical analysis.Thermodynamical indexes mixing ratio,Potential temperature and instability ofAtmosphere (Si,Ki,CAPE)and pw were studied and It As a result west systems, inthese periods, accompany with a meditteranian low pressure system on the earthsurface and upper atmosphere Trouph and supplied enough moisture have suitablepattern for precipitation that . In this region the wind speed is at maximum which canbe identifical from maps 30 hpa levels. With calculation on torrential rain (average pw56 mm and 35 mm for start- average CAPE 1500 j/kg and 1000 j/kg for start - averageki 24 C° and 28 C° for start - average si -5 C° and -1 C° for start on torrential rain forabove factors we can opine about torrential rain not only in the kermanshah but also inother cases. Manuscript profile
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        567 - The Study of Precipitable Water and its use in Cloud Seeding with thermodynamic diagrams and Modis Satellite in Western Iran
        سید علیرضا Sadeghi-Hosseini
        The study of Precipitable water (PW) and determining the cloud seeding threshold areof great importance in reducing the considerable cost of unsuccessful seeding or overseeding which well result in a decrease in rainfall potentiality. The present study wascarried out wi More
        The study of Precipitable water (PW) and determining the cloud seeding threshold areof great importance in reducing the considerable cost of unsuccessful seeding or overseeding which well result in a decrease in rainfall potentiality. The present study wascarried out within a four-year period covering from 2000 to 2003 where the amount ofrainfall in Tabriz and Kermanshah was recorded by precipitation stations. instabilityindices, PW were calculated using the data obtained through radiosonde,thermodynamic diagram, and Modis satellite. Using the curve and upon choosing thePW and the rainfall average as dependent variable, from among the PW, the suitablecloud seeding threshold was estimated.The thresholds obtained through Modis and radiosonde for cloud seeding and PWwere compared across 21 cases. The two methods employed showed high correlation.The thresholds obtained through Modis in East Azerbaijan and Kermanshah were 7mm and 12 mm respectively, while the thresholds obtained through radiosonde on thesame days for PW were 9 mm in East Azerbaijan and 15 mm in Kermanshah. Ingeneral, the amount of PW obtained through radiosonde proved to be greater thanthose achieved through Modis. It is mainly due to the fact that the clouds’ build uptime and satellite picturing were not synchronous; moreover, the Modis had highersensitivity to the back scattering of the infrared waves by heavy clouds and, at thesame time, and the low sensitivity in fogy condition on earth. Manuscript profile
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        568 - Cities, The World Greenhouse
        زهره Fani
        Cities are contaminator with over consumption. Because of this situation, they aresubjected to many ecologic dangers and pressures. Therefore they distinct as unevenand unequal places; This process far away them from sustainable eco-city. This papersearch and study sust More
        Cities are contaminator with over consumption. Because of this situation, they aresubjected to many ecologic dangers and pressures. Therefore they distinct as unevenand unequal places; This process far away them from sustainable eco-city. This papersearch and study sustainable eco-cities; the ways of structural reforms in the diseasedcities for instance; Limits of physical growth, Demanding Health, Transport and size –shape of cities, Food, Water and Waste.The World Bank was pronouncing that sustainable urban development and ecocityhave conditions as follow:-The livable;-The efficient local management;-Be able to competition;-The prosperity from bank credits;. Manuscript profile
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        569 - Models and techniques of renovation planning of historical areas in cities
        Hossein Kalantari احمد Pourahmad
        Historical areas in the cities are suffering from lack of development due totraditional texture, erosion of settled area, difficult access, weakness of infrastructures,environmental problems and so forth.Some projects have been done in different countries to solve the p More
        Historical areas in the cities are suffering from lack of development due totraditional texture, erosion of settled area, difficult access, weakness of infrastructures,environmental problems and so forth.Some projects have been done in different countries to solve the problems ofhistorical areas of the cities. These projects are in the following froms: renovation,restoration, and rehabilitation. Different phylosophical visions in urban planningcontrols the approaches. At the begining of industrial revolution up to 1960, historicalarea of cities were ignored by urban planners and so the planners were interested inmaking new cities. During this time, modifications were mainly temporary, just informs and regardless of social-economical conditions of the regions and cities.In the sixties, restoration of historical areas in cities and gentrification along withreconstruction of the old city and construction of new cities similar to the old onesbased on social norms and values were in the center of attention.In this time, rehabilitation, renovation, restoration of residentials in historical areawere prepared based on economical, social and form studies by using different ideasand suggestions. This paper reviews different techniques and models of renovation ofhistorical areas of the cities. Manuscript profile
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        570 - Importance Fremote Sensing in Geographic Studies and Educa
        N. EQBALI H. Lotfi
        Different explanations have been provided for remote sensing, but as a summary,one can define it as the science and art of information acquisition about objects,terrains or different phenomena by gathering information from them without anycontact.In a remote sensing sys More
        Different explanations have been provided for remote sensing, but as a summary,one can define it as the science and art of information acquisition about objects,terrains or different phenomena by gathering information from them without anycontact.In a remote sensing system, receiving and recording of information are done bysensors contrived in platforms. These platforms may have a variety such as aircraft,helicopter, satellite and spacecraft, but form both quantitative and qualitative points ofview, satellites play one of the most major roles in remote sensing. One of the mostadvantages of remote sensing is to collect information from hardly accessible areas ordangerous locations. Moreover, sensors aboard satellites and aircrafts can be used inresearches about polar territories, upper atmosphere, forest fires, volcanic activities,faraway oceanic parts and deserts which are difficult to be accessed by humans.Actually, remote sensing is the science and art of acquisition of information remotely,that is, obtaining information about objects and phenomena without any physicalcontact with them.In this article, after a review over the remote sensing technology and geographicinformation system, it is tried to use roles, applications and evaluation of the effects ofthese two subjects, in the geographical studies. Manuscript profile
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        571 - Dynamic Analysis of the Role of Stratospheric Large Scale Circulation on the Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, Part II; Dynamical Mechanisms
        عباس Mofidi
        In order to recognize and understand the mechanism governing on variations and decrease ofstratospheric ozone, the dynamical Principles which are governing on the stratosphere layerwere investigated. In this case, links between the most important dynamical components, i More
        In order to recognize and understand the mechanism governing on variations and decrease ofstratospheric ozone, the dynamical Principles which are governing on the stratosphere layerwere investigated. In this case, links between the most important dynamical components, i.e.Polar Vortex, Planetary Scale Waves, Stratospheric Sudden Warming (SSW), QBO andvariations and depletion of stratospheric ozone, illustrated.The results indicate that Stratospheric Polar Vortex has a key role in interannualvariability of Total ozone and account a necessary precondition for ozone depletion andformation of stratospheric ozone hole. Therefore, Shape, Area, intensity and Persistence ofPolar Vortex in two hemisphere is determining ozone decrease rate and the maximum arealcoverage of ozone hole.The results shows that dynamical forcing from troposphere is the major source ofstratospheric variations and upward propagation of planetary waves in addition to theoccurance Brewer-Dobson circulation and SSW, is controlling the temporal and spatialdistribution of total ozone and decrease and increase of stratospheric ozone. Hence, thecirculation of the winter stratosphere is strongly influenced by vertically propagating forcedplanetary waves and rate of planetary waves activity in stratosphere and their interaction withdynamical components such as QBO and Polar Vortex, additionally control of Brewer-Dobson circulation and temperature ratio, is determining transport and interannual variabilityof stratospheric ozone.The Stratospheric Sudden Warming (SSW) is the most dramatic meteorologicalphenomenon to take place in stratosphere. The breakup of the polar vortex during a majorSSW, or during a Final Warming, leads to the greatest mixing of polar and low-latitude air,bringing, for instance, ozone-poor air from the polar vortex to mid-latitude.The dominant source of variability in the tropical stratosphere is the QBO, which involvesthe quasi-periodic reversal of zonal winds from westerly to easterly and back again. The resultsshows that the zonal-wind structure in the stratosphere affects the propagation of planetarywaves from the troposphere. When the QBO is in its westerly phase throughout the tropicallower stratosphere, the waves are refracted away from polar regions towards the tropics. Thestratosphere polar vortex should therefore be cold and strong, with less intense SSWs. When,on the other hand, the QBO is in its easterly phase, the waves are more confined to middle andpolar latitudes. The polar vortex should be warmer and weaker and therefore more susceptibleto breakdown by SSWs. In such cases, ozone depletion is less in the Polar Regions and thus,the ozone hole would be smaller. Manuscript profile
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        572 - Improvement and Organization of Informal Habitation with Emphasis on Economic, Social, Anatomical and Environmental Indicators Case Study: In Azadshahr (Gholam Tape Bazi District)
        Zahra Sharifinia Mohammad Reza Nura Mahdi Sanadgol
        This article studying informal habitation and formation of informal settlements inAzadshahr City (Gholam Tape Bazi district). After studying the necessary variantscontained in the questionnaires completed by 187 heads of family residing in informalsettlements of Gholam More
        This article studying informal habitation and formation of informal settlements inAzadshahr City (Gholam Tape Bazi district). After studying the necessary variantscontained in the questionnaires completed by 187 heads of family residing in informalsettlements of Gholam Tape district. It is argued that the cause of this problematicphenomenon is uncontrolled immigration on one side, and financial problems, absenceof unified and coordinated management in solving financial problems and also theabsence of unified and coordinated management of immigration and settlement issueson the other side. Data analysis carried out by factor analysis method and the use of"SPSS" software load the social and economic indicators as the first and secondpriorities, hygienic - environmental and anatomical – physical indicators as the thirdand the fourth priorities, servicing and managerial indicators as the fifth and sixthpriorities for Improvement and Organization of Gholam Tape Bazi district. At theend, proportionate to the research finding, appropriate strategies are proposed. Manuscript profile
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        573 - Identification and Representation of Static and Dynamic Districts in the Geography of Elections in Guilan Province
        Zahra Pishgahi Fard Roghayeh Sharifi Chaboki
        After the Islamic Revolution in Iran, during the years since 1979 to 2011, we haveobserved 8 terms of parliament elections in Iran. During these terms, political partiesand factions played an important and sensitive role in elections and assignation ofparliament members More
        After the Islamic Revolution in Iran, during the years since 1979 to 2011, we haveobserved 8 terms of parliament elections in Iran. During these terms, political partiesand factions played an important and sensitive role in elections and assignation ofparliament members.The main goal of this paper is to identify and discover dynamic and static districtsbased on factions and representatives in 8 terms of parliament election after theIslamic Revolution of Iran. The studied district in this research is Guilan Province thathas highly participated in political cooperation and elections in Iran during 8 terms ofparliament elections.This paper with analytical method and by using Geographical Information System(GIS) is attempting to answer the following questions that if there is dynamic andstatic districts for factions and representatives in Guilan Province? In case of existenceof static districts, political direction of the selective districts of Guilan Province istoward which party?The gained results in this research show that during 8 terms of elections of theIslamic Parliament in Guilan Province, some of elective districts of Guilan Provinceare dynamic and some other are static, and tendency of major of representatives andresidences of selective districts are toward right party. Manuscript profile
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        574 - Dynamical Analysis of the Role of Stratospheric Large Scale Circulation on the Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
        Abbas Mofidi
        In order to recognize and understand the mechanism governing on variations anddecrease of stratospheric ozone, the dynamical characteristics of Middle atmospherespecially,atmospheric circulation and mass transport in the stratosphere wereinvestigated.The first, characte More
        In order to recognize and understand the mechanism governing on variations anddecrease of stratospheric ozone, the dynamical characteristics of Middle atmospherespecially,atmospheric circulation and mass transport in the stratosphere wereinvestigated.The first, characteristics of stratospheric ozone such as it’s production andtemporal and spatial distribution of it has been noticed. Then, considering the veryimportant role of stratospheric circulation in distribution, variation and decrease ofstratospheric ozone, with presentation of a division of stratospheric circulation; meancharacteristics of zonal(consist of Polar Vortex, Surf Zone, QBO and summerhemisphere circulation) and meridional circulation(Brewer-Dobson circulation) hasbeen illustrated.In following, in order to explanation of stratospheric ozone depletion, trend oftemporal and spatial ozone decreasing were investigated. Finally, links between themost important dynamical components, i.e. Polar Vortex, Planetary Scale RossbyWaves, Stratospheric Sudden Warming, QBO and variations and depletion ofstratospheric ozone, illustrated.The results indicate that since 1980, the global mean of ozone decrease was about3% and the largest decreases have been observed over the polar regions of twohemispheres in spring.Stratospheric Polar Vortex has a key role in interannual variability of Total Ozoneand account a necessary precondition for ozone depletion and formation ofstratospheric ozone hole. Therefore, Shape, Area, intensity and Persistence of PolarVortex in two hemisphere is determining ozone decrease rate and the maximum arealcoverage of ozone hole.Dynamical forcing from troposphere is the major source of stratospheric variationsand upward propagation of planetary waves in addition to the occurance Brewer-Dobson circulation and Stratospheric Sudden Warming, is controlling the temporal andspatial distribution of total ozone and decrease and increase of stratospheric ozone.Hence, the circulation of the winter stratosphere is strongly influenced by verticallypropagating forced planetary waves and rate of planetary waves activity in stratosphereand their interaction with dynamical components such as QBO and Polar Vortex,additionally control of Brewer-Dobson circulation and temperature ratio, isdetermining transport and interannual variability of stratospheric ozone. Manuscript profile
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        575 - The introducing of natural dangers in Shafarude auriferous basin of Rezvanshahr town.With emphasizing on land sliding
        Rafat Shahmari Ardanjani Mohammad Reza Servati Jaliladdin Surour
        The main reason of doing this research is to identify and introduce the effectivefactors on natural disasters such as flood, land slide, fire accident ….and also thediversity of area and time of dangers and stretching and size of them in Shafarudeaquiferous basin More
        The main reason of doing this research is to identify and introduce the effectivefactors on natural disasters such as flood, land slide, fire accident ….and also thediversity of area and time of dangers and stretching and size of them in Shafarudeaquiferous basin of Rezvanshahr town located in the west of Guilan province. Theeffect of reflection of this dangers on the social-economics condition of residents is anoticeable point that shows the importance of this research. This research has done byusing the descriptive – analyzing methods (basin system) and by using from toolssuch as topography maps from organization of army forces and the maps of geology,land using, air mapping by organization of cartography and field observation (Directobservation) and by using the G.P.S device, Excel and Auto Cad soft wares.The study results showed that: the major threatening natural disasters in this basinareLand slide , flood , fire accident drought, Thunder and lightening, animals’ bite ,plant pests, ….. in this direction, type and genus of geological structure and the severalfaults inside the basin and the Astara throughout fault in basin shallow, the differenceof height between the headline and basin shallow, the steep of slopes, rain falling, thelasting snow (about six months), the blowing of strong winds in autumn and thebeginning of spring, the thick mantle of forest in throughout the basin and ….… arethe most important and numerous natural factors causing natural disasters in basinplay an essential role such as land sliding and rock falling(in northwest, centre andsouthwest of basin) in villages- Ardah(1383), Roshandeh(1375), Dashtdaman (1383)and the flooding in Pargam(1375), Rinah (1383), Vaskah (1373) and forest firing inthe forests of south and southwest of basin ( Razah, Dashtdaman) during the recentdecade(1375-85).The events of these dangers a part from economy and socialdamages, within the investigation boundary collectively have switched theenvironment landscapes. Manuscript profile
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        576 - Effectiveness of “crisis staff OJT (on the job training)” Appropriate strategies on enhancing the earthquake preparedness
        دکتر اختر جمالی کیوان فاتحی منش
        The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of district one of Tehran metropolitan crisis staff OJT (on the job training) for formulating the improved training strategies on enhancing the earthquake preparedness. Preface & Aims : The  aims More
        The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of district one of Tehran metropolitan crisis staff OJT (on the job training) for formulating the improved training strategies on enhancing the earthquake preparedness. Preface & Aims : The  aims of this survey are: 1.Measuring the results  of  OJT in the field of crisis management 2.The relation between needs and OJT And Finally ,present the appropriate strategies in relation to specialized training for the members of crisis management staff of district one of Tehran (focusing on earthquake preparedness) Research method: descriptive-analytic method Findings: The results of this research shows as follows: 1-There is a significant difference between the preparedness of the members of crisis management staff of district one of Tehran who have enjoyed OJT and the others (trained and not trained target members)             2-Effectiveness of OJT for the members of crisis management staff of district one of Tehran (about earthquake crisis management preparedness) in present situation has a significant difference with desired conditions. Results: Finally , appropriate strategies in relation to specialized training for the members of crisis management staff of district one of Tehran (focusing on earthquake preparedness) suggested as follows:1-Reviewing existing curriculum regarding the weakness and the strength points of the activities and the needs resulted from the study 2-Completing crisis management related data bank of the district with respect to the present and future needs 3- Defining and conducting a expertized  curriculum concentrating on earthquake preparedness of crisis management staff. Manuscript profile
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        577 - Participation of Tehran citizens in the activities domain of municipality (Case study: citizens of region 4)
        جمال عبداله پور حسن مختارپور رجبعلی مختارپور
        Today, most experts believe that the focused urbanmanagement experience is failed and it is impossible without citizenparticipation. So the attraction of citizen's participation is the mainconcerns of the urban new management. Tehran Municipality the oneof the major ins More
        Today, most experts believe that the focused urbanmanagement experience is failed and it is impossible without citizenparticipation. So the attraction of citizen's participation is the mainconcerns of the urban new management. Tehran Municipality the oneof the major institutions of urban management has adopted the socialapproach in order to attract the participation of citizens and has takenthe basic steps. The purpose of the present article is to explore thestatus of Tehran citizens' participation in doing activities ofmunicipality (case study region 4).Method: The survey method based on questionnaire was used toexamine this subject. The statistical data analysis techniques such asmean, Pearson correlation and multivariate analysis methods were usedto analyse data.Results: The research results indicate a low level of citizensparticipation that its changes will be explained with factors such asgender, education, knowledge and information on urban management,expected rewards of participation, association membership, experienceand interest in and desire to live in neighborhoods.Conclusion: Municipality can enhance citizen's participation andattract it in doing its activities with different measures based on resultsof this study . Manuscript profile
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        578 - Investigation and analyzing Urban Network of Lorestan province
        پرهام بقایی حجت شیخی اسماعیل جعفری
        Macrocephaly phenomenon has been shown in lessdeveloped countries and the size of largest city in this countries is morethan 5 to 10 equal of size of population of second city . Aggregationadministrative – politic activities and commercial – social activitie More
        Macrocephaly phenomenon has been shown in lessdeveloped countries and the size of largest city in this countries is morethan 5 to 10 equal of size of population of second city . Aggregationadministrative – politic activities and commercial – social activities infirst city are deterrent of development in other cities in this countries.As a result, regional and national balance is destroyed. The purpose ofstudy is analysis of urban network in the metropolitan region ofLorestan.Research method: the methods of this study are combination ofquantitative - analytical methods and we have used The Rank- SizeRule, Rank - size adjusted, Entropy Index, Lorenz Curve, and GiniCoefficient.Finding: The results of this study show that urban network in themetropolitan region of Lorestan do not follow from Rank- Size Rule.The spatial balance is relatively good between population and numberof towns in metropolitan area. The distribution of urban population andurban area are semi – balanced. And finally at the macro level, first city(Khoram abad) have occurred macrocephaly phenomenon inmetropolitan region of Lorestan.Results: for preventing the formation of the first urban area we shouldavoid migration inter-provincial and, will strengthen the middle andsmall cities. Manuscript profile
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        579 - SWOT analysis and its role in promoting urban management
        کاوه حاتمی
        All the city authorities have been concerned about urban economy during their responsibility. The goal of this research is to assess the role of environmental analysis in city system in order to optimizing the use of advantages and opportunities and also reducing the fa More
        All the city authorities have been concerned about urban economy during their responsibility. The goal of this research is to assess the role of environmental analysis in city system in order to optimizing the use of advantages and opportunities and also reducing the faults and managing the threats.    In order to develop a correlation among variables, also study the 22nd region of Tehran, the research method is case study correlation. All the urban managers and analyzers who involve in city decision making and planning are counted in our universe. Moreover, all the information is gathered from related books, articles, and official documentaries in Tehran municipality and some urban consulting institutes exist in 22nd region of Tehran.    After all the questions and assumption were observed, these facts are concluded: the region has suitable potential for tourism industry, it is access able, and the land use is being managed. Furthermore, lack of infrastructures in all sectors is clear, lack of waste water management exists, and there is lack of tourist accommodation in this region.     Manuscript profile
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        580 - Delphi technique in urban planning and management
        رحیم سرور طاهر پریزادی حسن حسینی امینی
        Research Objective: In this article a look at urban planning comprehensiveness of the topic and groups of interested parties and the purpose and emphasized the need to decide next few experts in the various stages described the Delphi technique and its position in the o More
        Research Objective: In this article a look at urban planning comprehensiveness of the topic and groups of interested parties and the purpose and emphasized the need to decide next few experts in the various stages described the Delphi technique and its position in the overall process of planning and planning and urban management will be discussed. Methods:  Techniques to check the place mentioned in the process of urban planning and management of documents combined approach, a library and analytical, are used.  Results  Considering that part of the city system is complex and likely offensive action plan is the political nature of that power and how to allocate resources between groups and actors in the city will affect the Delphi technique of efficient tools in the reform process decision-making and management of urban affairs and planning is correct.  Conclusion: onsidering the comprehensiveness of urban planning and the subject of interest groups and emphasized the need to decide next few managers, this technique can review decisions and in urban issues and issues of various commissions and from the city falls effective maximum citizen participation in programs urban use this technology to involve people and their elected representatives and political parties and trade unions in various decision-making process and urban management concerns how people benefit from contributions to reduce Manuscript profile
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        581 - Determination of the significance of beta-hydroxy butyrate, non esterified fatty acids and some other serum biochemical parameters as predictors of left displacement of abomasum in cattle
        نوید Basiri SH Safi ایرج Norouzian عباس Rahimi Foroushani
        Left displacement of abomasum (LDA) is one of the major metabolic diseases in dairy cattlewhich cause a large economic loss in dairy industry. Thus, predicting the occurrence of LDA,especially in early weeks post parturition is very important. In the present study, 14 b More
        Left displacement of abomasum (LDA) is one of the major metabolic diseases in dairy cattlewhich cause a large economic loss in dairy industry. Thus, predicting the occurrence of LDA,especially in early weeks post parturition is very important. In the present study, 14 biochemicalparameters of cows with LDA before and after parturition were compared to those of healthycows (control group) using logistic regression statistical model. Changes in six parameters,including beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), aspartateaminotransferase (AST), calcium, sodium and potassium were significant (p<0.05) between thegroups and were included in the prediction model. Manuscript profile
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        582 - بررسی ترکیب اسیدهای چرب در حین تولید سوسیس ماهی کپور نقره ای غنی شده با روغن ماهی
        دکتر محمد حسین مرحمتی زاده دکتر عباسعلی مطلبی دکتر نوردهر رکنی مهندس سید رسول ارشد
        Manuscript profile
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        583 - جداسازی و ارزیابی فعالیت برخی از باکتریهای شاخص اکسید کننده آمونیاک، نیتریت و نیترات از مزارع پرورش ماهیان گرمابی در استان مازندران
        رضا صفری دکتر محمد رضا سعیدی اصل زهرا یعقوب زاده
        Manuscript profile
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        584 - بررسی احتمال بیماری سپتی سمی هموراژیک ویروسی VHS (Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia)در تعدادی از مراکز تکثیر و پرورش ماهیان قزل آلای ایران با روش هیستو پاتولوژیکی وآزمایش ملکولی PCR
        دکتر عادل حقیقی خیابانیان اصل دکتر بهرام کاظمی دکتر مژگان بنده پور
        Manuscript profile
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        585 - Beverage probiotic preparation on the pier whey using Lactobacillus casei (GG) and Streptococcus thermophilus
        حسین جمالی فر نسرین صمدی محمدرضا فاضلی زهره مشاک
        The enrichment with probiotics is useful method for prevention of various diseases. In this studyused whey as it's beneficial nutritional properties, for providing a probiotic beverage.Stereptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus casei were prepared from food and durin More
        The enrichment with probiotics is useful method for prevention of various diseases. In this studyused whey as it's beneficial nutritional properties, for providing a probiotic beverage.Stereptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus casei were prepared from food and duringcontrol department. In first step obtained the number of initial inoculum of each bacteria (108cfu/ml) using spectrophotometery (OD: 1/52), then inoculated (102 cfu/ml) to sterile wheypowder broth. In second step, the growth kinetics of bacteria determined in differenttemperatures (4, 25, 37)°C during 32hr with used 2 hour intervals cultured pour plate colonycount (SCD Agar and MRS Agar), respectively. The results indicated that kinetic growth of twobacteria were the same in 0, 12, 18 hours (p≤0.05) and after it the numbers of each bacteriaremained 107 cfu/ml. In third step (for stability test) the numbers of two bacteria and pH wheybroth measurement, obtained at different temperature (4, 25, 37)°C during 14 days. In result, thebacterial growth were the same 107-108 cfu/ml) and pH changes were (5.8, 4.4, 4.8)respectively. At fourth step the evaluation of organoleptic test was done based on consistencyand flavor (taste and smell) with different ratio of L:S (1:1, 1:2, 2:1). The best group was thegroup 1:1. So, this probiotic beverage based on whey is useful for purpose of industrialproduction. Manuscript profile
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        586 - Isolation and identification of Mycoplasma gallisepticum from commercial broiler Flocks in Ghaemshahr Town ship
        امید طیبی درازکلا سیدعلی پوربخش منصور بنانی پیمان حجتی زهرا صلاحی مه زاد ارمی
        Mycoplasmosis a common disease in the poultry industry. Among the most important illnessmakingin birds Mycoplasma, it can be called Mycoplasma gallisepticum. But so far, we did nothave any research about finding Mycoplasma gallisepticum by using of PCR method in Ghaemsh More
        Mycoplasmosis a common disease in the poultry industry. Among the most important illnessmakingin birds Mycoplasma, it can be called Mycoplasma gallisepticum. But so far, we did nothave any research about finding Mycoplasma gallisepticum by using of PCR method in GhaemshahrTown ship. The goal of this study (research) was isolation and identification Mycoplasmagallisepticum of Ghaemshahr Town ships commercial broiler flocks with using from microbiologyand molecules (PCR) methods. In this research performed sampling from eighty one ofGhaemshahr Town ships commercial broiler flocks. at the beginning of this work , from commercialbroiler flocks performed biopsy of windpipe, sirenx and airsocks and after transmitting samples toRazi institute, it began to culture PPLO bruth place and agar into sampling of tissues. in thisresearch, from the whole eighty one sampled farm broiler, twenty farm broiler in regard to culture,and forty farm broiler in PCR experiment in regard to genus be positive as well as ten farm broilerin PCR experiment in regard to Mycoplasma gallisepticum species. The results indicate thatGhaemshahr Town ships farm broiler be contaminated to Mycoplasma gallisepticum and basicprogramme is necessary for control and prophylaxis disease s factor, and be recommended tomaking use of molecule s experiment such as PCR for identification diseases factor and immediatediagnosis. Manuscript profile
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        587 - Study of Hypoglycemic activity of aqueous extract of Momordica charantia, Gymnema sylvestre and jumbolana Eugenia in invitro condition
        ایلیاد عیسی بیگلو پرویز کرمانی زاده
        Iran is rich in medicinally important plants and has an ancient herbal treatment methods. Ourwork is based on the study of some indigenous plants which show inhibitory effect of glucoseutilization, and are in use as hypoglycemic agent in traditional system of medicine. More
        Iran is rich in medicinally important plants and has an ancient herbal treatment methods. Ourwork is based on the study of some indigenous plants which show inhibitory effect of glucoseutilization, and are in use as hypoglycemic agent in traditional system of medicine. Gymnemasylvestre, Momordica charantia and Eugenia jumbolana have been shown to possesshypoglycemic activity of varying degree. After preparation of glucose solutions and mentionedherbal aqueous extracts, quantative measurement of glucose was done by o-toluidine andglucose oxidase methods in various PH. The results in three different media revealed that,hypoglycemic activity is more prominent in neutral and basic media as compared to acidicmedium. Manuscript profile
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        588 - Identification of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in samples tissue ileum of cattle slaughtered in Shahr-e Kord with ziehl neelsen staining and nested PCR method
        حسن کریمی عبدالرسول نامجو حسن ممتاز محمدرضا نامداری
        Johne s disease is a severe chronic progressive enteritis that infect digestive system ofruminants, domestic animals, wild animals and equine .This study performed due to distinguishM. avium paratuberculosis with nested polymerase chain reaction and Ziehl–Neelsen, More
        Johne s disease is a severe chronic progressive enteritis that infect digestive system ofruminants, domestic animals, wild animals and equine .This study performed due to distinguishM. avium paratuberculosis with nested polymerase chain reaction and Ziehl–Neelsen, s stainingon the ilieum samples of slaughtered cattle in Shahr-e- Kord industrial slaughterhouse. Resultsshowed that respectively 6.6% and 26.67 % of bovine are contaminated with M. aviumparatuberculosis according to histopathology method and nested polymerase chain reaction .Mac nemar statistical test showed that sensitivity of PCR test was more than histopathologicalmethod( P<0.001) . Also 80% total agreement between these two methods and the Kappacoefficients calculated at 0.33 which represent is poor agreement (P<0.01). There wasn’tsignificant deference between, gender, race and age with infection rate ( P>0.05). The resultsshowed that a nested PCR test for diagnosis of infection is high speed and accuracy and in theprimary levels of disease that amount of microorganism is a few we cannot trust to result ofhistopathological method for recognition of Johne‚s disease Manuscript profile
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        589 - The assessment of Omega-3 fish oil pollution with mercury derived from shark and tuna fish in post-market surveillance in Tehran by cyclic voltammetry
        بهروز اکبری آدرگانی لطیفه نویدپور مریم شکرچی
        Fish oil is one of the best sources of fatty acids dietary supply. Recently, use of fish oil isenhanced based on its useful effects on human health. Unfortunately, due to industrial pollution,many fish and fish oils have high levels of mercury. Mercury is one of the mos More
        Fish oil is one of the best sources of fatty acids dietary supply. Recently, use of fish oil isenhanced based on its useful effects on human health. Unfortunately, due to industrial pollution,many fish and fish oils have high levels of mercury. Mercury is one of the most poisonousmicroelement for the ecosystem. mercury is toxic and can damage the brain and the nervoussystem. The main object of this research was the assessment of Omega-3 fish oil pollution withmercury derived from shark and tuna fish in post-market surveillance in Tehran by cyclicvoltammetry. For this pupose fourteen fish oil brands was collected from market retail andtransferred to the laboratory. In this research, closed vessel microwave extraction and cyclicvoltammetric method was employed. The digestion process was perfomed via four steps in aconstant 50 bar pressure and a gradiant temperature from 145 to 200 ˚C. The mercury content offish oils was in the range of 11.03–107.11 ng/ml. Validation of parameters reveal that theprecision of developed method was 2.3 percent in mean standard deviation. In conclusion, fishsuch as swordfish and shark and tuna fish are also a source of exposure to the heavy metaltoxin, mercury. So the potential toxicity of omega 3 fish oil capsules with mercury must beconsidered and it is necessary to measure the mercury content of these capsules with a simple,precise, accurate and economic method. Manuscript profile
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        590 - Experimental study on co-infection of H9N2 avian influenza virus with Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in specific- pathogen- free chickens
        آیدین عزیزپور حسین گودرزی سعید چرخکار رضا ممیز محمدحسن حبل الورید
        In this study, pathogenesis of co-infection of (A/Chicken/Iran/ m.1/2010) H9N2 virus and (ORT-R87-7/1387) Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale bacteria, and tissue tropism and dissemination ofthis co-infection throughout the body of SPF chickens were investigated. The clinic More
        In this study, pathogenesis of co-infection of (A/Chicken/Iran/ m.1/2010) H9N2 virus and (ORT-R87-7/1387) Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale bacteria, and tissue tropism and dissemination ofthis co-infection throughout the body of SPF chickens were investigated. The clinical signs andgross lesions of the infected chicks were also monitored. Forty, 21-day-old SPF chicks weredivided randomly into two groups (20 chicks in the experimental and 20 chicks in the controlgroup). At the age of three weeks, the chicks in the experimental group were inoculated by eyedropwith the virus of 106 EID50 and intratracheally with the bacteria of 1 ×١٠١٠CFU. Thesamples from various tissues were collected at 2, 4,6,8,10,12 and 14 days post-inoculation(DPI). We used culture on blood agar for detection of the bacteria and isolation assay inembryonated chicken eggs (SPF) to evaluate virus dissemination. Experimental group chickensexhibited depression, reduced appetite, ruffled feathers, more severe respiratory signs and 15%mortality. The most remarkable clinical signs appeared on day 3 PI. H9N2 was detected in thelungs and trachea on days 2 and 4 PI. The virus was also found in the Bursa of fabricius on days2 and 6 PI. The H9N2 virus was observed only on day 2 PI in Thymus and Liver, and only onday 8 PI in Kidneys. We could not trace the virus in the spleen, cecal tonsils and cloaca duringstudy. ORT was isolated in the swabs of trachea on days 2 and 4 PI. The bacteria was alsofound in the lungs on day 4 PI.But ORT was not detected in swab samples taken from heart andliver during study. The Results of this study indicated that H9N2 virus and ORT bacteria wasnot detected from days 6 and 10 PI, respectively and also concurrent infectious with H9N2 virusand ORT bacteria could exacerbates clinical signs and gross lesions in infected chickens Manuscript profile
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        591 - Analysis of economic water and nitrogen productivity in alternate furrow irrigation for canola production
        Arash Tafteh Ali Reza Sepaskhah
        Conservation of soil and water resources in Iran is of great importance for crop production as well as for environment protection. Due to limited soil and water resources in Iran, new methods that can optimize the use of water and fertilizers for crop production are ver More
        Conservation of soil and water resources in Iran is of great importance for crop production as well as for environment protection. Due to limited soil and water resources in Iran, new methods that can optimize the use of water and fertilizers for crop production are very important. In this study, the alternate furrow irrigation which is a relatively new method for reducing irrigation water for canola production was investigated. In this study, three irrigation methods including ordinary furrow (OF), variable alternate furrow (VAF) and fixed alternate furrow (FAF) were investigated. In each method, four different nitrogen fertilizer treatments with 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg/ha was applied. The results indicated that the best economic productivity of water usage was obtained in the VAF method with 200 kg/ha nitrogen application. Consequently, this treatment can be recommended for canola production in the studied area. Manuscript profile
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        592 - Analysis of runoff, suspended sediment and nutrient yield from different tributaries to Zarivar lake in event and base flows
        Shirko Ebrahimi Mohammadi Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi Kamran Chapi
        Although spatial and temporal variability of hydrological parameters are the main inputs for effective soil and water resources management in watershed scale, but this important subject has been scarcely taken into account. Hence, the runoff, suspended sediment and nutr More
        Although spatial and temporal variability of hydrological parameters are the main inputs for effective soil and water resources management in watershed scale, but this important subject has been scarcely taken into account. Hence, the runoff, suspended sediment and nutrient (Nitrate and Phosphate) yields from main tributaries of the Zarivar Lake were determined and their spatial and temporal variations were also investigated. A number of eight sampling points on the seven lake tributaries were monitored from March 2011 to April 2012 under base flow condition by daily sampling and event bases by hourly sampling intervals. The total yields of runoff, suspended sediment, nitrate and phosphate to the Zarivar lake during the study period were obtained to be 9.7 Mm3, 685.4 t, 25.4 t and 1.15 t, respectively. Almost seven storms were occurred during the same period due to which 1.61 Mm3 runoff, 685.4 t suspended sediments, 4 t nitrate and 211 Kg phosphate were transported. Some 8.1 Mm3 runoff, 718.65 kg suspended sediments, 21.4 t nitrate and 994.35 Kg phosphate were also entered into the Zarivar lake during base flow condition. The results of this study showed that northern parts of the watershed mainly contributed in runoff and nitrate yields. The maximum suspended sediments were also yielded by northern and western parts of the watershed. Whereas, the western parts of the watershed yielded the maximum phosphate to the Zarivar lake. The maximum contribution of runoff, suspended sediments, nitrate and phosphate were respectively happened in spring and winter seasons. About 82 percent of suspended sediments entered to the Zarivar lake during the study period just by one spring event with a duration of some 50 h. It clearly revealed more temporal variability of the suspended sediment and therefore further precaution for better management of soil and water resources of the closed Zarivar lake watershed. Manuscript profile
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        593 - An Introduction to Some of the Most Important Principles and Theories of Religious Pluralism
        Abolfazl Ebrahimi
        In the modern and philosophy of religion, there are two generalapproaches, namely religious pluralism and unificationism, each ofthem has its own epistemological, linguistic and religious principleswhich have made them different and distinguished.In this article we cons More
        In the modern and philosophy of religion, there are two generalapproaches, namely religious pluralism and unificationism, each ofthem has its own epistemological, linguistic and religious principleswhich have made them different and distinguished.In this article we consider some of the most important principlesand theories of religious pluralism and attempt to answer thesequestions: Is the difference and plurality of religions inherent andrealistic or superficial and formal? What is the nature of suchdifferences and plurality? Is it possible to establish agreement or atleast some understanding among religions or not? Finally we come tothe conclusion that the most important difference between religions isthe distinction of their epistemological and linguistic principles.Because of this difference, the single source of all religiousexperiences, the Absolute Reality or the Sacred, seems plural andmultiple; as a consequence, It takes different shapes and forms.Nevertheless, the Absolute Reality could be perceived as a commonelement of different religions and It can establish agreement andunderstanding among them. Manuscript profile
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        594 - Tolerance from the Viewpoint of Ram Mohan Roy and Abu al- Kalām Āzād
        محمودرضا اسفندیار
        Tolerance and peaceful coexistence with adherents of other religions isone of the conspicuous features of Indian culture. Meditating on theinner core of the existence and appreciating the true nature of religionleads to religious tolerance, therefore Hindu mystics and s More
        Tolerance and peaceful coexistence with adherents of other religions isone of the conspicuous features of Indian culture. Meditating on theinner core of the existence and appreciating the true nature of religionleads to religious tolerance, therefore Hindu mystics and sages andMuslim Sufis of India were the leading figures of this transcendentbehavior. Moreover, most of the Mongol kings of India tried toestablish religious tolerance, Akbar (1542-1605), emperor of India inthe Timurid, or Mughal, dynasty is the best example of this policy andconduct. In the modern age, Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833) and hismovement, known as Brahmo Samaj, again insisted on and promotedthe idea of religious tolerance. In fact the concept of tolerance in theteachings of Abu al-Kalām Āzād (1888-1958) is the continuation of thesame tradition which reflected in the mind of a prominent Muslimscholar. Manuscript profile
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        595 - Ibn Sab‘īn on the Ladder of “Unity of Being” or “Absolute Unity of Being”
        فاطمه دوست قرین
        In the history of Islamic thought, the conflicting views of the believersof “unity of being” have led to different interpretations, in as much as,some of these believers have claimed the novelty and uniqueness oftheir own theories. As a prominent example Ibn More
        In the history of Islamic thought, the conflicting views of the believersof “unity of being” have led to different interpretations, in as much as,some of these believers have claimed the novelty and uniqueness oftheir own theories. As a prominent example Ibn Sab‘īn, a controversialAndalusian mystic, regards his theory of “absolute unity of being” asan essentially distinguished theory in the history of Islamic thought.Examining this claim, this article has arrived to the conclusion that it isnot true. In fact, his theory is the continuation of the tradition ofMuslim mystics. Manuscript profile
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        596 - Bhakti or Loving Devotion from the Viewpoints of Śankra and Rāmānuja
        پریا الیاسی
        Bhakti or Loving Devotion is one of the most important terms in twomajor Hindu sects, i.e. Vaishnavism and Shaivism. Early Indologistsconsidered bhakti as an unbridled and irrepressible feeling which is incontrast with jñāna (knowledge) or rational knowledge of G More
        Bhakti or Loving Devotion is one of the most important terms in twomajor Hindu sects, i.e. Vaishnavism and Shaivism. Early Indologistsconsidered bhakti as an unbridled and irrepressible feeling which is incontrast with jñāna (knowledge) or rational knowledge of God.However Hindu sages and scholars, such as Śankra and Rāmānuja,never considered jñāna and bhakti detached from each other, butbelieved that these two are always complementary. Their onlydisagreement is about the subject of bhakti, while Śankra emphasizednirgūna-bhakti (devotion to divinity without form) Rāmānuja believedin sagūna-bhakti (devotion to a personal form of God). Manuscript profile
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        597 - Haskalah: the Jewish Enlightenment
        سیدلطف الله جلالی
        In the late 18th Century C.E., decades after the Western Enlightenment,an Enlightening movement appeared among the European Jews. Thismovement was established by the important Jewish thinker, MosesMendelssohn in Germany and particularly in Berlin. Then it graduallysprea More
        In the late 18th Century C.E., decades after the Western Enlightenment,an Enlightening movement appeared among the European Jews. Thismovement was established by the important Jewish thinker, MosesMendelssohn in Germany and particularly in Berlin. Then it graduallyspread to other cities and countries in Central and Eastern Europe,including France, England, Austria, Poland, Italy and Russia and lastedmore than one century. The adherents of this movement were calledMaskil (pl. Maskilim) that means "an intellectual and open-minded".The central theme of the movement was rationality and criticism oftraditional Jewish life and thought. In practice, it was going to removeseclusion of the Jews and to assimilate them in the non-Jewishsocieties. Therefore, the Maskilim struggled with those symbols ofJewish life which caused their separation and isolation from the rest ofthe society. The specific characteristics of Haskalah were rationality,critical and Philosophical-mindedness, opposition to Yiddish language,promotion of secular education and secular sciences, promotion of locallanguages along with Hebrew, encouraging productive occupations,moving towards assimilation of the Jews in non-Jewish societies ofEurope and trying to involve them in social and political issues of theircountry. Manuscript profile
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        598 - The Influence of Iranian Teachings on Judaism through Apocalypticism
        ابوالقاسم پیاده کوهسار
        The study of the influence of religions on each other has been alwaysan interesting subject among scholars. In this context, some scholarsand historians have seen Iranian teachings as the source of manyreligious doctrines. According to a well-known theory, Zoroastrianis More
        The study of the influence of religions on each other has been alwaysan interesting subject among scholars. In this context, some scholarsand historians have seen Iranian teachings as the source of manyreligious doctrines. According to a well-known theory, Zoroastrianismis the most influential religion in the history of the East and itsinfluence on Judaism and through it, on Christianity and Islam is easilytraceable. Though this theory is strongly supported by many scholars,there are others who are not convinced with such a theory and try tofind other sources for Jewish and Christian doctrines.Apocalyptic literature is an important religious genre which appearedin Jewish literature after the Second Temple period. It includes manyinteresting and new teachings, a number of which could be consideredas the continuation of the Old Testament and Jewish-Christiantraditions. There are also some new concepts and even transformedversions of the old concepts in these works. For example periodizationof history, messianism, eschatology, the final triumph of the Goodupon the Evil, the Judgment and resurrection, angelology, the vision ofGod and dualism are some of these new teachings. Since this variety ofconcepts appeared in Jewish literature just after the close contact ofJewish nation with Iranian culture, their origin could be traced back tothe similar notions in Mazdaism and other Iranian religions. This articletries to deal with this theory through analyzing apocalyptic literature. Manuscript profile
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        599 - Movement of God’s love in Creation and its Relation to the Breath of the All-merciful
        فاطمه عباسی
        Love is a divine stage. God attributed love to himself and calledhimself the Loving (wadud). He loved himself at first then loved toobserve himself in others, so created the universe in His own form. Hesaw the universe and loved it. Since God created the universe in His More
        Love is a divine stage. God attributed love to himself and calledhimself the Loving (wadud). He loved himself at first then loved toobserve himself in others, so created the universe in His own form. Hesaw the universe and loved it. Since God created the universe in Hisown form, universe is beautiful and God loves beauty. If there was nolove, the Loving and the All-merciful God were not recognized. Lovein its absoluteness exists in all seen and unseen creatures. The Loving’sfirst manifestation is the theophany of the Divine Essence for Itself, inthe images of all the fixed entities (al-a‘yān al-thābita) in the DivineKnowledge. By the second manifestation the immutable entitiesappeared in the outward world. So every thing were emanated by love.Since the universe was manifested by the Breath of the All-merciful,the essence of this Breath is love. God created the universe by Hisbreath. He created it and made Himself recognized because if He wasnot recognized His names and attributes were not manifested and theuniverse remained in nonexistence (‘adam). Therefore, God’s love ofthe recognition of his names and attributes is the cause of creation. Manuscript profile
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        600 - Comparison between the Viewpoints of Émile Durkheim and Clifford Geertz on Religion (with Emphasis on Their Approaches)
        رستم شامحمدی فاطمه پاسالاری بهجانی
        Religion, as an important pillar of human life, has been studied fromdifferent perspectives, e.g. sociological, anthropological and etc. In thisrespect, the thoughts and viewpoints of great classic sociologists suchas August Comet, Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim and H More
        Religion, as an important pillar of human life, has been studied fromdifferent perspectives, e.g. sociological, anthropological and etc. In thisrespect, the thoughts and viewpoints of great classic sociologists suchas August Comet, Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim and Herbert Spencerand also other scholars such as Clifford Geertz (the great contemporaryanthropologist) were curial elements in forming and developing thereligious sociology and anthropology. The present paper tries toanalyze the viewpoints of Émile Durkheim and Clifford Geertz onreligion. So we firstly deal with the definition of religion and its originand function and finally we compare their views on these subjects. Manuscript profile
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        601 - The Upanišadic Theology
        M.J. Shams
        Philosophical inclinations of Vedic hymns are considered in Upanišads indetailed. Instead of Vedic commendatory hymns addressing Gods andGoddesses, searching the hidden Truth and finding a fixed and unchangeableprinciple within transitory and unstable phenomena i More
        Philosophical inclinations of Vedic hymns are considered in Upanišads indetailed. Instead of Vedic commendatory hymns addressing Gods andGoddesses, searching the hidden Truth and finding a fixed and unchangeableprinciple within transitory and unstable phenomena is viewable in Upanišads.While Vedic hymns speak of various and scattered divisions of the supremebeing, Upanišads suppose one concealed Reality more transcendent than allthe transitions and changes of the mundane world. The Vedic Gods aremessengers of the one light which is appeared as the universal creation. Byreferring to Upanišads, we encounter with an interesting transformation:transition from objective to subjective, from anxious wandering of theexternal world to a quiet meditation in depth and meaning of the essence andself. The Upanišads notice to the rout of the esoteric ascension extensively, aninterior travel by that, the individual selves would be able to acquire theUltimate Reality, the same reality which is within us. It is a supreme andAbsolute Truth which is completely different and far from the phenomenalworld and the whole cosmos; and on the other hand, is indeed identical withall the phenomena and universe Manuscript profile
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        602 - The Concept of Faith from the Viewpoint of Mohammad Ghazzālī and Martin Luther
        احسان شکوری نژاد قربان علمی
        In Islamic and Christian theology faith is defined as an inner assent.This assent, as a divine grace, grants to man's heart the hope of beingblessed in this mundane world and eternal happiness in the Hereafter.As a result, man loses his selfishness and submits his desir More
        In Islamic and Christian theology faith is defined as an inner assent.This assent, as a divine grace, grants to man's heart the hope of beingblessed in this mundane world and eternal happiness in the Hereafter.As a result, man loses his selfishness and submits his desires to God'swill and commands, moreover, when he reaches a higher place, God’swill would be manifested in his all existential aspects. MuhammadGhazzālī and Martin Luther, as two influential Islamic and Christianthinkers, look at faith as such. By referring to their theological works,this essay reaches the conclusion that according to them faith is aninner assent which is given to man’s heart as a divine gift and grace. Inthis respect both thinkers have a common view. Manuscript profile
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        603 - Deification and Mystical Vision in the Eastern Orthodox Christianity
        سید نادر محمدزاده
        Mystical vision and deification is the final goal of the mystics in theOrthodox Church. They believe that in the mystical vision Divinemanifestation or powers could be observed, but, the Divine essenceremains inaccessible. Therefore, in the theology of the OrthodoxChurc More
        Mystical vision and deification is the final goal of the mystics in theOrthodox Church. They believe that in the mystical vision Divinemanifestation or powers could be observed, but, the Divine essenceremains inaccessible. Therefore, in the theology of the OrthodoxChurch God is symbolized in two forms: Light and darkness. Easterntheology interpreted the union of the divine and the human in Jesus asglorifying humanity and as preparing humanity for its deification. Thisdoctrine is the cornerstone of the Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Hereagain the union with God means union with His powers. Not only thegrace of God, but also the will of the mystic are taking part indeification Manuscript profile
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        604 - The Concept of Perfect Man from the viewpoint of Azīz ibn Muhammad Nasafī
        کیومرث چراغی
        "Perfect Man" is a significant term in Islamic mysticism which wasused for the first time by Muhī al-Dīn ibn al-Arabī, a prominentMuslim mystic of 13th century C.E. After ibn al-Arabī, this concept wasreceived and developed by his disciples and the followers of hismysti More
        "Perfect Man" is a significant term in Islamic mysticism which wasused for the first time by Muhī al-Dīn ibn al-Arabī, a prominentMuslim mystic of 13th century C.E. After ibn al-Arabī, this concept wasreceived and developed by his disciples and the followers of hismystical school. Nasafī, in his works, focuses on this concept and in itsexposition, he considers two degrees or two variants for the PerfectMen in the hierarchy of human perfection: Perfect Men and free PerfectMen. For Nasafī Perfect Man is one who perfectly possesses these fourqualities: good speech, good deed, good moral and good cognition.Therefore a Perfect Man should be perfect in Islamic law (sharī‘ah),mystical path (tarīqah) and the truth (haqīqah). The free Perfect Man isa higher degree than the Perfect Man. He should possess eight qualities:good speech, good deed, good moral, good cognition, voluntaryabstinence (tark), living in seclusion (‘uzlah), contentment (qinā‘t) andinactivity (khumūl). This essay tries to survey the significant concept of"Perfect Man" from the viewpoint of Azīz Nasafī, a mystic who mostlyhas been ignored in the scholastic studies. Manuscript profile
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        605 - Unity of Religion from the Rumi’s Point of View
        عبدالرضا مظاهری
        According to the Sufis the relation between God and the world issimilar to the relation between sun and its rays so all prophets camefrom a single source of light; however lay people who have engaged inmaterial matters could not appreciate this unity, therefore, called More
        According to the Sufis the relation between God and the world issimilar to the relation between sun and its rays so all prophets camefrom a single source of light; however lay people who have engaged inmaterial matters could not appreciate this unity, therefore, called theprophets as Moses, Jesus and etc. Since people could not realize theessence of religion, they start interpreting it according to theirunderstanding, and as a result, fighting with each other. Rumi believesthat prophets are the representatives of God on the earth and by usingallegory he tries to explain the unity of the path of prophets. Accordingto Rumi, the mystery of the oneness of religion will be discovered onlyby cutting through the exoteric side of it. From his viewpoint the innateGod-given religion, or the real divine unity, and the devotional prayerare the essence of religion and if people understand this reality, theirconflict will be disappeared. Manuscript profile
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        606 - Mystical Negative Ethics According to Teresa of Avila and Rūmī
        بخشعلی قنبری
        The mystical negative ethics differs from negative ethics in general,because the mystical ethics has been adjusted to attain mystical statesnot merely living a moral life. Although mystics of different traditionsfollow different ethical codes, there are many similaritie More
        The mystical negative ethics differs from negative ethics in general,because the mystical ethics has been adjusted to attain mystical statesnot merely living a moral life. Although mystics of different traditionsfollow different ethical codes, there are many similarities among them.Moreover, these mystics in accordance with their mystical traditionspursue special kinds of negative ethics. Among these mystics Teresa ofAvila and Jalāl al-dīn Rūmī are good examples. Although they lived indifferent times and places, there are considerable similarities in theirviews, especially in the field of negative mystical ethics. From theirviewpoint two important elements are necessary for beginning themystical journey: not to be despaired and renouncing the social life(eremitism). Other ethical concepts were also important to them, whichthis essay, by employing comparative method, tries to deal with them. Manuscript profile
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        607 - Beneficence in the Old Testament
        حسین حیدری خدیجه کاردوست فینی
        Fearing of God or the unseen world and having mercy on people aretwo common teachings of the major religions of the world. Both ofthese teachings release mankind from arrogance and egoism. Thedevelopment of the religious thoughts of ancient Israelites and some oftheir n More
        Fearing of God or the unseen world and having mercy on people aretwo common teachings of the major religions of the world. Both ofthese teachings release mankind from arrogance and egoism. Thedevelopment of the religious thoughts of ancient Israelites and some oftheir neighbor civilizations, from 1500 B.C.E., is best shown in thebooks of the Old Testament. The present study tries to survey theconcept of beneficence in 39 parts of the Old Testament and analyze itsjuridical and ethical elements. It also provides some examples fromthese parts including kindness to the parents, elderly, workers, slaves,and etc. Moreover, this article surveys the decrees pertaining tobeneficence such as paying tithes, leaving fields and crops for the poorin the seventh year of planting, forgiving people’s debt in their seventhyear of indebtedness, and etc. Finally it is shown that the expression ofJewish Superiority, according to the Old Testament, does not implyracism and discrimination against other people. Manuscript profile
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        608 - Millenarianism in Ancient Iranian Religions and Ikhwān al-Safā’s Theory of Prophetic Cycles: A Comparative Study
        رضا فرحقیقی انشاءالله رحمتی
        Zoroasterianisam, Zurvanism and Mithraism have been combined withastrological beliefs in such a way that it is nearly impossible to graspthese schools and religions without having knowledge aboutastrological beliefs. Ikhwān al-Safā, a mystical and esoteric associationin More
        Zoroasterianisam, Zurvanism and Mithraism have been combined withastrological beliefs in such a way that it is nearly impossible to graspthese schools and religions without having knowledge aboutastrological beliefs. Ikhwān al-Safā, a mystical and esoteric associationin tenth century in Basra and Baghdad, wrote 52 epistles full of religioastrologicalbeliefs and thoughts. For example their theory of PropheticCycles was developed to explain the cosmic cycles and the sacredhistory. Observing similarities between ancient Iranian religions andIkhwān al-Safā and after surveying the religio-astrological elements ofIranian millenarianism (especially that of Zoroasterianism andZurvanism) and Ikhwān al-Safā’s Prophetic Cycles, we decieded tocompare these two religious traditions. In the present research, by usingscientific and historical references, we have tried to recognize andanalyze the common roots of these beliefs and thoughts in the bothtraditions. The most significant achievement of this research ispresenting a new method for comparison between the ancient Iranianconcept of ontological levels and Ikhwān al-Safā’s concept of celestialsouls. Moreover, by surveying the role of the archetypes of infiniteTime and eternal Place in the immaterial and material world, we couldmake a comparison between Yazatas and Ameshaspentas of ancientIranian religions and Ikhwān al-Safā’s consepts of Universal Reason,Universal Soul and Celestial Souls. Manuscript profile
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        609 - The Role of the Grace Intermediary in Genetic Entrusting
        Adel Meghdadian Mohammad Javad Shams
        In Islamic mysticism the term "entrusting" (tafwīḍ) can be used in twoways: on the one hand, in ascending journey and at the level of spiritualpractices when a mystic develops the virtue of trust (tawakkul) inhimself the entrusting would be realized. On the other hand, More
        In Islamic mysticism the term "entrusting" (tafwīḍ) can be used in twoways: on the one hand, in ascending journey and at the level of spiritualpractices when a mystic develops the virtue of trust (tawakkul) inhimself the entrusting would be realized. On the other hand, in thedescending journey entrusting means the complete surrender to the willof the grace intermediary. This kind of entrusting has two differenttypes: "genetic entrusting" which refers to the dominance of graceintermediary over creation or genesis; and "entrusting in divinelegislation" which means that the grace intermediary has permissionfrom God to intervene in divine legislation, and to do whatever hethinks best for spiritual development of people. Manuscript profile
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        610 - The Biological Classification of Living Organisms According to the Holy Qur’ān and the Old Testament
        محیالدین قنبری
        There is no accurate description of a kind of "biological classification"in the Holy Qur’ān and the Old Testament. Moreover, in contrast to thebiological texts, Qur’ān and the Old Testament do not aim at scientificcategorization of creatures, and therefore i More
        There is no accurate description of a kind of "biological classification"in the Holy Qur’ān and the Old Testament. Moreover, in contrast to thebiological texts, Qur’ān and the Old Testament do not aim at scientificcategorization of creatures, and therefore it seems that their verses arethe reflection of their addressees’ knowledge of the nature. Both thesebooks have similar attitudes toward creatures– particularly plants– andperhaps these similarities are rooted in their same revelatory origin orthe similar cultural background of their prophets and their addressees.However, the Qur’ān’s description of creatures is more elaborate thanthat of the Old Testament.Therefore, only through logical deductions from the verses of HolyQur’ān, the Old Testament and their interpretations one can talk aboutthe "biological classification" according to these two scriptures. Thisessay tries to give an account of such classification and to comparetheir similarities and discrepancies. This leads us to this conclusion:The cosmology of the holy scriptures basically differ from theviewpoints of the Greek philosophers. Manuscript profile
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        611 - Divine Love and the Meaning of Life according to Ibn ‘Arabi’s Worldview
        مهدیه سادات کساییزاده
        The meaning of life has been perpetually the subject of humancontemplaion and due to current spiritual crisis, recently has beenpsychologically, philosophically and theologically analyzed. "Thevalue of life" is one of the three concepts which could be extractedfrom this More
        The meaning of life has been perpetually the subject of humancontemplaion and due to current spiritual crisis, recently has beenpsychologically, philosophically and theologically analyzed. "Thevalue of life" is one of the three concepts which could be extractedfrom this subject, and as the other two concepts, it could bephilosophically analyzed either from naturalistic or supernaturalisticpoints of view. In a theocentric viewpoint, which is considered assupernaturalistic, the relation between the value of human life and Godcould be studied from different angles including the Divine Love. Thepresent article firstly attempts to study the relation between God andthe value of human life by focusing on Divine love and following thisissue in mystical works of Ibn Arabi, and secondly tries to compare theviewpoints of this well-known mystic on the value of human life withthat of western scholars. Ibn Arabi, who believes that the creation ofhuman being has been indebted to God’s love, defines the amorousrelation of God and humans in two levels: a general level and a specificlevel. The first level proves the life value and the second levelstrengthens the sense of meaningfulness of life by using value-basedinterpretation. Through this analysis it will be understood that love hasdifferent aspects and God is the only origin of them. Each of theseaspects could play a significant role in making the life meaningful. Manuscript profile
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        612 - Negative Theology in the Works of Pseudo-Dionysius
        مریم السادات نوابی محمد ایلخانی
        One of the important subjects of the philosophy of religion is thereligious language. This subject was introduced in the early theologicaland mystical books, prior to the modern works of the philosophy ofreligion. Pseudo-Dionysius is one of the early thinkers who hassys More
        One of the important subjects of the philosophy of religion is thereligious language. This subject was introduced in the early theologicaland mystical books, prior to the modern works of the philosophy ofreligion. Pseudo-Dionysius is one of the early thinkers who hassystematically surveyed the subject in his books. For talking about Godhe prefers the negative language to affirmative one. Pseudo-Dionysiusbelieves that the negative language is the language of intelligiblerealities thus when a person, in his spiritual journey, comes up to thestate of the intelligible realities he begins to pray God by negativelanguage. Therefore for Pseudo-Dionysius the negative theology isrelated to a special stage of knowledge. However he ascribes negativelanguage to intelligible manifestations of God, not to the God’sessence. He describes intelligible and hidden manifestations of God as"Super–existence" and for him it is not reasonable to talk about"Super–existence" in an earthy way. For this reason negative languageis the best way to talk about God. Manuscript profile
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        613 - Christianity in the Writings of Islamic Theologians
        Davoud Dadashnejad
        Christianity, as a great religion has been the focus of Muslimtheologians' attention and relying on the information derived from theHoly Quran, they tried to analyze and criticize Christian beliefs. Theygenerally referred to the Gospels as the main reference of argument More
        Christianity, as a great religion has been the focus of Muslimtheologians' attention and relying on the information derived from theHoly Quran, they tried to analyze and criticize Christian beliefs. Theygenerally referred to the Gospels as the main reference of argumentsand the major part of their analysis was concerned with the concept ofGod, the nature of the Christ, the Union and the Trinity. Furthermore,they also tried to give a fair survey the Islamic theological sects andcompare them with certain sects of Christian sects.Therefore, this article deals with major Christian doctrines whichwere reflected in the Islamic theological writings; it moreover, bringsinto perspective the viewpoints of early Muslim theologians as theforerunners of the religious dialogue. Manuscript profile
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        614 - ‘Ayn al-Quzzāt Hamedānī and the Accusation of Promoting Ismā‘īlism
        فاطمه کیائی
        One of The charges against ‘Ayn al-Quzzāt Hamedānī was propagationof Ismā‘īlī doctrines, especially the doctrine of infallible Imam. Hisidea about the necessity of master’s guidance for aspirants provided thepretext for his opponents to accuse him. In More
        One of The charges against ‘Ayn al-Quzzāt Hamedānī was propagationof Ismā‘īlī doctrines, especially the doctrine of infallible Imam. Hisidea about the necessity of master’s guidance for aspirants provided thepretext for his opponents to accuse him. In fact, there are closesimilarities between these two concepts, i.e. Imam in Shi’ism andMaster in Sufism, because both Sufis and Shiites believe that there isan esoteric knowledge beyond the external world which could beacquired only by a few men. Consequently, as they say, people needImam/Master as the successor of the prophet to teach them the secrettruths and to uncover the esoteric meanings of Holy Quran. SinceImam/Master’s knowledge is inspired by God Shiites/aspirants shouldobey him without questioning. However, this doctrine is completelyrejected by the majority of Sunnis. Manuscript profile
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        615 - Max Müller and the Science of Religion
        مهدی لک زایی
        The scientific study of religions commenced with the attempts of theinfluential scholars of 19th century such as Max Müller. These studieswere naturally different from what theologians said about religions.Max Müller can be regarded as one of the founding fath More
        The scientific study of religions commenced with the attempts of theinfluential scholars of 19th century such as Max Müller. These studieswere naturally different from what theologians said about religions.Max Müller can be regarded as one of the founding fathers of the"science of religion", but the science was also indebted to CorneliusPetrus Tiele, whose attempts brought about new outcomes in thestudies of religious phenomena.This article surveys the viewpoints of Max Müller. By emphasizingthe experimental approach in the study of religion, Müller decided touse comparative method in this field. Max Müller devoted his life tothe study of classical Indian religious documents, the comparativestudy of religious history and myth, and the publication of the religioushistory of the world. He was an expert Sanskritist and mythologist; buthis innovative theories about mythology have not been accepted byother scholars working on religions. Nevertheless, his scientific andexperimental standpoints about myths and the origin of religion drewthe attention of scholars for many years. His theory about origination ofHinduism from myth, particularly his solar mythology, was stronglycriticized by many scholars. Manuscript profile
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        616 - The Concept of Sacrifice form the Viewpoint of E. B. Tylor, H. Spencer and J. G. Frazer
        فاطمه لاجوردی مینا بهاری
        Sacrifice, as one of the most important religious rituals, is widespreadamong different nations and cultures of the world. This rite which hasbeen the subject of scholarly research for a long time involves variousaspects and a variety of subjects, objects and methods. D More
        Sacrifice, as one of the most important religious rituals, is widespreadamong different nations and cultures of the world. This rite which hasbeen the subject of scholarly research for a long time involves variousaspects and a variety of subjects, objects and methods. During the lasttwo centuries scholars have dealt with this issue through differentapproaches such as sociological, psychological, mythological andphenomenological and thus have put forward various theories. Thepresent article tries to give a brief survey of the theories of threescholars, namely Edward Burnett Tylor, Herbert Spencer and James G.Frazer, concerning the origin, object and meaning of the sacrifice. Manuscript profile
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        617 - The Concept of Heart in the Orthodox Christian Mysticism
        سید نادر محمدزاده
        In this article the concept of "heart", a central doctrine in OrthodoxChristian mysticism, will be studied. Heart is the center of humanexistence, in which all practical, intellectual and voluntary abilities arerooted. The entire spiritual life, and even physical life, More
        In this article the concept of "heart", a central doctrine in OrthodoxChristian mysticism, will be studied. Heart is the center of humanexistence, in which all practical, intellectual and voluntary abilities arerooted. The entire spiritual life, and even physical life, is based on theheart. Therefore, on the one hand, in the body heart is the center ofphysical life, and on the other, it is the center of spiritual life which isinterpreted as "the way" or "path". So according to the Orthodoxmysticism, the spiritual endeavor is a journey to deep heart stage,which is the place of the presence of Trinity. The aim of this journey isto realize the Kingdom of Heavens in the depths of the heart, and toexperience the vision of God and Divine similitude (theosis ordeification). Manuscript profile
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        618 - The Grace in Catholic Theology and the Principle of Luṭf in Shī’a Theology: A Comparative Study
        Raouf Nosratian Mahdi Qasemi
        Grace in Catholic theology is the free favour of God as manifested inthe salvation of men. This teaching is related to important conceptssuch as faith, church, salvation, knowledge acquisition, and sacraments.On the other hand, the Principle of Lutf in Shī’a theol More
        Grace in Catholic theology is the free favour of God as manifested inthe salvation of men. This teaching is related to important conceptssuch as faith, church, salvation, knowledge acquisition, and sacraments.On the other hand, the Principle of Lutf in Shī’a theology has a similarfunction, i.e. it is the Divine guidance realized by sending prophets andimams. The Omniscience God knows man's needs and by His wisdomdirects whole creation, including man's life, from the beginning to theend. The Principle of Luṭf is particularly mentioned in arguing aboutthe prophethood, imamate and ijmaʿ (consensus between jurists). So thefinal goal of Grace and Luṭf is similar: "guiding human beings" whichleads to salvation. Both try to explain the relation of men and God froman epistemological point of view, therefore the comparative study ofthese teachings could be useful in the inter-religious dialogue betweenIslam and Christianity. Manuscript profile
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        619 - The Life and the Mystical Thoughts of St. Bonaventure
        Hamid Mahmoudian
        St. Bonaventure is undoubtedly one of the most distinguished andeffective figures in Christian mysticism. As the second founder ofFranciscan order, he gives an account of St. Francis' biography andworks; beside that, he deals with the Christian mysticism in his works.Al More
        St. Bonaventure is undoubtedly one of the most distinguished andeffective figures in Christian mysticism. As the second founder ofFranciscan order, he gives an account of St. Francis' biography andworks; beside that, he deals with the Christian mysticism in his works.Although his place among the Franciscans is similar to the place ofThomas Aquinas among the Dominicans, the account of his life is notas clear as Aquinas' biography. However, his works could help us tounderstand his character and thought. For example, his book entitledThe Journey of the Mind to God (1259 C. E.) is one of the mostimportant works on Christian mysticism. This article tries to survey hisbiography and his works as well as his ideology and his mystical pointof view. Manuscript profile
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        620 - Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Antioxidant Extract from Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Wastes and Evaluation of the Antioxidative Activity
        N. Ahmadi Kamazani A. H. Elhamirad M. Ghavami M. Moridi Farimani M. Armin
        Introduction: In spite of the high antioxidant activity in lettuce wastes, there is not any reports on the application of the antioxidant extract from lettuce wastes to stabilize the edible oils. The aims of this study were to investigate the recovery of antioxidant ext More
        Introduction: In spite of the high antioxidant activity in lettuce wastes, there is not any reports on the application of the antioxidant extract from lettuce wastes to stabilize the edible oils. The aims of this study were to investigate the recovery of antioxidant extract from outer leaves of lettuce as the wastes via ultrasonic extraction and evaluate the antioxidative effect of the extract. Materials and Methods: The powdered lettuce sample was extracted with ethanol/H2O (70:30, V/V) using ultrasonic extraction at the temperature of 50˚C and time of 30 minutes with the frequency of 40 KHZ and solid to solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/v) in an ultrasound water bath. The extractive yield, total phenolic compound (TPC) and IC50 were determined. The yielded extract was added to tallow olein in order to study its stabilizing effect. The protective effects of the extracts at different concentrations were evaluated by monitoring the peroxide, p-anisidine, totox values and oxidative stability index levels under accelerated oxidation. The antioxidant activities of the extract of the lettuce wastes at different concentrations to stabilise tallow olein were compared to BHA and BHT at 200 ppm concentration. Results: The extractive yield, TPC and IC50 were 30.45 ± 1.20 (%), 600.15 ± 6.29 (mg GAE /100g DW) and 174.05 ppm, respectively. The results indicated that the extract at 2000 ppm have a good activity as compared to BHT at 200 ppm. Conclusion: The antioxidant extract of the lettuce wastes might used as a natural antioxidant in retarding the oxidation rate of edible oils. Manuscript profile
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        621 - Evaluation of Healthy Eating Index in Mashhad Central Prison in the year 2008se
        Mohammad Safarian Shohreh Eshghi Niloofar Rajaee Mohsen Mazidi Habibollah Esmaeili Ali Babaie Mohsen Nemati
        Introduction: Healthy Eating Index (HEI) was first developed to assess and monitor nutritional status of Americans by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1989. HEI is one of the scoring systems in nutritional researches. Since prison is an isolated pla More
        Introduction: Healthy Eating Index (HEI) was first developed to assess and monitor nutritional status of Americans by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1989. HEI is one of the scoring systems in nutritional researches. Since prison is an isolated place and prisoner’s state of health to some degree depends on the food consumed, therefore the nutritional status by this index might have some implementations for the policy makers.Materials and Methods: In a cross sectional study 435 prisoners (48 females and 387 males) were recruited using stratified random sampling method proportional to the ward population. Food intake from different sources in prison was assessed by analysing prison food menu, measuring wasted foods and food bought and provided by prison supermarkets. Results: HEI score in Mashhad Central Prison was 80 percent of the total calculated score.Scores for consumption of fruit, meat and poultry, dairy products and food variety were 0, 4, 9.5 and 9 respectively. Other food groups concerned with vegetable and cereals had scores of 10. Sodium intake representing the salt consumption was not measured.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that eating pattern of prisoners is healthy but steps might be taken to improve the quality of the food consumed. Manuscript profile
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        622 - Modeling of Supercritical Extraction of Essential Oil from Orange Peel
        Marjan Haghayegh Seyyed Ali Vaziri Fatemeh Zabihi Mohammad Hassan Eikani
        Introduction: Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) is a promising technique that has been attracted by some scientist recently due to the moderate operational condition.Moreover, SCFE products are pure and free of residual solvents. Mathematical modeling of supercritic More
        Introduction: Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) is a promising technique that has been attracted by some scientist recently due to the moderate operational condition.Moreover, SCFE products are pure and free of residual solvents. Mathematical modeling of supercritical extraction is a useful tool for deducing the SCF extraction systems, prediction of optimum operational conditions and system design variables, and scale-up to the pilot and industrial scales. Materials and Methods: A new mathematical model modified by Sovova, based on the concept of broken and intact cells, has been applied to understand the variables effect on extraction efficiency in a SCF extraction system. System was made in order to extract the essential oil from orange peel. This model simulates the experimental data points adequately for two separate time using combined pattern of phase equilibrium equations, solute/matrix interaction and internal diffusion rules in the solid particles. Model equations for plug flow are ordinary differential equations and are solved by matlab using numirical method. A number of physical parameters have been determined by experimental data fitting.Results: Extraction curves have been presented on the form of extraction yield versus relative amount of passed solvent. The effect of operational parameters including grinding efficiency, bed void fraction, number of mixers and external mass transfer coefficient have been also investigated.Conclusion: The most desirable result is obtained from grinding efficiency and external mass transfer coefficient of 0.7 and 0.011 respectively, within 20 mixers. The model results present a good agreement with the experimental results. Average absolute deviation between experimental data and the modeling results is about 6%. Manuscript profile
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        623 - Factors Affecting Food Security of Rural Farming Households in Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province of Iran
        S. Y. Zera' at Kish Zh. Kamaei
        Introduction: Household food security refers to the available and adequate food supplies for the households to make sure that the members are provided with the minimum requirements of food. According to the definition set by the United Nation in 1986, food availability, More
        Introduction: Household food security refers to the available and adequate food supplies for the households to make sure that the members are provided with the minimum requirements of food. According to the definition set by the United Nation in 1986, food availability, food access, and feeding sustainability are the three principle elements. Materials and Methods: The present study has been undertaken regarding the importance of household food security as a contributing factor concerned with the adequate growth and evolution for all the household members, therefore members can provide their society with prosperity, productivity and average food security state. This research investigates the factors affecting food security of the rural farming households in Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province of Iran. Random sampling method was used to build a sample of 223 respondents including 223 householders from rural areas. Required data was extracted from household, expenditure and income report released by the Statistical Center of Iran. Results: The data was analysed using descriptive statistics, food security indices, food security shortage/surplus gap and probit model. The obtained results via the so-called calorie consumption method indicated that, 46% of rural households enjoy food security. These households were found to exceed recommended calorie consumption by 43%. In fact the rural households without food security were found to under take the recommended calorie consumption by 69%. Conclusion: The householder income, the ratio of food expenditure to household expenditure and farm size positively contributed to the household food security, while householder gender, household size and householder education are negatively associated to the household food security. Manuscript profile
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        624 - Impact of Antioxidative Properties of Cumin and Tarragon Essential Oils on the Quality of Full-Fat White Cheese
        S. Rafei M. Azizkhani P. Areaei
        Introduction: Oxidation occurrence in milk and dairy products causes rancidity that leads tochanges in odour and taste, loss of nutritional quality and safety. The aim of this investigationis to assess the antioxidant efficiency of cumin seed and tarragon essential oils More
        Introduction: Oxidation occurrence in milk and dairy products causes rancidity that leads tochanges in odour and taste, loss of nutritional quality and safety. The aim of this investigationis to assess the antioxidant efficiency of cumin seed and tarragon essential oils (EOs) atdifferent concentrations in full-fat white cheese at 4°C over a 60-day period.Materials and Methods: The components of the extracted essential oils were determined bygas chromatography equipped with mass spectroscopy. In order to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of EOs in cheese, peroxide and tiobarbituric acid values were measured as means toevaluate the extent of oxidation during 60 days of storage.Results: The main compounds present in cumin EO consisted of cumin aldehyde, α-terpinene-7-ol and γ-terpinene and the main compounds present in tarragon EO consisted ofestragol, β-cis-Ocimene and β-trans-ocimene. Two percent concentration of essential oils ofcumin and tarragon exhibited the best antioxidant activity during 60 days of storage. Therewere not significant differences between the peroxide and tiobarbituric acid values of thesamples treated with 1% and 2% of cumin EO on the 60th day of storage. Final peroxide andtiobarbituric acid values of the samples containing 2% cumin and tarragon EOs were 0.19meq O2/kg, 0.07 mg MDA/kg and 0.16 meq O2/kg, 0.03 mg MDA/kg, respectively.Significant differences were observed as compared to the control sample.Conclusion: It was concluded that tarragon EO was more effective than cumin EO in order toprotect the oil against oxidation and cumin EO at the concentration of 1%, obtained thehighest overall score concerning the organoleptic acceptance. Manuscript profile
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        625 - Oil Extraction from Pistacia Khinjuk - Experimental and Prediction by Computational Intelligence Models
        Y. Vasseghian Gh Zahedi M Ahmadi
        Manuscript profile
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        626 - Feasibility Investigation of Aluminum and Sulfate Removal of Anodizing Wastewater by Nano-Filtration
        Shahab Farajollahi Ali Torabian Torabian Gholamreza Nabi-Bidhendi Aliasghar Ghadimkhani Ali Mohammad pour Nasim Zare Mahdi Jangorban
        AbstractWastewater treatment of electroplating industries is essential due to high pollution andcontamination of soil and water. Due to high rate of water consumption of these industries, it isimportant to reuse and recycle the treated wastewater. In this research, remo More
        AbstractWastewater treatment of electroplating industries is essential due to high pollution andcontamination of soil and water. Due to high rate of water consumption of these industries, it isimportant to reuse and recycle the treated wastewater. In this research, removal of aluminum andsulfate from the wastewater was studied by using Nano-filtration pilot in aluminum anodizingindustry.Initially, aluminum of wastewater is reduced by neutralization of wastewater and then thepretreated wastewater is studied by nano-filtration. The effective parameters in process weretemperature and pressure which studied through pilot studies. NF-90 used as a Nano-filtration (NF)module which is prepared and manufactured by Filmtech Company. The temperature were 30, 35,40°C and the pressure intervals were 5 to 20 bar.The results demonstrated that the best aluminum and sulfate removal obtained at 7.5 to 12.5 barpressure and temperature of 30°C. The pressure and temperature increments induced to fluxincrement Manuscript profile
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        627 - Climate Regulation and Soil by Development of Green Space in an Arid Zone
        Azadeh Salehi Masoud Tabari Kocheksaraei
        The simplest and most economical technique to reduce CO2 of atmosphere and climate regulationis carbon sequestration in plant and soil by development of vegetation and green space. Impact ofafforestation and soil fertility on soil carbon sequestration and climate regula More
        The simplest and most economical technique to reduce CO2 of atmosphere and climate regulationis carbon sequestration in plant and soil by development of vegetation and green space. Impact ofafforestation and soil fertility on soil carbon sequestration and climate regulation was investigated, intwo 15-year old stands of needle-leaved (Pinus eldarica) and broad-leaved (Robinia pseudoacacia) in2 areas with different irrigation treatments (municipal effluent and well water) and also a control area(without afforestation), in an arid zone (south of Tehran).For this purpose, sample plots (30 m × 30 m) were systematic-randomly chosen in either of bothstands. In each sample plot, four soil profiles were dug to take the samples in depths of 0-15, 15-30and 30-60 cm. In laboratory, soil organic carbon (SOC) content of soil samples was determined by theWalkley–Black method.The results demonstrated that in each stand there was a significant difference (p<0.01) in theamount of soil carbon sequestration between two irrigation treatments (municipal effluent and wellwater). No significant difference in the amount of soil carbon sequestration of two stands wasdetected, but each stand sequestered higher carbon content in soil compared to that of in control area.In two studied stands, with increasing of soil carbon content, growth parameters and biomasssignificantly (p<0.01) were increased.With regard to more average of wood biomass and carbon sequestration and be evergreen of elderpine trees, can say that afforestation of eldar pine in comparison with block locust has more role indecreasing of air pollution and climate regulation. Manuscript profile
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        628 - Identification of Satellite Image Ability for Vegetation Cover Crown Percentage Mapping in Arid and Semi Arid Region (Case study: Mouteh wild life sanctuary)
        Vahid Rahdari Alireza Soffianian Seyed Jamalaldin Khajaldin Saedeh Maleki Najfabdai
        IntroductionRemote sensing provides the basic data to undertake inventory of land resources specially vegetationmapping.Material and MethodsIn this study for producing vegetation cover percentage map in Mouteh wild life sanctuary, IRS-P6,LISS III data was used for June More
        IntroductionRemote sensing provides the basic data to undertake inventory of land resources specially vegetationmapping.Material and MethodsIn this study for producing vegetation cover percentage map in Mouteh wild life sanctuary, IRS-P6,LISS III data was used for June 2006. First geometric and atmospheric correction was done.Vegetation cover sampling was done with 290 plots in heterogeneous cover areas and Data werecollected from overall region. Vegetation Indices were produced using satellite image. Simple linearregression was done between plots information and vegetation indices and models were produced foreach index and vegetation maps were produced using each index model.ResultsResults showed that SAVI index had highest correlation with field sampling equal 0.78 and it wasused for vegetation cover percentage mapping. Using SAVI model vegetation cover was classified infour classes: 0-10%, 10-20%, 20-40% and 40%<.Disscusion And ConclusionsResults showed that 10%> and 10-20% crown cover were dominate in region. SAVI index with soilcoefficient reduced soil background reflectance effects. In this study NDVI, TSAVI1 and RVI hadhigh correlation (0.77, 0.78 and 0.76). Manuscript profile
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        629 - Determinants of Sustainable Use of Water Resources: The Case of Kohkilouye and Boyerahmad Province
        Mehrdad Bagheri Hamid Mohammadi Gholamreza Nouri Behrooz Mir
        AbstractIrregular use of groundwater resources has confronted them with danger, obligating attempt towardsustainable use. The aim of this study was to investigate the determinant factors of sustainable use ofwater resources in Fars province. Sustainability was considere More
        AbstractIrregular use of groundwater resources has confronted them with danger, obligating attempt towardsustainable use. The aim of this study was to investigate the determinant factors of sustainable use ofwater resources in Fars province. Sustainability was considered from two points of views using twoindices. In one view, sustainability of water resources was considered equal to reduce water waste. Inanother one, land and chemical fertilizer pattern was also considered, leading to a compound index.The data applied to the analysis were input usage pattern, produced crops and socio-economicgathered through Fars province farmers. The results in models showed that water waste wasconsidered as sustainability index. Producers’ income and their managerial abilities are of the mostimportant factors which affects sustainable use of water. While in the case of the models based on thecompound index, technical factors such as modern irrigation system, water transferring channels typeand distance between well and farm affect the sustainable use of water. The finding also revealed thatpresence of crops with high income risk doesn’t necessarily result increasing instability. Manuscript profile
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        630 - A Meta Analysis of Rural Tourism Development Evaluation with an Emphasis on Strategic Factors (SWOT)
        Mohammad Reza POURJAAFAR Hadi Mahmoodi Nezhad Shaheen Aylka Hamed Aghebat Bekheir
        Rural Tourism is considered as a process in rural development which is creating other activities  such  as  agricultural  that  can  increase  the  financial,  economical  and  environmental development, job creat More
        Rural Tourism is considered as a process in rural development which is creating other activities  such  as  agricultural  that  can  increase  the  financial,  economical  and  environmental development, job creation and permanency that follows by life quality improvement, services and convenience in regional and local development framework. Here, the rural attractions and potentials can be resources and opportunities of this fact. Moreover the rural tourism development causes social, economical and environmental positive and negative effects while interfering in rural regions. In this method which uses a descriptive and Meta analysis, it is tried to choose the best way of interfering in rural regions studying and quality evaluating the rural tourism. This researchs findings show that a strategic way in strategic factors (SWOT) analysis process using a vast and flexible look through variables and facts in rural tourism can provide a maximum in planning, design and performance of rural tourism development which should be evaluated in Iran todays social, economical, environmental and political structure. Manuscript profile
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        631 - Determination of Nickel in Environmental Samples by Flotation Spectra-photometric Method using Dimethyl Glyoxime
        Mohammad Hadi Givianrad Amir Hossein Haghighaty
        This paper describes a simple and highly selective method for the separation, pre-concentration andspectra-photometric determination of low concentration of Nickel. The method is based on theflotation of complex of Ni2+ and dimethyl glyoxime between aqueous and n-cycloh More
        This paper describes a simple and highly selective method for the separation, pre-concentration andspectra-photometric determination of low concentration of Nickel. The method is based on theflotation of complex of Ni2+ and dimethyl glyoxime between aqueous and n-cyclohexane interface atpH 7. The amount of nickel was measured by spectra-photometric method at 327 nm, after thedissolution of the complex in chloroform. For study of the performance of this method as a simple andfast method for the determination of nickel, some environmental samples like, industrial wastewater,seawater and river water were analyzed. Moreover, the accuracy of this method was verified throughdetermination of nickel in samples all over again by flame atomic absorption spectrometry technique.The result revealed the high efficiency of proposed method in trace analysis of nickel in complicatedenvironmental samples. Consequently, concerning the simplicity, economical and lack of harmfulorganic solvents, this method could be used in environmental and industrial laboratories as a routinemethod. Manuscript profile
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        632 - Influence of Crop Pattern Correction on Reducing Fertilizer’s Effects of Agricultural Activities: A Case Study in Fars Province
        Shahryar Nasabian Hamid Mohammadi Alireza Keikha
        In recent years, the increased effects of agricultural systems on the environment concerned scientistsand policy-makers in different countries. The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and use ofexcessive ground water are included in these effects. Current study u More
        In recent years, the increased effects of agricultural systems on the environment concerned scientistsand policy-makers in different countries. The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and use ofexcessive ground water are included in these effects. Current study using a Multiple Goals Fuzzy Non-Linear Programming model, analyzed the possibility of ideals realization reducing consumption offertilizers and water in compromising with maximizing gross margin, minimizing risk of production,and increased social benefits goals in the crop pattern of three cities located in three major weatherRegions of Fars Province. Results showed that in many cases there isn't the possibility of completeideals realization in the multiple goals model in comparison with single goal patterns. But consideringthe outcome and the relevant weight assigned to each of the goals by the decision maker consisting ofthe Fuzzy Composite Distance Function, appeared that the crop patterns based on multiple goals aresuperior to current patterns and even single goal pattern in supply of multiple compromised ideals.Implementation of these models in study areas has significant influence on reducing water andfertilizer uses in addition increasing the gross margin, reducing risk and increasing employment oflabor in the region Manuscript profile
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        633 - Economic Valuation of Market Oriented Outputs for Environmental Sources in Arjan-Parishan Lake (With in Emphasis Aquatic Species)
        Majid Abbasspour Zahra Abedi Majid Ahmadian Farzaneh Zafari
        AbstractEconomic valuation of the environmental resources is an instrument to familiarize people with theservices and products provided by ecological functions.This article reflects estimation of main findings of a research on Arjan Plain and Parishan Lake tovalue sever More
        AbstractEconomic valuation of the environmental resources is an instrument to familiarize people with theservices and products provided by ecological functions.This article reflects estimation of main findings of a research on Arjan Plain and Parishan Lake tovalue several goods and services provided by this natural site which is recognized as a protected area,based on market prices.After determining natural and socio – political boundaries of the zone, all environmental goods andservices have been identified. Then, questionnaires relevant to each goods and services have beenappropriately designed and filled to be analyzed by Eviews software in the further stage.Based on the final results, the value of fishing activity in the region has been calculated about 1597Milliard IR.Rials (168 Million Dollars); medicinal herbs 48 Milliard IR.Rials (5 Million Dollars);natural fruits 36 Milliard IR.Rials (3 Million Dollars), the forage 6957 Milliard IR.Rials (732 MillionDollars), and water 5694 Milliard IR.Rials (599 Million Dollars) for an annual period starting from2008.Accordingly, the total value of the functions and services computed for the region has been estimatedto be 24457 Milliard IR.Rials. (2574 Million Dollars) Manuscript profile
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        634 - Evaluation of Karaj Solid Waste Landfill with Regional and Local Screening Method
        ُSeyed Masoud monavari Ghasemali Omrani Fatemeh Aliowsati
        In regarding to the adverse impacts of solid waste landfilling in improper places, selection of propersites according to the criteria and rules has great importance.In this study Karaj solid waste landfill is evaluated with regional and local screening method. Forevalua More
        In regarding to the adverse impacts of solid waste landfilling in improper places, selection of propersites according to the criteria and rules has great importance.In this study Karaj solid waste landfill is evaluated with regional and local screening method. Forevaluating this site in regional scale 22 km radius from the center of Karaj city was selected. Thenregional criteria including distance from surface water, distance from residential centers, water grounddepth, geology, etc were studied with producing different layers in geographical information system.In order to inspect these criteria in regional studies; maps were produced from related organizationsand centers. After production of basic maps in order to product the final suitability map in regionalscale according to the pattern, layers were reclassified with three proper, average and improper class.In the end, final reclassified map was produced. According to this map the mensuration of impropersites is 142915/8 hectare, the mensuration of average sites is 5089/3 hectare and the mensuration ofimproper sites is 4046/9 hectare and also the landfill suitability is evaluated as improper.For evaluating needed land for studied solid waste landfill, factors like population growth rate, theamount of yearly solid waste, shape and height of the landfill were studied and the mensuration of thesite was evaluated as improper.Then the landfill was studied in local scale and the criteria like soil depth, natural land cover of thesite and landscape of the site, etc were studied with weight and point method and its suitability wasevaluated as average Manuscript profile
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        635 - Presentation of the Strategic Management Plan for Ecotourism Development in Gheshm Island by SWOT Method
        Sahar Rezaian Seyed Ali Jozi Asma Pirasteh
        AbstractThis Study had been Carried out within the period of Feb. 2006 till Sep. 2007 to present the StrategicManagement Plan for Ecotourism Development in the biggest Island of Persian Gulf (Gheshm).In the first Step we started to identify the Natural resorts, Cultural More
        AbstractThis Study had been Carried out within the period of Feb. 2006 till Sep. 2007 to present the StrategicManagement Plan for Ecotourism Development in the biggest Island of Persian Gulf (Gheshm).In the first Step we started to identify the Natural resorts, Cultural heritage and infrastructure in thisisland which was followed considering Iran's Ecological model. we had tried to determine localpotentials and ecological capability of recreational resources to establish the intensive and extensiverecreation’s land use on the scale of 1/50000. 65 questionnaire had been filled in the highseason(March 2006) to predict the regional demand of local visitors via Klawson method .The strategic management plan of ecotourism development had been suggested via SWOT method.This method is based on external alternatives (Weakness, Strengths points) and internal alternatives(Opportunities and Threats) of the studied environment. The above mentioned items were identifiedusing Delphi method (Expert's Choice). The results showed despite rich resources in this island whichcan transform this island to recreational pole, the lack of infrastructure and advertisement andappropriate marketing, has placed this island in strategic situation. Based on this result and analysisfour strategies had been suggested , considering the technological, economical, social and culturalsituation during the operation time. This was called the Attractiveness mark in SWOT Method, theStrategy of using the settlement Facilities and Services by Gheshm development organization toprovide basic short time services to the local visitors which can be the first and most effective strategyto reach better situation at present. Manuscript profile
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        636 - The impact of Cultural Dimensions on Standards of Environmental Management (ISO14001) (The case of small and medium-sized industries within industrial group of Toos in Mashhad)
        Fariborz Rahimnia Nasrim Nikzad
        This paper studies dimensions of organizational culture including organizational identity, groupcommitment, stable of social system and forming behavior on standards of environmentalmanagement like training, resources, labeling, policy and compulsive reaction within sma More
        This paper studies dimensions of organizational culture including organizational identity, groupcommitment, stable of social system and forming behavior on standards of environmentalmanagement like training, resources, labeling, policy and compulsive reaction within small andmedium industries.The research population includes all managers of small and medium companies in industrial group ofToos in Mashhad. The 169 managers are chosen from standard managers among the manufacturingcompanies. The required data were collected by questionnaire. The reliability has been confirmed byChronbach about 96%. The results show that there is a significant correlation between dimensions oforganizational culture and standards of environmental management. Manuscript profile
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        637 - Cumulative Environmental Effects Assessment of Nazar Abad County's Industrial Estates - Iran
        Azadeh Dabiri Masoud Monavari ُSeyeid Mahmood Shariat Parvin Farshchi
        AbstractCumulative effects assessment of development on environment studies the kind of impacts of projectsthat were ignored in environmental assessment directly. CEA, as an act, is a method to distinguish thispoint. Although some separate actions may individually do no More
        AbstractCumulative effects assessment of development on environment studies the kind of impacts of projectsthat were ignored in environmental assessment directly. CEA, as an act, is a method to distinguish thispoint. Although some separate actions may individually do not have a significant impact, but whenthey are combined the impacts may be significant.Industrial estate of Sepehr is located in geographical position of 50° 35' eastern longitude and 35° 58'northern latitude of Nazar Abad County. Close to this industrial estate, there is industrial estate ofNazar Abad, which is under construction. The area of this industrial estate is 194 hectares. At firstenvironmental conditions of Nazar Abad County and in possible cases the locations of industrialestates were described. Then prediction and assessment of impacts which accrued from constructionand operation of industrial estates on surrounded environment to borderlines of pointed County wereinvestigated.For cumulative environmental effects assessment the Monavari Method (2001) was used and 2alternatives, "No action alternative" and "with project alternative" were considered. In "No actionalternative", just environmental impacts which occurred by development activities with assumption ofnot implementing Nazar Abad industrial estate project and in "with project alternative" cumulativeimpacts which were accrued by activities of Nazar Abad and Sepehr industrial estate projects wereinvestigated.Result of weighting indicated that "No action alternative", 139 positive impacts and 120 negativeimpacts and in "with project option" 216 positive impacts and 143 negative impacts will affect theenvironment. In "No action alternative", algebraic summation of averages score impacts inconstruction and operational phases were -1.78 and in "with action alternative" average score impacts+2.04 were achieved. "With action alternative" in the proposal site was considered as the bestalternative, but project implementation is upon a condition that obeys the proposals for decreasing thenegative environmental effects seriously and impacts and implements the management programs,monitoring and environmental education. Manuscript profile
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        638 - Estimating the Recreational Value and Determining Effective Parameters on Willingness to Pay of Saint Stephanus Church Visitors by applying Two Stages Heckman Approach
        Mohammad Khodaverdizadeh Babollah Hayati Hossein Raheli Mohammad Kavoosi Kalashami
        Saint Stephanus church is one of the famous churches of North-West of Iran located in boarder ofAras River. Mentioned place is one the tourism and promenade zone in East Azerbaijan province thathas incredible potential and capacities due to its environmental perspective More
        Saint Stephanus church is one of the famous churches of North-West of Iran located in boarder ofAras River. Mentioned place is one the tourism and promenade zone in East Azerbaijan province thathas incredible potential and capacities due to its environmental perspective and recreational aspect.So, investigating recreational value of this place could be useful in predicting needs, removingscarcities and development of tourism industry in East Azerbaijan province. The main characteristic ofpresent study was separating effective parameters for existence of recreational value and wtp levels byapplying two stages Heckman approach. Requested data set were obtained by completingquestionnaires and interviewing with 317 individuals who visit mentioned church in 2008. Resultsrevealed that variables include revenues, education, family size and dummy variable of sex wereeffective on existing of wtp and variables such as revenues, family size, education, age and dummyvariable of satisfying with welfare facilities were dominant on wtp level. Mean wtp for each visitoracquired 4800 RLs per year and annual recreational value of Saint Stephanos church was 1344 millionRLs. Manuscript profile
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        639 - Acid vapor control in aluminum anodizing industry and designing a proper ventilation system
        Seyed Mostafa Khezri Nabiollah Mansuri Farideh Atabi Azadeh Sedghinia
        Parallel with man’s achievements in different aspects of technology, aluminum anodizing industry has improved a lot, but like other progressive industries, it has caused destructive effects on the environment, as well. In fact, aluminum anodizing industry is hazar More
        Parallel with man’s achievements in different aspects of technology, aluminum anodizing industry has improved a lot, but like other progressive industries, it has caused destructive effects on the environment, as well. In fact, aluminum anodizing industry is hazardous because it requires contact with sulfuric acid. The aim of the present study was to control sulfuric acid mist during the process of aluminum anodizing in a factory located in Alborz Industrial Estate. Following sampling, it was found that the concentration of sulfuric acid mists was 8 times higher than the standard level (standard level: 1mg/m3). In order to control the diffusion of sulfuric acid mist in the workshops and the areas where the workers breathe, a local ventilation system, based on the velocity-pressure method and according to the balancing of branches, was put into operation. The implemented hood was chosen based on the standards stated in the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) guidelines. And the rate of required standard volumetric flow (scfm) for open-surface tanks was calculated to be equal to 1050 ft3/min for each hood. Consequently, based on the psychometric status of the studied workshop and the actual volumetric flow rate, the rate of required volumetric flow for each hood was considered to be 1239cfm. The whole system was divided into four independent ventilation units, two of which were equipped with 12 hoods (9 with unidirectional suction and 3 with bidirectional suction) and the others with 9 hoods (all with unidirectional suction). In order to resist against corrosion, steel 316 was selected as the constructing material of the canals, and in order to purify the exhaust air, following the necessary evaluations, mist eliminator scrubber system was selected. Also, to provide the required driving force, Back Ward centrifugal fan was considered. Manuscript profile
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        640 - Management Development of Green Spaces of Civic Urban Views and Presentation of Conceptual Model of Environment (Case Study of Sayyad Shirazi Highway Region 4& 7 of Tehran)
        Akramolmolook Lahijanian Majid Mahnam
        AbstractVertical green space development design of martyr Sayyad Shirazi Highway which encompassesregions four and seven of Tehran Municipality was the aim of this case study.The kind of this descriptive study is measurement kind. In the structure of comprehensive desig More
        AbstractVertical green space development design of martyr Sayyad Shirazi Highway which encompassesregions four and seven of Tehran Municipality was the aim of this case study.The kind of this descriptive study is measurement kind. In the structure of comprehensive design ofthe highway civic environment quality, considering the structures of two sides of the highway, 9 zoneswere established and then designing of the green space was done according to the suitability of theplants specifications for each sector. Next step was dispatching questionnaire amongst residents ofSayyad Shirazi’s highway margins, between zone 4 and 7. This questionnaire was set based on fivedegree Likert scale production and includes 22 closed questions which are 5 choices and 5 open ones.Based on the researches’ aims, three hypotheses were set and analyzed by S.P.SS and Excel software.of this research were resulted as below:1- First Hypothesis: Creating vertical and non-vertical green spaces in city axels and Highwaysand also Buildings’ views will help to enrich the quality of environment. Variants of thisresearch were united at a meaningful level and the first hypothesis was approved.2- Second Hypothesis: developing per head green space in region 4 and 7 causes beautificationof urban view. This hypothesis was approved considering its variants and unity index.3- Third Hypothesis: Performing Vertical and non-vertical green spaces will result municipaldevelopment. This hypothesis was approved by its unity at a meaningful level.Diversity of the plants should be used in designs and it is better to consider different colors of theplants in different times of the year of their creeping. In order to reach to this stage, the design ofbuildings should be rational and suitable with the structure of the soil and the land which the buildingis constructed on it to plant suitable flower and trees. Also water and light can be used to enhance thequality of the design.Garrisons’ walls are not suitable to sow plants as they are not built in suitable lands. Different designsshould be considered for minor buildings in the highway and the difference between different levels ofthe lands will help to enrich these designs. Using different elements such as green mass and volume,tree, bush, wayfarer plant and other similar material are advised to be used for this purpose. Based onprevious and present experience using rooted in soils plants is advised as they are much more resistantagainst cold. Manuscript profile
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        641 - Valuation of Ecotourism in Order to Preserve the Outdoor Recreation and Promenade of Shirkooh of Yazd Zone
        Mohammadreza Zare Mehrjerdi Maryam Ziaabadi
        Introduction: This research has studied to determinate the value of preservation of Shirkooh zone andadjacent outdoor recreation villages and measured the individuals willingness to pay (WTP) forpreservation profits of this zone.Material and Method: Logit model was used More
        Introduction: This research has studied to determinate the value of preservation of Shirkooh zone andadjacent outdoor recreation villages and measured the individuals willingness to pay (WTP) forpreservation profits of this zone.Material and Method: Logit model was used for measuring of individual's willingness to pay andestimation parameters of the model are based on method of maximum likely hood (ML).Result and Discussion: The results showed that 79.1% individuals have the willingness to pay forpreservation of this zone. In this study, the mean of WTP for preservation value of this zone is31250 Ir. Rials per month per household. Therefore Shirkooh promenade zone has considerablepreservation value and this value, policy and decision persuades the suitable preservation of this zone. Manuscript profile
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        642 - The validity of mathematical and computer models for estimating the non-steady evaporation from bare soil surface using evaporation evaluation field operations
        Ali Neshat Mansour Parehkar
        The main problem for the exact estimation of evaporation in field conditions is the lack of basic relations with the least amount of information needed for considering water loss in water balance models. The main goal of this study is to examine the available methods of More
        The main problem for the exact estimation of evaporation in field conditions is the lack of basic relations with the least amount of information needed for considering water loss in water balance models. The main goal of this study is to examine the available methods of evaporation calculation from bare soil surface and to suggest the best method. Most of these relations are empirical; to deduce them, simplifying hypotheses have been used to analytically solve the Richard’s equation with relatively constant border and initial conditions which don’t have a physical basis. In regions where the ground water surface is low, the results of these relations do not coincide with reality. Evaporation from bare soil area was calculated through the numerical solution of Richard’s equation in a one-dimension, non-steady form with border and initial conditions different from those of other methods using computer LEACHM model. There is a strong relationship between the results of the computer model and the water balance model carried out using field experiments in certain time intervals and specific areas. Manuscript profile
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        643 - Assessment of Mercury Concentrations in Liver and Hair tissues of Golden Jackal (Canis aureus) in Central Mazandaran Province Coastline
        Hassan Malvandi Abbas Esmaili-Saria Seyed Mahmoud Ghasempouria
        Introduction: The goal of this study was determination of concentration of mercury in hairand liver tissues of the golden jackal (Canis aureus), and to determine the relation betweenthe mercury concentration in liver and hair and body weight and length, and sex. These d More
        Introduction: The goal of this study was determination of concentration of mercury in hairand liver tissues of the golden jackal (Canis aureus), and to determine the relation betweenthe mercury concentration in liver and hair and body weight and length, and sex. These datawere then used to evaluate the suitability of using hair as a noninvasive technique for determiningbody burdens of mercury.Materials and Methods: Liver and hair samples from golden jackal were collected from Noorin the central coastline Mazandaran province. The samples of this study were taken fromroad-killed. The mercury was measured by the LECO AMA 254 Advanced Mercury Analyzer (USA)according to ASTM, standard No. D-6722.Result and Discussion: There wasn’t any significant difference neither between sexes nor in tissues.On the contrary, positive and significant differences (p>0.05) were found between mercury level inhair with weight and length of body. Mercury level was generally low; they do not reach levels thatare known to cause potential adverse effects in animals. It's probably to be a first study for goldenjackal for this purpose, and also this probe suggested easy and non-invasive sampling Manuscript profile
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        644 - biological Evaluation of Intertidal Zone of Mahshahr Ismaeili Estuary Using Structure of Large Population of Invertebrates Macrobenthic
        Soolmaz Dashti Gholamreza Sabzghabaei Siroos Nazari Mohammad Sadeghsaba
        Introduction: Nowadays in water chemical quality determination and study over this matter,considering the presence of invertebrates macro benthic is one of the important and complementaryelements diagnostic tests. With studying on changing population of invertebrates ma More
        Introduction: Nowadays in water chemical quality determination and study over this matter,considering the presence of invertebrates macro benthic is one of the important and complementaryelements diagnostic tests. With studying on changing population of invertebrates macro benthic andtheir variety, it is possible to evaluate the contamination of aqueous ecosystem especially estuaries.Materials and Methods: In this research comparison of the gained results from biological indiceswith physical and chemical tests, evaluation of Ismailee estuary’s (part of Moosa estuary)contamination was performed. For this purpose 5 stations were chosen and sampling was carried outin four different seasons. Also some indices related to water quality and sediment rate for differentobjects such as DO, EC, water temperature, pH, turbidity, GSA and TOM were tested and measured.Result and Discussion: According to the achieved results there were found 4 identical groups ofmacro benthic which include 44 species in that study area. Based on this research the highestpercentage belongs to Polycheata with 35.77%, then Bivalvia with 33.15%, abdomen end of theGastropoda with 19.76% and Crustacea with 11.32%. The average of studied density ofMacrobenthose per square meter of bed area was 550 individuals. That means the density of thesecreators is low. In order to identify the contamination rate of the ecological condition of this area,Welch model was applied. Calculating the gained amount of Shanon Index with presented Welchindex shows that the studied area has moderate range of contamination. Manuscript profile
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        645 - Environmental sustainability in urban open spaces: quality assessment of residential quarters in Tabriz
        Seyed Bagher Hosseini Razieh Rezazadeh Mohammad Bagheri Hamid Reza Azemati Abdolhamid Ghenbaran
        One of the sustainable urban design strategies is to emphasize the micro scale urban spaces. The purpose of this study is to explore the environmental sustainability in urban space and assessment of three residential quarters inTabriz. Five main criteria of sustainable More
        One of the sustainable urban design strategies is to emphasize the micro scale urban spaces. The purpose of this study is to explore the environmental sustainability in urban space and assessment of three residential quarters inTabriz. Five main criteria of sustainable urban design (movement, energy, spatial form, ecology, and design and development) were selected for assessment. In a field study, the selected quarters were scored by a professional research team and the findings were assessed comparatively. Maghsodieh historical quarter got the top score for movement, energy, and design and development criteria. Organic urban pattern, neighborhood facilities, connected streets, revitalized historical buildings, urban spaces for walking, environmental adaption, and local identity are among the main physical characteristics of this quarter. Roshdieh quarter, due to its designed green open spaces, biodiversity, green landscapes, and natural views, got the top score in ecology criterion. Both Maghsoodieh and Roshdieh got the top score in spatial form criterion because of self-sufficiency, mixed applications, and diverse public spaces. Golpark quarter, having urban spaces which lack design as well as having serious environmental problems, got low scores in all five criteria. This study shows that most open spaces of new residential quarters suffer from the lack of environmental design. Moreover, they cannot satisfy the needs and desires of their users. The strategies of thermal comfort, natural light, sound and wind comfort, and enhancement of the quality of urban landscape can help improve the environmental sustainability of urban quarters. New ideas such as walking ways, green ways, green bridges, bicycle and skate lines, urban and neighborhood parks as well as health and sport areas are all of practical use.     Manuscript profile
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        646 - Study of land use and urban development effects on rapid mass transportation system
        Mohsen Aghdas Vatankhah Fereydoun Gharib
        A rapid mass transportation system refers to a complex of transportation means in special corridors, which takes travelers from a specified point to a certain destination in the least amount of time and with sufficient safety. Such a system often uses high technologies More
        A rapid mass transportation system refers to a complex of transportation means in special corridors, which takes travelers from a specified point to a certain destination in the least amount of time and with sufficient safety. Such a system often uses high technologies and usually rails. The role of such systems and their effect on urban planning and residential areas development are important because often they do not have the limitations of other modes of transportation; therefore, they minimize the time of travelling from the city’s main administrative and trade centers to major residential areas. And this factor has mutual effects on travel demands on the one hand and urban development on the other hand.  This article is part of a more comprehensive study and only investigates the effects of various land uses and urban design role in decreasing or increasing transportation demands and the three important factors affecting such demands. Theses factors are spatial organization, density zoning, and urban design and its effects on transportation demands. Manuscript profile
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        647 - A new design algorithm for modeling and comparative evaluation of compound regenerative fuel cell (RFC) systems
        Hossein Ghadamian Farideh Atabi Hassnali Ozgoli
        The results of calculation, modeling and engineering design of RFCs reveal that energy carrier change, from electrical to cold chemical combustion in the fuel cell section, is considered as an internal energy production and significantly increases the produced energy in More
        The results of calculation, modeling and engineering design of RFCs reveal that energy carrier change, from electrical to cold chemical combustion in the fuel cell section, is considered as an internal energy production and significantly increases the produced energy intensity rate and the performance coefficient of the system. By connecting photovoltaic system to electrolyze/fuel cell units and using the energy produced in photovoltaic section, the internal energy generation for a multiple case system with 1 kW capacity will be 2.302 kW, and the energy produced in the RFC complex will increase so that the efficiency of the total integrated system will be 29.45%. In this article, the general performance of the system and its related sub-systems together with capacity studies has been investigated. Then, using electrolyze formulation, fuel cell, and photovoltaic cells separately, modeling has been carried out with non-linear algorithms, and system integration has been done with GAMS software. Also, a step-by-step approach to the calculation and engineering design of the RFC is presented. Manuscript profile
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        648 - Rightel Brand valuation
        Payam Hanafizadeh Azadeh Rad
        Brand is one of the most valuable intangible assets and is a factor for distinguishing companies in customers' point of view. To value brands, many methods and models have been invented in the past three decades by researchers and consultant companies. Financial value o More
        Brand is one of the most valuable intangible assets and is a factor for distinguishing companies in customers' point of view. To value brands, many methods and models have been invented in the past three decades by researchers and consultant companies. Financial value of brand can be used for strategic management, financial transactions and litigation purposes. Since financial value of brands has been recently accepted as security for borrowing loans from Iranian banks, specified brand's financial value would be a privilege in winning funding opportunities. Especially for companies with continuing need of investment, this would be an appropriate method of financing. A great example of such companies is telecommunication service providers. Therefore calculating financial value of brand in this sector seems to be of paramount importance. With this in mind, the two most popular valuation models, Intangible Business and Financial World were applied to calculate Rightel's brand value as a case study in telecommunication industry. The results didn't show noticeable difference between the calculated values. Manuscript profile
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        649 - The Relationship between Tax Evasion and Future Stock Price Crash Risk: Evidence from Companies Listed in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE)
        Mahdi Moradi Mohammadali Bagherpour Velashani Amin Rostami
        In this study, the relationship between tax evasion and future stock price crash risk of Companies listed in Tehran stock exchange (TSE), based on data from 70 companies during the years 2005-2012 is examined. To do this, two hypothesis were specified. The statistical m More
        In this study, the relationship between tax evasion and future stock price crash risk of Companies listed in Tehran stock exchange (TSE), based on data from 70 companies during the years 2005-2012 is examined. To do this, two hypothesis were specified. The statistical methods used in testing hypotheses are logistic and panel data regression. Findings show that tax evasion is positively associated with future stock price crash risk. This finding is consistent with the following view: Tax avoidance facilitates managerial rent extraction and bad news hoarding activities. The hoarding and accumulation of bad news for extended periods lead to stock price crashes when the accumulated hidden bad news crosses a tipping point, and thus comes out all at once. Moreover, the second hypothesis, the positive relation between tax evasion and crash risk is attenuated when firms have strong external monitoring mechanisms such as institutional investors and non executive directors, was not approved. Manuscript profile
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        650 - Investment Project Valuation Using Real Option Approach(The Case of a 500 MV Power Generation Plant)
        Mortaza Baky Haskuee Rojin Davoodi
        Dynamic and complicated circumstances of economic activities, and consequently increase in risks require an efficient analytical method of investment and financing decision making in which does not suffer from traditional methods shortcoming such as stationarity. Real o More
        Dynamic and complicated circumstances of economic activities, and consequently increase in risks require an efficient analytical method of investment and financing decision making in which does not suffer from traditional methods shortcoming such as stationarity. Real option analysis developed in response to this requirement.This paper provides a framework to study advantage of using real option theory in evaluating power generation projects in comparison to traditional methods. First, it uses abandon option and its different real option pricing methods, then compares to traditional methods. To compare traditional and real option methods, it uses Monte Carlo simulation.The results show that real option pricing methods do not differ significantly, because when time steps increase, option value increases and all methods converge. Monte Carlo simulation results show that in real option methods risk decreases and return increases in comparison to traditional methods. Manuscript profile
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        651 - Efficiency and Productivity in Tehran Stock Exchange based on Diversification Strategy
        Meysam Doaei Babooshka Shavazipour Mahdi Zamani Sabzi
        In recent years, corporate diversification has turned into a highly controversial issue amongst numerous managers. It is contended by many that diversification is vitally important and highly effective especially when it comes to evaluating the financial performance. Th More
        In recent years, corporate diversification has turned into a highly controversial issue amongst numerous managers. It is contended by many that diversification is vitally important and highly effective especially when it comes to evaluating the financial performance. There are several studies about the relationship between diversification and financial performance. However, there is no agreement that diversified firms are more efficient than focus firms. In this study, the listed firms in Tehran Stock Exchange are ranked based on their efficiency scores calculating by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models. Then, by slack analysis, the proposed improvement strategies for inefficient firms have been cited. Ultimately, the Malmquist index of productivity (MIP) has been utilized to further comparison and analysis. Manuscript profile
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        652 - Fixed point theorem for non-self mappings and its applications in the modular ‎space
        R. Moradi A. ‎Razani
        Manuscript profile
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        653 - Application of iterative method for solving fuzzy Bernoulli equation under generalized H-differentiability
        Sh. Sadigh Behzadi
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        654 - A Study on Intuitionistic Fuzzy and Normal Fuzzy M-Subgroup, M-Homomorphism and ‎Isomorphism‎
        M. Oqla Massa'deh
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        655 - An improved approach for ranking the candidates in a voting system based on efficiency intervals
        A. A. Foroughi
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        656 - Numerical solution of fuzzy differential equations under generalized differentiability by fuzzy neural network
        M. Mosleh
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        657 - Evaluating Quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) algorithms in blocks decomposition of de-trended
        K. Fathi Vajargah
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        658 - Detecting the location of the boundary layers in singular perturbation problems with general linear non-local boundary ‎conditions‎
        N. ‎Aliev S. Ashrafi A. R. Sarakhsi‎
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        659 - Strong convergence for variational inequalities and equilibrium problems and representations
        E. Soori
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        660 - Solving nonlinear Lane-Emden type equations with unsupervised combined artificial neural networks
        K. Parand Z. Roozbahani F. Bayat Babolghani
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        661 - Determination of appropriate method for estimating of MTBE absorption coefficient by the soil of Tehran oil refinery (Ray city)
        Mohammad Nickhah Monfared mohammad reza Sabour
        Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE) is one of the gas additives that can be more effective in increasing the octan rating of fuel. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) has labeled MTBE in carcinogen compounds.This compound can leak into the soil from&nbsp More
        Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE) is one of the gas additives that can be more effective in increasing the octan rating of fuel. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) has labeled MTBE in carcinogen compounds.This compound can leak into the soil from underground fuel tanks and its chemical and physical properties affords rapid influence.Sorption ability of soil, is so effective in influence of MTBE into the soil and “distribution Coefficient (Kd)” can show this ability. Kd is one of the important effectives that recently lionizes in Environmental Geotechnics and its range is so wide in as much as it can be “0” or “1000” and more; This wide range is important in using numerical models for underground water and contaminant trasformation modeling.In this study, the real value of sorption has been determined by several sorption tests on MTBE and the soil of Ray city and according this value, various isotherm models were studied to find the most accurate model for MTBE and this soil.In this study, all of the tests have done according to ASTM standards. Finally, it’s concluded that all of studied models are appropriate for calculating Kd but in similar cases,  we can offer foloing models sequently: Dubinin-Radushkevich Model; Langmuir Model; Freundlich Model; Linear Model. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        662 - Visual quality assessment of the park Sarab Gznhleh Songhor
        Sajjad Shamshiri
        Tourism industry is a the new economic, social and ecological opportunities due to the world needstoday is growing strongly.One of the fundamental factors in dealing with the natural environment,particularly tourism industry, is a quality of landscape. Visual characteri More
        Tourism industry is a the new economic, social and ecological opportunities due to the world needstoday is growing strongly.One of the fundamental factors in dealing with the natural environment,particularly tourism industry, is a quality of landscape. Visual characteristics of the landscapeattributed to identity and sense of place which could be helped to people to enjoy of natural and theartificial environment as well as lead to fundraising and economic and social development. Thepresent study evaluated the landscape of Park Sarab Gznhleh, Songhor. This Park could be consideredas spectacular and recreation because of its location and proximity to the city of the Songhor.Landscape evaluation of Sarab Gznhleh Songhor has been done in three stages: (i) identifying of thelandscape types and their zoning in the park (three zones); (ii) data analysis of results based on ofHassel matrix and (iii) conclusion and suggesting of guideline. Generally, this study requires thefollowing actions for increasing demand of recreational of Sarab Gznhleh Songhor: regard to naturalcondition of water (springs and river) in the park; modification of existing plants and its suitability forlighting system; use a various species of plants, especially native plants in virginal and sloping spaces;proper distribution of park furniture; preparing convenient and safe places for families; developmentof play equipment and sports facilities for all age groups in the park. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        663 - Utilization of renewable energy resources in European Union’s Legal System
        Seyed Abbas Poor Hashemi Loabat Taghavi Azam Parande Motlagh
        Today, renewable energies are considering as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these resources minimize environmental impacts in the world. On the other hand, utilization of renewable energies for environmental protection has been increasing rapidly in recent y More
        Today, renewable energies are considering as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these resources minimize environmental impacts in the world. On the other hand, utilization of renewable energies for environmental protection has been increasing rapidly in recent years especially in developed countries and employing this kind of energies for environmental protection has been successful. Despite the importance of renewable energies, unfortunately, this type of energy are not widely used in all countries. It is clear that renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries.Based on the European Union model, in order to achieve sustainable development and environmental protection, the use of fossil energy sources to renewable energy sources such as wind energy , solar energy, global warming , alternative energy, biomass, etc., are very essential. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current EU legal system to promote of the utilization of renewable resources that can be considered as one of the models studied in this context. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        664 - Studying the status of urban parks for conservation environment and presenting the appropriate managerial strategies” (Case study: Parks in Dist. 7 of Tehran)
        Maryam Mehrara Akramol Moluk Lahijanian
        “Subject: Studying the status of urban parks for conservation of environment and presenting theappropriate managerial strategies” (Case study: Parks in Dist. 7 of Tehran) Objective: Studying thestatus of Tehran urban parks for conservation of environment.Man More
        “Subject: Studying the status of urban parks for conservation of environment and presenting theappropriate managerial strategies” (Case study: Parks in Dist. 7 of Tehran) Objective: Studying thestatus of Tehran urban parks for conservation of environment.Management in the urban parks results in environmental indices promotion; Applying the appropriatemanagement provides the conservation of urban parks’ environment; The appropriate managementresults in reduction of environmental wastes in the urban parks. Sampling group: The sampling groupof this study is consisted of 52 parks available in Tehran municipality Dist. 7 including all experts,managers and personnel of Deputy of Urban Affairs and Green Space, generally the sample size is 123persons. Sample size: The sampling group of the research is consisted of 93 experts, managers andpersonnel of Deputy of Urban Affairs and Green Space, and 10 parks have been selected as samplerandomly out of 5 studies zones in Dist. 7. The data analysis method includes two descriptive andinferential parts which has been applied aiding SPSS software, that Pierson coefficient of correlationtests have been used in this research.The findings of this research indicated that the most correlation among the variables is as follows:Applying the appropriate management provides the conservation of urban parks’ environment; theappropriate management results in reduction of environmental wastes in the urban parks; Managementin the urban parks results in environmental indices promotion Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        665 - Analysis on Modeling and Simulation Methods of Fire Spread in the Forests
        Saeedeh Eskandari
        Nowadays, the phenomenon of forest fires as a natural disaster threatens a large part of the world'sforests. Due to the devastating effects of fire on forest, Research conducted by using new methods topredict the spread of fire, is very valuable.This study has been done More
        Nowadays, the phenomenon of forest fires as a natural disaster threatens a large part of the world'sforests. Due to the devastating effects of fire on forest, Research conducted by using new methods topredict the spread of fire, is very valuable.This study has been done to investigate the differentmethods of fire spread modeling and fire simulation in the forests of the world and Iran. Computerprograms are based on mathematical models in order to simulate fire behavior. These models aredivided to four categories of theoretical models, physical systems, experimental models and semiexperimentalmodels. Theoretical models have the ability for universalization to the differentecosystems, but their validation is difficult. Physical model (surface, crown, ground, spot) have beendeveloped regarding to the type of forest fires, but these models often don’t have the enough accurateand their validation is difficult. The experimental models are very practical due to the ease of use, butthey are applicable just for ecosystems which they have the similar conditions with that used informulation and test of model. The semi-experimental models are taken into consideration because ofeasier validation, simplicity and compatibility with the raster data, but lack of ability for crown andspot fires, difficult programming and necessity of availability of the required data for all effectiveparameters are deficiencies of these models. The theoretical models, physical models of surface fire,semi-experimental models of Rothermel, FARSITE and cellular automata can be the best models forfire spread of Iranian forests regarding to conditions of these forests Manuscript profile

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