-
Open Access Article
1 - Data mining on the ossibility study of urban fabric's physical change modeling
ناجی پژمان ضیایی محمد نقی زاده سید مصطفی مختابادUrban expansion has been a very important topic not only in the management of sustainable development, but also in the fields of remote sensing and geographic information science. Urban planners also encounter a huge challenge to require the understanding of the complex MoreUrban expansion has been a very important topic not only in the management of sustainable development, but also in the fields of remote sensing and geographic information science. Urban planners also encounter a huge challenge to require the understanding of the complex urban growth process, which involves various factors with different patterns of behavior. Modeling of an urban development pattern is the prerequisite to understanding the process and might be the first step in making a decision on urban planning. The main issues of great importance in land use modeling include spatial dynamics, temporal dynamics, incorporation of human drivers of land use changes, and scale dynamics. Dynamic simulation models and empirical estimation models have been used to model land use changes. Rule-based simulation models are mostly suitable for incorporating spatial interaction effects and handling temporal dynamics. However, Cellular Automata (CA) models do not focus on interpretation or understanding of Spatio-temporal processes of urban growth. Most dynamic simulation models cannot incorporate enough socioeconomic variables. Empirical estimation models use statistical techniques to model the relationships between land use changes and the drivers based on historic data. As an empirical estimation method, a regression model has been used in deforestation analysis, agriculture, and urban growth modeling.This paper tends to apply a regression to model urban changes in the old part of the Kermanshah city (Faizabad neighborhood) from 1956 to 2011. In this regard, multi-temporal airborne images were used as a data source. According to the common assumptions, urban physical forms are characterized as the results of a complex deliberation process that involves consideration of many factors. Monitoring of urban fibers transformation through airborne images and translating the obtained data provide a systematic database which can be used in empirical analyses. Applying a grid network for the first time yields the images to quantify obtained results from every cell of the network. In the second step, each cell value recorded for the available temporal period and the Minitab 16 software were used to gain regression equations from these values. The nearest relation between cells value in an observed period was provided by the software as a quadratic equation. Adding an appropriate value to equations gives an estimated amount for its related cell in the selected period of time. The approach was calibrated for 2016 by cross comparing of actual and simulated cells value. In order to examine the modeling precision, the same process was done for 2016 images and cells data were extracted. After the cross comparing, the simulation results were consonant more than 70% with actual data of 2016, which was satisfactory to approve the calibration process. Urban development programs and non-professional interventions in this case study area caused to more disparities and dismantle the logic of the model. Simplicity and the easiness of the proposed model are main privileges in comparison with the previous ones. In summary, this model can be used as a quick responsible way to predict urban changes in specific areas which give acceptable schematic responses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Sense of Time: Concepts and Applications in Urban Design
Elham Souri Sina Razaghi asl Mohsen Faizi -
Open Access Article
3 - Analysis of the Social Problems Role in Insecurity of Islamic Cities
Hamidreza SaremiThe idea of construction of secure Islamic cities is a new and fundamental research into elimination of the insecurity-producing factors and emergence of safe environ in cities. Prosperity of science and technology, with all positive changes induced, play no crucial rol MoreThe idea of construction of secure Islamic cities is a new and fundamental research into elimination of the insecurity-producing factors and emergence of safe environ in cities. Prosperity of science and technology, with all positive changes induced, play no crucial role in security of cities. The reports by reliable world organizations demonstrate that ever-increasing growth of threats of natural disasters, violence, crime, juvenile delinquency, marginal dwelling and expansion of poverty are all against safety and security of cities. Need to security, among other things, is of higher importance. In the planning and urban development system, proofing against natural disasters and struggling against human-induced insecurity have not led to security in cities. Continuation of this process, too, will not result in the planned but. Holy Qur’an considers the bad deed of people as the cause of insecurity and natural disasters and sees the good deed a ground for realization of secure cities. From this viewpoint, change in behavior and social norms on the basis of Qur’anic teachings will lead to elimination of insecurity and realization of security in cities. The direct relationship between natural disasters and human deed is a new idea and perspective in the arena of urban management. Formation of social prosperity against divine law and human nature not only lead to no positive results, but also guide the natural development towards the natural disasters. Thereupon, any sort of insecurity dominated in the structural or social skeleton of human life is induced due to social disorders in the centre of non-divine acts. In this regard, promotion of life quality is achieved as a result of arrangement of social norms through training along laws. Islam, generally classify the insecurity, whether in natural or human type, as the consequence of human acts in the direction of blasphemy and corruption. In view of wise God, solidity of constructions is not lonely able to confront strongly with disasters. Any contrast has been reported between solidity and preventing from disasters, however, to this but, social changes are of high importance. Different dimensions of security and their role in other sections provide development and excellence of people. Inevitably, bounded with holly Qoran and Islam pave the way for human. Revolutions as well as prosperity in science and technology implicate that The holly book is the human save prescription. Results demonstrate that technological progress is incapable in prevent or deduction of insecurity. The higher development in the science and technology, the more accurate are the construction as well as municipal spaces computations. On the similar basis, life and financial damages passed an increasing trend. In accompany with science progress, social insecurities augmented. Simultaneously, revolution of social conducts and in the next step, conjunction of thoughts with structure found " safe City". Safe City appear as an utopia for the whole great well known people worldwide. Disasters, whether in natural, social, economic types or in the for of earthquake, frequent flood, tsunami, terrorism, suicidal actions, bombing and organized crimes threat the urban life devest the security of human life. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Local Fractional Variational Yang-Laplace Method for solving local fractional partial differential Equations
homa afraz Jafar Saberi nadjafiIn the last decade, the theory of local fractional calculus has been successfully used to describe and solve fundamental science and engineering problems. In this article, the local fractional Yang-Laplace variational iteration method has been used for solving the local MoreIn the last decade, the theory of local fractional calculus has been successfully used to describe and solve fundamental science and engineering problems. In this article, the local fractional Yang-Laplace variational iteration method has been used for solving the local fractional partial differential equation on a cantor set. The non-differentiable exact and approximate solutions are obtained for kind of local fractional linear and nonlinear equations. It is shown that the used method is an efficient and easy method to implement for linear and nonlinear problems arising in science and engineering. In this article, we emphasize on the LFYLVM method which is a combination form of local fractional variational iteration method and Yang-Laplace transform. Most of the obtained solutions from this method are in series form that converge rapidly to exact or approximate solutions. Illustrative examples demonstrate that the method is able to reduce the volume of computation compared to the existing classical methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Existence solutions for new p-Laplacian fractional boundary value problem with impulsive effects
N. Nyamoradi A. RazaniFractional differential equations have been of great interest recently. This is because of both the intensive development of the theory of fractional calculus itself and the applications of such constructions in various scientific fields such as physics, mechanics, chem MoreFractional differential equations have been of great interest recently. This is because of both the intensive development of the theory of fractional calculus itself and the applications of such constructions in various scientific fields such as physics, mechanics, chemistry, engineering, etc. Differential equations with impulsive effects arising from the real world describe the dynamics of processes in which sudden, discontinuous jumps occur. For the background, theory and applications of impulsive differential equations. There have been many approaches to study the existence of solutions of impulsive fractional differential equations, such as fixed point theory, topological degree theory, upper and lower solutions methods and monotone iterative method. In this paper, we study the existence of solutions for a new class of p-Laplacian fractional boundary value problem with impulsive effects. By using critical point theory and variational methods, we give some new criteria to guarantee that the impulsive problem have infinitely many solutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - A VARIATIONAL APPROACH TO THE EXISTENCE OF INFINITELY MANY SOLUTIONS FOR DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS
M. Khaleghi Moghadam S. Tersian M. AvciThe existence of infinitely many solutions for an anisotropic discrete non-linear problem with variable exponent according to p(k)–Laplacian operator with Dirichlet boundary value condition, under appropriate behaviors of the non-linear term, is investigated. The MoreThe existence of infinitely many solutions for an anisotropic discrete non-linear problem with variable exponent according to p(k)–Laplacian operator with Dirichlet boundary value condition, under appropriate behaviors of the non-linear term, is investigated. The technical approach is based on a local minimum theorem for differentiable functionals due to Ricceri. We point out a theorem as a special case of our main results. We define two differentiable functionals and set up the variational framework and present an applied lemma which $lambda$ lying in a well-defined interval. Bearing in mind this fundamental lemma and the local minimum theorem due to Ricceri, we obtain our result which is the existence of a sequence of infinitely many solutions which converges to zero depending on the nonlinear term has suitable behavior at zero. We ensure exact interval of the parameter $lambda$, in which the anisotropic discrete non-linear problem admits infinitely solutions such that their norm converges to zero. Some remarks and corollaries and the proof of especial case theorem are provided. Some examples are inserted to illustrate the importance of the main results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Existence of at least three weak solutions for a quasilinear elliptic system
Saeed. shokouhIn this paper, applying two theorems of Ricceri and Bonanno, we will establish the existence of three weak solutions for a quasilinear elliptic system. Indeed, we will assign a differentiable nonlinear operator to a differential equation system such that the critical po MoreIn this paper, applying two theorems of Ricceri and Bonanno, we will establish the existence of three weak solutions for a quasilinear elliptic system. Indeed, we will assign a differentiable nonlinear operator to a differential equation system such that the critical points of this operator are weak solutions of the system. In this paper, applying two theorems of Ricceri and Bonanno, we will establish the existence of three weak solutions for a quasilinear elliptic system. Indeed, we will assign a differentiable nonlinear operator to a differential equation system such that the critical points of this operator are weak solutions of the system. In this paper, applying two theorems of Ricceri and Bonanno, we will establish the existence of three weak solutions for a quasilinear elliptic system. Indeed, we will assign a differentiable nonlinear operator to a differential equation system such that the critical points of this operator are weak solutions of the system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - The generalized variational iteration method to solve the fractal partial differential equations
Homa Afraz Alireza Khalili GolmankhanehFractional calculus is a branch of classical mathematics, which deals with the generalization of fractional order derivative and integral operator. Recently, a great deal of research has been carried out on the fractional calculus to study the phenomena associated with MoreFractional calculus is a branch of classical mathematics, which deals with the generalization of fractional order derivative and integral operator. Recently, a great deal of research has been carried out on the fractional calculus to study the phenomena associated with fractal structures and processes. Fractals have a fractional dimension and occur naturally in non-linear and imbalanced phenomena in various forms and contexts. In recent years, various types of derivatives and fractional and fractal calculus have been proposed by many scientists and have been extensively utilized. Measurements are localized in physical processes, and local fractional calculus is a useful tool for solving some type of physical and engineering problems. Gangal studied the local fractional calculus and got the relation between it and the fractals. Using the local fractional calculus and fractal properties, he defined the fractal-alpha calculus on a subset of the real line, which is a simple calculs, useful, structural and algorithmic. In this study, we first describe the fractal-F alpha calculus. Next, we propose The generalized variational iteration method based on the fractal calculus. To show the efficiency of fractal calculus and the new method, we solve several fractal partial differential equations with this method and show that this method is better, easier and more suitable than the two other methods mention the above. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - An Iterative Scheme for Generalized Equilibrium, Variational Inequality and Fixed Point Problems Based on the Extragradient Method
S. Jahedi M. A. PayvandThe problem ofgeneralized equilibrium problem is very general in the different subjects .Optimization problems, variational inequalities, Nash equilibrium problem and minimax problems are as special cases of generalized equilibrium problem. The purpose of this paper is MoreThe problem ofgeneralized equilibrium problem is very general in the different subjects .Optimization problems, variational inequalities, Nash equilibrium problem and minimax problems are as special cases of generalized equilibrium problem. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the problem of approximating a common element of the set of generalized equilibrium problem, variational inequality problem and fixed point problem. In this article, a new iterative algorithm is introduced based on theextragradient method. Under suitable conditions, a weak convergence theorem for finding a common solution of a generalized equilibrium problem, a variational inequality problem and the set of fixed points of a finite family of strictly pseudo contraction mappings is proved. Our results improve and generalize some recent results in the literature. Finally, we give a numerical example to show the validity of the results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Partial second-order subdifferentials of -prox-regular functions
S. Nadi J. VakiliAlthough prox-regular functions in general are nonconvex, they possess properties that one would expect to find in convex or lowerC2functions. The class of prox-regular functions covers all convex functions, lower C2functions and strongly amenable functions. At first, t MoreAlthough prox-regular functions in general are nonconvex, they possess properties that one would expect to find in convex or lowerC2functions. The class of prox-regular functions covers all convex functions, lower C2functions and strongly amenable functions. At first, these functions have been identified in finite dimension using proximal subdifferential. Then, the definition of prox-regular functions have been developed in Banach and Hilbert spaces. In this paper, the parametric prox-regular functions are defined using limiting subdifferentials. Also, a partial second-order subdifferential is defined here for extended real valued functions of two variables corresponding to its variables through coderivatives of first-order partial subdifferential mappings. Then, relations between maximal monotonicity of the partial first-order subdifferentials of these functions and the positive-semidefiniteness of the coderivatives of partial first order subdifferential mapping are investigated. Finally, we present necessary and sufficient conditions for ∂ -prox-regular functions to be convex based on positive-semidefiniteness of the partial second-order subdifferentials mappings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Parametric Characteristics of the Interaction of Technologies and the Criterion Role of Technology spillover
H. RoohianIn this work “How the technology interacts with the mathematical model and their parametric characteristics” is a fundamental question. Technologies are mutually effective and impressive. These effects are very evident in various fields, especially engineeri MoreIn this work “How the technology interacts with the mathematical model and their parametric characteristics” is a fundamental question. Technologies are mutually effective and impressive. These effects are very evident in various fields, especially engineering and management, and its applications in industry, services and economics. Therefore, in the same way as other fields of action and reaction presented in the mathematical logics, the development of measurment of technology will be of particular importance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Designing a legal and financial model for capital changes in public joint stock companies in Iranian and English laws
Reza Mohammadi Darvishvand Ali Zare Mehdi Montazer Seyedyaghoub zeraatkishThis study was conducted with the aim of designing the financial legal model of capital changes (increase) of public companies in Iranian and British law. The research method of the present study is mixed and it is done with two types of qualitative and quantitative (mi MoreThis study was conducted with the aim of designing the financial legal model of capital changes (increase) of public companies in Iranian and British law. The research method of the present study is mixed and it is done with two types of qualitative and quantitative (mixed) approaches. In the qualitative part of the research, in order to collect data, interview questions were developed. In the following, the ISM questionnaire was used. The statistical population of the research included 10 qualified experts who were selected using non-probability and purposive sampling method, and in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with them. The first step of the current study was using the qualitative analysis method (interview editing approach, summarizing them and interpreting concepts and words) to identify the main and subcategories of the research. Then, in the second and quantitative part of the research, the modeling method was used. Structural-interpretive and MICMAC software were used to identify the causal relationships between the main research categories. By extracting the main and sub-categories of the research using the results of the qualitative analysis of the theme and the ISM method, the final model was presented. In total, the pattern obtained consists of 10 main categories. The results of the research showed that the capital structure has an effect on short-term debt, equity and long-term debt. The aforementioned variables also affect the company's behavior in financing operations. The behavior of the company affects the lease and bank loan, long-term debt and bond issuance and further affects the risk management. Risk management also leads to the increase of capital of public companies. In the same way, the amount of influence on the next levels is reduced and the variables of the same level, that is, have mutual interaction with each other. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Effect of Changes Percentage in Dividend Payout on Future Earnings Growth
آزیتا جهانشاد محمدرضا عسگری وحید اسدی کلیThis research investigates the effect of changes percentage in dividend payout onfuture earnings growth in Tehran stock exchange .This investigation contains anindependent variable that is called percentage changes in dividend payout and adependent variable future earni MoreThis research investigates the effect of changes percentage in dividend payout onfuture earnings growth in Tehran stock exchange .This investigation contains anindependent variable that is called percentage changes in dividend payout and adependent variable future earnings growth in one and three years period and 5 variablecontroller variables such as firm size, leverage , return on assets , E/P Ratio, laggedearnings growth(one and three years period).This research is based on yearlyobservations period from 1384-1388.the result of this research shows that changes percentage in dividend payout haspositive effect and significant relationship on future earnings growth, it means whenthe changes percentage in dividend payout is increased the future of earnings growthis increased although this increase is low. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Survey Economies of Scale Efficiency Changes in government and Private Banks by Using Stochastic Frontier Production Function
Farid Sefati Taghi Torabi Kambiz hozhabr KianiToday One of the cases where in efficiency businesses including banks can be analyzed, discussed their size and scale of production, so as to check the size and scale 20 state and private banks were selected .The study period is 85-92 years. And data used are unbalanced MoreToday One of the cases where in efficiency businesses including banks can be analyzed, discussed their size and scale of production, so as to check the size and scale 20 state and private banks were selected .The study period is 85-92 years. And data used are unbalanced panel .Then translog stochastic frontier production function was estimated.and scale efficiency changes was calculated .The key point extraction tools combined index for electronic components and using it as an input in the production function is a composite index. The results show that big government (Melli,Sepah,Keshvarzi,Maskan) to a large extent the technologically optimal production scale(most productive scale) away.Because of their scale efficiency changes,large and negative.On the other hand the big private banks (pasargad,parsian,eghtesadenovi)have been quite in technologically optimal production scale,In fact, their scale efficiency change is the lowest amount. Small government banks (postbank,Toseeh Taavon,sanat va maadan) similar large goverment banks are far from most productive scale ,with the exception of the bank Toseah saderat of a good situation.small private banks (Sina,Sarmayeh,Saman,Day) as well as major private banks are the most productive technical scale Excluding Bank Day, which is partly attributed to most productive scale away Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - تأثیر تغییرات ساختاری و سرمایه انسانی بر رابطه آلودگی محیطزیست و رشد اقتصادی در کشورهای حوزه منا با دو روش GMM و PVAR
اعظم حاجی آقاجانی کامبیز هژبر کیانی علی امامی میبدی کامبیز پیکارجو -
Open Access Article
16 - Analysis of the Effects of Relative Price Variability and Monetary Shocks on Inflation in Iran’s Economy
مجید احمدلو اکبر کمیجانی کامبیز هژبر کیانی فرهاد غفاریThis paper analyzes the effects of relative price variability and skewness as aggregate supply shocks and liquidity as aggregate demand shocks on inflation in the Iranian economy. For this purpose, the total and state urban price index and M2 for period 1383-1390 and Ar MoreThis paper analyzes the effects of relative price variability and skewness as aggregate supply shocks and liquidity as aggregate demand shocks on inflation in the Iranian economy. For this purpose, the total and state urban price index and M2 for period 1383-1390 and Arellano and Bover (1995) and Blundell and Bond (1998) method has been used. The results show that relative price variability and M2 has positive and meaningful effect on inflation. Also, relative price skewness have negative effect on inflation. So, it is needed to consider supply and demand shocks simultaneously in disinflation policies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - بررسی تأثیر سرمایه انسانی و تغییرات ساختاری بر رشد اقتصادی کشورهای عضو آسه آن
احمد سرلک مجتبی قیاسی -
Open Access Article
18 - نقش تغییر ساختاری در تحریک رشد اقتصادی کشورهای عضو اپک
مرضیه اسفندیاری معصومه قرنجیک -
Open Access Article
19 - The Effect of Informing Through Social Networks on Compliance with Recommendations for the Prevention of Covid-19 Through Public Awareness and Behavior Change
leyla fathiIntroduction: Corona virus disease has faced the world with a big challenge and countries have reacted to it according to their capacity. In this crisis, social media as a social institution have played a vital role in providing knowledge about the corona virus, which d MoreIntroduction: Corona virus disease has faced the world with a big challenge and countries have reacted to it according to their capacity. In this crisis, social media as a social institution have played a vital role in providing knowledge about the corona virus, which due to the cultural differences of countries, the extent of the help of these media during the disease transmission crisis is unknown. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of social media on compliance with the recommendations for the prevention of Covid-19 through public awareness and behavior change in Iranian society.Methods: This research was conducted descriptively and with a correlation design with a covariance-oriented approach in the community of social network users by collecting evidence through a closed-answer questionnaire and random sampling in a systematic and scientific manner and analyzed by statistical methods.Results: According to the results of the descriptive part, the evaluation of the measured items is at a high level, and according to the inferential results, by using exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling, while confirming the validity of the study, the role of using social networks in public health security through public awareness and Behavioral change during the Corona epidemic has been significantly supported.Conclusion: Based on the evidence and results of data analysis, social media strategies can be used for public education and increasing users' knowledge and awareness, creating behavioral changes for users and increasing users' compliance with the recommendations for preventing Covid-19 and finally improving public safety. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Analyzing of financial policy triggers on how the state budget is allocated
Marzieh Afkharian Karmaleh Daneshfard Hajieh Rajabi Farjadbudget of a country reflects the position of the state in the economy, in other words, it is the extent and limits of government`s interference in society, and the proper administration of government finances plays a significant role in improving the economic system and Morebudget of a country reflects the position of the state in the economy, in other words, it is the extent and limits of government`s interference in society, and the proper administration of government finances plays a significant role in improving the economic system and the administrative and management system of the public sector. Purpose of this study was to analyze the triggers of financial policy on allocation of state budget. The research is applied one in terms of the goal, and it is descriptive survey in terms of collecting data. Statistical universe of this research includes the managers and employees of the “plan and budget” organization. They were 100, which are obtained using Cochran's formula of 80 people. Data collection tool was a questionnaire (a total of 47 questions). Its validity obtained through content and structure validity, and its reliability through Cronbach's alpha for each of the triggers of the financial policy including (natural disasters, 0.868; economic crises, 0.915; social evolution, 0.915; environmental changes, 0/922; technological advances, 0/818) and the way of state budget allocation 844/0 has been approved. Data analysis has been done using structural equation modeling and Smart PlS software. Results of the study showed that the analysis of the triggers of financial policy (natural disasters, economic crises, social evolution, environmental changes, and technological advancements) are influential on the way of allocation of public funds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - The role of leverage on a portfolio of stocks due to the Financial health of companies
Tahere yosefvand Azita jahanshadThe aim of this study is to analyze the effect of leverage changes on stock return considering the different levels of the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The method of this research, regarding nature and content, is correlational, and purpose, application. T MoreThe aim of this study is to analyze the effect of leverage changes on stock return considering the different levels of the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The method of this research, regarding nature and content, is correlational, and purpose, application. This study is done using multiple regression and time series data for the period 2005-2012 for operating and listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. The results indicate that the expected return of sorted portfolios based on financial leverage has a significant difference with the actual return of these portfolios. Also, the leverage changes have a negative impact on portfolio returns. The intensity of the impact of leverage changes in higher levels of leverage is higher than the low levels of leverage changes. The intensity of the negative effects of leverage changes in high levels of leverage and lower health is more than low levels of leverage changes and higher financial health. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Democracy and Accounting development
Yaghoub Aghdam Mazraeh Hashem Nikoomaram Bahman BanimahdThe environment especially social and political once, have direct and indirect influences on accounting development. Political and civility freedoms can effect on accounting indexes. Political environment has influence on accounting directly and indirectly. Political en MoreThe environment especially social and political once, have direct and indirect influences on accounting development. Political and civility freedoms can effect on accounting indexes. Political environment has influence on accounting directly and indirectly. Political environment in general and political right and social freedoms in Subsidiary have influences on accounting development. In this research the influence of democracy indexes included civility freedoms and political freedoms influences on accounting development in Iran has surveyed. Because of limitation in collecting of Quantitative data, Questionnaire used for collecting of research data. Assumption tested under factor analyses and pathway and structural equation modeling on Amos and Spss. research result indicate that there is a significant relationship between democracy indexes and accounting development. And Load factor of that relationship as sequence, membership in organization and parties, selection of responsible and effective persons, Freedom of expression, Rule of Law, party's freedom, Compete on positions and jobs and personal freedoms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - The effects of social change on accounting development
Maryam Karami Ghale Seyedi Allahkaram SalehiSocial change in human life is not a new issue, but it is important that the new human knowledge generation encompasses all past knowledge, transforms and evolves. Many problems stem from the transformation, the growth of understanding, the skill and the power of mankin MoreSocial change in human life is not a new issue, but it is important that the new human knowledge generation encompasses all past knowledge, transforms and evolves. Many problems stem from the transformation, the growth of understanding, the skill and the power of mankind. This is where people have to plan for social change. Accounting is an interdisciplinary science, and according to its classification in the field of social sciences, it is not possible to analyze all its dimensions, regardless of the scope of value that expresses man, his behavior and his personal and social characteristics. Accounting indicators have evolved over time, and this knowledge is about utilizing humanity. In this research, we have tried to examine the implications and effects of social and civic changes on professional and accounting knowledge. The purpose of this study was to promote and improve the position of accounting knowledge based on the method of historical recognition through reviewing archival documents and scientific library materials, studying the relationship between accounting and civilization indicators and finally concluded that various indicators of civilization development, such as evolution, dissemination, culture, urbanization and industrialization have affected accounting development and ultimately changed the way in which financial events are measured and reported. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Identification and comparison of citizens' climate perception in different temperature strata of Isfahan city
Mohsen Veisi Mozhgan Ahmadi NadoushanAbstract: Identification of citizens' climate perception is one of the key elements in formulating policies related to mitigating the heat island effect. This study also examines some influential aspects of climate perception and its relationship with individual ch MoreAbstract: Identification of citizens' climate perception is one of the key elements in formulating policies related to mitigating the heat island effect. This study also examines some influential aspects of climate perception and its relationship with individual characteristics in the city of Isfahan. For this purpose, the central core of Isfahan City was divided into four temperature zones ranging from 27 to 43 degrees Celsius. A random sample of 100 individuals was selected from each temperature zone, and their personal information, along with their perception of temperature increase, disruption in life, location-dependent temperature differences, and voluntary willingness to change behavior, were collected. The results showed that as the temperature increased in each temperature zone, citizens' views on the increased difficulty of life and efforts to adapt to higher temperatures were more pronounced. They indicated that the air temperature inside Isfahan City is relatively higher than in the surrounding rural areas. Regarding the perception of the urban heat island, a significant correlation was found between the intensity of the heat island and age, and educational level. The temperature increase elicited similar responses among all interviewees in all parts of the city, and the existence of an urban heat island has led to various disturbances (in terms of intensity) in the lives of different individuals residing in different temperature zones. Overall, attention can be focused on individuals in younger age groups and those with higher education as target groups for improving their climatic conditions and maximizing citizen participation as a benchmark. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Identification of Cultural Influence Factors in Individuals' Tendency to New Type of Couples Life (Couple)
Mehri Afrashteh toktam farmanfarmaeeIntroduction and ppurpose of the Research: In our country, always there has been positive attitude toward the family and it (the family) has been considered as a basic unit of society, but unfortunately in the today's society, the family has been involved in a conceptua MoreIntroduction and ppurpose of the Research: In our country, always there has been positive attitude toward the family and it (the family) has been considered as a basic unit of society, but unfortunately in the today's society, the family has been involved in a conceptual change. Therefore, as for the mentioned problems, the present study intends to identify the factors of the cultural penetration in individual’s orientation to the new type of couples' life (cohabitation) from the perspective of cultural theories. The studied population in this research, is composed of men and women in Tehran city who have experienced and is composed of a unlimited population in Tehran city. Methods: The research method is descriptive-survey. Since cohabitation in Iran is a crime, identifying cohabitants has been hardly done, for this reason, through purposive sampling, was interviewed with 30 respondents (sample size = 25 respondents) who has experienced cohabitation. Foundings: In order to identifying effective factors on cohabitation, firstly was done deph interview with 7 respondents and after identifying the effective factors, was designed a questionnaire. This questionnaire that was composed of a number of closed questions, and attained its validity and reliability, was distributed among men and women who had experienced cohabitation. With the use of SPSS software, was analyzed the questionnaires data. Whereas distribution of the data was normal, has been used of parametric t-Tests. Conclusions: As for identifying the factors of cultural penetration among men and women who have tendency to cohabitation; cultural, economic, and social changes and mass media was recognized as the cultural penetration factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Relationship of World Wide Web with Cultural and Religious Changes in Users
Mohammadreza Tajik Nazanin KazeminiIntroduction and Purpose: Cultural change or evolution is a process by which the different elements of a culture are changed and adjusted over time. Internet as a media causes cultural changes. So, it gives the people the opportunity to offer their ideas and values to e MoreIntroduction and Purpose: Cultural change or evolution is a process by which the different elements of a culture are changed and adjusted over time. Internet as a media causes cultural changes. So, it gives the people the opportunity to offer their ideas and values to each other. The main purpose of this paper is to survey the relationship between cyberspace (Internet) and the operators’ cultural and religious changes.Research Methodology: The present research is of applied research type by objective, of qualitative data type and of descriptive-survey and correlational research by nature and methodology. The statistical population of the present research includes 28000 students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Sciences and Research Campus, of which 380 students were elected using Kerjesi – Morgan Table, by simple sampling.Findings: The results indicated that there is a significant relationship between the rate of internet use and cultural changes, lifestyle changes and ethnic variations. However, there is no relationship between rate of internet use and religious changes.Conclusions: In terms of cultural and religious changes, the emergence of the information and network society, influenced by the development of the communication, information technologies and cyberspace, led to expansion of public and social space of the communities and countries which strengthened new individuality along with the needs, desires, manners, attitudes and values; however, it did not lead to the fact that the cultural beliefs and assumptions of the Iranian society with their religious origins cause rupture and disintegration arising from these changes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Stream of public relations news in the community
afshin mohammadi افسانه مظفری رها خرازی محمدوندی آذرAbstract : Nowadays, the importance of the media, including public relations, as an organizational media in shaping and guiding public opinion and the Streaming political, social, economic events etc. is not overlooked by anyone. Perhaps, until recently, the most pivota MoreAbstract : Nowadays, the importance of the media, including public relations, as an organizational media in shaping and guiding public opinion and the Streaming political, social, economic events etc. is not overlooked by anyone. Perhaps, until recently, the most pivotal role for public relations was simply to inform the actual events. But public relations can now become a "media organization" of society guidance and streamlining by creating conditions for a passive administrative apparatus. The purpose of this research is to investigate the streamlining of public relations events in society with the variables such as the transformation of public relations into a media organization, changes in technological developments, the use of experts and the use of journalistic formats. This research has been done in a survey method by using questionnaire. The statistical population is the public relations experts of ministries and organizations based in Tehran, that their number is 600 and the sample size is 200 people. The results show that with the technological changes, the development of public relations with the media organizations and the use of journalistic formats, public relations can play a more active role in streamlining news in the society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Presenting the structural policy model of the country's water crisis management
Seyed hasan mahdavifar baharak shirzad Fateme hamidifar Abbas khorshidi The decrease in rainfall, increase in temperature and excessive consumption of water in 1402 has ledto the biggest crisis of the century in the field of water. This importance has increased the need to pay attentionto the policy issue of crisis management in the c More The decrease in rainfall, increase in temperature and excessive consumption of water in 1402 has ledto the biggest crisis of the century in the field of water. This importance has increased the need to pay attentionto the policy issue of crisis management in the country's water. The current research is a quantitative research interms of practical purpose and in terms of data collection method. The technique or method used in thequantitative section is survey. The statistical population of this research includes all the experts and managers ofthe water field in the country, which due to the vastness of the researched population, the size of the populationis unlimited and above one hundred thousand people. According to Morgan's table, 384 sample people arerequired, of which 397 questionnaires were returned to the researcher. Non-random sampling method isavailable. In this research, a 21-item questionnaire was used to answer the research questions. Cronbach'salpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the research items or measures. Cronbach's alphacoefficient above 0.70 is acceptable as an alpha coefficient and shows that there is a relationship and continuitybetween the items or questions of each variable. The results of the implementation of the research model showthat the highest coefficient of the path is related to the political dimension with a coefficient of 0.889 and thesecond place is the legal dimension with a coefficient of 0.766. And the lowest path coefficient is related to theclimatic dimension with a coefficient of 0.504. The results of the t-test show that at the 99% confidence level, themanagerial, economic, political, cultural and climatic dimensions are in a poor condition, and only two legaland social dimensions are in a favorable condition out of the total dimensions examined in terms of the researchsample. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Effect of modernization on social changes in Ahwaz city
Alireza Torfi Mansour Haghighatian Ahmad Saeidi -
Open Access Article
30 - Application of Geostatistical analysis for prediction of Spatial Variations in Soil Texture (Case study: Farahan Plain, Markazi province)
علی افضلی جواد وروانی رضا جعفرنیاIn this study, spatial variation of soil texture was assessment in the Farahan plain, Markazi province, using Kriging geostatistical method. First, 52 samples from different points in the plain was prepared. Then descriptive statistics for data were determined using geo MoreIn this study, spatial variation of soil texture was assessment in the Farahan plain, Markazi province, using Kriging geostatistical method. First, 52 samples from different points in the plain was prepared. Then descriptive statistics for data were determined using geostatistical analysis in ArcGIS 10.3 software. Then Kriging method was used for determination the spatial variations. Regarding the results of evaluation criteria, Kriging model had an acceptable efficiency in zoning for soil physical properties variations. So that values of evaluation criteria are close to one. On the other hand, spatial correlation was high and in all models it was less than 0.25. According to the results, soil intrinsic properties, climate and land use were effective in soil texture changes in Farahan plain. It is important to pay the attention land use in soil projects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - The role of heat island in temperature change process of Tehran metropolitan area1
Sahar Mansouri shahriar khaledi Reza Borna Farideh AsadianThis study aims to investigate the role of heat island in the process of temperature changes in an urban area of Tehran during 2010 and 2018, equivalent to 1389 and 1397. To evaluate the changes, five points were identified on the map of region 1 and its eight regions. MoreThis study aims to investigate the role of heat island in the process of temperature changes in an urban area of Tehran during 2010 and 2018, equivalent to 1389 and 1397. To evaluate the changes, five points were identified on the map of region 1 and its eight regions. Then the middle month of each season from 2010 and 2018 was selected for review. Landsat 8 satellite data were used to analyze the heat island and the effects of urban construction on the intensification of this phenomenon. The maximum temperature data, normalized vegetation difference index, and ground surface temperature were extracted. This study shows that the level of vegetation in 2018 compared to 2010 has decreased sharply, so that it has caused temperature changes and also the creation of a heat island in recent years in the region. The increase in temperature in the morning and noon is observed in all selected months of the four seasons of the year. At the same time, the amount of increase in minimum temperatures was greater than the maximum temperatures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Detection and monitoring of land use change using supervised classification method and post classification comparison (case study of Assaluyeh area)
farhad hamze Hadi AbdollahiCoastal areas has been important for mankind because of the abundance of potential possibilities for development since long time ago and this can be the reason for concentration of %75 of the world's population at radius of 200 km from the coasts.The purpose of this stu MoreCoastal areas has been important for mankind because of the abundance of potential possibilities for development since long time ago and this can be the reason for concentration of %75 of the world's population at radius of 200 km from the coasts.The purpose of this study is the change detection of land use in coastal areas of assalouye by using landsat images in two 16-year periods (2984-2000-2016). Land use maps for these years was extracted from landsat satellite imagery and was corrected by using of available maps and also google earth images and was verified through the error matrix approach, kappa coefficient and overall accuracy. kappa coefficient ( 0.94; 08808 and 0.9517) and overall accuracy (96.56%; 95.4952% and 93.5883% ) was obtained for 1984, 2000 and 2016 years respectively.The results show that increase in area in the residential areas use unit (126.36 square kilometer ) and vegetation (6.13 square kilometer) and decrease in area in the bayer areas use class (-125.37) and water range (-7.15 square kilometer) has been created during 32 years. Bayer lands has the most changes and residential areas unit as the most development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Socio-economic Changes and Rural Challenges (Case: Fomanat, Guilan)
حسن AfrakhtehSocio-economic changes have important effects in rural regions and life. These effectsdiffer per environmental characteristics, economic systems and social institutes and insome instances, they play positive roles in rural life while in other times, they serve assource MoreSocio-economic changes have important effects in rural regions and life. These effectsdiffer per environmental characteristics, economic systems and social institutes and insome instances, they play positive roles in rural life while in other times, they serve assource of challenges and contradictions in rural areas.This paper discusses challe--nges, which have appeared in Fomanat rural area in WestGuilan as consequences of socio-economic changes of the region.The data of research has been collected through literature review and field studies. Thecollected data have been analyzed based on "principal component /factor analysis "and has computed the degree of facilities of different villages.The results show that recent socio-economic changes have exposed villages to challengesand conflicts. In conclusion, challenges have been analyzed; accordingly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - A stutdy of climatic changes of late quaternary with using geomarpholgical evidence in Neor basin
رسول SamadzadehTalesh mountains because of being located near caspian sea is one of the humid areas of iran, this charactristic due to the climatic changes followed by predominance of glacial and interglacial periods during the quaternary has led to dominance of different erosion real MoreTalesh mountains because of being located near caspian sea is one of the humid areas of iran, this charactristic due to the climatic changes followed by predominance of glacial and interglacial periods during the quaternary has led to dominance of different erosion realms in different altitudes of these mountains. The most important legacg of these changes in the Neor trough include :lake terraces, lake sediments ,alluvial fan,and fault trough,which are affected by nivation process during the cold seasons and by are eroded by fluvial during warm seasons. In this paper we will study the geomorphological evidence for identification and reconstruction of paleoclimate in Neor basin. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Review of operational and body changes procedure of the old texture of Tehran city: An Emphasis on Are 4 ،Region 11
اصغر Nazarian ابوالفضل Meshkini نرگس AhmadiFardRegion 11 of Theran city, as one of the twenty two regions of Tehran city, with thearea about 1200 ha and the population about 245000 person, is one of the importantcentral regions of tehran the great city. The current area of this region has been locatedon proximity of MoreRegion 11 of Theran city, as one of the twenty two regions of Tehran city, with thearea about 1200 ha and the population about 245000 person, is one of the importantcentral regions of tehran the great city. The current area of this region has been locatedon proximity of the historical core of tehran and some of its parts (the east ern parts) isa section of this core. As this regard, the region has many elements, residentalstructures and general spaces in regard of historical antiquity, with special agriculturaland historical values which it is important opter the region 12. The present study hasbeen focused on one of the four- areas (area 4) from the region 11 ،and it has beenreviewed the operational and body changes procedure of the region and the mentionedarea partiaulrely.The special characteristics of this area are the various usages and activities, thatinclude much important politics governmental centers, particular markets with overregionaand over-city operations ،the big industrial units, special usoges and specialhospitals. As well, it has been reviewed the role and eftects of the public investmentsand politics onto the operationa and body changes of the area. The reviews and studieshave been indicated that it has been provided the community changes theme as a resultof the emigration from the 1340’s, and it has been obliterated the body textures by theland cost reduction; but in recent decades, the region 11 has found the new roles aalong with the national planning, with the country inbestments in the great tehran ،andthe basic operational and body changes have been created in the are 4, along with thenational and regional activities. The research, as well as review of above changes, haveprovided som methods in the light of reduction of the regional and areal problems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - The analyze impact of commercial tourism development on physicalspatial change cities by analytic process network model(ANP) case study: Baneh city
Esmaeil Nasiri Ali AhmadiUrban tourism in recent decades has a significant impact on the spatial development or spatialchange of cities and urban. Baneh city is one of the areas in Kurdistan province has witnesseda significant change in tourism sector in recent years And impact in changes in ec MoreUrban tourism in recent decades has a significant impact on the spatial development or spatialchange of cities and urban. Baneh city is one of the areas in Kurdistan province has witnesseda significant change in tourism sector in recent years And impact in changes in economic,social, and physical in the city. The aim of this study was to determine the nature and impactof business tourism is the city's Baneh and has been determined indices to investigate thisrelationship. The application of network analysis to evaluate the variability of each of theparameters and prioritize them. It was found that the conversion of residential to commercialuse (normalized score of 0/546) in the site-specific clusters of urban land developmentbusiness tourism in Baneh, Option "build commercial complexes" (a normalized score of0/510) in cluster housing and commercial complexes, Under the "rise residential townsaround the city" (a normalized score of 0/473) in the cluster expansion of the city And nodes'park' (normalized score 0/473) in clusters of residential areas, catering and entertainment outmore points than the other nodes in the cluster. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Change prediction of Karoon river lengths by using historical and quantitative geomorphologic data (From Shoshtar to Arvandrod)
Jafar Morshedi Seyed Kazam Alavi panahThe study area is a part of Karoon river located in Khuzestan province in southwestof Iran. The length of this reach is about 364 km from the north of Shoshtar to theArvandrod. The changes and local difference on the river reaches consider togeological, tectonicaly, hyd MoreThe study area is a part of Karoon river located in Khuzestan province in southwestof Iran. The length of this reach is about 364 km from the north of Shoshtar to theArvandrod. The changes and local difference on the river reaches consider togeological, tectonicaly, hydrological and artificial parameter in the dry flood plain ofKhuzestan has caused some damages, risks and hazards during the time. By recognizeof fluvial environment of Karoon River and determining the changes of the river,control of these hazards is possible. Because of morphometric characteristics study ofKaroon River, for changes prediction, with use of satellite images of IRS and land satin the years of 1991 and 2007, channel length of the river has drawn, measured andanalyzed by GIS software. so total length of Karoon consider to the number of theircurves(100 curve) divided to smaller limits and crossing point selected as upper andlower limits of each curves. Then geometric parameter of channel like radius ofcurvature, mean central point of each curve, curve direction and annual rate of channelmigration measured. The results show that the most risks belong to meanderingreaches. Therefore the land use and sensitive area of river to erosion spatially oncurves if dose not controlled. There are a lot of area like farms, roads, settlement,national fields and other mankind Struthers that will be destroyed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - The role of islamic azad university on formation human capital (a survey on its units scattering in iran)
ناصر EghbaliIn this article the write explains human and social resources and their mutualinteractions . He believes that in the developing countries including Iran, human resourcesbecause of their prominent role in increasing awareness and productivity of the membersof society has MoreIn this article the write explains human and social resources and their mutualinteractions . He believes that in the developing countries including Iran, human resourcesbecause of their prominent role in increasing awareness and productivity of the membersof society has a leading role in the formation of social resources. Next the writer points atthe role of Islamic Azad. University in establishing higher educational system throughoutthe country and facilitating the access of all people the higher education to accelerate theformation of human resources. Therefore in the next step he points at the humandistribution of the students of this university by using the indicator of human resources.He furthermore mentions the student distribution of this university by using averageindicator and the co efficiency of branch changes and the center of each province. Hebelieves that the process of student distribution had an acceptable direction (growth)during 1380-1384. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Change Detection of costal landform in Asalooyeh (south of Iran)
Ali Naeimi Nezamabad Manijeh Ghahroudi Tali Mohammad Reza ServatiRecently progression of Remote Sensing caused that the changes were studied moreaccuracy and fast with less expenses. Method of change detection is a important wayto defined changes in costal in time ranges. Most of landforms in beach were collapsebecause of develop of MoreRecently progression of Remote Sensing caused that the changes were studied moreaccuracy and fast with less expenses. Method of change detection is a important wayto defined changes in costal in time ranges. Most of landforms in beach were collapsebecause of develop of petroleum in costal of Iran. Since petroleum installations wereexpanded in Asalooyeh costal, therefore this spot is one of the area where destroyed inIran. In this research coastal zone was taxonomy based on Geomorphology andIKONOS images in 2000. In the following changes of landforms were studied by IRSimages during 6 years. Unsupervised classification method, change detection, high &low position, statistics analyses and field research were use in order that the land formschanges were reconnoitered and the result were studied in Geography InformationSystem. In effect 85 % of geomorphologic landforms were collapsed because ofindustry installation. There are small gulf and marsh. The rest was destroyed. Some ofthe organizations in Iran make a preservation of natural environments Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - A Comparative Study on Urban Green Space Landscape Developments an Geomorphological Perspective in Shiraz City, Iran, from 1976 to 2014 using GIS/RS
Meysam Jamali E. Moghimi Z. JafarpourGreen spaces represent an indispensible role and specific significance in today’s urban life. The importance of green spaces is to such an extent that experts regard such spaces as the “lungs” of cities. Nowadays, remote assessment applications, such a MoreGreen spaces represent an indispensible role and specific significance in today’s urban life. The importance of green spaces is to such an extent that experts regard such spaces as the “lungs” of cities. Nowadays, remote assessment applications, such as satellite imagery, have become especially important. Of course, analyzing the changes via such applications demands frequently updated images. In the present study, GIS/RS technology was used to investigate geomorphological patterns of change in urban spaces in Shiraz city, Iran, within a 38-year statistical period (1976-2014). To conduct the research, a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of Landsat satellite images (1, 8) and ETM+ and MSS sensors were processed in ENVI4.8. The maps of green space changes and the geomorphological perspective within the said period were prepared in GIS. Results revealed that the green space in Shiraz, within the period under study, was reduced more than 61.17%. The average of green space in the city was 57.11 m2 in 1976 which was reduced to 10 m2 in 2014. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Anzali Wetland and morphological characteristics of the impact of changes in land use
Mohsen RanjbarCaspian basin after being removed from the open seas or lakes in Pliocene time, money andsince then a series of tectonic activity, fluctuating water levels, the effect of waves andcurrents of the river morphology and current as it created. Sediments along the shoreline MoreCaspian basin after being removed from the open seas or lakes in Pliocene time, money andsince then a series of tectonic activity, fluctuating water levels, the effect of waves andcurrents of the river morphology and current as it created. Sediments along the shoreline toerosion and sedimentation caused severe changes in morphology are Anzali wetland.Morphological forms based on the manufacturer and type deposits occur in differentenvironments. Recognizing symptoms and morphological changes that could be a pivotal rolein coastal planning and coastal management have. Swamps and wetlands, Delta, tab, sand,sandy zones, sand dunes, marine terraces and flood plains, mud zones, alluvial Fans,landscape morphology are observed in different parts of the Caspian Sea and Anzali Wetland.Current status of the beach about 10 thousand years ago with the general trend of lowering thewater levels is. In recent decades, human factors, the coast is one of the basic parameters ofthe deformation. Margin morphology can identify shifts in the development and landuseplanning coastlines, coastal areas to be effective. In this research, studies, documents andsoftware using Ilwis, Autocad and photoshop and aerial photographs, geological maps,topographic1/ 20000 and 1/50000 and a method based on RS and GIS methods to separatethe units in the sedimentary environment they have been marked And the resulting changes inthe rate of water level changes and coastal morphology and sedimentary units, replacement ofthe final maps will be prepared. Anzali wetland in coastal sediments of the tab is made up ofcoastal and coastal barriers. Anzali lagoon behind the beach is one of the lakes that were oncepart of the Caspian Sea coastal waters. Anzali wetland in the past had a large spread butgradually by alluvial sediments - Sefidrood deltaic branches and rivers of Rasht region, Masaland Fouman is filled. Anzali indentation tectonics is derived from the Caspian Sea backwardsomewhat isolated from the sea and sand with a blade (the area between Anzali andKapurchal) is formed. Facies of Pleistocene marine and coastal areas indicates the presence ofPleistocene Sea coast at the foot of the Alborz. Gradually with the gradual retreat of the seaand tectonic activity has increased the extent of the coastal plain. Coastal facies, especiallyalong the asphalt road protrusion City - Friday Market (Friday Market on the northern sidereached a three-way road) that is visible is located in the south of Anzali wetland. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - An analysis of land use changes in Tehran in recent decade (Case study municipal region 6)
Maryam Esmaeilzadeh Rahmatollah FarhudiBecause of rapid and excessive expansion of cities in recent decades, urban land usehas been the focus of attention of many geographers.In Iran, Tehran as capital of the country and its municipal zone 6 as the city sbackbone and centre of administrative and commercial a MoreBecause of rapid and excessive expansion of cities in recent decades, urban land usehas been the focus of attention of many geographers.In Iran, Tehran as capital of the country and its municipal zone 6 as the city sbackbone and centre of administrative and commercial activities CBD has been ofparticular importance.The aim of the present study has been to investigate the causeand effect of tremendous changes that have taken place in this zone.The methodadopted in this research has been analytical intersection and spatial analyst and themain source of information has been 1995 census reports plus cadastral maps of thattime and their com prison with those of the present.The results of the study have indicated considerable changes in land use over thepast fifteen years, as shown below: the total land area devoted to human settlement in1985 being some 754.13 hats. Has been reduced to 679. 25 hats In 2010 whereas thearea under CBD being 167.78 hats. In 1985 has increased to 213.80 hats in 2010 itselfindicating the extent of change of human settlement land to none human settlementnamely various kinds of business activities.A study of the population of the zone in the same period shows clearly that nonesettlement and none permanent (floating) population has been increasing, particularlyin the middle sections the zone. Thus briefly speaking the interchange of permanentand none permanent population has created numerous difficulties for the zone such astraffic, air pollution, none coherent appearance, none accessibilities, city traffic project, rise of land price, loss of identity, reduction of resident population etc. etc. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Fluctuation of Caspian Sea’s water level and its effect on the formation of landforms consequent of dynamics of sea and rivers (case study: Talesh province)
D Mohsen ranjbarPeriodic and recurrent changing of Caspian Sea’s water level causes transformationof coast lines and damages coastal equipments and constructions. Natural dynamics ofcoastal zone of Talesh causes unstable states on the region during different period, andnatural re MorePeriodic and recurrent changing of Caspian Sea’s water level causes transformationof coast lines and damages coastal equipments and constructions. Natural dynamics ofcoastal zone of Talesh causes unstable states on the region during different period, andnatural regime of Caspian Sea from the economical and social point of view hascreated some problems in the field of local and international planning anddevelopment.Talesh province is situated in the west coast of Caspian Sea, and noticeable swellingof water level in the coastal line of Caspian Sea, and the consequent change in thecoast of Talesh province, has inflicted many damages to coastal installation, residentialbuildings, recreational areas, and farmlands, and in the time of retreat has causeddisusing of all these constructions in the region. Moreover, fluctuation of water levelof Caspian Sea has caused submersion or reveling of the neighboring lands.In this research it has been tried to survey the changes of coastal lines in the Taleshprovince through compare and survey of aerial photographs of 1346 and 1373, LANsat photographs, and Ilwis software. The results indicate the effect of advance andretreat process of coastal lines on the morphology of the inferior parts of coastal zones.Periodic fluctuations have caused some changes in the coastal landforms of theregion and increasing of water submerges broad lands in the coast of Talesh.Numerous changes of coastal lines in Caspian Sea have caused destruction of coastlines shapes and also creation of new shapes and sandy hills alongside of the shore.Fluctuation of coast line has affected under erosion areas and deposit of rivers;these shapes in the coasts of region show model of advance, retreat, and erosion in theTalesh province. Sandy fingers which are among the important geomorphologicshapes in the coasts of region have been seen in the around of big rivers of the regionsuch as Korganroud, Shafaroud, and Lisaroud which numerous changes has been seenin them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Factors influencing of rice farmers' perceptions for adaptation to climate change in Sari County, Mazandaran
Roja Rahmanzadeh Zidi Mehdi Charmchian LangerodiClimate change has led to significant reductions in agricultural productivity in both developing and developed countries. Farmers' accurate understanding of climate change leads to effective activities to protect their lives from the damage caused by climate change. In MoreClimate change has led to significant reductions in agricultural productivity in both developing and developed countries. Farmers' accurate understanding of climate change leads to effective activities to protect their lives from the damage caused by climate change. In this regard, this study aimed at factors influencing of rice farmers' perceptions for adaptation to climate change in Sari County in 2021. The statistical population of study includes rice farmers of Sari County in Mazandaran Province (N=24502). According to Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table, 271 rice farmers were selected as a statistical sample. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts' opinions. Also, based on the Average Variance Extracted (0.519>AVE< 0.549) and Composite Reliability (0.858>CR<0.921), the questionnaire had a convergent validity and appropriate reliability. SPSS16 and Smart PLS2 software were used to analyze the data. The results of structural equation modeling showed that access to information sources, rice farmers' motivations, social characteristics and rice farming income had a positive and significant impact and distance from rice field to residence and age had a negative and significant impact on rice farmers' perceptions for adaptation to climate change and 76.2% of the variability of rice farmers' perceptions for adaptation to climate change are explained by these six variables. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Investigating the Effect of Carbon Sequestration Plan on Principle of Broaden Participation in Building Resilience of Social-Ecological Systems (Case study: Khatam, Jajarm and Galikesh counties)
Hossein Moradi Majid Rahimi Sirous ShamshiriThe resilience of social-ecological systems to environmental changes such as climate change requires the guarantee of environmental systems such as water supply systems and human resources such as resource governance systems and stakeholder participation. In Iran, the I MoreThe resilience of social-ecological systems to environmental changes such as climate change requires the guarantee of environmental systems such as water supply systems and human resources such as resource governance systems and stakeholder participation. In Iran, the International Carbon Sequestration Project, in cooperation, was initially launched in 2005 with the aim of preventing the phenomenon of desertification. Therefore, in this study, the local communities of the three target areas of this project, including Khatam, Jajarm and Oghan watershed of Galikesh and the impact of the project on the broaden of stakeholder participation were examined. For this purpose, two villages from each region were selected by simple random sampling and a questionnaire measuring the broaden participation among farmers and ranchers in the target villages was completed. The results showed that the implementation of carbon sequestration plan in the three study areas in the five dimensions studied did not increase the broaden participation to an acceptable level. Also, the comparison of the performance of the three regions showed that in Jajarm, the weakest performance and in Galikesh, the best performance has been done in order to expand the participation of stakeholders. Indicators of broaden participation were acceptable only in Ogan watershed and Khatam in 14 out of 90 possible cases. As a result, transparency of goals and expectations, presence and involvement of stakeholders, facilitation, and leadership, capacity building, power, and sourcing in all aspects of social, economic, organizational, infrastructure, and social capital have not performed well. Therefore, the resilience of ecosystem services in the three study areas will be jeopardized due to the lack of expansion of stakeholder participation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - مطالعه تغییرات مورفولوژیک غده فوق کلیه جنین بز در کشتارگاه تبریز
داریوش مهاجری ایرج پوستی -
Open Access Article
47 - Histological alterations in Fenneropenaeus indicus fed diets containing different doses of Aflatoxin B1
B. Ghaednia, منصور Bayat, ایرج Sohrabi Haghdoost, A. Motallebi, A. Sepahdari,In this study Indian white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus indicus, (11.79 ± 1.76 g) were fed with dietscontaining 0, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 ppb levels of AFB1 for 8 weeks.Histopathological alterations in the hepatopancreas, such as hepatopancreas tubules ste MoreIn this study Indian white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus indicus, (11.79 ± 1.76 g) were fed with dietscontaining 0, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 ppb levels of AFB1 for 8 weeks.Histopathological alterations in the hepatopancreas, such as hepatopancreas tubules stellar crosssection deformation, reduce degenerative changes and atrophy of epithelial cells and secretorycells lining the tubules, hepatopancreas tissue necrosis and infiltration of fibroblasts in the wallsof hepatopancreas tubules were observed. In Muscle tissue, muscle bundles separated from eachother and create a gap between them was observed, which confirms the weight loss in 800 ppbAFLB1 treatment. Intestinal mucosal necrosis and detachment were observed in midgut tissue atthe end of 4 and 8 weeks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - تولید نانوامولسیون اسانس کارکومین (Curcuma longa) به روش برگشت فاز( Emulsion phase inversion) و بررسی خواص فیزیکوشیمیایی آن در شرایط یخچالی
, L KhoshbouyLahidjani , H Ahari , A Sharifunامروزه فساد سبب ایجاد بوی نامطبوع، تغییرات نامطلوب طعم، رنگ و بافت و کاهش ارزش غذایی می­گردد.. دراستفاده از پوشش های فعالی که حاوی ترکیبات ضد میکروبی است ، فاکتورهای زیادی باید مورد توجه قرار گیرند اغلب این فاکتورها به ماهیت شیمیایی ماده ضدمیکروبی، نوع ماده غذایی وم Moreامروزه فساد سبب ایجاد بوی نامطبوع، تغییرات نامطلوب طعم، رنگ و بافت و کاهش ارزش غذایی می­گردد.. دراستفاده از پوشش های فعالی که حاوی ترکیبات ضد میکروبی است ، فاکتورهای زیادی باید مورد توجه قرار گیرند اغلب این فاکتورها به ماهیت شیمیایی ماده ضدمیکروبی، نوع ماده غذایی ومیکروارگانیسم هدف بستگی دارند.در این پژوهش خواص شیمیایی و میکروبی ماهی قزل­آلا پوشش داده شده با نانوامولسیون کارکومین مورد بررسی و ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نمونه­های تهیه شده به 4 دسته تقسیم شدند که شامل تیمار شاهد، نانوامولسیون حاوی 1، 3 و 5 درصد کارکومین می­باشند. به منظور بررسی اثر تیمارها بر روی خواص شیمیایی اندازه­گیری pH، اسید چرب آزاد، آمین فرار کل انجام شد؛ و خصوصیات میکروبی از طریق شمارش کلی میکروبی، اندازه گیری کلیفرم­های مدفوعی و استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس­های کوآگولاز مثبت مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. همچنین به منظور ارزیابی حسی توسط پانلیست­ها بو، بافت، رنگ و پذیرش کلی ماهی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان داد با استفاده از پوشش نانوامولسیون حاوی 5% کارکومین می­توان مدت زمان نگهداری ماهی را به 10 روز افزایش داد، به طوری که از فساد شیمیایی و میکروبی جلوگیری نماید. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Study of salinity changes in parts of Turkman Sahra lands using interpolation methods
Parastou Nazari shahla mahmoudi Ebrahim PaziraAssessing the status of a regional salinity is considered as an important step in land management. This study was performed on part of Turkmen Sahra Lands in Golestan Province with Aridic soil moisture regime, in order to evaluation of salinity changes during the years MoreAssessing the status of a regional salinity is considered as an important step in land management. This study was performed on part of Turkmen Sahra Lands in Golestan Province with Aridic soil moisture regime, in order to evaluation of salinity changes during the years of 1355, 1368 and 1392. For this purpose, two geostatic methods (ordinary kriging and cokriging) and four algebra methods (Inverse distance weight, Radial basis function, Global polynomial interpolation and local polynomial interpolation) were used for estimating the amount of salinity in depths of 0-50, 100-50 and 150-100 cm. The results showed the percent of land with more salinity than 32 dS/m has increased from 8.95 percent in 1976 to 45.22 percent in 2013. It seems during the 37- year management period, the improper utilization and collection from water and soil resources have led to increase in salinity of the soil. Therefore, so it is suggested to use various methods and appropriate management proceedings to monitor and control the process of increase soil salinity in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Assessment and Analysis of the KoozehTopraghi Watershed Health Status, Ardabil Province, Iran
Zeinab Hazbavi Nahideh Parchami Nazila Alaei Leyla BabaeiThe present research was conducted to evaluate the health of the KoozehTopraghi Watershed in Ardabil Province using 27 criteria analysis related to different hydrological, anthropogenic and climatic aspects. For this purpose, base regional data including hydrology, eros MoreThe present research was conducted to evaluate the health of the KoozehTopraghi Watershed in Ardabil Province using 27 criteria analysis related to different hydrological, anthropogenic and climatic aspects. For this purpose, base regional data including hydrology, erosion and sediment, economic, social and climatic data were collected and analyzed from previous reports. Then, according to the nature of the data used, several appropriate databases were prepared in Fragstats 4.2.1, Excel 2016, IBM SPSS Statistics 25 and ArcGIS 10.6 softwares. Then, using the principles governing the conceptual model of pressure-state-response (PSR), the status and spatial variations of the watershed health were evaluated at 36 sub-watersheds level. Different degrees of watershed health were classified into five categories: healthy, relatively healthy, moderately healthy, relatively unhealthy and unhealthy. Based on the results analysis, it was found that this watershed is in average health condition. Also, the values of pressure, state and response indicators were 0.46, 0.55 and 0.31, respectively. The mean score of comprehensive watershed health assessment index is 0.41. The maximum value of comprehensive watershed health index was 0.66 for sub-watersheds 8 and 12 and the minimum value for this index was 0.14 for sub-watershed 26. The eastern and southeastern part of the watershed is relatively healthy and moderately healthy and the watershed health status was better in the western and northern parts. The results of the present study are applicable to identifying and restoration priority areas and guiding management strategies in terms of water and soil resources at national and regional levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Influence of the concept of subgrid variability and computational mesh dimensions on the performance of HEC-RAS 2D model in simulating river floodplains (Case study: Sarbaz River)
Amir Samadi Asghar AzizianThe 2D HEC-RAS model uses a new concept called subgrid-variability to include elevation changes within a computational cell and thus has very little dependence on computational cell dimensions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the concept of subgr MoreThe 2D HEC-RAS model uses a new concept called subgrid-variability to include elevation changes within a computational cell and thus has very little dependence on computational cell dimensions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the concept of subgrid-variability on the simulated flood area in the Sarbaz River. The other purposes of this study is to investigate the effect of map scale on the performance of 1D and 2D HEC-RAS model. The results showed that with increasing computational cell dimensions, the model error in simulating flood zones was relatively low compared to small cell dimensions. For example, if using a computing grid with dimensions of 500 meters instead of a 20 meters grid, the simulated flood area in different parts of the Sarbaz River would be less than 15 percent. The run time of the 2D model in the cell dimension of 500 meters is approximately 45 times less than the run time of the model in case of using cell dimensions of 20 meters. The findings clearly indicate to what extent the use of the concept of subgrid variability in modeling can be effective when implementing numerical models, especially in large and complex rivers. The calculations also show that the difference between 1D and 2D models in the simulation of hydraulic parameters in small scales is relatively small and by increasing the map scale, the difference between the two models increases. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Investigation of the optimal number of soil moisture based on spatial variation of moisture for irrigation planning and soil and water resources conservation
mohadese sadat fakhar Bijan Nazari Mahmood Fazeli SanganiThe development of an accurate for monitoring the soil moisture is very important step in soil and water conservation activities and studies. The purpose of this study is to provide solutions to optimally determine the number of sensors required to monitor soil moisture MoreThe development of an accurate for monitoring the soil moisture is very important step in soil and water conservation activities and studies. The purpose of this study is to provide solutions to optimally determine the number of sensors required to monitor soil moisture bases on geostatistical approaches and intelligent monitoring of the water status in soil. In this research, 87 samples were taken as a regular network from the surface depth (0-30) cm. Three levels of the samples number were considered. By decreasing the samples number, the estimation accuracy decreases and the component effect increases, that indicates an increase in the random and non-structural part of the property. With the high sample number, the fitness of the model was 1.2% and 2.7% more than when the average and the minimum sample number. Reducing the samples has increased the radius of effect and decreased the ratio of structural to non-structural variance of properties. So the radius of effect of field capacity when the sensors number is at its maximum level is 36.8% and 38.4% less than the other two levels, respectively. As the samples number decreases, the estimation error increases sharply. Based on the findings, the use of between 20 and 30 sensors per 100 hectares produced the best results. The kriging method was an excellent estimator for moisture mediation. The proposed method can be used in determining the optimal sensors number for irrigation planning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Zoning of Nutrient’s Elements In Soil and Leaves of Orange Trees Using Gaussian Model (Dezful city as Case Study)
Ebtesam Neissian Kamran Mohsenifar Ebrahim Panahpour Teimor BabainejadBackground and Aim: Creating land fertility maps are especially important in terms of determining the areas that need particular nutrients, optimizing the use of agricultural fertilizers, and facilitating the optimal management of soil and plant nutrition. Spatial chang MoreBackground and Aim: Creating land fertility maps are especially important in terms of determining the areas that need particular nutrients, optimizing the use of agricultural fertilizers, and facilitating the optimal management of soil and plant nutrition. Spatial changes in soil and plant nutrients are common, but knowing these changes is essential for accurate planning and management, particularly regarding agricultural lands. This research aims at zoning the spatial distribution pattern of nutrients, aka nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium and magnesium, in the soil and leaves of Dezful orange orchards trees using the Gaussian model and geographic information system (GIS).Method: A total number of 130 sampling points are set on the map in the vicinity of orange orchards of Dezful City with an area of 3200 hectares. Factors such as soil, cultivation and irrigation system, slope, elevation, and the manner of orange trees growth are considered to determine sampling locations. Following sampling the soil (0-60 cm depth) and plants, the samples are transferred to the laboratory and the concentration of the most consumed nutrients is measured. After preliminary statistical analyzes on the data, the correlation level of the variables that are measured in the soil and leaves of orange trees, are calculated with the Pearson correlation test. The location of sampling points is simulated via Gaussian model by using the R software. The interpolation is computed using simple kriging and kernel methods. The model sensitivity analysis for the changes applied in the base values for implementing the algorithm, is done based on the replacement of the desired values from the posterior functions as well.Results: Analysis of dispersion indices show that the highest coefficient of variation is related to phosphorus element in soil and nitrogen element in leaf samples. The results illustrate that the mean square error values for elements of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur are calculated respectively as 0.171, 0.152, 0.132 and 0.153 in simple kriging in soil, and as 0.212, 0.152, 0.229, and 0.166 in kernel method in soil; and respectively as 0.121, 0.188, 0.116 and 0.131 in simple kriging in samples of orange tree leaves, and as 0.184, 0.206, 0.172 and 0.229 in kernel method in the leaves samples as well. The results of the spatial distribution pattern of each of the measured elements in the soil and leaves of orange trees demonstrate that the lowest amount of nitrogen is in the south of the region (0.42 to 1.33 mg/kg) and its distribution pattern is similar to the distribution in the leaves of orange trees (0.9 1 to 1.29 mg/kg). Magnesium has the lowest in the north and part of the south (3.11 to 4.57 mg/kg), and sulfur in most soil of the region is between 21.31 and 26.25 mg/kg.Conclusion: In examining the effectiveness of the Gaussian statistical model in the distribution of nutrients in the soil and leaves of orange trees in the gardens of Dezful city, the results display that the calculated Pearson linear correlation coefficient has the highest correlation between calcium and potassium, as well as magnesium and calcium in the soil, but there is no linear correlation between any of the nutrients in the leaves of orange trees. In estimating the best interpolation method, calcium element in soil has the least error in both kernel and simple kriging methods, whereas in plant leaves, magnesium in kernel method and potassium in simple kriging method have less error. The highest error for soil and plant is related to potassium and calcium respectively, in the Cornell method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Effect of Land Use Trends on the Amount of Agricultural Water Consumption in Urmia Lake Watershed in the Next 20 Years Using Markov Chain
Kiyoumars Roushangar Mohammad Taghi Aalami Hassan GolmohammadiBackground and Aim: Reducing the water level of Urmia Lake and its effects on the environment around the lake has been one of the important national and international issues and challenges in the last two decades. In accord with the studies, one of the critical factors MoreBackground and Aim: Reducing the water level of Urmia Lake and its effects on the environment around the lake has been one of the important national and international issues and challenges in the last two decades. In accord with the studies, one of the critical factors affecting this declining trend has been the rise in harvest, especially for agriculture. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to simulate the future status of water resources in the Urmia Lake basin, influenced by the area of agricultural land uses.Method: For this purpose, Landsat satellite image data for the period 2000 to 2020 are firstly classified using the SVM algorithm in ENVI5.3 software and the classification accuracy is analyzed using the Kappa Coefficient algorithm.In the following, the statistics and information related to the change of cultivation pattern (from arable to garden) and water sources discharging Lake Urmia are calculated. In the next step, the simulation of land use changes for 2030 and 2040 is done using two LCM and CA-MARKOV methods. And finally, after determining the amount of changes in each land use, the amount of water required for agricultural affairs in the catchment is simulated using NETWAT model.Conclusion: The results show that the area of two uses, irrigated agriculture and garden will increase from 1450 and 395 square kilometers in 2000 to more than 3600 and 1650 square kilometers in 2040, respectively, This will increase the amount of water Needed or agriculture from 1,500 million cubic meters in 2000 to more than 4,100 million cubic meters in 2040.Results: From 2000 to 2020, water consumption in irrigated agriculture has increased by 1253.05 Km2; which according to Markov's prediction method, this amount will reach 2049.54 Km2 in 2040 that raises the amount of water consumption by 1 billion and 473 million cubic meters. The gardens land use has increased by 688.02 Km2 from 2000 to 2020, and according to Markov's prediction method, this amount will reach 1276.14 Km2 in 2040, which raises the amount of water consumption by 703 million cubic meters. From 2000 to 2020, 367.06 Km2 has been added to the drayland farming, which according to the prediction of Markov method, this amount will reach 531 Km2 in 2040, which soars the amount of water consumption by 253 MCM. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Investigating the Chlorophyll Index of Water in the Inlet Rivers of Anzali Wetland Using Sentinel Satellite
Seyed Saman Mirfallah Nasiri Ebrahim Amiri Jalal BehzadiBackground and aim: pollution of water resources and the increase of pollution in natural water resources such as lakes and wetlands, considering their fragile nature, as one of the crises facing the country, in addition to the inflow factors, depends on the quantitativ MoreBackground and aim: pollution of water resources and the increase of pollution in natural water resources such as lakes and wetlands, considering their fragile nature, as one of the crises facing the country, in addition to the inflow factors, depends on the quantitative situation in aquatic ecosystem itself. On the other hand, the important problem of Anzali wetland as the area studied in this research is the increasing pollution of its water in the fragile conditions of climate change. Therefore, considering the main problem raised for Anzali wetland, the aim of the research was to investigate the water quality index in the inlet streams of Anzali wetland. . Research method: in this research, in order to collect the required information in the period of 2019-2019 in the study area of Anzali wetland, the monthly rainfall statistics of different meteorological stations from the General Directorate of Meteorology and Statistics and geological maps and the characteristics and values of the hydraulic coefficients, wetland extension limits, possible observation station data, seasonal and permanent rivers' measured rivers’ flow data, tolls and rivers' location limits were obtained from the regional water joint stock company. In this study, using the water quality analysis code (UWQV), the amount of water quality changes in the seasonal periods of Anzali lagoon was analyzed in Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-3 images. Findings: The average spatial distribution of the green spectrum (chlorophyll index) in different seasons showed that its numbers indicate the status of the quality index and chlorophyll, so that it is equal to 0.15 in autumn, 0.13 in winter, 0.06 in spring, and the summer season was equal to 0.13. The statistical results of the discharge of the rivers leading to the Anzali wetland, in all the coordinates of the lagoon lake, a similar seasonal trend was observed between the discharges due to the similarity of the feeding catchment basin, and this is while each of the average figures is 27 respectively. 0.0, 0.23, 0.08, 0.08 and 0.23 have shown the standard deviation of coordinate distribution. Conclusion: Analyzing the water quality of Anzali wetland based on the changes in the chlorophyll index, and the changes in the amount of chlorophyll from one season to another showed a strong fluctuation, which confirmed the results of this research compared to other researchers. Also, the state of water health sediments shows a strong fluctuation in autumn, winter, summer, and spring seasons to a large extent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Analysis and assessing effectability of runoff components from different levels of polyacrylamide
Zeinab Hazbavi Seyed Hamid Reza Sadeghi Habibollah YounesiThis study was performed to investigate the effect of Polyacrylamide (PAM) on pattern of variation of runoff components consist of the amount of runoff during rainfall, cumulative runoff, the runoff commencement and cessation time and runoff amount at different time ste MoreThis study was performed to investigate the effect of Polyacrylamide (PAM) on pattern of variation of runoff components consist of the amount of runoff during rainfall, cumulative runoff, the runoff commencement and cessation time and runoff amount at different time steps. The experiments were taken place in Soil Erosion and Rainfall Simulation Laboratory. In this study, three small cubic plots with dimensions of 0.5 m, total volume of 0.125 m3 and having 20% slope were used. The conducted experimental treatments were consisted of 0 (control), 0.4, 0.6, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 g PAM/m2. The results indicated that the PAM-treated plots had no significant reducing influence on runoff amounts (P=0.49). The reduction of runoff amount at different levels of PAM had also no specific trends. In addition, the maximum reduction in total runoff occurred in treatments 2, 6 and 1 g PAM/m2, respectively. The runoff commencement time was increased by increasing the amount of PAM to 2 g/m2 and runoff cessation time was decreased due to increasing amount of PAM level to 1 g m-2, respectively. The assessment of runoff amount in common time steps of different treatments also revealed that the different amount of PAMs had no significant effect (P > 0.12) on runoff control in all steps except the first and third time steps. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Measurement of Central Temperature and Color Changes of Onion Slices During Frying Process
F. SalehiIntroduction: Frying is applied as one of the oldest methods of food preparation both in domestic and industrial scale. Color development during the frying process is a surface phenomenon that depends on the processing temperature and time. The aim of this research is t MoreIntroduction: Frying is applied as one of the oldest methods of food preparation both in domestic and industrial scale. Color development during the frying process is a surface phenomenon that depends on the processing temperature and time. The aim of this research is the measurement of central temperature, surface changes and color changes the behavior of onion slices during frying process as a mathematical model at various temperatures. Materials and Methods: Onion slices with 1 cm thickness and cylindrical form were fried at the temperature of 150, 175 and 200 ºC and its central temperature was recorded using K type thermocouple with 1 mm thickness by 5-second intervals. The surface temperature of the product was measured using a laser thermometer. Color parameters as brightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and color change intensity (∆E) were recorded during frying time and kinetic model was fitted on their changes versus time and models coefficients were reported. Results: The temperature of the oil had a negative effect on the brightness of the fried onion and, with increasing process temperature, the brightness parameter decreased at the same time. The results of this experiment showed that most of the color changes occur in the early stages of the process. Higher temperatures increased the yellowness and redness of the onion surface from 14.24 to 29.31 and 5.73 to 17.86, respectively. Fried samples at a temperature of 200°C reduced the size about 40.48 %. The central temperature became closer to the water boiling point at a temperature of 200°C and after a brief period at this temperature, the temperature of the center increased again with full water exhaustion. Conclusion: The kinetics of the surface color parameters changes and color change intensity (∆E) of the onion followed the incremental exponential function and power function, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Multi-objective planning in order to manage the quantitative and qualitative effects of optimal utilization of groundwater resources in Shahriar plain
Nima Salehi shafa Hossein Babazadeh Fayaz Aghayari Ali SaremiBackground and Objective: Development of agriculture, industry and population growth, the exploitation of groundwater resources has increased and has affected its quality. In order to prevent the occurrence of quantitative and qualitative problems of aquifers, managemen MoreBackground and Objective: Development of agriculture, industry and population growth, the exploitation of groundwater resources has increased and has affected its quality. In order to prevent the occurrence of quantitative and qualitative problems of aquifers, management of optimal operation of groundwater resources is essential. Therefore, the purpose of this study is the optimal utilization of groundwater resources and to investigate its quantitative and qualitative effects on the Shahriar plain aquifer. Material and Methodology: Groundwater level changes and its quality from the perspective of index (TDS) in Shahriar plain aquifer have been simulated by ANN. Then (TDS) of groundwater has estimated by regression. Finally, the multi-objective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used for optimal utilization of groundwater resources and with the aim of minimizing groundwater level changes and total dissolved solids of groundwater. Findings: According to the results of the study, the evaluation criteria (RMSE) in three modes of training, testing and validation for groundwater level changes are equal to 1.27e-06, 0.0025 and 0.003, respectively, and for total dissolved solids of groundwater was calculated to be 0.24, 27.64 and 14.608 and the correlation coefficient (R) at the level (0.05) in three situations was significant for both variables. Also, during the study period, the volume of optimal withdrawal from the aquifer has decreased by 29.12 percent and the optimal amount (TDS) of groundwater on average, 120.87 Mg./l, has been calculated less than the estimate of artificial neural network. And Groundwater level has also increased by an average of 9.27 meters per year. Discussion and Conclusion: The results confirm that the proposed simulation-optimization method as an application tool with good performance, low cost and desirable speed can support several effective factors simultaneous with optimal operation policy. It also reduces the quantitative and qualitative problems of the aquifer and cause increases the stability of the groundwater system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Investigation of Temporal – spatial variations of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in Tehran city Using GIS (2013-2020)
Maryam Ansari Mahmoud Ahmadi Gholamreza GoudarziBackground and Objective: Metropolis of Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world. The present study aims to analyze the temporal-spatial behavior of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in Tehran city. Material and Methodology: Thus, pollution- metric sta MoreBackground and Objective: Metropolis of Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world. The present study aims to analyze the temporal-spatial behavior of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in Tehran city. Material and Methodology: Thus, pollution- metric station data of Tehran Air Quality Control Company were used for evaluating the variations of air pollutants in temporal-spatial scales during 2013-2020. The results of statistical analysis of pollutant distribution in temporal-spatial scales were provided by using Arc GIS software and analytical function of inverse Distance Weighting interpolation (IDW) as maps, tables and graphs was demonstrated. Findings: Based on the results, particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) reached the minimum (65 and 23 µg/m3) and maximum concentration (81 and 30 µg/m3) at 18 and 24 p.m., respectively. In addition, maximum (81 and 30 µg/m3) and minimum concentration (73 and 23 µg/m3) of these pollutants was respectively related to Wednesday and Friday. Maximum seasonal concentration of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) relates to summer (90 µg/m3) and winter (35 µg/m3) respectively and the minimum seasonal concentration (65 and 24 µg/m3) of both pollutants relate to spring. The results of inverse Distance Weighting interpolation (IDW) indicated that west, south and central regions of Tehran in summer season involved with particulate matter (PM10) more than other regions. But in all seasons, except the western and southern regions, the central regions have a high concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5). Discussion and Conclusion: The particulate matter concentrations is more than its allowable limit in specific regions of Tehran in some yearly days and months. Therefore, city programmers and decision_ makers must have schedule table for particulate matter control management and air pollution reduction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Land cover changes Assessment in Malayer using landscape metrics
Mohammad Javad Amiri Afsaneh Asgaripor Mahmoud ZoghiBackground and Objective: Due to the negative effects caused by the inappropriate use of land and land use changes, it is necessary to be aware about the variability process in the environmental impacts assessment witch arising from different developments to have the be MoreBackground and Objective: Due to the negative effects caused by the inappropriate use of land and land use changes, it is necessary to be aware about the variability process in the environmental impacts assessment witch arising from different developments to have the best planning and sustainable management of land. This study was conducted to check the effects of landscape changes in the city of Malayer. Malayer city due to various factors such as population growth, modernization of suburban neighborhoods and etc. is experiencing changes in land cover but among them the most effective factor is policies managers. Method: For achieving the studies objectives first step was mapping land cover change analysis, Landsat satellite images were used in the period between 2000 and 2014 and metrics were: class area (CA), number of patches (NP), patch density (PD), largest patch index (LPI) and landscape shape index (LSI). Findings: Findings like landscape metrics analysis shows wide replacement of open lands in the area with green and built lands. This means that from 2000 to 2014 green space is nearly doubled and open land also have decreased about 50%. Also the increase of number of patches was more than double that shows the microlithic landscape in the region. Discussion and Conclusion: The final results show that the changes of green lands are promising and improving and behind of this improvement there is nothing except management focus on green space which should continue in the future for sustainable development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Determining the Monthly Wet and Dry Regimes Using Angot Precipitation Index in Ardabil Station
Roghayeh Asiabi-hir Raoof Mostafazadeh Saied NabaviBackground and Objective: Drought is the main causes of socioeconomic and environmental issues and the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation has a great influence on water resources availability. The Angot Precipitation Index (ratio between the average value MoreBackground and Objective: Drought is the main causes of socioeconomic and environmental issues and the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation has a great influence on water resources availability. The Angot Precipitation Index (ratio between the average values of multiannual of precipitation over wet and dry periods) is an indicator to determine the precipitation variations. The API highlights the climate significance of every month to detect dry or rainy regime.Material and Methodology: This study aims to assess and calculation of API in analysis of dry-wet periods of monthly precipitation in Ardabil station. The API values were calculated based on average daily values of precipitation in a year. Based on API values, dry and wet months were identified and the relationship between API and monthly precipitation characteristics according to Pearson correlation coefficient.Findings: According to the results, the value of API was 2.33 for the May month as a wet month and the November and April months are determined as normal precipitation regime (1.65 and 1.57 values, respectively) and other months have been classified into dry months as the API is less than the unity. Also, the API had a negative correlation with precipitation coefficient of variation (R2=0.408), and a positive correlation is exist between average monthly precipitation amounts and the API (R2=0.998).Discussion and Conclusion: The maximum API index value was observed in November and May months. The results indicated that the amount of Angot index was inversely correlated with coefficient of variations; while a direct relationship is exist with average monthly precipitations. Application of Angot index allows the determination of monthly precipitation regime on the basis of the vale ranges of the calculated index. Comparing the results of other drought indices in determining wet and dry months in climatic zones of Iran needs further investigations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Analyzing the Nature of States Obligations in the Paris agreement 2015 on climate change
Seyed-Abbas Poorhashemi mojtaba sobhaninia seyed ali hosseini azadOne of the most important international instruments to deal with climate change is the Paris Agreement 2015. For over three decades, states have begun long-term talks and negotiations on climate change, which is always on the international agenda. One reason for not con MoreOne of the most important international instruments to deal with climate change is the Paris Agreement 2015. For over three decades, states have begun long-term talks and negotiations on climate change, which is always on the international agenda. One reason for not concluding an international instrument is that states are not willing to adopt binding commitments on mitigating Green House Gas emission. The failed experience of the Kyoto Protocol 1997 reflects this approach. The piece analyzes the nature of states obligations in the Paris agreement on climate change. This research is based on a legal inductive analysis method. According to this method, the Paris Agreement and some related legal instruments on climate change have been analyzed and assessed. This article while identifies various defining elements of legal character of the Paris Agreement, illustrates that even though the Paris Agreement is an “International Treaty within the meaning of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties” which contains a mix of hard, soft and non-obligations is an important step forward to address climate change, but still has legal and normative inefficiencies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Assessment of Land Changes in Tajan River Watershed with Emphasis on Landscape Metrics
Fatemeh Rajaei Abbas Esmaili Sari Abdolrassoul Salmanmahiny Majid Delavar Ali Reza Massah BavaniIntroduction: Land cover and its configuration in the landscape are crucial components in the provision of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Hyrcanian forests have a long history (arising in the Jurassic Period) and are among the world's most valuable forests; the de MoreIntroduction: Land cover and its configuration in the landscape are crucial components in the provision of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Hyrcanian forests have a long history (arising in the Jurassic Period) and are among the world's most valuable forests; the decline in the Hyrcanian forests is one of the most serious problems of recent years. Material & Method: This study aims at comparing multi-temporal land use and landscape pattern analysis using satellite images from 1984, 2001 and 2010. Land use and spatial structures were predicted for future time horizons in the Tajan Watershed by land change modeler (LCM). Also, the landscape patterns were calculated by FRAGSTATS 4.2. Result & Discussion: The results show that forest was the dominant land cover (72% of area in 1984 and 46% in 2040) in the study area. The total area of forest was 8/4 times higher than the agriculture land cover in 1984 and 1.8 times in 2040. The Largest patch Index (LPI) shows forest lands as dominant cover in the whole period. Also proximity index (PROX) in agriculture and pasture land use increase during 1984 to 2040. The Edge density (ED) will increase in the future for three land uses. The edge density will increase at forest land use from 2010 to 2040. An informed vision on past, present and future forest area dynamics may help guide and prioritize international decisions aimed at reducing forest loss. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Investigating the Quantitative Trend of Land Changes in Kermanshah Province (Case Study: Gharesou and Mereg Watershed (in years 1984, 2000, and 2016))
Fatemeh Mardani Yaghouti Mehrdad Khanmohammadi Peyman KaramiBackground and Objectives: Human activities change land cover at unprecedented speeds and large spatial scales. The rapid changes in ecosystems in recent decades have been more along all the human history and have led to unprecedented changes in ecosystems and env MoreBackground and Objectives: Human activities change land cover at unprecedented speeds and large spatial scales. The rapid changes in ecosystems in recent decades have been more along all the human history and have led to unprecedented changes in ecosystems and environmental performance at local, regional and global scales. This research aims to investigate the process of landscape quantitative changes in Gharesou and Mereg watersheds. Investigation method: For monitoring changes, Landsat satellite imagery of 1984 (TM), 2000 (ETM+) and 2016 (OLI-TIRS) were used. The classification was performed using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. Land cover was classified into seven categories. Metrics PLAND, NP (Number of Patch), PD (Patch Density), and ED (Edge Density) at the Level of Class, NP, LPI (Largest Patch Index), CONTAG (Contagion), and SHDI (Shannon's diversity index) were calculated at the level of Landscape for the study area. Results: The results indicate that the highest percentage of the land cover belongs to agricultural lands and then medium rangelands. The numbers of patches of agricultural land in the period of 1984-2004 has increased due to the conversion of rangelands to agricultural lands and then between years 2000-2016 have decreased due to the conversion to medium ranges with a lesser rate. The number of forest patches in the first period has decreased because of conversion to medium rangelands and increased during the second period. Conclusion: The study of the landscape metrics indicates the increase in continuity, the reduction of fragmentation and diversity in the first time period, and in contrast, in the second time period, continuity has decreased and fragmentation and diversity have increased. Given the fact that the process of landscape changes varies over two different periods, it can generally be noted that the fragmentation and diversity of the landscape have declined and the spatial continuity has increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Investigating Capability and Evaluation of Spatial Temporal Variations in Yasuj in Urban Development
Arezoo salamatnia seyed Ali jozi Saeed Malmasi roya nezakati mojgan zaeimdarSustainable development is a kind of development that responds to the needs of the present generation, without threatening the future generation's capabilities in meeting their needs. So one of the most important steps to achieve sustainable development is to carry out MoreSustainable development is a kind of development that responds to the needs of the present generation, without threatening the future generation's capabilities in meeting their needs. So one of the most important steps to achieve sustainable development is to carry out various environmental studies before implementing any development plan. Background and Purpose: In this study, with the aim of investigating capability and evaluation of spatial temporal variations in Yasuj, efforts have been made to implement weighted Linear Combination Technique in order to predict the capability of the region for urban development. Also satellite images were used to investigate the spatial temporal variation in Yasuj city. Analysis method: In order to investigate the amount of power and evaluation of temporal and spatial variation in urban development, the criteria and sub-criteria were determined based on experts' opinions and previous researches. Then the AHP technique assisted by 30 faculty members and experts was employed to paired comparison dimensions and criteria. After the paired comparison, the information layers were standardized in the Idrisi environment and in the GIS environment. Then the layers were combined to determine the land suitability for Urban development. Afterwards, in order to study the time-shift changes of land use in Yasuj city in the three periods of 1986, 2001, and 2016, Landsat satellite images, TM, ETM + and OLI sensors, which were prepared in the Envi 5.1 software environment, were used. Findings: Based on the land use change trends in the Yasuj area, residential or urban areas have undergone extensive changes that affected environment uses including forests, grassland, agriculture and aquatic structures. The forest, located inside and around the city of Yasuj, provides a lot of ecosystem services for the area, which by city development, these services have been reduced both quantitatively and qualitatively, which should be considered. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of this study can be used as a model for selecting suitable locations for urban development with respect to environmental considerations and results of this work shown that studies based on spatial data, especially on human settlements (due to their inherent nature) can be the basis for accurate planning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Determination Zooplankton Spatial, Temporal and Population Structure Changes of the Bukan Dam Using Geo-statistics
Ali Mohsenpour Azari Feridoon Mohebbi Reza SokoutiBackground and Objective: This study was performed to investigate the spatial and temporal changes of the zooplankton population in the Bukan reservoir and to map these variations for agricultural and fisheries exploitation. Method: The samples were taken monthly from MoreBackground and Objective: This study was performed to investigate the spatial and temporal changes of the zooplankton population in the Bukan reservoir and to map these variations for agricultural and fisheries exploitation. Method: The samples were taken monthly from eight sampling sites during 2015. The samples were filtered through a 55-micron mesh size filter, fixed by 4% formalin and enumerated by an inverted microscope. Geo-statistics interpolation method in GIS (GS+ software) was used to reveal spatial changes of zooplankton and to estimate it in non-sampled points. The cross validation method was used to evaluate and compare the geostatistical methods. Findings: Spherical model fitness on the empirical semi-variogram of zooplankton density in the winter provided the results that indicated the radius of semi- variogram effect is 7280 m. The correlation coefficient of the fitted model was 0.995. The Kriging method with error of -53.42 was selected as a suitable model for spatial assessment of zooplankton density. Discussion and Conclusion: Most of the zooplankton population is in the summer and the lowest was seen in the spring. The maximum number of zooplanktons at the beginning of the Bukan dam which regularly reduced towards end of the dam. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Dust Occurrence in Lorestan Province
Reza Chamanpira Ebrahim Karimi Sangchini Ali Akbar NorouziBackground and Objective: Today, dust risk management is critical global challenge, especially in the Middle East. The aim of this study is to analysis temporal and spatial changes of dust occurrence in Lorestan province. This analysis used for risk control and adaptati MoreBackground and Objective: Today, dust risk management is critical global challenge, especially in the Middle East. The aim of this study is to analysis temporal and spatial changes of dust occurrence in Lorestan province. This analysis used for risk control and adaptation to achieve sustainable development areas.Material and Methodology: Changes in dusts were analyzed during a 17-year period (2000-2016) for 8 synoptic stations. Best model, with lowest MAE and RMSE, was selected for analyzing spatial variations. The CoKriging model interpolation was used to provide dust risk map. Then, this map converted in to a pixel grid in ArcGIS software.Findings: The results of annual dust survey show that Khorramabad station had the highest number of days with the average frequency of 16 days in year. The highest frequency of dust storms was in June and July whiles the lowest was in November and December. The results of risk zonation mapping that about 21 And 71 percent of the region has a high risk of the dust storm in term of below 10 and one kilometer of horizontal visibility, respectively.Discussion and Conclusion: Due to the high risk of dust, it is possible to provide prevention and control programs and also compatibility of the regional development goals with Iran land use planning and conservation and restoration of soil and water resources in order to achieve the preventing desertification and climate change. This research with a promising and pragmatic approach has provided a remarkable description to policy makers, managers, and other natural disaster stakeholders in the of Lorestan province development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Providing a Building Optimization Model to Counter the Negative Effects of Climate Change to Reduce Energy Consumption
Arda Zarei Sina Fard MoradiniaBackground and Objective: Today, metropolises play a very important role in environmental pollution, increasing population is associated with increasing consumption of fossil fuels and energy resources, which increases greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The e MoreBackground and Objective: Today, metropolises play a very important role in environmental pollution, increasing population is associated with increasing consumption of fossil fuels and energy resources, which increases greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The effects of increasing greenhouse gases with the occurrence of greenhouse phenomena cause climate change. Due to the high energy loss in residential buildings, The purpose of this study is to select an appropriate solution to optimize the building and reduce energy consumption in this sector. Material and Methodology: In this research, first, the annual energy consumption of a type of 8-storey residential building in Tabriz was simulated using Energy Plus software. Then, the annual energy consumption of the building was simulated with the weather conditions of two different climates of Yazd and Rasht to compare the energy consumption of the building in all 3 cities. Then, with JePlus simulation software, the energy consumption of different building modes (orientation, position, temperature, climate) was simulated in all 3 cities to study the behavior of the building in terms of energy consumption. Finally, the amount of heating and cooling energy consumption of the building was selected as the target functions and optimized by JePlus + EA software. Findings: According to the variables defined in the input of JePlus software, 432 energy consumption modes were obtained for the building. And according to the selection of heating and cooling energy consumption of the building as target functions, optimization was done by JePlus + EA software. The optimization results showed that according to the same parameters considered for all three climates, building energy consumption in Rasht has decreased by 16%, Yazd by 14% and Tabriz by 12%. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that if the building is built in the right direction and position according to the type of climate and weather conditions (for sunlight, temperature, humidity, etc.) and the heating and cooling temperature inside the building is set to comfort, The energy consumption of the building is also significantly reduced As a result, the share of each building in the amount of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, which is the most effective gas in climate change, is reduced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Evaluation Changes and Quantification Mangrove Forests in Khorkhouran Protected Area with Emphasis on Hydrodynamic Strait of Hormuz
MohammadAli Zangane Asadi ebrahim taghavi moghadam Elahe AkbariBackground and Objective: Mangrove forests of Iran is the only landscape of forest in the hot and dry southern coast of Iran that is ecological and Ecotourism value and is dependent on to their southern coastal livelihoods. Therefore it is essential to awareness o MoreBackground and Objective: Mangrove forests of Iran is the only landscape of forest in the hot and dry southern coast of Iran that is ecological and Ecotourism value and is dependent on to their southern coastal livelihoods. Therefore it is essential to awareness of changes mangrove forest as a national property. Environmental changes occur in the vast and long term and remote sensing technology could be very suitable and accurate tool for monitoring changes. Method: The purpose of this study is to evaluate changes in forest cover Khorkhoran protected mangrove area according to Hydrodynamic Processes Strait of Hormuz. For this purpose, we used Landsat satellite images of 1989-2015 and a variety of remote sensing techniques, including the difference of images, the difference of vegetation, the main component of difference tasseled cap and compare the classification. To evaluate the accuracy of changing detection techniques, taken from the ground realities through Field observations and satellite images of Google Earth, the total accuracy and Kappa coefficient were used. Findings:The results show that the detection of post-processing methods, methods of principal components analysis (PCA1) and difference vegetation is suitable methods for detecting changes. After applying the method comparative of classification, that is a pre-processing method, maximum likelihood algorithm with 0/9781overall accuracy and kappa coefficient 32/98% was introduced as the best method of classification of satellite images. Was also in 1989 year the mangrove forests (dense and scattered) 125.8 square kilometers that added to the 48.9 square kilometers in the last 26 years. Discussion and Conclusion: Increased mangrove forests Because of Factors Such as increasing temperature and sea levels, increased sediments in the delta region and the low slope of the coastal area. Therefore, any facility and infrastructure projects should pay attention to environmental considerations and ecological. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Assessing Spatial-Temporal Changes of Rainfall Variability Indices in Ardabil Province Rain gauge stations
hamed amini Raoof Mostafazadeh Mohammad AhmadiBackground and Objective: The rainfall is one of the main elements of the climate in each region. One of the characteristics of arid and semi-arid regions is a low rainfall with high fluctuations. Hence, changes in rainfall patterns, including spatial and temporal chang MoreBackground and Objective: The rainfall is one of the main elements of the climate in each region. One of the characteristics of arid and semi-arid regions is a low rainfall with high fluctuations. Hence, changes in rainfall patterns, including spatial and temporal changes in rainfall, are of particular importance. The patterns of rainfall distribution, determine the rainfall during the time. The purpose of the present study was to investigate spatial and temporal changes of rainfall variability indices in the gauge stations of Ardabil province.Material and Methods: In this study to determine the rainfall variability from the monthly rainfall with a 24-year period from the year of 1989 to 2013 (based on current statistics) in the watersheds of Ardabil province has been used. In order to calculate the quantitative variability of rainfall in the studied stations, Shannon, Simpson, Index of variability, rainfall variability index (RVI), MCIntosh, Berger-Parker, Rainfall anomaly Index (RAI) were used. After calculating these indices, the spatial variations of the indices at the studied stations were performed using the interpolation methods and the Inverse Distance Weighting method in the Arc Map software, and also the non-parametric Mann-Kendall method was used to determine the temporal variation of the values of rainfall variability indices.Findings: According to the results of the interpolation of these indices, the spatial variations of the Simpson, Index of Variability, McIntosh and the Berger-Parker indices are similar to the one in which the high variation values in the eastern regions include stations of Aladizgeh, Namin, Niaraq, Abi Beiglu and Khosh Abad and the northern part of the province are observed.Discussion and Conclusion: In general, it can be said that regions of the province, in the proximity of the provinces of Gilan and East Azerbaijan, have more variability in rainfall values due to the impact of the air masses and rainfall of the Caspian and Mediterranean fronts. Also, the results of the trend test indicated a significant increase in rainfall variability indices that could lead to a change in the seasonal distribution pattern of rainfall values in different months and the results show similar behavior in most of the indices. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Analyzing Attitudes of Local People towards Socio-Economic Impacts of Land Use Change in Arasbaran Biosphere Reserve
Vahid Amini Parsa Ahmadreza Yavari Athare NejadiBackground and Objective: Understanding attitudes of local people on protected areas, especially land use management is necessary for maintaining, managing and achieving sustainable development in these areas. Considering local resident's attitudes can promote protected MoreBackground and Objective: Understanding attitudes of local people on protected areas, especially land use management is necessary for maintaining, managing and achieving sustainable development in these areas. Considering local resident's attitudes can promote protected areas management and help to recognize the problems and potential solutions. So in this research the attitudes and perceptions of people of Arsabaran Biosphere Reserve's about socio-economic impacts of land sue changes were analyzed. Method: 367 questionnaires consist of 24 questions distributed using stratified random method and full field by interviewing with local residents of the zones within the Arasbaran Biosphere Reserve (including the core, buffer and transitional zones). Validity and reliability of research was determined. Findings: Analysis show that the people consider scales and so socio-economic impacts of land sue changes in the local and regional scales is more important. Discussion and Conclusion: Local residents understand the necessity of maintaining land uses, but preferring the socio-economic issues and their livelihoods. People showed obviously the rational choice on their answers, and based on their current and future needs introduced future useful land uses. Using local residents' attitudes may help the managers to find out their needs as direct driving force of land use changes within the area and leads them to design win-win plans though land use management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Assessment of Changes in the Patterns of Urban Structure of the City on Spatial Change of Urban Air Pollutants (Case Study: Tehran City)
Vahid Moshfeghi Samira YousefianBackground and Objective: The land use pattern represents the distribution and horizontal combination of urban applications, which plays a very important role in the distribution of pollutants and urban air quality. The impacts of these pollutants can be identified in t MoreBackground and Objective: The land use pattern represents the distribution and horizontal combination of urban applications, which plays a very important role in the distribution of pollutants and urban air quality. The impacts of these pollutants can be identified in the location of pollutants (industrial, commercial, office, residential, etc.), as well as its impact on the distribution of urban travel and subsequent emissions from urban traffic. The main objective of this study is to investigate the role of land use pattern and physical structure in spatial variations of pollutants in Tehran during the period of 2011-2018.Material and Methodology: In order to achieve this goal, Landsat satellite images and also data from the Air Quality Control Center of Tehran in 2011 and 2018 were used. Kriging model was arranged using Arc GIS software to classify satellite images and specify types of applications using artificial neural network method in ENVI software and also to determine the concentration of air pollution in Tehran.Findings: The results of spatial correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between spatial structure changes and air pollution in Tehran during 7 years.Discussion and Conclusion: The results of land use change and air pollution indices indicate that construction in the west and north of Tehran has increased the concentration of pollutants in these directions from the city. If the change from downstream land to urban green spaces in the east and south-east of Tehran reduces the concentration of pollutants urban air has been in these areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Impact of Untreated Municipal Wastewater Irrigation on Heavy Metal Accumulation in Topsoil and Subsoil
Eisa Solgi Mehdi Shahverdi Nick mehdi ramezaniBackground and Objective: Due to the shortage of freshwater for irrigation, wastewater has been used in agricultural irrigation as an important supplement and alternative water resources in recent decades. Irrigation of fields with wastewater can cause potential contami MoreBackground and Objective: Due to the shortage of freshwater for irrigation, wastewater has been used in agricultural irrigation as an important supplement and alternative water resources in recent decades. Irrigation of fields with wastewater can cause potential contamination with heavy metals to soil crops and groundwater, therefore pose a threat to human health and food safety. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of irrigation with untreated municipal wastewater on the accumulation of cadmium lead (Pb), (Cd), copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) in topsoil and subsoil and top soil properties. Method: In the present study in order to collection of topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (0-40 cm) samples from south of the Borujerd city, 13 fields irrigated with untreated wastewater and 7 fields irrigated with well water were selected with same soil texture. Soil samples were analyzed by the standard methods for Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM). Findings: Findings indicated that untreated wastewater irrigated soil contained higher concentrations of all heavy metals in topsoil (with the exception of Cu) and in subsoil, compared to well water irrigated soil. Trend of depth variations of metals in irrigated soil followed this form: 1-With wastewater: Pb and Cu in subsoil>topsoil; Cd and Zn in topsoil > subsoil and 2-With well water: Pb and Cu in topsoil > subsoil; Cd and Zn in subsoil > topsoil. Discussion and Conclusion: It seems that light soil texture has been resulted to transport of the metals to deeper soil layers. Overall, the concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn were lower than the FAO/WHO standards in soil, while Cd higher than this. Thus, in order to ensure food safety and use of wastewater for irrigation, continuous monitoring and pollution control is required. Besides, if treatment of wastewater is done appropriately, accumulation of heavy metals in soils and crops will occur less. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Monitoring of Land Cover Changes Using Remote Sensing Technique and GIS (Case study: Khojin watershed, Khalkhal)
Mahsa Safaripour Dariush NaseriBackground and Objective: Study of resources changes and destruction in previous can be useful in the planning and optimal use of resources to control inappropriate changes. Because of land use changes occur on large-scale, remote sensing techniques is a useful and valu MoreBackground and Objective: Study of resources changes and destruction in previous can be useful in the planning and optimal use of resources to control inappropriate changes. Because of land use changes occur on large-scale, remote sensing techniques is a useful and valuable tool for monitoring the changes. The aim of this research is to monitoring of land cover changes in Khojin watershed located in the south of Ardabil province using remote sensing technique. Method: First TM, ETM+ and OLI images for the year 1986, 2001 and 2016 were collected respectively and after geometric and elevation corrections, images were classified using maximum likelihood classification method. To increase classification accuracy, NDVI, elevation and slope percent layers were used. Kappa and overall accuracy indexes were used to calculate classified images accuracy. Findings: Based on results, in the first period (1986-2001) 22.36%, in the second period (2001-2016) 20.73% and in the third period (1986-2016) 28.08% of area has changed and in all 3 periods, changing from rangeland to dry farming reached the most change.­ Discoution and Conclusion: Results showed despite high capability of Landsat images in mapping land use, using additional layers like NDVI, elevation and slope percent can improve classification accuracy of classified images. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Review on 2D and 3D Building Change Detection Methods Based on Remotely Sensed Data
Sharareh Hosseini Fatemeh Tabib MahmoudiBackground and Objective: Land is rapidly changing at the local, regional, national, and global scales, with a significant impact on the environment. Some changes occur due to natural causes, while other changes due to human projects such as urban growth. Material and MoreBackground and Objective: Land is rapidly changing at the local, regional, national, and global scales, with a significant impact on the environment. Some changes occur due to natural causes, while other changes due to human projects such as urban growth. Material and Methodology: This article provides an overview on the categorization of different methods used in detecting urban changes with emphasis on building complexities. Advances in facilitating the acquisition of three-dimensional data have led to three-dimensional change detection methods with two concepts of geometric comparison (including height difference calculation, Euclidean distance and transition-based methods) and geometric-spectral analysis (including correction). The purpose of this review is to answer the question of whether advances in change detecion methods and converting them from two-dimensional methods to three-dimensional ones have been able to meet the challenges in this context. What is future research to improve the results of 3D change detection methods? Findings: According to the results of research on different types of change detection methods, although two-dimensional change detection methods have considerable variation, they lack altitude information and estimation of changes in the third dimension and in the face of high spatial and spectral resolution and three-dimensional effects such as buildings face challenges. Therefore, just by relying on the results of these methods, it is not possible to get a proper assessment of damages during accidents or construction estimations and so on. Discussion and Conclusion: In this article, while discussing the concepts presented in the three-dimensional methods of detecting changes, the strengths and weaknesses and challenges of the existing research are compared with the two-dimensional methods. It is concluded that in most cases, three-dimensional change detection methods rely heavily on two basic issues: 1) the use of advanced image-matching algorithms to produce three-dimensional data; 2) high-level machine learning techniques based on geometric and spectral data. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Modelling of Input Phosphate Load to the Caspian Sea from Tajan Watershed Using Soil and Water Assesment Tool
ّFatemeh Rajaei Reza Dahmardeh Behrooz Mostafa GholipourBackground and Objective: The development of agriculture to respond to growing need for food causes more consumption of chemical fertilizers and water ecosystems pollution. Therefore, in this study estimation of nutrients from non-point sources, the amount of exceed tha MoreBackground and Objective: The development of agriculture to respond to growing need for food causes more consumption of chemical fertilizers and water ecosystems pollution. Therefore, in this study estimation of nutrients from non-point sources, the amount of exceed than standard level, evaluation of phosphate pollution input from Tajan watershed to the Caspian Sea is a priority for watershed health assessment. Method: In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the simulation of phosphate during the years from 2001 to 2014 were used. Findings: The results showed that annual phosphate during 2001 to 2014, from about 29,000 to 102,900 kg in watershed output were different. Phosphate in winter and autumn were allocated 98 percent of total annual load. The highest levels of phosphate were in February (an average of 11 621 kg) and lowest in June (average 0.7 kg). Also, phosphate concentration was higher than drinking water quality standards (0.2 mg/l) in most subbasins. Discussion and Conclusion: It is necessary to reduce the phosphatein in these subbasins. They should be prioritized in water quality management programs. Also, results showed that the SWAT model can be a useful tool for pollution reduction strategies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Provide a Green Audit Quality Model based on the Recommendations of the UK Financial Reporting Council (FRC) Assessment of Environmental Change
Sanaz Hadji Khosro Faghani Makerani Naghi FazeliBackground and Objective: The Purpose of this research is Provide a Green Audit Quality Model based on the Recommendations of the UK Financial Reporting Council (FRC) Assessment of Environmental Change. Material and Methodology: The research method was mix method in te MoreBackground and Objective: The Purpose of this research is Provide a Green Audit Quality Model based on the Recommendations of the UK Financial Reporting Council (FRC) Assessment of Environmental Change. Material and Methodology: The research method was mix method in terms of data type and the target population was 11 accounting and financial management specialists at the university level and 14 audit partners in the quantitative department. In this study, in the qualitative part, Meta-synthesis and Delphi analysis were used, and in the quantitative part, a Total Interpretive Structural Model was used to determine the most effective themes of the green audit quality model. Findings: The results of the research in the qualitative part indicate the existence of two main components and 11 propositional themes related to the quality of green auditing, and in the quantitative part assessing the level of corporate environmental risks for stakeholders is the most influential issue of green audit quality based on the assessment of the UK Financial Reporting Council. Discussion and Conclusion: The results reflect the fact that recognizing this level of risk can help competing companies and even investors to examine the level of progress of the company in terms of environmental technologies and its future prospects at the market level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Investigation of the effects of agricultural activities on the accumulation of cadmium, cobalt and chromium in soil
Ali Shahbazi AliReza Soffianian Norolah MirghaffariBackground and Objective: Every year a great deal of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and sewage sludge used in agriculture soils; this may cause the increase in concentration of Soil heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of assessment o MoreBackground and Objective: Every year a great deal of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and sewage sludge used in agriculture soils; this may cause the increase in concentration of Soil heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of assessment of agriculture activities on accumulation of Cadmium, Cobalt and Chromium; and determines the trend of heavy metal accumulation in soil.Method: To achieve this purpose 97 soil samples were taken from different agriculture fields with different cultivation archaism in Hamedan province in western IRAN by systematic approach. ANOVA test has been used to compare the concentration of heavy metals in different farms, the trend of accumulation heavy metals obtained in regards to cultivation archaism and the mean of metals concentration in different cultivations. Moreover, contamination Factor Index has been used for comparison of contamination risk in cultivations with various archaisms.Findings: Mean concentrations in 20-, 35- and 65-year-old cultures for cadmium metal were 0.14, 0.16 and 0.19, respectively, for cobalt metal, 17/94, 18/05 and 79/20, respectively and for chromium metal 58.89, 72.99 and 88.09 mg / kg, respectively. The results showed that the longevity of cultivation affected on heavy metal accumulation in soil. The trend of Cd, Co and Cr accumulation in soil was exponential.Discussion and Conclusion: Due to the fact that agricultural soils are one of the important routes for the transfer of heavy metals to the human food chain, it is necessary to monitor soils that are potentially exposed to toxic metals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Monitoring of Thirty Years of Land Cover Changes using Remote Sensing and GIS (Case study: Qaresu watershed, Ardabil)
Fereshteh Namdar Shahla Mahmoudi Abazar Esmali Ouri Ebrahim PaziraBackground and Objective: Studying the extent of change and destruction in resources in previous can contribute to efficient planning and utilization of these resources and limiting similar adverse changes in the future. Since changes in resources occur over large expan MoreBackground and Objective: Studying the extent of change and destruction in resources in previous can contribute to efficient planning and utilization of these resources and limiting similar adverse changes in the future. Since changes in resources occur over large expanses of land, remote sensing technology can serve as a essential and valuable tool for monitoring these changes. The purpose of this study was to monitor the land cover changes in Qaresu watershed in Ardabil province using the remote sensing technique. Methods: In this study land cover changes was consulted in 30 years from 1985 to 2015. Landsat images of the study area pertaining to July 1985, 2000 and 2015 were acquired. After geometric and elevation corrections, the images were classified by the supervised approach using the maximum likelihood method. The NDVI index, DEM, and slope layers were used to enhance the image classification accuracy. Classification accuracy was assessed with Kappa index and overall accuracy indexes. Findings: The results showed 20.43% change in the watershed’s land uses over the period from 1985 to 2000, 41.426% over the period from 2000 to 2015, and 27.99% over the period from 1985 to 2015. In all three periods, the greatest changes were in dry farming. Discussion and Conclusion: Results showed despite high capability of Landsat images in mapping land use, using additional layers like NDVI, elevation and slope percent can improve separation accuracy of land using. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Environmental Impact of Climate Change on National Security
Mohammad Jalali Maryam Afshari zeinab mazinanianAlthough the effects of climate change are threatening to the living conditions of a large part of the world, different groups of activists have failed to improve the climate regime. It is natural that those countries which are more vulnerable to climate change should f MoreAlthough the effects of climate change are threatening to the living conditions of a large part of the world, different groups of activists have failed to improve the climate regime. It is natural that those countries which are more vulnerable to climate change should find some ways to improve the climate by using both legal methods and other less formal methods such as identifying climate change as a security and environmental problem. Climate change and global warming are regarded as two factors, which play a significant role in threatening human security since food shortages, water scarcity, environmental degradation, poverty, disease outbreaks, and mass migration can separately lead to national security, which will undermine and contribute to the failed government scenario. In the domestic and global arena, the security of the modern government becomes meaningful with respect to superior power, and the society is considered insecure even if it faces with a lack of threats. In the modern national security discourse, we see an increase in security software, in addition to its hardware. In the wake of the development of the concept of security, especially the development of a range of national security threats, critics have suggested that civilian threats such as economic and environmental threats can, in turn, be as serious as military threats. Therefore, these threats should be considered as security threats. This article tries to provide an analysis of the impact of environmental dimensions of climate change on national security from the perspective of international environmental law, using an interdisciplinary approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Investigation of Land Use Change Using Landscape Ecology Approach (Case study: Zagros Dam Basin in Gilan Gharb)
Parisa Pirouzinejad maryam morovati Nooshin PirouzinejadBackground and Objective: The Zagros Dam watershed in Kermanshah Province is enclosed by the cities of Dalaho, Sarpol Zahab, Islamabad Gharb and Gilan Gharb and has experienced drastic land use changes in the last decade. The aim of the study was to investigate the chan MoreBackground and Objective: The Zagros Dam watershed in Kermanshah Province is enclosed by the cities of Dalaho, Sarpol Zahab, Islamabad Gharb and Gilan Gharb and has experienced drastic land use changes in the last decade. The aim of the study was to investigate the changes in land use using land surface ecology measures, due to the change in Zagros oak forests and data provision, lack of agricultural land, soil erosion and flooding in the area. Material and Methodology: Landsat 8 satellite images from 2010 and 2020 were used in this study. After the necessary image pre-processing, educational patterns were identified using false-colour imagery (FCC) and vegetation index (NDVI). Classification was done using 730 training points from agricultural, forest, pasture and residential areas using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Maximum Likelihood Theory. Land surface measurements were used at two levels of class and landscape, and the changes that occurred in the landscape were quantified. After calculating the changes using the Markov chain, the potential of changes between different land uses was obtained for the year 2030. Findings: ¬ According to the results, the area of agricultural land use in 2010 was 23,933.43 hectares, which increased to 25,344.09 hectares in 2020, indicating the dominance of this land use in the changes that occurred. Forest and pasture land use showed a decreasing trend. Field measurements of the land surface also revealed significant changes in the class level and the landscape. The entropy metric of disorder and disturbance at the boundary of natural land uses such as forest and pasture showed an increasing trend from 2010 to 2020. The measure of the number of patches (NP) and the measure of continuity (CONTAG) showed that the changes that occurred in the area of the Zagros Dam were towards the fragmentation of the landscape and also towards the reduction of its continuity. Discussion and Conclusion: The future trend of land use change will be towards the predominance of agricultural land use and the reduction of natural land use, so it is necessary for the relevant executive bodies to have more control over the destruction of natural land at the edge of agricultural land. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Prediction Impact of Climate Change on the Temperature & Precipitation by General Circulation Model, a Strategy for Sustainable Agriculture: (Case of Kermanshah Township)
Samireh Seymohammadi Mohsen Tavakoli Kiumars Zarafshani Hossien Mahdizadeh Farzad AmiriBackground and Objectives: Concern about climate change and its effects on various aspects of human life in general and agricultural production in particular is growing. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to assess and predict of climate change induced tempera MoreBackground and Objectives: Concern about climate change and its effects on various aspects of human life in general and agricultural production in particular is growing. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to assess and predict of climate change induced temperature and precipitation of Kermanshah township.Method: The calibration and validation of the HadCM3 model was performed 1961-2001 of daily temperature and precipitation. The data on temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 1990 were used for calibration whereas data from 1991 to 2001 were used for model validation. SDSM version 4.2 as a downscaling model used to downscale general circulation models to station scales. Findings: The least difference between observed data and simulation data during calibration and validation showed that the parameter was precisely modeled for most of the year. This study under A2 scenario, three time periods (2020, 2050, 2080) were simulated. Discussion and Conclusion: According to our simulated model, precipitation showed a decreasing trend whereas temperature showed an increasing trend. The result of this study can also be used as an optimal model for land allocation in agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Land use changes predicition in Zagros forest areas based on Markov Chain Model
Ali Qaderian Naser Ahmadi SaniBackground and Objective: Today, due to increasing population growth and land use changes and its impact on the environment, monitoring and modeling land use changes is one of the main prerequisites for optimum use of land and achieving sustainable development. The purp MoreBackground and Objective: Today, due to increasing population growth and land use changes and its impact on the environment, monitoring and modeling land use changes is one of the main prerequisites for optimum use of land and achieving sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and predict the spatial and temporal dynamics of land use in the county of Sardasht, in order to obtain basic information for planning in line with sustainable forest management.Material and Methodology: Data from the Landsat 7 images (+ETM) 2003, and Landsat 8 (OLI) 2015 were analyzed. The Maximum Likelihood algorithm has been used to mapping the land use for the years. The analysis of the change dynamics using traditional Markov Chain and Cellular Automata was predicted for the next 25 years.Findings: The overall accuracy of classified images in 2003 and 2015 was 89% and 94%, respectively, and the Kappa coefficient was 0.87 and 0.92. The results showed that during the period, bout 7% of the forest area has decreased and the agricultural lands has increased by 72%. According to the Markov transmission probability matrix the classes most affected by these changes is the forests and rangelands that changed to agricultural and residential.Discussion and Conclusion: Changes in the extent of forests until 2040 show that the area of forests will decrease continuously. The results of current study could provide quantitative information, which represents a base for assessing the sustainability in the management of Zagros forest ecosystems and for taking actions to mitigate degradation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Estimating the Spatial Distribution of Above-ground Carbon of Zagros Forests using Regression Kriging, Geographically Weighted Regression Kriging and Landsat 8 imagery
somayeh izadi Hormoz SohrabiBackground and Objective: Estimating aboveground carbon (AGC) of forest is a fundamental task for sustainable management of forest ecosystems; therefore, there is a critical need for appropriate approaches for quantifying of AGC. The most commonly used approaches for es MoreBackground and Objective: Estimating aboveground carbon (AGC) of forest is a fundamental task for sustainable management of forest ecosystems; therefore, there is a critical need for appropriate approaches for quantifying of AGC. The most commonly used approaches for estimating include global regression models that estimate the target variable over a wide range using cost-effective auxiliary data. Traditional regression models with fixed regression coefficients at all locations do not consider heterogeneity and spatial structure in modeling. The objective of this study is estimating the AGC using Regression Kriging, Geographically Weighted Regression Kriging and Landsat 8 data and compare methods. Material and Methodology: The study was carried out in part of Zagros Forest, in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. Totally, 184 plots (30×30 meters) surveyed and AGC were calculated by allometric equations. 32 variables were extracted from Landsat 8 as auxiliary data in the modeling process. The assessment of accuracies of methods was evaluated by K-fold cross validation via criteria such as coefficient of variation (R2), root mean square error (RMSE). Findings: The results showed that Geographically Weighted Regression Kriging (R 2 = 0.66, RMSE= 21) had a better performance compared to Regression Kriging. Discussion and Conclusion: Hybrid methods with heterogeneity and spatial correlation can be a good alternative to early regression methods for estimating aboveground carbon (AGC). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Examining changes in the ecological structure of four hills in Sanandaj using object-oriented method and metrics of continuity and complexity
Milad Zandsalimi Bakhtiar BahramiBackground and Objective: Hills, as one of the main components of the ecological structure in a hilly town, are influenced by human actions and affect them. The landscape Ecology Approach examines diverse ecosystems at different scales and balances human actions and nat MoreBackground and Objective: Hills, as one of the main components of the ecological structure in a hilly town, are influenced by human actions and affect them. The landscape Ecology Approach examines diverse ecosystems at different scales and balances human actions and natural processes. In this study, changes in the ecological structure of four significant hills in Sanandaj (Tosonozar, Nishtman, Mellat, and Didgah) were investigated using Google Earth images and two ecological metrics over 16 years (2020-2004). Material and Methodology: The ecological structure of these hills was investigated by object-oriented method in six classification categories and their changes. Also, by using FRAGSTATS 4.2 software, the status of two ecological indicators, FRAC and CONTIGH, were calculated and checked in the hills until 6/20/2019. Findings: Man-made elements have increased (19%) in all hills, especially in Nishtman. Also, rangeland cover has decreased (32%), especially in Tusunozar and Nazgah hills. The complexity of landscape spots in all hills except Toos-Nozar has increased. Also, the continuity Toos-Nozar has decreased except Toos-Nozar hill. Discussion and Conclusion: The elimination of pastures and plant species, the increase in recent fires and droughts, and the increase in human interventions such as construction and motorways, the cohesion and ecological flows of these hills have posed a severe threat. Simplification while homogeneity of landscape components in Toos-Nozar hill indicates the distance of landscape components from their natural state. The decrease in continuity in the three hills, including Mellat, Didgah, and Nishtman, indicates an increase in fragmentation and discontinuity in these hills' natural landscapes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Monitoring and modelling of forest changes in Gorgan area using Geomod
Somayeh Galdavi Marjan Mohammadzadeh rassoul Mahiny Ali Najafi NejadBackground and Objective: Each year, a wide range of forests change to the other uses such as agricultural and residential lands. Forests in northern Iran are no exception, and this decrease has been seen nearly everywhere. Therefore, the research was conducted with the MoreBackground and Objective: Each year, a wide range of forests change to the other uses such as agricultural and residential lands. Forests in northern Iran are no exception, and this decrease has been seen nearly everywhere. Therefore, the research was conducted with the aim of forest changes modeling in Gorgan area using Geomod model. Material and Methodology: In the present study, forest changes occurred in Gorgan area was detected during 20 years. Then, forest change modeling was performed using Geomod. To do this, land use maps for the study time period were prepared using satellite imagery. Then, change detection process was performed by post-classification comparison technique. The Geomod was run to simulate forest changes in this area. Findings: Forest change detection and its modelling showed the reduction of forest area in the region. Also, modeling results were validated using kappa indices which resulted in more than 0.99 and indicated model capability in the depicted forest changes in this area. Then, the future condition of forest areas were predicted using the model. Discussion and Conclusions: Results showed that forest areas have been decreased in this time period that development of residential areas and agricultural lands are the main reason for this. So, managerial and protectoral programs such as determining agricultural lands' boundaries, preventing their expansion, preventing rural expansion, and restricting accessible to forest areas were suggested. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Survey of the effects of land cover changes on rangelands of Ghoorichay chatchment using remote sensing technique
Marzieh Alikhah-Asl Dariush Naseri Elham Forootan leila gheiratiBackground and Objective: In the present time, land use changes are being conducted without clear and logical programming or regarding the environmental effects of the changes. Because land use changes occur in a large scale, remote sensing technique is a useful and val MoreBackground and Objective: In the present time, land use changes are being conducted without clear and logical programming or regarding the environmental effects of the changes. Because land use changes occur in a large scale, remote sensing technique is a useful and valuable tool for monitoring the changes. The aim of this research is investigation of the effects of land cover changes on rangelands of Ghoorichay chatchment located in the north of Ardabil province using remote sensing technique.Material and Methodology: In this investigation, TM images for year 1987, ETM images for year 2001 and OLI-TIRS images for year 2015 were collected and analyzed. After image pre-processing enhancements and corrections, the images were classified using maximum likelihood supervised classification method. Then, considering study area features, the images were classified into four land cover classes: dry land, range land, bare land and village. Moreover, NDVI index and slope layer were used to increase classification accuracy. At last, land cover changes and their effects on the range lands were detected. Overall accuracies and kappa coefficient were evaluated.Findings: According to the results, during the studied period, 5885 hectare (49.7%) of study area had changed. The most land cover changes were related to range land with intensive decrease of 2540 hectares (21.4%) which was changed into bare land and dry land.Discussion and Conclusion: Additional information such as slope layer and NDVI index in assistant with supervised classification of satellite images can increase the accuracy of image classification to provide land cover maps. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Using Landscape Metrics and Remote Sensing to Analyze Land Changes and Land Degradation (Case Study: Shirin Dare Watershed Basin-North Khorasan province-Iran)
Zahra Parvar Kamran Shayesteh Morteza BehzadfarBackground and Objective: Land Use and Land Cover change is one of the most important factors affecting natural resources and at a worldwide scale. Analyzing and monitoring the Changes is a complex procedure. The analysis of landscape pattern as an important procedure h MoreBackground and Objective: Land Use and Land Cover change is one of the most important factors affecting natural resources and at a worldwide scale. Analyzing and monitoring the Changes is a complex procedure. The analysis of landscape pattern as an important procedure helps researchers to realize and quantify LULC changes of the earth surface. The ability to quantify to describe landscape structure is prerequisite to the study of landscape function and change. Landscape ecology has various quantitative indices to analyze and describe the landscape structure for this purpose. Landscape metrics represent the spatial pattern of the entire landscape mosaic e.g. the proportion of each landscape type, or the shape of the component landscape elements at a set point in time. Material and Methodology: This study applied supervised classification-maximum likelihood in IDRISI Selva to detect land cover/land use changes observed in Shirin dare watershed using satellite data obtained from Landsat for the years 1996, 2005 and 2015 respectively. The watershed was classified into six major land cover/use classes viz based on our purpose. Various class-level and landscape level-landscape pattern metrics were calculated using Fragstats 4.2 in order to analyze landscape structure. Metrics include NP, MPS, LPI, SIDI, SHDI, SHEI and SIEI were used in this study. These metrics can give us a lot of information about the structure and changes of landscape components. Findings: The overall classification accuracies in land use cartographies in 1996, 2005 and 2015 were 92.96%, 87.29% and 87/45%, respectively. Our results between 2005 and 2015 were clearly showed that increased number of patches and decreased mean patch area two important fragmentation indicators and the trend of landscape degradation and fragmentation was increasing. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the current patterns of dry farm land and barren land development in the studied landscape and in order to reduce the alarming rates of land degradation and become more efficient land use managers, it is necessary to know the causes of land changes. That means with the ongoing land degradation trend, a reasonable land use plan should be made with emphasis on protecting natural forests, grasslands and the water body. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Investigating the effects of nuclear disarmament on climate change from the perspective of international law
Meisam Norouzi Mehdi Eskandari KhoshguPreventing nuclear war and avoiding catastrophic climate changes are two of the most fundamental challenges facing human civilization in this century. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of nuclear disarmament on climate change from the perspectiv MorePreventing nuclear war and avoiding catastrophic climate changes are two of the most fundamental challenges facing human civilization in this century. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of nuclear disarmament on climate change from the perspective of international law. This research focuses on the potential links between nuclear energy as an option to reduce climate change and nuclear disarmament and, respectively, discusses topics such as current nuclear risks, the scale of the nuclear-climate challenge, nuclear security and Its relationship with nuclear energy, non-proliferation and disarmament, management of nuclear disarmament and basic steps to address the challenges of proliferation and disarmament and the political links between maintaining and strengthening the global non-proliferation regime, nuclear disarmament and the growth of nuclear energy It has been done on a large scale. The use of nuclear energy places unprecedented demands on global systems for the verification, control and security of weapons-usable nuclear material. Reducing or abandoning or emptying many nuclear weapons and equipment and their final ban also requires new approaches to manage the huge global stockpile of weapons-usable nuclear materials. The international community should take measures so that nuclear energy can help reduce climate change in the long term. As a result of such actions, nuclear disarmament becomes more practical, desirable, and unattainable, and lays the foundations for a world in which nuclear technology contributes to sustainable development while nuclear weapons begin to fade from the scene. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Study of vertical potential temperature gradient during a few acute air pollution episode in Tehran
Tahereh Ghassami Ali Akbar Bidokhti Abdollah Sedaghat Kerdar Fatemeh SahraianThe potential temperature of an air parcel is defined as the temperature which the parcel of air would have if it changed adiabatically from its existing pressure P and temperature T to a standard pressure P0 (generally taken as 1000 mb). Generally, the vertical gradie MoreThe potential temperature of an air parcel is defined as the temperature which the parcel of air would have if it changed adiabatically from its existing pressure P and temperature T to a standard pressure P0 (generally taken as 1000 mb). Generally, the vertical gradient of potential temperature is used to determine the stability of the air parcel. In this study diurnal variation of potential temperature gradients in the planetary boundary layer of Tehran was considered in two cases, a (convective condition during the day), b (stable condition at night).The data were taken from the air pollution monitoring stations of Tehran for a few acute air pollution episodes in Nov. and Sep. 2001 and Dec.2002. By calculating, three different categories of temperature inversion were found, namely, high, moderate, and weak. We also showed that there is a good correlation between the variation of maximum concentration of NOX, SO2, CO and the potential temperature gradient. This correlation coefficient is about 0.4. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Land Use Planning and Water Resources Management; Resource Planning Instead of Activities Planning (Case Study: Caspian Bas
Amir Hedayati Aghmashhadi Hamidreza Jafari Naser Mehrdadi Hedayat Fahmi Parvin Farshchi Samaneh Zahediction: Caspian basin is one of the six basins of the country due to the development of humanactivities over the past decades by land use plans because severe changes in land cover in this basin itcan cause undesirable effects on water resources in the basin.Material and Morection: Caspian basin is one of the six basins of the country due to the development of humanactivities over the past decades by land use plans because severe changes in land cover in this basin itcan cause undesirable effects on water resources in the basin.Material and Methods: In this paper, to evaluate the effect of land use on water resources in the formof land-cover change, First, to assess the changes in land cover in the Caspian basin, And then thepressure on water resources scoring using FANP method then in the IDRISI software maps are madeand in the Arc GIS maps overlay. Finally, and by Excel software Regression and correlation betweenchanges in land cover and land use management of water resources in the Caspian basin will bedetermined.Results and Discussion: The results show that in the period between 2001 and 2012 Talesh sub-basinwith 28.91 % and Sefidrud with 8.18 % had maximum and lowest land cover changes in the Caspianbasin. Also final scoring of water resource management in the Caspian basin shown that Area subbasinwith 0.499617 and Haraz-Ghareh Su sub-basin with 0.158627 had maximum and lowest scoreof water resource management in the Caspian basin. Also the results of the dependence of changes inland cover by land use management and water resources management in the Caspian sub basin shown1- PhD Student of Environmental Planning, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran2- Professor of Environmental Planning and Management, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran,Tehran, Iran.3- Professor of Environmental Engineering Water and Wastewater, Faculty of Environment, University ofTehran, Tehran, Iran.4- PhD Hydrology and Water Resources, Deputy of Major Planning Affairs of Ab and Abfa, Iran Ministry ofEnergy.5- Professor of Costal Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Campus, IslamicAzad University, Tehran, Iran.6- PhD Student of Environmental Management, Faculty of Environment and Energy, Science and ResearchCampus, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.J.Env.Sci,TechJ.Env. Sci. Tech., Vol 17, No.3, Autumn 2015195that the dependence of R-Squared is equal to 0.645, indicating a relatively high dependence on thefield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Evaluation of land cover changes in Kaftareh watershed using remote sensing technique
Marzieh Alikhah-Asl Dariush NaseriBackground and Objective: Land cover change detection is an effective tool for managing natural resources and evaluating ecosystem changes. The aim of this research is monitoring land cover changes using remotely sensed images and GIS in Kaftareh watershed in Ardabil pr MoreBackground and Objective: Land cover change detection is an effective tool for managing natural resources and evaluating ecosystem changes. The aim of this research is monitoring land cover changes using remotely sensed images and GIS in Kaftareh watershed in Ardabil province. Method: In this investigation, Landsat 5 TM images for years 1987 and 1998 and Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS images for year 2014 were collected and analyzed. For this purpose, atmospheric and radiometric corrections, the images of every year was classified using maximum likelihood supervised classification method. Then, considering study area features, the images were classified into four land cover classes: dry land, range land, irrigated land, garden land and bare land. Moreover, NDVI index was used to differentiate between range land and bare land. Slope layer was used to distinguish between range land and dry land. Findings: According to the results, during the period 1987-2014, 68.91 percent of study area haven’t been changed. 1970.68 hectares of range land were destroyed and changed into bare land, dry land and garden land. Moreover, dry land, irrigated and garden land and bare land were increased 26% (1808.20 hectares), 6.97% (43.54 hectares) and 33.99% (100.78 hectares), respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Additional information such as slope layer and NDVI index in assistant with supervised classification of satellite images can increase the accuracy of image classification to provide land cover maps. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Land use change detection using remote sensing and GIS (Case study: Qhaemshahr city)
Gholam Reza Sabzghabaei Kaveh Jafarzadeh Seyedeh Soolmaz Dashti Shaharam Yousefi Khanghah Mojgan Bazmara BaleshtiBackground and Objective: One of the main issues in regional planning and development is land use change by human activities. Considering the benefits and potentials of satellite data, we can use remote sensing to extract and find this changes. Method: In this study, l MoreBackground and Objective: One of the main issues in regional planning and development is land use change by human activities. Considering the benefits and potentials of satellite data, we can use remote sensing to extract and find this changes. Method: In this study, land use changes of Qhaemshahr in a 15 years term has been detected. In this study, ETM+ images of 1999 and OLI images of 2014 of Landsat satellite has been used. After pre-processing via super wised classification, land use map has been extracted. Findings: Finally 5 land use types has been identified in this region. The kappa coefficient and the overall accuracy was 98.4 % and 0.97 % for ETM+ results and 99.67% and 0.97% for OLI results sequentially. The results showed that agricultural lands, forest, water covered areas has been converted to building zone and garden. The Results showed that 27.26% increase in garden regions, and 45.32 % decrease in agricultural zones during 15 years, also Forest lands and water covered decreased and building zones increased during 15 years. Discussion and Conclusion: The results confirm that satellite information for extracting land use maps and detecting land use changes is an effective method for planning the natural resources management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Investigation on Regulations and Commitments of the Climate Change Convention and Assessment of their Implementation in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Farideh Atabi Mehrdad Nazemi Amir Abbas Sedighi Narmin TavakoliClimate change has been one of the main concerns of societies in the world during the last two decades. Hence, the international community has taken some measures to solve this problem. Such measures include developments of the UN Framework Convention on the Climate Cha MoreClimate change has been one of the main concerns of societies in the world during the last two decades. Hence, the international community has taken some measures to solve this problem. Such measures include developments of the UN Framework Convention on the Climate Change (UNFCCC) to maintain the current concentration levels of the green house gases in the atmosphere in order to minimize the anthropogenic impacts on the climate. The convention has envisioned common but different responsibilities for all parties. Iran is also a party to the Convention and has developed the Empowerment Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran to meet its commitments with financial support of the Global Environmental Facilities (GEF) and the UNDP Office located in the Department of the Environment in Iran. In the present study, after reviewing climate change and green house phenomenon, the steps to form the UNFCCC, its goals and the commitments of member countries towards the Convention as well as its status in Iran, have been investigate. Although Iran has honored most of its commitments, the major drawbacks are weak regulations, lack of research and mismanagement of activities. The inadequate coordination amongst different sections of Iran and ineffective environmental laws are the major challenges to the implementation of the Climate Change Convention in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Status and change detection of Mangrove forest in Qeshm Island using satellite imagery from 1988 to 2008.
Shahram Jafarnia Jafar Oladi Seyed Mohammad Hoojati Khosro Mir Akhor LooIntrodoction: The Qeshm Island Mangrove forests are located at southern coast of Iran, near the highest latitude of Mangrove in Southeast of Asia. Due to the importance of all aspects of mangrove forest and to prompte it as one of the most significant world ecosystems t MoreIntrodoction: The Qeshm Island Mangrove forests are located at southern coast of Iran, near the highest latitude of Mangrove in Southeast of Asia. Due to the importance of all aspects of mangrove forest and to prompte it as one of the most significant world ecosystems the ever increasing destruction of thease natural resources, it is essential to preserve, restore and develop thease forest in Iran. Material & Method: In this study, mangrove forest areas were determined for 1988, 1998 and 2008; then, the changes were detected by comparing satellite data related to two periods of 1988-1998 and 1998-2008 in the northwest of Qeshm Island. Result & diction: The results showed that over the past two decades, significant changes have occurred in this area. In the first period, the total forest area increased from 5160.52 ha in 1988 into 5308.32 ha in 1998, i. e., the forest area had developed 181.7 ha (about 5/3%) during 10 years. In other words, the annual average growth rate of these forests was 0.35 percent, equivalent to 18.7 ha per year during that 10 year period. In the second period, the forest area of developed from 5308.32 ha in 1998 into 5512.7 ha in 2008, i. e., the forest area has been developed 204.4 ha, (3.8 %) in the second period 10 year. In other words, the annual average growth rate of the forest 0.38 percent (20.4 ha) per year during the second period. In this study,the main factor for the development of area has been causes natural regeneration and in cases of Afforestation mangrove forests in these areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Rehabilitation Pattern of Iranian Historical Gardens’ Landscape in Dry Areas Based on Xeriscape
Nasrin Nakhaei Mojtaba Ansari Mahdi ZandiyehBackground and Objective: Climatic changes, one of which is water shortage due to low precipitation, drop in groundwater level and canals dryness, have resulted in degradation of vegetation in some Iranian historical gardens in hot and dry areas. In the present research MoreBackground and Objective: Climatic changes, one of which is water shortage due to low precipitation, drop in groundwater level and canals dryness, have resulted in degradation of vegetation in some Iranian historical gardens in hot and dry areas. In the present research, it is attempted to extract a model for vegetation rehabilitation in these gardens (by keeping originality), through merging Xeriscape and Iranian garden principles. Through implementing this model, it is attempted to save these gardens and to keep these valuable historical monuments. Method: In the present research, components of Iranian gardens and xeriscape are studied and merged consistently. Therefore, this research is conducted based on combined strategies. Results: In the present research, Iranian garden and xeriscape principles are merged and then a model is presented based on low and optimal water consumption through selecting plants which need low water, modifying soil, using new irritation systems and mulches for covering surface of soil and also appropriate keeping in Iranian gardens. Conclusion: Although, in recent years, using xeriscape principles has boomed in different countries, but these principles not have been used in Iran synchronously. Through developing a comprehensive model for using xeriscape principles in Iranian gardens, the results obtained in this study can help in reviving vegetation of an Iranian historical garden degradaed due to water shortage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Exploring Land Cover Changes in Arak Using GIS and Remote Sensing
Mozhgan Ahmadi Nadoushan Alireza Soffianian Sayed Jamaleddin KhajeddinIntroduction: Land cover changes are among the most important alterations of the Earth’s land surface which affect the environment and environmental processes. Material and Methods: In this study, aerial photos from 1956 and 1972, Landsat TM and IRS-P6 LISS-III im MoreIntroduction: Land cover changes are among the most important alterations of the Earth’s land surface which affect the environment and environmental processes. Material and Methods: In this study, aerial photos from 1956 and 1972, Landsat TM and IRS-P6 LISS-III images obtained in 1980 and 2006 as well as the post-classification method were used to detect land cover changes and to evaluate Arak and its periphery during 1956-2006. At first, geometric correction was done to prepare aerial photos and satellite images. For this purpose, topographic maps at scales of 1:50000 and 1:25000 and nearest neighbor method and resampling method were applied. Root mean square error for all aerial photos and satellite images was less than one pixel. Afterwards, all georefrenced photos were mosaicked and land cover maps with 4 classes (urban areas, vegetated areas, barren lands, and rocks) were generated using visual interpretation of aerial photos. Following satellite images geometric correction, topographic correction was applied to images using DEM and Lambert model. In the next step, thye artificial neural networks classification method was implemented after producing false color composite images and image fusion. Results: Land cover maps in four classes were generated with overall accuracy of over 90%. To detect the land cover changes during 4 periods between 1956 and 2006, land cover maps of 1956, 1972, 1990 and 2006 were compared, and change maps and Tables were made. The results showed significant urban expansion, vegetated and barren lands losses and stability in rocks and mountainous areas during 1956-2006. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - The Effect of Uncertainty of Macroeconomic Indices on Tehran Stock Exchange Returns with the Approach of Randomized Fluctuations Models with Time Variations
Samaneh Tarighi Taghi Torabi Farhad Ghaffari Abbas MemarnezhadOne of the most important tasks of the financial economy is modeling and forecasting of the price volatility of risky assets. For analysts and policymakers, price volatility is a key variable that helps to understand market fluctuations. Therefore, the analysts need to MoreOne of the most important tasks of the financial economy is modeling and forecasting of the price volatility of risky assets. For analysts and policymakers, price volatility is a key variable that helps to understand market fluctuations. Therefore, the analysts need to be able to predict the correctness of price volatility as an essential input for tasks such as risk management, portfolio assignment, value at risk and transaction option pricing and future contracts. Accordingly, in the present research, return on stocks of Tehran Stock Exchange has been dealt with using PLS and TVP-SV models and its comparison with OLS method in MATLAB and XLSTAT software from March 2003 till August 2013 (monthly) using true variables (industrial output, real estate investment in housing, economic growth, government spending share in GDP and Non-oil exports growth rate) and monetary variables (inflation, money supply, exchange rate, oil price and domestic price of gold). Based on PLS model, the result was that the variables of economic growth and oil price have more influence of return of Tehran Stock Exchange in comparison with other variables. Then, we entered the variables of economic growth and oil price in TVP-SV model. Based on the results, TVP-SV model has more efficiency in comparison with OLS model. Based on the results of TVP-SV model after the first interruption of stock returns, the economic growth has the highest effect on stock returns. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Evaluation the Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policy and Iindustry Growth on Changes of Tehran Security Exchange Index
Usef Ahadi Sarkani Masoumeh GhasempourThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between macroeconomics variables and Tehran Exchange Price Index. In other words in this article in order to extend the previous studies, the interpretation of three categories of monetary and fiscal policies and MoreThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between macroeconomics variables and Tehran Exchange Price Index. In other words in this article in order to extend the previous studies, the interpretation of three categories of monetary and fiscal policies and industrial development on the growth of the capital market is considered. For this purpose we have analyzed the relationship between some macroeconomic variables such as Liquidity, tax and industrial production index with Total Price Index and seasonal data since 1994 till 2014. In this study the relationship between variables have been estimated by using regression analysis and method of ordinary lease squares. After controlling for regression assumptions including Outliers, Normal distribution for the dependent variable, Homogeneity of variance, non autocorrelation; the results indicate there are positive and significant relationship between liquidity and the industrial production index with Total Price Index and there are negative relationship between taxes and total Price Index. Among other indicators used in the study considerable significant relationship was found with Tehran Exchange Price Index. These results suggest the neutralizing effects of both monetary and fiscal policy on the Tehran Exchange Price Index and confirm the impact of industrial sector development on stock index Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Investigation of Quick Reaction of Tehran Securities Exchange to International Economic Announcement Publications
Ahmadreza Shiri Mehdi KhorramabadiVolatility of price movements on stock security exchange is of great importance. Entering of new information to stock security exchange can result in price movement volatility. With regard to this important point, this research is aimed at considering the quick reaction MoreVolatility of price movements on stock security exchange is of great importance. Entering of new information to stock security exchange can result in price movement volatility. With regard to this important point, this research is aimed at considering the quick reaction of Tehran Security Exchange to the internationally published economic announcements. Since U.S economy is known as the axis of economic crises of the world, the quick effect of U.S Job Union (USJU) which is grounded on job opportunities reduction rates has been investigated on Tehran Exchange Security by event study methodology during 1390. The research’s results which have been done on a sample containing 5o listed companies of Tehran Security Exchange during 1990 indicated that the USJU’s internationally published announcement has no information effect on Tehran Security Exchange. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - The Relationship of Management Optimism and Earnings Smoothing between Banks Listed in Tehran Stock Exchange and OTC
Jamal Bahri SalesToday managers to attract investors try to show revenue and income in maximum level as one of the criteria for their performance. They may be smooth the reported incomes by selecting specific accounting policies, accounting estimates and accruals management. Therefore, MoreToday managers to attract investors try to show revenue and income in maximum level as one of the criteria for their performance. They may be smooth the reported incomes by selecting specific accounting policies, accounting estimates and accruals management. Therefore, reported earnings may be differing from result of actual performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of management optimism and earnings smoothing between banks listed in Tehran stock exchange and OTC during 2010 to 2014. Adjusted community consists of 65 year-banks. To answer the research question two hypotheses through ordinary least square regression and binary logistic in form of multivariate liner by using Pooled data were tested. The results show that the optimism managers in compare with others, more likely to report earnings smoothed by accruals and IKLE smoothing index. The results also indicate that, larger and older banks are more likely to report earnings smoothed by accruals and IKLE smoothing index. The findings indicate that, the banks that have a high market to book value, less likely to smooth earnings by IKLE model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - The impact of environmental news on stock prices of companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange
zahra dianati dalami Elham KhodakaramiIn this study, the behavior of investors and the stock price have been paid to the environmental news and investors' reaction is studied to the favorable and unfavorable news. For this purpose, the standard methodology of events (event study) is used. The range of event MoreIn this study, the behavior of investors and the stock price have been paid to the environmental news and investors' reaction is studied to the favorable and unfavorable news. For this purpose, the standard methodology of events (event study) is used. The range of events includes 11 days (5 days before to five days after the announcement) has been considered. The research population, firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange is between the years 2010 to 2016. Abnormal returns are calculated according to market-adjusted return. The results show, that positive environmental news boosts stock prices and positive reaction of investors but negative environmental news release impact on stock prices, and investors also associated with lack of response. On the other hand, when good environmental news is released, the investor’s interest increase to buy stocks. But when bad environmental news is released, 11-day period, It does not impact on stock price and confirms the Sullivan(2016) theory which says committed investors to social responsibility show a positive reaction to good environmental news of firms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Efficient market in gold future market in high and low volatility
Mohamad Esmail Fadaienejad Ali Salehabadi Gholamhosein Asadi Mohamad Taghi Vaziri Hasan taati kashaniOne of the most important topics in financial markets in recent decades is the market efficiency. The efficient market hypothesis states that all available information is fully and immediately reflected in asset prices, therefore it is not possible to achieve systematic MoreOne of the most important topics in financial markets in recent decades is the market efficiency. The efficient market hypothesis states that all available information is fully and immediately reflected in asset prices, therefore it is not possible to achieve systematic profits by price forecasting. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the weak form of efficient market hypothesis for gold coin futures market in two settings of low volatility and high volatility of returns. In order to test the weak form market efficiency in prices of gold coin futures market, Markov-switching GARCH and Markov-switching autoregression methods have been applied to the period from 2008 to 2017. The results of the FIGARCH and FARMA models indicate the fact that the series have long term memories of risk and average returns. The results of the estimation for the Markov-switching GARCH model (MS-E-GARCH) and the Markov-switching autoregression (MS-AR) imply that both risk and average return of gold coin futures market is predictable, and as a result the gold coin futures market does not have the weak form of efficiency in both low and high volatility settings and systematic profits could be achieved in this mark Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - وجود جوابهای ضعیف برای یک سیستم مقدار مرزی فراکشنالی نیمه-خطی ولترا – فردهلم
الیاس شیوانیاناین مقاله به مطالعه جوابهای های ضعیف یک رده از سیستم غیر خطی از مسایل مقدار مرزی کسری شامل ترم های انتگرال خطی ولترا و فردهلم می پردازد. این سیستم معادلات انتگرال-دیفرانسیل نیمه خطی کسری ولترا-فردهلم همچنین دارای یک ترم گرادیان از یک جمله غیر خطی هست. ما تئوری نقطه بحرا Moreاین مقاله به مطالعه جوابهای های ضعیف یک رده از سیستم غیر خطی از مسایل مقدار مرزی کسری شامل ترم های انتگرال خطی ولترا و فردهلم می پردازد. این سیستم معادلات انتگرال-دیفرانسیل نیمه خطی کسری ولترا-فردهلم همچنین دارای یک ترم گرادیان از یک جمله غیر خطی هست. ما تئوری نقطه بحرانی و ساختار تغییراتی را برای اثبات وجود حداقل سه جواب ضعیف مجزا برای سیستم اعمال می کنیم. برای این منظور، ما از قضیه معروفی درباره ساخت مجموعه نقاط بحرانی از تابعکها با شرط فشردگی ضعیف بهره می بریم. علاوه بر این، مثالی برای تأیید آنالیز و کاربرد نظریه ارائه شده، آورده شده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - خوش وضعی هادامارد برای خانواده ای از نابرابری های تغییراتی آمیخته و مسائل شمول
الهام خاکراه عبدالرحمان رازانی مرتضی اویسیهادر این مقاله، مفاهیم خوش وضعی و خوش وضعی هادامارد برای خانواده ای از نابرابری های تغییراتی آمیخته مطالعه می شوند. برخی مشخص سازی های متریکی از خوش وضعی ارائه می گردد. همچنین رابطه ای بین خوش وضعی و خوش وضعی هادامارد خانواده ای از نابرابری های تغییراتی آمیخته مطالعه می ش Moreدر این مقاله، مفاهیم خوش وضعی و خوش وضعی هادامارد برای خانواده ای از نابرابری های تغییراتی آمیخته مطالعه می شوند. برخی مشخص سازی های متریکی از خوش وضعی ارائه می گردد. همچنین رابطه ای بین خوش وضعی و خوش وضعی هادامارد خانواده ای از نابرابری های تغییراتی آمیخته مطالعه می شود. در پایان، رابطه بین خوش وضعی برای خانواده نابرابری های تغییراتی آمیخته و خوش وضعی برای خانواده مسائل شمول مورد بحث قرار می گیرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Investigation of the process of land use change in Mahidasht plain watershed using Remote Sensing images
Samireh Saymohammadi Mohsen Tavakoli Kiumars Zarafshani Hossein Mehdizadeh Farzad AmiriIn this study, to the investigation of land use change trend in Mahidasht plain watershed, first, land uses of land in the region were provided by satellite imagery and user map of past years, and then was calculated the percentage of changes in the level of each applic MoreIn this study, to the investigation of land use change trend in Mahidasht plain watershed, first, land uses of land in the region were provided by satellite imagery and user map of past years, and then was calculated the percentage of changes in the level of each application. Satellite images taken from Landsat 8,7 and 5 satellites and for three time periods (1987, 2000, 2016), which were provided by international references. All map corrections were performed in ENVI 5.3 and ARC GIS 10.2 software. The results of this study showed that in the first period of the study (1987), the largest area of land use was for Rain fed land with an area of 1558.63 Km2 and the smallest area was the Residential area with an area of 15.77 Km2. Also in the second period (1987-2000), the largest area of land use was for Rain fed land with an area of 1465.74 Km2 and the smallest area belonged to residential land with an area of 19.44 Km2.Whereas in the third period (2000-2016), the largest area of land use was Irrigated lands with an area of 1054.60 Km2, and then the uncoated lands with an area of 1050.62 km2 and the smallest area related to Residential land with area 22.51 Km2. During the period from 2000 to 2016, the largest change was observed in Rain fed lands to Irrigated lands, and the area of uncoated lands and Residential lands also increased significantly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Change detection of land use in Ardabil city by means of GIS and RS Technology
Mirmasood Kheirkhah Zarkesh Farhad Hoseinzadeh azadSince agricultural plain lands of Ardabil have been important in providing food stuffs, and due to the necessities of land usage management in this section, determination of process and change-rating of land cover I important for developers. In this regard, dynamic temp MoreSince agricultural plain lands of Ardabil have been important in providing food stuffs, and due to the necessities of land usage management in this section, determination of process and change-rating of land cover I important for developers. In this regard, dynamic temporal data of remote sensing can play an important role in searching and analyzing of land usage change which is done by means of numerical change detection techniques in which the descriptive process of changes in covering variety and situation of land use is based on the temporal series image data. Basic hypothesis in using remote sensing data is on the base of these criteria that claims the ascending or descending nature of changes between two or more periods is recognizable, and by comparing the related data from different years, we can detect mutual relationships between natural, social and economic parameters. In this study, maximum likelihood supervised classification and change detection techniques were applied to Land sat images acquired in 1990 and 2007, respectively, to map land cover changes in the Ardebil city. A supervised classification was carried out on reflective bands for the four images individually with the aid of ground truth data. Ground truth information collected were used to assess the accuracy of the classification results. Using ancillary data, and expert knowledge of the area through GIS further refined the classification results. Change detection technique was used to produce change image through cross-tabulation Changes among different land cover classes were assessed. During the study period, a very severe land cover change has taken place as a result of agricultural and urban development projects. These changes in land cover led to vegetation degradation and cropland in part of the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Reducing environmental pollution by converting organic wastes to hydrochar and it’s using in the soil
Yaser Azimzadeh Nosratollah NajafiEnvironmental pollution with various organic and inorganic contaminants, pathogens, poisons, and pesticides and global warming are the most important environmental issues for the mankind. Converting of biomasses into hydrochar is a novel technology that has attract MoreEnvironmental pollution with various organic and inorganic contaminants, pathogens, poisons, and pesticides and global warming are the most important environmental issues for the mankind. Converting of biomasses into hydrochar is a novel technology that has attracted great attention of researchers in recent decade due to its potential in reducing environmental pollution. Hydrochar is a persistent porous carbon, derived from hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of biomass at 160-250 oC and 15-25 bar. The products of the HTC process are three sterile phases including of solid (hydrochar), liquid (process solution), and gaseous. Adding hydrochar to soils has been described as a means of sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide, and also mitigating greenhouse gasses such as nitrogen oxide and methane emissions. Hydrochar increases water retention capacity of soil and soil infiltration by improving soil physical properties and reduces nutrient leaching and losing by nutrients retention in soil and reducing soil erosion. In addition, hydrochar has a great surface area and functional groups and can be used as an adsorbent of various pollutants specially heavy metals from water, waste water, and sewage sludge. Nonetheless, there are very few studies on the characterization and environmental aspects of this valuable material and its production technology. Unfortunately, there is no investigation on this field in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Comparison of concentration and trend of dust particles in relation to climatic variables in the western half of Iran
Nahid Mahmoodi Mahpash Babak SouriBackground and Purpose: Today one of the issues and essential crises of human societies is incidence of dust phenomenon. Therefore, in researches, the dust concentration has been compared in relation to climatic variables in Sanandaj, Khoramabad and Andimeshk cities loc MoreBackground and Purpose: Today one of the issues and essential crises of human societies is incidence of dust phenomenon. Therefore, in researches, the dust concentration has been compared in relation to climatic variables in Sanandaj, Khoramabad and Andimeshk cities located in different geographical areas in the western half of Iran.Material and Methodology: Inactive sampling was done for measuring dust density. Menkendal test and Pierson cohesion were done for assessment of changes process and their relation with some meteorology parameters.Results: Results showed that the most average density of dust in Sanandaj, Khoramabad and Andimeshk cities were (1.45±0.48, 1.14±0.84 & 1.65±1.07) mg to m2. Checking changes process of dust density showed that Sanandaj station has decreasing process in meaningful level 95 percent (P-value=0.047) between different station. Results of cohesion assessment among dust amounts in 3 stations with metrology parameters showed that in Sanandaj station there was positive relation between dust density and temperature average (p < 0.05, r = 0.61), but there was negative relation between dust density with comparative damp (p < 0.05, r = 0.71) and downfall (p < 0.05, r = 0.61) In Khoramabad (p < 0.05, r = 0.61) and Adimeshk (p < 0.001, r = 0.72) stations there was positive and meaningful relation between dust density and wind speed. Discussion and Conclusion: By these findings it can be concluded that dust amounts in different areas depends on geographical condition, topography requirements, continental, metrology parameters and also their origins are various. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Evaluation of Temporal and Sspatial Variations of Groundwater Level by using Statistical Estimator (Case study: Nourabad Plain)
Babak Shahi Nejad Reza DehghaniBackground and Purpose:Groundwater is the main water resource for domestic and agricultural uses in Iran. Analysis method:So real-time mapping of groundwater depth can guide to have a proper exploitation of groundwater. Groundwater level, geohydrological studies is very MoreBackground and Purpose:Groundwater is the main water resource for domestic and agricultural uses in Iran. Analysis method:So real-time mapping of groundwater depth can guide to have a proper exploitation of groundwater. Groundwater level, geohydrological studies is very important. Research on spatial and temporal scales due to changes in groundwater levels is essential. In this study was to evaluate the spatial and temporal changes in groundwater level Nour in 35 wells for statistical year (2011-2012) in two months, wet and dry node geostatistical estimation were used. Nourabad groundwater level parameters after the homogeneity test and normalization, as input different methods of kriging interpolation weighting photos are to be evaluated by 1 to 5. root mean square error and mean error standard deviation was used to compare and evaluate methods. findings: The results shown Photo weighting methods are to be a dry and wet few months with the lowest root mean square error and mean bias error was a priority. Conclusion: Overall Distance Weighting method Photo appropriate method for statistical analysis and can be useful as a step in the exploitation of groundwater resources used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Analysis of COP26 Meeting with Emphasis on the Situation in Iran
Susan Hayeri Yazdi Maryam Robati Nasim Poursina Ozra KarimiBackground and Aim: As climate change has shifted from a marginal issue to a global priority, it has been nearly three decades since the United Nations brought together most of the countries on Earth for the Global Climate Summit, called the COP. The purpose of this stu MoreBackground and Aim: As climate change has shifted from a marginal issue to a global priority, it has been nearly three decades since the United Nations brought together most of the countries on Earth for the Global Climate Summit, called the COP. The purpose of this study was to investigate the goals and achievements of COP26 and its impact on Iran's macro decisions.Methods: This study was a study on past COPs and COP26. In this regard, previous and current articles were studied along with the lectures and achievements of the COPs, and the course and evolution of this summit, its strengths and weaknesses, and its results were studied. Finally, the impact of this summit on Iran's decisions has been analyzed and some suggestions have been made to improve the policy-making process in Iran.Findings: Given that most power plants in Iran and the steel industry typically use fossil fuels as sources of input energy, the issue of reducing carbon emissions from industries using renewable energy and the use of global aid to help reduce emissions It will have greenhouse gases.Discussion and Conclusion: Fields of work inside and outside Iran are in two parts: mitigating and adapting to climate change, and in this regard, there are several international organizations for the allocation of financial assistance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Investigating the effectiveness of the Paris Agreement in domestic climate change lawsuits from the perspective of international law
meisam norouzi mehdi eskandari khoshguoDThe present study was conducted with the aim of modeling energy consumption in the main building of Tehran Municipality, District 5, and in order to determine the type and manner of energy consumption. Design Builder software was used for modeling. The four modeling sc MoreDThe present study was conducted with the aim of modeling energy consumption in the main building of Tehran Municipality, District 5, and in order to determine the type and manner of energy consumption. Design Builder software was used for modeling. The four modeling scenarios were the current state, the use of a movable canopy, the use of a photovoltaic panel, and the combined state. The results showed that the penetration air load coefficient is equal to 3132.5 W/K. Most of the heat received from the sun's heat comes from incoming radiation from the windows of the building. Red and blue are also related to the perceived load of heating and cooling of the building. The highest heat dissipation in cold seasons is related to the roof and glass of the building. Brightness is 54% of the points in the standard range, 2% of the points have more brightness than the standard and 44% of the points have less than the standard brightness. As can be deduced from the available results, the lighting condition (based on the installed capacity per unit area) of this building is higher than the world standards, which can be reduced to some extent without affecting the indoor comfort conditions. According to studies, the shortcomings of the building are significant from an energy perspective. So that the average heat transfer coefficient of the walls is 2.5 times the standard value of topic 19 and the average heat transfer coefficient of the windows is 1.7 times the standard value of topic 19. Also, the average ceiling heat transfer coefficient is 2.2 times the standard value of topic 19. By using smart canopies, the cooling and heating energy has been reduced by 12% compared to the building in the ground state. On the other hand, based on the modeling, it is determined that the total electricity consumption of the building during a year is 1074146 kWh that the panels can produce 88437 kWh during the year. Accordingly, the panels are capable of generating 15/3% of the building's electricity needs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Study the Trend of Temporal- Spatial Variation in Mesopotamian Marshlands and Effective Factors
Amir hossein Halabian Mehran ShabankariThe 21 century encounter with many challenges which the most important challenges are environmental topics such as deforestation and marshlands destruction and it’s consequences( flood, drought and dust). The Mesopotamian marshlands as the biggest middle- east aqu MoreThe 21 century encounter with many challenges which the most important challenges are environmental topics such as deforestation and marshlands destruction and it’s consequences( flood, drought and dust). The Mesopotamian marshlands as the biggest middle- east aquatic ecosystem has been placed as exoreac basin in south of Iraq and small part of south-western of Iran. These marshlands have been make one of the most dynamic fresh water ecosystems in the world in regional- local scale because of their great area, moist stability and adjancent with permanet rivers. These ecosystems have very important role and position in environmental refining and economical life of region, because of their valuable ecological hydro- climatic potentials. In recent decades, the qualitative changes resulting from undesiable human- natural processes have had the important effects on construction and function of this complex, and the role of marshlands has been coverted from dust stabilization and environmental refining in to origin and center of regional dust. This investigation with analytic- documentary statistical method, study the degradation and instability trend of Mesopotamian marshlands as one of the factors increasing dust in Iran. The result indicated that marshlands have been experienced many gradual and sudden changes. The most important factors foe these changes consist of hydro- climatic changes, infrostructure affairs development( dams and drainage), environmental threats( political and military tensions and drought) and human pollutants types( agricultural, industrial and domestic) which should be consider in regional- local hydropolitic management and planning for improvenental stability of marshlands and consequently, decreasing dust phenomena occurrence. This research indicated that satellite images have capability to reveal and describe the temporal- spatial variation of Mesopotamian marshlands. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Monthly variation of soil chemical properties In the mixed beech-hornbeam stand
Maryam Moslehi Hashem Habashi Farhad Khormali Ramin Rahmani Mohamad Ali PourmalekshahBase cation leaching as a process affecting nutrient transport, has a key role in preventing of soil macro element loss (especially in poor soil) that varies result in interaction relations of soil, climate and biological activity over time. So the objective of this stu MoreBase cation leaching as a process affecting nutrient transport, has a key role in preventing of soil macro element loss (especially in poor soil) that varies result in interaction relations of soil, climate and biological activity over time. So the objective of this study was to investigate monthly variation of base cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) of shallow (0-10 cm) and deep (10-50 cm) soil leaching in the mixed beech-hornbeam stand located in district one of Shastkolate forest, Golestan province. Samples of different layers of soil leaching were taken after each rain from 2008/12/21 to 2009/12/21 and were studied in the laboratory. To investigate the monthly variation of base cation leaching, we used one way variance analysis and for mean comparison we used Duncan's test at the 95% level confidence. Result showed amounts of base cation leaching of soil layers in various months were different significantly. The least leached cation in shallow (in October) and deep soil (September, October and November) was for magnesium. Also the most leached cation in shallow soil was for potassium in August (8.54 kg ha) and in deep soil was for calcium in December (6.39 kg ha). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - Interactions between Soil Organisms and Global Climate Change and Application of Meta-Analysis in its Interpretation: A Systematic Review
Zahed Sharifi Ali Akbar Safari SineganiSoil microorganisms have important role at production and consumption of greenhouse gases,such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and nitric oxide (NO). On theother hand, there are valid reasons that climate changes can directly or indirectly a MoreSoil microorganisms have important role at production and consumption of greenhouse gases,such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and nitric oxide (NO). On theother hand, there are valid reasons that climate changes can directly or indirectly alter the compositionand abundance of soil microbial communities. So that, the results of the systematic review showed thatthe main direct effects of climate changes on soil microbial communities are likely to be caused bychanges in temperature and moisture content. Howevr, the effects of increased CO2 levels onmicrobial communities are often indirect, as they are mediated by positive effects of the gas on plantphotosynthesis, which in turn changes in quantity and quality of soil C inputs. Any way, depending onthe taxonomy, body size, feeding habits, ecosystem type, local climate, treatment magnitude andduration, the patterns respons of the soil organisms in against of climate change parameters are differ.So that, the results of meta-analysis has show that the response of soil biota to elevated CO2, is dependon the trophic group, body size, and experimental approaches (field or greenhouse). Whereas, theresponse of soil biota to warming and altered precipitation are depend on local climate and ecosystemtype. Furthermore, the effects of increase CO2 on soil organism abundance diminished with time,however the effects of warming and altered precipitation intensified with time Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Survey on effects of plantation in variety temperature in middle Zagrus ( case study : shahyon Dezful)
Maryam Behdarvand mohsen Hosseini seyed mohammad bagher nabavi ehsan sayadIn order to survey on probably variety of temperature in a planted area compare to none planted area selected 50 Ha of planted land of near the Dez dam in shahyon of Dezful . For data comparing selected area 10 Ha as well as buffer zone in out o MoreIn order to survey on probably variety of temperature in a planted area compare to none planted area selected 50 Ha of planted land of near the Dez dam in shahyon of Dezful . For data comparing selected area 10 Ha as well as buffer zone in out of planted land .Then based on Random-systematic method, 3 thermometer maximum-minimum in the stable line altitude 520 meter up the sea level in planted land & 3 thermometer in none planted land in same line were installed too. Harvested data duration one month after assemblage and analysis showed that emperature difference in two areas was very salient and it was proximate to 3 c.Temperature vibration in plated land lower than none planted land meaningful Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Litigation and International Responsibility; Instruments deal with the lack of performing commitments concerning climate change
Seyed Abbas Pourhashemi Sobhan Taiebi Shima NaderiCreating and articulating the human rights of the people is necessary. Therefore human rights in dealing with environmental problems, not indifferent and more serious issues in the light of environmental considerations within the international legal has institutionalize MoreCreating and articulating the human rights of the people is necessary. Therefore human rights in dealing with environmental problems, not indifferent and more serious issues in the light of environmental considerations within the international legal has institutionalized. One of the most important environmental problems of global climate change is caused by the violation of the international obligations of states.However, conventions, protocols and other international documents on climate change with emphasis on the prevention of air and water pollution seems not yet developed, developing and least developed in the implementation of these documents and regulations are in trouble and international agreements output is positive and strong. It is necessary to describe the purpose of the pathology of non-fulfillment of international commitments on climate change, examines the legal framework of the effective tools in this regard, be addressed. Therefore, its Necessitated, Be investigated to Investigating violation of international obligations on climate change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - Environmental Diplomacy and Climate Change; Constructive strategic approach to reducer
Sobhan Tayebi Mahnaz ZarabiOur Common Future”, “The future we want”, “Green Future” and Future ahead, the result of the numerous international conferences on important environmental issues in the international arena and was derived from the perspective of Earth's inh MoreOur Common Future”, “The future we want”, “Green Future” and Future ahead, the result of the numerous international conferences on important environmental issues in the international arena and was derived from the perspective of Earth's inhabitants and rulers of the world. The process developed in the context of international interactions and has its origin for human rights. The precise form taken on this matter within the framework of diplomacy and it has responded to many concerns. But, it's taken in the meantime, however, significant actions, but there is still present environmental risks as problems facing the international community and The environmental problems may be the result of a social crisis that is considered a threat to peace and security. So, Climate change, including new or emerging risks which will consist of many challenges, including global warming, greenhouse gases instability, destruction of the ozone layer, melting ice, rising sea levels, ocean phenomena, acid rain. This Research based on the principles and methods, and library studies. This Research is Established Inquiry Environmental Diplomacy as Effective Strategy in Climate Change Control. Although international mechanisms of climate change on the agenda is a significant range of activities, the most important way to be successful is the process special attention to cooperation in regional, international and global diplomacy that takes place in the context of the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - برخی تغییرات خونی، بیوشیمیائی و پاتولوژیک در گاوهای مبتلا به سندروم عدم تحمل نسبت به گرما متعاقب ابتلاء به تب برفکی
محسن خسروی بختیاری محمد نوری بابک محمدیان سعیده امیدیان -
Open Access Article
120 - بررسی تنوع گونه ای و تغییرات فصلی کنه های موجود در بزهای استان زنجان
افشین بهمن شبستری جابر داوودی -
Open Access Article
121 - اثر لوزارتان بر فیبروز کلیه متعاقب انسداد کامل یکطرفه میزنای در موش صحرایی
مهرداد نشاط قراملکی میرهادی خیاط نوری غفور موسوی -
Open Access Article
122 - راهکارهای مقابله با تاثیرات تغییرات آب و هوایی و گازهای گلخانهای بر محیط زیست ایران از منظر حقوق بین الملل و حقوق ایران
مرتضی صادقی غزاله کبیرآبادی هاشم امیری -
Open Access Article
123 - مروری نظاممند بر مقالات منتشر شده در تحلیل اثر تغییرات اقلیمی و فرمشهرها
علی ملکعباسی شیرین طغیانی خوراسگانی امیرحسین شبانی سروش مدبری دیوید ویانا -
Open Access Article
124 - بررسی میزان گسترش محدوده فیزیکی روستاها و عوامل مرتبط با آن (مطالعه موردی شهرستان همدان)
حمیدرضا وجدانی شاهبختی رستمی مصطفی طالشی اسماعیل علی اکبری -
Open Access Article
125 - تحلیل فضایی تغییرات کارکردی روستاهای جنوب غربی کلانشهرتهران
بایرام عبادی عبدالباسط قریشی نصرالله مولائی هشجین -
Open Access Article
126 - تبیین تحولات کارکردی روستاها و گذار از اقتصاد کشاورزی به گردشگری با تأکید بر نظریه چرخه حیات (مطالعه موردی: دهستان فیروزجاه- شهرستان بابل)
محمدرضا رضوانی سیدحسن مطیعی لنگرودی فاطمه محمدزاده لاریجانی -
Open Access Article
127 - مدیریت اراضی رها شده شهری و سامان دهی آنها با الگوی توسعه پایدار شهری (مطالعه موردی شهرسمنان)
مریم اسماعیلیان ناساری دکتر سعید کامیابی دکتر محمدرضا زندمقدم -
Open Access Article
128 - واکاوی تغییرات نسلی در سبک زندگی جامعه عشایری(مطالعه موردی: طایفه بایاری، استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد)
صادق اصغری لفمجانی حمیدرضا نسیمی -
Open Access Article
129 - سنجش عوامل مؤثر بر تابآوری اقلیمی (نمونه موردی: شهر تبریز)
ساناز منافلویان زهرا سادات سعیده زرآبادی مصطفی بهزادفر -
Open Access Article
130 - An Analytic Study of Perpetuated Revolutionarism of Clergymen in the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Politico-sociological Ground
رضا عیسی نیاConsidering the fact that clergymen in Iran’s seminaries in general have had three approaches of reformism, revolutionarism and traditional/conservatism compared to Pahlavi political system and since the Islamic Revolution has divided clergymen into marked spectra MoreConsidering the fact that clergymen in Iran’s seminaries in general have had three approaches of reformism, revolutionarism and traditional/conservatism compared to Pahlavi political system and since the Islamic Revolution has divided clergymen into marked spectra of revolutionary ones and non-revolutionary ones, the present paper aims to make strong and weak points of revolutionary approach known from among the three approaches they have had in relation to socio-political changes during the Islamic Republic of Iran. To achieve this aim, main questions raised in the paper are: “How have revolutionary clergymen reacted to socio-political changes and what status has revolutionary approach in the 38 years passed the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran had in rebuilding new human and social environment?” the author claims that the revolutionary approach could not achieve its politico-social ideals and goals because, on one hand it neither could get rid of heavy shadow of traditional approach, nor could benefit from reformist approach. On the other hand, it could not, due its internal weakness, put into practice its concerned changes culturally, socially and politically since it faces a problem in separating the two “me”, meaning I am revolutionary and I am supporter of political system; since what “I am revolutionary” wants it to do and what “I support the Islamic Republic of Iran wants it to do can be two different things that at times result in conflict; therefore, their separation is a very difficult task. The author has tried to discuss, critically and politico-sociologically revolutionarism of seminary scholars and to deal with the issues associated as social phenomenon. The results and achievements of the article can be used for basic and applied investigations related to clergymen. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - بررسی تنوع زیستی علفهای هرز مزارع گندم شهرستان گرگان (حوزه قرهسو) با استفاده از سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS)
Laila Salkhurdeh Behnam Kamkar Javid Gharakhloo Zahra Arabi -
Open Access Article
132 - The basis of pyroelectric sensors
Mozhdeh Heydarianasl This article describes pyroelectric sensors and describes how they work. These sensors are sensitive to temperature changes and generate pulses at the output by switching on and off the heat flux from hot objects in front of them. The advantage of pyroelectric sen More This article describes pyroelectric sensors and describes how they work. These sensors are sensitive to temperature changes and generate pulses at the output by switching on and off the heat flux from hot objects in front of them. The advantage of pyroelectric sensors is that they are sensitive to a wide range of infrared waves and operate at ambient temperature. One of the applications of pyroelectric sensors in ground sensors is used in the control of satellites and space structures to determine the position. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - New Capacitance Switching Technique with Low Sensitivity to Common-Mode Voltage Variations for Differential SAR ADCs
elham khorshidi عبدالرسول GhasemiIn this paper, while describing the operation of the ADC SAR, we examine the blocks that make up this converter and the share of each of the circuits is in total power consumption and tried to reduce the power consumption. Since the DAC and comparator respectively have MoreIn this paper, while describing the operation of the ADC SAR, we examine the blocks that make up this converter and the share of each of the circuits is in total power consumption and tried to reduce the power consumption. Since the DAC and comparator respectively have the highest power consumption in this type of converter, most designers pay attention to the two sides to reduce power consumption. DAC design is more important from these two circuits, so an analog to digital converter with the fully differential is proposed with a proposed switching method to reduce the power consumption of the DAC. In this converter, the energy consumed DAC has fallen by 86% compared to conventional structure and has decreased by 24.65%compared to the monotonic structure. Due to the performance of the DAC complement switching of the upper and lower half-circuits, caused the voltage variations of the common-mode inputs of the comparator to be constant from step two to the next, and this improves the constant of the voltage variation of the common mode of our circuit deflection Which is the benefits from this proposed method. All simulation in the 0.18 μm CMOS technology with 1.8-V power supply is done. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Characterization of bio-hydrogels synthesized based on wild sage seed's gum by spectroscopic methods and evaluation of swelling and drug delivery with changes in temperature and pH
هما کوشکی محمد مهرشاد Seyed Hashem AkhlaghiMethods: In this research, composites based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with silica gel and modified by vinyl groups were prepared. The modified nanoparticles were reacted with Mero grain gel to establish a covalent bond between the two compounds. Naproxen was then ad MoreMethods: In this research, composites based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with silica gel and modified by vinyl groups were prepared. The modified nanoparticles were reacted with Mero grain gel to establish a covalent bond between the two compounds. Naproxen was then added to the final nanohydrogel. UV spectroscopy was used to ensure drug loading. After that, the drug release step was tested and UV spectroscopy was used again. FT-IR spectroscopy was also used to identify the modified nanoparticles. The surface morphology and dispersion of nanoparticles in maroon grain nanohydrogels were investigated using SEM scanning electron microscopy technique.Increasing the rate of water penetration into the hydrogel network reduces the release time of the drug. By placing the hydrogel in a buffer with a pH of 7.4, the buffer solution penetrates into the hydrogel network and the drug is released from it, so over time, the concentration of the drug in the buffer increases and the absorption of naproxen loaded: 2.1757, Absorption of naproxen released after 24 hours: 1.386 and drug release percentage after 24 hours: 63.7%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - The recontextualization of climate change in the Higher Education Curriculum
shahnaz karami kourosh fathi vajargah aliakbar khosravi babadi Manuchehr Farajzadeh AslRecontextualization is one of the new subjects that has been discussed in Iran and tries to study various sciences in the context of curriculum studies. Climate change is a science that deals with climate change and its effects. The purpose of this study is to introduce MoreRecontextualization is one of the new subjects that has been discussed in Iran and tries to study various sciences in the context of curriculum studies. Climate change is a science that deals with climate change and its effects. The purpose of this study is to introduce a new context in the higher education curriculum and tries to incorporate climate concepts into curriculum studies. Hence, this is applied research with regard to the goals that have been and qualitative in terms of the type of data and is conducted within a research analytical of documentary type framework. The data for this study was gathered through a documentary study. Among the documents discussed in this regard, the documents available to the researcher in the period from 2018 to 2020 related to Bernstein's Theory have been used. The result is that by modeling Bernstein's theory, a new context can be created in the higher education curriculum called climate change and made the classrooms a place to base lofty thinking on the protection of life on earth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Comparison of spatial resolution of LandSat and SPOT satellite images in measuring landscape fragmentation
Ehsan Rahimi Abdol-Rasoul Salman Mahini Seyed Hamed Mir Karimi Hamid Reza Kamyab Sattar SoltanianSince the foundation of landscape ecology, the correlation between spatial patterns and ecological processes has always been regarded as one of key topics in this discipline. In this context, landscape metrics provide valuable information for the interpretation of lands MoreSince the foundation of landscape ecology, the correlation between spatial patterns and ecological processes has always been regarded as one of key topics in this discipline. In this context, landscape metrics provide valuable information for the interpretation of landscape patterns. It is clear that the scale of input data and the scale of analysis must be coherent in order to calculate and interpret landscape metrics correctly. One main method that is often used to assess the scaling effects on landscape pattern is to manipulate the grain size or pixel size in satellite images. In this study, The SPOT and LandSat satellite images of 1986 and 2010 and simulations and maps of Markov-cellular automata models of 2020 were used. The effects of spatial resolution on 8 metrics were evaluated using the software FRAGSTATS in class and landscape levels. The results showed that the changes in grain size have significant effects on landscape metrics and their changes in the future so that the increased grain size will lead to the deacreased number of patches (NP), patch density (PD), LSI and CONAG. In general, metrics showed two types of irregular and increase behaviors according to the reduced grain size; in this study, the changes in grain size are more sensitive than the other metrics. So, the application of these metrics in landscape studies shoulde be considerably paid attention. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Predicting locational trend of land use changes using CA-Markov Model (Case study: Kohmare Sorkhi, Fars province)
Sara Azizi Ghalati Kazem Rangzan Javad Sadidy Peyman Heydarian Ayoub TaghizadehLand use changes act as a significant factor in the environmental changes and have become a global threat. Monitoring and prediction these changes by satellite images and models can help the planners and managers to make more conscious planning decisions. In this regard MoreLand use changes act as a significant factor in the environmental changes and have become a global threat. Monitoring and prediction these changes by satellite images and models can help the planners and managers to make more conscious planning decisions. In this regard, the current research aimed to monitor, model and predict land use changes using CA-Markov model in Kohmare Sorkhi region, Fars province in 2024 for a period of 25 years (1987-2012). To implement the mentioned model, the land use map was first prepared by ETM+ and TM sensors during three years (1987, 2000, 2012). Then, validation of maps and change detection process were performed. The results of change detection for the first period (1987-2000) and second period (2000-2012) with an accuracy of 83% and Kappa index of 88% have shown the greatest increase in the rangeland area (4224.24 ha) and the greatest decrease in the forest area (3953.75 ha). In the next stage, in order to calibrate the CA-Markov model, land use map for 2012 was predicted; on the other hand, regarding Error Matrix between the modeling land use map and the reference land use map, the Kappa index wad given as 75%. Finally, considering the previous stage, the land use map for the outlook of 2024 was predicted. The final results for 2024 indicated that the forest area would endure the great amount of changes in comparison with 2012. The forests would change into the irrigated agricultural area and rangelands which can be considered in sustainable development planning by decision makers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Change detection in the forest cover of Siyahmezgi watershed of Guilan using LandSat images
seyed Armin Hashemi Seyed Raza Fatemi Talab Hamide Kavousi Kalashmi Mortaza Madanipour KermanshahiIn recent decades Caspian forest has been attacked by human intervention. Easy access, abundance and diversity of valuable forest products led to an increase in population density, development of new residential areas and activities of deforestation. Change detection is MoreIn recent decades Caspian forest has been attacked by human intervention. Easy access, abundance and diversity of valuable forest products led to an increase in population density, development of new residential areas and activities of deforestation. Change detection is essential in the assessment and management of natural resources. The aim of this study, was to monitor changes in forests of Siyahmezgi watershed in two time periods (2000 and 2015), using LandSat ETM+ (2000) and OLI (2015) images. Images were geometric corrected using 20 ground control points that are randomly taken from all over the watershed area, and topographic maps. After selection of the best indicators of using Bhattacharyya distance, image classification using an artificial neural network algorithm was performed. The results of classification of neural network method of Siyahmezgi watershed in two time periods (2000 and 2015) showed that overall accuracy is equal to 95.75% and 95.96%, respectively. The area of forest lands during 2000 and 2015 has been reduced in size 213.55 ha. In addition, in this area dense rangelands have declined, but during this period the extent of dry farming and semi-dense rangelands have 169.95 and 9.6 hectares were added, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Detection of land use changes in Hoor Al Azim wetland using remote sensing and geographic information system techniques
Soroor Makrouni Gholam Reza Sabzghabaei Shahram Yousefi Khanghah Sattar SoltanianIn order to protect the reasonable and sagely of wetlands and also recognize the changes in their characteristics which can be caused by natural factors or human activities used remote sensing techniques and satellite image analysis. This study aimed to evaluate l MoreIn order to protect the reasonable and sagely of wetlands and also recognize the changes in their characteristics which can be caused by natural factors or human activities used remote sensing techniques and satellite image analysis. This study aimed to evaluate land use changes of Hoor Al Azim Wetland using LandSat ETM+ (2003) and OLI (2014) satellite images. After geometric and atmospheric correction, maximum likelihood and post-classification techniques were used to detect land use/cover changes. The overall classification accuracy and the Kappa coefficient for the produced maps to 2003 and 2014 were 0.91 and 0.89, respectively. Map classification of 2014 showed that the area of Hoor Al Azim wetlands has been decreased from 84300 to 45500 hectares. The results of change detection showed during the study residential, and rangeland area had increased, but agricultural and wetland had reduced. The findings of this study denoted that remote sensing data can provide appropriate information for specifying land use changes due to their repeatability, and broad vision. This approach will support adaptive management of wetlands such as Hoor Al Azim wetland. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Forecasting of forest land changes in the Chaloosrood watershed
Vajiheh Ghorbannia Kheybari Mir Mehrdad Mirsanjari Mohsen ArminDeforestation affects watershed processes and biochemical cycles and lead to soil erosion and lack of water in the catchment areas. This study is aimed to investigate the changes in forest land in the Chaloorood watershed on the west of Mazandaran province using Geomod. MoreDeforestation affects watershed processes and biochemical cycles and lead to soil erosion and lack of water in the catchment areas. This study is aimed to investigate the changes in forest land in the Chaloorood watershed on the west of Mazandaran province using Geomod. In this study, maps of forest in the years of 1987 and 2015 were prepared using satellite images. Then the suitability forest map was produced by making a regression equation between suitability criteria maps and forest changes map in the period of 1987-2015. Finally, by using forest map in 1987, forest suitability map and the number of modified pixels in forest land between 1987 and 2015, Forecast of the forest map for 2043 was done using Geomod. Also, by using the Validate function and classified forest map 2015, as a reference map, and the forecasting forest map 2015, as a comparative map, the validity of the production map was evaluated. The results showed that the area of forest land in 1987, 2015, and 2043 was 38683.65, 2464.354 and 15227.25 hectares, respectively. The extent of forest changes in the last 28 years and the next 28 years is 35.72% and 38.76% respectively. Forest changes in the period between 1987 and 2015 under the influence of factors such as distance from the road, forest cover density, distance from the village, slope and elevation above sea level, respectively. The Pseudo R2 and ROC coefficients are 0.29 and 0.85 respectively, which indicates the proper ability of the model to estimate forest changes over the past 28 years and the relative agreement of the model with the real changes. In this study the accuracy of resulting land use maps was 96%, which represent the appropriate capability of Geomod in land use changes modeling in Chaloosrood watershed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Evaluation of the optimum index and MNDWI in examining coastline changes in the northern Persian Gulf (Case study: Dayyer)
Maryam Razmi Hossein Mohammad Asgari Ali Dadollahi Sohrab Seyed Mohammad Jafar Nazemosadat Seyed Hossein KhazaeiThe aim of this study evaluates the use of satellite images to change detection in coastlines and evaluate the use of optimum index and the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) in examining changes coastline in Dayyer city. As well as for the evaluation of MoreThe aim of this study evaluates the use of satellite images to change detection in coastlines and evaluate the use of optimum index and the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) in examining changes coastline in Dayyer city. As well as for the evaluation of coastline change in the study area, 8 points were taken on April 24th, 2015 along the coastline city of Dayyer with regard to access to the beach, coinciding with the passage of the Landsat satellite, OIF index with a standard deviation and correlation, the correlation between bands is determined. MNDWI index, a combination of green and mid-infrared bands is to determine the boundaries between land and water is suitable. The results show, given that coastal study area and satellite imagery, the highest of OIF for OLI sensor is obtained RGB 156 composition. Also, the algorithm MNDWI is ideal for discriminating between land and water. The average distance from the baseline to the border extracted from the optimum index is 340 meters and the average distance from the baseline to the border extracted from the MNDWI index is 64.28 m is obtained. The results showed to check coastline changes in Dayyer city, MNDWI index is more accurate than the optimal index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Change detection of Oak forests using object-based classification of multitemporal Landsat imageries (Case study: forests of the northern province of Ilam)
Hashem Rostam Zadeh Sadrolah Darabi Hejar ShahabiOak is the dominant forest species in the Zagros mountains, it is seen as a semi dense forest in western provinces. Multiple droughts, development of cities and villages, land use change from forest to farmland, are the main causes of forest destruction in Ilam. T MoreOak is the dominant forest species in the Zagros mountains, it is seen as a semi dense forest in western provinces. Multiple droughts, development of cities and villages, land use change from forest to farmland, are the main causes of forest destruction in Ilam. The purpose of this research is to determine the change detection of forest land to other land uses, using multi temporal TM sensor images (April 1986) and OLI (April 2015). In object-based classification, the data segmentation as initial phenomena, with appropriate scale and compression parameters for each image, was performed. Two classifying phenomena, nearest neighbor method and fuzzy functions were used. Land use classes were prepared by specifying training points and using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The Overall accuracy of the TM image was 88% and OLI image 94%, and the kappa coefficient for the TM and OLI image was calculated 84% and 91%, respectively. By post classification comparison method, the change matrix for each districts and changes forest to other uses was formed. The results showed that all districts faced with the phenomenon of deforestation and forest wide change (-42%) have been made. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Comparing the accuracy of time series classification of Landsat images in monitoring land use change
Ahmad Azimi Najarkolaei Ali Akbar Jamali Zeynolabedin HosseiniIn this research, artificial neural network, maximum likelihood and minimum distance classification methods for analysis of land use changes, during 1989 to 2015, were evaluated and compared images from three Landsat satellite sensors in Sari. After geometric and atmosp MoreIn this research, artificial neural network, maximum likelihood and minimum distance classification methods for analysis of land use changes, during 1989 to 2015, were evaluated and compared images from three Landsat satellite sensors in Sari. After geometric and atmospheric corrections, images of 1989, 2002, and 2015 were categorized under three artificial neural network algorithms, maximum likelihood and minimum distance in five land use classes. After assessing the accuracy of the methods, the Kappa coefficients were calculated for maximum likelihood, artificial neural network and minimum distance of 1989 were 92%, 87% and 65% in 2002, were 89%, 87% and 60%, and in 2015 were 91% %, 90% and 73%, respectively. These coefficients indicate the superiority of the maximum likelihood method in comparison with the other two methods in 1989. Also, the results of land use change over the whole period of the survey (from 1989 to 2015), showed that the areas of residential and irrigated lands were increased by 3615 and 575 hectares, but bare lands, gardens and forests were decreased to 1791, 1127 and 1272 hectares, respectively. According to the results, the two methods of maximum likelihood and neural network were more suitable for land use classification. The maximum likelihood method was better than the neural network method with a difference of 5% in 1989 and 2% in 2002 and 1% in 2015 in the Kappa coefficient. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Analyzing the lateral changes of Aras River channel in Ardabil province using morphological indicators
Fariba Esfandyari Darabad sayyad asghari saraskanroud Mehdi Ghandai Asl Raoof MostafazadehConsidering the morphological changes of rivers, the use of satellite images and information processing using geographic information system can be effective in quick and accurate evaluation of studies related to flooding. Quantitative geomorphic indices including the ce MoreConsidering the morphological changes of rivers, the use of satellite images and information processing using geographic information system can be effective in quick and accurate evaluation of studies related to flooding. Quantitative geomorphic indices including the central Cornice angle, bending coefficient, Channel migration rate, Linear directional average and transect were calculated to assess Aras River morphometry. The indices were obtained in years 2000, 2010, and 2021 using RS and GIS. Results showed that the most important processes affecting the changes and lateral displacements of the Ares River channel is formation, development and advance of meanders across the floodplain, creating shortcuts and changing the routes of the channel. The development of shortcuts and changes of river path have caused a significant increase in the lateral changes of the river channel. Floods play the most important role in the shortcut formation and change of channel along Aras River. The results show that the Aras River has high mobility and lateral dynamics, which the river channel has moved more than 5 meters on average every year. However, all the quantitative geomorphic indicators show a decrease in changes and lateral displacements of the channel during recent years. The most important reason for the significant decrease in the values of quantitative geomorphic indices in the second time period (2010 to 2021) was in connection with the significant decrease in the occurrence of short-cuts and changes in the cut-off route. In general, it can be said that the decrease in the river discharge and the decrease in the intensity and frequency of floods have played the most important role in reducing the development of shortcuts and changing the path of the channel. The reduction of extreme floods has reduced the tendency for the braided pattern and increased the meander development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Monitoring and prediction land use/ land cover changes and its relation to drought (Case study: sub-basin Parsel B2, Zayandeh Rood watershed)
Shahin Mohammadi Khalil Habashi Saeed PormanafiLand use and land cover (LULC) change because of its impact on natural ecosystems has become a concern for natural resources protectors and managers. The present study aimed to predict LULC changes and also to study the relation of drought with these changes in the sub- MoreLand use and land cover (LULC) change because of its impact on natural ecosystems has become a concern for natural resources protectors and managers. The present study aimed to predict LULC changes and also to study the relation of drought with these changes in the sub-basin Parsel B2 with an area of 21100 hectares using CA-Markov model and Standard Precipitation Index (SPI). For this purpose, using the preprocessed images of the sensors TM, ETM+, and OLI for the years 1986, 2001 and 2016, respectively, the LULC map was provided with supervised classification and maximum likelihood method. To validate the CA-Markov model, the LULC maps have been predicting for 2016 and they were compared to the reference land use map of 2016. After ensuring the accuracy of the predicted results for the year 2016, the related land use and land cover maps were predicted for the year 2030. The result showed a relation between LULC changes and drought condition. Based on result predicted for the year 2030, rain-fed agriculture 6.95% increase and range land 6.66% decrease in area. Thus In the event of drought and abandonment rain-fed agriculture land, soil erosion, increasing and also grazing pressure on the remaining range land causing range land degradation. Therefore, if the current land use strategy with current management remain, land degradation in the region will be inevitable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Application of fusion in satellite images the Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 in environmental monitoring
Mostafa Kabolizadeh Kazem Rangzan Shahin MohammadiIn order to increase the spectral and spatial resolution of satellite images, the fusion of multi-resolution images can be used, however, the image fusion usually introduces some spectral and spatial distortions in the resulting fused image that the amount of these dist MoreIn order to increase the spectral and spatial resolution of satellite images, the fusion of multi-resolution images can be used, however, the image fusion usually introduces some spectral and spatial distortions in the resulting fused image that the amount of these distortions highly depends on the pan sharpening technique as well as the type of data. The aim of this study is the fusion of Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) with the date of 8 January 2018, and Sentinel-2 Multispectral Imager (MSI) with the date of 11 January 2018, using the Gram Schmidt, CN, Brovey, DWT, SFIM, Multiplication methods in the Ahvaz city. In order to evaluate the image quality that fussed, CC, SAM, PSNR, SIMM, and Laplacian indices were used. The results showed among the used methods, DWT and Brovey, have the best results from the spectral and spatial aspect, respectively. Also, the highest spatial distortion with the amount of 1.18 in the SAM index was in the Multiplication method and the maximum spatial deviation in the DWT index with a correlation of 0.47 with the reference image. Multiplication and DWT methods have the most spatially and spectrally distortion. Therefore, the results showed that SFIM is the optimum method of spectral and spatial aspects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Predicting locational trend of land use changes using CA-Markov model (Case study: Safarod Ramsar watershed)
Nahid Salehi Mohammad Reza Ekhtesasi Ali TalebiPredicting land use changes using satellite imagery is now a useful tool for helping planners in complex situations. The purpose of this study was to detect and predict land use changes during the 28-year period (1986-2014) by CA- Markov model in the Safarood-Ramsar wat MorePredicting land use changes using satellite imagery is now a useful tool for helping planners in complex situations. The purpose of this study was to detect and predict land use changes during the 28-year period (1986-2014) by CA- Markov model in the Safarood-Ramsar watershed of Mazandaran province. In this research, land use and NDVI maps were prepared using Landsat TM (1986), ETM+ (2000) and OLI (2014) satellite images. The accuracy of the CA-Markov model was estimated using the Kappa index of 87%. In order to calibrate the CA-Markov model, the land use map was prepared in 2014, and the Kappa coefficient of the mapping from modeling and user base map (2014) was 82%. The results showed that during the period between 1986 and 2014, the area of forest lands decreased by 10.26% and the total area of residential areas increased by 3.27%. The land use map for the years 2021 and 2028 was predicted by the CA-Markov model. The results showed that during the period 2014-2028, forested lands and rangelands decreased by 4.92% and 1.7%, respectively. Residential areas will increase by 8.04% and the agricultural land will change slightly, indicating the changes in land use to residential land. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Spatial distribution of Persian Oak decline using a combination of geostatistical techniques and remote sensing (Case study: Barm plain, Fars province)
Raziyeh Bagheri Yousef ErfanifardZagros arid woodlands are among the most important and valuable areas of Iran΄s natural resources that due to the dieback of trees in recent years, it seems necessary to manage and rehabilitate this vegetation. This research was aimed to study the spatial distribution m MoreZagros arid woodlands are among the most important and valuable areas of Iran΄s natural resources that due to the dieback of trees in recent years, it seems necessary to manage and rehabilitate this vegetation. This research was aimed to study the spatial distribution map dieback of Persian oak trees (Quercus brantii Lindl), analyze and describe the spatial distribution using a combination of geostatistical techniques and remote sensing in Barm plain, Fars province. First, the RapidEye satellite image was classified into two categories of healthy and dried trees with the supervised classified algorithm including maximum likelihood. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficients were 80% and 73%, respectively. The data were then collected in circular sample plots of 2000 m2 (with a radius of 25.24 m) based on a 300×300 meter network in a randomized manner. After preparing the point map, the percentage of drying of the classified image was determined by simple, ordinary, and universal Kriging interpolation method, which were evaluated using three models: Exponential, spherical, Gaussian. After evaluating the data using the cross-evaluation results, the most accurate fitting was shown by the simple Kriging method with the exponential model (mean estimation error of 0.023). Dieback map was obtained with classes of zero to 10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 and more than 40%. The largest area was related to class 20% to 30% with 493.9 ha and the smallest area was for zero to 10%, with 70.46 ha. The present study showed that it is possible to obtain maps of the spatial distribution of Persian oak dieback and recognize the focal points using geostatistical techniques and remote sensing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Change detection of land use /land cover using object oriented classification of satellite images (Case study: Ghare Sou basin, Ardabil province)
Behrooz Khodabandehlou Hassan Khavarian Nehzak Ardavan GhorbaniThe accuracy of land use changes map obtained from remote sensing data depends on the accuracy of each of the land use maps during the time period studied. In this study, TM and OLI images in 1989 and 2018 and an object-oriented classification method were used to invest MoreThe accuracy of land use changes map obtained from remote sensing data depends on the accuracy of each of the land use maps during the time period studied. In this study, TM and OLI images in 1989 and 2018 and an object-oriented classification method were used to investigate the land use/ land cover change trends with an emphasis on agricultural land use in the Ghare Sou basin. After the pre-processing, the object-oriented processing using the multiresolution segmentation method was applied. In addition to the spectral bands, some additional information such as a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), band means, the standard deviation of bands and geometry characteristics were used to extract land use in order to obtain more accurate results. Of these non-spectral data used, 15 characteristics were selected by Feature space optimization (FSO) method to be used in the nearest neighborhood algorithm. The kappa coefficient of the land use maps for 1989 and 2018 was 85% and 96%, respectively, indicating the reliability of the object-oriented classification results. In the next step, the map of the changes was produced comparing the classified maps. According to the results of the change detection, the agricultural land use during the studied period has an increase of 73849 hectares, mainly due to the destruction of rangelands and its conversion to the agricultural land. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Studying changes in heat islands and land uses of the Minab city using the random forest classification approach and spatial autocorrelation analysis
Mohamad Kazemi Ali Reza Nafarzadegan Fariborz MohammadiThe purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the land use changes in the Minab city on the variations in the urban heat islands (UHI), using the random forest classification method and spatial statistics on TM and OLI Landsat images in 1988, 1998, 2008 and 2018 MoreThe purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the land use changes in the Minab city on the variations in the urban heat islands (UHI), using the random forest classification method and spatial statistics on TM and OLI Landsat images in 1988, 1998, 2008 and 2018. First, land surface temperature (LST) was calculated using the split-window and the single-channel algorithms. Land use map was generated using supervised classification random forest method and its performance was assessed by two criteria of overall accuracy and kappa coefficient. In order to survey spatial autocorrelation and clustering, pattern of hot spots, the two statistics of Anselin Local Moran's I and Getis-Ord GI were applied. In 1988, land uses of vegetated, barren, and urban built-up lands were occupied 30.1, 32.53 and 37.37 percent of the city area, respectively; in 2018, the areas of these land uses were 16.36, 9.56 and 74.08 percents, respectively. A threefold and twice-fold decrease in the area was observed for barren and vegetated lands, respectively; while the area of urban built-up lands had more than doubled. The calculated values for urban-heat-island ratio index (URI) in 1988, 1998, 2008, and 2018 were 0.45, 0.34, 0.11, and 0.22, respectively. The outcomes of two considered spatial statistics indicated the clustering, pattern for UHI of the Minab city. In addition, there was a good agreement between the results of Getis-Ord GI statistic (hotspots spatial analysis) and the Local Moran's I statistic (spatial autocorrelation) on the spatial pattern of heat and cool clusters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Analysis and comparison of land use/land cover changes using artificial neural network (Case study: lands of Taft and Mehriz)
Alireza Sepehri Ali Akbar Jamali Mohamad HasanzadehThe areas of natural resources and vegetation in the Taft and Mehriz townships in recent decades have undergone changes due to its close proximity to the capital of Yazd province. The purpose of this study is to assess the extent and direction and prediction of land and MoreThe areas of natural resources and vegetation in the Taft and Mehriz townships in recent decades have undergone changes due to its close proximity to the capital of Yazd province. The purpose of this study is to assess the extent and direction and prediction of land and vegetation changes in these two cities. In this study, Landsat 5 (1998, 2004 and 2008) and Landsat 8 (2017) satellite images in the period from May to June was used. Modeling land use/land cover changes were carried out based on supervised classification. The process of changes was analyzed using land change modeling and perceptron neural network method. The results showed that 3% (558.8 ha) of land and vegetation cover of Taft to Bayer and 1.3% (209.9 ha) were added to the urban lands and reduced from the lands of gardens by 4.3% (559.2 ha), this is the highest rating. The amount of 2.8% (678.8 ha) of land and vegetation in Mehriz Bayer and 1.7% (184 ha) has been changed to urban residential land. In terms of urban expansion, Mehriz has had the highest amount of reducing vegetation. The results show that land use and land cover changes in Taft city where more than Mehriz city so that most of these changes were related to gardens, but in terms of area of land use and land use conversion in Mehriz city has the highest value More intense. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - Deforestation modeling using artificial neural network and GIS (Case study: forests of Khorramabad environs)
Hassan Mahmoudzadeh Majid AzizmoradiIn this research, occurred changes in the forests around Khorramabad between 1986 and 2018 using TM and OLI Landsat images were investigated. For this purpose, after making the necessary atmospheric and geometric corrections, the images were classified by the maximum li MoreIn this research, occurred changes in the forests around Khorramabad between 1986 and 2018 using TM and OLI Landsat images were investigated. For this purpose, after making the necessary atmospheric and geometric corrections, the images were classified by the maximum likelihood algorithm in five classes with a total accuracy of 95% and a kappa coefficient of 0.94. By overlaying the images, the amount of lost forest (34 km2) was determined and as a dependent variable was imported into the multilayer perceptron (MLP) model. In the GIS environment, were prepared the effective factors in the process of deforestation (independent variables); then by using MLP, the deforestation process in the years under review was determined. It was also land use changes was extracted that the results show the highest changes belonged to the forest to barren land changes and finally the deforestation forecast for 10, 20 and 30 years displays a decrease of 4.6% for the year 1407, 7.5% for the year 1417 and 9.3 for 1427. The results of the network training involving all variables with mean squared error (RMS) of 0.13 indicate that the MLP-based modeling is accurate and also, using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) index, the real amount of deforestation was compared to the result of the MLP model; which showed the high accuracy of the MLP model with 0.88 of the ROC. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - Utility of METRIC model for estimating actual monthly evapotranspiration of Vanak Basin using MODIS sensor images
Maryam Rezaei Hoda Ghasemieh Khodayar AbdollahiBackground and ObjectiveNowadays, in order to logical use of water for agricultural products, an accurate understanding of the evapotranspiration process is needed. Evapotranspiration is one of the most significant components of water balance hence it is a key variable MoreBackground and ObjectiveNowadays, in order to logical use of water for agricultural products, an accurate understanding of the evapotranspiration process is needed. Evapotranspiration is one of the most significant components of water balance hence it is a key variable for the optimal management of water resources. In this paper, we aim to the analysis of the spatial and temporal and distribution of actual evapotranspiration (AET) at monthly time scale using the METRIC approach, driven by MODIS satellite observations over the Vanak Basin and check the accuracy of the METRIC results with (SEBAL, Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land). Materials and Methods There are many methods for correct estimation of point evapotranspiration, such as weighing lysimeters, the Bowen ratio, and the eddy correlation methods. The weakness of the mentioned methods is that these techniques only provide evapotranspiration for a specific site and they can't estimate regional evaporation. The METRIC model was developed by Allen et al., (2007) based on the well-known SEBAL model (Bastiaanssen, 1998). METRIC model is a remote sensing-based method that estimates actual evapotranspiration as a residual of the surface energy balance. Herein, the spatial and temporal distribution of actual evapotranspiration of the Vanak Basin from April to November 2013–2014 was estimated using the METRIC model and using MODIS satellite data, the feasibility of using METRIC was investigated. Vanak Basin is located in the southeastern part of the Northern Karoon Basin. It is geographically placed between Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari and Isfahan provinces. 60 MODIS products of Leaf Area Index (MOD15A2), land surface temperature LST (MOD11A2) and surface reflectance (MOD09A1) in 8-day time step were extracted. The mentioned images were downloaded from the USGS website and the images were re-projected from the Sinusoidal projection to UTM projection. The scale factor for LAI, LST and Surface Reflectance were 0.1,0,02 and 0.0001, respectively. Estimation of ET with the METRIC model begins with energy balance. Data sets such as MODIS observations and weather data from the stations in and near the Vanak Basin are used to calculate instantaneous surface energy fluxes including net radiation flux (Rn), soil heat flux (G) and sensible heat flux (H) in the processing technique. ET at the instant of the satellite image is computed for each pixel by dividing LE values by latent heat of vaporization and density of water. Results and Discussion Throughout this research, the upper limit of the variation of AET showed a gradual increase from April to July in both 2013 and 2014. According to the results, the maximum amount of actual evapotranspiration in 2013 and 2014 for the July month was obtained 244 and 263 mm per month respectively. In general, the results of this paper will help us better understand the variations of regional AET. Comparison of the spatial distributions of AET, LAI and LST in the study area showed that the spatial distribution of AET was affected by two factors, LAI and LST, that Pearson correlation test was used to assess the relationship between two variables LAI and LST with actual evapotranspiration. Based on the results, the regions which had dense vegetation and low land surface temperatures had high AET rates, while in the regions with sparse vegetation and high land surface temperatures, the AET rate was low. The results showed that the trend of changes in the mean monthly temperature is in line with the monthly actual evapotranspiration; the same trend was observed in the case of albedo and net radiation flux. It should be noted that the absence of ground measurements for comparing them to the modelled AET amounts was a potential limitation of the current study. However, our approach of evaluating AET estimates derived from the METRIC model with the AET estimates derived from SEBAL model is a widely used (as standard approach) approach to tackle such limitations. In the second step of the analysis, this paper compares the estimated monthly AET using the equations of the METRIC versus the SEBAL, for the Vanak Basin in 2014. The outcome of the SEBAL model was used as a reference to compare the results obtained from the METRIC model. The statistical analysis was performed to determine the differences between monthly AET derived from METRIC vs. monthly AET derived from SEBAL. The Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE), Coefficient of Determination (R2) and Mean absolute error (MAE) are used, that the results showed high R2 values and NS coefficients and low MAE values indicate that METRIC is closely related to SEBAL Model in the most of the months. The monthly AET values estimated by the METRIC model versus the monthly AET values estimated from the SEBAL model were evaluated and compared for the Vanak Basin from April to November 2014. Based on the overall results the scatter of estimations is in an acceptable range. In 2014, there was good agreement between METRIC and SEBAL models (R2=0.96–0.99, NSE = 0.93–0.99 and MAE = 1.3–7.53 mm month−1). In 2014, other results indicated that in both models, the upper limit of the variation of AET showed a gradual increase from April to July. Conclusion According to the results, the regions with high leaf area index (LAI) and low land surface temperature have more evapotranspiration than other regions with low leaf area index and high land surface temperature. The trend of the time series of LAI index and evapotranspiration in this study was consistent with the trend of changes in the parameters mentioned in the study, which was described by Reyes-González et al (2019) that use of the METRIC model in Dacota. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - Investigation of phenological components changes of Iranian vegetation in response to climate change using NDVI products of AVHRR sensor from 1982 to 2018
Hadi Zare Khormizi Hamid Reza Ghafarian MalamiriBackground and ObjectiveClimate change has had a negative impact on agricultural products and environmental systems in different countries. Plant phenology describes the periodical plant life events in relation to living and non-living factors. Phenology is one of the m MoreBackground and ObjectiveClimate change has had a negative impact on agricultural products and environmental systems in different countries. Plant phenology describes the periodical plant life events in relation to living and non-living factors. Phenology is one of the most sensitive biological indicators for studying the effect of global warming on terrestrial ecosystems, as it represents the exchange of energy, carbon, and water vapor between low levels of the atmosphere and the biosphere. Plants phenological changes can have a wide range of effects on environmental processes, agriculture, forestry, food supply, human health and the global economy. There are two common approaches to monitoring vegetation phenology. The first approach used in many previous phenology studies is based on field studies and recording annual changes in phenological events in response to environmental variables. So far, the phenological components changes of Iran's vegetation coverages in response to climate change and global warming have not been studied. The purpose of this study is to determine the changes of each component of Iranian vegetation phenology This approach is suitable for small scales with a limited number of sampling sites and is not only inefficient and inaccurate for large-scale studies but also costly and impossible in some areas. The second approach, developed in recent years, is the use of satellite imagery and remote sensing technology. using NDVI time series of AVHRR sensor. The results of this study can be used in determining the date of cultivation season, environment, rangelands and water resources management, and finally useful and practical recommendations to farmers. Materials and Methods In this study, daily NDVI product of AVHRR sensor, called AVH13C1, was used with a spatial resolution of 0.05 by 0.05 degrees. To investigate the changes in phenological components of Iranian vegetation, four one-year time series related to 1982 to 1985 years (namely as past time) and 2015- 2018 years (namely as present time) were used. Extraction of phenological components from the time series of vegetation indices initially requires continuous gap-free data. The HANTS algorithm was used to reconstruct the gaps and outliers from the time series. Then, in order to extract different phenological components, Timsat software was used. The beginning of the season, end of the season, length of the season, base value, time of mid of the season, maximum value, the seasonal amplitude, value for the start of the season, rate of increase at the beginning of the season and rate of decrease at the end of the season were extracted using Timsat software in each one-year time series, were extracted using Timsat software in each one-year time series, and then the four-year average of the values of these parameters in the past time series was compared to the present time series. Results and Discussion Comparison of the four-year average of phenological components of the time for the start of the season, the time for the end of the season, the Length of the season and the time for the mid of the season in Iran showed that these indicators decreased by 12, 19, 7 and 13 days, respectively. The rate of changes of these components in lowland areas with an altitude of less than 1500 meters are completely different from highland areas which include Alborz and Zagros chains. So that, from an altitude of 1500 meters and above, the time for the start of the season, the length of the season and the time for the mid of the season in the Alborz and Zagros chains have decreased to an average of 38, 46 and 19 days, respectively. In the lowlands area near to the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea, the phenological components of the time for the end of the season and the length of the season have increased by approximately 40 and 44 days, respectively. The prolongation of the growing season has been attributed to various climatic factors, especially global warming due to increased greenhouse gases or water availability. In Iran, in most areas, the beginning of the growing season, especially in the Alborz and Zagros highlands, where the temperature is a limiting factor, has decreased. But unlike some studies conducted outside of Iran, the time for the end of the season, the length of the season and the time for the mid of the season have also decreased. This indicates that in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, in the middle and final stages of plant growth, moisture and rainfall are limiting factors for growth. In areas such as the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea, where low humidity has not been a limiting factor, the end of the growing season and the length of the growing season have also increased. Based on the results, the phenological components such as seasonal amplitude, maximum value, base value, value for the start of the season, rate of increase at the beginning of the season and rate of decrease at the end of the season have increased in Alborz and Zagros heights. This component is generally reduced to areas with altitudes below 1500. It seems that in arid and semi-arid regions, the high temperature can also increase the evapotranspiration of the plant, which causes a lack of moisture in the soil. Therefore, at the area with high altitudes that temperature is a controlling factor at the beginning of the growing season, the increasing temperature in present time series has led to increased plant growth and ecosystem production capacity, and phenological parameters such as growing season range, maximum growth rate, base value and the value at the starting point of growth have increased. However, in lowland areas, as well as at the end of the plant growth period in high altitudes, the increasing temperature has led to increased evapotranspiration and reduced the seasonal amplitude, maximum value, basal value and value for the start of the season. Conclusion Changes in phenological parameters such as the beginning of the season, the time for the end of the season and the length of the season can have a negative impact on the agricultural products and environmental systems. The recent earlier beginning of the growing season compared to the last 35 years can be a significant threat to the agricultural and horticultural products, because cold and frost are the most important climatic parameters in the field of agricultural climate. As a result, it reduces the possibility of producing many agricultural and horticultural products in vulnerable areas. In general, the results of the present study show a series of interconnected events caused by climate change and increase in temperature in various components of phenology in the Alborz and Zagros highlands, as well as in lowland and plain areas, especially in the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Monitoring and predicting the trend of changing rangelands using Satelite images and CA-Markov model (Case study: Noor-rood basin, Mazandaran proince)
Nematollah Koohestani Shafagh Rastgar Ghodratollah Heidari Shaban Shatai Joybari Hamid AmirnejadPredicting the trend of land use/land cover chenges in natural range ecosystem via remote sensing techniques and evaluating their potentials by modeling, plays an important role in decision making. The goal of this research is monitoring and predicting land use/land cov MorePredicting the trend of land use/land cover chenges in natural range ecosystem via remote sensing techniques and evaluating their potentials by modeling, plays an important role in decision making. The goal of this research is monitoring and predicting land use/land cover changes in Nour-rood basin by CA-Markov in a 60 year periods (1988-2048). Landsat TM (1988, 1998, 2008) and OLI (2018) imagery of similar months (in July) were classified by maximum likelihood method algorithm. Terrestrial reality derived from topographic at scale 1:25000 and aerial photos available in the (GDNR) and (WMM) during 1988-2008 and field visits (2018) were evaluated for accuracy. The accuracy of the production maps calculated with Kappa coefficient. So that the highest and lowest ratio were related to the images of 1998 and 1988, respectively with the values of 0.86 and 0.81. The results were compared with field ground truth to determine the accuracy of results. Random matric used to convert land use classes and the map of land cover of Nour-rud basin predicted, in (2018-2028). The results showed that in (1988-2018), forests and rangelands with excellent and fair cover conditions had decreasing and ranges with good condition, rocks and residential areas had increasing trend. Total area of rangelands decreased from 116206 hectares in 1988 to 106336 hectares in 2018. Moreover, the results of Markov model with more than 85% precision showed the same trend of land use changes from 2018-2048. Excellent rangeland cover conditions, showed decreasing trend, rocky and residential areas will also have an increasing trend until 2048. Markov's prediction model also shows an accuracy of more than 85%. The trend of land use changes during 2018-2048 will be the same as in previous. In whitch case, excellent range condition will have decreasing trend; rocky and residential areas will have an increasing trend until 2048. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - Monitoring and predicting land use changes using landsat satellite images by Cellular Automata and Markov model (Case study: Abbasabad area, Mazandaran province)
Amer Nikpour Hamid Amounia Elahe NourpasandiBackground and ObjectiveToday, land use change in many countries has become an important challenge that has many effects on the environment. Accordingly, the study of land use change at different scales is one of the important issues in the proper management of natural MoreBackground and ObjectiveToday, land use change in many countries has become an important challenge that has many effects on the environment. Accordingly, the study of land use change at different scales is one of the important issues in the proper management of natural resources and environmental change at various levels. Therefore, being aware of land use changes and investigating their causes and factors in several time periods, and predicting land use changes in the future can be properly planned to reduce adverse effects, which has been considered by planners and city managers. They help in land use planning. Also, converting land uses to each other and changing the use of vegetation is known as an important issue. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to monitor and predict land use changes and land cover in Abbasabad urban area in the future; Using these changes, appropriate management measures can be taken to preserve and rehabilitate lands. Materials and Methods A combination of an automated cell model and Markov chain in the Abbasabad urban area was used to predict land use change; The relevant images were taken from the TM and OLI sensors of the Landsat 8 and 5 satellites at the USGS site. Four user classes, including zone class built with code number 1, vegetation class with code number 2, water resources class with code number 3, and barren land class with code number 4, were separated for Abbasabad urban area. Obtained USGS. In order to extract land use classes, after checking several methods, object-oriented classification method and support vector machine (SVM) algorithm were used due to better efficiency. Evaluation of Babian satellite imagery classification The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient were performed for three periods of time. Each of these classified maps was evaluated by drawing an error matrix. 250 sample points were used to prepare this matrix. The type of sampling was stratified sampling. Also, to determine land use changes in 2030, classified maps were used and with the help of TerrSet software, changes made in classes and their percentages were obtained, and using the CA-MARKOV model, changes of different classes based on matrices. The possibility of transfer was predicted. Results and Discussion The results during 1997, 2006, and 2017 show that the constructed area has an increasing trend and the uses of vegetation, barren lands, and water resources have a decreasing trend and 23279 hectares of lands in the region are built area dedicated. The kappa coefficient calculated for 1997, 2006, and 2017 is 0.86, 0.89, and 0.89, respectively. Markov chain forecasting model with 85% accuracy stated that the trend of land use change for 2030 will be the same as in previous years, and this indicates that the conversion and change of land uses will proceed as before, and it is necessary to mention this point that the identical uses of vegetation to vegetation cover the largest area during the years 2006 to 2017, and this shows that in this area, vegetation is still stable and has undergone less changes. Conclusion The output of the 13-year forecast map for 2030 in this study indicates the appropriate accuracy of the CA-MARKOV model. In addition, this output shows that this method can be trusted for short-term planning. These forecast maps can be a good guide for managers and urban planners. To achieve better results, it is recommended to use a combination of automated cell model and Markov chain to monitor and predict changes nationwide. The results of this study, in addition to helping to reduce the volume of input data, but also in the processing of classified images and in predicting them for the future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Recognition and analysis of key factors affecting forest land use change in Fandoglou forest are using futurist research approach (cross-structural analysis and environmental scanning)
Khalil Valizadeh Kamran maryam sadeghi Sayed Asadollah HejaziIn order to better manage natural ecosystems, man-made, long-term planning can help environmental planners and natural resource managers make more informed decisions. The purpose of this study is to identify the key factors affecting land use change in Fandolo forest ar MoreIn order to better manage natural ecosystems, man-made, long-term planning can help environmental planners and natural resource managers make more informed decisions. The purpose of this study is to identify the key factors affecting land use change in Fandolo forest area with a future research approach. At the beginning of the study, 19 factors affecting forest use changes in various economic, social, physical, natural and political dimensions were approved by experts. Dimensions 19 * 19 were designed and provided to experts for weighting from numbers 3 to 0, which were three high and zero effects without impact and weighting.The effect of variables was directly and indirectly analyzed in MICMAC software. Finally, eight effective factors in changing the forest use of Fandolo region were identified. Among the key factors of tourist factor, land use, distance from village and population, logging, vegetation, motivation to change from agricultural to residential and height are the most important key factors in the future of the regional system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Modeling land cover changes in Golestan province using land change modeler (LCM)
Fatemeh Salarian Mohammadreza Tatian Abdolazim Ghanghermeh Reza TamartashBackground and Objective In recent decades, land use change due to environmental and human factors has caused serious effects on the environment and the economy in Golestan province. On the other hand, wide rangelands and natural areas have been cultivated without obser MoreBackground and Objective In recent decades, land use change due to environmental and human factors has caused serious effects on the environment and the economy in Golestan province. On the other hand, wide rangelands and natural areas have been cultivated without observing ecological and scientific principles or have been exploited for special purposes and changing to other uses, while many of these lands are do not have the potential to become new land uses and they have a high potential for erosion, as a result of which we will see soil erosion, especially in sloping lands and the creation of destroyer floods. Therefore, it is necessary and essential to be aware of the type and manner of use and its possible changes over time, which will be important for planning and policy-making in the country. The aim of this study was to detection the land use changes in Golestan province during the years 1986 to 2019 and to predict the land use status of the region for 2050 using the Land Change Modeling (LCM) approach.Materials and Methods In order to monitor the trend of land use changes in the study area, Landsat 5 and 8 satellites (TM and OLI sensors for 1986, 2001, and 2019) were used. Interpretation and processing of satellite data were performed in ENVI software. The necessary pre-processing was performed on the images. First, the images were mosaic together and then cut according to the province boundary. In order to identify and separate the phenomena from each other, a false color image was created. Then, the supervised classification method with the maximum likelihood method was used. At this stage, five classes, including rangeland, agriculture, forestry, residential, and water areas were defined. Land use maps for 1986, 2001, and 2019 were prepared. Integration of land cover maps related to 1986, 2001, and 2019 was used as input of LCM model and digital elevation model (DEM) maps and road and stream layers to analyze area changes and prediction of land use changes of 2050. After the necessary analyzes in order to detect land use changes between the intended time periods, change maps and land use transfers were prepared. Finally, the amount of decrease and increase in each land use, the amount of net changes, the net change from other land uses to the desired class, areas without change and transfer from each land use to another land in different land cover classes in the form of maps and charts were prepared and analyzed.Results and Discussion The aim of this study was prediction and modeling of land use changes in a period of 33-years in Golestan province. According to the results during this period, the area of the rangelands has decreased a lot, equivalent to 181181.25 hectares. Much of the decline in rangelands is due to its conversion into agricultural, which can be attributed to population growth and the need to expand crop land. The area of forest lands during the mentioned years has decreased from 393018.75 to 349143.75 hectares in 2019, which has shown a decrease of 43875 hectares (2.2%). In general, the destruction of rangeland and forest areas is especially visible in developing countries due to population growth, technological growth and non-compliance with ecological principles and law enforcement. Also, the results of classified maps during the mentioned years show that the highest amount of changes in the region is related to agricultural lands, has increased to 173700 hectares equal to 8.5 % during the same period. The rate of land use changes related to the residential land class has also increased with the increasing trend from 18731.25 hectares in 1986 to 37518.75 hectares in 2019, which has increased by 18787.50 hectares (0.9%) during this period. Rapid growth of population has led to the development of residential and urban areas and the increase in this type of land use with a relatively steep slope, especially in recent years, which can be part of the government's plans for housing construction in the surrounding areas cities. This increase in the class of agricultural lands is more noticeable, especially in the central and eastern regions of the province, and can be a warning alarm for the future. It means that in an imperceptible trend, rangeland and forest lands become rainfed agricultural lands and after a while unprincipled exploitation, eventually become barren and unusable land. On the other hand, this could indicate an increase in population and demand for housing, and consequently securance of the needs of the residents of the region is a threat to rangeland lands which is necessary instead of increasing the agricultural and residential lands and turning rangeland lands into such land uses, the policy of increasing productivity in the agricultural sector should be pursued. About of water areas, it can be said that during this period, it has increased by 1.6% or 3268.75 hectares. This increase in water areas can be partly attributed to heavy rainfall and water intake and even floods in different parts of the province in 2019. Predicting the rate of land use change in 2050 indicates that in the coming years, the area of rangelands and forests will be reduced by 131906.25 and 291600 hectares, respectively, and in contrast to the area of agricultural land and residential areas will increase to 164137.50 and 25313.25 hectares, respectively. Therefore, the adoption of necessary measures and policies to further reduce forest and rangeland will be inevitable.Conclusion Understanding of the conditions of different land uses during the coming periods will facilitate planning for the future by creating information in terms of their spatial distribution pattern, but maintaining and creating sustainable conditions for the future both statistically and it is ecologically one of its limitations. These constraints play an important role in the safe use of different land uses in the planning process. Therefore, creating sustainable conditions in the region and modeling it in order to use the natural resources of a region regularly and sustainably is one of the preconditions for achieving upstream visions and documents, including the sustainable development plan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - An analysis of the land use/land cover changes of Shadegan International Wetland in the last two decades
Asma Rafei Afshin Danehkar Mehdi Zandebasiri Masoud BagherzadekarimiBackground and Objective Wetlands, as one of the most sensitive ecosystems on Earth, are always facing various changes in their range, and changes in cover and use are among the most effective of these changes. The land has always been affected by human activities and u MoreBackground and Objective Wetlands, as one of the most sensitive ecosystems on Earth, are always facing various changes in their range, and changes in cover and use are among the most effective of these changes. The land has always been affected by human activities and uses. Those human activities that are limited to certain places and find a relatively stable position, create human uses. Therefore, analysis of wetland change has become a management priority. land use/land cover (LULC) plays a key role in the study of environmental developments at the local, regional and global levels. Human activity and change in the Earth's surface lead to changes in the structure and ecological processes of the Earth's natural systems. These changes mainly affect the main aspects of land functions (including energy balance, water, soil, and food network). In addition, pressure on natural resources, which is due to the human need for environmental resources and is often influenced by population growth drivers, leads to changes in the Earth's surface. Landscape changes due to human interventions lead to different developments and trends in land use/land cover. Therefore, time/coverage analysis is very important for understanding and routing spatial changes from the past to the present and planning for the future. Today, high-resolution multispectral and multi-temporal satellite data are used as an essential tool for estimating aspects such as vegetation, deforestation, and urban sprawl. Remote sensing and GIS technology provide a platform for studying landscape deformation across the earth's surface. Remote sensing data provide valuable information in a relatively short time and cost-effectively. High-resolution satellite imagery or aerial photographs can be used to study land use/land cover changes in different ecosystems and areas. The fact that Shadegan Wetland is one of the international wetlands in the country, which is currently on the Montreux list due to human interventions, can assess the developments around the wetland, especially in the process and type of land use/land cover changes, in identifying the drivers The main impact on this wetland is associated with its practical importance and helping to remove this wetland from the Montreux list. And waterfront can be used to adjust the exit bill of this wetland from the Montreux list. In this study, integrated remote sensing and GIS methods have been used to detect land use/land cover changes in the enclosed area and affect Shadegan wetland.Materials and Methods The study area is located in Shabangan Wetland, surrounded by the Ozon Plain. Due to the immediate man-made effects on Shadegan Wetland, especially the role of the surrounding roads and waterways, this area was closed on the latest Google Earth satellite images and then transferred to the layers used. In this area, the international distance is 48 degrees and 19 minutes and 16 seconds to 49 degrees and 3 minutes and 44 seconds and the northern latitude is 29 degrees and 55 minutes, 44 seconds to 38 degrees, 28 minutes and 42 seconds at a distance of about 60 kilometres. It is located south of Ahvaz, the capital of the province, and 5 km south of Shadegan. In this research, images of the 20 years of the Landsat satellite from the years 1999-to 2019 have been used. ENVI software is also used to classify images. After preprocessing and making the relevant corrections using the supervised classification method and the algorithm, the maximum likelihood of processing and highlighting the images was done, and also the kappa accuracy and coefficient of each layer were estimated for accuracy. Then, the preparation of cover and land use maps included different classes of natural land cover and human land uses. In the detection, the most important changes were made around the Shadegan wetland, so in this process, major changes in the existing classes were considered. To detect changes, the Change Detection method was used in ENVI software, which can provide complete information on changes in land use/land cover types. Land use changes were selected in 5 periods with a time interval of 20 (2019-1999).Results and Discussion Five-time periods of satellite data on the use and coverage of Shadegan Wetland in the years 2017, 2014, 2001, 1999, and 2019 were prepared after pre-processing and making relevant corrections using the supervised classification method and the maximum probability of processing and highlighting algorithm. Pictures were taken. The Kappa coefficient and the overall accuracy coefficient were used to evaluate the accuracy of the generated maps and according to the results, the 2019 data had the highest kappa coefficient and the highest overall accuracy. According to land cover and land use classes, the land use/land cover map of the study area was prepared for the mentioned five time periods. The findings of this study show that the land area of Shadegan wetland has changed from about 90,000 hectares in 2001 to about 150,000 hectares in 1999 during the 20 years ending 2019 the area of the wetland has decreased by about 40% in two years. After that, the wetland lands have increased and this increase continues gradually until today. However, despite this increase, the area of the wetland has not been provided in 1999, the area has decreased by about 16% compared to this year.Conclusion Considering the trend of bare lands without cover and saline lands, it can be concluded that these two diagrams have an inverse trend towards each other, which can be seen at this point or the intersection of the two desired covers. For this purpose, the desired cover must be obtained, which is created by runoff, so that in a period, the lands began to lose their coverage and became saline lands and salt ponds. Also, considering the increase in uncovering land in 2001 and the water trend, it can be concluded that this increase was due to the decrease in surface water. Due to the trend of saline lands in the relevant period and being in line with the water trend, if the water supply of the wetland is provided, thousands of saline’s will become natural lands. Also, the relative increase in water in recent years and the decrease in bare uncovered land, and the increase in saline land, indicate that the water that replaces bare uncovered land is saline. The two groups of land use and agricultural activity did not cause drastic changes in the study period and according to Table 4, the average percentage of changes in these two land uses was 4.5% and more than 1%, respectively, which is expected to have a significant impact on There is no process of destruction and destruction of lands around the wetland and therefore cannot be considered as a critical factor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Investigation of forest area using support vector machine and provide a model for predicting the level of changes
Armin Hashemi Amin Khademi Morteza Madanipour Kermanshahi Behrouz KordBackground and Objective Due to the increasing degradation at the level of the natural ecosystem, the amount and location of land use changes and predicting its future growth trend, I can provide the information I need to planners and managers. In this study, in order t MoreBackground and Objective Due to the increasing degradation at the level of the natural ecosystem, the amount and location of land use changes and predicting its future growth trend, I can provide the information I need to planners and managers. In this study, in order to change the current changes and predict the future in the Siahkal range, forecasting and changing the nose were done with Landsat images. There are various methods for predicting land use change. Processes for predicting and modelling land use change, such as urban growth and development, deforestation, etc., are considered powerful tools in managing natural resources and changing the state of the environment. This change reflects how humans interact with their environment, and its modelling has had an impact on settlement and macro-planning. In this research, due to the high capabilities of remote sensing and modelling tools and predicting changes in change using automatic-Markov cells in forests in northern Iran.Materials and Methods In this research, Landsat 5 images, 2000 TM sensor, Landsat 7 ETM+ sensor 2010 and Landsat 8 OLI sensor 2018 are used. In the preprocessing stage, errors in raw data such as radiometric, atmospheric, geometric, etc. errors are corrected. Was significant but had a radiometric error. 84 points are used for forest use, 76 points for thin forest water, 31 points for consumption and 2 required sensitivities to indicate a specific level of land cover. Land cover is defined into five classes: dense forest, semi-dense forest, sparse forest, urban area and agricultural area. The ENVI Remote sensing Software defines four types of kernels for the support vector machine in the SVM classification section: Polynomial, Sigmoid torsion, and FBCTION (RBF). According to the best kernel studies for land use classification, the radial kernel (RBF) has been proposed. In the present study, this kernel was used for classification. The classification of the appropriate band composition that you want to separate these classes for visual interpretation was selected by the spectral mean plot. This is done by the complex OIF index. After the extraction of land uses by the method, the results were evaluated accurately. Maps are prepared by land use, then with the GPS position of the earth, the map of the situation in the visible area and using the formed error matrix of kappa weakness and its overall accuracy obtained for this work, 200 points are randomly created on the images. The use of these points was determined by field visits and topographic maps of the surveying organization. Land use classification models are prepared, for modelling and land use changes are entered into office software to design land use changes in the required years. Degree of land use change modelling The LCM model was used in the Idrisi software environment. The Markov-CA model is a combination of automated cells, Markov chains, and multi-purpose land allocation. The Markov model also shows each user by generating a set of status probability images from the transfer probability matrix. In the last step of the structural model, using the transfer area matrix in the CA Markov model, a simulated simulation of future land use can be obtained. In this research, the land use map of 2010 and 2018 was used to predict the 2028 map. And in order to accurately review the forecast by CA Markov using the user map for 2000 and 2010, the map for 2018 has been predicted and increased by the map obtained from the classified level for this year.Results and Discussion The classification accuracy test was obtained using the Kappa coefficient index and overall accuracy. Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were 0.88 and 0.89 for the image of 2000, 0.91 and 0.92 for the image of 2010, and 0.93 and 0.95 for the image of 2018, respectively. The images are categorized as entered into the software and processed by changing the LCM. Changes in the LCM model showed that during the years 2000 to 2018, more changes were related to the conversion of semi-dense forest land with an area of 42104.27 hectares. Urban land use change has also increased in the years of many studies and amounted to 148.14 hectares. The table of the probability of land use changes in the Markov production model and with the production map at this stage, for the years of Markov forecast studies for 2018 and 2028 showed that in 2028 the urban class area increased to 21293.1 hectares and the valuable land use area of dense forest to 2189.97 hectares will be reduced.Conclusion In order to prevent the uncontrolled expansion of cities, residential areas and the destruction of forest areas and vegetation, management measures should be taken and management decisions should be made. The level of dense and semi-dense forests in areas with high slopes will decrease further by 2028. Urban land use changes have also increased in the study years and amounted to 148.14 hectares. The results of surveying the area of forecasting classes showed that in 2028, the area of urban classrooms will increase to 21293.1 hectares and the valuable land use area of dense forests will decrease to 2189.97. The ability of the vector machine model in determining land cover/land use, vegetation and forest cover in different regions of Iran has been proven by other researchers. Remote sensing tools can be an important arm in information production in natural resource management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - Study the landuse change and its effects on the hydrologic regime in main catchments of Binalood county
Sayyad Asghari Saraskanrood Fahimeh Pourfarrash ZadehBackground and Objective Land use/cover changes have been considered to be one of the most important parts of global environmental changes. These changes are complex and dynamic in relation to other environmental changes (global warming, drought, erosion, and ecosystem MoreBackground and Objective Land use/cover changes have been considered to be one of the most important parts of global environmental changes. These changes are complex and dynamic in relation to other environmental changes (global warming, drought, erosion, and ecosystem degradation). In this context, the impacts of land use/cover changes on hydrologic processes are one of the most important environmental issues and challenges, so the extent of dependency on agriculture and other water-related activities on streams has become a major concern in watershed management. So, Assessing long-term hydrological impacts of land use/land cover (LULC) change is of critical importance for land use planning and water resource management. For example, Increased runoff due to the conversion of forests to other land covers, especially agriculture, as well as increased runoff and flood discharge resulting from the expansion of urban and residential use has been repeatedly reported by various researchers. The present study was aimed at identifying and determining the quantity and quality of land use changes and their relationship with flow discharge changes in catchments of Binalud county in order to guide water resources management and conservation of natural resources at the catchment scale, considering the evidence of land use changes as well as the hydrological regime variations in the catchments.Materials and Methods The data used in this study were as follows: the average monthly discharge of hydrometric stations, including 3 stations of ZirbandGolestan, Hesar, and SarasyabShandiz that were collected during 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2018, and the Landsat satellite images, including 4 satellite images for the years 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020, acquired in the spring (May). The monthly discharge values of two seasons, winter and spring, were selected to study hydrological regime changes, considering the low and close to zero values of the average monthly discharge during summer and autumn and very small variance in the relevant values. The data were tested for normality at the significance level of 0.05 before entering the correlation test based on the Smirnov-Kolmograph method. In regard to satellite images, the processing steps were as follows: firstly, the atmospheric correction of the images was performed based on the conventional FLAASH method in the ENVI software environment. Then, the combination of visible green, red, and near-infrared bands in false color (4-3-2 in Landsat 5 and 7; 5-4-3 in Landsat 8) was used for classification based on the maximum likelihood algorithm. The land use classes were as follows: 1-garden, 2-residential, 3-water area, 4-rock outcrop, 5-moderate range, 6-poor range, and 7-barren land. The selection of training samples for classification was based on Google Earth images, visual interpretation of satellite images, and of course familiarity with the study area. After classification, the maps were validated based on general accuracy statistics and the Kappa coefficient. However, in order to know the relationship between land use changes and the hydrological regime of the catchments, Pearson two-way correlation test was used in the SPSS software environment. This test was performed at a significance level of 0.05 and between the percentages of the area of each land use and the monthly discharge values (6 months) of hydrometric stations during 4 year.Results and Discussion Preliminary results showed good accuracy of the classification method of the images so that kappa coefficients ranged from 0.78 to 0.95. According to the maps, it is characterized that most area of the catchments belongs to rangelands and barren lands so the changes and conversions of land use occurred mainly between these two land uses. The minimum area percentage of the catchments belonged to the water areas, which at its highest proportion occupied 0.16% and 0.1% of the area of ZirbandGolestan and SarasyabShandiz catchments, respectively. Reagards to land use changes, a decrease in rangelands and the increase of barren lands during the first (1990-2000) and the third (2010-2020) decades have been very considerable, so that 38% and 13% of the moderate rangelands of the Zirband catchment have decreased during the two decades, respectively. In contrast, barren lands have grown by 31% and 15 % over the two decades. Along with these changes, the 8% increase in the area of settlements has been proposed as the most prominent land use change during the second decade (2000-2010) in the catchments. In addition to land use changes, a review of the monthly discharge variations in the catchments showed that the winter months have been experiencing a decreasing trend and, in contrast, the spring months have been experiencing an increasing trend of discharge over the last two decades. The results of the correlation test showed that there are significant relationships between changes in areas of rock outcrop, moderate range, poor range, and discharge variations in the Zirband catchment. In contrast, no significant relationships were found between land uses and monthly discharges in the Sarasyab catchment. In regard to the quality of relationships, positive correlation between the areas of 3 land uses, including residential, rock outcrop, and barren land, and discharges in April and May, and in contrast, a negative correlation between rangeland areas and discharge of the mentioned months was another important result of the study. In general, the increase in human encroachment and occupation in the form of residential and barren land uses has increased the risks of the occurrence of flooding runoff. On the contrary, the rangeland expansion with its protective and moderating effect has reduced the occurrence of spring floods in the studied catchments.Conclusion The results indicate that an important focus of land use change in the catchments has been on rangeland and barren land, so in the last decades, the area of rangelands, which play an effective role in protecting water and soil resources, has been much larger than today. However, due to the lack of protection of pastures and human encroachment on the environment, as well as overgrazing of livestock, the rangelands have gradually retreated to the upstream areas and were replaced by barren lands and residential areas. The existence of a positive correlation between the areas of the residential, rock outcrop, and barren land and discharges in April and May is indicative of acceleration and intensification of the rainfall-runoff process due to the increase in the areas of the land uses. Therefore, the irregular and sprawling growth and expansion of residential areas, as well as barren and abandoned lands, must be prevented. On the other hand, the negative correlation between the percentage area of rangeland and monthly discharge refers to the positive effect of rangelands on the environmental conditions of the catchments in the context of accelerated runoff and erosion processes, which ultimately requires the protection and preservation of natural areas. In general, more attention and focus on the effects of land use change on discharge variations in wet seasons due to the semi-arid climate of the region is necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - Assessment of land degradation using Landsat satellite data in the period 2011-2021 (Case Study: Isfahan city)
Hadi Eskandari Damneh Hamed Eskandari Damaneh Hassan Khosravi Meysam Cheraghi Mohsen Adeli SardooeiBackground and Objective Land degradation is one of the destructive phenomena that threaten the stability and security of ecosystems, especially in arid areas. Land degradation can lead to reduced soil fertility and productivity, population migration and displacement, f MoreBackground and Objective Land degradation is one of the destructive phenomena that threaten the stability and security of ecosystems, especially in arid areas. Land degradation can lead to reduced soil fertility and productivity, population migration and displacement, food insecurity, and ecosystem destruction. Despite widespread efforts to combat land degradation, this problem has not only not diminished in recent decades but has gradually intensified. Therefore, monitoring land degradation and revealing its characteristics is essential for land management and recovery, and this monitoring in arid areas facilitates proper management and control of this phenomenon. Monitoring of land degradation in these areas is possible using remote sensing data so that this science will be widely used to monitor land degradation in areas. Considering the importance of land degradation and the need for land monitoring, this study was performed to understandthe degradation situation in Isfahan city properly. Also, this study tries to create appropriate and timely management for the spread of degradation using modeling of environmental indicators obtained from satellite data in the period 2011-2021.Materials and Methods In this study, Landsat satellite imagery, TM, and OLI sensors were used to study the trend of land-use change. In addition, the data from field visits were also used as ancillary information. Satellite images were processed and analyzed in ENVI software environment. The supervised maximum classification method was used to prepare a map of land-use changes. Then, all land uses in the study area were divided into agricultural lands, rangelands, barren and saline lands, and urban and man-made areas. Finally, the obtained layers were transferred to ArcGIS software to calculate the land use area and prepare a suitable output map. After investigating land-use changes, SI soil salinity indices and Albedo climatic index, NDVI, and the LSM vegetation index were designed using the maximum likelihood method. SI soil salinity index is one of the main indicators of land degradation assessment. This index extracted from satellite images can assess soil salinity in arid and semi-arid regions, calculated using Equation SI=√(ρ_Blue×ρ_Red ) (ρBlue and ρRed, are the red and blue bands on the TM and OLI sensors, respectively). The surface albedo index obtained from remote sensing data is a physical parameter that expresses the sun's surface reflection characteristics and short wavelengths. This physical parameter is affected by vegetation, soil moisture, and other surface conditions. Therefore, by studying the changes in Albedo, it is possible to look at the changes in the ground surface and the result of land degradation. Equation AIbedo = 0.356 ρ_Blue + 0.130ρ_Red +0.373ρ_NIR+0.085ρ_SWIR1+0.072ρ_SWIR2-0.018 (The ρ band corresponds to the Landsat TM and OLI sensor images) was used to calculate the surface albedo in TM and OLI sensors in this study. The NDVI index, which is obtained from Landsat satellite images, TM and OLI sensors, was used to study the vegetation in this study. This index is most sensitive to changes in vegetation and is less susceptible to the effects of climate and soil, except in cases where vegetation is low. Another important parameter for land degradation is soil moisture content, which was studied using changes in the LSM index. Finally, the primary component analysis (PCA) method between Albedo, SI, NDVI, and LSM indices was used to estimate land degradation (LD) in 2011, 2016, and 2021. First, the desired indicators were normalized, and then the amount of land degradation for each year was estimated. So that large amounts of land degradation indicate the maximum land degradation.Results and Discussion The trend of land-use changes in Isfahan city in four uses of agricultural lands, rangelands, barren and saline lands, and urban and man-made areas in the period of 2011-2021 showed that between 2011-2016, agricultural lands and rangelands have decreased by 5.7 and 5.06, respectively. In contrast, barren and saline lands and urban and man-made areas increased by 10.45% and 1.51%, respectively. On the other hand, from 2016 to 2021, agricultural lands and rangelands have decreased by 0.75 and 1.25 percent, respectively, and barren and salty lands, urban and man-made areas have increased by 1.51 and 0.5 percent, respectively. Also, from 2011 to 2021, agricultural lands and rangelands decreased by 6.45 and 6.32 percent, respectively, and land use of barren and salty lands, urban and man-made areas increased by 11.96 and 0.8 percent, respectively. The study of the trend of land use changes showed that in this period of 10 years, the trend of destruction of agricultural lands and rangelands was decreasing, and barren and saline land and urban and man-made areas were increasing. The changes in desertification classes showed that the medium, high, and very high desertification classes have increased. The area of desert lands rose from 3428, 2817, and 1340 in 2011 to 4079, 4276, and 4302 Km2 in 1400, respectively. Low and very low classes have changed from 2826 and 5295 in 2011 to 574 and 2475 Km2 in 2021. These changes indicate an increase in desertification in Isfahan, which is due to land-use changes, especially the conversion of rangelands into agricultural lands and frequent droughts and drying of the Zayanderud River, which abandoned agricultural lands and turned them into barren and salty lands. On the other hand, with the dryness of the air, frequent droughts, and drying of the Zayanderud River, the soil moisture has decreased, which has caused salinization of the soil and increased unusable quality lands of this city. Also downstream of the Zayanderud River is Gavkhoni Wetland, one of the most important wetlands in Iran. Due to the reduction of incoming water, the surrounding beds have become barren and saline lands, which indicates the increasing desertification of this wetland.Conclusion It can be concluded that by using the indicators estimated from remote sensing images, it is possible to monitor the destruction and desertification process with reasonable accuracy and put the necessary measures to deal with this destructive phenomenon on the agenda. In this study, the process of land degradation in Isfahan city was estimated over time, based on which the necessary programs and policies can be applied to deal with this phenomenon. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - Ground-displacement monitoring and geomorphological effects analysis using remote sensing data
ALI Abdolmaleki Amjad Maleki Ali KhazaiBackground and Objective An earthquake is one of the most important natural events that cause a lot of financial and human losses every year around the world. An earthquake is an earthquake caused by the rapid release of energy, which often occurs due to landslides alon MoreBackground and Objective An earthquake is one of the most important natural events that cause a lot of financial and human losses every year around the world. An earthquake is an earthquake caused by the rapid release of energy, which often occurs due to landslides along a fault in the earth's crust. Earthquakes cause many geological-geotechnical instabilities such as multiple rockfalls, soil and rock landslides, runoff and mud flow, subsidence limestone caves, liquefaction, and expansion rupture. One of the most important effects of an earthquake is the displacement of the earth and the resulting morphological changes. Estimating the rate of land displacement and monitoring the morphological changes of this phenomenon in order to manage the crisis is one of the basic measures after the earthquake. In recent decades, extensive efforts have been made to monitor changes and displacements of the Earth's crust. With accurate alignment and ground observations, changes can be measured with great accuracy, which ground measurements are costly and can be measured sporadically. The use of remote sensing technology in the various earth sciences is very common due to the wide coverage of satellite images, the timeliness of the images, and its low cost compared to terrestrial methods. One of the applications of measurement is to show and control the movements of the earth's crust due to factors such as earthquake, drift, subsidence. The use of radar, satellite images, and radar interferometry methods, due to extensive coverage and periodic imaging and with an accuracy of about cm, is a good tool to monitor changes in the Earth's crust. Satellite imagery of the Sentinel-1 satellite system, which has been made available to the public free of charge by the European Space Agency since 2014 and is currently being continuously imaged, is a good tool for earthquake monitoring. A radar imaging technique is a new tool used for the discovery and display of land subsidence. In the present perusal, in order to achieve the above purpose, using satellite data and radar interferometry technique, the deformation of the earth's crust due to post-seismic movements in Sarpolzahab city has been investigated. Materials and Methods In this paper, using radar imagery, the deformation field due to the seismic dimension of the county is obtained from 11/ 11/ 2017 to 17/11/2017 using radar data (S _ 1 A - IW), with a baseline of 100 m.Results and Discussion Examination of the results of deformation of the earth's crust after an earthquake shows; The highest rate of land subsidence in the north, northwest of Sarpol-e-Zahab city (about 90 cm vertical displacements of the earth's crust) to the west, and land elevation around the epicenter (north of the herd), about 30 cm vertical displacements of the earth's crust (towards Darbandi Khan) It has happened. The effects of subsidence and uplift caused by the earthquake in the study area in addition to morphological changes in the area have also affected the hydrology of water resources in the area. For example, earthquakes have caused significant changes in the volume of water in the Strait of Hammam dam and increased the volume of water resources in the Sirvan river.Conclusion The results of this study showed that the use of radar interferometry technique, in addition to being an efficient tool in estimating the rate of crustal displacement, can be used in relatively accurate estimation of quantitative changes in water resources resulting from crustal displacement. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - Monitoring of vegetation changes using daily Landsat-Modis simulated images at in three years of wet, normal and drought in arid region (Case study: Nimroze city)
Moien Jahantigh Mansour JahantighBackground and Objective land degradation and desertification in arid areas are the most important environmental challenges in the world. This process due to the lack of precipitation and the occurrence of drought, while the unreasonable exploitation of natural and agri MoreBackground and Objective land degradation and desertification in arid areas are the most important environmental challenges in the world. This process due to the lack of precipitation and the occurrence of drought, while the unreasonable exploitation of natural and agricultural areas with increasing demand to provide human food needs, affects various environmental and socio-economic dimensions. So, the continuation of this condition during recent years with the destruction of vegetation and soil, wind and water erosion, soil salinity, soil compaction, and declining groundwater aquifers have significant consequences for the production of agricultural products and biodiversity in an arid region. Since the pattern and dimensions of vegetation changes are the most important factors in detecting land degradation, monitoring the vegetation changes is the best approach to analyzing land degrading and desertification trends in an arid region. Therefore, according to the capabilities of remote sensing data due to the wide coverage and multi-timed, the use of satellite imagery to monitor vegetation changes by using vegetation index is one of the best methods that developed in recent years. Moreover, concurrent access to high spatial and temporal resolution imageries is one of the important factors that affect the monitoring of vegetation changes. To achieve this goal, It needs to incorporate different satellites with high spatial (e.g., Landsat satellite) and temporal (e.g., MODIS satellite) images. The purpose of this study is the monitoring vegetation changes using daily Landsat simulated images at 30 m Spatial Resolution in three years of wet, normal, and drought in the Nimroze area.Materials and Methods The study area is located in the north of the Sistan and Baluchistan provinces. Low precipitation (50 mm), high temperature (48 oC), high evaporation (5 m), and 120-day winds are among the specific climatic conditions that characterize this region. In this study, at first, the hydrological drought status of the Hirmand River was investigated. Using the Hydrostats package in R software, the amount of threshold of flood by running the related codes (by running codes such: daily.cv, ann.cv, high. spell, and low. spell) during the statistical period of study (29 years) was calculated. To determine wet, normal, and drought years calculated the length of periods that flood is higher (high. spell. lengths) and lower (low. spell. lengths) than the threshold. To increase the accuracy of monitoring vegetation changes, it needs to incorporate different satellites with high spatial (e.g., Landsat) and temporal (e.g., MODIS) images. To achieve this purpose, in this study, the Enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (ESTARFM) was evaluated with actual satellite data (OLI, ETM+, TM image). For this purpose at first, pre-processing (geometric, radiometric, and atmospheric correction) was performed on satellite images, and by using the ESTRFM model, simulated daily Landsat images at 30 m spatial resolution for wet, normal, and drought years. In-field operations from different plant communities by GPS were sampled. Comparing filed data with the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), the vegetation index that had the highest correlation with field data was selected. To investigate vegetation changes, using the vegetation index (the vegetation index with high correlation), the map of vegetation for each year was prepared (wet, normal, and drought years). After the classification maps of vegetation, by comparison, approach (cross tab), the map of vegetation changes was extracted.Results and Discussion The results of analyzing wet and dry periods showed that, flood volume in dry years compare to normal and wet years decreased 31 and 82 percentages, respectively. To incorporation MODIS and Landsat (OLI, ETM+, TM) Images, using enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (ESTARFM), finding indicate that this model improves the accuracy of predicted fine-resolution reflectance and preserves spatial details for heterogeneous landscapes too. So that the mean coefficient of determination (R2) of blue, green, red and near-infrared estimation bands with actual satellite images data is 0.91, 0.89, 0.92 and 0.91 respectively. Also the average Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) in four bands obtained 0.01, 0.027, 0.028 and 0.031 successively. Comparing the obtained field data with the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), indicate that SAVI index has the highest correlation (R2= 87) with vegetation of study region. By calculate the regression model (using SAVI and field data) and classify the vegetation maps of wet, normal and drought years, 6 class obtained (class1=0-10%, class2=20-10%, class3=20-30%, class4=40-50%, class5=60-80% and class6=>80%). The results of investigation vegetation changes indicate that during the drought period 70% of study area has less than 10% vegetation (equal to 138176.3 hectares) and during normal and wet years by increasing vegetation, this area decreased by 30 and 48% respectively (equal to 66269.98 and 50559.7 hectares, respectively). According to the results during the study period, the most vegetation changes is relate to conversion of class 1 to class 2 (equivalent to 48.5%). moreover 18 and 27% of vegetation changes relate to class 1 and 2 to class 4 and 5 respectively (equal to 16284.26 and 11471.88 hectares, respectively). Also the finding indicates that the most vegetation changes occurrence in wetland-forest (28%), forest-rangeland (21%) and poor rangeland (19%) land uses respectively. Field study also showed that, the most important plant species that grows in this land-use such as the results of analyzing wet and dry periods showed that flood volume in dry years compare to normal and wet years decreased by 31 and 82 percent, respectively. To incorporation MODIS and Landsat (OLI, ETM+, TM) Images, using enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (ESTARFM), the finding indicates that this model improves the accuracy of predicted fine-resolution reflectance and preserves spatial details for heterogeneous landscapes too. So that the mean coefficient of determination (R2) of blue, green, red, and near-infrared estimation bands with actual satellite images data is 0.91, 0.89, 0.92, and 0.91 respectively. Also, the average Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) in four bands obtained 0.01, 0.027, 0.028, and 0.031 successively. Comparing the obtained field data with the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), indicate that the SAVI index has the highest correlation (R2=87) with the vegetation of the study region. By calculating the regression model (using SAVI and field data) and classifying the vegetation maps of wet, normal, and drought years, 6 classes obtained (class1=0-10%, class2=20-10%, class3=20-30%, class 4=40-50%, class5=60-80% and class6=>80%). The results of the investigation of vegetation changes indicate that during the drought period, 70% of the study area has less than 10% vegetation (equal to 138176.3 hectares) and during normal and wet years by increasing vegetation, this area decreased by 30 and 48% respectively (equal to 66269.98 and 50559.7 hectares, respectively). According to the results during the study period, most vegetation changes are related to the conversion of class 1 to class 2 (equivalent to 48.5%). moreover, 18 and 27% of vegetation changes relate to class 1 and 2 to class 4 and 5 respectively (equal to 16284.26 and 11471.88 hectares, respectively). Also, the finding indicates that the most vegetation changes occur in wetland-forest (28%), forest-rangeland (21%), and poor rangeland (19%) land use respectively. The field study also showed that the most important plant species that grow in this land use such as Aeluropus littoralis, Chenopodiace sp, Tamarix aphylla, Haloxylon aphylum are adaptive to climatic regime in study area.Conclusion In this research for the first time in the Nimroz region of Sistan Vegetation changes were studied using Landsat simulated images during periods of low water, normal, and high water years. Due to low rainfall and harsh climate in the study area, floods in the Helmand River are the only source of water supply required in the study area. The results of analyzing wet and dry periods showed that flood volume in dry years compared to normal and wet years has decreased by 31 and 82, respectively. According to the reduction of flood volume during a drought year, 70% of the study area has poor vegetation and during normal and wet years, providing plants with water needs and increasing vegetation, this area had decreased by 30% and 48%, respectively. According to the results of this study, change in hydrological conditions of the Hirmand River has a significant role in vegetation changes in the study area by using simulated images with high spatial and temporal resolution can improve the accuracy of monitoring vegetation changes to control and management the desertification in Sistan area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - Land use change detection using post classification comparison LandSat satellite images (Case study: land of Tehran)
Peyman Heydarian Kazem Rangzan Saeid Maleki Ayoub TaghizadehKnowing the ratio of landuse and how this ratio change over the time is a significant factor in landuse planning and management. By knowing how landuses change over time, we can predict future changes and do preventive and appropriate actions. The aim of this study is d MoreKnowing the ratio of landuse and how this ratio change over the time is a significant factor in landuse planning and management. By knowing how landuses change over time, we can predict future changes and do preventive and appropriate actions. The aim of this study is detecting the landuse changes in the Tehran city in period of (1995-2005). Landuse maps for the mentioned years were derived from LandSat imagery and improved using AutoCAD data produced by the National Cartographic Center (NCC) and available maps. For verification produced maps, using the error matrix approach, a Kappa coefficient of 88% was achieved and after classification, change detection was carried out using comparison approach. The results of change detection with a Kappa coefficient of 91% and Cramer’s V of 88% show that the greatest increases were in built up area (4603.68 ha), parks (650.7 ha) and water level (22.32 ha) and in contrast, the greatest decreases were in open land (4561.47 ha) and vegetation cover (715.23 ha). In addition, according to the results the most changes of built up area has been occurring in the west part of Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Monitoring and prediction of spatial and temporal changes of landuse/ cover (Case study: Marave Tappeh region, Golestan)
Asghar Farajollahi Hamid Reza Asgari Majid Ownagh Mohammad Reza Mahboubi Abdol-Rasoul Salman MahiniIn this research, land use changes in previous years and the possibility of predicting in the future using Markov chain model were investigated in the Maraveh Tappeh region of Golestan province. Therefore, using images of MSS, ETM+ and OLI sensors of LandSat satellite a MoreIn this research, land use changes in previous years and the possibility of predicting in the future using Markov chain model were investigated in the Maraveh Tappeh region of Golestan province. Therefore, using images of MSS, ETM+ and OLI sensors of LandSat satellite and using ancillary information, land use maps of 1986, 2000 and 2014 was provided and land use map of 2024 was predicted. According to the results, dense forest area decreased during the study period and with passing time but the area of agricultural land increased with the passage of time while the dense rangeland area decreased during the period 1984-2000. The annual growth rate of agricultural land has achieved 113.45 ha during the period 1984-2000 and this change value was obtained 91.27 ha for the period 2000-2014. The results of predicting changes in the time interval 2014-2028, showed it is possible that will be decreased semi-dense forest and dense rangelands and will be increased other land-use areas according to results of model predictions. The highest increase will be belonging to agricultural land use that will be increased to 25.89 ha per year. According to research findings, land-use changes are causing degradation of natural resource areas. However, in recent years, have taken effective actions to protect these areas, but more attention and protection of natural resources and environment in the Marave Tappeh region is essentially still. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - Detecting of land use change with remote sensing technique (Case study: Shahriar province)
Zohre Davoudi Monazam Ali Hajinejad Mohsen Abbasnia Sima PourhashemiThe loss of spatial balance and inharmonious physics development across regions, especially in the metropolitans has made monitoring changes in land use and its direction in harmony with reducing the harmful effects in the long and short run became the main issues of po MoreThe loss of spatial balance and inharmonious physics development across regions, especially in the metropolitans has made monitoring changes in land use and its direction in harmony with reducing the harmful effects in the long and short run became the main issues of policymakers and policy planners’ concerns. The aim of the study was to detect changing in Shahriar's land use via three methods of support vector machine (SVM), neural network classifier (NNC) and maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) during (1987-2009) using LandSat digital images. The results showed that during a 22 years period, the urban development increased and agricultural land declined. The decline in agricultural land has been 37, 26 and 25 percent based on SVM, NNC and MLC methods, respectively. Furthermore, the result indicated that urban land has been increased 57 and 41 percent via SVM and NNC, while agriculture land has been decreased four percent based on MLC, which demonstrates the weaknesses in accounting estimates of this method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - Development trend analysis of urban heat island regarding land use/cover changes using time series of landSat images
Sirous Hashemi Dareh Badami Isar Nouraeisefat Saeid Karimi Sajad NazariUsing time series of satellite images is a cheap and efficient way to study trend changes of natural and human phenomena. The aim of the studyis to analyze the development of Urban Heat Iisland (UHI) in Rasht using time series satellite images. For this study, time seri MoreUsing time series of satellite images is a cheap and efficient way to study trend changes of natural and human phenomena. The aim of the studyis to analyze the development of Urban Heat Iisland (UHI) in Rasht using time series satellite images. For this study, time series of LandSat images during 1990 and 2015 were used. Thresholding Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Fraction Vegetation Cover (FVC) method has been applied to obtain the land surface emissivity; in addition, Planck's law for TM and ETM+ images and Split Window (SW) algorithm for OLI/TIRS images were utilized in order to retrieve land surface temperature. UHI and FVC trends were analyzed by statistical and Mann-Kendall methods. Statistical analysis showed that the average of FVC has decreased during the study periodand data skewness has changed to low FVC. The reduction trendhas increased FVC caused an average normalized temperature during the study period and also enhanced the data skewness of land surface temperature. The Mann-Kendall spatial analysis showed that in most of the study area, the land surface temperature and vegetation fraction haveincreased and decreasing trends, respectively; these mentioned trends have been intensified in the places where gardens and agricultural land uses were changed into built-up ones. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - Tempo-spatial patterns of landscape changes and urban development (Case study: Gorgan)
Hamid Reza Kamyab Abdol-Rasoul Salman MahiniLandscape includes a mosaic of landscape elements in a context of a major land use/cover. Much emphasis has been placed on developing methods to quantify landscape patterns in recent years. Landscape elements include various types, including urban areas and patches, whi MoreLandscape includes a mosaic of landscape elements in a context of a major land use/cover. Much emphasis has been placed on developing methods to quantify landscape patterns in recent years. Landscape elements include various types, including urban areas and patches, which were used for change's identification in the current study. Any urban area has been considered a landscape patch and their patterns for the Gorgan city between the years 1987 and 2001 have been compared in this study. Number, shape and neighborhood metrics was the major groups of metrics calculated. To do so, urban areas were fed to Fargstats Software as patches. Comparison showed that development pattern in Gorgan city has led to the creation of larger and simpler patches with and less fractal dimension during the 14-years period of our study. In fact, urban growth was shown to be adhering to the previous urban patches. This is also visible to the spatial investigation of the largest patches (a complex of continues areas), such that, for example, two large patches in 1987 had been joined because of infill. Despite the tendency of urban growth around previous urban patches and in their vicinity, patches did not show a uniform distribution in the area, rather, they were irregular. This result is confirmed by the fact that the urban area has increased 2.1 times during the study period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - Estimating changes in forest cover in the Rudsar county by using neural network and maximum likelihood methods
Seyed Reza Fatemti Talab Morteza Madanipour Kermanshahi Seyed Armin HashemiThe acquisition of knowledge about the vegetation plays an important role in soil management. However, vegetation estimating in the usual way, including an overall assessment of the vegetation is time consuming and does not also provide accurate enough infor MoreThe acquisition of knowledge about the vegetation plays an important role in soil management. However, vegetation estimating in the usual way, including an overall assessment of the vegetation is time consuming and does not also provide accurate enough information. Therefore, remote sensing technology is a desirable way for reducing time and cost compared to other usual methods. In this study, forest cover maps were prepared using remote sensing techniques and LandSat ETM+ imagery of year 2000 and LandSat 8 of year 2013. The classification of the study area digital images was performed to prepare land use map classification using maximum likelihood and neural network with participation of different bands. The results showed that the best overall accuracy of image classification using neural networks ETM+ in 2000 and LandSat 8 in 2013 was 0.95 and 0.95 respectively. It was also indicated that the kappa coefficient was estimated 0.91 and 0.91 respectively. The overall accuracy of maximum likelihood method of the collected images of 2000 and 2013 was 0.95 and 0.85, but it was 0.86 and 0.84 for Kappa statistics method. The results also showed a 1054.507 and 635.319 hectares decreasing of forest cover using neural network classification and maximum likelihood classification methods respectively. According to classification accuracy and Kappa statistics, it was observed that the accuracy and kappa coefficient of neural network classification was higher than accuracy and the Kappa coefficient of maximum likelihood method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Multivariate geostatistical analysis in assessment of aerosols (Case study: Bushehr)
Tayebeh Tabatabaei Abdolreza Karbassi Faramarz Moatar Seyed Masoud MonavariThe mean aerosols samples in three periods of ten stations were taken from Bushehr region, to characterize the spatial variability and concentration of As, Cd, Co, Fe, Ni, Pb and V. The geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS) techniques were applied, and t MoreThe mean aerosols samples in three periods of ten stations were taken from Bushehr region, to characterize the spatial variability and concentration of As, Cd, Co, Fe, Ni, Pb and V. The geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS) techniques were applied, and the disjunctive kriging was used to map the spatial patterns of the seven heavy metals. Meanwhile, Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation matrix (CA) were used for the data processing. The results of Nug/Sill ratios for the seven metals showed that spatial dependent is moderate (0.25-0.75), that indicative the effects of natural factors such as parent material and topography. Meanwhile, the disjunctive kriging technique was used to quantify their concentration distribution. Combined with the results of PCA, 7 heavy metals could be divided into 3 factors. D1 was the metals, i.e., As, Co, Ni, Pb, V. Cd was in D2, Fe in D3. This results show the concentrations of 7 heavy metals were mainly controlled by the external factors. These results will contribute to the management of regional environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Detecting changes trend of geomorphic faces of Zayandeh Rood deltaic cones using remote sensing
Maliheh Mohamadi Abdollah SeifRemote sensing technology is a tool to identify and evaluate changes of geomorphic faces. Preparing the geomorphic maps and detecting of changes is one of the main elements in projects related to land capability assessment. In this study, geomorphic faces changes of the MoreRemote sensing technology is a tool to identify and evaluate changes of geomorphic faces. Preparing the geomorphic maps and detecting of changes is one of the main elements in projects related to land capability assessment. In this study, geomorphic faces changes of the Zayandeh Rood Delta were detected in the 27 years period using MSS (1975) and ETM+ (2002) satellite images, topography and geology maps, and field visit. The ETM+ and MSS satellite images were corrected using the nearest neighbor method with a 0.15 and 0.18 percentage error respectively. For each image the best false colure composite (FCC) was prepared using spectral profiles and PCA index. After a linear stretch the maps of each image were prepared using supervised classification geomorphic with an overall accuracy of 62% (MSS 1975) and 74% (ETM+ 2002). The prepared maps were evaluated by the post-classification comparison (PCC) method. The results show that bloat lands has expanded from 13 km2 to 26 km2 and clay-sandy faces have increased from 45 to 52 km2. However the area of other units has been reduced due to the prevailing drought conditions and in some cases due to land use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - Land use change modeling using artificial neural network and markov chain (Case study: Middle Coastal of Bushehr Province)
Mehdi Gholamalifard Mohsen Mirzayi Sharif Joorabian ShooshtariCoastal lands of Bushehr Province has a high importance in terms of marine exporting and importing, oil and gas reserves, agriculture, nuclear plant, suitable condition for fishing and tourist attractions. Therefore new desirable methods for monitoring and modelin MoreCoastal lands of Bushehr Province has a high importance in terms of marine exporting and importing, oil and gas reserves, agriculture, nuclear plant, suitable condition for fishing and tourist attractions. Therefore new desirable methods for monitoring and modeling changes are required to be used in these areas. This study was performed with the aimed of monitoring and modeling land use changes using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Markov Chain in Land Change Modeler (LCM) in 23 years period (1990-2011). After model accuracy assessment using kappa coefficient, land cover map of the year 2016 was predicted by the 2006-2011 calibration period. The results indicated that two trends include changes from open lands to agricultural and then quitting these agricultural lands have been observed during the study period. Such that, the agricultural area has increased to 19715.76 hectares from 1990 to 2006,but between 2005 to 2011, only 14.48% of agricultural lands has remained unchanged and the large area of those were finally left. In this study, LCM was able to predict 0.76 of changes correctly. So that it was predicted 12000 hectares increasing of extent urban development in the coastal lands of Bushehr Province in 2016. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - Monitoring, assessment and prediction of spatial changes of land use /cover using Markov chain model (Case study: Bostagh Plain - South Khorasan)
Kamran Karimi Choughi Bayram KomakiMonitoring and optimal management of natural resources is requiring an update and accurate information. In this context, land use/cover maps is considered as a one of the most important sources of information on natural resources management. Optimal management of resour MoreMonitoring and optimal management of natural resources is requiring an update and accurate information. In this context, land use/cover maps is considered as a one of the most important sources of information on natural resources management. Optimal management of resources requires assessment and understanding of the changes and degradation of resources in the past. It also needs to have an accurate plan in order to control and inhibition of the happened destruction potential in future. The Markov chain model is one of the most efficient methods for predicting changes in land use and land cover. In this research, land cover changes in previous years and the possibility of predicting in the future are investigated in Bostagh plain using the Markov chain model. Therefore, using MSS (1987), ETM+ (2002) and OLI (2014) images sensors and region ancillary information, land use map is provided and 2024 land use map is predicted too. Land use maps were performed using kappa coefficient after correcting satellite images, determining training samples, and evaluating classification accuracy. According to the results, bare/barren and rangeland classes are the most dynamic existing usage in the region. The area percentage of these lands during 1987 to 2014 was 21.64% subtractive and 31.14% additive respectively. This represents a total degradation and replacement of the weaker use in the region. The results of predicting changes in the time interval 2014-2024, showed that 98% of residential lands, 88% of bare land, 77% of saline land, 45% of rangeland, and 37% of agriculture will remain unchanged. Moreover, the conversion of rangeland to bare land (41.94%) are the highest, and the conversion of bare lands to residential lands (0.02%) and rangeland to residential lands (0.03%) are the lowest possibility of conversion. Predicting maps derived from the Markov chain model are very important to provide an overview for better natural resources management. Landuse changes Satellite images Predict of changes Markov chain model Bostagh plain Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - The effect of topography factors on land use/cover changes of Yasouj forest park during 1965 – 2011
Shakiba Jahangirian Alireza SalehiThis study aims to investigate the effect of physiographical factors on land use/cover changes in the Yasouj Forest Park during 1965 to 2011. It was evaluated and monitored using aerial photographs 1:20000 scale, panchromatic satellite imageries from IRS-P5 MoreThis study aims to investigate the effect of physiographical factors on land use/cover changes in the Yasouj Forest Park during 1965 to 2011. It was evaluated and monitored using aerial photographs 1:20000 scale, panchromatic satellite imageries from IRS-P5 (2011), and online Google Earth images (2011). Two series of images in two adjacent monitors were interpreted and compared using a simultaneously comparison and interpretation method. For this purpose some of land use/cover characteristics within sample plots taken from similar location were used in a digital systematic grid. The results showed that about 60% of sample plots located in different classes of slopes and elevations were not changed during this period of time. However the most land use/cover changes have been occurring in low slope areas and the least changes have been occurring in high slope areas. It is concluded that topographical factors, particularly slope are important factors for the protection of the forest cover in such areas. Park area protection could also be as an important prohibiting factor for major changes in the study area. The distribution pattern study of woody spices’s maturer stems is not good enough for about a 50 year period. Increasing dirt road in the park during the recent decades leads a social need for better planning of this decentralized recreational zone. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - Effects Of Formalin and Copper Sulfate on Skin Tissues Of Khazar White Fish (Rutilus kutum
Massoud Farokhroz Abbas Ali Zamini Elahe MozafariInroduction and Objective: Formalinand copper sulfate are compoundsthanthosewho areconstantly inaquacultureto treatparasitic infectionsandbacterialinfectionsareused. Fishskinare as organsthatareconstantlyexposed tothe external environmentandbecause ofits roleinrespira MoreInroduction and Objective: Formalinand copper sulfate are compoundsthanthosewho areconstantly inaquacultureto treatparasitic infectionsandbacterialinfectionsareused. Fishskinare as organsthatareconstantlyexposed tothe external environmentandbecause ofits roleinrespirationandosmoticbalance ofthese chemicalsandheavy metalare thefirst target. The purpose ofthisstudyis ofhistopathologicaleffectsof copper sulfateandformaldehydeconcentrationsonskintissue ofwhite fishin the Caspian SeaMaterial and Methods: In this research, indication of probable waste for skin tissues of Khazar white fish with average weight of 428 Mg and length weight of 3.5 Cm is addressed after exposing to different compactness of copper sulfate (in 20 minutes short time care and 24 hours long time care,100ppm and 1ppm) and formalin (in short time care and long time care,25ppm and 250ppm). After stabilizing tissues in 10 percent formalin and making 5 micrometer section, it is painted with hematoxylin method and is studied by optical microscope.Results:The results showed that in the consideration of skin histology, there was not any changes in skin cells which was in exposure of lowest compactness of copper, but in compactness of 100ppm disparting epidermis layers was more than basal layer. Keratinocyte layer existent in skin remained without any change and effects of bleeding was not seen.Conclusions:In considerations of skin, individuation of layers is seen in a mild extent and in long time care is seen in Malpigy cells and disparting epidermis layers from basal layers and effects of hyperemia has not been seen. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - EffectsOf FormalinandCopper Sulfate onGillTissuesOf KhazaWhite Fish(Rutiluskutum
Masoud Farrokh roz Abass Ali Zamini Elahe MozafariIntroductionandObjective:Formalinand copper sulfate are compoundsthanthosewho areconstantly inaquacultureto treatparasitic infectionsandbacterialinfectionsareused. Fishgillsare as organsthatareconstantlyexposed tothe external environmentandbecause ofits roleinrespirati MoreIntroductionandObjective:Formalinand copper sulfate are compoundsthanthosewho areconstantly inaquacultureto treatparasitic infectionsandbacterialinfectionsareused. Fishgillsare as organsthatareconstantlyexposed tothe external environmentandbecause ofits roleinrespirationandosmoticbalance ofthese chemicalsandheavy metalare thefirst target. The purpose ofthisstudyis ofhistopathologicaleffectsof copper sulfateandformaldehydeconcentrationsongilltissue ofwhite fishin the Caspian SeaMaterials and Methods: In this research, indication of probable was teforgill tissues of Caspianwhitefish with average weight of 428 mg and length weight of 3.5cm is addressed after exposing to different compactness of copper sulfate (in 20 minutes short time care and 24 hours long time care, 100ppm and 1ppm) and formalin (inshort time care and long time care, 25ppm and 250ppm). After stabilizingtissuesin10 percent formalin and making 5 micrometersection, it is painted with hematoxylin method and is studied by optical microscope.Results: The results showed that lying gill in the proximity of 1ppm per copper sulfate litter can cause to start as lighthy per plagy at gill secondary blade. In compactness of100ppm, these was tesare enhanced and brings about phenol mena such as hyperplagyin the gill primary and secondary lamell as and very much hyperemia was evident.Conclusion: The results of lyinggill in proximityof 25ppm formalin ,a little hyperemi a was evident and in long time cause the presence of red globule. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - Studying and Simulating the Production Unit System with Hydro Turbine and Investigating the Effect of Transient Droop Compensation on the System Dynamic Behavior
Homa Movahednejad S. Mohammadali Zanjani Majid Moazzami Ghazanfar ShahgholianOne of the important components and rotating equipment in the hydroelectric power plant is the hydro turbine. The rotation of the turbine converts the potential energy in the water into mechanical energy, and then the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energ MoreOne of the important components and rotating equipment in the hydroelectric power plant is the hydro turbine. The rotation of the turbine converts the potential energy in the water into mechanical energy, and then the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by the generator. In this paper, the aim is to study the dynamic behavior of a production unit system with a water turbine and to investigate the effect of the loss compensator on the dynamic behavior of the system. In water units, a drop transient compensator is used for stable operation of speed control. The equations of the system are expressed in the state space and the real and oscillatory modes are determined using the system matrix. The simulation results show the stable state of the system due to step changes in the consumption load using the transient compensator. Also, bode diagrams confirm the transfer function of the system's frequency deviation in relation to the changes in the system's steady state load. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - Biology of Heart moth, Dicycla oo in the Fars province (Iran)
Seyed Asghar ALEHOSEIN Seyed Hasan SAADATI Hasan ALEMANSOURThe Heart moth, Dicycla oo (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), attacked a part of oak forests in Fars province of Iran in recent years. The larvae severely feed on buds and sprouts and cause the tree to be defoliated from leaves. The pest biological characteristic was studie MoreThe Heart moth, Dicycla oo (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), attacked a part of oak forests in Fars province of Iran in recent years. The larvae severely feed on buds and sprouts and cause the tree to be defoliated from leaves. The pest biological characteristic was studied in the Moordak region of the Kazeroon district during 2004-2007. The results showed that the pest had only one generation in a year. The life of the pest in egg stage was spent beneath the egg scales which had the same color to the oak barks in a part of spring, whole summer and winter. The neonate larvae appeared on the swelling buds from the first half of the March. The duration of embryonic period, larval stages, pre-pupae, pupae and adult longevity took long (320±8.37), (25±2.12), (3±0.34), (8±0.84), and (10±0.71) days respectively. The sex ratio was estimated 1:1 in laboratory and field conditions. The male and female adult longevity was determined 7 and 9 days, respectively. The first moths appeared in the late of April. The peak of moth’s flight occurred on 30th April to 9th May. The morphological characteristics including oviposition rate, body dimensions, head capsule width, pupae body dimensions, and adults were measured. The Male and female moths after forming was sent to Dr. Michael Fibiger in Denmark for confirmed of genus and species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - Study of population dynamics of oak tortrix moth (Tortrix viridana) and its natural enemies in Fars province
Sayed Asghar Alehossein Sayed Hasan Saadati Habiballah Hamzeh ZarghaniTortrix viridana is a serious pest of oaks in the Kamfirooz oak forests.Oak bud tortricid (Tortrix viridana) has five larval instars in Kamfirooz oak forests. The pest overwinters as diaposed eggs. The first larval instar emergence coincides with tree budburst when they MoreTortrix viridana is a serious pest of oaks in the Kamfirooz oak forests.Oak bud tortricid (Tortrix viridana) has five larval instars in Kamfirooz oak forests. The pest overwinters as diaposed eggs. The first larval instar emergence coincides with tree budburst when they enter bud scales. First instar larvae appear between 10th to late march, depending on weather condition. Weather parameters such as low temperature at the time of egg hatching determine losses of the pest to the host tree. First, second, third, fourth and fifth instars of the pest take 4-7, 5-8, 5-8, 6-12 and 7-14 days respectively. Pest larvae make their feeding sites by attaching leaves in clusters through webbing. Larvae suspend themselves from a fine silken thread until they find a suitable feeding site and when there is a crowd of larvae on the some branches of the trees, larval movement between trees through hanging can be facilitated by wind. Many predators including spiders, ants, beetles and occasionally birds feed on pest larvae. The pest finishes its larval stages between 26 and 47 days (with an average 31.5 days). Pupal stage lasts 1-2 weeks. Trees can offset pest damages after pest outbreak, provided rainy winter precede, but if pest outbreak occurs in a year with low precipitation followed by a dry and hot summer, high losses due to pest will be unavoidable. Egg, larva, pupa and adult temporal distribution frequencies were 72.61, 10.14, 2.73, and 14.52 percent respectively. Direction had no significant effect on pest damage. Pest moths emerge during late April up through mid may. Moth population reaches its peak within 2-3 weeks after its appearance, and gradually disappears after its unimodal peak. Swarming as a social phenomenon may be observed during the emergence of adults. Twenty species of Aranidae belong to more than 7 families including Lycacidae, Oplinoidae, Clubionidae, Araneidae, Ulobridae, Phomicidae, Salticidae, four species of Coleoptera including Tenebrionidae (one unidentified species) and three coccinellids (Coccinellidae) as well as four species of Hymenoptera were among frequently collected natural enemies of the pest. Population dynamics of Exochomus quadripustulatus, one of the important coccinellids was also studied in sampling plots. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - Species Diversity and Population Fluctuation of Heteroptera Predators in Rice Fields of Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran
Hassan Ghahari Hadi Ostovan Mehrdad TabariThe predator bugs (Heteroptera) are one of the powerful natural enemies in almost agro-ecosystems which have important role in biological control programs. In attention to presence of diverse pests in rice fields and importance of this crop as the main food in Northern MoreThe predator bugs (Heteroptera) are one of the powerful natural enemies in almost agro-ecosystems which have important role in biological control programs. In attention to presence of diverse pests in rice fields and importance of this crop as the main food in Northern Iran, species diversity and population fluctuation of predator bugs were studied in rice fields of Mazandaran province through 2005 - 2006. In a total, 20 species of predator bugs were collected and identified from rice fields of Mazandaran province. Of the collected species, eight species including, Oncocephalus pilicornis Reuter, Oncocephalus plumicornis (Germar), Reduvius pallipes Klug, Rhynocoris iracundus (Poda) and Coranus cf. niger Rambur of family Reduviidae, Stenodema calcaratum (Fieb.), Orthotylus flavosparsus (C.Sahlb.) of family Miridae, and Brachynema puncticornis Rt. of family Pentatomidae are newly recorded from Iran. The results of population fluctuation indicated that the density of predator bugs increases through the crop season gradually, but application of insecticides causes damage to the density population severely. Also, the population density of predator bugs was varied through a day; the most abundant of population was obtained in hours 10 and 18, because of moderate climate. These beneficial insects rest beyond the rice seedlings and among the weeds around the fields through the hours 12 - 16, because of high temperature and humidity in rice fields. The results of population density of predator bugs on three rice varieties including, Fajr, Khazar, and Nemat indicated that highest density was obtained from Fajr and there was not significant difference between the two other varieties. Since the Fajr is a sensitive variety to C. suppressalis and the pest population density on it is higher than other studied varieties, there is higher density of heteropteran predators on this variety than the two others. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Changes phenol in tomato plants infected with Rhizoctonia solani by salicylic acid and mycorrhizal fungi Glomus spp.
Milad HARIRI BOUKANI Sediqe MOHAMMADI -
Open Access Article
183 - Population dynamics of cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae and identification of its natural enemies in canola farms in the North of Fars province
Iman Khazdouzi Nejad Jamali Majid Fallahzadeh Abufazel DoustiAccording to this research the population dynamics of cabbage aphid andidentification the natural enemies in canola farms in the north of the Fars province that have been done during the years 2009 – 2010. Three species of aphids have been known; Myzus persica Sul MoreAccording to this research the population dynamics of cabbage aphid andidentification the natural enemies in canola farms in the north of the Fars province that have been done during the years 2009 – 2010. Three species of aphids have been known; Myzus persica Sulzer, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)and Aphis gossypii Glover. The cabbage aphid was the dominate species with 75.5% abundance. M. persicae and A. gossypii with 16.5% and 8% relative abundance in order were in the second ranges. Also in order to consider the population dynamics of cabbage aphid in the selected farms with 2 hectare spaces for each, gathering 30 leaves regularly by random from canola bushes weekly. So on the basis of these samplings it has been considered that the aphid population began at the middle of March until the middle of May at the time of blossom and sheathes was at the highest point, with the average temperature 7.5ºC daily and 77% R.H. Also regarding the natural enemies, 13 species of predatory and 1 species of parasitoid in the Coccinelledae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae and Braconidae families have been gathered. This study revealed that in the canola farms the peak of natural enemies density occurred after the aphid's population peak of the late growing season. The most abundant predators were as follow: Coccinella septempunctata (L.), Scaeva albomaculata (Macquart 1842) and Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens 1836). Also a species of parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh 1855) has been found. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - Seasonal abundance of Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) in Jahrom vineyards, Fars Province-Iran
Majid Fallahzadeh Nazila Saghaei Hadi OstovanThe vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) has been found in most grape-production areas throughout the world. The damage of the pest has increased on grape in some parts of Fars province-Iran during recent years. Some ecological aspects of vine mealybug were studi MoreThe vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) has been found in most grape-production areas throughout the world. The damage of the pest has increased on grape in some parts of Fars province-Iran during recent years. Some ecological aspects of vine mealybug were studied in vineyards in Jahrom during 2008-2009. Seasonal abundance of vine mealybugwas monitored by time-consuming examination technique. In geographical condition of Jahrom vineyards P. ficus has 5 generations of seasonal abundance from April to November. After fifth generation all stages of P. ficus (female adult, nymphal instars and egg) overwintered on root from late November to next March. Population density of female adult and nymphal instars increased rapidly in May and has a great decline after harvest in August. Vine mealybugs were found in trunk in spring, leaves, buds and fruit in summer, however, the mealybugs always were found in protected locations (under the bark of the trunk). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - The effects of climatic conditions on seasonal population fluctuation of date palm scale Parlatoria blanchardi Targ. (Hem.: Dispididae)
Masoud Latifian Mahshid ZaeraePalatoria blanchardi Targ. is an important of date palm in Iran. The population was monitored monthly by leaf sampling during 4 years (2000-2004). Sample unit was 3 leaves that taken from 3 strata of the palm canopy of ten trees. Weather data (temperature and relative h MorePalatoria blanchardi Targ. is an important of date palm in Iran. The population was monitored monthly by leaf sampling during 4 years (2000-2004). Sample unit was 3 leaves that taken from 3 strata of the palm canopy of ten trees. Weather data (temperature and relative humidity) were obtained from Abadan meteorology station. Correlation analysis and sigmoid models including Monomolecular, Logistic, Gompertz, Weibull and Richard models were used to study the relationship between population density and weather parameters. Pest activities started in March and population increased by increasing of temperature and humidity. Result showed that there were three overlapping periods of activities in field. The first, second and third periods of activities started in April, September and December respectively. The first period was longest and the third period was shortest. There was significant correlation between population abundance and weather condition including temperature and relative humidity. The order of relative influences of climatic factors on seasonal population fluctuation showed that the effect of temperature was greater than the effect of relative humidity. The highest population occurred when temperature was between 16 º C and 24 º C and relative humidity was between 42 and 63 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - Population dynamics of weevil Hypolixus pica, the natural enemy of wild amaranth, Amaranthus retroflexus, in citrus orchards and identification of its parasitoids in Dezful
Rajabali Pourtaherzari Parviz Shishehbor Rahim IslamizadehWild amaranth, Amaranthus retroflexus L. is one of the dominant summer weeds of citrus orchards in Dezful. Adults and larvae of snout beetle, Hypolixus pica (F.) feed on this weed and decrease its growth and reproduction. Population dynamics of H. pica was studied durin MoreWild amaranth, Amaranthus retroflexus L. is one of the dominant summer weeds of citrus orchards in Dezful. Adults and larvae of snout beetle, Hypolixus pica (F.) feed on this weed and decrease its growth and reproduction. Population dynamics of H. pica was studied during the growing period of wild amaranth in a citrus orchard in Dezful. Every two weeks 30 plants (replications) were sampled and developmental stages of weevil were counted. The population of eggs started at the beginning of May and peaked in mid-July (23 eggs in 30 plants). In early November no eggs were observed. The population of larvae started in mid- May, increased gradually and peaked at the beginning of November (103 larvae in 30 plants). Pupae population started in mid-July and peaked in mid-September (24 pupae in 30 plants). Peak of adult female population was observed in the mid-September while adult male population had two peaks in early October and November. The population of parasitoids started at the beginning of June. The lowest and the peak number of parasitoids occured in early May and mid-August, respectively. The parasitoids Habrobracon hebetor, Eurytoma curculionum and Cyrtoptx sp. had feeding activity on larvae. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - Effect of two cotton cultivars on population fluctuations of spider mites (Acari : Tetranychidae)
Seyed Hamid Reza Forghani Hadi Ostovan Javad Shaterian Nazila HonarparvarCotton plant, Gossypium hirsutum L., is one of the most economic crop around the world and in GonbadKavous (located in North of Iran) is an important cotton cropping region. The spider mites (Tetranychus spp., Acari: Tetranychidae) are the most damaging pests on the fie MoreCotton plant, Gossypium hirsutum L., is one of the most economic crop around the world and in GonbadKavous (located in North of Iran) is an important cotton cropping region. The spider mites (Tetranychus spp., Acari: Tetranychidae) are the most damaging pests on the field crops. Use of resistant cultivar is one of the foremost accepted chemical-free techniques for controlling this pest. A two year study was conducted to evaluate resistance of two most-cultivated cultivars, sahel and siokra, against spider mites. The results showed that there was a significant difference in population of spider mites, so that the population on Sahel was more than Siokra for two years studied. The separate population figures for each year recorded 10.3 ± 0.6 eggs and 24.2 ± 1.3 mites on Sahel, 7.4 ± 0.4 eggs and 15.9 ± 0.9 mites on Siokra in first year whereas it was 22.6 ± 2.1 eggs and 35.2 ± 2.6 mites and also 8.6 ± 0.5 eggs and 16.9 ± 1.1 mites in second year for them. Mite’s populations increased from mid-season to the end of growing period. The results showed that effects of ambient temperatures on egg populations and number of active stages of mites was more favorable on Sahel compared with Siokra. Population assessment of mites on these two cultivars can be used in management of the pest. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - Electrical modeling of the circulatory system in lie detection test to evaluate blood pressure changes in radial artery
Mohammad Amin Younesi Heravi Mohammad Ali khalilzadehThe aim of this study was to present a model of circulatory system by applying blood pressure cuff toassess blood pressure and blood volume changes in hand arteries. Modeling of cardiovascular systemwas carried out by electrical circuits. It was done in normal condition MoreThe aim of this study was to present a model of circulatory system by applying blood pressure cuff toassess blood pressure and blood volume changes in hand arteries. Modeling of cardiovascular systemwas carried out by electrical circuits. It was done in normal conditions and neural system activation.Each artery was modeled based on mechanical properties and its electrical equivalent. the output ofmodel included pressure and volume curve in arteries and capillaries. The results in normal conditionsshowed that change of pressure and volume in arteries and capillaries were similar. when the neuralsystem was activated, cardiac contractility increased and changes of blood pressure and volumes werenot similar in capillaries. But, arteries pressure and volume was changed similarly and it had a linearrelationship. The results of this modeling could be used for removing the cuff and it could besuggested in polygraphy and lie detecton test. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - Investigating seasonal massive population changes of Lobesia botrana Lep.: Tortricidae in Khondab (Arak) by using pheromone traps
sajedeh farzamfar Zahra Rafiei-Karahroodi A. NazariGrapes is one of the most important garden products in the entire world, but in Iran is reduced quality and quantity by Lobesia botrana (Tortricidae: Lepidoptera(. natural products are suite for replacing chemical pesticides. One of this is pheromones for controlling th MoreGrapes is one of the most important garden products in the entire world, but in Iran is reduced quality and quantity by Lobesia botrana (Tortricidae: Lepidoptera(. natural products are suite for replacing chemical pesticides. One of this is pheromones for controlling this pest. This research has been done in 3 replicate, for studying efficiency pheromone traps to study seasonal population changes of L. botranaat three regions: Khondab (Hoseinabad, Jenga and Hesar), Enaj (Tourgir and Dehsad) and Khosbijan (Zalian). For this reason has been done sampling at different dates and places, with Delta yellow and white pheromone traps. The results showed the pest had 3 generation in all regions but there were different number of that Regards to climate. On the other side, both traps were affected on number of catches adults. So for controlling this pest in wild area of grapes, pheromone traps could be suggested in integrated pest management control programs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
190 - Biology of potato tuber moth, Phthorimea operculella Zeller (Lep.: Gelechidae), on two potato cultivars
M. Shahabi A. RajabpourPotato tuber moth, Phthorimea operculella, is one of the most important pests of potato in Iran. Biology of the pest on two commercial potato cultivars, Sante and Arinda, was studied in Andimeshk, north of Khuzestan province, Iran. Samplings were weekly performed from t MorePotato tuber moth, Phthorimea operculella, is one of the most important pests of potato in Iran. Biology of the pest on two commercial potato cultivars, Sante and Arinda, was studied in Andimeshk, north of Khuzestan province, Iran. Samplings were weekly performed from two separate fields cultivated by two cultivars during two agricultural seasons (2013-2015). Adults and immatures monitoring were done by using sex pheromone trap and direct count respectively. Results showed that adults occurred with two months difference in the first and second agricultural seasons which is related to different means temperature in the two studied seasons. Significant correlation was observed between adult densities and weekly means temperature. First adults appeared on both cultivars in early February and December in the first and second agricultural seasons and peaked at the end of March, respectively. The peaks of egg number were observed at The end of March for the first and second agricultural seasons, respectively. First larvae were observed in early and mid of March in the first and second years. Larvae peaked at The end of March and mid of April for the first and second years, respectively. No considerable difference was observed among occurrence, peak and activity time of the developmental stages of potato tuberworm on The two tested cultivars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
191 - Seasonal fluctuations of percent parasitism of the leaf miner Agromyza sp. (Dip., Agromyzidae) on chickpea
S. Changizi R. Vafaei Shoushtari S. S. Modares Najafabadi A. A. ZamanyThe leaf miner Agromyza sp. is one of the most important pests of chickpea. Seasonal fluctuation of percent parasitism of the pest was investigated on chickpea in Khomeyn,Iran in 2009. Samples were taken on two days a week and number of larvae and parasitized larvae per MoreThe leaf miner Agromyza sp. is one of the most important pests of chickpea. Seasonal fluctuation of percent parasitism of the pest was investigated on chickpea in Khomeyn,Iran in 2009. Samples were taken on two days a week and number of larvae and parasitized larvae per plant were counted parasitism laboratory. The parasitoids emerged from larvae were identified. The highest percent was 18.8 on June. 29 In this experiment the parasitoids activity and the peak of leaf miners larvae population were in the same time in khomeyn region. In probability level 0.05, the regression between number of leaf miners larvae and % parasitism was positive and significant (R2=0.6). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - Determining the appropriate spray time to control Cydia pomonella L. (Lep., Totricidae) in apple orchards using sex pheromone traps and degree-day method in Urumia
J. Hosseinzadeh H. Farazmand M. Majdiafshar M. Abasi ChobtarashCodling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lep., Tortricidae) is the most important pest in iranian apple orchards. In order to avoid the unnecessary usage of chemical pesticides, using pheromone traps is the most effective control way. We have used these traps in 4 areas of diff MoreCodling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lep., Tortricidae) is the most important pest in iranian apple orchards. In order to avoid the unnecessary usage of chemical pesticides, using pheromone traps is the most effective control way. We have used these traps in 4 areas of different altitudes in Urmia villages. We counted the trapped insects twice a week. The results showed that this pest has three full generations in Urmia and their maiden appearance is in late April, with each generation peak in late May, mid-July and mid-August. The results show the best time to counter the pest is in the first generation, 5 to 7 days after flight peak and the 2nd and 3rd generations 4 to 5 days after flight peak. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - Biology, seasonal population fluctuation and distribution of the Cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi Maskell (Hom: Margarodidae) in east of Mazandaran province, Iran
S. Javadi S. E. MahdavianThe cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi Maskell is a polyphagous pest which has been distributed all around the word including Iran. The pest attacks to citrus and many other plants. The biology of I. purchasi at laboratory conditions (21.7°C, 75 R. H. MoreThe cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi Maskell is a polyphagous pest which has been distributed all around the word including Iran. The pest attacks to citrus and many other plants. The biology of I. purchasi at laboratory conditions (21.7°C, 75 R. H. and 10:14 L:D) and its seasonal population fluctuations in two citrus orchards located in Sari (North of Iran) were studied during 2003- 2005. Samples were taken weekly from 10 trees in each orchard. Three 10cm twigs were taken randomly from each tree in each sampling occasion and number of adults and nymphs were recorded in laboratory. The mean number of eggs per female was 295. 7 with incubation period of 9. 1 days. Developmental period of the 1st , 2nd and 3rd instars was 19.5, 26.5 and 56.2 days respectively. Adults were observed from April to March. Three peaks of nymphs occurred in July, November and February and three for adults in May, August and February. According to these data, it is estimated that I. purchasi overwinters in all stages specially the 2nd instar nymphs. The investigation showed that the cottony cushion scale distributed throughout the east of Mazandaran from Behshahr to Noor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - Fauna of cereal aphids and their coccinellid predators and investigation on the efficiency and population dynamics of the dominant species in Kurdistan province
S. Kamangar S. H. MalkeshiWheat as the most important crop in Kurdistan province has several pests including aphids. The coccinellids have a fundamental role in controlling aphids. In this research, cereal aphid species and their coccinellid predators were identified and the efficiency and popul MoreWheat as the most important crop in Kurdistan province has several pests including aphids. The coccinellids have a fundamental role in controlling aphids. In this research, cereal aphid species and their coccinellid predators were identified and the efficiency and population dynamics of the most abundant species of coccinellids were studied during 2001-2003. Three irrigated wheat fields in Dehgolan and Kamyaran, and one rain fed field in Marivan were selected. Samples were taken weekly and the aphid species were counted in laboratory and the occurrence frequency of each species was recorded. Adult coccinellids were collected by random sweep netting and their relative occurrence was recorded. As results, 7 aphid species were identified which Sitobion avenae F. and Schizaphis graminum Rond. with respectively 66.5 and 30%, have the highest population densities. Also 6 coccinellid species were identified which Hippodamia variegata Goeze and Coccinella septempunctata L. with respectively 60 and 37%, have the highest population densities. Results showed that H. variegata as the most abundant coccinellid species in wheat fields was not able to control the aphids significantly (under this experimental condition) due to very fast reproduction of aphids and in absence of other natural enemies. Therefore, cereal aphids can be controlled by the presence and activities of their natural enemies complex. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
195 - Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on population changes and growth parameters of carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval (Acari: Tetranychidae) on different rose cultivars
R. Namdari R. Vafaie Shoushtari Sh. Goldasteh J. ShakaramiCarmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval, is an important pest of ornamental plants such as roses in the world. In this research, population changes and the growth parameters of T. cinnabarinus reared on three rose cultivars (Magic Red, Polar Star, Dolce MoreCarmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval, is an important pest of ornamental plants such as roses in the world. In this research, population changes and the growth parameters of T. cinnabarinus reared on three rose cultivars (Magic Red, Polar Star, Dolce vita) at different amount of nitrogen fertilization (0, 50 and 100 Kg ha-1) were evaluated at 27±2°C, 70±5% RH and 16: 8 h (L: D) photoperiod. The highest and lowest abundance of mites were observed at levels of 100 and 0 (control) Kg ha-1 nitrogen. In all levels of nitrogen, the density of pest were the highest (79.25) on the Magic Red and lowest on the Dolce Vita variety. Also results showed that on all varieties, the 100 Kg ha-1 nitrogen provided the highest intrinsic rate of increase (rm), finite rate of increase (λ) and net reproductive rate of (R0). By increasing the rate of fertilizer, the doubling time of population (DT) decreased and the mite completed its generation in the shortest time (T). This study revealed that the use of high levels of nitrogen can considerably increase population and reproductive rate of carmine spider mite in rose greenhouse. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - Biology and seasonal fluctuation of cottony camellia scale, Pulvinaria (Chloropulvinaria) floccifera (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Citrus orchards of northern Iran
M. F. Hallaji-Sani A. Rasekh B. GolainCottony camellia scale, Pulvinaria floccifera Westwood is almost cosmopolitan having been spread widely by the plant trade. This soft scale is one of the most important scales of citrus orchards in Mazandaran and Guilan provinces. The biology and seasonal fluctuation of MoreCottony camellia scale, Pulvinaria floccifera Westwood is almost cosmopolitan having been spread widely by the plant trade. This soft scale is one of the most important scales of citrus orchards in Mazandaran and Guilan provinces. The biology and seasonal fluctuation of pest was studied in natural conditions in the West of Mazandaran. Furthermore, the biology of this soft scale was studied in laboratory condition. To study population dynamics, 10 leaves from each five Thomson navel orange trees, Citrus sinensis L. were taken every two weeks. P. floccifera completed one generation per year, hibernating as an adult insect. The last overwintering females were observed in early June and Middle May in 2009 and 2010, respectively. First instar nymphs appeared in middle July and late June. Second instar nymphs were first observed in early August and middle July, peaked in last August and last July in 2009 and 2010, respectively, whereas the third instar nymphs peaked in late September and late August. The complete life cycle of females required 58.2±2.1 days in the laboratory conditions, 25±10ºC, 70-80% RH, and 14:10 (L:D). Number of eggs in egg sac ranged from 445 to 680. Data showed that the ladybirds Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant and Chilocorus bipustulatus Gordon feed on P. floccifera. This study revealed that P. floccifera is present in all citrus plants sampled in the area of study in Mazandaran and Guilan provinces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - بررسی تغییرات درجه حرارت وبارش ایستگاه بندرعباس با روش من - کندال
بتول باهک محمود احمدی محمدرضا صفردوست -
Open Access Article
198 - ارزیابی میزان تغییرات کاربری اراضی در روستاهای الحاقی به مادرشهر تبریز طی دوره ی زمانی 1391-1381 (نمونه موردی: آخماقیه)
اکبر اصغری زمانی پیام علی بخش زاده شاهرخ زادولی خواجه فاطمه زادولی -
Open Access Article
199 - ارزیابی روش های آشکارسازی تغییرات پوشش گیاهی و پهنه آبی تالابهای چغاخور و سولگان
سید امید میرمحمدصادقی محمد نبویان پور سلمان یزدانی شیدا محمدیفردتالاب­ها یکی از مهمترین سرمایه­های محیطزیستی هستند که اطلاع از تغییرات آنها نقش اساسی در مدیریت آنها دارد. از میان نگرانیها در زمینه تغییرات محیطزیست و اکوسیستم تالابها، مسائل مربوط به تغییر کاربری و پوششگیاهی طی زمان به طور فزایندهای مهم تلقی شدهاند. در Moreتالاب­ها یکی از مهمترین سرمایه­های محیطزیستی هستند که اطلاع از تغییرات آنها نقش اساسی در مدیریت آنها دارد. از میان نگرانیها در زمینه تغییرات محیطزیست و اکوسیستم تالابها، مسائل مربوط به تغییر کاربری و پوششگیاهی طی زمان به طور فزایندهای مهم تلقی شدهاند. در همین راستا روش­های سنجش از دور ابزاری قدرتمند برای بررسی پایش تغییرات بهحساب میآیند که با سرعت و دقت مناسبی تغییرات کاربری اراضی را در سطوح وسیعی مورد ارزیابی قرار داده و تغییرات را آشکار مینماید. بهمنظور آشکارسازی تغییرات پوششگیاهی در سه تالاب چغاخور، سولگان غربی و سولگان شرقی، سه تصویر ماهواره لندست مربوط به سالهای 2002، 2015 و 2018 انتخاب و روشهای آشکارسازی تفاضل تصویر، تفاضل پوششگیاهی و تسلد کپ بر روی آنها پیادهسازی شد. سپس دقت روشهای مذکور از طریق طبقهبندی تصاویر به روش حداکثر احتمال و تعیین آستانه تغییرات مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد روش تسلدکپ با دقت کل و ضریب کاپای 34/88 و 83/0 نسبت به دو روش دیگر توانسته است تغییرات را بهخوبی آشکارسازی نماید. بر اساس آستانه تعیین شده، تغییرات افزایشی مربوط به اراضی کشاورزی، باغات و کشت دیم بوده که از سال 2002 تا سال 2015، تغییرات افزایشی فقط 66/23 درصد بودهاند؛ اما در بازه سه ساله از 2015 تا 2018 به 8/42 درصد افزایش یافته است و همزمان تغییرات کاهشی مربوط به 66 درصد اراضی مرتعی بودند که طی سالهای 2002 تا 2018 به اراضی کشاورزی تبدیل شدهاند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
200 - بررسی اثر دما و فشار بر عملکرد قطره چکانهای تنظیم کننده و غیرتنظیم کننده فشار رایج در شمال خوزستان
میلاد قماشی سعید طاهری قناداز آن جا که دبی قطره چکان‎ها تحت تاثیر عوامل مختلفی همچون فشار، ضریب تغییرات ساخت، گرفتگی و دمای آب آبیاری تغییر می‎کند، بنابراین برای ارزیابی اثرات دما و فشار بر دبی قطره چکان‎ها، چهار نوع قطره چکان رایج در بازار خوزستان تهیه گردیدند و در آزمایشگاه آبیاری د Moreاز آن جا که دبی قطره چکان‎ها تحت تاثیر عوامل مختلفی همچون فشار، ضریب تغییرات ساخت، گرفتگی و دمای آب آبیاری تغییر می‎کند، بنابراین برای ارزیابی اثرات دما و فشار بر دبی قطره چکان‎ها، چهار نوع قطره چکان رایج در بازار خوزستان تهیه گردیدند و در آزمایشگاه آبیاری دانشکده مهندسی آب دانشگاه آزاد دزفول مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. در این پژوهش اثر چهار دمای آب شامل ۲۰ ،3۰ ،4۰ و 5۰ درجه سانتی‎گراد در چهار فشار ۵، 10، 1۵ و 20 متر بررسی شدند. برای انجام این کار ابتدا در دمای آزمایشگاه (۲۰ درجه سانتی‎گراد) دبی قطره چکان‎ها بدست آمد و ضریب تغییرات ساخت برای هر کدام تعیین شد. برطبق این ضریب و با استفاده از انجمن مهندسان کشاورزی آمریکا طبقه‎بندی کیفی قطره چکان‎ها انجام شد که درنتیجه آن قطره چکان‎های A،B،D عالی بودند و C در مرز متوسط قرار گرفت. برای انجام این آزمایش در دماهای ۳۰،4۰،5۰ درجه از مخزنی مجهز به المنت و دستگاه کنترل درجه حرارت استفاده شد. در دو مورد شامل B و D اثر دما بر روی دبی معنی‎دار و در بقیه موارد (A وC) افزایش دما روی دبی تاثیر معنی‎داری نداشت. با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده با افزایش دمای آب، دبی قطره چکان‎های غیر تنظیم‎کننده فشار افزایش می‎یابد به صورتی‎که با بالا رفتن X در معادله دبی- فشار این افزایش با شیب بیش‎تری صورت می‎گیرد. در قطره چکان‎های تنظیم‎کننده فشار افزایش دما در دو مورد A و C اثر معنی‎دار بر روی دبی قطره چکان‎ها نداشت و در مورد قطره چکان D باعث کاهش دبی شد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
201 - تاثیر خشکسالی برکاهش مساحت تالاب ها مطالعه موردی (تالاب بامدژ در استان خوزستان)
سمانه عبدویس فاطمه ذاکری حسینیمناطق حفاظت شده، پارک های ملی و تالاب ها، اکوسیستم های دست نخورده با تنوع زیادی از گونه های گیاهی و جانوری است. حفاظت پایدار این مناطق در گرو درک و شناخت واقعی ارزش های نهفته در آن ها است. پنج تالاب استان خوزستان جزء مناطق حفاظت شده فوق محسوب می گردند. تالاب بامدژ از تا Moreمناطق حفاظت شده، پارک های ملی و تالاب ها، اکوسیستم های دست نخورده با تنوع زیادی از گونه های گیاهی و جانوری است. حفاظت پایدار این مناطق در گرو درک و شناخت واقعی ارزش های نهفته در آن ها است. پنج تالاب استان خوزستان جزء مناطق حفاظت شده فوق محسوب می گردند. تالاب بامدژ از تالاب های استان خوزستان و در منتهی الیه رودخانه شاوور با مساحتی در حدود 4 هزار هکتار می باشد. با توجه به کاهش مساحت این تالاب خصوصا در دهه های اخیر در این مطالعه به بررسی تاثیر خشکسالی های پنج ساله (91-85) در منطقه شاوور با تاکید بر تالاب پرداخته شد و با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره ای مربوط به سال های 1370، 1380 و 1386 و 1391 و تکنیک های سنجش از دور میزان تغییرات پهنه آبی و گیاهی نسبت به پهنه بدون پوشش این تالاب تعیین گردید، نتایج نشان داد که بارش، دبی و مساحت تالاب در دوره های فوق الذکر به ترتیب کاهش 40، 10 و 35 درصدی داشته اند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - تغییرات شوری اعماق خاک در اثر آبیاری با آب شور
وحید یزدانی سپیده یکه باش محمد سلطانیاین تحقیق به منظور بررسی تاثیر شوری آب آبیاری بر کیفیت خاک در سطح و اعماق انجام گرفت. در این تحقیق از نسبت­های مختلف سنگ نمک طبیعی و آب چاه با دبی 35 لیتر در ثانیه (در مختصات ً5/39 َ27 º59 و ً2/39 َ27 º36) به منظور ایجاد شوری­های متفاوت در Moreاین تحقیق به منظور بررسی تاثیر شوری آب آبیاری بر کیفیت خاک در سطح و اعماق انجام گرفت. در این تحقیق از نسبت­های مختلف سنگ نمک طبیعی و آب چاه با دبی 35 لیتر در ثانیه (در مختصات ً5/39 َ27 º59 و ً2/39 َ27 º36) به منظور ایجاد شوری­های متفاوت در شرایط کشت کلزا استفاده شد. در شرایط ماندگار، در یک غلظت مشخص از آب آبیاری، توزیع متفاوت در جذب آب سبب توزیع متفاوت شوری در خاک می­شود. بر این اساس، از معادلات تابع جذب آب نمایی، ذوزنقه­ای و الگوی جذب جهت بررسی تغییرات شوری استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد با افزایش زمان بعد از کاشت و اعمال تیمار­های مختلف آبیاری، مقدار شوری عصاره اشباع خاک در اعماق مختلف خاک افزایش می­یابد. در 3 تاریخ اولیه مقدار تفاوت در EC عصاره اشباع خاک خیلی زیاد نیست و در تاریخ 4 و 5 نمونه‎برداری (یعنی 102 و 118 روز بعد از کشت کلزا) مقدار تفاوت­ها بیشتر می­شود. دلیل تفاوت کم در تاریخ‎های 56، 71 و 87 روز بعد از کشت کلزا، وجود بارش در این مدت می­باشد. در 71 روز بعد از کشت کلزا مقدار EC عصاره اشباع در اغلب تیمار­ها کاهش داشت و از روند افزایشی پیروی نمی­کرد که دلیل آن وقوع بارش در بازه اول الی 15 خرداد بود؛ که باعث آب‎شویی املاح شده و EC عصاره اشباع خاک کاهش یافته است. البته باید اشاره داشت که در تیمار I4 چنین روندی مشاهده نمی­گردد. زیرا کم‎آبیاری شدید در این تیمار باعث تجمع املاح در سطح خاک شده است که بارش­ها تنها سطح خاک را آب‎شویی نموده و املاح را به اعماق پایین‎تر منتقل کرده است. نتایج نشان داد که مدل ذوزنقه­ای قادر به پیش‎بینی شوری عصاره اشباع خاک نمی­باشد. این روش شوری عصاره اشباع خاک را بسیار بیشتر از واقعیت برآورد می­کند و نتایج آن تنها در شوری 5/0 دسی زیمنس بر متر تاحدودی قابل قبول است. در مقابل، نتایج دو مدل دیگر یعنی مدل نمایی و مدل تابع جذب، نتایج مناسب‎تری را ارائه دادند. مدل نمایی در این سه سطح آبیاری دارای دقت قابل قبول­تری نسبت به مدل تابع جذب بود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
203 - Innovation and creativity in separating the components of the tax gap and their impact on future earnings changes
Rasoul Karami Seyed Ali Vaez Ghasem RekabdarBackground: due to the differences between tax laws and accounting standards there are differences between tax payers and tax collectors that cause tax gap .The tax gap is calculated through the difference between diagnostic and instrumental taxes and its components inc MoreBackground: due to the differences between tax laws and accounting standards there are differences between tax payers and tax collectors that cause tax gap .The tax gap is calculated through the difference between diagnostic and instrumental taxes and its components include temporary and permanent tax differences. Purpose: In previous studies in Iran, the tax gap resulted from permanent differences, but the initiative and creativity of this research were identified as temporary differences. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the tax gap and its components on future earnings changes. Method: The present study of the nature and content of a research is correlation type that is used to explore the correlation between variables of the post - event method. The statistical population of the research in Tehran Stock Exchange and statistical sample consists of 120 companies in the period of 1386 - 1396. To analyze the data and test the hypotheses, the regression equation has been used. Results: The results indicate that there is a significant inverse relationship between the tax gap and future earnings changes. The results confirm that both temporal and temporal tax differences have a significant effect on future earnings changes. it can be argued that increasing the difference between earnings accounting earnings can be associated with decreasing interest in the next year and less stability. Conclusion: The findings of this research show that tax gap components in Iran are also temporary differences in addition to permanent differences and by separating permanent and temporary differences we can calculate taxable income .On one hand , increasing the satisfaction of the taxpayers and on the other hand the challenges of taxation , evasion and tax avoidance . Therefore , it is expected to increase efficient tax system and tax equity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
204 - Investigation of the range morph dynamic changing in Damavand Yakhar glacier using RS and GIS
سعیده Fakhari فتح االله Naderi پرویز Zeyaeyan FirozabadiNatural glaciers as one of the main surface water resources are of a significant importance in the recent time.Remote sensing technology is an important tool in locating and estimating the area of the regions covered withice and snow especially in the out- of- reach mou MoreNatural glaciers as one of the main surface water resources are of a significant importance in the recent time.Remote sensing technology is an important tool in locating and estimating the area of the regions covered withice and snow especially in the out- of- reach mountainous regions. Identifying the morphodynamic changes bymeans of remote sensing is an essential requirement of the management and assessment of natural resources; oneof its methods is to provide the map of changes according to remote sensing images and to use the Geomaticasoft ware. We chose Damavand Yakhar glacier due to its activity and morphodynamic changes during the recentyears. To discover the changes, we used calculation algorithm for changes intensity by subtracting parallel bandson satellite images and principle component analysis (PCA). Finally we located the hydrothermal areas in theglacier by extracting line mentums and combining different bands of TM and ETM scanners in geomatica software. The results of this research show that the area of Yakhar glacier is retreating and its present size is 1.8km2.The main causes of its retreat are the decline of glacier recharge and the heat of smoke emerging fromDamavand volcano. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
205 - Investigating Land Use Changes In Tajyar Dam Basin Using The Erdas Software
Mir Mehrdad Mirsanjari nafiseh rezapoorRevealing changes is one of the basic needs in managing and evaluating natural resources. Therefore, the map of user changes that is the result of the process of detecting changes can be made based on multivariate images of remote sensing. The purpose of this research i MoreRevealing changes is one of the basic needs in managing and evaluating natural resources. Therefore, the map of user changes that is the result of the process of detecting changes can be made based on multivariate images of remote sensing. The purpose of this research is to classify the images of the Tajyar Dam in three years to find out the extent of change in land cover and land covered with vegetation. Remote sensing techniques are the best means for extracting land use maps. In this study land use changes in the Tajyar dam basin have been studied using the supervised classifications in Erdas software. The Tajyar Dam Basin with an area of 10898 ha is located in East Azarbaijan province and Sarab city. In the study area, two landslide satellite images from1996 and 2006 and 2015 were categorized. The results indicate that 2007 hectares of lands covered with vegetation have been reduced and added to dry lands. This change has been caused due to severe agricultural activities, plowing and unplanned grooves. The effect of cold air currents in the northwest of the country has caused the region to have a semi-arid climate of cold. Due to the aforementioned limitation and the state of consumption of agricultural products and the lack of attention to the ability of agricultural land, farming in areas that have no potential for doing this activity has reduced the quality of vegetation. The supervised classification in this method was carried out with an overall accuracy of 87%, which is acceptable at the level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
206 - Survey the effect of land use changes on quality of water Maroon River using RS and GIS
Khosro Shafi Motlagh Jahangi Porhemat Hossin Sedghi Majid HosseiniIn arid and semi-arid conditions and water shortage, sensitive to water quality of rivers and factors influencing on them, is necessary. Maroon Watershed in recent decades has been prey extensive land use changes. Drought and misuse of lands were the most important fact MoreIn arid and semi-arid conditions and water shortage, sensitive to water quality of rivers and factors influencing on them, is necessary. Maroon Watershed in recent decades has been prey extensive land use changes. Drought and misuse of lands were the most important factors in reducing the volume and quality of water resources in the basin. In this study, changes in land use in the watershed Maroon within four ten-year period from 1980 to 2010 using sensors of TM and ETM satellite Landsat and then the changes in water quality over the same period, and even more between 1347 and 1394, were studied over a period of 47 years. Changes in land use in order to increase residential areas and increased agricultural land in the drought occurred during the past 47 years in reducing water quality in the watershed Maroon Ideanak station output is affected. However, due to the drastic changes in land use occurred, increasing the surface of residential and agricultural land feature of lowering the quality of Maroon river water. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
207 - Investigation of farmland Use Change in the Area of Parishan Wetland and its Relationship with Groundwater Levels and Rainfall
Bahman Khodabandehlo Mohammadali Abasi Azita ZandLand use is one of the most important factors that Man influences the environment through it. Changes in land cover and land use have direct effects on climate change, and there is a reciprocal and complex relationship between climate change and land cover change. There MoreLand use is one of the most important factors that Man influences the environment through it. Changes in land cover and land use have direct effects on climate change, and there is a reciprocal and complex relationship between climate change and land cover change. Therefore, it is important to monitor land use changes for management and Presentation of management plans. Today, remote sensing and geographic information systems are widely used, especially in dealing with multiple geographic data and interpreting the vast area of the earth's surface. In this way, remote sensing data can be used as a suitable substitute for unregistered and past data, such as land use data and its changes over time periods, and serve as basic information for other studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate land use changes in the Perishan wetland area from 1990 to 2015 using a remote sensing technique and investigate the relationship between these changes with groundwater levels and precipitation. The results of this study showed that the farmland area increased by 1,371 hectares from 1990 to 2015, while the groundwater level decreased by 14.72 m. Also, the results of this study showed that the changes in land area of agriculture are inversely related to groundwater level and increasing the area of agricultural land leads to more groundwater discharge and lower groundwater level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
208 - Qualitative changes Trend (in terms of sedimentation and corrosion) in drinking water of three villages of Sarbandan, Jaban and Ayinehvarzan, in Damavand area
Farzaneh Ghodrati Mohammad Manshouri Mojtaba Syyadi Mahmoud SalariAn intensive decrease has been occurred in discharge of drinking waters in some of villages of Damavand citywhich caused dramatical changes in quality and quantity drinking water of these wells. This research tries tostudy probable qualitative changes in these resources MoreAn intensive decrease has been occurred in discharge of drinking waters in some of villages of Damavand citywhich caused dramatical changes in quality and quantity drinking water of these wells. This research tries tostudy probable qualitative changes in these resources, as well as evaluating role of qualitative condition of waterin reduction of its quantity. According to the conducted studies, reduction in quantity of wells of the villages canbe attributed to two reasons: 1. Tectonic factors and geology of the region; 2. Chemical factor. Geological andtectonic studies revealed that tectonic factors had no effect on reduced discharge and quality, because tectonicfunctions linearly, while this was a point event. Therefore, it is more likely that there is a relation betweenchanges in quality and chemical factors and conditions. Finally, based on physical and chemical analysis ofwater samples and calculation of Langelier’s index and Rayzanar’s index on one hand, and study of geologicalformations, especially sequences of sediments in north of the region, with most frequent facies being chilefollowed by carbonated, dolomite facies, on the other hand. it can be said that water of studied wells makesediments. Therefore, study of hydrochemical conditions of groundwater of the studied zone, persistentmonitoring of ground water, videometery of wells, persistent discharge measurement, and identification ofsediment of pipe wall are recommended. Also, application of proper methods such as waterjet, ultrasound, acidpickling, and magnetic air shock (separately, or in hybrid manner) results in dissolution of sediments formed onthe wall of well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - Study of population fluctuations of Lobesia botrana (Lep.: Tortricidae) in vineyards of Kashmar region, in Khorasan Razavi province
isa jabaleh Esmat Maldari Kondor Mohammad SirjaniLobesia botrana (Lep., Tortricidae) is one of the most important pests of vineyards in Iran and the world. Sex pheromone plays an important role in tracking and controlling this pest and is inevitable to get the best time for spraying and prevent indiscriminate spraying MoreLobesia botrana (Lep., Tortricidae) is one of the most important pests of vineyards in Iran and the world. Sex pheromone plays an important role in tracking and controlling this pest and is inevitable to get the best time for spraying and prevent indiscriminate spraying. In this study, changes in the population density of grape-eating larvae and the peak time of insect flight in different generations of the species were investigated by installing pheromone traps in the garden of Kashmar Research Center in Khorasan Razavi province through 2020. In this study, four peak points of adult insect flight were recorded. The first flight peak was reached on April 15, and then reached the peak of the second flight with a decrease on June 3, and after this peak on July 7, the peak of the third flight occurred, and finally on September 5, the fourth peak of the flight was observed. After the last peak, due to the gradual decrease in temperature and lowering of the average temperature from the minimum thermal threshold, the flight activity of moths decreased and from mid-October onwards, the trap hunting stopped. The results also showed that the highest percentage of damage was related to the third generation and the lowest percentage of damage was related to the first generation L. botrana. It is recommended that the first specific spraying against grape clusters in the region for the second and third generations could be 5-7 days after the formation of the flight peak. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - Effect of plant nourishments on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) abundance, in Watermelon Fields of Esfarayen region
isa jabaleh behzad amiri majid taherianWatermelon with a vast area of cultivation is one of the most important products of the North Khorasan Province and the city of Esfarayen. In these areas, Tetranychus urticae can be considered as one of the most important pests of this product; the uncontrolled use of c MoreWatermelon with a vast area of cultivation is one of the most important products of the North Khorasan Province and the city of Esfarayen. In these areas, Tetranychus urticae can be considered as one of the most important pests of this product; the uncontrolled use of chemical pesticides causes the population to become resistant to pesticides and remains; poisons are very important for their fresh food; Plant nutrition quality hosts a factor influencing pest growth and reproduction. In order to investigate the effect of nutrition in field conditions on different biological stages of T. urticae, an experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with seven treatments (chicken manure, cow manure, sheep manure, NPK, NPK + Humic acid, Humic acid and control) in Three sampling times were performed in 2015 in Esfarayen city. The results showed that the largest population of T. urticae in chicken manure on biological stages (egg, larva, nymph and adult), respectively, with an average (34.1 ± 27.12, 78.1 ± 04.12, 35.1 ± 04 . 8 and 69.1 ± 73.12) and the lowest number in the NPK + Humic acid fertilizer granulation in biological stages (egg, larva, nymph and adult), respectively (67.0 ± 16.4, 55.0 ± 88.2, 38.0 ± 18.2 and 67.0 ± 07.5) was observed. The results of this research granular fertilizer treatment Humic acid and Humic acid + NPK granulated onion fields in order to control the two-spotted spider mite is considered Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - Population fluctuation of egg parasitoids of sunn pest and determining of dominant species in Varamin and vicinity
Hasan GhahariPopulation fluctuation of sunn pests’ parasitoids (Scelionidae and Encyrtidae) was studied in 5 different localities of Varamin including, Javad-Abad, Dehmacin, Gharchak, Asgar-Abad and Pishva. Seven parasitoid species including, Telenomuschloropus, Trissolcusbasa MorePopulation fluctuation of sunn pests’ parasitoids (Scelionidae and Encyrtidae) was studied in 5 different localities of Varamin including, Javad-Abad, Dehmacin, Gharchak, Asgar-Abad and Pishva. Seven parasitoid species including, Telenomuschloropus, Trissolcusbasalis, Tr. grandis, Tr. rufiventris, Tr. semistriatus, Tr. vassilievi and Ooencyrtustelenomicida were collected from the mentioned regions. Upon the samplings in Gharchak, 4 species, T. semistriatus, T. grandis, T. Vassilievi and T. Rufiventris, were collected which of these T. semistriatus and T. grandis were determined as dominant species. Mean percent parasitism of T. semistriatus was higher than the other species and the highest parasitism (44.63%) was obtained in 22 May 2014. In Pishva, 5 parasitoids, T. grandis, T. vassilievi, T. semistriatus, T. chloropus and T. Basalis, were collected, which T. grandisand T. vassilievi were the dominant. The parasitism of these two parasitoids were started in 10 April 2014 and the maximum parasitism of T. grandis(27.89%) in 22 May 2014 and for T. vassilievi (22.39%) in 29 May 2014. Parasitoids of sunn pest in Javad-Abad were identified as T. rufiventris, T. grandis and Telenomus chloropus which of these, T. rufiventris was determined as the dominant species. The beginning of its parasitism activity was observed in 17 April 2014 and its maximum (26.44%) in 7 May 2014. The collected species in Dehmacin were included T. semistriatus, T. vassilievi, T. grandis and O. telenomicida which 2 species T. semistriatus and O. telenomicida were the dominant. The maximum percent parasitism was obtained in 22 May 2014 for T. semistriatus and 29 May 2014 for O. telenomicida. Six parasitoid species including, O. telenomicida, T. rufiventris, T. vassilievi, T. grandis, T. semistriatus and T. simony were collected from Asgar-Abad, which of these 3 first species were the dominant species. The highest percent parasitism for T. vassilievi(16.68%) and T. rufiventris (13.21%) was obtained in 22 May, 2014, and for T. grandis(23.72%)in 5 June 2014. Regarding to sex ratio of parasitoids, mean percent of emerged females was more than the male production in all sampled regions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - Climate Change, Sustainable Design of Neighborhood
fatemeh rahbariThe phenomenon of climate change is caused by various factors such as swings at the Earth’s climate, natural processes, and human activities. Following that, the solar absorption has been increasing as compared with the radiation of the Sun’s ray, the Earth MoreThe phenomenon of climate change is caused by various factors such as swings at the Earth’s climate, natural processes, and human activities. Following that, the solar absorption has been increasing as compared with the radiation of the Sun’s ray, the Earth is getting warmer, and this change is threatening the lives of the present and also the future generation; all these are caused by the excessive emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) due to the fossil fuel consumption. Since the most important achievements of mankind may be civilization and urbanization and the neighborhood is considered as linchpin of the city frame, firstly, climate change and its factors are described in this paper to relate the aforementioned factors and then the structure of a sustainable neighborhood is examined by defining the concepts of neighborhood and sustainability in order to prevent the continuation of climate change. Achieving the principles and criteria of the neighborhood design requires collaboration of all related specialists, especially architects, urban planners, and the people; then the future generation will be able to meet their own needs and this means sustainable design: future-oriented, environment-oriented, and partnership-oriented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
213 - آشکارسازی تغییرات کاربری و پوشش اراضی با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره ای و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (منطقه مورد مطالعه: استان مازندران)
کامران مجرد موسی کمانرودی -
Open Access Article
214 - Evaluation Remote sensing of land use effects on land surface temperature gradient using Landsat images: Case study: Kharestan Watershed
Abbasali vali abolfazl ranjbar marzieh mokarram farideh taripanahSeveral factors affect the temperature gradient of the Land surface, one of the factors affecting human activities is land use changes that can lead to global temperature changes. Land surface temperature changes affect the natural climate of the region, so understandin MoreSeveral factors affect the temperature gradient of the Land surface, one of the factors affecting human activities is land use changes that can lead to global temperature changes. Land surface temperature changes affect the natural climate of the region, so understanding its changes and balancing it is essential to understand the indirect effects of human intervention on ecosystems and their management. The aim of this study is to investigate land use, land surface temperature characteristics in each land use as well as correlation between land surface temperature variations and normalized difference index (NDVI). In this study, land use, land temperature and NDVI analysis was used from Landsat 5TM in 1990, 2010, ETM7 2000, and 8OLI for 2017. Land use was studied using supervised classification method. The results showed that the amount of land surface temperature in each land use was different and the maximom amount was found in the bare soil and in the built areas and the lowest in the garden. The difference in land surface temperature between built areas with vegetation in the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2017 was 3.58, 2.27, 3.20 and 2.12 ° C, respectively. Also, the difference in temperature between bare soil with vegetation cover in these four periods was 3/3, 0.8, 0.81 and 2.38 ° C respectively. In this study, the relationship between NDVI and surface temperature showed a negative correlation, so that areas with low NDVI had higher temperatures than those with high NDVI. The relationship between vegetation changes and surface temperature changes showed a significant correlation between these two parameters (R = 0.63). Therefore, it can be stated that land uses with more vegetation have lower temperatures than land uses with less cover. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
215 - Spectral distortion-based flood detection in multi-temporal images fusion techniques
حسن حسنی مقدم Mohammad Javad NateghiIn changes detection process, the choice of information extraction method plays an important role in the quality of final changes detecting. In this study, Landsat 8 multi-temporal data fusion method based on spectral distortion was used to detect changes and to determi MoreIn changes detection process, the choice of information extraction method plays an important role in the quality of final changes detecting. In this study, Landsat 8 multi-temporal data fusion method based on spectral distortion was used to detect changes and to determine the range of floods. For this reason, both pre and post flood images were fused using the Gram Schmitt algorithm to increase spatial resolution of images. In the following, three algorithms, Gram Schmitt, IHS, PCA, were used to detect changes and determine the extent of flood. In this study, input of each algorithm was pre-flooded as a multicolor image and post-flood infrared image as a panchromatic image selected to determine the extent of flood using the spectral distortion generated in each algorithm. The results showed that the capability of data fusion method based on spectral distortion is very high in detecting of changes. The spectral distortion generated in IHS is the most accurate distortion and the output of this algorithm is highly consistent with the reference data. Also, the output of the Gram Schmitt algorithm has spectral distortions in the unchanged regions. The PCA algorithm, which is highly sensitive to inputs, distorts most image regions, which is not recommended for detecting changes based on spectral distortion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - Effects of dam construction on physical development and upstream and downstream dam change using remote sensing (Case Study: June 15th, Qom)
Ahmad RajabiSo far, many studies have been conducted to identify and detect land cover changes and land use changes. Optimizing land cover monitoring is an inevitable necessity in natural resource management. Given the evidence and effects of climate change in the region and the de MoreSo far, many studies have been conducted to identify and detect land cover changes and land use changes. Optimizing land cover monitoring is an inevitable necessity in natural resource management. Given the evidence and effects of climate change in the region and the declining and increasing trend of some coverages and land uses can be effective in prioritizing conservation and zoning strategies. Factors such as land resources, environment, population, economy and society must be taken into account for sustainable development. Any type of development, regardless of quantity or quality, has specific environmental effects (1). Over time, dam construction has made some changes in the land cover - use of dams, in this study we aim to detect these changes. Therefore, for detecting cover changes - upstream and downstream of the Khordad 15 Khordad Dam during the period 201–990 1990, first visualize the changes using Googel Earth, then use Landsat 5 (1990 image) before. Dam Construction and Landsat 8 (Picture 2019) After dam construction and flooding using ENVI software, visual and automated changes detection are performed and the results of automatic image changes and classification in two classes Modified and unchanged Accuracy was 86.38% and was unchanged and modified by classification into three classes ( Decreased) reached 85.51% accuracy.Key words: Sustainable development,RemoteSensing,Dams,Change Detection,Classification. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - Detection of land use changes using satellite imagery during the period 1984-2019 (Case study of Kamyaran city)
saman javaheri Ali asghar TorahiLand use change due to human activities is one of the important issues in regional and development planning. Given the advantages and capabilities of satellite data, this technology can be of great help in identifying and detecting these changes. The purpose of this stu MoreLand use change due to human activities is one of the important issues in regional and development planning. Given the advantages and capabilities of satellite data, this technology can be of great help in identifying and detecting these changes. The purpose of this study is to detect land use changes in Kamyaran city using satellite images over a period of 35 years. In this study, data from 1984 TM sensor, 2000 ETM + sensor and 2019 Landsat OLI sensor were used. Initially, preliminary preprocessions including radiometric, atmospheric and geometric corrections were performed on the raw data. Land control points were used for training, accreditation and to prepare land use map. Land use class was determined by field survey and using Google Earth images in 9 land use classes of agricultural lands, forests, gardens, rich and wooded pastures, medium rangelands, residential areas, water area, barren lands and rock outcrops. Next, the neural network method was used to monitor the images in ENVI 5.3 software. The evaluation results showed that the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of OLI classified images are 94.3 and 0.92%, ETM + 92.6 and 0.91% and TM 90.3 and 0.87%, respectively. The results showed that forest lands and rich and wooded pastures decreased significantly during three time periods, which decreased by 11.64 and 19.12 percent, respectively. So that rich and wooded pastures have an increasing trend until 2000 and in the next period until 2019 has a decreasing trend. Residential lands, water areas and gardens increased by 2.27%, 0.57% and 3.98%, respectively. Due to the growing trend of population and urbanization, the results of this study provide the necessary information to make basic decisions in the development of management policies for planners and regional managers for the sustainability and evaluation of natural resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - Prediction of Urban Construction Changes Using Satellite Images Based on CA-MARKOV Models (case study: Sari)
Sahab Bidgoli Kashani Mehran Fadavi Valiollah AzizifarAlong with the ever-increasing urban population, the amount of construction in the city space has been developed. The development of construction in the horizontal space and regardless of the existing restrictions has led to environmental, economic and legal problems fo MoreAlong with the ever-increasing urban population, the amount of construction in the city space has been developed. The development of construction in the horizontal space and regardless of the existing restrictions has led to environmental, economic and legal problems for the citizens. Achieving the amount, intensity and direction of construction development from the past to the present and predicting the construction situation in the future is the first step towards the scientific and practical management of the physical development of urban construction, planning and providing suitable solutions in order to create a balance between allocation Spatial-spatial construction and all kinds of legal, economic and environmental considerations. Data and information extracted from satellite images, while showing the historical changes of urban construction, are used as the main, necessary and necessary input data for models to predict its future state. In this research, satellite images of TM, ETM+ and OLI sensors of Landsat satellite were used in the time periods of 1997-2007 and 2007-2017 related to the city of Sari. After performing geometrical corrections, city area maps were prepared. Then, by using the effective parameters in urban construction changes, using the Cellular Automata(CA) Markov Model, the accuracy of the simulations was checked. Finally, for validation, the simulated maps and the ground reality map were matched with each other. The simulation of the construction development process in 2027 using the CA-Markov model showed that if the existing management regulations continue, this area will decrease from 4617.90 hectares in 2017 to 4357.44 hectares in 2027. But the examination of change maps and stability maps showed that new areas will be under construction between 2017 and 2027, which were mainly used for agriculture and barren land. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
219 - رابطه پایداری تغییرات غیرعادی مانده وجوه نقد با پایداری اقلام تعهدی اختیاری)مدیریت سود(
سیدحسن صالح نژاد حسین اکبری سید حسام وقفی -
Open Access Article
220 - The Appearance of Plastic Images in Pottery and its Relation to Cultural Changes Occurred with the Transition from Bronze Age to Iron Age at Iran
Hamidreza Valipour Iman Mostafapour Hossein Davoudi Ahmad Chaychi AmirKhizThe first step in any study of archaeological materials is, necessarily, ordering the material into some sort of classificatory system. Therefore this article is analysis of plastic image in pottery on the basis of ceramic classification. The classification of ceramics MoreThe first step in any study of archaeological materials is, necessarily, ordering the material into some sort of classificatory system. Therefore this article is analysis of plastic image in pottery on the basis of ceramic classification. The classification of ceramics into meaningful types is the first step in using ceramic data in archaeological analysis. The next and ultimately more important step is to use those data to answer questions about cultural changes at the past. Study of cultural changes is one of the important aims in archaeological researches. Changes in technology, decorations, forms and organization of ceramic production have, in turn, been used to societies. This article outlines one of the decoration types in the pottery and stylistic analysis to study of the cultural changes during the bronze and iron age at Iran. The aim of this article is the study of plastic images in the pottery and the origin of this technique at Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
221 - Environmental Effects of the World Hyper-Landslide on Ancient Settlements
Siamak Sharafi Masoud Sadeghi RadThe occurrence of the world's largest landslides on the Kabir-Kuh anticline and on the path of Sayamareh and Kashkan river drainage network has created many wide environmental changes. The most important changes caused by the landslide include blocking the path of Sayma MoreThe occurrence of the world's largest landslides on the Kabir-Kuh anticline and on the path of Sayamareh and Kashkan river drainage network has created many wide environmental changes. The most important changes caused by the landslide include blocking the path of Saymareh and Kashkan rivers and creating two lakes which are world’s largest and most stable barrier lakes in the world. Geoarchaeological studies of this region utilizing physical and conceptual tools, laboratory methods, software tools as well as using statistical cluster analysis have led to the landslide fourstage recognition on the Kabir-Kuh anticline and the subsequent formation of four lakes within the Saymareh valley and a single-stage lake within the Kashkan valley; in addition, the results of these studies include detecting settlement patterns of archaeological sites in each periods from Epipaleolithic to Islamic in connection with the formation of the lake and the recognition of the ongoing changes in settlement patterns associated with fluctuations in the lake level. Based on the results of lake sediments dating, the occurrence of the primary Kabirkuh landslide and the formation of Seymare and Kashkan barrier lakes happened about 85000 years ago. Therefore, from the Middle Paleolithic to the Islamic era the human settlement patterns have been environmental changes caused by Kabirkuh landslide and also caused by the formation of barrier lakes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
222 - Another View to Prehistoric Archaeology of Tehran Plain in Central Plateau of Iran
Hamidreza ValipourConcentrating on cultural changes is one of the most significant aims of studying archeology. The interpretation of the cultural changes in a society or a region in prehistoric periods requires a decent understanding of the relation between the cultural materials. Havin MoreConcentrating on cultural changes is one of the most significant aims of studying archeology. The interpretation of the cultural changes in a society or a region in prehistoric periods requires a decent understanding of the relation between the cultural materials. Having a specific view or a theoretical approach towards the so-called issue reflects the researcher’s orientations. One of the cultural areas in Iran about which there have been several ideas and disputes on its prehistoric cultural changes could be the Central Plateau of Iran. Most of the proposed theories about the cultural changes of this area have been based on historical-cultural approach. In this study, we have been analyzing these changes in Tehran plain along with revision and considering the past theories together with defining theoretical concepts for presenting a new viewpoint. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - بررسی رابطه میان نگرشها و رفتارهای کارکنان در سطح سازمان و آمادگی آنها برای تغییرات سازمانی، مطالعه موردی: اداره مرکزی و شعبه مرکزی تعاونی اعتباری کارسازان آینده استان تهران
الهه سلیم رفتار مبرهن زنجانی جواد مهرابی -
Open Access Article
224 - تحلیل تغییرات کاربریهای اراضی نواحی حاشیه زاینده رود با مدلسازی در سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (بازه چم خلیفه تا سامان شهرکرد)
علی اکبر جمالی سید علی المدرسی احسان ایزدی -
Open Access Article
225 - ارزیابی و تحلیل توسعه فیزیکی شهرهای میانی با استفاده از RSوGIS(مطالعه موردی: شهرگنبد)
صالح آرخی حسین موسی زاده مهدی خداداد سید محمد موسوی پارسایی -
Open Access Article
226 - ارزیابی روند تغییرات فضای سبز در مناطق شهری با رویکرد عدالت فضایی با استفاده از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی(نمونه موردی منطقه یک شهر زنجان)
ابوالفضل مشکینی سعید نجفی -
Open Access Article
227 - Studying the effect of medicinal supplements prepared from grains on changes in the concentration of some hormones in laboratory rats with thyroid gland problems.
Hojjat Eghbal Mehdia Ahmadi SabeghIntroduction & Objective:The thyroid gland is one of the most important glands in the body that regulates the body's energy metabolism. This gland has a butterfly-like shape and is located in front of the trachea. Due to the increasing prevalence of thyroid diseases MoreIntroduction & Objective:The thyroid gland is one of the most important glands in the body that regulates the body's energy metabolism. This gland has a butterfly-like shape and is located in front of the trachea. Due to the increasing prevalence of thyroid diseases and the lack of appropriate treatment for this disease, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of food powder (Made from grains) on changes in the concentration of T3, T4, TSH hormones in male rats. Lead acetate was performed. Materials.and Methods:For this study, 30 Wistar rats were used. To induce the disease, lead acetate was used in combination with diet in mice and mice in treatment groups with concentrations of 125, 250 and 500 mg. They received food powder (Made from grains) per kilogram of body weight.Results:According to the results of T3, T4, TSH tests in the blood of the studied mice, it can be concluded that food powder (Made from grains) causes a relative return of T3, T4, TSH levels to normal. In the study of the interaction of the concentrations used in food powder (Made from grains), it was found that the concentration of 500 ml / kg has the most effective therapeutic effect and the concentration of 125 ml / kg has the least effect against hypothyroidism. Conclusion:According to the results of this study, it can be stated that food powder (Made from grains) is a suitable therapeutic effect for the treatment of thyroid parameters abnormalities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
228 - The Role of Organizational Culture on Innovation and Change in Organizations
Alireza Keramatian Keyvan ShahgholianThe purpose of this research is to determine the role of organizational culture on innovation and change in the organization. Since in the present era, innovation and change are one of the most important requirements and competitive advantages for the survival and growt MoreThe purpose of this research is to determine the role of organizational culture on innovation and change in the organization. Since in the present era, innovation and change are one of the most important requirements and competitive advantages for the survival and growth of each organization. Therefore, in this research, we examine the effective indicators of organizational culture on organizational innovation and change.The present research studies the role of organizational culture on innovation and change in organization in Renault Pars Company. The research method is descriptive survey. The statistical population of the present study included all employees and experts in Renault Pars Company. Sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 155 people and the method of sampling was simple random. The research data were collected using library and field method and the tools used in the questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaires was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (0.857) and the validity of the tool was confirmed by the content method. The research data were analyzed using statistical software, descriptive and inferential statistics using PLS software. The results show that rational culture, participatory culture and hierarchical culture have a positive impact on organizational change, and does not confirm the results of the impact of ideological culture on the effectiveness of the organization. In addition, the results showed that organizational culture through organizational innovation has a significant effect on organizational effectiveness. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
229 - Investigating Resistance of Employees to Organizational Changes (Case Study: Energy Novin Industries Development)
Hamid Sepehri Asil Keyvan ShahgholianThe purpose of this research is to determine the effect of employees' resistance on organizational changes, and the main hypothesis is: employee resistance affects organizational changes.The statistical population of the population is 450 people. Therefore, using the Co MoreThe purpose of this research is to determine the effect of employees' resistance on organizational changes, and the main hypothesis is: employee resistance affects organizational changes.The statistical population of the population is 450 people. Therefore, using the Cochran formula, 207 experts from the company are developing new energy engineering company. This research is a descriptive and survey data collection method using the questionnaire tool. And it's time-consuming. According to the number of statistical population of this research, the persons available in this research have been used for research.Also, in order to investigate the validity and reliability of the hypotheses and relations between the variables of the research, the "Structural Equation Model", and in particular the path analysis technique, was used using the LISREL software. According to the research model, in the case of significant numbers Since the obtained value of t in all hypotheses is outside 1.96, the results indicate confirmation of the effect of employees' resistance on the level of change perception, emotional commitment, structural change, range and severity of change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
230 - Effect of power resources managers with employee resistance to organizational change) Case Study of Administrative and Financial Department of the Central Organization of Islamic Azad University (
Mohammad Reza ImaniWith the rapid advancement of science and technology and the complexity of the political and social environment, the need to create and manage organizational change is important. The growing trend to organizational changes needed to improve knowledge and skills and enco MoreWith the rapid advancement of science and technology and the complexity of the political and social environment, the need to create and manage organizational change is important. The growing trend to organizational changes needed to improve knowledge and skills and encourages organizational development. Managers know more about their theories of business, learning to use new technologies, empowerment in adaptive skills and creative thinking strategies and openness can become leaders of change. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of power resources managers with employee resistance to organizational changes in the department is the administrative headquarter of the Islamic Azad University. The study was a descriptive survey and The population consists of all financial and administrative staff of the Central Organization Department, Islamic Azad University, the number is 480. Morgan used to estimate the sample size table farmers have been obtained for a sample size of 214 people. Standardized questionnaire to collect data from the power source /087 and a questionnaire reliability, impact on employee resistance reliability power supplies /073 are used. Also to analyze the research questions of descriptive and inferential statistics, including single-group t-test and Duncan's software is used by spss. The results of this study indicate that power management has an impact on employee resistance to organizational change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
231 - Compare the psychological profile, life satisfaction and coping strategies in wives of Martyrs, veterans with PTSD, and prisoners of war
Aboalghasem Sadeghi Mohsen Jadidi Mohammad Mahdi ShamsaieThis study was designed to investigate and compare the psychological profile, life satisfaction and coping strategies in wives of PTSD Veterans, POW Veterans and martyrs of Tehran Province. According to nature and subject of the research this is and applied study; MoreThis study was designed to investigate and compare the psychological profile, life satisfaction and coping strategies in wives of PTSD Veterans, POW Veterans and martyrs of Tehran Province. According to nature and subject of the research this is and applied study; and due to the variables manipulation it classified as non-experimental casual-comparative and ex post facto studies. Cluster sampling used to select 344 participants from the families of the veterans which assigned in 3 groups; the participants then administered SCL-90- R, Coping strategies inventory, and Life satisfaction questionnaire. Recruited data analyzed in two section of descriptive and inferential statistic. Results showed that although the subjects have psychological profile in most of the subscales, there was no significant difference among the groups; also there was no significant difference among the groups on GSI. While life satisfaction of the participants were low, there was no significant difference among the groups. There was significant difference on avoidant coping response and emotion-oriented coping style of the groups; but there was no significant difference on cognitive coping response and problem-oriented coping style of the groups. The finding showed the low levels of mental health and marital satisfaction in all three groups that the allocation of psychological, cultural, social services and programs can be helpful in improving the situation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
232 - Grain Yield Stability of Bread Wheat Cultivars under Irrigation in Cold and Temperate Climatic Conditions of Iran
M. Bakhshayeshi Geshlagh, F. Habibi H. Bakhshayeshi M. Shekarchezade M. Moslemi N. Hejrankesh P. Vafadar AfsharIn order to study yield stability of bread wheat cultivars including Alvand, Alamout, Zarrin, Navid, Azar 2, Sabalan, Omid and Bezostiya under irrigation an experiment was conducted in RCBD for three cropping seasons (2007-2010) at six locations. Simple and combined ana MoreIn order to study yield stability of bread wheat cultivars including Alvand, Alamout, Zarrin, Navid, Azar 2, Sabalan, Omid and Bezostiya under irrigation an experiment was conducted in RCBD for three cropping seasons (2007-2010) at six locations. Simple and combined analysis of variances for three years, each location and also combined analysis of variances for 3 years and 6 locations were implemented. Lin and Binns parameter, environmental coefficient of variations and rank method were used for determination of stable cultivars. Results of combined ANOVA (three years x six locations) showed that interaction effect of year x location x genotype was significant. The highest grain yield belonged to the Alvand cultivar with 3.74 tha -1. Results of stability analysis with Lin and Binns method also showed that Zarrin cultivar had the lowest within location variance for grain yield and lowest environmental coefficient of variations was belonged to cultivars Zarrin and Sabalan. The results of rank method showed that cultivars Alvand and Sabalan had the lowest rankingand cultivars Sabalan and Bezostiya had the lowest SDR among the experimental cultivars. It can be concluded that Zarrin and Sabalan cultivars had the highest yield stability and thus it can be recommended for locations in which it was studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
233 - Indigenous knowledge of using offorest and Pastureland in Rustam Township
Mansour Vosoughi masoume faridi saniIn this study Indigenous knowledge of using of forest and Pastureland in Rustam Township has been investigated. Some regions of central part of Rustam were considered and from those regions some villages that were rich in indigenous knowledge were selected. Finally, the MoreIn this study Indigenous knowledge of using of forest and Pastureland in Rustam Township has been investigated. Some regions of central part of Rustam were considered and from those regions some villages that were rich in indigenous knowledge were selected. Finally, the sample of the study was chosen using snowball method. In this study, the techniques of participant observation, free observation, semi-structured interviews and documents were used. The results show that, indigenous knowledge is not only opposed to modernization of indigenous knowledge and development but also it can be a criterion for regional development. Also, it can be concluded that, modernization programs in our country that had been appeared as land reform, caused the major changes in the structure of the sample, the division of labor exploitation activists and their stratification. As a result of this, along changing in society and lifestyles in this region, the exploitation of indigenous knowledge has been weakened and at present time this knowledge is deteriorated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
234 - A comparative study of the role and function of fathers in family and satisfaction of their situation
Zahra Ghasemi Family is one of the most important institutions of society and father as important member of family has effective function in three levels of social system of family (macro, micro and middle level). This paper aims to recognize the main factors that influence f More Family is one of the most important institutions of society and father as important member of family has effective function in three levels of social system of family (macro, micro and middle level). This paper aims to recognize the main factors that influence fathers' disapproval of his role in the family. The research is descriptive and explanatory and 500 fathers living in Tehran with at least one child who are not married were interviewed. Sampling method is classification of probability and the theoretical framework of the study has been developed in three levels of median, macro and micro. Using a Durkheim, Weber and Marx theories the following variables are studied: changing in division of labor, father’s dependency to parents, changing of father’s practical tasks, generational differences between father and children, educational, age and job differences between women and men, patriarchy, the power of women. In micro sociological level, allegiance of women and the father’s assumption of his role in family are recognized. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
235 - The appearance of the modern family in Iran Relying on the social changes of the Qajar and Pahlavi periods
Semiramis Shahesmaili nezhad khorasani taghi azadarmakiIn this paper, in order to understand the process of the development of the family institution in contemporary Iran, a descriptive-analytical study of the trend of modernization and social changes in the last century in Iran with rationalization, division of social labo MoreIn this paper, in order to understand the process of the development of the family institution in contemporary Iran, a descriptive-analytical study of the trend of modernization and social changes in the last century in Iran with rationalization, division of social labor and disembody has been addressed. The research is based on qualitative research, with the use of historical and documentary methods. Since the research problem is question the discovery of the causation of the development of the family. Up-to-down form of modernizing, has led to the formation of a family institution in a special way; rationalization of society, division of labor and the assignment of family functions to new institutions as well as migration and sedition have been effective factors in shaping the new form of family. These historical trends have made the transformation of the extended family to the nuclear one, in the context of modernization, in a way that it can be called the "dependent family", because the migration from the kinship network leads to maintain family ties and family support and to prevent the formation of a nuclear family independently. A modern woman emanates from such a background and employs social life, while still affiliated with the social context, a dependent individual from the modern social system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
236 - تاثیر تغییرات ضربان قلب بر روی مهارت خواندن و درک مطلب در بین فراگیران ایرانی زبان انگلیسی
فاطمه موسوی استرآبادی کرمانی پرویز بیرجندیتحقیقات روانشناسان و نوروفیزیولوزیست ها نشان داده تغییرات ضربان قلب می تواند بر روی مغز و مراکز شناختی آن تاثیر بگذارد و هماهنگی کارکرد قلب و مغز می تواند تحریکات عصبی دریافت شده در قلب را تغییر داده و سپس به مغز بفرستد. بر همین اساس، موسسه تحقیقاتی HeartMath یک ب Moreتحقیقات روانشناسان و نوروفیزیولوزیست ها نشان داده تغییرات ضربان قلب می تواند بر روی مغز و مراکز شناختی آن تاثیر بگذارد و هماهنگی کارکرد قلب و مغز می تواند تحریکات عصبی دریافت شده در قلب را تغییر داده و سپس به مغز بفرستد. بر همین اساس، موسسه تحقیقاتی HeartMath یک برنامه آموزشی (TestEdge) را ارائه داده که به فرد کمک می کند تا به کمک فید بک های سیستم فیزیولوژی، نسبت به آنچه در بدن به وقوع میپیوندد آگاهی و کنترل بیشتری داشته باشد ( biofeedback training). این کار با کمک تکنیک های خویش-تنظیمی و کنترل احساسات منفی از طریق کنترل ضربان قلب صورت می گیرد. این امر سبب ایجاد هماهنگی بیشتر بین مراکز احساسی و شناختی (قلب و مغز) می شود که نقش مهمی دربهبود و افزایش میزان یادگیری از طریق سیستم عصبی دارد. این تحقیق که بر روی 63 زبان آموز ایرانی انجام شده در نظر دارد تا با استفاده از این برنامه و نیز نرم افزار emWave Desktop (ابزار ثبت الگوی تغییرات ضربان قلب که شاخص هماهنگی کارکرد قلب و مغز می باشد)، به این مسئله بپردازد که آیا تقویت احساسات مثبت و دوری ازاحساسات منفی تاثیری روی کارآیی قلب و در نتیجه بر روی فعالیت مراکز شناختی مغز دارد؟ و آیا هماهنگ بودن کارکرد این دو در فعالیت خواندن موثر است؟ نتایج تحقیق نشان داد کنترل ضربان قلب و کاهش استرس سبب هماهنگی بیشتر کارکرد قلب و مغز و در نتیجه تسهیل و افزایش چشمگیر میزان یادگیری و مهارت خواندن در زبان آموزان می شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
237 - Impact of metabisulfite sodium on microbial quality of farmed vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) (orginal reserch article)
Mina Seifzadeh, M A.A. KhaniporThis project was carried out to evaluate the effect of metabisulfite sodium on microbial quality, shelf-life as well as residual of metabisulfite sodium in edible tissue of processed cultured shrimp during freezing storage. The samples were treated with 3% metabisulfite MoreThis project was carried out to evaluate the effect of metabisulfite sodium on microbial quality, shelf-life as well as residual of metabisulfite sodium in edible tissue of processed cultured shrimp during freezing storage. The samples were treated with 3% metabisulfite sodium for 10 minutes and were stored at -18 °C for 6 months. Then, the microbial quality of the samples was assayed. Results revealded a significant reduction (P<0.05) in total bacterial count and populations of staphylococci and coliform bacteria in the test and control samples. Moreover, contamination with Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Vibrio parahemolyticus and Escherichia coli was estimated below 10 CFU/g in the both test and control samples. According to the results, the amount of metabisulfite sodium residue in the treated shrimp samples was below the approved limit of 100 mg/kg. During the storage period a significant (P<0.05) difference was observed between the treatment and control groups. Absence of pathogenic bacteria in the treated samples together with the approved level of metabisulfite sodium residual in the final product, it was concluded that metabisulfite sodium treatment could be a suitable method for kepping the microbial quality of vannamei shrimp. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
238 - A study on the chemical characteristics changes throughout the manufacture and ripening of Lighvan cheese
حمید Mirzae علی Aligholi nezhadLighvan cheese is one of the traditional cheeses which have the most high quantity of use in Iran. It is produced in South East of Tabriz in North West of Iran. The raw milk of ewe together with 20% -30% of goat's milk, without yeast, are used for its production. Its ta MoreLighvan cheese is one of the traditional cheeses which have the most high quantity of use in Iran. It is produced in South East of Tabriz in North West of Iran. The raw milk of ewe together with 20% -30% of goat's milk, without yeast, are used for its production. Its taste is mild salty and its scent is pleasant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical indexes changes including salt percentage, the degree of acidity, pH, dry mater, ashes, and protein during the production and ripening. For this purpose, after coordinating with 10 local cheese producers, one batch from each producer and from each batch 20 tins, weighing 1 kg, which in total was 200 newly packaged cheese were purchased randomly. The tins were kept in special caves for 30 days in the region and then 60 days in refrigerator. In each batch sample of the raw milk, clot after rising and before salting, the cheese during the package time in tin and the cheese sample on 15th, 30th, 60th, and 90th days of ripining was analyzed chemically. The results of the study from the initial days of production to the end of the ripening period indicated the following changes: the rate of fat from 6.8 ± 0.25 in milk to 24.55±0.95 in samples, pH from 5.94± 0.06 in milk to 4.4±0.11 in samples, acidity from 39.4 ± 5.99 D° in milk to 119.4±5.38 in samples, rate of ash from 1.77±0.23 in milk to 8.09±2.32 in samples, the percentage of dry mater from 16.52±0.74 in milk to 43.57±1.34 in samples, and finally the percentage of protein from 4.45±1/12 in milk to 14.2±1.4 in samples. This result suggests that Lighvan cheese has unique characteristics in terms of its alteration procedure and chemical characteristics and based on the standard criterion in Iran, 2344-1, it is white cheese ripened brine in terms of chemical characteristics and fatty cheese in terms of the percentage of fat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
239 - Survey on species diversity and season changes of Ixodidae ticks in Tabriz in 2009
M.H Khayat Nouri حسین Hashemzadeh FarhangTicks are very important in animal husbandry and they can transmit different disease. Some of the important transmitted disease by the ticks such as theilerioses and babesioses are very distributed in our studied area and hence this study was done about sheep ticks spec MoreTicks are very important in animal husbandry and they can transmit different disease. Some of the important transmitted disease by the ticks such as theilerioses and babesioses are very distributed in our studied area and hence this study was done about sheep ticks species diversity of Tabriz city to obtaining epidemiological importance aspects from sheep disease that are transmitted by ticks in this area. Our results showed that in this study the species diversity of founded ticks were Hyalomma anatolicom anatolicom, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguinus and Haemaphysalis sulcata. Of the 1302 prepared ticks Hyalomma anatolicom anatolicom with 919 in number (70.58%) was the highest infection having and Haemaphysalis sulcata with 45 in number (3.46%) was the least infection having and after Hyalomma anatolicom anatolicom, Rhipicephalus sanguinus with 200 in number (15.36%) and Rhipicephalus bursa with 138 in number (10.6%) were observed with highest infection having rate respectively. Also highest infection of season was summer compared (p<0.05) with other seasons. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
240 - Alteration in serum biochemical values of sheep infested by gastrointestinal nematodes
احمد Nematollahi رضی JaafariIn order to investigate the biochemical changes in serum of sheep infested by gastrointestinal nematodes, biochemical elements such as calcium, phosphorus, Magnesium, Alkaline phosphates, Total protein, Albumin, Alpha globulins, Beta globulins and Gama globulins were me MoreIn order to investigate the biochemical changes in serum of sheep infested by gastrointestinal nematodes, biochemical elements such as calcium, phosphorus, Magnesium, Alkaline phosphates, Total protein, Albumin, Alpha globulins, Beta globulins and Gama globulins were measured andcompared with those of the control animals. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan multiple rouge test. Statistically significant differences were observed in calcium and phosphorus of serum between infested and control groups (p<0.05). Total protein and Albumin were significantly lower in the infested group (p<0.5) and Alpha globulins were significantly higher in this group (p<0.005).Hence infestation to gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep causes distinct of changes in serum parameters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
241 - Analysis the effect of detariffication on the performance of Iranian insurance using mathematical and statistical modeling
Mohammad reza Namdar Mohsen Ghare khaniDeregulation such as elimination of tariff system is one of the fundamental institutional changes in the past decade in the Iranian insurance industry. Although it can affect on the markets performance, few research studied the effects of deregulation on insurer efficie MoreDeregulation such as elimination of tariff system is one of the fundamental institutional changes in the past decade in the Iranian insurance industry. Although it can affect on the markets performance, few research studied the effects of deregulation on insurer efficiency. In this study, a two-step approach is applied for analyzing the performance of insurance companies that combines mathematical programming and statistical method, in the ten-year period from 1384-1393 SH. The audiences of this research are all the stakeholders of the insurance industry, including market executives, their clients and regulatory organizations. The data have been compiled using a library study method from the insurance industry's annual statistics. Firstly we use Data Envelopment Analysis to calculate the efficiency of insurers in the ten-year period, and then in second step by Estimated Regression Equation the effect of deregulation on the insurer performance is investigated. The results show that detariffication has negative effect on the performance of insurers and reduced their efficiency. Finally, we present the recommendations for improving the performance of the insurers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
242 - بررسی تأثیر نوسازی فرهنگی و مکانیسم تأثیرگذاری آن بر ارزشهای خانواده (مطالعه موردی : شهرستان نهاوند
منصور حقیقتیان مسعود دارابیطی چند دهه اخیر، نهاد خانواده متأثر از ورود، فرآیند و پیامدهای نوسازی تغییر و تحولات ژرفی را در دو سطح عینی- ساختاری و ذهنی معنایی تجربه کرده است و با مسائل جدیدی مواجه شده است که برخی از آنها معرف پیشرفت و رفاه و برخی دیگر مبین مسائل اجتماعی آسیب­زایی­اند که به Moreطی چند دهه اخیر، نهاد خانواده متأثر از ورود، فرآیند و پیامدهای نوسازی تغییر و تحولات ژرفی را در دو سطح عینی- ساختاری و ذهنی معنایی تجربه کرده است و با مسائل جدیدی مواجه شده است که برخی از آنها معرف پیشرفت و رفاه و برخی دیگر مبین مسائل اجتماعی آسیب­زایی­اند که به مثابه عواملی بازدارنده از سرعت پیشرفت و توسعه در جامعه می کاهند. بنابراین هدف پژوهش حاضربه بررسی تأثیر نوسازی فرهنگی و مکانیسم تأثیرگذاری آن بر ارزش­های خانواده در شهرستان نهاوند می پردازد. به منظور دست یابی به این هدف از بین عوامل ومتغیرهای گوناگونی که در فرایند نوسازی بر تحولات خانواده تأثیرگذار است، متغیرهای ریسک­پذیری، بازاندیشی، کمرنگ­شدن باورهای مذهبی به عنوان متغیرهای مستقل انتخاب شده است. مبانی نظری متغیرها و پارامترهای این پژوهش، بر مبنای نظریات: اسملسر، گود، گیدنز و اریش بک و اینگلهارت تدوین شده است.روش تحقیق در این پژوهش پیمایش و ابزار گردآوری داده ها، پرسشنامه دارای قابلیت اعتماد و اعتبار است . جامعه آماری پژوهش، از افراد18 سال به بالاتر اعضاء خانواده ها در شهرستان نهاوند است، حجم نمونه 390 نفر است که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران و با روش خوشه ای چند مرحله ای به دست آمده است.روش اصلی در تحلیل داده ها، رگرسیون و مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری است. نتایج نشان می­دهد که سه مؤلفه نوسازی فرهنگی یعنی، ریسک پذیری، بازاندیشی، کمرنگ­شدن باورهای مذهبی بر افول اشکال خانواده و پیدایش شکل مدرن آن مؤثر بوده است. بعد ریسک پذیری بیشترین میانگین را (3.38) داراست و کمرنگ شدن باورهای مذهبی با مقدار 3.02 دارای کمترین مقدار میانگین می باشد. و در کل میانگین فرآیند نوسازی فرهنگی در جامعه مورد مطالعه 3.25 بوده است. همچنین نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون حاکی از آن است که نوسازی و مؤلفه­های آن در مجموع 25. واریانس تحولات ارزشی خانواده را تبیین می­کند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
243 - Estimation of groundwater levels in Bayza plain using geostatistical methods
غلامعلی مظفری hossein behzadi karimiDuring the recent years in Iran and especially arid and semi-arid due to natural and human factors, has been seen the underground water level drop. The aim of this study was to examine the spatial and temporal changes of underground water level using geostatistical meth MoreDuring the recent years in Iran and especially arid and semi-arid due to natural and human factors, has been seen the underground water level drop. The aim of this study was to examine the spatial and temporal changes of underground water level using geostatistical methods. First, were collectedthe static level of the data related to the 39 wells in the aquifer Bayza plain seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter of blue year 2003-2004 to 2012-2013.After quality control and ensure the normal data,The results of the deterministic methods of statistical estimation for static surface and ground water based on cross-validation technique statistical criteria the second root mean square error case evaluated. The results of the deterministic methods and geostatistical for estimation of groundwater levels case evaluated based on cross-validation technique by statistical criteria root mean square (RMSe). The map water level changes showed that in all seasons, the underground water level in the North plain is higher and gradually towards reduced the Center and the South Plains. View to be largest decreases the level of stagnation in fall blue year 2012-2013 to amount of 14.3 m, and minimum water level drop in winter blue 2003-2004 to amount of 5 m. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
244 - Change of the physical development of the city of Rasht and the surrounding land evaluation land use changes with satellite images
issar noraisefat sajad nazari Saeed karimiSpread unplanned urban areas of serious environmental problems such as water pollution, loss of green space, increased air pollution and created. The monitoring of changes in urban areas and assess changes in land use in the study of urban planning and sustainable devel MoreSpread unplanned urban areas of serious environmental problems such as water pollution, loss of green space, increased air pollution and created. The monitoring of changes in urban areas and assess changes in land use in the study of urban planning and sustainable development is important. This study aimed to evaluate the growth of Rasht and identification of land use changes for future decisions, using satellite images taken between 1986 and 2014. For this purpose, using Landsat images (1986-2000-2014) and classified using maximum likelihood techniques and detection of changes in method of comparison after classification, urban sprawl and land use changes in the review period. Using Marklasyk the urban sprawl and land use changes and the main directions of development of the city was calculated. The results of this study from 1986 to 2014 about 3188 hectares in size urban areas added to the expansion of 3153 hectares of orchards and agricultural land, and 35 hectares of rice fields were destroyed. Meanwhile, about 170 hectares of rice and 108 hectares of rice paddies, orchards and agricultural lands to orchards and agricultural land use change data. Check expansion of the city in different directions also indicate the highest growth in the North and North East and South and South West have taken place. Growth in the triangular tabs around town show the main roads in the city of Rasht. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
245 - An Analysis of Land Use Changing and Opportunities, Obstacles to Growth and Urban Development (Case Study: Zabol City)
Mohsen Ahadnejad ashraf azimzadeh irani saeid najafyThe main purpose of this research is to analyze the process of land use change and evaluate the opportunities and obstacles to the progress and growth of Zabol city. For this purpose, ETM, TIRS and OLI Landsat 5,7 and 8 satellite images were selected for the period of 1 MoreThe main purpose of this research is to analyze the process of land use change and evaluate the opportunities and obstacles to the progress and growth of Zabol city. For this purpose, ETM, TIRS and OLI Landsat 5,7 and 8 satellite images were selected for the period of 1395-1365.Then the indicators were extracted in two groups of internal and external factors according to Delphi experts.The results showed that in Zabol City most land use changes were made in the agricultural land area due to population increase and the need for housing and other urban needs. So, during the29 years of study, the lands constructed from 2578.10hectares in1365 reached 3419.92 hectares in1394.Also,the results of the Heldron model in Zabol City showed that around85% of the city's physical growth in the years 1365- 1394 was related to population growth and15% growth,related to the horizontal and sparse growth of the city, which reduced the density Gross population and an increase in per capita gross urban land. Zabol city was weak in terms of internal and external factors, but its severity was higher in external factors,but due to serious threats,Zabol city was in weak condition and its strategy was defensive. Thus, it can be said that the development of Zabol in the year1394-1365 is unbalanced, which indicates the landless changes in agricultural lands that need to guide,grow and develop the city with desirable programs.In other words,in addition to meeting the requirements of housing and other services needed by cities,they would prevent unnecessary construction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
246 - Analysis of the Relationship between Spatial and Temporal Changes in Land Use and Landscape Metrics in the KoozehTopraghi Watershed
Roghayeh Dezhbani Zeinab Hazbavi Raoof Mostafazadeh Abazar Esmali Ouri Nazila AlaeiThe purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between land use changes in different time periods using landscape metrics in the KoozehTopraghi Watershed located in Ardabil Province. For this purpose, three Landsat satellite images from 2000, 2010, and 2021 w MoreThe purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between land use changes in different time periods using landscape metrics in the KoozehTopraghi Watershed located in Ardabil Province. For this purpose, three Landsat satellite images from 2000, 2010, and 2021 were received from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) database. After preparing the land use maps of the watershed by supervised classification and converting it to a raster format, the landscape metrics of Fragstats 8.2 software were calculated and quantified in two levels of landscape (22 metrics) and class (13 metrics). The kappa coefficient for the land use maps of the three years under study (2000, 2010, and 2021) was equal to 58.2, 75.0, and 59.2 %, respectively. The results showed that at the level of class, rainfed agriculture had the maximum value in the edge density metric, and irrigated agriculture had the maximum values in the average distance of the nearest Euclidean neighbor, the number of patches, and the total edges in all three years. Furthermore, at the landscape level, the fragmentation index decreased slightly in 2010 compared to 2000 and then increased in 2021. The largest patch index also showed a significant decrease in 2021, so it has reached from 43.34 in 2000 to 34.81 in 2021. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
247 - Effects of Quaternary glaciers on the Binalood Heights and their impact on the development of Neyshabur plain civilization
Abolghasem Amir Ahmadi Leila Goli Mokhtari Mahnaz Naemi tabarIn this study, morphological indices, climatic and climatic evidence were used to identify icebergs. The permanent snow line was determined by Wright method and showed that at present the average annual temperature is 0 degrees Celsius at 2543 m and there are 65 circuse MoreIn this study, morphological indices, climatic and climatic evidence were used to identify icebergs. The permanent snow line was determined by Wright method and showed that at present the average annual temperature is 0 degrees Celsius at 2543 m and there are 65 circuses in the area confirming that circuses are one of the sources of nutrition. They have been very rich in forming ice sheets in the region. Climatic evidence shows that not only was the Quaternary temperature about 13 degrees colder in the study area, but its precipitation was almost twice as high as the present. The city of Neysahabur is a plain surrounded by highlands on the one hand, and the presence of glaciers in the highlands of the region has not been affected by the recent expansion of Neyshabur banization in the region. Geomorphic effects such as permanent snowstorms, Thiel, Moren, glacier tours and circuses indicate that development and civilization in the study area were affected by glacier factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
248 - Environmental Assessment of Land Use Due to Dust in the Last Three Decades Using Remote Sensing Technique and CA Markov Model Case Study of Ahvaz
Yaha Abdolkarim Nisi mohammadebrahim afifi Marzieh MogholiOne of the environmental problems is the air pollution index, the most important index of which is the volume of suspended particles in the atmosphere, and in the southern and western cities of the country in recent years has increased significantly. The aim of this stu MoreOne of the environmental problems is the air pollution index, the most important index of which is the volume of suspended particles in the atmosphere, and in the southern and western cities of the country in recent years has increased significantly. The aim of this study was to monitor land use changes due to fine dust in the last three decades using remote sensing and CA-Markov in Ahvaz. The research method was field-analytical. After conducting preliminary studies and preparing appropriate satellite images, they were analyzed and evaluated with different amounts of educational samples and according to ground surveys. The images used were Landsat 7, 5 and 8 satellite images of 2000, 2010 and 2020, respectively. The classification was performed by artificial neural network method and the accuracy of the classification was evaluated and the prediction map of the study area was prepared using the CA-Markov model. The classification results showed that the lands built in 2000 increased from 10637.34 to 10925.76 hectares in 2010 and its area increased to 288.42 hectares. From 2000 to 2010, the green space increased from 1275.41 hectares to 1279.99, ie 58.4 hectares, due to the planting of hand-planted trees during these years to deal with fine dust. These changes have been decreasing from 2010 to 2020 and its area changes have increased from 1279.99 hectares to 1120.49, ie 159.50 area has been reduced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
249 - Earth surface temperature monitoring in relation to land use changes Case study: Maragheh Sufi chay basin
mousa Abedini Abozar sadeghi Nazfar Aghazadeh AmirHesam PasbanThe main purpose of this study was to monitor the surface temperature in relation to land use changes with surface temperature using OLI and TM images in the present study. It was used for 2020, and the Landsat 5TM satellite imagery was used to extract land use and its MoreThe main purpose of this study was to monitor the surface temperature in relation to land use changes with surface temperature using OLI and TM images in the present study. It was used for 2020, and the Landsat 5TM satellite imagery was used to extract land use and its thermal band (band 6) was used to extract ground surface temperature for 1992. The monitored method was used to classify land use for 1992 and 2020 and land use changes and the maximum similarity method was used. The obtained results indicate the accuracy of the classification by the basic pixel method. According to the research findings, the total accuracy of the classification maps using the maximum similarity method was 99.84 for 1992 and 99.78 for 2020. According to the land use map of Sufi Chay watershed from 1992, which has been extracted by the maximum similarity method, most of the land uses are primarily related to the type 1 mountainous part, which has an area of approximately 320.42 square kilometers. Then, rainfed land use with an area of 191.09 square kilometers and dense agricultural land use with an area of 74.29 square kilometers have the most areas. The area of land uses in 2020 also shows that the most land uses are mountainous type 1 rainfed and residential. Keywords: Surface temperature, land use change, OLI, QGIS, Sufi chay. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
250 - Investigation of environmental approach in modeling land use change in Babak city using satellite images, multi-criteria evaluation and Markov chain (1997 - 2021)
mohammadebrahim afifi ahmad mangeli meydok ali vakhshoriAbstract In urban areas, population growth has changed the use of agricultural lands to residential, commercial and industrial. These changes have unpleasant consequences for the urban environment, such as reduced vegetation and increased ambient temperature. Therefore, MoreAbstract In urban areas, population growth has changed the use of agricultural lands to residential, commercial and industrial. These changes have unpleasant consequences for the urban environment, such as reduced vegetation and increased ambient temperature. Therefore, evaluating the effects of land use change for proper management in urban areas seems necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the development of Babak city with regard to the category of sustainable urban spatial development from an ecological perspective. For this purpose, using Landsat 2, 7 and 8 multi-time satellite images and object-oriented satellite image processing techniques, land use changes in the period 2021-1997 with emphasis on the spatial expansion of Babak city have been evaluated. For this purpose, the factors affecting the physical development of Babak city were identified based on the research background in the form of 17 indicators and mapped using multivariate evaluation methods based on CLW fuzzy weighted linear combination and by extracting lands prone to future physical development During the years 2021-1997, using the Markov chain automated cell model, the future land use pattern was predicted in the form of an environmental protection approach and in accordance with the principles of sustainable development until 2065. If the results of this study are used, in Future developments of the city will cause the least damage to pasture and green lands Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
251 - On the Current Changes of Votes Between 1989 and 2019 Changes and Predicting the Changes Using Remote Sensing and CA-Markov and LCM Models
Behroz Sadayn Mohammad Ebrahim AfifiLand use change has acted as a pivotal factor in environmental change and has become a global threat. Reviewing these changes through satellite imagery and predicting and evaluating their potential through modeling can help environmental planners and natural resource ma MoreLand use change has acted as a pivotal factor in environmental change and has become a global threat. Reviewing these changes through satellite imagery and predicting and evaluating their potential through modeling can help environmental planners and natural resource managers to make informed decisions. The purpose of this study was to review, model, and predict land use changes in the 30-year period of 1993-2013 by the Markow-LCM chain model in Kangan and Assaluyeh. For this purpose, land use maps were prepared using ETM +, TM and OLI satellite imagery in three periods of 1993, 2003, and 2013. Then verifying the maps and detecting the changes. Using the classification of the neural network and applying the Land Change Modeler (LCM Markov model) and the Land Use Change Modeling Approach have been implemented. The results of detection of changes in the first period with a kappa coefficient of 97% and the second period of 1993-2003 with a kappa coefficient of 94% indicate that the largest changes in the area in the water area and the largest decrease in the area in the vegetation area occurred. In order to calibrate the Markov chain model, the 2013 map was predicted and the error mapping matrix of the 2013 map reference model and mapping utilization yielded a copper coefficient of 93%. The results of modeling the transfer force using the artificial neural network in most of the sub-models The high accuracy was 60-93%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
252 - آشکارسازی تغییرات کاربری اراضی با استفاده از دادههای سنجش از دور (مطالعه موردی: دشت بجنورد)
جواد فارسی مریم یوسفی -
Open Access Article
253 - Toleration of tourism destination on the side effects of climate changes (studied by Hamedan province)
mostafa shayegan mohsen ranjbar Reza Borna Azade ArbabyThe phenomenon of global warming and climate change may not only lead to climate change, but may also cause major changes in the tourism situation of the region and its sustainability, which will have far-reaching consequences and will destabilize the industry. The aim MoreThe phenomenon of global warming and climate change may not only lead to climate change, but may also cause major changes in the tourism situation of the region and its sustainability, which will have far-reaching consequences and will destabilize the industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vulnerability to climate change and resilience of tourism destinations on the sustainability of tourism development. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method. The sample size corresponded to the statistical population was 185 people. The required data and information were collected in the form of library and field. Pls software was used to test the research hypotheses. The results showed that vulnerability to climate change has a negative effect on the sustainability of tourism development and resilience of tourism destinations has a negative effect on vulnerability to climate change. The results of this study also showed that the resilience of destinations has a positive effect on the sustainability of tourism development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
254 - Revealing the process of hydrological changes in Armand river basin
Daryoush Saeidi Amir Gandomkar Masoud NasriClimate change is considered one of the most important challenges of the present century. The dimensions of its effects are extra-regional and have overshadowed the ecosystem. Among these effects, we can mention the process of hydrological changes in rivers. The Armand MoreClimate change is considered one of the most important challenges of the present century. The dimensions of its effects are extra-regional and have overshadowed the ecosystem. Among these effects, we can mention the process of hydrological changes in rivers. The Armand River basin in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces. The data was obtained from the information of 4 hydrometric stations located in the study area over a statistical period of 35 years. The method used in this research is Kendall's statistical and graphic test. The results obtained from the investigation of runoff trends and changes in Armand basin hydrometric stations (including Armand, Behesht-Abad, Koh-Sokhte, and Koreh-Bas) indicate the existence of a significant decreasing trend in annual runoff and winter seasons. , spring, summer, and autumn. On the other hand, comparing the average discharge changes in different seasons showed that the summer season had the most decreasing changes in runoff compared to other seasons. The results of this research also showed that the average annual discharge of the entire basin during the statistical period was equal to 29.3 cubic meters per second. The average minimum and maximum annual discharge of the basin during the same period was recorded as 0.7 and 84.785 cubic meters per second respectively. Armand station with an average of 137.7 cubic meters per second in the spring season has the highest flow rate, and in the same season, Koh Sokhateh station has the lowest flow rate among hydrometric stations in the basin with 6.74 cubic meters per second. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
255 - Analysis of Temperature Trends Isfahan City and its Surroundings
Khadijeh Salehi Amir GandomkarIn recent years, land use changes in Isfahan city and its surroundings have been increasing, and these changes have been caused by factors such as population growth, economic interests, and changes in society's needs. The current research was conducted with the aim of i MoreIn recent years, land use changes in Isfahan city and its surroundings have been increasing, and these changes have been caused by factors such as population growth, economic interests, and changes in society's needs. The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the temperature changes of Isfahan city and its surroundings in a forty-year period (1979-2018). The current research is based on the purpose of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical according to the subject of the research and its nature, and to investigate the temperature changes affected by the changes in land use and urban development of Isfahan city, temperature data from The city of Isfahan and the area of 50 kilometers around the city of Isfahan have been collected from the database of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). To verify the accuracy, the data of meteorological stations of Isfahan, Isfahan Airport and Najaf-Abad have been compared and evaluated. became. The results of the research show that in this 40-year period, we have seen a significant increase in the average annual temperature from 0.06 degrees in the eastern area of Isfahan city to 0.11 degrees in the western area. This means that the average temperature of Isfahan city and its surrounding areas has increased between 2.5 degrees and 4 degrees during a period of 40 years. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
256 - Evaluation and analysis of spatial changes in Sirjan basin
Taybeh Mahmoodi Mohammad Abadi, Mohsen pourkhosravani Sadegh KarimiGeographical space is a device that forms the logic of the arrangement of formal patterns, processes and the function of social herdings in space. Changes in space over time are the result of various processes and trends governing it. In this regard, this research tries MoreGeographical space is a device that forms the logic of the arrangement of formal patterns, processes and the function of social herdings in space. Changes in space over time are the result of various processes and trends governing it. In this regard, this research tries to evaluate and analyze the spatial changes of Sirjan Basin. For this purpose, the basin method and spatial analysis techniques were used. The results of the research show that the rainfall in the last Quaternary was 17 mm in the central parts of the basin and almost 300 mm in the high altitudes. This amount of change in humidity and ambient temperature has caused a fundamental change in the morphogenic system of the region. Currently, there is no active glacier system in the region. Also, the temperature conditions of this basin have increased from -3.6 to 0.86 degrees Celsius. The maximum temperature of the basin has changed from 16.46 in the cooling phase to 17.64 in the present time. Of course So that the highest temperature difference was related to the highest part of the basin and the lowest difference was related to the lowest point of the basin. Tracing the alluvial terraces of the old lake of Sirjan shows 4 terraces around the lake. As the highest terrace was identified at a height of 1719 meters, according to this, the water volume of Sirjan's old lake during the glacial period was 80400 m³. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
257 - The Effects of Rapid Caspian Sea-Level Fluctuations on the Miankaleh Barrier Coasts
mohammad reza sarvati reza mansori manizheh ghohrodi taliThe goal of this study was to study the geomorphologic response- type models of the coastline of Miankaleh Barrier to the rapid fluctuations of the Caspian Sea. In this regard, Landsat satellite imageries (the sensor: 4, 5, 7 and 8 series), historical maps, topography m MoreThe goal of this study was to study the geomorphologic response- type models of the coastline of Miankaleh Barrier to the rapid fluctuations of the Caspian Sea. In this regard, Landsat satellite imageries (the sensor: 4, 5, 7 and 8 series), historical maps, topography maps and multiple field works have been used. Based on quantitative documentation of historical changes in shoreline position in response to natural and human variables, eight geomorphic response-types were identified for classifying barrier coasts: (1) lateral movement, (2) advance, (3) dynamic equilibrium, (4) retreat, (5) in-place narrowing, (6) landward rollover, (7) breakup, and (8) rotational instability. Long-term (decades to centuries) monitoring of shoreline position over a spatial scale of 10 to 100 km provides a scientific basis for documenting process-response relationships that shape regional coastal morphodynamics. The results show that there are the six morphological-type models in the Miankaleh barrier region based on the eight geomorphologic-type models of McBride et al, 1995; such as lateral movement, advance, retreat, in-place narrowing, breakup and rotational instability. The results indicate that the advance and retreat morphological-type models are formed in the region during the rise and fall sea levels, respectively. In-place narrowing and breakup morphological-type models appear simultaneously with the rise in sea level, and the rotational instability model also appears when the sea level is reduced in the region. The lateral movement type model has also been developed during the sea level rise and fall periods. Also, the results show that the sea level during the period of 1214-1396 has experienced six Progradation-Retrogradation stages. The assessment of the satellite imageries and statistical data on sea level fluctuations indicate that the sea level has fallen back to 1374 and has dropped by about 1.5 meters. The rate of recession and the reduction of the level of surface between 1374 until 1396 were estimated at 6.8 cm per year. Despite the fact that on a large scale, the increase in the relative sea level water along the shore of the Miankaleh barrier is one of the most important factors controlling the occurrence of various geomorphic reactions; however, the sediment supply also has a significant impact on reactions shoreline. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
258 - Shifts in Köppen-Geiger climate zones over Balochistan plateau of Pakistan and its potential challenges to Iran
محمدیوسف احمدپور محمدیوسف احمدپور تقی طاوسی تقی طاوسی حمید نظری پور حمید نظری پور Climate classification systems(CCSs) are important tools for understanding the specific characteristics of a region's climate. The main purpose of these classifications is to determine the climate types and to find their similarities, differences and variability. More Climate classification systems(CCSs) are important tools for understanding the specific characteristics of a region's climate. The main purpose of these classifications is to determine the climate types and to find their similarities, differences and variability. Climate zones are threatened by global warming and climate change. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the possible shifts of climate zones over the Balochistan plateau of Pakistan and its potential challenges to Iran based on the improved Koppen-Geiger CCSs. The data includes average monthly precipitation and temperature of the Delaware university dataset for the 1990-2017 periods. The results show the main climate with two subgroups in the study area. These climates include a hot desert climate(BWh) and a cold desert climate(BWk). The hot desert climate is dominated in southern and western and the cold desert climate in northern and western regions.In recent decades, the increasing range of hot desert climate limited the cold desert climate. The range of the cold desert climate has declined sharply, reaching from about 55-65 to about 50-55 percent. In contrast, the range of hot desert climate increased in response to these conditions, reaching from about 35-45 to about 45-50 percent.Therefore, it is expected that the zones of the hot desert climate will increase rapidly in the future. These conditions will add to environmental quality and resource depletion problems especially in border areas with Iran and can pose important challenges such as climate migration, border security, and health. The results of this research can play a significant role in adopting forward-looking policies to address the impacts and challenges of climate change on the border regions of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
259 - Investigation of Climate Change on the Southern Coastal of the Caspian Sea Using SDSM, LARS-WG and Artificial Neural Network
Elham Ghasemifar Bohloul Alijani Mohammad SaligheIntroduction Average surface temperatures of the Northern Hemisphere have risen in response to climate change by 0.76°C over the past 150 years (IPCC, 2007) .These temperature increases have been accompanied by MoreIntroduction Average surface temperatures of the Northern Hemisphere have risen in response to climate change by 0.76°C over the past 150 years (IPCC, 2007) .These temperature increases have been accompanied by a reduction in snow and ice cover, retreat of sea ice and mountain glaciers, a longer growing season and earlier arrival of spring, increased frequency of extreme rainfall events, and more than 25,000 other changes in physical and biological indicators of global warming (Rosenzweig et al., 2008). Numerical models have used in such research after the late of year 1970s. The downscaling software such as SDSM,LARS_WG and ANN (Artificial Neural Network) became very common in the recent decades(e.g. Khan, et al., 2006).The results have showed that the SDSM is the most capable of reproducing various statistical characteristics of observed data in its downscaled results with 95% confidence level, the ANN is the least capable in this respect, and the LARS-WG is in between SDSM and ANN. According to Lopes et al (2008) in Assessment of climate change in Lisbon, the SDSM tool was able to better represent the minimum and maximum temperature whereas LARS-WG simulations is slightly better for precipitation. Material and methods This research has used downscaled methods for the minimum and maximum temperatures of five stations including Anzali, Rasht, Babolsar, Ramsar and Gorgan in the southern coastal of the Caspian sea by three models namely LARS-WG, SDSM and ANN during 1961-90 and 2010-2039 period under three scenarios of A1 , A2 , And B2 . For this purpose, first the observed data of 1961-90 period were obtained from Meteorological Organization of Iran. Since GCMs are restricted in their usefulness for local impact studies with their coarse spatial resolution (typically 50,000 km2) and inability to resolve important sub–grid scale features such as clouds and topography, the three downscaling models namely SDSM, LARS_WG and ANN were used to downscaling these coarse data. Two GCM data were obtained from the website: http://www.cics.uvic.ca/scenarios/index.cgi?Scenarios. Root Mean square error (RMSE), Mean absolute error (MAE) and Coefficient of determination ( ) were used to assessing the capability of the models. Result and discussions SDSM model results showed very small error ( 0.01 to 0.06°C) between observed and generate data using NCEP predictors-based data with a little more discrepancy using HADCM3 predictors-based data . The model output showed minimum and maximum temperature will rise during the future period with the exception of the months including April ,May and November. This warming trend was same for ANN with error range of 0.2 to 0.8°C. LARS-WG simulation showed temperature will rise for all months of the year with the error range of 0.1 to 0.2°C. The comparison betweem three models showed that the SDSM tool was able to better represent the minimum and maximum temperature. Conclusion According to this study the temperature increased during the target period. Temperature will increase during future period too.The SDSM and ANN model showed decrease in the temperature of the months including April, May and November. But the LARS_WG showed increase in the temperature in all month and all stations. The comparison of the models showed that the SDSM model has recorded the lowest error in the predicting of future temperatures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
260 - Detection of lakes changes trends with using geography information system (GIS) and Remote sensing (Rs).case study: tectonically Zarivar Lake
Mousa Abedini Afshin SotoudehpourChanges Detection with using remote sensing data in recent years has been the attention of many researchers. The aim of this study was to physical changes Detection of lake ،over a period of 57 year using satellite images and topographical the causes of the change. Afte MoreChanges Detection with using remote sensing data in recent years has been the attention of many researchers. The aim of this study was to physical changes Detection of lake ،over a period of 57 year using satellite images and topographical the causes of the change. After processing the satellite image were analyzed changes.it was that from1335 to 1392 agriculture lands decline significant and forest lands increased indicant. Wetlands by increasing the extant cause are declining extent of the Lake. in the other words،the change detection in 3 time period: 1335 and (1381) 2002،(1392) 2013 are representative decrease lake from 1297 hectare in year 1335 to 882 hectare in year (1392) 2013 .the following was implicated to analysis important factors including influence decline rain fall using irregular in water sources، drilling legal and illegal wells، increase surface evaporation and to prevent further reduce the extent of like and water ways offer . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
261 - Spatiotemporal Changes in Snow-Cover related to the Land Surface Temperature over Central Alborz
امیرحسین حلبیان امیرحسین حلبیان سینا صلحی سینا صلحیThe area, covered by snow or snow-cover variations, is one of the important factor in climatologic and hydrologic studies, that could be also useful and applicable in water management and environmental studies, specifically when it is combined with topographic character MoreThe area, covered by snow or snow-cover variations, is one of the important factor in climatologic and hydrologic studies, that could be also useful and applicable in water management and environmental studies, specifically when it is combined with topographic characteristics. In this research Land Surface Temperature (LST) and snow-cover interactions were considered. These environmental indicators interactions, combined with focal topographic characteristics such as slope, play a major role in snow-cover persistency. As a result, the influences of these factors had taken into account in central Alborz mountainous belt in Iran northern boundary. To achieve this goal, snow-cover (SC) and land surface temperature (LST) obtained from Aqua and Terra satellite images that are carrying Modis sensor, used in a the temporal range of 2003 up to 2018. Snow cover data with spatial resolusion of 500m analyzied using python programming language. The analysis performed related to the aspect as a major topographic characteristic in the scope of terrain modeling with using moving window and cell by cell raster analysis thechniques. The result, shows a strong relationship between terrain aspect and snow coverage in the central sector of Alborz Mountains. Land surface temperature and snow-cover had an inverse trend, specifically during winter and fall seasons. June LST (Khordad) was high according to the higher zenith angle of the sun in this period of year. There is a clear gap between the LST values of northern and southern aspects of central Alborz that could be result of mountain orientations to the sun rays, higher humidity levels and denser vegetation cover in the northern part. Southward areas, show higher temperature in almost all months. Directional analysis of LST, demonstrated, that maximum levels of LST are observed in the south-faced and specifically southeastward area and the minimum levels observed in northeastward and specifically northward area during all months. Southward area of the alborz mountainous wall, located at the latitude band of 36N, experienced a higher sun ray incident angle and thus having higher LSTs in southern and southeastern parts. Finally in almost all temporal periods (including month, season and year) higher LSTs in southern aspects (South, Southeast and southwest) in compared to northern one (North, Northeast and northwest) has been observed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
262 - The role of spatial and temporal fluctuations of climatic parameters in dry land wheat yield (Case study: Kaleibar and Khodaafarin County)
Maseood Jalali Gholam Hasan Mohammadi Atefeh Hoseini Sadr Hosein Khoshvaghti4Recognition of climate and doing research about climatic requirements of farm plants can be regarded as main factors in the production process. According to the importance of the climatic fluctuations in rainfed productions, in this study effect of spatial distribution MoreRecognition of climate and doing research about climatic requirements of farm plants can be regarded as main factors in the production process. According to the importance of the climatic fluctuations in rainfed productions, in this study effect of spatial distribution and temporal variation of climatic elements on wheat yield was studied in dry land farms of Kaleibar and Khodaafarin counties. For this, distribution of precipitation parameters was mapped in GIS environment and year-to-year variety of temperature and rainfall analyzed by drawing of charts. And thus with using wheat growing requirements (including desired climatic conditions), ability to meet the climatic needs of this valuable plant were examined. In addition by running of stepwise multivariate regression model between 16 meteorological parameters and average wheat yield, the role of climatic fluctuations in dry land wheat yield identified and the best predictive model determined. Final results of this study show the fact that the importance of each of temperature and precipitation factors differ according to different phonologic stages of wheat at the study region. Although it seems that the mean annual rainfall in study area appears desirable but large fluctuation from year to year as well as small amount of rain in Khordad(June) are the main limitations of rain fed wheat cultivation. Temperature in germination and grain filling stages are created ideal condition but at the flowering stage temperatures are cooler than optimal physiological threshold. The stepwise regression presented a model with 7 meteorological parameters that can be explain a significant impact of climate parameters on dry land farming wheat yield at 95% confidence level on the study region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
263 - The effect of climate change on the distribution pattern of droughts in time and space using the index reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo)
Shahmorad Alizadeh Hosein Mohammadi Parviz KardavaniSeveral factors in the development of effective drought , which change and intervene in order to keep them from victory and their occurrence , and it is impossible to be foreign humanOn the same principle, the possibility that lives up to these requirements in any regio MoreSeveral factors in the development of effective drought , which change and intervene in order to keep them from victory and their occurrence , and it is impossible to be foreign humanOn the same principle, the possibility that lives up to these requirements in any region of the Earth's surface country rich and poor, wet and dry, developed and developing, etc. occur.In this study, meteorological data gathered from 19 weather stations in Iran during 2003-1961 using a composite index (CI) of meteorological drought analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics of drought in Iran. The frequency, scope and severity of drought calculated to reveal the spatial and temporal patterns in different sectors were examinedAnd then the system dynamics approach was to simulate the effects of different aspects. . ETo values in all stations in July reached its highest value. In all stations, ETo values from January to July increased and is then reduced until December. ETo Iran in the period 1961 to 2003 the average annual total is about 1154 mm. The annual average of 9.2 millimeters per year upward trend in Iran ETo (mm / yr) during the period indicated. Most of ETo in the year 1970 (mm / yr 1309) and then in 1999 and 2001 (mm / yr 1308) happened and minimum on the years 1979 (mm / yr 893) and 1990 (mm / yr 974) Find respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
264 - بازسازی شرایط اقلیمی دورههاییخچالی پلیوستوسن الوند همدان بر اساس شواهد ژئومورفولوژی
غلام حسن جعفری زینب براتیتغییرات اقلیمی پلئیستوسنبا توجه به زمان وقوع و نقش آن در شکلگیریچشماندازهای فعلی کره زمین، از اهمیت ویژهای برخوردارند. با استفاده از نقشههای توپوگرافی، زمینشناسی، تصاویر ماهوارهای و بازدیدهای متعدد میدانی شواهد ژئومورفولوژیکی تغییرات آبوهوایی پلیوستوسن فوقانی در Moreتغییرات اقلیمی پلئیستوسنبا توجه به زمان وقوع و نقش آن در شکلگیریچشماندازهای فعلی کره زمین، از اهمیت ویژهای برخوردارند. با استفاده از نقشههای توپوگرافی، زمینشناسی، تصاویر ماهوارهای و بازدیدهای متعدد میدانی شواهد ژئومورفولوژیکی تغییرات آبوهوایی پلیوستوسن فوقانی در توده الوند شناسایی گردید. ازجمله شواهد ژئومورفولوژیکی تغییرات آبوهوایی پلیوستوسن فوقانی میتوان بهآثار کاوشی سیرکها و درههای یخچالی، مواریث تراکمی مانند سنگهای سرگردان اشاره کرد. بر اساس بررسیهای میدانی، آثار مورفولوژیکی کاوشی یخچال در دامنه شمال شرقی الوند از ارتفاع بالای 2000 متر و در دامنههای جنوب غربی از ارتفاع 1700 متر به بالا بهخوبیقابلتشخیص و تفکیک است. آثار تراکمی یخچالی موجود در منطقه بهاندازهای بزرگ است که حتیالامکان حمل آنها در حالت سیلابی شدید در دورههای بارانی گذشتهقابلتصور نیست. با برآورد و استفاده از روابط گرادیان دمایی (دما- ارتفاع) و بارشی (بارش- ارتفاع) و ارتفاع برف مرز کواترنری الوند (سه روش رایت، شیب- جهت و ضریب خمیدگی)، نقشه همدما وهم بارش دوران چهارم ترسیم شد. بررسیهای صورت گرفته حاکی از آن است که در آخرین دوره یخچالی دمابا توجه به استفاده از روش ترکیبی برآورد برف مرز، 26/9 درجه سانتی‏گراد سردتر و میزان بارش 317میلیمتر بیشتر از زمان کنونی بوده است. وجود سنگهای سرگردان نشانگر این است که؛ زبانههای یخچالی تا ارتفاعی که این سنگها وجود دارند،پیشروی کردهاند (دامنه شمال غربی 1780 و دامنه جنوب شرقی 1680 متری). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
265 - land use change modeling using LCM module (Case study: NEKA region)
seyede massoomeh fathollahi roudbary Kamran Nasirahmadi mehrdad khanmohamadiLand use/cover changes, especially human urbanization Cause destruction of natural habitats and threaten biodiversity. Regularly, Land use/cover models are one the most important methods for evaluating this trend. The objective of this study is the investigation of land MoreLand use/cover changes, especially human urbanization Cause destruction of natural habitats and threaten biodiversity. Regularly, Land use/cover models are one the most important methods for evaluating this trend. The objective of this study is the investigation of land use/cover change and modeling in the Neka city using Land Change Modeler (LCM). Landsat TM (١٩٨8), ETM+ (٢٠٠2), and OLI (2016) data was used for land use/cover classification and change. In addition, transition potential modeling was conducted using an artificial neural network. In this method, 5 sub-models and 9 variables were used. Then calibration period (1988-2002) was used by Markov chain and hard prediction for extrapolating the 2016 land use/cover changes. Finally, land use/cover maps for 2002 and 2016 were used for land use/cover map extending prediction to the year 2030. The accuracy assessment of model was conducted by Error Matrix. The results of this study showed the annual rate of decline in the forest was 2297 Hectare during the period 1988-2016. The biggest changes were in the conversion of forest lands to agriculture. Modeling results using artificial neural network also showed acceptable accuracy (69%). The results of modeling for 2030 also showed that the area of the forest is decreasing, Agricultural lands and urban areas are increasing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
266 - Monitoring of land use / cover changes using change drastically, degree of dynamic and post classification comparison
mohammad zare teimur teimurian mohammad Hasan JouriEarth is one of the primary sources of natural that by land use is transformed. Land use is a natural process and it cannot be stopped but it can be controlled. Population increase and urbanization growth are one of the most important challenges of land use management. MoreEarth is one of the primary sources of natural that by land use is transformed. Land use is a natural process and it cannot be stopped but it can be controlled. Population increase and urbanization growth are one of the most important challenges of land use management. Land use mapping and checking the trend of change is one of the most essential information needed for manage natural resources. In this study, for mapping land use changes in Nour city were used of Landsat TM images relating to the years 1986, 2000 and 2013 during a period of 28 years. In this study, the maximum likelihood method and GIS was used to classify images. As well as to evaluate the intensity and trend of land use changes, post classification comparison, of, severity index and dynamics degree index methods were used for changes monitoring in land use. Results showed the greatest changes of land use in Nour region is related to the conversion of cropland class to urban class, so that the changes trend for forest and agriculture lands use has been negative and for residential land use has been positive and extent of the residential areas has been increased Fivefold from 1986 to 2013 as the maximum changes in the suburb. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
267 - Analysis of Vegetation Indices Change in Sensors of Landsat Satellite (Case Study: Persian juniper fields of East Golestan National Park and Ghorkhod Protected Area)
Samereh Falahatkar Rahimeh Saberfar Seyed Hossein KiaToday acquisition of knowledge regarding to the health of vegetation has an important role in the management of protected areas and conservation of plant and animal species. Remote sensing is a useful technology for investigation of vegetation since past to present that MoreToday acquisition of knowledge regarding to the health of vegetation has an important role in the management of protected areas and conservation of plant and animal species. Remote sensing is a useful technology for investigation of vegetation since past to present that have priority over other method. Using vegetation indices in determination of the spatial distribution of vegetation is one of the ways for vegetation change detection. In this study, due to suitable atmospheric conditions and percentage of cloud cover less than 10%, the images of June 1987 and 2016 and May 2003, TM, ETM + and OLI sensors of Landsat and three vegetation indices, including NDVI, SAVI and EVI were used for the identification and classification vegetation cover. The cross-classification method was used to compare vegetation indices with land cover map which produced by hybrid classification and selecting the best vegetation index in classification. Kappa coefficient obtained from comparison of vegetation map using NDVI index and land cover map for 1987, 2003, and 2016 were 0.87, 0.82 and 0.87, respectively, which were higher than others. Also, the results of 30-year-old reveal a decrease of 9153.27 hectares of Juniperus in the studied area that 9092.43 ha were converted to rangelands and 60.84 ha to barren lands. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
268 - Investigation of distribution of Aeluropus littoralis in Exclusion and grazed areas inthe saline and alkaline rangelands of Golestan province
amin mahmodian Majid Akherian mohamad naser taherThe shape species response along ecological gradients has important implications for both continuum theory and community analysis. The main objective of this study was investigation on the response of the A. littoralis species to some environmental gradients In the two MoreThe shape species response along ecological gradients has important implications for both continuum theory and community analysis. The main objective of this study was investigation on the response of the A. littoralis species to some environmental gradients In the two Exclusion and grazer range . The sampling method was randomized-systematic. In the area sampled, presence of the A. littoralis species, was recorded. Soil samples were taken from 0-20 cm in each quadrates. In each sample , bulk density, soil moisture, pH, N, EC, P, organic carbon, the percentage of sand, silt and clay were measured. . Sampling of soil and vegetation was carried out along 100-meter transects in two Exclusion areas and under grazing area. The data were analyzed by R ver.3.0.2 and Spss computer programs . The results showed that the ecological niche and optimum along moisture gradient for A. littoralis species has been recorded 52-42 percent and 44.7 percent respectively. The ecological optimum for S. turcomanica species in relation Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
269 - Comparison of carbon sequestration in natural coniferous and deciduous stands (Case study: Marzanabad-Chalous)
Ali Sheykhoeslami Naermin HoseiniRising greenhouse gases have led to climate change and global warming, which is one of the major challenges in the discussion of sustainable development and has had detrimental effects on human life on Earth. Carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems, such as fores MoreRising greenhouse gases have led to climate change and global warming, which is one of the major challenges in the discussion of sustainable development and has had detrimental effects on human life on Earth. Carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems, such as forests, is the simplest and most economically viable solution to reduce atmospheric carbon. This study is carried out in needles, pure mulberry leaves and broadleaf mixed in Hassanabad Chalous region and the amount of carbon deposited in biomass (leaves and branches), soil (at two depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm) and litter were estimated. The results showed that the amount of carbon sequestration in each of the needle, leaf and broadleaf masses was 57.184 and 30.222 tons per hectare, respectively, whose economic value was calculated as $ 11437 and 60445 per hectare, respectively. The results showed that the amount of carbon sequestration in each of the needle-leaf and broadleaf stands was 57.184 and 30.222 tons per hectare, respectively, and its economic value was calculated as $ 11437 and 60445 per hectare, respectively. The values of diameter equal to breast, height, and cross-sectional area equal to breast, trunk volume, and canopy volume were also significantly higher in the pure mass of Zarbin than the broadleaf mass. Also, the results of stepwise regression showed that nitrogen and soil saturation moisture content were the most important factors affecting soil organic carbon. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
270 - Violating the rights of future generations with climate change caused by Haarp technology
mehdi omani Jamal Beigi babak poorgahremaniEntering the era of technology and human achievement of new projects, the world has undergone changes. One of these research projects is the new and emerging HAARP project. With the changes it creates in the ionosphere layer and the earth's magnetic field, this project MoreEntering the era of technology and human achievement of new projects, the world has undergone changes. One of these research projects is the new and emerging HAARP project. With the changes it creates in the ionosphere layer and the earth's magnetic field, this project affects its natural process and changes the climate conditions on earth. The creation of storms, floods and tsunamis, earthquakes, droughts and acid rain created by Haarp technology and changing the climate conditions have caused harmful effects and can violate the rights of future generations. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the climate changes resulting from Haarp technology and the violation of the rights of future generations by it. The research method in this article is descriptive and analytical, and data collection is in the form of phishing. The method of conducting the research is qualitative and the findings of the research indicate that the climate changes resulting from Haarp technology, which cause storms, floods and tsunamis, earthquakes, droughts and acid rains, violate the rights of future generations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
271 - Effects of altitiudinal variation on physical and physiological characteristics of Alder seeds (Alnus Subcordata C.A.M) (Case study Vaz forest management plan-District 1)
ghahreman Rezai فرشاد Yezdian فرزاد farzad.shafizadeh@yahoo.com M.A HedayatiIn order to survey on trends of physical and physiological changes, Alder seeds were collected from different altitudes (200-2000 masl) with a 500 m intervals from Vaz watershed forests around Nour city, Mazandaran province. After cleaning, seed traits such as moisture MoreIn order to survey on trends of physical and physiological changes, Alder seeds were collected from different altitudes (200-2000 masl) with a 500 m intervals from Vaz watershed forests around Nour city, Mazandaran province. After cleaning, seed traits such as moisture content (MC%), 1000 seed weight (TSW), seed and fruit dimentions, germination and empty seed percent were determined at seed lab of Caspian forest tree seed centre. Data were analysed by One Way ANOVA based on Duncan test with SPSS. According to results of this survey, all traits were sensible at 99% except of germination (95%). As, the highest MC% were recorded at 1500 m.a.s.l (14%) and the lowest at 200, 2000 m.a.s.l (6.6, 7.2 res). 1000 SW were increased till 1500 masl, then reduced at 2000 m.a.s.l. The highest (0.18 gr) and the lowest (0.1 gr) TSW were recorded at 1500 and 200 m.a.s.l res. The longest (2 cm) and the widest (1.38 cm) fruit were grown at 1500 and the shortest (1.3 cm) and the narrowest (.74 cm) at 200 m.a.s.l. Germination didn't show any special corelation with altitude. The highest (62%) were registered at 1500 m.a.s.l and the lowest (23%) at 200 m.a.s.l. According to the resuts of germination the highest empty seeds (62%) were found at 200 m.a.s.l and the lowest (23%) At 1500 m.a.s.l. Results of this investigation showed that the quality of Alder seeds increased to 1500 m.a.s.l. and then decreased slightly. It seems that similar investigation on the seeds of this species in Caspian region conducted to preparing of seed quality map which is an indicator of forest quality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
272 - The effect of population growth on land use change ( case study: Vaz catchment, noor)
shabanali gholami mahmood habibneghad roshan mostafa nooripoorThe effect of population growth on land use change ( case study: Vaz catchment, noor) S.gholami[1], M.habibneghad roashan[2], M.nooripoor[3] Abstract At present research impact­ of increasing population on land use changes were investigated in Vaz MoreThe effect of population growth on land use change ( case study: Vaz catchment, noor) S.gholami[1], M.habibneghad roashan[2], M.nooripoor[3] Abstract At present research impact­ of increasing population on land use changes were investigated in Vaz catchment. The Vaz catchment is having 14,102 hectares area and it is located at Natel-Restaq region in Chamestan district and Noor city. For this research is used descriptive method. And for preparing data and information is done laboratory study, field measuring and documents collection, and also they saved in data base bank by Excel software, then they were analyzed by SPSS.16 software, and then the results of them were compared by using T- test parametric and ANOVA test, and at final stage to terracing of graphs was used EXCEL, 2000. In this study, the stages of variations land use is done at three different durations by using aerial photos with 1/20000 scale from 1345 to 1371 and up to 1381 years. And also each of land use area was determined by using of GIS tools in each of duration. The results of variance analysis are shown affirmative on impact of increasing of population for each variations of different land use area. As the results of analyzes test have shown, increasing of population on variations of different land use were significant at 95% level. [1] - Nour branch, Islamic azad university, , nour, iran [2] - Sari agricultureal sciences sciences and natural resources university [3] - Department of Natural Resources and Watershed , Nour , Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
273 - Application of spatial statistic in assessing canopy cover variation of rangeland plant species of sheep fescue
amir hoseim kavian por ardavan ghorbani gholam ali heshmatiAccording to the continuous changes in natural ecosystems, particularly rangelands, and variety of affecting factors and the cost of direct measurement, the application of new techniques in different studies is necessary. In this study the capability of spatial statisti MoreAccording to the continuous changes in natural ecosystems, particularly rangelands, and variety of affecting factors and the cost of direct measurement, the application of new techniques in different studies is necessary. In this study the capability of spatial statistical techniques in the assessment of canopy cover variation of Festuca ovina L. species was investigated. Canopy cover was recorded using plots at 45 sites. Then Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Kriging were used for interpolating and estimating of F. ovina canopy cover using GS+5 and ArcGIS10. Results showed that the best variogram was exponential, and simple and ordinary Kriging were the best interpolation methods in comparison with the other methods according to the results maps accuracy assessments. Effective range of F.ovina canopy cover (48300 meter) is close to some chemical and physical soil properties including, acidity in the second depth (51500m), and organic matter in the second depth (47710m), clay in the first depth and sand in the first and second depths (49400m). Spatial variability of mentioned soil characteristics have affected the percentage of F. ovina canopy cover and at the distance greater than effective range, samples have no spatial dependence. To investigate the relationships between mentioned soil characteristics and canopy cover of F. ovina, and the optimal sampling interval can be considered between 47710 to 49400 meters. Results of this study show that spatial statistic can be used for evaluating canopy cover of rangeland species variability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
274 - A Study on variations in photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, flavonoid, and anthocyanin compont contents in two halophyte species (Salsola dendroides Pall. and Limonium reniforme (Girard) Linczin in different seasons
Sepideh Bakhshi Hossein ABBASPOUR Sakineh saeidisarNumerous biochemical and molecular mechanisms have been developed in plants to fight against salt stress namely, change in the content of osmolytes, enhancement of phenolic compounds, and supporting photosynthetic activity. These mechanisms lead to products and processe MoreNumerous biochemical and molecular mechanisms have been developed in plants to fight against salt stress namely, change in the content of osmolytes, enhancement of phenolic compounds, and supporting photosynthetic activity. These mechanisms lead to products and processes which improve the tolerance to salinity. Since there is no significant research on the resistance mechanisms of the species Salsola dendroides pall and Limonium reniforme (Girard) Lincz., some of these physiological changes in the aforementioned plants were investigated under natural stresses during different seasons to study their tolerance mechanism. To this end, plants were randomly collected from Incheboron area, north of Gorgan with four replicates during spring, summer, and autumn. Results showed that with increased temperature and salinity in summer, chlorophyll pigment contents significantly decreased in both Salsola dendroides and Limonium reniforme species. Soluble sugars content significantly increased in shoots and roots of Salsola dendroides in spring compared with other seasons while soluble sugars content in Limonium reniforme was higher in summer in comparison with spring. In summer, flavonoid contents significantly increased in shoots and roots of both species compared with other seasons. Anthocyanin content significantly changed with the change in seasons, while the highest anthocyanin contents were observed in shoots and roots of Salsola dendroides and Limonium reniforme in summer and autumn, respectively. Most of these changes were associated with activation of physiological and biochemical processes which allow the plants to adapt to saline conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
275 - The effects of air pollution on some morphological and physiological characteristics of Platanus orientalis L. leaves in Tehran
Sayyedeh Mahdokht MaddahPlantain (Platanus orientalis L.)is an important tree used in green space in Tehran. Due to severe air pollution in Tehran, these trees experience early fall in recent years. The present study in an attempt to find the causes of this phenomenon, measured leaf area, dry MorePlantain (Platanus orientalis L.)is an important tree used in green space in Tehran. Due to severe air pollution in Tehran, these trees experience early fall in recent years. The present study in an attempt to find the causes of this phenomenon, measured leaf area, dry weight, stomata conductance, stomata resistance, relative leaf humidity, relative chlorophyll concentrations, and the values of calcium, magnesium, lead, and cadmium. Leaves were collected from three regions in Tehran: Sadra Park as a clean region, Al-Mahdi Park as the polluted region 1, and Avesta Park as the polluted region 2. Results showed that air pollution causes significant reduction in leaf area and increase in stomatal conductance in Al-Mahdi Park. The highest amounts of magnesium and lead were also observed in Avesta Park plantain leaves. The highest value of cadmium in leaves was recorded in Sadra Park region. No significant differences were observed in the other traits under study at the collection sites. It seems plantain is able to absorb heavy metals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
276 - Seasonal and diurnal changes in photochemistry and antioxidant responses, and phenolic metabolism in evergreen Jasminum fruticans
ghader habibiIn this study, seasonal and diurnal changes in photosynthesis and phenolic metabolism in evergreen jasmin (Jasminum fruticans L.) were examined over a 12-month period. We found the differences in pigment and phenolic contents between the values determined during the aut MoreIn this study, seasonal and diurnal changes in photosynthesis and phenolic metabolism in evergreen jasmin (Jasminum fruticans L.) were examined over a 12-month period. We found the differences in pigment and phenolic contents between the values determined during the autumn and winter months and the values determined during the spring and summer months. During the autumn and winter months, the low seasonality of Chla was accompanied by increases in both carotenoids and phenol levels which play a major role in photoprotection processes. While the maximal quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) showed diurnal changes during the winter months, such diurnal changes were not observed for the other seasons. These diurnal changes reflected dynamic photoinhibition, as an adaptation mechanism, which may actually protect the leaves against photodamage under cold conditions. During the winter months, increased O–J phase (from the OJIP chlorophyll fluorescence curve) and decreased I–P phase in parallel with the reduction of Fv/Fm, revealed that the cold stress influenced both the donor and acceptor sides of PSII. Interestingly, we found the relationship between diurnal changes of Fv/Fm and those of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels and catalase (CAT) activity during the winter months. Diurnal changes in CAT activity represented the differences between the values determined in warm and cold seasons. Compared with the diurnal changes during the spring and summer months, the maximum activity of CAT was observed at 15:00 h during the winter months, which indicated that CAT may play an effective role in protection of photosystems under a high photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) during cold days. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
277 - بررسی تغییرات فصلی آنزیمهای آنتیاکسیدان درسه گونه گلسنگ Lecanora muralis (Schaerer)Rebenh.، Xanthoria parietina (L.)Th.fr. و Ramalina farinacea(L.)Ach. از منطقه مغان
مه لقا قربانلی ملاحت رهبری بیله سوار صدیقه اربابیان -
Open Access Article
278 - اثر تغییرات فصلی بر برخی فرایندهای فیزیولوژیکی گیاه صنوبر (Populus deltoides Marsh.)
مژگان فرزامی سپهر محبوبه محمدی مه لقا قربانلی -
Open Access Article
279 - بررسی تغییرات فصلی دو اسمولیت پرولین و گلیسین بتائین در 3 گونه Nepeta persica Boiss. و Salvia leriifolia BENTH. و Teucrium polium L. از رویشگاه طبیعی استان خراسان رضوی
مه لقا قربانلی فاطمه اسدالهی -
Open Access Article
280 - نقش درختچه ریش بز (Ephedra procera Fisch & Mey.) در جذب فلزات سنگین معدن منگنز رباط کریم
فرهنگ مراقبی علی سلطانی جاوید مژگان فرزامی سپهر -
Open Access Article
281 - بررسی اثر دماهای مختلف بر خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی سیانوباکتری Synechococcus elongatus بهعنوان کاندید تولید بیودیزل
الهه کیائی ندا سلطانی مهناز مظاهری اسدی رمضانعلی خاوری نژاد مهروز دزفولیان -
Open Access Article
282 - Phytochemical variations of Perilla frutescens L. var. crispa essential oils in different cultivation areas
Najmeh Abbasi Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili Raheleh Ebrahimi Hassanali Naghdi Badi Amir SahrarooPerilla frutescens var. crispa, a medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family is widely used for the treatment of constipation, asthma, and skin disorders, and also as spice. As climatic, environmental, and edaphological conditions of the plant habita MorePerilla frutescens var. crispa, a medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family is widely used for the treatment of constipation, asthma, and skin disorders, and also as spice. As climatic, environmental, and edaphological conditions of the plant habitats affect active substances of medicinal plants, quantitative and qualitative changes in the essential oil content and composition of the plants cultivated in the Research Farms of four regions of Iran (Rasht, Noor, Khorramabad, and Neishabour) were evaluated in the present study in 2020. Aerial organs of the plants were collected at the vegetative stage and their essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation. The essential oils were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among the studied areas, the highest and lowest altitudes were Neishabour and Rasht, respectively. The climatic classification of Rasht and Noor was also more similar. The essential oil contents (%w/w) of the plant samples in Rasht, Noor, Neishabour, and Khorramabad were 1.45, 1.33, 1.26, and 1.16, respectively. In total, 28, 27, 25, and 27 compounds were identified in Noor, Rasht, Khorramabad, and Neishabour regions, respectively. (E)-Caryophyllene (42.4-58.7%), α-cadinol (8.2-16.5%), (E)-nerolidol (3.8-9.5%), α-dehydro-elsholtzia ketone (2.1-7.5%), cis-dihydro-α-terpinyl acetate (1.0-7.5%), and egoma ketone (0.2-5.5%) were the major essential oil compounds at different regions. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (44.9-61.2%) were the major class of the compounds of essential oils. Cluster analysis based on the essential oil compositions classified the studied areas into two distinct groups. Noor and Rasht were clustered in one group and Khorramabad and Neishabour were clustered in the other group. Results showed that temperate regions are suitable to increase the essential oil contents of the plants, while arid and semi-arid regions can improve the quality of essential oils. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
283 - Futuristic Analysis of Urban Land Use Changes Using Satellite Image Analysis (A Case of Tabriz)
Hamid Norash Karim Hosseinzadeh Dalir Ali AzarUnderstanding the trend of land use change and its influencing factors stands as a paramount concern in contemporary urban studies. The vicinities surrounding cities bear the impact of urban growth, triggering alterations in the roles, functions, and configurations of t MoreUnderstanding the trend of land use change and its influencing factors stands as a paramount concern in contemporary urban studies. The vicinities surrounding cities bear the impact of urban growth, triggering alterations in the roles, functions, and configurations of these ecological complexes. Tabriz, being a pivotal metropolis in the country, has undergone notable changes in land use in recent years. The urban expansion has transformed the surrounding lands, including gardens and agricultural areas. This study aims to scrutinize the patterns of land use change in Tabriz from 1986 to 2016. Employing a descriptive-analytical research approach with documentary and field data collection methods, Landsat satellite images, ENVI 4.8 software, and Arc GIS 10.2 geographic information system were utilized to analyze the changes in Tabriz's urban lands over three decades. The findings reveal that Tabriz, in pursuit of its development, has predominantly encroached upon green spaces and agricultural lands, leading to a decline in their share over time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
284 - Evaluation of the impact of urban-rural migrations on land use changes in metropolitan cities (A Case study of Tabriz Metropolis)
gholamreza mokhtari farivar karim hoseinzade delir hosein nazamfarWith their many functions, metropolitan cities have strong relationships with the peripheral areas and especially the villages of the penetration zone, and this has a profound impact on the economic, social, cultural, and even physical aspects of the villages. Economic MoreWith their many functions, metropolitan cities have strong relationships with the peripheral areas and especially the villages of the penetration zone, and this has a profound impact on the economic, social, cultural, and even physical aspects of the villages. Economic growth of cities is due to their economic relations. The city and the countryside have the advantages of attracting rural employment, creating out-of-village job opportunities and rural-urban migration. The metropolis of Tabriz, in various historical periods, has played a strong transnational role from Eastern Europe to South and Central Asia, which shows its undeniable role in taking on some strong professional functions to perform this task. This interconnection between the metropolitan city of Tabriz and its sphere of influence, on one hand, extends the physical development of the city to its national metropolis, and on the other hand, the physical development of the surrounding villages and extensive user changes in these villages, along with widespread demographic, economic and cultural changes will be obtained. This issue is the main subject of the present research and its main objective is to monitor and evaluate the role of the expansion of the metropolitan city of Tabriz by urban-rural migrations and its impact on physical changes, in particular, land use changes in the urban areas. This study concerning its purpose is a descriptive one and as the methodology is considered is an applied research which has been developed based on the questionnaires used in the study and analyzing its items. To achieve the objectives of the study, we used the Cronbach, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, T-Student and multivariate regression tests. The results show strong correlation between migration and change indicators if more than 85% of land use variations are expected by the migratory variables. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
285 - The Effect of Eliminating Energy Subsidies on Industry Cost Structure in Iran
ali akbar naji meidani salman sotoodeh niakaraniThe main objective of this paper is to examine the effects of raising the prices of energies like gasoline, gas oil, LPG, kerosene and fuel oil on the cost structure of enterprises in Iran. To get the goal, the criterion of Compensation Variations (CV) has been used in MoreThe main objective of this paper is to examine the effects of raising the prices of energies like gasoline, gas oil, LPG, kerosene and fuel oil on the cost structure of enterprises in Iran. To get the goal, the criterion of Compensation Variations (CV) has been used in a partial equilibrium approach. To calculate Compensation Variations (CV), the change fee imposed on energy prices is used during 2010- 2013. The elimination of subsidies leads to 30 percent increase in the cost of manufacturing industries of the country in 2010. For the years 2011, 2012 and 2013, the cost increases to 28, 30 and 32 percent respectively. The loss ratio imposed by increased prices on various industries has started in 2010 and continued to accelerate until 2013. Therefore, to secure the desirability level prior to the implementation of the policy in 2010, 6063831 million Rials must be paid to the enterprises active in this section. For 2011, 2012 and 2013 the sum is 7678227, 10365607 and 15030129 million Rials respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
286 - Studying the Effect of Price Changes on the Welfare of Urban Households Disaggregated By Income Deciles and Commodity Groups
mohammadreza Arman mehr Asieh FarahmandmaneshThis study has assessed the welfare effects based on increasing in the price of eight commodity groups. This research has been accomplished among Iranian urban households of different income deciles in terms of linear expenditure system via using Compensating Variations MoreThis study has assessed the welfare effects based on increasing in the price of eight commodity groups. This research has been accomplished among Iranian urban households of different income deciles in terms of linear expenditure system via using Compensating Variations in the period 1372-1392 by time series data. The results indicate that the increasing in prices leads to decreasing the welfare of lower income deciles rather than the higher income deciles, but with rising price a group commodity(and stability of prices of other commodity groups) in terms of reduced welfare, the most vulnerable income deciles is different. Based on the results, it is suggested that the amount and type of subsidy to the income deciles must be different, and special attention must be paid to low-income groups in the liberation of prices due to inflation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
287 - The Influence of Volatility Structural Changes on Shock Transmission and Volatility Spillover between Gold and Stock Markets in Iran
zahra (mila) elmi esmaiel aboonouri saeed rasekhi mohamadmehdi shahraziThis study investigates the effect of volatility structural changes on the shock transmission and volatility Spillover between gold and stock markets in Iran during 2007-2013. For this purpose, firstly, we will detect the time periods of structural breaks in volatility MoreThis study investigates the effect of volatility structural changes on the shock transmission and volatility Spillover between gold and stock markets in Iran during 2007-2013. For this purpose, firstly, we will detect the time periods of structural breaks in volatility of gold and stock returns endogenously using the standard and modified iterated cumulated sums of squares (ICSS) algorithm. Then, this information incorporates to model the volatility process. The application of bi-variate GARCH model in off-diagonal BEKK parameterization suggest that shock transmission and volatility spillover between gold and stock markets is bidirectional in Iran. Also, based on the present research findings, ignoring or incorrect detection of structural breaks mislead the researcher about the direction of volatility transmission between gold and stock markets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
288 - Estimation of Consumers’ Welfare Changes by Using True Cost of Living Index in Iran
Ali Akbar Khosravi nejad Ebrahim Siami AraghiThis paper introduce index numbers theory emphasis on economic approach and its applied welfare of consumer behavior. Price index number theory, product and welfare are one of the most important debate in economics while expand changes index numbers theory has been expe MoreThis paper introduce index numbers theory emphasis on economic approach and its applied welfare of consumer behavior. Price index number theory, product and welfare are one of the most important debate in economics while expand changes index numbers theory has been experienced in last three decades. These changes can be related to views differences of economists to index number theory. Some economists calculated welfare measurement and welfare changes with relating to demand system like Linear Expenditure System (LES) and Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). In this paper, True Cost of living Index is estimated by using AIDS. The Results indicate that the Cost of Living Index in rural area is larger than urban during 1997-2007. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
289 - Effect of Price Changes in Main Commodity Groups on Rural Households Welfare Based on Linear Expenditure System
samad hekmati farid soleiman feizi nafiseh saadatThis paper is to evaluate the effect of price changes in 8 main commodity groups on rural households during 2001-2012. To estimate subsistence level, rural households' data issued by Iranian Statistics Center is used. In addition, by the the results of linear expenditur MoreThis paper is to evaluate the effect of price changes in 8 main commodity groups on rural households during 2001-2012. To estimate subsistence level, rural households' data issued by Iranian Statistics Center is used. In addition, by the the results of linear expenditure system, the price and income elasticities is calculated along with the compensation and equivalent variations of Iranian Rural households. The results represent that subsistence level for Rural households is 40637 thousand Rials in the year 2012. Furthermore, the compensation and equivalent variations calculated by of commodity groups indicate the increase of prices in each commodity group of subsistence level will decrease rural households welfare. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
290 - The study of Lexical and Phonological Remnants of Middle Persian in Kermani dialect
Hamed Mowlaei Kuhbanani Aliasghar Rostami Abusaeidi Atiye Kamyabi GolLanguage is changing as a social phenomenon and in this changing process some dialects resist against some historical changes and ancient forms may still be used by native speakers. In this research, we hypothesize that there are some lexical and phonological middle Per MoreLanguage is changing as a social phenomenon and in this changing process some dialects resist against some historical changes and ancient forms may still be used by native speakers. In this research, we hypothesize that there are some lexical and phonological middle Persian remnants in Kermani dialect. The research zone is kerman city and informants are selected from upper 50 years old native people of kerman city. Lexical middle Persian remnants include words which are used in Kermani dialect in the same way as middle Persian. Of course, some of them bear some tiny phonological and semantic changes. Phonological data include some middle Persian phonemes in Kermani dialect that are changed or deleted in new Persian language. The findings indicate that Kermani dialect resists against some lexical and phonological changes from middle Persian and this means that kermani dialect as a southeastern dialect of central Iranian dialects is old and ancient one. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
291 - Dhāl Mojama in dialect of Nasāg region-of Gerāsh
Mostafa Saadat Katayon NamiranianDuring the life of Persian language, from Ancient Persian to Dari Persian the changes of the phonemes to each other has been frequently occurred. An example for such an evolutional change is conversion of phoneme “t” to “dh” and thereafter to &ld MoreDuring the life of Persian language, from Ancient Persian to Dari Persian the changes of the phonemes to each other has been frequently occurred. An example for such an evolutional change is conversion of phoneme “t” to “dh” and thereafter to “d”. The Phoneme “dh” which is specific to Persian words is called “dhāl mojama” or “Persian dhāl”. There are some rules to pronounce it such as: the previous letter in this case was soundless and of course not one of vowels “a,w” and “y” will be pronounced “d”, otherwise it must be pronounced “dh”. In the present article, it is indicated that “dhāl mojama” occurs in many words of Nasāg dialect. In addition, it is discussed that, though, in most cases, “Persian dhāl” is settled in the middle or end exceptions in which “dh” appears at the beginning or after a soundless letter. This result is not compatible with the claimed rules for “dhāl mojama”. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
292 - Printer Forensics Based on Identity Vectors of Image Texture Segmentation
Roozbeh Hamzehyan Farbod Razzazi Alireza BehradAdvances in the digital world are leading us to the development of digital forensic tools. The use of machine learning methods for source printer identification is one of the sub-fields of this area that is being developed. In this paper, a new method for extracting sec MoreAdvances in the digital world are leading us to the development of digital forensic tools. The use of machine learning methods for source printer identification is one of the sub-fields of this area that is being developed. In this paper, a new method for extracting secondary features based on identity vector or i-vector to identify the print source is presented. In the proposed method, the classification process is accelerated only by extracting a low-dimension i-vector vector per page, without the use of optical character recognition (OCR) method, and by eliminating majority voting. Furthermore, the proposed method in extracting features is independent of the type and size of the font and the language of the text. Secondary features are obtained by splitting the document image into smaller patches and modeling the primary LBP features of the dark, border, and light areas in separate spaces. Modeling the primary features of different regions in separate total variability printer space makes it possible to extract class discriminator information from the remaining print texture in the bright area to increase classification accuracy. In this paper, the effect of using the texture of different regions and changing the patch dimensions using the SVM (Support Vector Machine) classifier through simulation has been carefully investigated. The simulation results show that only by refining the basic features of LBP we achieved 99.05% accuracy, which is more than the latest research in this field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
293 - The Role of Second Home Tourism in the Physical and Environmental Changes of Lahijan during the Last Two Decades (A Case Study of Shirjoopasht Village and Lahijan)
Manuchehr Mehdipour Teymour Amar Isa PourramazanOne of the basic strategies in the field of rural development that has been considered in recent years and has had positive results in many countries is the development and expansion of tourism in rural areas. However, this strategy in Iran and especially in the study a MoreOne of the basic strategies in the field of rural development that has been considered in recent years and has had positive results in many countries is the development and expansion of tourism in rural areas. However, this strategy in Iran and especially in the study area has been associated with a phenomenon called second homes, the results of this expansion has had many negative consequences in physical, economic, environmental, cultural and social dimensions. Rural areas of Lil rural district of the central part of Lahijan during the last two decades with the prosperity of the tourism industry have been associated with the phenomenon of the expansion of second homes. In this research, using descriptive-analytical methods and statistical tests, the effects of the expansion of second homes on physical and environmental changes in rural areas of Lil district have been investigated. The results showed that the expansion of the second homes had the greatest impact on the physical part of the villages. Negative effects of the physical part include: changes in the rural landscape and urbanization of the settlement, disruption of the traditional structure and homogeneity of construction, loss of physical beauty of the village, changes in residential and commercial units. Also land use change, leveling of mountains, increasing waste production and changes in workshop units and local employees are the most important negative effects in the environmental sector. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
294 - بررسی اثرات شیمیایی، میکروبی و حسی اضافه نمودن ملاس چغندرقند تصفیه شده با روش خاک بنتونیت به فرمولاسیون حلوا ارده
مهشید حسنی تبار مسعود هنرور -
Open Access Article
295 - تاثیر کیتوزان روی شکلگیری ترکیبات هتروسایکلیک آروماتیک آمین در فیله فیلماهی(Huso huso) سرخ شده
حجت میر صادقی علیرضا عالیشاهی مهدی اجاق پرستو پورعاشوری -
Open Access Article
296 - اثر پوشش خوراکی کیتوزان و زمان ماندگاری بر خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمایی و حسی انگور دمخروسی
علی سرداریان اکرم آریان فر -
Open Access Article
297 - Prioritize and Assess the Importance of Variables that Determine the Effectiveness of Gamification with Application in Online Education
mohsen rahbari neda soleymani mohammad soltanifar ataollah abtahi afsane zamanie moghaddamConsidering the increasing growth of gamification in online environments, especially online education, as well as the importance of full mastery of effectiveness evaluation activities as one of the most important and necessary control activities, this study aims to rank MoreConsidering the increasing growth of gamification in online environments, especially online education, as well as the importance of full mastery of effectiveness evaluation activities as one of the most important and necessary control activities, this study aims to rank and identify The importance of the factors determining the effectiveness of gamification and considering a comprehensive model including various dimensions and variables, during a field survey the dimensions and variables of the gamification effectiveness model have been prioritized. The data collection tool was a questionnaire by simple random sampling among users of a gamification and several validity and reliability tests were applied on it. The results showed that among the dimensions of gamification effectiveness, the dimension of behavioral changes and user achievements are in the first rank of importance or priority, the dimension of user experience is in the second rank and motivation is in the last rank. In terms of user experience, the variable of overall experiences and satisfaction is in the first place and compatibility with the user is in the last place. Also in the dimension of behavioral changes and achievements, the variable of user engagement is in the first rank and attitude is in the last rank. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
298 - Designing a Comprehensive Model for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Gamification Projects in Online Environment
mohsen rahbari neda soleymani mohammad soltanifar ataollah abtahi afsane zamanie moghaddamThe increasing use of communication technologies and the impact that it has on the culture, way of thinking and practice and style of activity. has also faced important changes in the educational system. Due to the increasing growth of gaming or gamification with differ MoreThe increasing use of communication technologies and the impact that it has on the culture, way of thinking and practice and style of activity. has also faced important changes in the educational system. Due to the increasing growth of gaming or gamification with different functions and in online environments, especially in educational and online education, as well as the importance and necessity of effectiveness evaluation processes as one of the most important and necessary control activities, it is necessary to developers measure the success or effectiveness of their gamification plans. Since the dimensions, components and indicators of gamification effectiveness have not been identified in general and there is no comprehensive model in this field, this research while identifying the desired dimensions and variables through the Delphi method in four rounds and Targeted sampling provides a comprehensive model for evaluating the effectiveness of gamification. The results show that the effectiveness of gamification is affected by three main dimensions called user experience (with eight variables), behavioral changes and user achievements (with five variables) and motivation (with one variable). In addition to providing a comprehensive and new model, the present study examines and evaluates the role of new variables for the first time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
299 - Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus ruteri isolated from dairy products in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat models
Elham Aminian Elham Moazamian Mohammad Amin EdatamaneshBased on the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus isolated from dairy products on blood glucose in diabetic rats. Isolation and characterization of Lactobacillus from dairy products were performed u MoreBased on the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus isolated from dairy products on blood glucose in diabetic rats. Isolation and characterization of Lactobacillus from dairy products were performed using biochemical and molecular tests. In this study, treatment was performed on 49 male Wistar rats with a mean age of approximately 6 to 8 weeks. Rats were divided into 7 groups of 7 each. In the intervention group, Lactobacillus ruteri and Lactobacillus plantarum were used. At the end of 4 weeks, weight changes and blood glucose levels of the rats were compared to the positive and negative controls. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test for comparison of variables. The results showed that during one month the mice were exposed to Lactobacillus bacteria had the highest weight in the fourth week and the lowest weight in the first week of the study. A significant decrease in blood glucose level was observed in the groups consuming L. plantarum and L. ruteri. The present study showed that intervention of Lactobacillus without altering diet or specific diet in rats can significantly decrease blood sugar in the bacterial group. Considering the effect of the studied bacteria on blood glucose reduction, it can be claimed that Lactobacillus can be suggested as an adjunctive treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
300 - The survey of microbial properties in commercial ready-to-eat foods at manufactures and hypermarkets in Alborz province
Shima PourJafar Zohreh Mashak Mohsen MirzaeeDue to developing consumption of ready-to-eat food and influence of them on foodborne diseases, microbial changes in the various kinds of the foods at the factories and food markets in Alborz province were examined. For this purpose S.aureus bacteria, coliforms, E.coli, MoreDue to developing consumption of ready-to-eat food and influence of them on foodborne diseases, microbial changes in the various kinds of the foods at the factories and food markets in Alborz province were examined. For this purpose S.aureus bacteria, coliforms, E.coli, molds and yeasts, and bacterial total counts, in 200 samples of semi-cooked (falafel, fishfinger, fried-fish, fried-chicken, meat-cutlet, cordon-bleu, kookoo-sabzi, fried-shrimp, chicken nugget, schnysel chicken , schnysel forming) [A], frozen raw (chicken-kebab, frozen chicken arm, chicken burger, 30%hamburger, 60%hamburger, 75%hamburger, 85%hamburger, 85%finger kebab)[B], and cocked refrigerated (55%cocktail sausage, 55%hot dog, German sausage)[C] were studied. The amount of the bacteria after storage in the stores were more than the factories, in all groups (P≤0/05). Total bacterial count and coliforms, in the C group was less than other groups and between the A and B groups didn’t find any statistical difference. The C group didn’t contain the Escherichia coli, and it was higher in B group than A group. The highest and lowest molds and yeast were founded in B and A samples, respectively. The highest number of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was related to the B group (P≤0/05). The increase of microbial changes in hyperstores compared to factories can indicate that ready to eat storage has done in abuse time-temperature conditions. In addition to the ecological characteristics of these microbes, cross-contamination by personnel manipulation, improper handling and transportation, undercooked cooking, (especially in semi-cooked food) and improper use of the freezing system can play a significant role in this microbial increase. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
301 - Climate Change, Human Rights and the need to Establish the International Court of the Environmet
Azade Rastegar Ali MashhadiAbstract: In recent decades the phenomenon of climate change is one of the important concerns of world community and some measures have been taken so far. Among these measures one can refer to ratification of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC MoreAbstract: In recent decades the phenomenon of climate change is one of the important concerns of world community and some measures have been taken so far. Among these measures one can refer to ratification of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in May 9.1992, Kyoto Protocol in 1997 and Paris agreement in 2014. The main purpose of the present paper is to examine the problems and damages inflicted on earth as a result of climate changes and the necessity of establishing an international court for protecting eco system. Taking into consideration the fact that most of conventions and treaties on environment are not obligatory the question raised her is "how far the International Court for Environment (ICE) can be effective and efficient in preventing damage to environment when a dispute arises between the performance of the parties to the convention and the rules governing the convention. The presumption of the article is that the establishment of this special court for environment can help to settle disputes in the field of environment in the same way the International Court of Justice could act in peaceful settlement of disputes. The methodology used in the paper is library source based study as well as taking the help of international environment law documents including United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) documents. The finding of the study shows that the establishment of International Court for Environment can play an effective role in protecting the environment in future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
302 - Qualitative model of the social and psychological effect of city tourism of pilgrimage on cityzenship in Shiraz
سوسن سهامیThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect city tourism of pilgrimage on cityzenship, and the qualitative review of the concepts emerged in the pilgrim experiences is possible for the pilgrims of Shiraz. Research method: The present study is a qualitative a MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect city tourism of pilgrimage on cityzenship, and the qualitative review of the concepts emerged in the pilgrim experiences is possible for the pilgrims of Shiraz. Research method: The present study is a qualitative and semi-structured interview technique. A community of pilgrims of holy places . Sampling method is based on the purpose of sampling. The sample consists of 24 pilgrims. Findings showe that The researcher first extracted the basic concepts using the interviews . axial, and selective coding, 283 concepts have revealed 67 sub-categories and 7 main categories. In the paradigm model of this study, the axial coding elements of the main concept of a safe public place in the city with various individual and social functions have emerged for the citizens. Citizens in this place experience civic cohesion by performing group worship ,and performing rituals and rites of pilgrimage is a social participation Which promotes a culture of citizenship.The spiritual effect of pilgrimage on the individual ultimately causes citizen satisfaction , citizenship and improves the social cohesion of citizenship. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
303 - .A Qualitative model of the social and psychological effects of Urban Religious tourism on Residents of Holy areas in the city of Shiraz
Sousan sahami Shahin RastegariThe purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of religion-based tourism on the residents of religious areas in the city of Shiraz.The study aimed to qualitatively examine the concepts that emerged in the experiences of pilgrims. This was a qualitative st MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of religion-based tourism on the residents of religious areas in the city of Shiraz.The study aimed to qualitatively examine the concepts that emerged in the experiences of pilgrims. This was a qualitative study that utilized a semi-structured interview technique. Research population consisted of the pilgrims of holy places in Shiraz of which 24 pilgrims were selected through a purposeful sampling technique. The researcher first extracted the basic concepts using the text of the interviews .Then, using three stages of open, axial, and selective coding, 283 concepts, 67 sub-categories, and 7 main categories were revealed. In the paradigmatic model of this study, the axial element of the main concept of a safe public place in the city with various individual and social functions did emerge. By performing group worship, residents in this place experience civic cohesion, and performing rituals and rites of pilgrimage is a kind of social participation that promotes a culture of citizenship.The spiritual effect of pilgrimage on the individual ultimately brings about citizen satisfaction, communicative citizenship, and improves the social cohesion of citizens. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
304 - راهکارهای مقابله با تاثیرات تغییرات آب و هوایی و گازهای گلخانهای بر محیط زیست ایران از منظر حقوق بین الملل و حقوق ایران
مرتضی صادقی غزاله کبیرآبادی هاشم امیری -
Open Access Article
305 - مروری نظاممند بر مقالات منتشر شده در تحلیل اثر تغییرات اقلیمی و فرمشهرها
علی ملکعباسی شیرین طغیانی خوراسگانی امیرحسین شبانی سروش مدبری دیوید ویانا -
Open Access Article
306 - بررسی میزان گسترش محدوده فیزیکی روستاها و عوامل مرتبط با آن (مطالعه موردی شهرستان همدان)
حمیدرضا وجدانی شاهبختی رستمی مصطفی طالشی اسماعیل علی اکبری -
Open Access Article
307 - تحلیل فضایی تغییرات کارکردی روستاهای جنوب غربی کلانشهرتهران
بایرام عبادی عبدالباسط قریشی نصرالله مولائی هشجین -
Open Access Article
308 - تبیین تحولات کارکردی روستاها و گذار از اقتصاد کشاورزی به گردشگری با تأکید بر نظریه چرخه حیات (مطالعه موردی: دهستان فیروزجاه- شهرستان بابل)
محمدرضا رضوانی سیدحسن مطیعی لنگرودی فاطمه محمدزاده لاریجانی -
Open Access Article
309 - مدیریت اراضی رها شده شهری و سامان دهی آنها با الگوی توسعه پایدار شهری (مطالعه موردی شهرسمنان)
مریم اسماعیلیان ناساری دکتر سعید کامیابی دکتر محمدرضا زندمقدم -
Open Access Article
310 - واکاوی تغییرات نسلی در سبک زندگی جامعه عشایری(مطالعه موردی: طایفه بایاری، استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد)
صادق اصغری لفمجانی حمیدرضا نسیمی -
Open Access Article
311 - سنجش عوامل مؤثر بر تابآوری اقلیمی (نمونه موردی: شهر تبریز)
ساناز منافلویان زهرا سادات سعیده زرآبادی مصطفی بهزادفر -
Open Access Article
312 - .
نرگس اسکویی -
Open Access Article
313 - .
عباسقلی عسکریان -
Open Access Article
314 - .
mehrali yazdanpanah parvane ramezani -
Open Access Article
315 - تاثیر مخمر ساکارومایسس سرویزیه مرتبط با ترئونین روی عملکرد تولیدی در جوجههای گوشتی
م.ف. پرالتا آ.ج. نیلسون ر.د. میازوهدف ارزیابی ارتباط مخمر ساکارومایسس سرویزیه (Sc) با ترئونین (T)، در جیرههای جوجه گوشتی بر روی عملکرد، کیفیت لاشه و تغییرات بافتشناسی روده بود. 100 جوجه گوشتی نر Ross (1 تا 43 روزه) در 4 تیمار D1: جیره پایه (BD)، D2: BD به علاوه 5 گرم Sc به ازای هر کیلوگرم خوراک، D3: B Moreهدف ارزیابی ارتباط مخمر ساکارومایسس سرویزیه (Sc) با ترئونین (T)، در جیرههای جوجه گوشتی بر روی عملکرد، کیفیت لاشه و تغییرات بافتشناسی روده بود. 100 جوجه گوشتی نر Ross (1 تا 43 روزه) در 4 تیمار D1: جیره پایه (BD)، D2: BD به علاوه 5 گرم Sc به ازای هر کیلوگرم خوراک، D3: BD به علاوه 30 درصد T و D4: D3 به علاوه 5 گرم Sc به ازای کیلوگرم خوراک. تغییرات تولیدی اندازهگیری شده شامل: متوسط رشد وزنی روزانه (ADWG) (گرم/جوجه/روز)، متوسط مصرف خوراک روزانه (ADFC) (گرم/جوجه/روز)، و نرخ تبدیل خوراک (FCR) بودند. همچنین، بازده لاشه (CY) (%)، وزن سینه (BW) (g)، وزن ران (TW) (g) و وزن چربی شکمی (AFW) (g) تعیین شدند. علاوه بر این، ارتفاع پنجه (VH) (μ)، عمق کریپت (CD) (μ)، منطقه پنجه (VA) (μ2) و نسبت VH/CD اندازهگیری شدند. نتایج نشان دادند که D4 بیشترین ADWG را نسبت به گروه D3 (P≤0.05) داشت و بهترین FCR را نسبت به گروههای D2 و D3 ارائه داد (P≤0.05). همچنین، D4 بیشترین BW نسبت به گروه D3 (P≤0.05) و کمترین AFW را نسبت به D1 (P≤0.05) داشت. CY و TW توسط افزودنی تحت تاثیر قرار نگرفتند، BW در گروه D4 نسبت به D3 بیشتر بود (P≤0.05) و AF در D4 با توجه به گروه D1 کمتر بود (P≤0.05). پروبیوتیک نسبت VH/CD را با توجه به گروه شاهد کاهش داد (P≤0.05) و VA در D4 با توجه به گروه D1 افزایش یافت (P≤0.05). همچنین، گروه D3 و D4 بیشترین موکوس را داشتند و تعداد سلولهای گابلت افزایش داشت. در نتیجه پایانی، Sc مرتبط با T عملکرد تولیدی جوجههای گوشتی را از طریق سلامت روده افزایش داد. بهبود در عملکرد تولیدی با یک FCR بهتر که میتواند در کارایی بیشتر استفاده از مواد مغذی انعکاس یابد و میتواند در عملکرد لاشه بهتر تفسیر شود (افزایش رسوب عضلانی و کاهش AFW) تولید خواهد شد. یک روده سالم توسط افزایش در VA و کاهش نسبت VH/CD که میتواند انعکاس دهنده در بالا رفتن عملکرد جذب توسط سلولهای اپیتلیال بالغ بیشتر باشد تولید خواهد شد. همچنین، اولین خط دفاعی میزبان در برابر پاتوژنهای مهاجم میباشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
316 - آنالیز متعارف برای ارزیابی تنوع ژنتیکی سه اکوتیپ طیور بومی در ناحیه گوندار شمالی اتیوپی
A. Getu K. Alemayehu Z. Wuletawبرای شناسایی اکوتیپ­های طیور بومی در ناحیه گوندار شمالی اتیوپی، از آزمایش میدانی جستجوی سریع استفاده شد. اکوتیپ­های طیور شامل نِکد نِک، گاسگی و گاگات به ترتیب از نواحی کوآرا، آلِفا و تاکه آرماکِهو شناسایی گردیدند. تنوع ریخت­شناختی بین این سه جمعیت مورد مطالع Moreبرای شناسایی اکوتیپ­های طیور بومی در ناحیه گوندار شمالی اتیوپی، از آزمایش میدانی جستجوی سریع استفاده شد. اکوتیپ­های طیور شامل نِکد نِک، گاسگی و گاگات به ترتیب از نواحی کوآرا، آلِفا و تاکه آرماکِهو شناسایی گردیدند. تنوع ریخت­شناختی بین این سه جمعیت مورد مطالعه و 9 صفت قابل اندازه­گیری ارزیابی گردیدند. مدل خطی عمومی، آنالیزهای تمایز متعارف و پلکانی برای ارزیابی تنوع بین این جمعیت­ها مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. اکوتیپ­های نِکد نِک و گاسگی سنگین­تر بوده و در مقایسه با اکوتیپ گاگات از صفات خطی وسیع­تری برخوردار بودند. اکثر صفات مورد مطالعه برای اکوتیپ گاگات در پایین­ترین سطح قرار داشتند. مهمترین متغیرها برای تمایز بین این سه جمعیت، شامل طول ران، طول ستون فقرات، طول دو سر بال­ها و طول منقار بوده و نمرات تابع تمایز متعارف برای آنها به­ترتیب برابر با 897/0، 752/0، 449/0 و 433/0 به دست آمدند. بیشترین مقدار فاصله بین اکوتیپ­های گاسگی و نِکد نِک و کمترین فاصله بین اکوتیپ­های گاگات و نِکد نِک مشاهده شد. بنابراین آنالیز تمایز این سه جمعیت را در سه خوشه جداگانه طبقه­بندی نمود. بدین ترتیب نشان داده شد که صفات ریخت­شناختی مورد مطالعه می­توانند در تعیین هویت ژنتیکی طیور بومی مورد استفاده قرار گرفته و بنابراین می­توانند در توسعه راهبردهای حفاظت تنوع ژنتیکی به کار گرفته شوند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
317 - Spatial distribution verification of ground water (case study: Dezful plain)
Mohammadhosin Esvandzibaei hossein eslamiGroundwater quality assessment and site monitoring of these waters is very important for nitrate pollution. In this regard, the spatial variations of groundwater nitrate were investigated using interpolation methods and mapping of these changes. Made This cross-sectiona MoreGroundwater quality assessment and site monitoring of these waters is very important for nitrate pollution. In this regard, the spatial variations of groundwater nitrate were investigated using interpolation methods and mapping of these changes. Made This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was conducted on drinking water sources in villages in Dezful. For this purpose, 20 drinking water wells were used according to the standard method and 80 samples for 4 season were analyzed. The results showed that the circle Kriging method with less error value than inverse distance weighting, spline and nearest neighborhood methods can perform the optimal zoning for the plain. The summer season has the lowest amount of nitrate and winter. Finally, by investigating the zoning map, it was determined that the eastern and central western regions had the highest amount of nitrate and the north of the plain had a desirable nitrate status. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
318 - Pathologic changes of the spleen in cattle slaughtered in Urmia abattoir
Hadi Razeghi-fam Amir Amniattalab Abdullah Araghi-soorehIn the current study, 490 cattle (293 female and 197 male) were inspected at Urmia abattoir. In these inspections, 17 cattle (3.4%) had splenic lesions and that of these, 6 animals had some lesions in other organs in addition to the spleen. Tissue sampling from abnormal MoreIn the current study, 490 cattle (293 female and 197 male) were inspected at Urmia abattoir. In these inspections, 17 cattle (3.4%) had splenic lesions and that of these, 6 animals had some lesions in other organs in addition to the spleen. Tissue sampling from abnormal spleens was performed. After tissue fixation, sections with 6 μ in thickness were prepared and stained by hematoxylin and eosin method. In the macroscopic inspection lesions such as splenomegaly, change of tissue consistency, color change and cyst had more abundance compared to other lesions. In the microscopic pathological evaluations, hemosiderosis, parenchymal fibrosis, tumor, necrosis, hemorrhage and focal necrosis areas were found in damaged spleens. In statistical analysis, color changes of the spleen between breed groups and consistency change of the spleen between sex groups showed significant difference (p<0.05). Indeed, abundance of injured spleens had a significant relation with age and sex of slaughtered cattle (p<0.05). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
319 - The Effect of Vitamin C on Liver Exposed to the Pesticides Deltamethrin in Rat
Malihe Danshvar Frangis Ghassemi Deltamethrin insecticide widely used pesticides with harmful effects on the ecosystem and liver organ involved in the metabolism of toxic substances. According to antioxidant role of vitamin C, the effects of exposure to deltamethrin on rat's liver were st More Deltamethrin insecticide widely used pesticides with harmful effects on the ecosystem and liver organ involved in the metabolism of toxic substances. According to antioxidant role of vitamin C, the effects of exposure to deltamethrin on rat's liver were studied. For this purpose, 63 rats (Wistar) weighing 200 ± 15 g were selected and divided into 9 groups. After determination of lethal dose for deltamethrin (20mg / kg/b.wt), (5/2, 5 and 10) mg/ kg/b.wt of this was chosen for this experiment. Groups were selected in the control (no treatment), group 1 (distilled water), group 2 were injected ( 20 mg / kg/b.wt) Vitamin C, 3 treatment groups, respectively (5/2, 5 and 10) mg / kg / b.wt of deltamethrin and 3 groups treated with the same doses of deltamethrin + vitamin C (20mg / kg/b.wt) within 14 days, injected intraperitoneal. At the end of the treatment period, Rat's livers were separated, prepared and placed in tissue processor. Prepared serial sections (5 μ), were stained and studied with L.M (40 x) and determined the degree of damage. Using ratings method, damage of tissue were determinate in 0 to 4 degrees that indicate the minimum to maximum damage. Obtain data analyzed by using SPSS (17) and ANOVA and groups were compared in significance level (P< 0.05) with LSD and Tukey's test. According to the results, changes in nucleuses lining to the cell necrosis were seen in the groups which exposed to deltamethrin. These damages were recompensed partially in groups which treated with vitamin C especially in group with low dose of toxin. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
320 - Evaluation of physical Changes and New Spaces Housing in Rural-Urban(Case Study: Dehchesmeh Rural-Urban, Farsan County)
اسکندر seydaei حجت اله sadeghi معصومه fadaeiRural Housing is one of the basic structures in the rural context, The shape, texture and quality requirements are influenced by economic, social, cultural and physical professionalism. On the other hand, the structural and functional changes in the rural environment ar MoreRural Housing is one of the basic structures in the rural context, The shape, texture and quality requirements are influenced by economic, social, cultural and physical professionalism. On the other hand, the structural and functional changes in the rural environment are interdependent, and a change in one component, the other components are affected villages occurs. Housing as a component of rural systems due to structural and functional changes may accept new patterns, The context of rural-urban village in the context . The aim of this study was to evaluate a body of Physical changes and New Spaces of Housing as a case study, Dehchesmeh rural-urban, Farsan of county. The research methodology is based on objective and is based on cross-sectional nature. To collect information from library and survey methods used. Field data collected through the questionnaire and interview techniques. The population was1.300 households, 221 households using Cochran formula 0.06 as determined by the error rate were studied.The results showed that compared to the previous pattern of new housing in a variety of uses such as overall size of the building, in space, number of rooms, building new spaces like the hall, parking, and building condition of public spaces (field thoroughfares) is a An Keen. And the use of new housing areas like the living room, bedroom, kitchen and bathroom and are ideal and desired family size. According to the results obtained with the new model of family housing and subsistence needs of biological is adaptation . The new paradigm of rural housing and residential neighborhoods such as texture, size and shape of the neighborhood and housing as well as the relevance to biological and subsistence needs are satisfied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
321 - Assessment and Analysis of Physical Development and Land Use Changes on Parsabad Moghan City Using Remote Sensing Data
Mohamad Reza Pourmohammadi Mehdi Moazzeni Bahman HadiliRandom urban growth leads to urban development and land use changes. Changes in land use in urban areas typically reflect the economic development and population growth. Parsabad city as a newly established city in recent years has seen rapid physical development as wel MoreRandom urban growth leads to urban development and land use changes. Changes in land use in urban areas typically reflect the economic development and population growth. Parsabad city as a newly established city in recent years has seen rapid physical development as well. This expansion causes changes in land use of the city and suburbs. The research method is descriptive-analytical, data collection method is documentary and field method, and tools used in this research for analyzing the data include ENVI 5, IDRISI SELVA, and ARC GIS softwares. In this study in order to analyse urban development and land use changes during different periods, remote sensing data, Landsat sensor TM in 1989 satellite images, the ETM 2002 Landsat, and Landsat 8 (OLI) 2015 on June months have been used. For analyzing the changes, Crosstab function in Idrisi Selva’s environement is used. The results showed that build-up urban land area has expanded from 278 hectares in 1989 to 560 hectares in 2002 and 820 hectares in 2015 year. The amount of urban development play a major role at the Loss of other lands, especially barren and farm lands, subsequently led to declination of barren land area from 1059 hectares in 1989 to 192 hectares in 2015. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
322 - Investigating Urban Growth and Conversion of Farmland Open Land to the Urban Masses (Case Study: Urmia City)
robab hoseinzadehAbstractThe rapid growth of cities in developing countries, which is often dispersed, has become a major issue today. Moving to agricultural lands and destroying the natural ecosystem around the cities has necessitated a permanent review of the dynamics of the city in t MoreAbstractThe rapid growth of cities in developing countries, which is often dispersed, has become a major issue today. Moving to agricultural lands and destroying the natural ecosystem around the cities has necessitated a permanent review of the dynamics of the city in the light of past development and its future prediction inevitable. The purpose of this study was to investigate the orumieh urban growth changes and the effect of this growth on open and agricultural lands. In order to achieve this goal, the LCM model for the 16-year period 1995-2011 was based on the integration of the artificial neural network classification of multilayer perceptron and the Markov chain model using the survey of land-change. The Landsat 5 images of these years were used to prepare land use map using multi-layer perceptron neural network. Validation of the model by calculation of Kappa coefficients (Kappa index above 87%) is model's reliability. The results of this study indicate that the land use changes in the orumieh city, the transition and conversion of open land to Urban land is more in central parts and the conversion of agricultural land to urban areas, around the city is tangible and more intense towards the west (Band axis) continues. The forecast of the city's growth up to 1404 indicates that, as compared to 2011, 3208 hectares have been added to the lands and a total of 3810 hectares of agricultural land and gardens have been reduced and part of this will be converted into open lands. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
323 - Identification and Prioritization of Effective Factors on Satisfaction of Old Residents from the Physical Changes Intensity (Case study: Azadi Town, Ardabil)
Bahareh Salmanian Tohid Hatami Khanghahi vahid vaziriNowadays, due to changes in social, economic and cultural conditions of society, can be seen rapid physical changes in some of the old areas of cities. Most of the old residents of neighborhoods have more attachment to the place because of long-time residence in there a MoreNowadays, due to changes in social, economic and cultural conditions of society, can be seen rapid physical changes in some of the old areas of cities. Most of the old residents of neighborhoods have more attachment to the place because of long-time residence in there and they are more attached to the place, so neglect of their viewpoints, causes to decrease the level of satisfaction and diminishes the residents’ emotional bond with the place and ultimately leads to weaken the neighborhood relations.The purpose of this research is to pay attention to the mentality of old residents and getting to know about the factors of satisfaction from physical changes intensity. In this research, by using Q methodolog, the effective factors on satisfaction of old residents from physical changes intensity were identified and prioritized in Azadi town of Ardabil. Therefore, the mentality of more than 20-year homes’ residents has been explored about the amount of satisfaction from the physical changes caused by the recent construction in their residential neighborhood. As a result, two dominant mentalities was found among the old residents. The first group's mentality reflects the priority of cultural factors such as disturbing view, disturbing noise, feeling insecure, and other similarities in recent construction and the second mentality expresses the priority of physical factors, such as shadow, the exterior shapes and facades, building access and etc were in residents’ mind. The designer's awareness and attention toward the mentality of the residents of district will lead to consolidation of neighborhood relations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
324 - An Investigation of Tourism Impact on Urban and Rural Land Use Pattern Changes (A Case Study: Kelardasht County)
Naser Aligholizadeh Firoozjaie Mostafa Ghadami Mahmood Gharibi jooybariThe objective of this research is to analyze the role of tourism on land use changes in rural and urban area in Klardasht township. . The method of this research is descriptive and analytical based on survey. The data of this research is collected from field observation MoreThe objective of this research is to analyze the role of tourism on land use changes in rural and urban area in Klardasht township. . The method of this research is descriptive and analytical based on survey. The data of this research is collected from field observation, interview and satellite images.in order to create land cover map and change detection, satellite images for the years 1987, 2000, 2010 and 2015 were used. The process of analysis of satellite images such as making raster layer was carried out with Erdas 2014 software. Then Thematic Maps were produced through ArcGis 10.4 software. The main and important factor of driving force and pressure in land use change in this area was uncontrolled tourism development. Findings of field observation, interview and satellite images show the huge part of land use of forest, orchard and farm in the study area have changed and converted to built area during years 1987 to 2015. In such a way that with respect to demand in land purchasing and building of second homes and development of facilities and services related to tourism considering lack of efficient management and serious shortcomings in executing rules and regulations, tourism development had great roles in such changes Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
325 - Evaluation and Prediction of Spatial Changes and Urban Growth Using Remote Sensing (Case Study: Qorveh City)
Ebrahim Sami pooran karbasi Peyman Karimi mahtab sanginabadiToday Over the past few decades, the growth of urban societies and population growth have led to the spread of distorted cities into separate regions with its original texture and its development towards agricultural land and its surroundings. This unplanned development MoreToday Over the past few decades, the growth of urban societies and population growth have led to the spread of distorted cities into separate regions with its original texture and its development towards agricultural land and its surroundings. This unplanned development leads to land use changes in the periphery of the city. In the past few decades, the city of Qorveh has encountered with the development of urban and peri-urban settlements, which caused changes in the land use of the city of Qorveh and its surrounding areas. Analysis of land use change in Qorveh city can be effective in planning for future development of the city. Therefore, to attempted to estimate and determine land use change trends, Landsat satellite images with TM, ETM and OLI sensors were used for the three time periods of 1986, 2000 and 2018. These images were categorized, validated and detected by the Neural Network method to five floors; urban lands, arable lands, dry lands, water zones and Bayer lands. Finally, Markov Autoclave was used to calculate land use changes in Qorveh city for 2031. The results indicate that, continued land use change would result in the degradation of agricultural land use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
326 - -
mohamadreza afshari azad faezeh shabanzadeh -
Open Access Article
327 - Modeling land use patterns using with clue-s model (Case study of Meshkinshahr City)
fereydon Babaee noraldin azimi iraj hosseiniIntroduction Issue of land use focuses on prospective application pattern of land in every city and covers various types of applications such as residential, commercial, industrial, health, educational, administrative and recreational, which all have been effect MoreIntroduction Issue of land use focuses on prospective application pattern of land in every city and covers various types of applications such as residential, commercial, industrial, health, educational, administrative and recreational, which all have been effective on development trend of Meshkinshahr over the past years. Regarding the importance and role of land use system in urban planning, this research attempts to modeling land use pattern for Meshkinshahr using Clue-S in 1402 horizon aiming to develop the city within spatial-physical scale, prepare maps and analyze predictable patterns in various scales. Research Methodology In this study, primarily identified the factors which effective on land use changes and then used historical, descriptive methods as well as conducted interview with inhabitants and local authorities, associated organization in Meshkinshahr city such as housing and urban planning organization, municipality and consultant engineers of detailed and descriptive plan. Firstly the framework of Clue-S, its components and application were recognized. Secondly, model factor was recognized and actually, this study would be meaningless without extracting factors effective on land use changes in Meshkinshahr City. Thirdly, the characteristic data and parameters of Clue-S model were collected. Fourthly, the necessary factors effective on system that dictates the changes of land use in Meshkinshahr were identified using logistic regression model. Then, demand and constraint models were defined within the Clue-S model used in this study and finally, some scenarios for Clue-S Model were offered revealing the potential land use patterns. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
328 - Process Analysis of Functional Changes of Rural Settlements in Southwestern of Tehran Metropolis
Bayram Ebadi Mohamadbaset Ghoreshi Nasrollah MolaeiFunctional changes in the rural areas under the influence of Tehran are among important changes that have occurred in the years after the Islamic Revolution in Iran. The survey was conducted in rural settlements functional changes southwestern metropolis of Tehran after MoreFunctional changes in the rural areas under the influence of Tehran are among important changes that have occurred in the years after the Islamic Revolution in Iran. The survey was conducted in rural settlements functional changes southwestern metropolis of Tehran after the Islamic Revolution (period 1978-20013) in four steps including a review of functional changes, causes, consequences and solutions development and organization of rural areas. The study area includes 4 rural districts and 13 villages now and 17 villages in the past. Dimensions of functional changes are: the population, the employment and activity, land use, socio-cultural and physical features, and the rural landscape. The results show wide variations from 1357 to 1392 in all aspects of the investigation. In the population aspect These changes include increasing the number of households and high growth rates, unequal distribution of the population in rural areas for focus in several villages and gradual evacuation of the population in small villages, and the rise of hierarchical migration. Activities include changes in employment and a decrease in the share of employment in primary activities (agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry) and an increase in the share of employment, labor and employee industrial and service jobs in rural areas, intermediate cities and the fading role of providing services to rural areas the Tehran directly, reducing the acreage of agricultural land, the cultivation of subsistence crops of cultivated agricultural products produced Non-living and changes in accordance with the requirements of Tehran, changes in the type of land use of the land tenure system Partake, reducing livestock Traditional and increased livestock production, increase manufacturing workshop and increase the performance of tourism in villages. In land use, the results indicate a strong land use changes within and outside the villages. The social-culture dimension of changes included the urban lifestyle, social conflicts between immigrants and natives, and lack of sense of place to the village residents. tall buildings, the use of resistant materials but exotic, adjacent of old and new tissue, and disruption space, including important changes in the physical space. Factors affecting the villages studied functional changes, are external factors associated with the role and development of metropolitan Tehran. Distance access, high population, restrictions on the development of agricultural employment, the political and administrative complexity of the city and the metropolitan area, including the factors affecting the functional changes of villages southwest of Tehran. Finally With Increasing government attention and apply appropriate regulations for studied dimension, we can hope to happen sustainable development in this rural area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
329 - VelvetRevolution analyzingin Central Asian and Caucasus evolutions and their impact onthe national interestsof the Islamic Republicof Iran
yousef Zinolabedin seyed javad mirzamaniColor and velvet revolutions called to Orchestrating and without violence overthrow entered political literature, after Soviet Union has been collapsed especially in the newly independent countries. Velvet revolutions with western countries patronage such as, Georgia (y MoreColor and velvet revolutions called to Orchestrating and without violence overthrow entered political literature, after Soviet Union has been collapsed especially in the newly independent countries. Velvet revolutions with western countries patronage such as, Georgia (yellow flower revolution, 2003), Ukraine (Orange revolution, 2004), Kyrgyzstan (Tulip revolution, 2005) cause to some changes in region which affected Islamic Republic of Iran and there are some essential factors including, political, cultural, economical changes, which can reduce at adverse effects on Iran and welcomed to positive outcome. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
330 - Study the Qualitative and Quantitative Indicators and Estimating Needed Home in Rasht City until 1400
ایرج غمخوار علیرضا کشوردوست رضا حسن پور پری موسی پور میاندهیMost cities of (our) country have been changed due to population increase in recent decades, and this reason has increased the importance of paying attention to urban and home planning. Thus home standard indicators are among the most key and important tools in home pla MoreMost cities of (our) country have been changed due to population increase in recent decades, and this reason has increased the importance of paying attention to urban and home planning. Thus home standard indicators are among the most key and important tools in home planning and with their study it is possible to define the effective parameters in home field and facilitating its planning and decision making. Quantitative indicators are family density, number of homes, family growth rate, density index of person per home, room average per home, room average per each family, individual average per each room. Research Qualitative indicators are as follows: forms of home occupation, types of building materials, facilities, equipment and quality of homes. Home situation is determined by studying the qualitative and quantitative indicators of home in Rasht. Based on findings of research during 1345-85 qualitative and quantitative indicators of home have been improved. In spite of all internal and external constructions in city, there are still 8331 homeless families based on comprehensive results of General Census of Population and Housing of Rasht city in 1385. According to population estimations, resident families in Rasht will reach 225244 up until year 1400 and family aspect decrease to 3.36. Assuming that the favorite density is 1.1 families per each home, then needed homes for satisfying population demands will be 191457 units. At the end, according to existing potential in urban suburb of Rasht (ruined places) it is clear that using maximum of these places with a proper progressive pattern, part of future needs inside the city will be satisfied. The research method is descriptive-analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
331 - Surveying The Role of Physical Development of Rasht City in Land Use Changing of The City Border Fields
majid yasori reza Viasi mojgan sabab kar maryam mohamadiFurther development of cities population in physical development and Land use changing of the city border fields has an effective role. Rasht's population is increased from 294000 in 1991 to the more than 600000 in 2011. In this period the area of city is from 299 MoreFurther development of cities population in physical development and Land use changing of the city border fields has an effective role. Rasht's population is increased from 294000 in 1991 to the more than 600000 in 2011. In this period the area of city is from 2994 hectare to 10240 hectare. The result of population increase and the area of the city, physical development of the city and in result Land use changing of the city border and to the building of these fields, therefore knowing the effective outfits on the city's development for correct and logical opposition with its adherence problems and thinker design and future development of the city is important. The kind of research in usage research and its method is resolution-descriptive. Surveying results of the research shows that during 1991 to 2011, is about 3587 hectare from the fields of city, has a Land use changing and goes to the basis of the city. According to the Rasht municipality, the number of residential units of the Rasht city from 84053 in 1991 to 140355 units in 2010, that is the sign of 67 Percentincreasing in this period. Even the resulted findings from comparison of two plans of Rasht City in 1991 with 2011 shows that in this period the number of 10 villages in a city and even the number of 57728 of royal territories in a border of city is added to the municipality services restrict. That is involves in different Land use changing, such as residential, commercial, industrial and… Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
332 - The likely Effect of Precipitation Change on Runoff, Case Study: Jajrood River
alireza shakiba batol bahak zari monavarianOne of the likely effects of climate change is to study the effect of rainfall variations in runoff values Accordingly, in this research catchment namely Jajrood was selected. First, rainfall and runoff data using homogenity test was studied. Then, a statistical period MoreOne of the likely effects of climate change is to study the effect of rainfall variations in runoff values Accordingly, in this research catchment namely Jajrood was selected. First, rainfall and runoff data using homogenity test was studied. Then, a statistical period was chosen . To study the data distribution, many statistical indices such as mean, variance, standard diviation,…were calculated. Wet and dry periods was extracted based on a moving average method . Finally order in make a significant correlation between rainfall and runoff , the correlation coefficient and regression equation were calculated. The result of the research showed that there could be a some periods of dry and wet in the study area , with more lasting dry period. The result also indicated that there is a rather significant correlation between rainfall and runoff . The correlation coefficient and R2 for Jajrood catchment are 0.8389 & 0.7039 respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
333 - توانایی ذخیره انرژی بام سبز گسترده با پوشش گیاهی متفاوت در مقایسه با بام بدون پوشش در یک دوره یکساله در ایران
نوید وحدتی علی تهرانی فر فاطمه کاظمیدمای هوا در شهرها به دلیل رخداد پدیده جزیره گرمایی و تغییر اقلیمی اجتناب ناپذیر، به­طور پیوسته رو به افزایش است. این افزایش دما منجر به ایجاد مشکلاتی چند از جمله کمبود انرژی در شهرها، برهم زدن شرایط آرامش، ایجاد آسیب برای شهروندان و تشدید آلودگی­ها شده است. راه& Moreدمای هوا در شهرها به دلیل رخداد پدیده جزیره گرمایی و تغییر اقلیمی اجتناب ناپذیر، به­طور پیوسته رو به افزایش است. این افزایش دما منجر به ایجاد مشکلاتی چند از جمله کمبود انرژی در شهرها، برهم زدن شرایط آرامش، ایجاد آسیب برای شهروندان و تشدید آلودگی­ها شده است. راه­های گوناگونی برای کاهش این نگرانی­ها و مخاطرات وجود داشته و از این میان بام­های سبز بسیار کارا و موثر نشان داده­اند. این تحقیق به بررسی عملکرد ذخیره انرژی (تغییرات دمایی) در یک بام سبز با پوشش­های گیاهی متنوع در ایران و شهر مشهد پرداخته است. 9 گونه گیاهی از سه دسته مهمی که معمولا در بام سبز به کار می­روند (گراس، گیاهان پوششی و سدوم­ها) (Agropyron cristatum, Festuca aurundinaceae, Festuca ovina, Potentila sp., Frankinia thymifolia, Sedum acre, Sedum spurium, Carpoboratus edulis و Vinca minor) گزینش و تغییرات دمایی در 4 فصل متوالی (پاییز، زمستان، بهار و تابستان) در قالب یک آزمایش کاملا تصادفی با 3 تکرار ثبت گردید. یک واحد آزمایشی بدون پوشش گیاهی (بام بدون پوشش) نیز به عنوان تیمار شاهد در نظر گرفته شد. دماسنج­های کوچک دستی برای اندازه­گیری دما در هر جعبه قرار داده شد. نتایج حاکی از اختلاف معنی­دار بین بام­ سبز و بام بدون پوشش با در نظر گرفتن تغییرات دماست (P < 0.01). مطابق پیش بینی، گیاهان با اندازه بزرگتر و وزن زیست توده بالاتر درجه حرارت را با ثبات بیشتری نگهداشت و به ترتیب دماهای بالاتر و پایین­تر کمتری در فصول گرم و سرد سال در آن­ها مشاهده گردید. آسایش دمایی و کاهش مصرف انرژی می­تواند با استفاده از بام سبز در سطح گسترده برای نیازهای رو به فزونی شهرها و جمعیت شهروندی، تامین گردد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
334 - A Comparative Study on Pension System Macro Strategies in Iran and Selected Countries
Reza Nagafbagy shahram karimnejad karamollah daneshfard akbar alamtabrizPopulation aging is going to be the one of the most urgent challenges for IRAN pension system. Policy makers in pension funds are facing a changing demographic structure of the society and have to find a way to adapt their future capacity to it. Therefore, this study wi MorePopulation aging is going to be the one of the most urgent challenges for IRAN pension system. Policy makers in pension funds are facing a changing demographic structure of the society and have to find a way to adapt their future capacity to it. Therefore, this study will center on the policy responses that have been made so far, comparing the five countries. The main research question “How have pension systems in developed and developing countries responded to the aging of their societies?” will be divided into two sub–questions, “To what extent have the five representative countries been affected by Global Aging in recent years?", "What pension reforms have been made in the representative countries?” The research design is a comparative case study and focuses on information found in policy papers and scientific articles on representative countries. The aim of this study is to provide an understanding of the different kinds of responses that were shown so far and furthermore give an outlook on possible future approaches. This study suggests that policy makers in IRAN consider the parametric reform that mitigate financial pressure and consolidation of multiple funds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
335 - Qualitative Study of the Effect of Virtual Social Networks on Building Social Identity of Students at Farhangian University
Rashid Ahmadrash soroosh Bahami behzad hakiminyaIn the last decade, profound changes have occurred in construction of social identity of the young generation that the role of virtual communication networks in those transformation.Data of this paper with regard to the cultural and social characteristics of social subj MoreIn the last decade, profound changes have occurred in construction of social identity of the young generation that the role of virtual communication networks in those transformation.Data of this paper with regard to the cultural and social characteristics of social subjects, has been collected by a qualitative method and approach of the grounded theory and ethno methodology (with an emphasis on virtual ethnography) and asynchronous online interview online.The studied society of this research was the all university students of Shahid Modares- Kurdistan. Accordingly, using purposive sampling, 25 of the students were interviewed. The extracted data by using thematic analysis (a subject) and cognitive symptoms were analyzed. In theory, the theory of phenomenology, affiliation, Structuration and political economy of media constitute the conceptual framework. Due to normative changes occurred in the social identity, one can say that due to using the social network wide changes have been occurred in lifeworld of studied people and various issues related to social identity, such as family relationships, lifestyle, moral beliefs, goals, personal, marriage and traditions associated with. The "Intensity" and "Dimension" of changes led us to provide the underlying theory, "Pendulum Theory of Social Identity with the characteristics of young people and students". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
336 - Investigating the Relationship between Religious Norms and Values and Family Norms and Values between Today's and Past Generations (Youth and Their Parents) in Isfahan
seyed naser hejazi ELAHE KIANI FALAVARJANI mohammadali chitsazrnity has been accompanied by great cultural, economic, social and political developments. One of the most important changes in modern society can be seen in what is known as the difference between today's and the previous generation or the generation gap. In this artic Morernity has been accompanied by great cultural, economic, social and political developments. One of the most important changes in modern society can be seen in what is known as the difference between today's and the previous generation or the generation gap. In this article, we try to identify the cultural changes of religious values and family values in the values of two generations of parents and children and provide solutions to eliminate its negative effects on families and society. Relying on the most important sociological theories such as Inglehart's theory of cultural change and Parsons' theory of action, this article examines religious norms and values and family norms and values. The fieldwork in Isfahan was conducted using a survey method and using a questionnaire technique. To validate the questionnaire, two types of content and formal validity were used and Cronbach's alpha test was used to calculate the reliability. The sample size was 590 and the statistical population included parents (over 35 years) and young people (15 to 30 years). Sample volume in 15 districts of Isfahan is filled by age, sex and area of residence. Sampling was performed by proportional quota method. Descriptive statistical methods (mean and standard deviation) have been used for analysis and at the level of inferential statistics, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations and T test with two independent groups have been used. There is a relationship between religious norms and values and family norms and values between today's and past generations (youth and their parents). So, in general, we conclude that the cultural changes of religious values and family values of young people and their parents in Isfahan are different Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
337 - Factors Affecting Anomie (Anomaly) Political, Case Study: Ilam Citizens
مهرداد نوابخش عزالدین نوریان فرThe aim of present research is to study factors on Anomie sense of political case, citizens of the province Ilam and to implement researcher has used descriptive method in this research study. Data were gathered in 2015. In this research, by investigating Durkhim works, MoreThe aim of present research is to study factors on Anomie sense of political case, citizens of the province Ilam and to implement researcher has used descriptive method in this research study. Data were gathered in 2015. In this research, by investigating Durkhim works, a theoretical model was proposed to consider the factors effective on the perception of political anomy, including: accelerated economic changes, political dependancy, religious unity, unfairness of rules, individualism, secularism. The second hypothesis is that the role of cohesion was the religious feelings of anomie, the results showed that the T-test -1.21 and the significant level of about 0.016. Therefore, we concluded that there is a significant relationship between both variables. Therefore, we conclude that the relationship between the two is significant. The fourth hypothesis is that the role of individualism on the perception of political anomie was investigated, the results showed that the t-test, the significant level of 4.11 and about 0.044. Therefore, we concluded that the relationship between this two sixth hypothesis is not significant that the role of social and economic base of political anomie was feeling, t-test results showed that the amount equal to -3.92 and the significant level of about 0.000 Therefore, we conclude that In the seventh hypothesis that the role of these two significant correlation policy was the feeling of anomie, the results showed that the rate of t -2.86 and therefore result in a significant level of about 0.023 Presuming that the relationship between the two is significant. Hence, to measure dependant variable it was used four indicators: political anomy perception, political anomy, abnormality, antinormaling. Factor analysis, T.test and standard error results showed that: the variables accelerated economic growth religious solidarity were effective on citizens' political among perception in above intermediate, rules unfairness, individualism and aocio-economic situation in intermediate and secularism were effective in lower than intermediate level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
338 - Changes in the economic structure of the Bazaar and factors affecting it (Case study of Tabriz Bazaar)
داوود پرچمی عاطفه محمدیTabriz Bazaar is the economic hub of the North West and has long had a role in production and distribution. This paper attempts to survey the influence of modernism and its elements on changes in the economic structure of Tabriz Bazaar. The meaning of economic structure MoreTabriz Bazaar is the economic hub of the North West and has long had a role in production and distribution. This paper attempts to survey the influence of modernism and its elements on changes in the economic structure of Tabriz Bazaar. The meaning of economic structure of Bazaar is its activities and functions such as production, distribution, trading, wholesale trade and retail. Structural – functional approach was used to investigate the changes in the Bazaar. Qualitative method is used in this article. Data were collected using semi- structured interviews and the resulting data were analyzed by using the content analysis method. The important economic changes of Tabriz Bazaar include, the reduce of production and distribution, commerce reduction and failure of some traders. The consequence of these changes is to reduce the economic power of Tabriz Bazaar. Causes of recent changes are modernization including technology, media and transport means. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
339 - .
فاطمه ترابی فرزاد قربانی محمدرضا برومندزاده -
Open Access Article
340 - تأثیر افزایش قیمت برق بر رفاه بخش خانگی مناطق روستایی استان گیلان، ایران
رضا اسفنجاری کناری زهره کرمی سیده صدیقه احمدزادهبه منظور بررسی اثر افزایش قیمت برق در بخش خانگی بر رفاه خانوارهای روستایی استان گیلان با استفاده از سیستم تقاضای تقریبا ایده­آل؛ کشش­ها و تغییرات رفاهی ناشی از افزایش 50 درصدی و افزایش 100 درصدی قیمت برق خانگی و افزایش تدریجی قیمت برق خانگی در چهار سال (هر سال ا Moreبه منظور بررسی اثر افزایش قیمت برق در بخش خانگی بر رفاه خانوارهای روستایی استان گیلان با استفاده از سیستم تقاضای تقریبا ایده­آل؛ کشش­ها و تغییرات رفاهی ناشی از افزایش 50 درصدی و افزایش 100 درصدی قیمت برق خانگی و افزایش تدریجی قیمت برق خانگی در چهار سال (هر سال افزایش 25 درصدی) با استفاده از دو معیار تغییرات جبرانی و تغییرات معادل طی دوره زمانی 91-1370 محاسبه شده­است. نتایج نشان می­دهد قدر مطلق کشش درآمدی و قیمتی برق کوچک­تر از واحد بوده­است. پایین­بودن کشش قیمتی تقاضا از طرفی نشان­دهنده تأثیر جزئی تغییرات قیمت بر روی تقاضای برق در دوره مورد بررسی بوده و از طرف دیگر بیان­گر عدم وجود جانشین مناسب برای برق در بخش خانگی می­باشد.محاسبات تغییرات رفاهی و مقایسه­ی آنها با سهم برق از یارانه­ی پرداختی، نشان میدهد که با افزایش 50 و 100 درصدی قیمت برق خانگی پول پرداختی به خانوار کمتر از میزان مبلغ به­دست آمده­است و می­توان گفت که اثر مستقیم واقعی­کردن قیمت برق خانگی (افزایش قیمت) جبران نشده­است. در واقع میزان رفاهی که خانوار در اثر افزایش قیمت برق از دست داده­است بیش­تر از رفاهی است که به­دست آورده­است و لذا خانوارها متضرر شده­اند. اما در مورد سناریوی افزایش تدریجی قیمت، مبلغ CV به­دست­آمده کمتر از میزان دریافتی خانوار بوده و به این دلیل در واقع تنها با اعمال این سیاست قیمتی است که خانوار متضرر نشده و رفاه آن افزایش یافته­است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
341 - تأثیر افزایش قیمت برق بر رفاه بخش خانگی مناطق روستایی استان گیلان
حسین صالحی Esfandiar Doshman Ziari Mohammad Sadegh Ziaeiبه منظور بررسی اثر افزایش قیمت برق در بخش خانگی بر رفاه خانوارهای روستایی استان گیلان با استفاده از سیستم تقاضای تقریبا ایده­آل؛ کشش­ها و تغییرات رفاهی ناشی از افزایش 50 درصدی و افزایش 100 درصدی قیمت برق خانگی و افزایش تدریجی قیمت برق خانگی در چهار سال (هر سال ا Moreبه منظور بررسی اثر افزایش قیمت برق در بخش خانگی بر رفاه خانوارهای روستایی استان گیلان با استفاده از سیستم تقاضای تقریبا ایده­آل؛ کشش­ها و تغییرات رفاهی ناشی از افزایش 50 درصدی و افزایش 100 درصدی قیمت برق خانگی و افزایش تدریجی قیمت برق خانگی در چهار سال (هر سال افزایش 25 درصدی) با استفاده از دو معیار تغییرات جبرانی و تغییرات معادل طی دوره زمانی 91-1370 محاسبه شده­است. نتایج نشان می­دهد قدر مطلق کشش درآمدی و قیمتی برق کوچک­تر از واحد بوده­است. پایین­بودن کشش قیمتی تقاضا از طرفی نشان­دهنده تأثیر جزئی تغییرات قیمت بر روی تقاضای برق در دوره مورد بررسی بوده و از طرف دیگر بیان­گر عدم وجود جانشین مناسب برای برق در بخش خانگی می­باشد.محاسبات تغییرات رفاهی و مقایسه­ی آنها با سهم برق از یارانه­ی پرداختی، نشان میدهد که با افزایش 50 و 100 درصدی قیمت برق خانگی پول پرداختی به خانوار کمتر از میزان مبلغ به­دست آمده­است و می­توان گفت که اثر مستقیم واقعی­کردن قیمت برق خانگی (افزایش قیمت) جبران نشده­است. در واقع میزان رفاهی که خانوار در اثر افزایش قیمت برق از دست داده­است بیش­تر از رفاهی است که به­دست آورده­است و لذا خانوارها متضرر شده­اند. اما در مورد سناریوی افزایش تدریجی قیمت، مبلغ CV به­دست­آمده کمتر از میزان دریافتی خانوار بوده و به این دلیل در واقع تنها با اعمال این سیاست قیمتی است که خانوار متضرر نشده و رفاه آن افزایش یافته­است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
342 - متغیرهای مؤثر برظرفیت سازگاری کشاورزان نسبت به تغییرات اقلیمی: مطالعه موردی گندمکاران شهرستان گچساران
محسن موساییبخش کشاورزی ارتباط بسیار نزدیکی با شرایط آب و هوایی,دارد، بنابراین بیشتر تحت تأثیر تغییرات اقلیمی قرار می گیرد.هدف این تحقیق شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر ظرفیت سازگاری گندمکاران گچساران می باشد. تحقیق حاضر از نظر هدف کاربردی و از لحاظ نحوه ی گردآوری داده ها میدانی و از نظر برر Moreبخش کشاورزی ارتباط بسیار نزدیکی با شرایط آب و هوایی,دارد، بنابراین بیشتر تحت تأثیر تغییرات اقلیمی قرار می گیرد.هدف این تحقیق شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر ظرفیت سازگاری گندمکاران گچساران می باشد. تحقیق حاضر از نظر هدف کاربردی و از لحاظ نحوه ی گردآوری داده ها میدانی و از نظر بررسی رابطه بین متغیرها از نوع توصیفی- همبستگی و علی-ارتباطی است. جامعه آماری تحقیق گندمکاران شهرستان گچساران به تعداد ۱۸۴۵ نفر می باشد. ۲۴۵نفر از جامعه ی آماری، با استفاده از فرمول شارل کوکران، به عنوان نمونه ی مورد مطالعه انتخاب گردیدند.برای گردآوری داده های مورد نیاز از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده استفاده شده است. از جمله مزایای این روش این است که همه افراد شانس یکسانی برای انتخاب شدن دارند. جهت جمع آوری اطلاعات از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته استفاده گردید که شامل ویژگی های فردی و حرفه ای پاسخگویان، عوامل مؤثر بر ظرفیت سازگاری کشاورزان و ادراک کشاورزان از تغییرات اقلیمی بوده است. برای سنجش روایی پرسشنامه از گروه متخصصان و برای پایایی ابزار تحقیق از آلفای کرنباخ استفاده شد، که ضریب آلفای بدست آمده برای پرسشنامه۰/۷۲بدست آمد. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از روش های آمار توصیفی شامل میانگین، واریانس، انحراف معیار، فراوانی و درصد فراوانی و در آمار استنباطی از آزمون ضریب همبستگی اسپیرمن و رگرسیون چند متغیره استفاده گردید. نتایج حاصل از رگرسیون چند متغیره به روش تؤام نشان می دهد که متغیرهای سرمایه اجتماعی، کیفیت زندگی، تعداد اعضای بالای ۶۰ سال خانوار، تعداد اعضای مشارکت کننده در کارکشاورزی، درآمد حاصل از کشاورزی، بهره مندی از خدمات آموزشی و ترویجی، سن، سطح تحصیلات، کل زمین زراعی، میزان تجربه در کشاورزی و میزان عملکرد گندم در هکتار مجموعاً ۳۸/۸درصد از تغییرات متغیر وابسته را تبیین می کنند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
343 - مطالعه ژئومورفولوژی مهندسی رودخانه سیستان
ناصر حافظی مقدس حمیدرضا سلوکی رضا جلیلوند Jafar Rahnamarad -
Open Access Article
344 - بررسی زیست محیطی -رسوب شناسی مناطق ساحلی دریای مکران ایران (جنوب استان سیستان و بلوچستان)
Mohyeddin Ahrari-Roudi سیدرضا موسوی حرمی راضیه لک احمد معتمد اسدالله محبوبی -
Open Access Article
345 - Investigation the effect of carboplatin on oogenesis and uterus changes in adult female NMRI mice strain
Sepideh Gholami Yarahmadi nasim HAYATI ROODBARI KAZEM PARIVAR Gholamhassan VaeziCancer is one of the most common diseases around the world. The most important therapies for cancer are chemotherapy that is performed by various medications. One of the common drugs in chemotherapy is “Carboplatin”. In this study, the effects of Carboplatin MoreCancer is one of the most common diseases around the world. The most important therapies for cancer are chemotherapy that is performed by various medications. One of the common drugs in chemotherapy is “Carboplatin”. In this study, the effects of Carboplatin on oogenesis and uterine changes in NMRI mouse strain have been investigated In vivo. In this study, 30 adult female mice were randomly divided into five groups: control, sham and three experimental groups. Experimental groups were injected Carboplatin with 0.36, 0.18, 0.09 mg/ml density for 28 days and all were injected subcutaneously. After describing the animals, the ovary and uterus were separated and subjected to histopathologic and stained by hematoxylin and eosin. Blood sampling was performed to study both estradiol and FSH. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and SPSS software. By using Carboplatin,, the number of primordial, secondary, Graafian follicles, corpus lutea and blood vessels decreased and the number of atretic follicles increased. The diameter of ovary in experimental groups decreased, but there was no significant change in diameters of follicles. Uterine studies showed that, the uterine’ diameter and layers, and the diameter of lumen reduced. In addition, the number of uterine glands decreased. Also, the levels of FSH and estradiol decreased. Regarding to using Carboplatin, this drug by decrease in the number of primordial, secondary and Graafian follicles, increase in number of atretic follicles, and also disruption of the hormonal system, the probability of premature aging may increase and has a negative effect on fertility. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
346 - Investigating the effect of organizational culture management on the behavioral changes of employees of organizations and cultural institutions of the country
Changiz Panahi Mohsen Ghadami Reza Najaf Beigy Mohammad Ali AfsharkazemiThe purpose of this study was investigating the effect of Management of organizational culture on behavioral changes among employee of cultural organizations in Iran. The statistical population of the study was 2500 employee of cultural organizations in Iran who were se MoreThe purpose of this study was investigating the effect of Management of organizational culture on behavioral changes among employee of cultural organizations in Iran. The statistical population of the study was 2500 employee of cultural organizations in Iran who were selected by census method. Some different opinions among employees of cultural social unit in cultural organizations in Iran were gathered and analyzed and then the presented opinions by them have been used. The method conducted in this study is field research and library literature one. In terms of the way of conducting, it will be correlational research and in terms of the research purpose, it will be among applied researches According to a sample formula should be 333. Therefore, questionnaires were distributed among members of the target population. In Next Phase, the researcher has analyzed and interpreted the data gathered. Both descriptive and inferential statistics have been used to analyze the data of this study. Description of data has been presented in table representing different indices such as absolute and relative frequency, mean, standard deviation and variance in background and main variables. Correlational tests, multiple regression and F-test were used to get into the proper conclusion and test hypotheses. The results showed that Management of organizational culture influences on behavioral changes among employee of cultural organizations in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
347 - The Impact of Real Exchange Rate Changes on Non-oil Exports of Iran
Soheila khoshnevis yazdi ramin rajabzadehSetting Exchange rate in a good manner, paying attention to its changes and the factors affecting it in any circumstances, can be a topic of discussion. On the other hand, an increase in non-oil exports has been the main economic policy of the Iranian government in rece MoreSetting Exchange rate in a good manner, paying attention to its changes and the factors affecting it in any circumstances, can be a topic of discussion. On the other hand, an increase in non-oil exports has been the main economic policy of the Iranian government in recent decades. To get rid of single-product economy, the development of non-oil exports for the Iranian government is a necessity. Iran's share of global exports has not been dramatic over the past years, and this makes the development of non-oil exports necessary in order to reduce the country's economic dependence on oil revenues. In the present study, by stipulating appropriate model, from econometric method, ARDL model was used to examine the short-term and long-term effects of real exchange rate changes on Iran's non-oil exports during the period 1983-2013. Non-oil exports in this study have been measured using the variables of the real exchange rate, Iran's trading partners GDP, GDP and credit to the private sector. Estimation results suggest that symptoms of estimated coefficients are consistent with the theoretical basis of all variables, and results show that changes in the real exchange rate at level of 5% error in the short and long term have a positive effect on non-oil exports. Effect of Iran's trading partners GDP, GDP and credit to the private sector on non-oil exchange has been positive. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
348 - Investigation of the Relationship Between Conservatism and Financial Flexibility in Profitable Firms
Roya DarabiThe purpose of financial statements is to provide useful information about the financial position, financial performance and financial flexibility. In financial reporting, conservatism is considered as one of the main characteristics of reliability of the information. T MoreThe purpose of financial statements is to provide useful information about the financial position, financial performance and financial flexibility. In financial reporting, conservatism is considered as one of the main characteristics of reliability of the information. Thus, we examine the impact of conservatism on financial flexibility of 126 profitable firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2010-2016. These companies were selected through screening method. The research method of the present study is applied one in terms of the purpose and future- oriented in terms of collecting data. Research type is descriptive-correlation. In this research, regression analysis and panel data were used to test the hypotheses. The findings of this study indicate that there is a positive relationship between the conservatism of profitable companies and financial flexibility, including the sensitivity of cash flows changes to open cash flows and the sensitivity of cash flows, investment, and payment decisions about dividend payment to shareholders. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
349 - the relations of perceived social support and religious beliefs with the post traumatic growth in cancer patients
Leila Shamkoeyan Farah Lotfi Kashani Shahram Vaziri Mohammad Esmaeil AkbariThe purpose of the present study was to determine the relation between perceived social support and religious beliefs with post traumatic growth. Ninety five patients referring to Shohadaye-e-Tajrish Hospital of Tehran and Vali-e-Asr Hospital of Zanjan participated in t MoreThe purpose of the present study was to determine the relation between perceived social support and religious beliefs with post traumatic growth. Ninety five patients referring to Shohadaye-e-Tajrish Hospital of Tehran and Vali-e-Asr Hospital of Zanjan participated in the study. The participants completed the Traumatic Growth Inventory (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996), the Perceived Social Support Scale (Zimet et al., 1988) and the Religious Beliefs Inventory (Vaziri, 2012). The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and regression analysis (simple and multiple). The results indicated that perceived social support and religious beliefs in cancer patients had direct significant relation with post traumatic growth and these two variables jointly explained 13.3 percent of post traumatic growth. The findings suggested the perceived social support and religious beliefs can be used to provide improving plans, promoting mental health, and post traumatic growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
350 - Determination of PCB Levels in Common carp (Cyprinus carpio )and Pike (Esox lucius) in Anzali Wetland (Abkenar),Iran
B. Teimouri Sh. Safaeian S. M. B. Nabavi S. H. KhatamiTo determine level of PCBs in skin and muscle of Cyprinus carpio and Esox lucius fishes in the west part of Anzali Wetland in Abkenar in autumn (Dec.2010) 4 sampling stations were selected .Samples of water, sediment, suspended particles in water, C. carpio and E. MoreTo determine level of PCBs in skin and muscle of Cyprinus carpio and Esox lucius fishes in the west part of Anzali Wetland in Abkenar in autumn (Dec.2010) 4 sampling stations were selected .Samples of water, sediment, suspended particles in water, C. carpio and E. lucius fishes were collected from Abkenar, Anzali Wetland. Nine fish samples were caught from each species. Collected samples of water, sediment, suspended particles and fish were transferred to laboratory. After preparation, extract and clean up of the samples, analyses of PCBs were carried out using Gas Chromatography (GC-ECD) with Ni63 ionization detector. PCB average concentration was 24.36 ng/g(dried weight) in Esox lucius skin, 14.36 ng/g in E. lucius mussel tissue, 21.82 ng/g C. carpio skin and 20.86 ng/g in C. carpio mussel tissue. Coefficient Variation (CV) of average concentration PCBs in E. lucius skin tissue was higher than other tissues. Based on statistical analysis, there were a significant difference between E. lucius mussels & skin tissue & C. carpio mussels & skin tissue )p(. There were also significant difference between PCBs concentration in water with PCBs concentration in sediment (pC. carpio tissue and filtered suspended particles in water was seen (p<0.05, r=0.851, r2=76%, n=9) and a very strong positive correlation was found between PCBs concentration in water and filtered suspended particles in water (pE. lucius skin tissue was 5835.69 µg/g, in E. lucius mussels tissue was 3440.58 µg/g, in C. carpio skin tissue was 5232.28 µg/g and in C. carpio mussels tissue was 4997.63 µg/g. The real average (with accuracy of 95%) of PCBs in fish tissues (Max. 0.03653 ppm and Min. 0.01025 ppm) in autumn was less than FDI Standards and Australia Food / NZ MRL standards and more than USEPA standard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
351 - Identification of fatty acid contents and study the effects of environmental factors on their seasonal variations in two dominant gastropods of Chabahar bay
N. Sajjadi P. EghtesadiFatty acid contents and their seasonal variations studied in Nerita textilis and Turbo coronatus, two dominant gastropods of Chabahar bay, in the South east of Iran and northern part of Oman Sea in Indian Ocean. This area provides high rates of primary productivity and MoreFatty acid contents and their seasonal variations studied in Nerita textilis and Turbo coronatus, two dominant gastropods of Chabahar bay, in the South east of Iran and northern part of Oman Sea in Indian Ocean. This area provides high rates of primary productivity and so a diverse food source for mollusks. Environmental factors, including temperature, chlorophyll a and salinity measured monthly and their effects on fatty acids variations considered by statistical analysis. By Gas Chromatography twelve and fifteen fatty acids identified in Nerita textilis andTurbo coronatus, respectively. Unsaturated fatty acids dominated over saturated ones in Nerita textilis and oleic acid was the major fatty acid, while saturated fatty acids were dominants in Turbo coronatus and the major fatty acid was palmitic acid. Statistical analysis showed correlation of oleic acid with temperature, gadoleic acid with chlorophyll a and margaric acid with salinity in Nerita textilis , while salinity was the only environmental factor which showed correlation with lignoceric acid in Turbo coronatus . In conclusion it could be finding that the fatty acid contents might be different and also, there could be different effects of environmental factors on fatty acid variations in two species of a class in a common habitat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
352 - A Study on the Effect of Dry Candy Processing on Fatty Acids in Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and their Shelf Life in Cold Conditions
S. Moeini R. Mosavi Nadoshan S. AghayipourThe fatty acid profile of fresh and dry candy fish of Hypophtalmichthys molitirix were identified and effects of the dry candy on them were investigated. In addition, the shelf life of dry candy of the fish was found in cold conditions (3-4ºC). The profile of fatty MoreThe fatty acid profile of fresh and dry candy fish of Hypophtalmichthys molitirix were identified and effects of the dry candy on them were investigated. In addition, the shelf life of dry candy of the fish was found in cold conditions (3-4ºC). The profile of fatty acids in fresh and dry candy samples were identified and measured using a GC instrument equipped with a FID detector. The fatty acid content in initial samples for SFA, MUFA and PUFA were 27/5± 0/2, 46/39± 0/5 and 26/11± 0/1 %, respectively. During a 90-day storage, the percentage changes of dry candy samples were, for SFA (27/82± 0/7 to 33/69± 0/84), MUFA (46/77± 0/2 to 46/39± 0/2) and PUFA (26/11± 0/2 to 17/45± 0/2) which were statistically significant (p>0/05). During the 90 days of storage, temperature was about 3-4ºC, the peroxide changed from 3/08± 0/02 to 6/10± 0/02 and reached 5/48 meq O2kg -1. In conclusion, the shelf life of dry candy flesh of this fish in cold conditions was predicted to be one month. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
353 - Climate change and its effect on microbial diversity of extreme environments and infectious diseases outbreaks
Sepideh Meidaninikjeh Parisa Mohammadi Afsaneh KhanbabakhaniClimate change is one of the most important issues that has attracted a great deal of attention and caused many environmental problems for health systems and global economy. Studies have shown that during climate change, microorganisms also change significantly resulted MoreClimate change is one of the most important issues that has attracted a great deal of attention and caused many environmental problems for health systems and global economy. Studies have shown that during climate change, microorganisms also change significantly resulted in many problems including the recurrence and spread of infectious diseases, emerging diseases (COVID-19 pandemic), and antibiotic resistance. Climate change has led to famine, drought, floods, and global warming that threatens the lives of many people. famine, drought, floods, and global warming that threatens the lives of many people. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, especially the use of less fossil fuels in industry, can be a preventative way. Therefore, it is significant to have plans to deal with climate change consequences in the environment. In this review paper, 71 articles from 1992 to 2020 were reviewed by mentioned keywords. Some specific extreme environments that are rich in valuable secondary metabolites and microorganisms but are fragile to climate change and also their microorganism’s diversity and population which have been changed during climate change were reviewed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
354 - بررسی تغییرات آب و هوایی در نظام بین المللی حقوق بشر
زینب پورخاقان شاهرضایی -
Open Access Article
355 - Transitional related to exchange rate changes and the index of export prices: 1385: 4-1369: 1
کریم Emami سیمین Ale aliIran due to oil resources is component of indeveloping countries that it’s export is dependent on agricultural products and underground reserves. So starting price fluctuations in world market of these products are caused balance of payment disequilibrium. In this MoreIran due to oil resources is component of indeveloping countries that it’s export is dependent on agricultural products and underground reserves. So starting price fluctuations in world market of these products are caused balance of payment disequilibrium. In this case on way for reducing balance of trade deficit is currency devaluation (increasing in exchange rate) because it is a reason for increasing export. The aim of this article is to analysis exchange rate pass through on the export price index in the long-run. The Johansen-Juselius Cointegration Technique is used to estimate and with using seasonal data over the period spring 1369 till winter 1385 imperical model is estimated for Iran’s economy. The results of estimate show that there is an incompelet relation in domain of taking influence export price index exchange rate changes in long-run. Exchange rate pass through coefficient on export price index is 0.16 in long-run, so according the results, pricing to market is based on local common prices (LCP) in long-run. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
356 - تأثیر تغییرات ساختاری بر رفاه اقتصادی در ایران،رهیافت مدلهای تعادل عمومی محاسبهپذیر
منصور مهینی زاده کاظم یاوری سید عبدالمجید جلایی بهروز جعفر زاده -
Open Access Article
357 - نقش گردشگری در تغییرات کالبدی روستاها مطالعه موردی:دهستان برغان
عفت خشنود شهره تاج -
Open Access Article
358 - بررسی و ارزیابی تاثیرات تغییر اقلیم بر توریسم شهر یزد با استفاده از مدلهای برآورد آسایش اقلیمی
حسین محمدی سعید نگهبان جبار سلیم منش ابوالقاسم محمودی -
Open Access Article
359 - The position of environmental security concept in international and global security
Seyed Amin Habibi Daydokht Sadeghi Haghighi Kayhan BarzegarThe crisis of climate change is a new threat to humanity, which has led to the emergence of the concept of environmental security. Historical and technological developments, as well as the process of globalization, have led to the emergence of the concept of global secu MoreThe crisis of climate change is a new threat to humanity, which has led to the emergence of the concept of environmental security. Historical and technological developments, as well as the process of globalization, have led to the emergence of the concept of global security versus international security. each of the two concepts of international and global security have a different attitude towards the issue of the environment. Differences in identifying the type of security issues, diversity in security elements, differences in attitude towards threat and anti-threat factors. It is possible to explain more practical why and how these distinctions are made in international security with the help of rationalist approach and liberalism theories, as well as in global security with the help of normative approach and constructive theory. diversity in decision-making and adoption of strategies in global politics regarding the climate-changes, caused by the distinction in the position of environmental security in each of the two macro-security approaches in international relations. This research aims to achieve a practical definition of each of these concepts by explaining the semantic boundaries of international and global security with environmental security, international and global to formulate the concept of environmental security, so that he can answer his main question: what is the position of environmental security in international and global security? Answered, and to prove his hypothesis based on the ontological connection of global security with environmental security and the marginality of environmental security in security issues in international security, pay. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
360 - Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change on International Security
Masoud AKHAVAN KAZEMI Tayebeh Sadat Hoseini Fereshteh BahramipoorToday, environmental concerns, has become a serious security question in international relations and created a major inquietude for statesmen and policy makers. Since environmental problems caused by climate change are becoming more serious, it would transform to an inf MoreToday, environmental concerns, has become a serious security question in international relations and created a major inquietude for statesmen and policy makers. Since environmental problems caused by climate change are becoming more serious, it would transform to an influential variable in internal or international conflicts. Climate changes not only destroy human natural habitats but also disrupt social arrangements and increase the likelihood of violent conflicts and endanger peace and international security and affect the environmental justice. The aim of this study is to identify threats and environmental factors resulting from climate changes and analyze their effects on peace and security in the international system. The findings of this study suggest that future climate changes have un undeniable impact on national integration of societies and on the peace and stable security in the international system and will cause the new types of disputes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
361 - Identification of effective factors on green marketing using the grounded theory method in the hotel industry
Majid Alizadeh Sina Nematizadeh Hasan EsmaeilpourGreen marketing has paid the attention of organizations due to the increase in environmental concerns and the pressure of interested parties for an attractive strategy.The aim of this research is to identify the factors affecting green marketing in the hotel industry.Th MoreGreen marketing has paid the attention of organizations due to the increase in environmental concerns and the pressure of interested parties for an attractive strategy.The aim of this research is to identify the factors affecting green marketing in the hotel industry.The research method is qualitative.The statistical population of the research was 10 university and hotel experts.Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews and literature review.Data analysis was done based on the grounded theory approach, which includes open, axial and selective coding. The validity of the questionnaire was measured and confirmed by experts and its reliability through Cronbach's alpha.Convergent validity of AVE is adequate for all research constructs.Finally,by communicating between the categories, the research paradigm model was presented,including 18 factors affecting green marketing and 69 concepts.The value of the Kappa coefficient is equal to 0.696, which indicates the validity of the agreement level of the model.The factor of green product (green hotel) was determined as the main phenomenon.The results of the research show the effect of green product,behavioral response of customers,ecological literacy,trust and green marketing mix on corporate image,motivation and improvement of hotel performance.Also,the category of trust was identified as an intervening factor and the most important factor affecting green marketing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
362 - اثر بازار، نقدشوندگی و تکانه بر تغییرات عمده قیمت سهام
رضوان حجازی میر حسین موسوی مریم دانشور مفرد -
Open Access Article
363 - The Effect of Environmental Uncertainty on Earnings Persistence
پگاه معتمدی ید اله تاری وردیAbstract The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Environmental Uncertainty on Earnings persistence of listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. The coefficient of variation (CV) of sales (scaled by total assets) to capture environmental uncertainty. &nbs MoreAbstract The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Environmental Uncertainty on Earnings persistence of listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. The coefficient of variation (CV) of sales (scaled by total assets) to capture environmental uncertainty. For this purpose one hypothesis developed and data on the 108 companies in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period of 1390 to 1398 were analyzed. The number of data collected for this study is 972 years-firm. The regression panel data with fixed effects approach, reviews and tests. The results showed that the concentration of Environmental Uncertainty has significant negative impact on Earnings Response Coefficient. Therefore, the research results indicate that Environmental uncertainty, by creating serious restrictions for the company and Makes information asymmetry between management and stakeholders more acute it Earnings persistence reduced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
364 - The relationship between the cash balance and smoothing
GH Taleb neya حدیثه DarvishThe agency relationship problems, increases the management's desire to hold cash. On the other hand, since the performance of managers is focused by shareholders, so managers must be responsive to the stagnating cash in the company. This responsibility can be achieved b MoreThe agency relationship problems, increases the management's desire to hold cash. On the other hand, since the performance of managers is focused by shareholders, so managers must be responsive to the stagnating cash in the company. This responsibility can be achieved by one of the management tools that is, income smoothing. The aim of this study is to consider the relationship between cash balance and income smoothing in companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. In order to fulfill the research objectives, two hypotheses have been formulated. The statistical sample of the study included 73 companies. To test hypotheses, multiple regression using combined data have been used. Research results indicate that there is a significant and positive relationship between cash balance and income smoothing. But there was no significant relationship between positive changes in cash balance of this year than last year and income smoothing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
365 - The changes in accounting standards and its impact on the quality of accounting information
H.R Vakili GH Talebniya هاشم Nikomaram A.A TaherabadiThe Changes of Accounting Standards and Their Impacts on Information Quality Hamidreza Vakilifard Ghodratollah Talebnia Hashem Neikomaram Aliasghar Taherabady (Received: 16/Apr/2014; Accepted: 18/Jun/2014) Abstract In this research, the changes of financial accounting s MoreThe Changes of Accounting Standards and Their Impacts on Information Quality Hamidreza Vakilifard Ghodratollah Talebnia Hashem Neikomaram Aliasghar Taherabady (Received: 16/Apr/2014; Accepted: 18/Jun/2014) Abstract In this research, the changes of financial accounting standards of Iran and their impacts on accounting information quality of 104 companies listed on Tehran security exchange are studied. The value relevance, forecast error, forecast dispersion, earning persistence and earning quality are the metrics for information quality measurement. Standards amendments and revisions 1999 to 2009 are studied so that a multi variable regression model based on time series data was designed to test each hypothesis. The findings evidenced that the changes of standards caused some enhancement in earnings quality but its positive affect on the other 4 measures(value relevance, forecast error, forecast dispersion, earning persistence) was not confirmed. Key Words: Accounting Standards, Changes of Standards, Accounting Information Quality. . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
366 - بررسی روابط خطی و غیرخطی متغیر های حسابداری با تغییرات قیمت سهام در شرکت های پذیرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران
محسن سهرابی عراقی جواد امیر خانلو -
Open Access Article
367 - تبیین الگویی برای مدیریت سود در شرکتهای ورشکسته و مقایسه آن با مدل اصلاحشده جونز
سید مهدی فداکار خسرو فغانی ماکرانی علی ذبیحی -
Open Access Article
368 - The impact of changes in the residual income and the auditor's term of office
آزیتا Jahanshad SH AvazpurThe Effect of Changes in Residual Income and Auditor's Tenure on Changes in Stock Market Value Azita Jahanshad Shima Avazpour (Received: 05/Jun/2014; Accepted: 08/Mar/2014) Abstract Since Investors' decisions are influenced by profitability, and also market value of the MoreThe Effect of Changes in Residual Income and Auditor's Tenure on Changes in Stock Market Value Azita Jahanshad Shima Avazpour (Received: 05/Jun/2014; Accepted: 08/Mar/2014) Abstract Since Investors' decisions are influenced by profitability, and also market value of the company can be affected by profitability, this study investigates the relationship betweenprofitabilityandmarket value,andalsothefactors Such as auditor's tenure are discussed thatmayaffectthisrelationship. The increase in auditor's tenure can cause a kind of relationship between the auditor and the manager, and as a result a decrease in the auditor's independence, and an increase in providing false financial statements. This research extended Ohlson's model (1995) by adding the auditor's tenure variable. By studying 162companies listed inTehran Stock Exchangeduring the years1386 to 1389 andusingmultiple linearregression analysis, the resultsindicatethe existence ofa directand significantrelationship betweenchanges inresidual incomeper shareandchanges inmarket valueper shareanda direct and Significant relationship between changes in residual income per share, auditor's tenure, and changes in the market value per share. Key Words: Changes in Residual Income Per Share, Auditor Tenure, Changes in Market Value per Share. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
369 - Sociological study of changes in the meaning of life of older men (Case Study of Elderly Men in District 21 of Tehran, west Tehransar neighborhood, Phase two)
Roghayeh Norouzi seyed Mohannad seyedmirzae Mostafa AzkiaThe present study investigates the meaningful factors in the life of the elderly according to the social interpretation approach. The data of this study were obtained through using in-depth interviews with purposeful sampling method and theoretical saturation criterion MoreThe present study investigates the meaningful factors in the life of the elderly according to the social interpretation approach. The data of this study were obtained through using in-depth interviews with purposeful sampling method and theoretical saturation criterion with 21 Elderly 68 to 81 years old in Tehran 21 district (Tehransar) and the information obtained from the interviews was coded (open and centered) and the concepts and categories were analyzed. Findings using the grounded theory approach consist of 10 categories. The central theme of this research is divergence that in general is covered all other categories. According to the core category, two of the findings of the study are convergence and divergence as if the most important research achievement is the role of divergence (family and social) in the meaninglessness of life and the role of empathy (family and social) in the meaning of life. Factors such as health or illness, economic status and the fatefulness of the elderly are also factors Which illustrates their approach to life. At the end, the foundational theory presented in the paradigm model of marital maladjustment and divergence with spouse as the most central factor of nonsense in the life of the old men. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
370 - Comparison of the position of women before the Islamic Revolution and after the Islamic Revolution of Iran..
leila hajigahramani Bahman Keshavarz Hasan Eivazzadeh Mehdi KhoshkhatiGiven the fact that women, as an important part of the community, have been tasked with a significant role and have been actively involved with men in various scenes, But during the past periods in our country, attention has been paid to the status and rights of women i MoreGiven the fact that women, as an important part of the community, have been tasked with a significant role and have been actively involved with men in various scenes, But during the past periods in our country, attention has been paid to the status and rights of women in the vicissitudes. Accordingly, this study aimed to describe and explain the status of women before and after the Islamic Revolution. The present study is in term of the purpose is applied research and in terms of nature and method is a descriptive-analytical research. The present study in term of the purpose is applied research and in terms of nature and method is a descriptive-analytical research. Data collection was also carried out in the form of a library-documentary. In this study, the position of women was reviewed in the different sections before and after the Islamic revolution. The results of the investigation suggest that women before Islamic revolution had limited situations. After the victory of the Islamic revolution, the situation of women was changed again. And at this juncture that societyfaced with several problems, had been prevented from paying attention to women's issues and revive their lost rights. However, after a relative improvement in the situation of the community, the issue of women's rights and the real status of this stratum were considered by policy makers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
371 - Analysis of changes in the social structure of interpersonal relationships with emphasis on social factors
Meysam shamsyan Lila niroomand Somayeh Tajik Ismaeili Nourouz HashemzehiOrganizations are the most important communication institutions that people are often able and willing to talk to each other. Communication is a process based on interdependence in which each person's behavior is the result and message of another behavior. Interpersonal MoreOrganizations are the most important communication institutions that people are often able and willing to talk to each other. Communication is a process based on interdependence in which each person's behavior is the result and message of another behavior. Interpersonal communication is a key factor in organizational success. Interpersonal communication can be established verbally-non-verbally as well as formally-informally. Attention to the objectives of the research is in terms of survey method. The statistical population includes thousands of employees of the Court of Administrative Justice of Tehran province who used Morgan table to determine 278 samples and were studied by regular sampling method. Reliability of data collection tool with alpha coefficient Cronbach and its validity were confirmed by the opinions of professors and experts. The results show that the level of interpersonal communication conflict is moderate. Also, the results of Pearson coefficient show that among the various social factors, there are three variables. Social participation, social trust and mother's social status were significantly correlated with interpersonal relationships of employees. But there was no significant correlation between father social status variable and interpersonal relationships of employees. Multivariate regression results showed that only social trust with beta (52 / 0-) Reduces employees in interpersonal communication and acts in the opposite direction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
372 - Designing a model of factors affecting social wear affected by social changes in physical education with an interpretive structural approach
sadry siyavashpoor seiyed Ehsan Amir Hosseini mehrzad HamidiThe purpose of this study was to design a model of factors affecting social wear affected by social changes in physical education with an interpretive structural approach. The present research was descriptive-survey in terms of nature and purpose, in terms of data type, MoreThe purpose of this study was to design a model of factors affecting social wear affected by social changes in physical education with an interpretive structural approach. The present research was descriptive-survey in terms of nature and purpose, in terms of data type, quantitative and qualitative mix in terms of implementation method. The statistical population of the study in the quantitative section, including managers, senior experts and physical education experts of the Ministry of Education and provincial education departments was 384 people. 181 people were randomly selected as a statistical sample according to Morgan table. In the qualitative section, 18 experts were purposefully selected based on expertise, experience, theoretical mastery, access and willingness. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire and the structural self-interaction form included 13 factors affecting social wear. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 professors of university sports management and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.85). Also, interpretive structural modeling was used to model the factors. Findings showed that the factors were classified into seven levels. The factors of job involvement, motivation weakness and job conflict were in the first level of management weakness in the lowest level. Avoiding work politicization, developing organizational justice and eliminating managerial weaknesses have other effects on reducing other factors of social wear and tear. Ultimately, it will lead to a reduction in job deprivation, poor motivation and job conflict in physical education. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
373 - Presenting a model of the effect of media literacy, lifestyle on social identity with emphasis on social change Case study: Sports organizations of the country
hamidreza abbasimoghadam mohamadreza esmaili Tayebeh Sadat zargarThe purpose of this study is to present a model of the impact of lifestyle and media literacy on social identity in sports organizations. The present research is applied research in terms of purpose and in terms of cross-sectional time and in terms of data collection in MoreThe purpose of this study is to present a model of the impact of lifestyle and media literacy on social identity in sports organizations. The present research is applied research in terms of purpose and in terms of cross-sectional time and in terms of data collection in a descriptive-correlational manner. 384 employees of the General Departments of Sports and Youth of the whole country using cluster sampling method to the questions of Saffarinia Social Identity Questionnaire (2011), Philosophical Media Literacy Questionnaire (2014) and also the Lifestyle Questionnaire (QSL) Lali et al. 1391) responded voluntarily. Pearson correlation and path analysis tests and finally to provide a suitable model of structural equation modeling (SEM) using SPSS 21 and LISRL software at the level of 0.05. The results showed media literacy and active lifestyle on identity. The social model of individuals is effective and causes social changes in them and finally the research model has a sufficient fit (RMSEA = 0.09) and also the fit indices of GFI, CFI and NFI were 0.95, 0.98 and 0.92, respectively. Therefore, human health and spiritual excellence is one of the most important factors affecting the health of human societies. Active lifestyle and media literacy cause such a situation in the social identity of employees of organizations, so sports organizations can be encouraged to change employees in changing lifestyle and media literacy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
374 - Nobert Elias: sport and the process of European civilization
kamal javanmardThe following article explores the ideas of Norbert Elias, a vanguard in the sociologist of sport. A philosopher who saw "sport" as the key to understanding societies and a tool for analyzing the governing structures of society, and saw it as a vehicle for self-control MoreThe following article explores the ideas of Norbert Elias, a vanguard in the sociologist of sport. A philosopher who saw "sport" as the key to understanding societies and a tool for analyzing the governing structures of society, and saw it as a vehicle for self-control and moderation of violence in the civilizing process. In this article, we first explain the life and application of the theories of this tireless sociologist who sought to provide a model for discovering the causes of change in European behavior and how modern Western civilization originated, and the role of sport and games in this valley. Then, a look at the basics of "Elias" views in the sociology of sport is taken and his positive view of sports and verification of games. Then, the functions of sport are analyzed from his perspective, which considered sport beyond sport. In another paper, the game is described as a social process and its models for sociological explanations, because "Elias" likened the world to a big game and believed that the game and its models govern social life. And constitute human relations. Finally, in the final part of this article, the evolution of this phenomenon was examined and its change process from traditional and violent games to modern and peaceful sports was analyzed. The process in which sport influences the behavioral patterns of Europeans and the process of "sportization" process in society as a whole to provide the basis for the creation and expansion of Western civilization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
375 - Investigating Monetary-Banking Sanctions and Related Social Changes in Human Rights Enforcement
Mohammad Hossain Khademeyan Ali Pour Ghassab Amiri Hassan SoleimaniIn principle, a sanction in international law means methods in which actions are taken by an injured party or subjects in international law against a government in breach of its obligations until the latter function ceases to continue its violations or adopts a policy t MoreIn principle, a sanction in international law means methods in which actions are taken by an injured party or subjects in international law against a government in breach of its obligations until the latter function ceases to continue its violations or adopts a policy that is in line with the policies of the provocative function. The most important type of sanctions in terms of their effectiveness and scope of application in international relations is economic sanctions. Monetary and banking sanctions are also considered part of economic sanctions in international law. But the imposition of sanctions in general and the imposition of monetary and banking sanctions in particular have consequences, including their negative impact on the realization of human rights. The fundamental question, then, is what effect do monetary and banking sanctions have on the enjoyment of the human rights of the citizens of the target country? This research has been done by documentary and library study method. The results show that the use of monetary and banking sanctions against some countries for specific purposes, although it can lead to a change in the behavior of some target states, but due to the restrictions imposed on individuals and subjects of that state and The fundamental violation of some human rights has been followed by the negative reaction of governments, governmental and non-governmental institutions and organizations, and of course the general public and free nations of the world, and has reduced the acceptance of these sanctions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
376 - Investigating the active presence of women in non-governmental organizations and its impact on awareness and bioculture (Case study: Women members of non-governmental organizations in Lorestan province)
tahereh shahivandi esmaeel jahanbakhsh shapoor bbehyanThis study examines the active presence of women in non-governmental organizations and its effect on their awareness and bioculture. The data collection method was a survey through a questionnaire. Using the Cochran formula, 333 female members were questioned in Loresta MoreThis study examines the active presence of women in non-governmental organizations and its effect on their awareness and bioculture. The data collection method was a survey through a questionnaire. Using the Cochran formula, 333 female members were questioned in Lorestan province's nongovernmental organizations. According to the test of related hypotheses, the research findings show: Many socio-cultural activities of women have been voluntary from the past to the present, and women have not been forced to work outside the home. On the other hand, cooperation and learning are the hallmarks of these activities, and the roles that women play in relation to modern volunteering activities, including effective participation in these organizations, are flexible and appropriate to their biosocio-cultural. Thus, in this way, they are not completely detached from their family plans and do not lose the integrity of facing "themselves". In other words, they not only can, but also achieve their desired presence in the maintenance and management of society. But also able to face more awareness and satisfaction with their traditional and religious roles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
377 - The role of mass and social media in cultural changes with an emphasis on belonging to the national identity (Case study of Ardabil adolescents)
GHOLAMALI FARAJZADEH KHIAVI ashab habibzadeh ali jafari Mohammad SoltanifarThe purpose of this research was to compare the role of mass and social media in cultural changes with an emphasis on belonging to the national identity of teenagers. The research method was causal-comparative. The statistical population of the research consists of all MoreThe purpose of this research was to compare the role of mass and social media in cultural changes with an emphasis on belonging to the national identity of teenagers. The research method was causal-comparative. The statistical population of the research consists of all adolescents (13-17 years old) of Ardabil city, numbering 50,000, of which 380 people were selected as a sample by cluster random sampling. To collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire for the media and a standard questionnaire by Selgi et al. (2014) were used for the feeling of belonging to the national identity. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to estimate the form and content validity of the questionnaires from the experts' and professors' point of view, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to estimate the reliability of the questionnaires, which was higher than 0.7 for the questionnaires. Data were analyzed through t-test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) in SPSS software. The results showed that mass and social media play a different role in the feeling of belonging to the national identity and its dimensions (social, historical, cultural and political) among teenagers (P<0.01). So that the feeling of belonging to the national identity and its dimensions among the teenagers whose media consumption is of a social type is less than the teenagers who are of a collective type. 5.7% of cultural belonging, 7.7% of historical belonging, 9.7% of political belonging and 14.7% of social belonging of teenagers are explained through the difference in the effect of the type of media (collective and social). Therefore, it is concluded that the type of media plays an important role in the cultural changes of teenagers in general and the feeling of belonging to the national identity in particular. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
378 - Family in the path of social changes, qualitative study of extramarital relations Women with the GT approach (case study: women of Qazvin city)
zahra AghajanibeigiThe current research examines contemporary feminist theories with a critical approach. In this research, critical scientific research method was used and archival method was used to collect data. Feminist theories include a wide range of theories, such as: women-centere MoreThe current research examines contemporary feminist theories with a critical approach. In this research, critical scientific research method was used and archival method was used to collect data. Feminist theories include a wide range of theories, such as: women-centered theory, theories of difference (cultural feminism, Simone de Beauvoir theory), sociological theories of gender difference (institutional theory and interactionist theory), theories of gender inequality (liberal feminism), theories of oppression (psychoanalytic feminism, feminism radical), theories of structural oppression (socialist feminism, interference theory) and postmodern theories of feminism. Criticism of the research findings shows that feminist theories, due to being ahistorical, not considering different cultures, pessimism towards men, the same attitude towards all men, a purely materialistic attitude towards love, failure to respond to the mechanism of creating patriarchy, considering men as oppressors, Opposing the teachings of world religions and the same attitude to all religions, fanatical attack on heterosexuality, imposing homosexuality on women as a superior epistemology, promoting a new identity against the reversed identity, opposing individualism by claiming individualism, plurality and sexual freedom, and defining sexuality. For women, criticism of the institutional feminist theory, lack of attention to "unrealization", lack of attention to the difference in the body and finally the weakness of psychoanalytic feminism in examining the social arrangements of emotions are criticized. It can be stated that despite their practical and theoretical effects, feminist theories have many theoretical weaknesses that have been addressed in this research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
379 - Investigating the Cultural and Social Effects of the Transition from Tradition to Modernity on the Physical Structure of Historical Houses in Tabriz
leyla firouzfar Mir Saeed Moosavi nima valizadeh Asadollah ShafizadehThe house, as one of the most important types of buildings, has always been a platform for social and cultural changes, and an important part of society's developments can be seen in it. From the end of the Qajar period and the beginning of the Pahlavi period, the archi MoreThe house, as one of the most important types of buildings, has always been a platform for social and cultural changes, and an important part of society's developments can be seen in it. From the end of the Qajar period and the beginning of the Pahlavi period, the architecture of houses in most cities, including Tabriz, was affected by social and cultural developments. Considering that most of the historical houses in Tabriz belong to the late Qajar and Pahlavi period, which coincides with the transition from tradition to modernity in Iran. In this research, the effectiveness of this transition on the evolution of the structure of houses was investigated from the perspective of architects. For this purpose, a questionnaire to measure the degree of impact (transition from tradition to modernity) in three components of historical houses of Tabriz, including spatial relationships, interior decorations and the main facade, has been prepared in the form of a five-point Likert spectrum and is available to architectural experts who have sufficient of this period were placed. The results show that there is a relatively significant relationship with the index of interior decorations in the course of this process. In the index of spatial relationships, a significant change is evident in the buildings leading to the first side, and in the third index of the main view of these buildings, no specific meaningful relationship is seen. What is worthy of consideration in this evolution is the greatest impact on the area of the arenas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
380 - Survey on fractional Black-scholes with hurst exponent on European option with transaction cost
Morteza Rahmani Nahid JafarianOn all stock exchange of the world famous considerably derivatives are traded. Options are a patent for its owner, the most important are derivatives. The best economic tool management risk, the use of the option contract. It is obvious that at the conclusion of each co MoreOn all stock exchange of the world famous considerably derivatives are traded. Options are a patent for its owner, the most important are derivatives. The best economic tool management risk, the use of the option contract. It is obvious that at the conclusion of each contract, determining the price is the main element, Thus providing fair prices for securities is very important. In this study, the option pricing under fractional Black-Scholes is survived. The fractional Black-Scholes is based on fractional Brownian motion with hurst parameter. The Hurst exponent be associated with fractal dimension and self-similary as an indicator of long-term memory is used in the process of stock prices. The aim to provide a pricing formula for European options with transaction costs is an approximate answer fractional pricing equation with transaction costs by way of variational iteration method is checked. The transaction costs contain fixed costs, a cost proportional to the volume traded and a cost proportional to the value traded. Expected, the price of the European option decreases as the Hurst exponent increases. To achieve this goal, we estimate (Hurst parameter time series), on the real data to the desired result, the option price reduction reached. Comparing results show that the actual prices by fractional black-scholes model, is closer to the actual results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
381 - The evaluation of Systemic Risk in the Iran Banking System by Delta Conditional Value at Risk ( CoVaR) Criterion
asadollah farzinvash naser elahi javad gilanipour Ghadir MahdaviThe Banking Crisis is previous decades caused the discussion of Systemic Risk in the financial market, including the Banks, has been taken into Consideration by Policy- makers. Based on this in this research using Delta Conditional Value at Risk (CoVaR), the Systemic ri MoreThe Banking Crisis is previous decades caused the discussion of Systemic Risk in the financial market, including the Banks, has been taken into Consideration by Policy- makers. Based on this in this research using Delta Conditional Value at Risk (CoVaR), the Systemic risk in Iran Banking Section has been evaluated. For this reason, seventeen banks out of all ones which have been listed in Tehran Stock Exchange and the equity of their Owners from 1389 to 1395 was available, have been chosen. The results Show that CoVaR for Khavarmianeh Bank Was the most (15.61) and for Sarmayeh Bank was the least (0.32). These results indicate that the crisis or disturbance in Khavarmianeh Bank more than the other Banks, affects the Financial System and Sarmayeh Bank has the least effect. In other words, any crisis in khavarmianeh Bank will give a rise of about 15.61 Percent to the Financial System risk, while the corresponded value for the Sarmayeh Bank is only 0.32 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
382 - Response of growth, development and yield of peanut to changes in temperature and carbon dioxide
سید علی نورحسینی Afshin Soltani Hossein AjamnorooziIn order to evaluate the effect of temperature changes at carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth, development and yield of peanuts (cultivar North Carolina 2), SSM-Peanut model was used. The SSM-peanut model was used to run different scenarios including combination MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of temperature changes at carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth, development and yield of peanuts (cultivar North Carolina 2), SSM-Peanut model was used. The SSM-peanut model was used to run different scenarios including combination of -1, -2, -3, -4, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 oC changes in temperature and CO2 concentration of 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700 ppm. This study was performed using data from field experiments conducted in Astaneh Ashrafieh. Simulation were applied using actual meteorological data of the period 2007-2015 from Kiashahr Synoptic Station (37o23' N, 49o53' E) for future conditions and under all scenarios. The results showed that the temperature reduction compared to the current conditions, increased the day to the phonological stages in peanuts. So that, days to maturity increased from 135 to 166 days. However, fluctuation in temperature from 1 to 5oC decreased days to maturity from 135 to 116 days. Reducing the temperature compared to the current conditions reduced the yield of peanuts. So, in the present situation, the yield of seeds and pods decreased by 40%, with a decrease of 4°C. But increase in CO2 concentration will compensate this decrease, So that by reducing the temperature of 4 °C at the concentration of 550 ppm CO2 resulted in a 37% decrease in peanut yields. Increasing temperature of 2 °C resulted to increase grain yield and peanut pod by 8%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
383 - Characterization of functionally graded hydroxyapatite/TiO2 multilayer coating on Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy by electrophoretic deposition
محمد جعفر هادیان علیرضا عراقی طاهره طلایی مهسا ثانیSingle layer and functionally graded coatings of hydroxyapatite and TiO2 particles were deposited on Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy substrate by electrophoretic deposition technique (EPD). The coatings chemical composition and morphology were investigated using energy dispers MoreSingle layer and functionally graded coatings of hydroxyapatite and TiO2 particles were deposited on Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy substrate by electrophoretic deposition technique (EPD). The coatings chemical composition and morphology were investigated using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The results showed in HA/TiO2 functionally graded coating, the composition varied from inner layer to top layer as 100 %wt TiO2 to 100 %wt HA. To investigation biocompatibility of the coatings, the culture Wharton’s Mesenchymal Stem Cells was used. The results showed the HA/TiO2 functionally graded coating and HA single layer coating were more biocompatible in comparison to TiO2 single layer coating. The adhesion strengths of the coatings were measured by shear testing and the results showed that the HA/TiO2 functionally graded coating has more adhesion strength (~31 MPa) compare to HA single layer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
384 - Wear characterization of different hydroxyapatite based coatings on Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy by electrophoretic deposition
علیرضا عراقی محمد جعفر هادیانفردIn the present study, hydroxyapatite (HA) Single layer TiO2 single layer, HA-TiO2 double layer and functionally graded HA/TiO2 coatings were deposited on Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy substrate by electrophoretic deposition technique (EPD). Impact resistance of coatings were MoreIn the present study, hydroxyapatite (HA) Single layer TiO2 single layer, HA-TiO2 double layer and functionally graded HA/TiO2 coatings were deposited on Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy substrate by electrophoretic deposition technique (EPD). Impact resistance of coatings were measured by ball drop impact test and the results showed that the HA/TiO2 functionally graded coating has more impact resistance compare to HA single layer and HA-TiO2 double layer coatings. The wear resistance of coatings were investigated by pin on disc method. The normal load and sliding distance were 0.5 N and 50 m respectively and the worn surface was observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and analyzed by ImageJ software. The results showed that the HA/TiO2 functionally graded coating has more wear resistance compare to HA single layer. Additionally, investigation of worn surface of coatings showed that all of the coatings have abrasive mechanism but wear mechanism for functionally graded coating, changed and delamination was added to abrasive mechanism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
385 - Effect of Aging Time on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of IN617 Superalloy at 900 °C
mohsen mehdizadeh hassan farhangiMicrostructural changes and mechanical properties of IN617 superalloy aged at 900 °C for different durations from one hour to 2000 hours were investigated in the present work. The optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transition electron micro MoreMicrostructural changes and mechanical properties of IN617 superalloy aged at 900 °C for different durations from one hour to 2000 hours were investigated in the present work. The optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transition electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and hardness and tensile tests were used to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of aged alloys. A significant amount of intergranular carbides were observed in the microstructure of aged alloys even in the microstructure of alloy which was aged for one hour. Block-shape carbides were observed in the sample which was aged for one hour. It was observed that with increasing the aging time the morphology of the carbides changed to quasi-spherical, plate and rod shaped. The carbides were first formed along the grain and twin boundaries and then within the grains, and continues carbide layer was observed along the grain boundaries for the sample which was aged for 2000 hours. Most of the carbides were M23C6 and a small percentage of them were determined to be M6C. Furthermore, it was observed that a small amount of Ti(C,N) phase which was present in the as received sample was converted to carbides after aging for 1500 hours. γ' phase was only observed in the microstructure of sample which was aged for one hour. Mechanical test results shown that the hardness, ultimate strength at room temperature and at 750°C increased with increasing the aging time, but after 2000 hours of aging these properties decreased to the values of as received sample. The impact energy of the sample which was aged for 2000 hours was equivalent to 25% of as received sample due to the formation of a continues carbide layer along the grain boundaries. The fracture surface of the impact samples were investigated and it was observed that fracture mode changed from ductile for as-received sample to brittle intergranular fracture for the samples which were aged for more than 100 hours. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
386 - تولید مادهی مرکب زمینه آلومینیم تقویت شده با ذرات میکرونی آلومینا بهروش نورد تجمّعی (ARB) و بررسی تغییرات ریزساختاری و خواص مکانیکی آن
نفیسه سادات مدقن محمد مزینانی -
Open Access Article
387 - Effect of Enrofloxacin on Gross, Microscopic and Histochemical Changes in Lamb Articular Cartilage
کاوه Khazaeel یزدان Mazaheri M. Hashemi Tabar حسین Najafzadeh حسن Morovvati A.R GhadrdanFluoroquinolones changes in the articular cartilage especially with high doses and more than two weeks use. Due to relatively excessive use of enrofloxacin in the sheep flocks, this study was done to investigate the effects of enrofloxacin on some changes in growing lam MoreFluoroquinolones changes in the articular cartilage especially with high doses and more than two weeks use. Due to relatively excessive use of enrofloxacin in the sheep flocks, this study was done to investigate the effects of enrofloxacin on some changes in growing lamb articular cartilage to evaluate some possible mechanisms involved these changes. Twelve ,2 month – old male lambs divided in three groups: control group received only normal saline; therapeutic group received 5mg/kg enrofloxacin subcutaneously, daily, for 15 days and toxic group received 35 mg/kg enrofloxacin as the same manner as therapeutic group. Twenty four hours after the last dose, the animals were slaughtered and their stifle joints were dissected. After gross examine, sampling were done quickly for further microscopic studies. Histological sections were evaluated morphometrically and histochemically. Macroscopic changes such as cartilage flaps were seen only in toxic group. Microscopic changes were included the presence of spindle – shaped cells and cavitation in matrix, decreases of total cartilage thickness and chondrocyte numbers, increases of empty lacunae numbers, decreases of matrix proteoglycans and carbohydrates. Some of these changes were observed in therapeutic group with less intensity in comparison to toxic group. Results of this study showed enrofloxacin use in growing lambs even at recommended therapeutic dose, is not completely safe on articular cartilage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
388 - Investigation of Environmental Changes on the Characteristics of Tree Frog (Hyla Savignyi, Audouin, 1827); Acoustic Production and Reproductive Effort in Male Sex
Raziyeh Alaei Alireza Pesarakloo Masoumeh NajibzadehUnderstanding the evolution of life history requires analyzing the balance between the energy devoted to growth, development, and reproduction activities and how to adjust this balance to maximize lifetime reproductive success. On the other hand, advertisement calls pla MoreUnderstanding the evolution of life history requires analyzing the balance between the energy devoted to growth, development, and reproduction activities and how to adjust this balance to maximize lifetime reproductive success. On the other hand, advertisement calls play an essential role in the characteristics of life history, having a direct relationship with the activities of production and finally the success of the reproductive organ. Considering the effective role of environment on characteristics of amphibians, the main purpose of our study was to study the environmental variations of acoustic traits and reproductive investment in male populations of H. savignyi tree frog in central and western Iran. For investigating the production investment, testicular weight, and size along with body weight and length (SVL) traits in all populations of H. savignyi were studied at altitude range of 1000-2117 m. Moreover, for acoustic studies, five standard acoustic traits Call duration (CD), Inter-call interval (IC), Note duration (ND), Inter-note interval (IN), and Number of note per call (N/C) of this species were studied in different populations and temperature ranges. The study of quantitative testicular traits and traits related to body features (SVL and weight) showed a significant negative relationship in testicular weight and size with increasing altitude, while this relationship followed the opposite result for both SVL and weight, indicating a balance between growth and reproductive activities in this species. The results of comparison of advertisement calls showed that H. savignyi calls have a common structure in all populations. Moreover, the effect of temperature on acoustic parameters significantly (P≤0.05) reflected the determining role of temperature on all the studied acoustic characteristics.. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
389 - Pathological Study of the Kidney and Histopathologic Alteration Index in Yellow Fin Sea Bream (Achantopagrus latus) as a Bioindicator of the Contaminant Effects in the Persian Gulf
Z. Soleimani N. Salamat A. Safahieh A. Savari M.T. RonaghMarine pollution is one of the main concerns of countries surrounding the Persian Gulf, which receives a great deal of contaminations. In this study, the histological alterations of kidney in Achanthopagrus latus collected from Musa creek were used to evaluate the effec MoreMarine pollution is one of the main concerns of countries surrounding the Persian Gulf, which receives a great deal of contaminations. In this study, the histological alterations of kidney in Achanthopagrus latus collected from Musa creek were used to evaluate the effects of pollution on the aquatic organisms. In the present study, 50 A. latus were collected from five sampling stations in Musa creek including 1. Petrochemical, 2. Jaafari, 3. Majidieh, 4. Ghazaleh, and 5. Zangi. The kidneys of the fishes were separated and fixed in Bouin‘s solution for 12 h. The samples were then studied based on the routine histological methods. The histopathological changes in the kidneys of A. latus included glomerular dilatation, reduction of urinary space, melanomacrophages aggregations, occlusion of tubular lumen, tubular degeneration and necrosis. Histopathological Alteration Index (HAI) was determined based on the frequency of pathological changes in kidney of the fishes. The highest level of HAI for kidney of A. latus was observed at the Petrochemical station. The lowest level of HAI was related to Zangi station. The results of present study showed that the histopathological alternations of kidney in Achantopagrus latus are caused by the Musa creek contamination and there is close relation between the amount of these alterations and the environmental pollution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
390 - The Effect of Red Ginseng Water Extract on Oogenesis and Uterus Tissue of Adult NMR Mice
Z. Zohrevand Asl N. hayati roudbari S. Mohamadi Gorji K. ParivarHerbal product consumption and use of herbal medicines are now the most popular treatment methods. In the meantime, ginseng belongs to the genus Panax of the family Araliaceae has been among top ten common plants in people's food basket. The objective of this study was MoreHerbal product consumption and use of herbal medicines are now the most popular treatment methods. In the meantime, ginseng belongs to the genus Panax of the family Araliaceae has been among top ten common plants in people's food basket. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ginseng extract on oogenesis in the adult NMRI strain. In this experimental study, we randomly divided 30 adult female mouse NMRI strain into 5 groups for 30 d as follows: 1) Control (not gavaged), 2) Sham (gavaged water), 3) Treatment groups (gavaged 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg ginseng extract). Ginseng water extract was prepared in distilled water. After 30 d, they were killed. Ovarian and uterine tissue were removed and studied.The number of primary follicles in three experimental groups was 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg. Secondary follicles with doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg groups and graaf follicle with dose of 200 mg/kg group showed significant increase. Reduction in atretic follicle in groups with doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg was observed. Uterine studies showed significant increase in the thickness of perimeter and endometrial layer in group with dose of 100 mg/kg and the number of glands in experimental groups 1 and 2 showed increased.Finally, wecan say that using red ginseng water extract is effective on oogenesis and uterus tissue. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
391 - عنوان مقاله [English] DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTIVE PATTERN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES VIA STRATEGIC CONTROL BASED ON LORANGE MODEL OF STRATEGIC CONTROL
mehri javidi mohamadtaghi aminiIn the current situation, pressures stemmed from the economic globalization and all the related positive and negative results and impacts have exposed serious and new challenges across business environments. In turn, these challenges require formulation and execution of MoreIn the current situation, pressures stemmed from the economic globalization and all the related positive and negative results and impacts have exposed serious and new challenges across business environments. In turn, these challenges require formulation and execution of strategies and strategic controls proportionate to the environmental turbulence, conceived by the organization. The research has been performed aiming at design and development of an interactive pattern of environmental changes via strategic control (according to Lorange Model). Statistical population includes supervisors and experts selected from 10 main manufacturing companies in Ahvaz, active in production of components required for drilling oil wells. Finally, taking advantage of random stratified sampling method and kookran formula, our sample size consisted of 200 individuals. Library studies and two self-made questionnaires as for the field study were considered as data gathering tools. Data were analyzed, using structural equation modeling and LISREL (linear structural relations) statistical software; showing that environmental changes have significant effect on applying strategic control. That is, the results indicated that high and low environmental changes are effective in using fundamental strategic control and gradual strategic control, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
392 - بررسی تغییرات فصلی بر شیوع پرهاکلامپسی طی پنج سال اخیر در بیمارستانهای آموزشی مشهد
Roya Nasiri Akram Ahmad SHADMEHRI -
Open Access Article
393 - Developing a Model of Factors Affecting Strategic Thinking in The Ministry of Sport and Youth
saeid nasrolahi mozafar yektayar koroosh veysi mojgan khodamoradporThe purpose of the present study was to present a model of factors affecting strategic thinking in the Ministry of Sports and Youth. The research method was a survey using structural equation modeling and applied research in the field. The statistical population in MoreThe purpose of the present study was to present a model of factors affecting strategic thinking in the Ministry of Sports and Youth. The research method was a survey using structural equation modeling and applied research in the field. The statistical population in the qualitative section included experts familiar with the subject of research, and according to the choice of snowball, 13 people were identified as the research sample. The statistical population of the present study included a small number of all employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth in the senior, middle and operational management levels. According to the Ministry of Sports and Youth, the research community consisted of 151 people (29 at the senior level, 29 at the intermediate level, and 109 at the operational level). The data collection tool in the present study was a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. The coding method was used to analyze the qualitative research data. Moreover, in a small part, Fuzzy Delphi and structural equation methods were used. The Fuzzy Delphi method was used in three stages and 53 items were identified as factors affecting the development of strategic thinking in the Ministry of Sports and Youth. In the management area, psychological factors, intuitive factors, individual factors, and systemic factors were divided into four categories. Thus, for the Ministry of Sports and Youth to develop strategic thinking it is important to make sure that management, psychological, psychological and intuitive, individual and systemic are all implemented effectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
394 - Biometric evaluation of the trunk region of Iranian Arab horse
Fahimeh Pourjafari bahador shojaei hamid sharifiThere are more than two hundred horse breeds in the world that have different body structure, color and specific abilities depending on the geographical and weather conditions of their region. The Arabian horse, which history goes back about5 thousand years ago, has pla MoreThere are more than two hundred horse breeds in the world that have different body structure, color and specific abilities depending on the geographical and weather conditions of their region. The Arabian horse, which history goes back about5 thousand years ago, has played a key role in the life history of human. Since the size of trunk region of breeds are different, biometric indices could be used to identify different breeds of horses. The present study was designed to determine the biometric indices of different trunk region were evaluated in 30 Iranian Arab horses. In this study 13 characteristics of different trunk regions were evaluated in 30 Iranian Arab horses. These horses were at least 3 years old and were selected from Kerman horse corrals. Then the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and confidence interval of the characteristics were calculated. The data were compared between male and female as well as between the age groups older and younger than 8 years old by independent t-test. The results of this study showed that the gluteal height and length of lateral aspects of pelvis had the lowest and highest coefficient of variation among the measured characteristics, respectively. In this research, the characteristics were compared in different age and sex groups. This comparison showed a significant difference in the gluteal height in two different sex and age groups and length of lateral aspects of pelvis in two different age. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
395 - Influence on the social transformations of the Turkish society in the adoption of modernization
maryam malmir hamidreza saeedynezhad Siamak Bahrami iraj ranjbar Ali MoradiIn this article, with a historical approach, we will discuss the influence of the institution of religion on changing the minds of Turkish society and accepting development. The main issue is what are the characteristics of the institution of religion in contrast to ref MoreIn this article, with a historical approach, we will discuss the influence of the institution of religion on changing the minds of Turkish society and accepting development. The main issue is what are the characteristics of the institution of religion in contrast to reforms and modernization, which as an institution that has an impact on the heart of Turkish society, has facilitated the acceptance of modernization and the passing of tradition to some extent by the society, the main question of the present research is that How has the institution of religion prepared the Turkish society to accept modernization and modernity? The answer to the initial hypothesis is that the characteristics of the Hanafi religion (dominant religion in Turkey) with emphasis on the principle of approval and peace and tolerance with modernization have caused its easy acceptance by the Turkish society.The institution of religion as an independent variable and development as a dependent variable have been analyzed in this research based on social changes. And this research is based on the descriptive-analytical method and the use of library sources and documents. And in four parts, the theoretical framework, modernization and reforms from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Atatürk, the characteristics of the institution of religion (methods and religions) in Turkey in the face of modernization, the conclusion is organized. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
396 - Study on the anomaly of economic growth - social Rodhen 1391
Ali akbar Arshadi Hasan hashemodaranAbstract This study assesses the effects of population age structure on economic and social anomalies was conducted. The importance of this study it can be concluded that such surveys can be used in crowd control and abnormal control as well as social and economic bene MoreAbstract This study assesses the effects of population age structure on economic and social anomalies was conducted. The importance of this study it can be concluded that such surveys can be used in crowd control and abnormal control as well as social and economic benefit. The research method is descriptive - survey and statistical society where people are Rodhen of which 360 were chosen. The data collected in theoretical books and has been previous research in the field of self-administered questionnaire was used to the reliability of the amount of (83%) was confirmed. The data were analyzed in two parts: descriptive and inferential statistics and the results showed: Changes had the effect of age on education. Age changes on income, employment and housing affected. As well as changes in population age with parenting, religious, educational environment and the prevalence of crime is involved. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
397 - Investigation of Temporal – spatial variations of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in Tehran city Using GIS (2013-2020)
Maryam Ansari محمود احمدی Reza GoudarziBackground and Objective: Metropolis of Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world. The present study aims to analyze the temporal-spatial behavior of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in Tehran city. Material and Methodology: Thus, pollution- metric sta MoreBackground and Objective: Metropolis of Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world. The present study aims to analyze the temporal-spatial behavior of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in Tehran city. Material and Methodology: Thus, pollution- metric station data of Tehran Air Quality Control Company were used for evaluating the variations of air pollutants in temporal-spatial scales during 2013-2020. The results of statistical analysis of pollutant distribution in temporal-spatial scales were provided by using Arc GIS software and analytical function of inverse Distance Weighting interpolation (IDW) as maps, tables and graphs was demonstrated. Findings: Based on the results, particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) reached the minimum (65 and 23 µg/m3) and maximum concentration (81 and 30 µg/m3) at 18 and 24 p.m., respectively. In addition, maximum (81 and 30 µg/m3) and minimum concentration (73 and 23 µg/m3) of these pollutants was respectively related to Wednesday and Friday. Maximum seasonal concentration of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) relates to summer (90 µg/m3) and winter (35 µg/m3) respectively and the minimum seasonal concentration (65 and 24 µg/m3) of both pollutants relate to spring. The results of inverse Distance Weighting interpolation (IDW) indicated that west, south and central regions of Tehran in summer season involved with particulate matter (PM10) more than other regions. But in all seasons, except the western and southern regions, the central regions have a high concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5). Discussion and Conclusion: The particulate matter concentrations is more than its allowable limit in specific regions of Tehran in some yearly days and months. Therefore, city programmers and decision_ makers must have schedule table for particulate matter control management and air pollution reduction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
398 - Survey of the infective tick fauna on cows and their seasonal population variations in Azarbayejan-e-qarbi province, Iran
Jaber Davoodi Naser Hoghughi Rad Shahram ShahrokhiTicks are obligatory ectoparasites of animals especially mammalians. Tick species living on cow skin, their population variations and infection rate of cows according to age, gender and season were studied from March 2006 to February 2007 in Azarbayejan e qarbi province MoreTicks are obligatory ectoparasites of animals especially mammalians. Tick species living on cow skin, their population variations and infection rate of cows according to age, gender and season were studied from March 2006 to February 2007 in Azarbayejan e qarbi province, Iran. Tick specimens were collected from 1800 male and female cows of different ages in 21 cities of the province and data were analyzed by SPSS software. As a result, 183 cows (%10.16) have been infected by ticks. The highest and lowest infection rates were observed in late May and February, respectively. Results of data analysis showed that there were significant differences between numbers of ticks isolated in different seasons. From 703 adult and larvae of identified ticks, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (%49.78), Rhipicephalus bursa (%18.91), Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (%11.95), Rhipicephalus sanguineous (%13.37), Dermacentor marginatus (%4.55), Boaphilus anulatus (%0.71) and Rhipicephalus thuranicus (%0.71) had highest abundance, respectively. Ticks on the cow body surface were observed on inguinal region (%50.26), perineum (%30.1), breasts (%15.87) and testis (%3.7). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
399 - Postharvest qualitative variations of two tomato cultivars (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) during storage period
Sedighe Sadat Khaleghi Naser Alamzadeh AnsariTomato fruits have some antioxidants like carotenoids, lycopene, vitamin C, vitamin E and phenolic compounds and play an important role in human health. Since the time between fruit harvest and consumption may last several weeks, biochemical changes during the storage p MoreTomato fruits have some antioxidants like carotenoids, lycopene, vitamin C, vitamin E and phenolic compounds and play an important role in human health. Since the time between fruit harvest and consumption may last several weeks, biochemical changes during the storage period may affect the nutritional value of fruit and these changes may vary in different cultivars. This experiment was carried out to study qualitative characteristics of two tomato cultivars (Chef and Sunseed) from harvest to consumption. Tomato fruit was harvested at the mature green stage and was stored at 16°C and 80% relative humidity for 35 days. The quality factors including firmness, pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, TSS/TA, weight loss, chlorophyll and carotenoid content and decay percentage was measured in every seven days during this period. The results showed that firmness, weight loss and chlorophyll content were decreased and TSS, TSS/TA, Vitamin C, carotenoid content and decay percentage increased during postharvest storage in both cultivars. Vitamin C was higher for Chef and weight loss and carotenoid were higher for Sunseed. The results of this study could be applicable for human subject feeding studies that focus on nutritional values of tomato. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
400 - Studies on sheep tick fauna and their seasonal population variations in Azarbayejan-e-qarbi province
Sohrab Rasoli Naser Hogogi Rad Jaber Davoodi Hamed AhariAn investigation was conducted in order to determine the tick species of sheep body surface and their seasonal population variations in Azarbayejan-e-qarbi province from March 2006 to April 2007. Sampling was done from overally 1800 sheep of both sexes, from 21 cities a MoreAn investigation was conducted in order to determine the tick species of sheep body surface and their seasonal population variations in Azarbayejan-e-qarbi province from March 2006 to April 2007. Sampling was done from overally 1800 sheep of both sexes, from 21 cities and their suburbs of the province. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS computer software. The results revealed that 243 (13.44%) sheep was infested by hard ticks. The highest percentage of the sheep tick infestation was observed in Miandoab area during June 2006, while lowest percentage was in shahindegh area during February 2006. There was a significant difference (p<0.005) in the tick population of sheep during the seasons and months of the year. Out of 1200 ticks were collected on sheep and were identified as: Hyalomma anatolicum anatolium (36.7%), Rhipicephalus bursa (34.83%), Dermacentor marginatus (12.75%), H. a. excavatum (8.41%) , Boophilus annulatus (3.33%), Haemaphysalis punctata (2.8%), Hae. sulkata (1%) and Rhipicephalus sanguinus (0.83%). The difference of tick site preference was significantly noticeable. Distribution of ticks over different parts of sheep body surface according to their frequency were as follow respectively: under the tail (fat) (46%), groin (22%), head and meck (15%), on the breasts (12%). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
401 - Population fluctuation of broom corn aphid parasitoids in Miyaneh region, Iran
Shahram Shahrokhi Habibollah Khodabandeh Koroush SiamiAphids are the most injurious pests of broom corn in Miyaneh region, Iran. Chemicals are used in different times for plant protection by farmers, regardless to natural enemy activity. Identification of native natural enemies is essential in integrated pest management pr MoreAphids are the most injurious pests of broom corn in Miyaneh region, Iran. Chemicals are used in different times for plant protection by farmers, regardless to natural enemy activity. Identification of native natural enemies is essential in integrated pest management programs. In this research, broom corn aphid parasitoids were collected and identified and their population fluctuations were also studied in comparison to their aphid hosts. For this purpose, aphid colonies were sampled and mummies were collected. Live aphids were also reared on broom corn seedlings for 10 days to select parasitized aphids from unparasitized ones. Results revealed that, there were two aphid species in broom corn fields of Miyaneh region, including Schizaphis graminum and Rhopalosiphum maidis. Parasitoids were collected on both mentioned aphids and were belong to genus Aphelinus, family Aphelinidae. High parasitoid population was seen when aphid population was high, and vise versa. Significant positive correlation of aphid and parasitoid populations was duo to host specificity and might be a criterion of effective natural enemies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
402 - Biology and population fluctuation of broom corn aphids in Miyaneh region, Iran
Shahram Shahrokhi Habib Ollah Khodabandeh Koroush SiamiBroom corn is one of the most important crops in Miyaneh region, Iran. Aphids are major pests of the crop and farmers use different chemicals to their control in several times. In this research, broom corn aphids were collected and identified. Population fluctuation of MoreBroom corn is one of the most important crops in Miyaneh region, Iran. Aphids are major pests of the crop and farmers use different chemicals to their control in several times. In this research, broom corn aphids were collected and identified. Population fluctuation of the aphids was also investigated by weekly sampling and their biological characteristics were studied using leaf cages. The results revealed that, there were two species including Schizaphis graminum and Rhopalosiphum maidis in broom corn fields. Population peak of S. graminum (mean number of 10.725 aphids per tiller) was observed in June and decreased rapidly in July. R. maidis appeared later than S. graminum, but it was the most injurious aphid species of broom corn during all growing season. R. maidis population and it’s honeydew covered some plants and caused necrosis so that it’s number reached more than 1000 aphids per tiller. Mean number of this species reached to 114.75 aphids per tiller and then decreased rapidly. In laboratory studies, mortality rate of S. graminum and R. maidis on broom corn leaves was relatively low (3.2 and 5.6 percent). Nymphs of both species matured in less than 10 days. Mean longevity and mean fertility of mentioned aphid species was 28.2 and 32.6 days and 41.84 and 49.7 nymphs per female respectively. Mean generation time of S. graminum and R. maidis was also 11.3 and 10.9 days respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
403 - Population fluctuations of broom corn aphid specific predators in Miyaneh region, Iran
Shahram Shahrokhi Habib Ollah Khodabandeh Koroush Siami Jaber DavoodiAphids are the most important pests of broom corn, Sorghum cernuum, in Miyaneh region and chemical pesticides are severally used for plant protection by farmers regardless to beneficial insect’s activity. With respect to the importance of conservation strategy of MoreAphids are the most important pests of broom corn, Sorghum cernuum, in Miyaneh region and chemical pesticides are severally used for plant protection by farmers regardless to beneficial insect’s activity. With respect to the importance of conservation strategy of natural enemies in integrated pest management programs, aphid specific predators including lady beetles, flower flies and lacewings were collected and identified and their population fluctuation were compared to that of host aphids. Collection of predators was done by sweep net and visiting aphid colonies. The flower fly Sphaerophoria scripta , lacewing Chrysoperla carnea, and five species of lady beetles including: Coccinella septempunctata, C. undecimpunctata، ،Hippodamia variegata، Scymnus cf. frontalis and Propylea quatuordecimpunctat were collected from greenbug, Schizaphis graminum and maize leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis colonies. Synchronization and positive correlation of greenbug and flower fly populations was observed due to host specificity of Sphaerophoria scripta . Among lady beetles, Scymnus cf. frontalis was the most frequent and important species due to oviposition on broom corn and it’s population showed positive significant correlation with that of maize leaf aphid. However adult lacewing Chrysoperla carnea is a carbohydrate feeder and did not lay any egg on the field, and so it had not any role in controling aphid populations of broom corn. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
404 - Spatial variability of equivalent calcium carbonate using geostatistic methods in soils of Achachi region Miyaneh, Iran
Naser NazariStructural changes, including gradual and identified variations in soil properties is a function of physiography, geomorphology and a set of interactions of soil forming factors. Even after classification or zoning of soil properties and displaying them in the form of m MoreStructural changes, including gradual and identified variations in soil properties is a function of physiography, geomorphology and a set of interactions of soil forming factors. Even after classification or zoning of soil properties and displaying them in the form of map units, the units are not completely homogeneous, and show significant spatial variations. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a number of common methods of interpolation to estimate and delineate one of the qualitative and impressive characteristics of the soils, that is, calcium carbonate equivalent in the farms located in Aidoghmoush dam downstream in Miyaneh county. A total of 62 topsoil samples from a depth of 0-30 cm was randomly collected and analyzed in laboratory. After checking the normality of the data, isotropic experimental variogram was calculated and variography results were analyzed. Geostatistic methods of Kriging and inverse distance weighted were used for interpolating and zoning of soil lime. Exponential, Gaussian and spherical models were fitted to experimental variograms. For evaluation of interpolation methods cross validation, mean absolute error, mean bias error, root mean square error and coefficient of determination were used. The results showed that in lime estimating and changes, Kriging method was superior than inverse distance method because of the 1.86% mean absolute error as well as the exponential model than other models met stronger spatial structure. So the results of this study with regard to the best method of interpolation used in draw the calcium carbonate zoning map, it can be suggested that the use of geostatistics to efficient use of calcareous soils in studied area to achieve the precise management of these soils. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
405 - Faunistic survey and population fluctuations of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as predators of pests of rice fields in Mazandaran, Iran
Hassan Ghahari mehrdad Tabari abolfazl Rashidi hamireza MohebbiAnts (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are one of the important predators in different agroecosystems. Considering the importance of ants in predating and feeding at different life stages of pests, fauna and population fluctuation of these beneficial insects were studied in ric MoreAnts (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are one of the important predators in different agroecosystems. Considering the importance of ants in predating and feeding at different life stages of pests, fauna and population fluctuation of these beneficial insects were studied in rice fields of Mazandaran province. Of the faunistic survey, totally 15 species of ants were collected and identified from the paddy fields in Mazandaran province. The results of population fluctuations on the stubbles of three varieties including, Fajr, Khazar and Nemat indicated that the ants' population density was higher on Fajr than the two other varieties, and there was not a significant difference between Khazar and Nemat. Samplings from 11 September to 15 November 2005 indicated that the population density increased until last October and then decreased gradually; the highest density was obtained in 30 October. The means comparison revealed the significant reciprocal effect of "sampling date × rice variety" on population density of ants "P<0.01". Manuscript profile
Sanad
Sanad is a platform for managing Azad University publications
Links
Related Centers
Technical Support
Official pages
The rights to this website are owned by the Raimag Press Management System.
Copyright © 2021-2024