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Open Access Article
1 - Contamination of brucellosis in milk and cheese by Real time PCR
fatemeh Khodaverdipour Nazila Arbab Soleimani Yasaman BorounBrucella spp are small, immobile, gram-negative bacteria that are lacking capsules and formed like cocobacillus. Brucellosis is a zoonosis infection between humans and animals that can lead to miscarriages, fertility disorders, genital infections, reduction in milk pro MoreBrucella spp are small, immobile, gram-negative bacteria that are lacking capsules and formed like cocobacillus. Brucellosis is a zoonosis infection between humans and animals that can lead to miscarriages, fertility disorders, genital infections, reduction in milk production, urethritis, and epididymitis in the original host, resulting in many medical disorders in patients and unnecessary treatment expenses. Moreover, farmers would end up facing significant economic losses. Despite advances in blood culture techniques and serological tests to detect specific antibiotics, there are still significant difficulties in the diagnosis of brucellosis; therefore, a new laboratory test is needed for a better examination. One of the most recent quantitative methods that have already caught the attention of many researchers is the detection of bacteria by Real Time PCR method. The aim of this study is to identify bacteria of the genus Brucella, both in milk and cheese samples, by the method of Real Time PCR. 25 samples of cow's milk and twenty-five samples of cheese were collected from different parts of Shahrekord city. DNA extraction was performed using the DNA extraction kit (Cinnagen company) for the molecular diagnosis. Then, by the use of Real Time PCR reaction (Corbett Rotor-Gene Model, manufactured in Australia), samples were studied. In this study, fifty samples were examined, and only two samples (4%) were diagnosed with Brucella abortus, meanwhile, there were no reports on infections by Brucella in the cheese samples. Conclusion: This study shows that molecular techniques such as Real Time PCR can be used as a complementary method for the detection of Brucella, alongside all the other common methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Investigating the Factors Affecting the Economic Return Rate of the Construction Plan of Dry Milk Powder Production Plant using Comfar Software
ALI HABIBI Ali ShahabiThis research has been studied and developed for a dairy company which is under production that needs to build a new dairy powder factory to complete its production process cycle, product portfolio upgrade and to reach the desired point of production and cost. The desig MoreThis research has been studied and developed for a dairy company which is under production that needs to build a new dairy powder factory to complete its production process cycle, product portfolio upgrade and to reach the desired point of production and cost. The designed capacity to produce dairy powders, including industrial milk powder and whey powder are 4200 tons per year. In order to build a dairy powder factory, it is necessary to do market studies, technical knowledge of the product, technical studies and study of project cost. For economic analysis of the plan, it is necessary to do precise calculation on fixed and variable investment costs, production costs, sales and cash flows, and finally to extract the financial indexes. In this research, the method of economic studies was based on Comfar software analysis, therefor the main target of this article is to investigate the results of economic analysis to predict the factors which are affecting the efficiency of the project. Based on the information provided in this article, the changes of systematic and non-systematic factors like the cost of project investment, changing in sales and prices of produced products and the cost of material, and inflection rate has significant impact on the rate of investment return. So the investor should be informed and consider economical indexes and parameters which are affecting investment plan in order to make the right decision. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Microbial methods effect on adsorption and reduction of Aflatoxin contamination in milk
Fatemeh Rahmani Azita Faraki -
Open Access Article
4 - In vivo assessment of probioticated African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa)-based milk analogue
Esther Adurotoye Abiodun Victor Ikujenlola Hezekiah Adeniran -
Open Access Article
5 - Production and characterization of dairy dessert enrichment with Sargassum angustifolium algae
Bahar Sarlak Marjaneh Sedaghati Nargess Mooraki -
Open Access Article
6 - Effect of Different Somatic Cell Levels on Nitrogen Components of Yoghurt Milk and Probiotic Set Yoghurt During Storage Life
A. Bavaria H. Ezzatpanah M. Aminafshar M. A. Mohammadifar -
Open Access Article
7 - The Role of Milk Collecting Centers in Socio-Economic Situation of Dairy Animal Keepers
S. M. Mirdamadi S. Farzaneh R. Moghadassi P. Alimoradian -
Open Access Article
8 - Effects of management and advertisement planning in development of milk consumption culture in Iran
سید اسدالله اطهری مصطفی رهگذرIntroduction and research purpose: Not suitable for Milk consumption‐related data in the country. This will have long ‐term consequences for the health of the people is very frightening. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of advert MoreIntroduction and research purpose: Not suitable for Milk consumption‐related data in the country. This will have long ‐term consequences for the health of the people is very frightening. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of advertising planning and management in developing culture of milk. Method: The purpose of this research is based on a survey of applications and depending on how the data is a descriptive study. The popula on in this study consists of 27 adversing companies in Tehran ‐ Eighteen persons, experts and managers from Varna and 20 faculty members in the field of advertising. Due to the limitations of all members of the sample were considered and were questioned . Findings and Conclusion: The results confirm the hypothesis; culture milk ‐ according to respondents' perspective ‐ is under planning and managing advertising and promotions management and planning, advertising, religious beliefs, social customs, local values, lifestyle and influence people's beliefs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Purification and Characterization of Milk Clotting Enzyme Produced by Rhizomucor Rmiehei
Sh. Khalil Moghaddam M. Khaleghian F. Naderi M. Azin M. Monajjemi -
Open Access Article
10 - The Effectiveness of Social Media Marketing Model with Combined Approach (Case Study: Tehran Milk Industry Experts and Policymakers)
maryam abdoliThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of social media marketing model with a hybrid approach. The present study was conducted with a qualitative-quantitative approach. In the qualitative section, 20 experts and policy makers in the milk industry MoreThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of social media marketing model with a hybrid approach. The present study was conducted with a qualitative-quantitative approach. In the qualitative section, 20 experts and policy makers in the milk industry participated in semi-structured interviews on social media marketing. In the qualitative section, 15 active experts in social media marketing participated in semi-structured interviews. After the interviews, the concepts were extracted from the interviews using Maxqda software and the relevant codes were extracted and the main themes were extracted by linking the extracted codes in the open coding step and eliminating duplicate indices and merging similar indices. Fuzzy Delphi technique was used in the quantitative section to validate the identified indices and select the final indices. Fuzzy Delphi calculations were performed with coding in Matlab environment. The results showed that the final indicators of social media marketing in the form of paradigmatic model of causal conditions, contextual conditions, social media marketing phenomenon, strategies and measures, interventionist conditions and social media marketing outcomes were presented out of 37 categories with 132 indicators. It was found that in the quantitative phase, two fuzzy Delphi rounds were eliminated in the first round (6 categories 33 indices) the second round (4 categories 28 indices), with 27 categories remaining with 72 questions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Comparison of PCR and conventional culture for the detection of Salmonella in raw milk
M. Bonyadian, تقی Zahraei salehi, A. Mehrabani,Salmonella is one of the authentic bacteria which cause illnesses, may exist in raw material andfood. The existence of these bacteria in food not only causes illnesses, but it also causes thedownfall of production quality and reduction of economic growth of the area and MoreSalmonella is one of the authentic bacteria which cause illnesses, may exist in raw material andfood. The existence of these bacteria in food not only causes illnesses, but it also causes thedownfall of production quality and reduction of economic growth of the area and country. Inthis study, 150 bulk raw milk samples were examined to comparison of PCR and conventionalculture for the identification of Salmonella in raw milk. Firstly raw milk was cultured andexamined through the conventional method; afterwards its supplementary procedures forisolating Salmonella were carried out. Regarding to the results of the culture method, sixsuspicious isolates were selected to carry out by PCR using invA gene. The results showed thatnone of the isolates were salmonella. Secondly DNA extracted from raw milk and samples wereassessed utilizing the invA gene by PCR method. Regarding to the results 3 out of 150 examinedsamples were positive. Totally 2 percent of all samples were contaminated with Salmonella.The results of this study revealed that PCR is more potent than conventional culture methods toidentification of salmonella in raw milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Evaluation of the prevalence of enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in raw milk and dairy products by Duplex-PCR
Abri, R., Razavilar, V., Javadi, A., Ahangarzadeh Rezaee, M., Zahraei Salehi, T. .Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is very important and usual, particularly in the developing countries and it is the main reason of diarrhea in travelers to developing countries. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains are defined as intimin-containing diarrheagenic E MoreEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is very important and usual, particularly in the developing countries and it is the main reason of diarrhea in travelers to developing countries. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains are defined as intimin-containing diarrheagenic E. coli but do not produce Shiga toxin, which can cause diarrhea in humans and different animal species. Pathogenic Escherichia coli strains are commonly transmitted through contaminated food and water. The aim of this study was to identify Escherichia coli pathotypes in raw milk and dairy product samples using Duplex PCR. A total of 102 raw milk and dairy products samples were randomly collected from different localities in Western Azerbaijan and transferred in sterile conditions to department of food and drug microbiology lab, affiliated to Tabriz University of medical sciences. 46 E. coli were identified based on culture and a number of biochemical tests. Duplex PCR assay were developed for detection of enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. The target genes selected for each category were the lt and st for ETEC, eae and bfp for EPEC isolates. According to the results, the rate of E. coli in samples was 45%. No ETEC strains were isolated from any of the samples examined and only 2 (4.34%) EPEC strains were identified. Previous studies and our results showed the high percentage of E. coli and EPEC in raw milk products. It was concluded that using raw milk without pasteurization, and using traditional dairy products produced in unsanitary conditions and are the main resources for growth of E. coli pathotypes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - A survey of lead contamination in raw cow's milk by atomic absorption spectrophotometry from different region of Tabriz
Rezaei Saber, A.P. .Toxicities by heavy metals especially by lead are a public health problem. The aim of this study by random sampling (n= 400, 100 samples of each geographical path) was conducted on the north, south, east, and west industrial and traditional cattle-farms of Tabriz. The s MoreToxicities by heavy metals especially by lead are a public health problem. The aim of this study by random sampling (n= 400, 100 samples of each geographical path) was conducted on the north, south, east, and west industrial and traditional cattle-farms of Tabriz. The samples were freeze and then the lead amount of the samples was measured using flame atomic absorption method. The mean rate of lead in milk of the west, south, north, and east of Tabriz cattle-farms was reported as 0.531, 0.641, 0.686, and 0.656 ppm. A meaningful statistical difference was observed among the lead-mean of the different regions of Tabriz (P<0.05). Considering the obtained results as well as the standard rate of the lead, all the gathered samples were infected by lead lower than the standard rate. In the present study no meaningful statistical relationship (P > 0.05) was observed among the mean-rates of milk lead as well as daily milk production of the cattle in different understudied regions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Diagnostic Value of Milk Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in Cows with Subclinical Mastitis
, M. Shekari , F. Moosavinasab , O GhasemianThe sensitivity and specificity of milk somatic cell count (SCC) and bacterial culture as the golden standards for the diagnosis of bovine subclinical mastitis are low. Mastitis leads to the increased formation of free radicals, elevated oxidative and nitrosative stress MoreThe sensitivity and specificity of milk somatic cell count (SCC) and bacterial culture as the golden standards for the diagnosis of bovine subclinical mastitis are low. Mastitis leads to the increased formation of free radicals, elevated oxidative and nitrosative stresses, and decreased antioxidant activity in milk. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of milk malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant status (TAS) for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. A total of 90 clinically healthy Holstein cows were randomly selected from dairy farms of Tehran province, Iran. Next, 55 of these cows were diagnosed to have subclinical mastitis based on an SCC of higher than 130×1000 cells/mL of obtained milk samples. Milk MDA level was determined by the thiobarbituric acid method and TAS was measured using a commercial kit (Randox Laboratories, England). The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and cut-off points for the tests were determined by the receiver operating characteristic analysis. Our findings revealed that the mean and median of milk MDA and TAS were significantly higher and lower in the milk samples collected from cows with subclinical mastitis, compared to the healthy subjects. Moreover, milk MDA level was found to have the highest clinical accuracy at the cut-off points of 44.5nmol/ml. The results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of this biomarker in milk for subclinical mastitis diagnosis was both 100%. According to the results of this study, MDA can be considered as potential reliable substitutes for SCC in the diagnosis of bovine subclinical mastitis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Evaluation of the effects of treatment of Lactococcus lactis and Bifidobacterium bifidum on the expression of biogenic amine-producing genes in Staphylococcus strains isolated from milk
M.A Masiyan Moghadam ,A.A. Anvar , K Amini , M.R. KhaniThis study investigated the effect of probiotic bacteria Lactococcus lactis and Bifidobacterium bifidum on the expression of the cadaverine and putrescine producing gene in staphylococci species isolated from milk. Staphylococci were identified and isolated from 100 sam MoreThis study investigated the effect of probiotic bacteria Lactococcus lactis and Bifidobacterium bifidum on the expression of the cadaverine and putrescine producing gene in staphylococci species isolated from milk. Staphylococci were identified and isolated from 100 samples of raw milk using standard biochemical methods, Gram staining and 16srRNA sequencing. Samples containing these strains were examined by HPLC for the production of biogenic amines. The presence of the target genes was determined by MultiplexPCR. Bacteria with target gene were treated with Lactococcus lactis supernatant and Bifidobacterium bifidum and the expression of genes was measured by Real time PCR. The data showed that 60 strains of Staphylococcus were isolated, 54 strains of them had target genes. In three samples the level of the cadaverine and putrescine was higher than others. The levels of biogenic amines in the second and third days were significantly higher than the first day (p <0.001). The MIC results obtained for Staphylococcus bacteria exposed to probiotic bacteria in the samples were 125 μg/ml or 62.5 μg/ml. The results of Real Time PCR reaction showed that the mean reduction in the level of changes in gene expression was statistically significant (p <0.05). This study showed that the use of probiotic bacteria can reduce this bacteria populations and increase the quality of milk by reducing the expression of the biogenic amines-producing genes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Using of Virtual Water Footprint Concept in Livestock Productions for Water Resources Conservation
Ehsan Movahednejad Hadi Ramezani Etedali Alireza ShokoohiAgricultural water footprint is more than 90 percent of fresh water resources in Iran. About 30 percent of it is used as feed for livestock. The livestock industry is one of the world's most water-based industries, especially in Iran. In this study, the mean livestock f MoreAgricultural water footprint is more than 90 percent of fresh water resources in Iran. About 30 percent of it is used as feed for livestock. The livestock industry is one of the world's most water-based industries, especially in Iran. In this study, the mean livestock feed in the three provinces of Tehran, Alborz and Qazvin were estimated and then, using the Mekonnen and Hokkstra method, the water footprint was calculated. Then these values compared to the average water footprint in other countries (Netherlands, USA, Russia, Mexico, India and the world average). The values of virtual water footprint for producing beef were estimated 44.49, 45.18 and 45.51 m3/kg in milk production were estimated 2.24, 2.25 and 2.43 m3/Lit in Tehran, Alborz and Qazvin provinces respectively. The global average water footprints of beef and milk are 14.4 m3/kg and 1 m3/Lit. This comparision shows that the virtual water footprint in cattle production in Iran is higher than the global average. Based on the results of this study, the high water footprint in animal feed production and poor management of livestock farms are the main reseans of the high water footprint in Animal Production. Reducing water footprint in domestic forage production or forage imports is suggested due to the high contribution of nutrition to the high water footprint of beef and milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Evaluation of the Physicochemical, Rheological, Sensory and Survival Characteristics of Bacteria in Functional Milk Dessert Containing Aloe Vera Gel
shamim barandeh marjaneh sedaghatiIntroduction: This research was carried out with the aim of investigating the possibility of producing functional milk dessert containing aloe vera gel with acceptable physicochemical, rheological and sensory properties. Materials and methods: Aloe vera gel was used at MoreIntroduction: This research was carried out with the aim of investigating the possibility of producing functional milk dessert containing aloe vera gel with acceptable physicochemical, rheological and sensory properties. Materials and methods: Aloe vera gel was used at four levels of 0, 3%, 6% and 9% for the production of milk dessert, and its physicochemical properties (pH, syneresis and viscosity), rheological properties (dynamic oscillation test), the sensory and survival characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria during 20 days of storage were investigated. Results The results showed that the addition of aloe vera gel decreased the pH of milk dessert samples. The maximum stability of milk dessert samples was observed in sample T3 which contained 9% aloe vera gel. The results showed that in all samples, the viscosity increased significantly with increasing aloe vera gel concentration (p<0.05%). The addition of aloe vera gel significantly increased the survival rate of Lactobacillus plantarum in the treatment samples (p<0.05%). In the evaluation of the rheological properties of the milk dessert, it was found that the storage modulus (Gꞌ), viscous modulus (Gꞌꞌ) increased and the complex viscosity (ƞ*) decreased with the increase in aloe vera gel concentration. In the sensory evaluation, it was found that, the highest overall acceptance score belong to the T2 treatment. Conclusion: According to the results, using 6% aloe vera gel in milk dessert reduces the syneresis, increases the viscosity, improves the survival of Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria, and in terms of the sensory properties, it will increase the acceptability among the consumers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Optimization of vegetable ice cream formulation based on almond milk and hazelnut oil
Minoo Ramezani Sara Jafarian Mohammad Ahmadi Leila Roozbeh NasiraieIntroduction: The aim of this study is to optimize the formulation of beneficial ice cream based on almond milk, hazelnut oil and grape juice.Methods: For this purpose, treatment was performed based on the ice cream formulation and based on the highest level of response MoreIntroduction: The aim of this study is to optimize the formulation of beneficial ice cream based on almond milk, hazelnut oil and grape juice.Methods: For this purpose, treatment was performed based on the ice cream formulation and based on the highest level of response. Response variables include; The melting point overrun and overall acceptance. The functional relationship between the parameters affecting the ice cream formulation was determined using the Box Bancon experimental design.results: In this study, the aim of optimization is to achieve the highest percentage of overrun and the highest melting resistance, which is one of the important quality indicators of ice cream in consumer acceptance. Based on the selected models, the optimal formulation selected by the software included 10.57% hazelnut oil, 63.26% almond milk and 25.81% grape juice.Conclusion: The presence of almond milk, grape juice and hazelnut oil in the ice cream formula improved the effective properties such as firmness, increased overrun and melting resistance of ice cream in promoting marketability and product acceptance by consumers. Almond milk increased the volume and decreased the melting point by increasing its viscosity and high protein content. With the addition of grape juice and hazelnut oil, the overall acceptance rate was higher. As a result, these plant compounds with beneficial nutritional and health properties can be used in ice cream formulations and while maintaining the texture and melting properties of ice cream, lead to the production of useful products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Optimization of Functional Cocoa Milk Formulation Containing Inulin, Stevia, Chia Seed Gum and Whey Protein
Sh. Saedi S. Jafarian S. H. Hoseini Ghabous L. Roozbeh NasiraieIntroduction: Cocoa milk is one of the most popular non-fermented dairy products, but due to its high levels of sucrose, it might cause diabetes and tooth decay in children. Due to the fact that today the tendency to consume natural foods is increasing with low calories MoreIntroduction: Cocoa milk is one of the most popular non-fermented dairy products, but due to its high levels of sucrose, it might cause diabetes and tooth decay in children. Due to the fact that today the tendency to consume natural foods is increasing with low calories and high shelf life, therefore, replacing sucrose with other sweeteners, especially natural ones, will be important. In this study, the aim is to optimize and achieve the highest percentage of viscosity and overall acceptance as well as reducing the amount of sedimentation and particle size that is one of the important quality indicators of cocoa milk in consumer acceptance.Materials and Methods: For this purpose, treatment was performed based on cocoa milk formulation and based on the highest level of response. Independent variables included inulin (2 to 8%), chia seed gum (0.1 to 0.5%), stevia (50 to 100%) and whey protein concentrate (1 to 3%) and response variables, consisting of viscosity, particle size, sediment percentage and overall acceptance were considered. The functional relationship between the parameters affecting the cocoa milk formulation was determined using the Box Behnken experimental design.Results: Based on the selected models, the optimal formulation was selected by the software consisted of 99.7% inulin, 70% stevia, 0.346% chia seed gum and 1% whey protein.Conclusion: The presence of inulin, stevia, chia seed gum and whey protein in cocoa milk formula improved the effective properties such as increasing viscosity, reducing sedimentation and cocoa milk particle size in promoting marketability and product acceptance by consumers. Therefore health-promoting in cocoa milk formulation can lead to the production of useful products while maintaining quality and sensory properties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Investigation of heavy metals and important micro nutrients in milk powder and common baby food in Tehran market
Mahdieh Khazai Shiva Dehghan Abkenar Nazanin KhakipourIntroduction: Powdered milk or complementary foods, despite the importance ofbreastfeeding, play an important role in providing baby food in the world. The aim of thisstudy was to measure the amount of heavy metals in baby food. Heavy metals cadmium, lead,and arsenic ca MoreIntroduction: Powdered milk or complementary foods, despite the importance ofbreastfeeding, play an important role in providing baby food in the world. The aim of thisstudy was to measure the amount of heavy metals in baby food. Heavy metals cadmium, lead,and arsenic cause the highest effects in humans, especially in children, and Fe, Mg, Ca, andZn are important micronutrients that, if deficient in nutrients, can have adverse effects onchildren's health.Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 8 baby food samples from 6 commoncommercial products in the market. Sampling was carried out by census method andmeasurement by induced plasma emission ICP-OES methods.Results: The results were reported by descriptive statistics. The results showed that arsenicranged between 2.8 to 8 ppm in all the samples examined that indicated excessiveconcentration of this heavy metal while the trace concentration of cadmium was observed.Lead concentration was in the range of 0.012 to 0.103 ppm. The concentration of iron,calcium, magnesium and zinc in some samples agreed with the standard values while in someindicated lower content.Conclusion: According to the results of this investigation, the amount of arsenic in baby foodsamples is higher than the specified limit. Some attention should be given to those samplesthat contain lower contents of calcium and zinc as noticed by standard values. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - The Effect of Inulin on Properties of Functional Fermented Milk Produced by Native Strains Isolated from Traditional Iranian Yogurt
Faezeh shirkhan Saeed Mirdamadi mahta mirzaei Behrouz Akbari-adergani Nikoo NasoohiIntroduction: The inclination to manufacture beneficial dairy products has increased in recent years, as consumers pay more attention to food products with adequate sensory qualities and health benefits. Materials and Methods: The current study looked first at the anti- MoreIntroduction: The inclination to manufacture beneficial dairy products has increased in recent years, as consumers pay more attention to food products with adequate sensory qualities and health benefits. Materials and Methods: The current study looked first at the anti-diabetic efficacy of milk fermented by Lactobacillus delbrueckii, and Lactobacillus helveticus strains isolated from traditional yogurt as well as co-culture of two-strain based on the inhibitory activity of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes for the production of functional fermented milk. Then, added 1% inulin as an appropriate and applied prebiotic to fermented milk resulting from the combination of two strains and evaluated physicochemical, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, proteolysis rate, and population of bacteria during 19 days at 4°C.Results: The results indicated that milk fermented with two-strain bacterial intercropping had stronger inhibitory activity on alpha-amylase (45%) and alpha-glucosidase (35%) than single strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus helveticus (p<0.05). The addition of inulin increased the inhibitory activity of alpha-amylase (20%) and alpha-glucosidase (33%) at the end of fermentation, respectively. During storage at 4°C, the composition two bacterial strains and inuline significantly increased the population of bacteria, acidity and viscosity and significantly reduced the pH and proteolysis rate of fermented milk. However, there was a decrease in antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Conclusion: The results revealed that both bacterial strains in combination with inulin have the capacity to produce functional food. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - The effect of addition of kombucha drink on physicochemical, Sensory characteristics and Viability of Probiotic Bacteria of fermented milk
A. Shahab Lavasani M. Zandi L. NateghiIntroduction: Nowadays, the selection of probiotics has an important role in the development of the country's food industry and the production of probiotic dairy products is the main indicator of this progress on the other hand, the quality, sensory and viability charac MoreIntroduction: Nowadays, the selection of probiotics has an important role in the development of the country's food industry and the production of probiotic dairy products is the main indicator of this progress on the other hand, the quality, sensory and viability characteristics of probiotics in manufactured products are the main problems of most industrial factories.Material and Methods: the effect of different concentrations of kombucha drink on the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus, bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus Rhamnosus was studied and physicochemical and sensory characteristics of fermented milk were measured during 28 days of storing period at 5±1˚C. Different levels of Kombucha tea 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ml/L were added to probiotic fermented milk containing L. acidophilus, B. bifidum, L. Rhamnosus bacteria (Cfu/ml 107) .Viability rate of probiotic bacteria, pH, percentages of protein, acidity(Dornic), acetic acid, antioxidant compounds were measured during 3, 7, 14 and 28th of storing period at 4 ⸰C. Results: Results showed that higher amounts of kombucha cause higher content of protein, acidity, acetic acid and antioxidant activity. The average amounts of theses parameters were respectivly 0.12,0.02, 15.694 and 0.16. however, pH and viability of probiotic bacteria significantly decreased during the storage period(p<0.05) and average amounts of these parameters were respectively0.79 and 0.046, However, the mentioned indices were higher than the acceptable standard of probiotic products. Conclusion: the addition of kombucha up to 5% could be more effective in improving sensory characteristics. Hence, a treatment containing 5% of kambucha was selected as the best among others. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Investigation of efficiency of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for detoxification of aflatoxin M1 in skim milk using HPLC analysis
mostafa fakhrabadi Amireghbal khajeh rahimi nakisa sohrabi hagh doost AMIRALI Anvar maryam talaIntroduction: Food contamination with aflatoxin is identified as a challenge for health and economics; therefore, global organizations have determined the minimum contamination of different foods. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin mostly found in dairy prod MoreIntroduction: Food contamination with aflatoxin is identified as a challenge for health and economics; therefore, global organizations have determined the minimum contamination of different foods. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin mostly found in dairy products and its removal has remained a challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of anti-aflatoxin of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in contaminated skim milk.Materials and Methods: In order to carry out this project, skim milk was spiked with three concentrations of AFM1 and treated with two levels of bacteria and fungi concentration, alone or mixed, and incubated at 4 and 37 ˚C for different time points (30, 60, 120 min, and 24h). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect the AFM1 in milk.Results: The results showed that the incubation time is a key factor in the removal process of AFM1. Also, the removal of AFM1 was dependent on other factors such as the concentration of microorganisms, incubation temperature, toxin concentration and type of treatment (alone or combination). The ability of these strains to remove AFM1 after 24 hours was shown to be 20-90%. The removal of AFM1 by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (66.8%) as compared to Bifidobacterium bifidum (51.3%), and the combination of probiotics increased their ability to remove the toxins (90%).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that probiotics alone or in combination with each other play an essential role in removing AFM1 from milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Development of Dispersive Solid-phase Extraction Combined with Air-assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for Determination of Sulfonamide Residues in Pasteurized Milk Samples using High Performance Liquid Chromatography
M. Tajallayi A. Haghighat Asiabar M. R. Afshar Mogaddam J. Khandaghi Introduction: One of the significant contaminants in animal-derived foods, such as milk, is antibiotic residues, which put consumers' health at risk. Monitoring the amount of antibiotic residue in milk is crucial in order to alert the nation's health authorities More Introduction: One of the significant contaminants in animal-derived foods, such as milk, is antibiotic residues, which put consumers' health at risk. Monitoring the amount of antibiotic residue in milk is crucial in order to alert the nation's health authorities and in this regard, several researches have been conducted for determination of different antibiotic residues in milk using various traditional and chromatographic methods. In this study, an efficient method for determining the residual levels of some sulfonamides in pasteurized milk was developed and presented. Materials and Methods: After dispersive solid-phase extraction combined with air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction of analytes, the residues of sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfamethazine in the pasteurized milk were determined using HPLC with a diode array detector. Following the evaluation of the effective factors in the extraction and optimizing them, the validation of method was carried out by calculating analytical parameters such as linear range, LOD, LOQ, repeatability, and extraction recovery. Results: In the developed two-step extraction method, satisfactory figures of merit were obtained, therefore the method's linearity was shown with a coefficient of determination higher than 0.995. The limits of detection and measurement were less than 1.2 and 3.2 ng ml-1, respectively, which is less than the MRLs established for these antibiotics in milk. The analysis of real samples showed the presence of sulfamethoxazole in three milk samples in concentrations of 13±0.1, 9±0.2 and 9.6±0.5 ng ml-1 and no other antibiotics were discovered in the examined samples. Conclusion: Overall, the established approach is a sensitive, accurate and reliable method and has high efficiency in determining selected antibiotics in milk samples. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Effects of Nanocoatings Containing Copper on the Microbial and Physical Characteristics of Milk as Compared to Regular Polyethylene Packaging
S. Ebrahimiasl A. Soltani Chapezad A. JavadiIntroduction: The application of using nanotechnology in food packaging is mixing nanoparticles with packaging material to prevent bacterial deterioration and loss of nutriants in order to improve the shelf life. The aim of this study is to extend the shelf life of milk MoreIntroduction: The application of using nanotechnology in food packaging is mixing nanoparticles with packaging material to prevent bacterial deterioration and loss of nutriants in order to improve the shelf life. The aim of this study is to extend the shelf life of milk by the application of the antibacterial polyethylene packaging that consists of copper nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: Nanocomposite film consisted of copper nanoparticles was prepared by using industrial extruder for milk packaging at 4ºC. Microbial stability, pH variation, thermal stability and nanoparticle release at zero, 7 to 45 days of storing and water vapour permability for the nanocomposite were analyzed in triplicate order. Results: Microbial analysis indicated that the growth rate in nanocomposite consisted of copper nanoparticles decreased significantly by 38 days of storage. pH variations and acid production due to milk deterioration indicated the quality during storage. Thermal analysis of milk after 38 days of packaging in nanocopper packaging confirmed the level of deterioration during storage. The amount of copper released in milk was within permitted level (2.1ppb). SEM and TEM images indicated the presence of copper nanoparticles in polymer base and its hemogeneous distribution in polymer matrix. The application of nanoparticle in milk caused an increase in shelf life. The results showed that by increasing the concentrations of copper nanoparticles, moisture absorption of the film is decreased. Conclusion: The results indicated that synthesized copper/polyethylen composite increased the shelf life of milk during storage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Lactic Fermentation of Camel Milk via some of Exopolysaccharide Bacteria Generator and Investigation of the Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of the Resulted Product
M. Ghaforiyan H. Ezzatpanah A. Mohammadi Nafchi M. Tajabadi EbrahimiIntroduction: Due to the problems concerned in urban life and the consequences of noncommunicablediseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer, it is necessary tochange the eating habits as a way to help and slow down the diseases. Camel milk is a healthy MoreIntroduction: Due to the problems concerned in urban life and the consequences of noncommunicablediseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer, it is necessary tochange the eating habits as a way to help and slow down the diseases. Camel milk is a healthyvaluable source that can be presented on the consumers table and can be fermented to extendits shelf life. This research has studied the thermal process of camel milk with producingExololysaccharide bacteria which in addition exhibits antioxidant activity and is effective inimprovement of the sensory characteristics of fermented process.Materials and Methods: Camel milk has been heated at 85°C for 15 minutes and then isimpregnated with Exopolysaccharide bacteria including lactobacillus casei TD4, lactobacilluscasei T20, and lactobacillus plantarum. After incubation periods of first, seventh, fourteenthand twenty first days the physico-chemical characteristics particularly the antioxidant andsensory properties were evaluated.Results: The findings determined that the thermal process apart from the safety increased theshelf life of the product. Strains producing Exopolysaccharide beside the products as theresult of fermentation like lactic acid give the product more acceptability from consumerviewpoint and also have significant role in increasing the antioxidant activity. These productsat refrigerator temperature after 14 days have the highest antioxidant property.Conclusion: This research work indicated that the thermal process did not exhibit significanteffect on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the product. In factfermentation by suitable lactic bacteria makes it valuable due to the increase in the shelf life. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - The Synthesis of a New Biofilm Containing Nano-Starch‚ Nano-Cellulose and Garlic Extract, and Assessment of Its Antimicrobial Activity for Use in Food Packaging
F. Hashamdar Ravari S. A. Yasini ArdakaniIntroduction: Antimicrobial packaging is a new trend among various active packaging strategies with greater research focus in recent years. The concomitant use of nanoparticles and antimicrobial materials in food packaging is a new approach. Therefore, this study aimed MoreIntroduction: Antimicrobial packaging is a new trend among various active packaging strategies with greater research focus in recent years. The concomitant use of nanoparticles and antimicrobial materials in food packaging is a new approach. Therefore, this study aimed at making a biofilm based on nanocomposites containing starch and cellulose nanoparticles in addition to garlic extract, which combines degradability and antimicrobial activity. Materials and Methods: Garlic extract was extracted from fresh raw garlic and nanoparticles of cellulose and starch were synthesized biochemically. Scanning electron microscopy was used for characterization of the nanoparticles of cellulose and starch. By adding a mixture of three above materials to polyethylene polymer, a biofilm was prepared and its antimicrobial activity against two species of bacteria, yeast and mold was evaluated alone and in the presence of milk up to 6 weeks. Data were compared using student t-test. A P value of Results: The biofilm showed its greatest antimicrobial effects on E. coli (With an inhibition diameter of approximately 8.5 cm around the biofilm). Antimicrobial properties of biofilm in the presence of contaminated milk (As the packaging model of milk) were significantly higher in comparison to the control without any biofilm. Conclusion: It is possible to have a suitable antimicrobial biofilm by using nanoparticles of starch, cellulose and garlic extract. The findings of the current study suggest a new approach for food packaging industries toward the use of biodegradable active packagings which ultimately lead to quality improvement, food safety and decrease in the amount of waste. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Antioxidant Effects of Camel Milk in Rats Infected with Salmonella typhimurium
M. Fatemi F. Ghandehari M. AbasiIntroduction: Camel milk has high antioxidant activity because of vitamins, protein anddifferent enzymes and it can play an important role in the reduction of oxidative stress.Furthermore, camel’s milk has a stronger inhibitory effect against bacteria. In this res MoreIntroduction: Camel milk has high antioxidant activity because of vitamins, protein anddifferent enzymes and it can play an important role in the reduction of oxidative stress.Furthermore, camel’s milk has a stronger inhibitory effect against bacteria. In this researchsurvey the protective effect of camel milk against oxidative stress infection caused bySalmonella typhimurium in vivo conditions has been investigated. Salmonella infectionactivated phagocytic inflammatory cells by producing pro- inflammatory cytokines causes therelease of nitrogen and oxygen free radicals which it results in its cellular damage throughlike membranes lipids peroxidation and DNA and protein oxidative.Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats (150±20g) divided into five groups (n=8). Group < br />A: contaminated with Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC14028). Group B: Contaminated withSalmonella typhimurium and treated by camel milk (33ml/kg). Group C: contaminated withSalmonella typhimurium (1.5×108) and treated by camel milk and antibiotic cefixime(400mg/kg). Group D: treatment with camel milk. Group E: Injection control. Aftercompletion of the course, animals became unconscious. The animals decreased and theirintestine, liver, and kidney were separated and the level of enzyme activity like SOD andCAT were checked in the tissues.Results: Statistical analysis showed that the level of activity of enzymes SOD and CATdecreased in the tissues of the infected group to Salmonella typhimurium, and by followingtreatment with camel milk and treatment with camel milk and antibiotics, this reductionincreased to a normal level.Conclusion: Camel milk plays a useful role as antioxidant nutritional supplement againstSalmonella typhimurium in rats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Evaluation of Arsenic Transfer from Soil and Water to Milk of Local Cattle Farms in Two Areas of Qazvin Province
M. Madadi N. MoayedniaIntroduction: Two areas suspected of Arsenic contamination regarding water and soil have been the subject of this investigation regarding raw milk The two selected areas are located at north west and south west of Qazvin province. Totally, 90 samples of water, soil and MoreIntroduction: Two areas suspected of Arsenic contamination regarding water and soil have been the subject of this investigation regarding raw milk The two selected areas are located at north west and south west of Qazvin province. Totally, 90 samples of water, soil and raw milk were collected during winter and summer. Materials and Methods: The samples were prepared and applied to Atomic absorption spectroscopy equipped with graphite furnace and the elements were quantified. Results: The results indicated that 86.6% of the samples were contaminated with Arsenic as compared to the standard limits for this element. The concentrations of Arsenic were 0.011-0.245, 7.662-29.89 and 0.0138-0.102 ppm for water, soil and milk samples respectively. Conclusion: This study has confirmed high concentrations of Arsenic in water and soil for the examined areas. The Arsenic contamination of milk might also be due to geographical location and area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - The Effect of Transglutaminase and Whey Protein Concentrate on Some Physicochemical, Sensory and Microbial Properties of Probiotic Drink Made from Mixture of Cow Milk and Soy Milk
B. Kouhestani R. Pourahmad B. KhorshidpourIntroduction: Acidified milk drinks have low pH with healthy properties. These properties might be expanded and improved by fortification of these products with soy milk, probiotics and Whey Protein Concentrate. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of tran MoreIntroduction: Acidified milk drinks have low pH with healthy properties. These properties might be expanded and improved by fortification of these products with soy milk, probiotics and Whey Protein Concentrate. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of transglutaminase (TG) and Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC) on physicochemical, sensory and microbial properties of functional drink from mixture of cow's milk and soya milk. Materials and Methods: Cow's milk and soya milk with equal proportion were used for producing probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei. Different concentrations of transglutaminase (150, 200 and 250 ppm) and WPC (0.5, 1 and 1.5 % w/w) were added and the viability of probiotic bacteria and physicochemical and sensory properties of the drink samples were studied during three weeks of cold storage. Results: The results showed that the addition of enzyme and WPC increased the viscosity significantly (p˂0.05). Samples containing 1.5% WPC and 200 ppm enzyme and 1.5% WPC and 250 ppm enzyme had the highest acidity and the lowest pH. The highest number of L. casei belonged to the sample containing 0.5% WPC and 150 ppm enzyme. Moreover, this sample had the highest score of overall acceptability during storage. During the storage time, the viability of L. casei and pH decreased significantly (p˂0.05) whereas acidity and viscosity increased significantly (p˂0.05). The population of probiotic bacteria of the samples during storage was more than 106 CFU/ml. Conclusion: The addition of 0.5% WPC and 150 ppm transglutaminase resulted in production of a functional drink with the highest viability of probiotic bacteria and sensory quality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Evaluation of the Chemical and Microbial Characteristics of Pasteurized Yoghurt Drink and Milk Products in Zanjan Province During the Years of 2012 to 2014
A. Mirza Alizadeha J. Tajkey N. Satei A. A. Zamani J. HejaziIntroduction: Dairy products have specific roles in human nutrition due to the high biological values concerned with proteins. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the chemical and microbial characteristics of pasteurized yoghurt drink and milk products that MoreIntroduction: Dairy products have specific roles in human nutrition due to the high biological values concerned with proteins. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the chemical and microbial characteristics of pasteurized yoghurt drink and milk products that were produced in Zanjan province between the years of 2012 and 2014. Materials and Methods: Totally 101 samples of pasteurized milk and 63 samples of pasteurized yoghurt drink were analysed. Sampling and chemical and microbial tests were carried out according to the Iranian National Standard. Results: According to our finding out of thetotal samples of pasteurized milk, in terms of acidity, one sample (0.99%), in terms of milks solid not fat contents, 10 samples (9.9%) and in terms of density 9 samples (8.91%) were not according to the standard. Microbial contaminations were not observed in the samples studied. The yoghurt drink samples were according to standard in terms of acidity and pH and only two samples had solid not fat contents more than the figure defined by the Iranian National Standard. The microbial examination of the yoghurt drink indicated that one sample was contaminated with coliform and five samples showed the presence of mold and yeast. Conclusion: Our findings have indicated that the microbiological loads of pasteurized yoghurt drinks and milk produced in Zanjan province are according to the values defined by Iranian National Standard, however continues supervision and controlling is required for both chemical and microbiological values of these products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Iodine Determination in Raw Cow's Milk in Iran
A. Shakerian -
Open Access Article
33 - Physical Properties of Fermented Milk Tablets
Z. Barzegar M. Jahadi M. A. Hanifpour -
Open Access Article
34 - Blending of Milkfat with Refined Palm Oil and its Fractions: Impact on Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acid Profile
S. Khorsandmanesh M. Gharachorloo M. Bahmaie A. Zand Moghaddam R. Azizinezhad -
Open Access Article
35 - Functional, Sensory and Microbial Properties of Milk Fortified by Bioactive Peptides Derived from Fish Waste Collagen
A. Samimiazad M.R. Ehsani Sh. Shabani -
Open Access Article
36 - Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Massecuit III in Pasteurized Chocolate Milk Formulation
E. Afrasiabi M. Honarvar M. Mizani -
Open Access Article
37 - Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Milk: A Review
E. Kamali Alamdari M. R. Ehsani -
Open Access Article
38 - Characterization of Milk Proteins in Ultrafiltration Permeate and Their Rejection Coefficients
M. Jahadi M. R. Ehsani S. Paidari -
Open Access Article
39 - Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Goat’s Milk Whey Proteins Obtained by Enzymatic Hydrolysis
M. Esmaeilpour M. R. Ehsani M. Aminlari Sh. Shekarforoush E. Hoseini -
Open Access Article
40 - Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Raw Milk of One-Humped Camel from Khur and Biabanak in Isfahan Province of Iran
S. Sanayei M. Jahadi M. Fazel M. Janigorban -
Open Access Article
41 - Production of a New Drink by Using Date Syrup and Milk
F. Raiesi Ardali E. Rahimi S. Tahery M. A. Shariati -
Open Access Article
42 - The Effect of Spray Dryer Atomizer Speed on Casein Micelle Size and Physicochemical Properties of White Cheese
M. Yousefi Jozdani M. Goli S. A. Mortazavi -
Open Access Article
43 - Assessment of the Function of the Health, Safety and Environmental Management System (HSE) in the Dry Milk Factory of Pegah Shahr E Kord with the Balanced Scorecard Approach
Rouhollah Molavi Vardanjani Maryam Rafati Mojgan ZaeimdarBackground and Objectives: Functional evaluation models are the basis for measuring and improving management systems. The purpose of this research was to meet the needs of dry milk factory in Pegah Shahr E Kord to assess the performance of the HSE system in terms of com MoreBackground and Objectives: Functional evaluation models are the basis for measuring and improving management systems. The purpose of this research was to meet the needs of dry milk factory in Pegah Shahr E Kord to assess the performance of the HSE system in terms of compliance considering the company's strategies. Methodology and Materials: In this research, with close investigation on standards and models in the field of performance of the HSE management system, the functional evaluation model of this factory was designed in the framework of a Balanced Scorecard Card (BSC). In this model, four layers of Financial, Customer, Internal business processes and Learning- growth were identified and classified with 14 function evaluation criteria and 43 sub-indicators. Results: The results of the balanced scorecard model showed that the highest and lowest scores among the studied layers were internal processes with an average of 69.28 and learning-growth with an average of 56.66 respectively. Also, the overall average score of the company in all four layers calculated 64.2 out of 100 which, according to a standard score, the scores over 60, reflects the relatively good Function of the organization in the field of HSE management. Conclusion: According to the results, Value Indicators presentable for Customers, Audit and Improvement of HSE Performance Indicators, Policy Development and Strategic goals, organization and provision of resources for HSE management, risk management for HSE, system planning and designing in order to establish the principles of HSE in the organization, are the most important strengths and information sources, also human capital and presentable value to society and government are the most important improvable parts of the HSE system in studied organization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Determine the amount of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc and calcium antagonists of milk and cheese which is produced in Kerman and Sirjan pasteurized milk factory
Amir-Naser Alibeigi Mohammad Malakootian Seyed Alireza MirzahoseiniBackground and Objective: Determine the residual concentrations of heavy metals in milk can be a direct indicator for the definition health status of milk and also is an indirect determiner indicator for degree of environmental pollution. This study aimed to evaluate th MoreBackground and Objective: Determine the residual concentrations of heavy metals in milk can be a direct indicator for the definition health status of milk and also is an indirect determiner indicator for degree of environmental pollution. This study aimed to evaluate the metals including Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ca of pasteurized milk and cheese in two milk factories in Kerman province. Methods: From raw milk, pasteurized milk and cheese of both factories two samples were taken in half a month in the fall and winter. Overall 360 experiments were conducted on 72 samples to determine the levels of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ca by atomic Absorption Spectrometry. All tests are based on instructions of standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater book. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16. Findings: The averages of measured metal concentrations in pasteurized milk of Sirjan factory are: Pb:3.4±2.7µg/L, Cd:0.29±o.o8µg/L, Zn:5.06±0.39mg/L ،Cu:0.60±0.10mg/L, Ca: 1019±73mg/L and the averages metal concentrations of produced cheese in mentioned factory are Pb:53.5±8.5 µg/kg, Cd: 2.08±0.18µg/kg, Cu:1.65±0.18mg/kg, Zn:9.98±0.77mg/kg, Ca:2172±161 mg/kg, respectively. The averages of measured metal concentrations in pasteurized milk of Kerman factory are Pb:3.6±1.9 µg/L, Cd: 0.29±o.o9 µg/L, Zn:4.5±0.54 mg/L, Cu:0.57±0.07mg/L, Ca:1075±47mg/L and the averages metal concentrations of produced cheese in mentioned factory are Pb:56.9±7.0 µg/kg, Cd:3.67±0.4 µg/kg, Cu:1.49±0.13mg/kg, Zn:10.17±0.81mg/kg, Ca:2254±126 mg/kg, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: The amounts of measured metal in the study are as global standards (FAO/WHO and Codex 2007) or some dairy producing countries (Brazil's National Health Surveillance Agency) and will not create a hazard for consumers. Just Lead in cheese is higher than the permissible limit Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Identification of a new lactoferrin-derived peptide isolated from camel milk with potential antimicrobial activity
Elnaz Khajeh Majid Jamshidian Mojaver Mohsen Naeemipour Hamidreza FarzinIntroduction: The increasing microbial resistance to existing antibiotics has increased the interest in novel antimicrobial compounds. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent an attractive alternative to classical antibiotics.Milk contains a lot of proteins, some of whi MoreIntroduction: The increasing microbial resistance to existing antibiotics has increased the interest in novel antimicrobial compounds. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent an attractive alternative to classical antibiotics.Milk contains a lot of proteins, some of which have received a lot of attention, such as lactoferrin, which has antibacterial activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of a lactoferrin-derived peptide isolated from camel milk against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, Acinetobacter baumannii. Materials and methods: In the present study, antibacterial peptides in milk lactoferrin were identified using bioinformatics tools. Trypsin I peptide was synthesized. Then, the toxicity of the peptide on the cell line was investigated by the MTT method. The antibacterial properties of trypsin I was evaluated on four pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and, Streptococcus pyogenes. Results: The results showed that the peptides had no lethal effect on the cell line tested. The MIC results of trypsin peptide for Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and, Streptococcus pyogenes were 7.81, 15.62, 125 and 250, respectively. Conclusion: Antimicrobial peptides have received much attention in recent decades due to their appropriate properties and characteristics such as rapid lethality, a wide range of activity and, also the rare development of cases of drug resistance. According to the observed results of this study, the antibacterial properties of the compounds isolated from this study can be a good alternative to replacement with common antibiotics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Evaluation of cholesterol lowering property of selected herbs in ghee (heat clarified milk fat)
Krupaben M. Shingala Rayan V. Lunagariya Bhavbhuti M. Mehta V.B. Darji K.D. Aparnathi -
Open Access Article
47 - The central effects of silymarin on feeding behavior in broiler chickens and relationship with serotonergic system
Khadijeh Ahmadihesar Ali Mojtahedin Taher Yalchi Shahin HajigahramaniBackground and aim: Silymarin is the effective substance of thistle plant, which causes some physiological effects and improves nutritional behavior. This research was conducted to determine the central effects of silymarin on feeding behavior in broiler chickens and to MoreBackground and aim: Silymarin is the effective substance of thistle plant, which causes some physiological effects and improves nutritional behavior. This research was conducted to determine the central effects of silymarin on feeding behavior in broiler chickens and to find the mechanism of feed intake and to investigate its relationship with the serotonergic system. Materials &Methods: In this research, 30 pieces of broiler chickens cannulated in the brain were used. In the first stage of the research (28 days old), silymarin was injected in the amount of 20 micrograms per kilogram of body weight. After injection, feed and water intake was measured in 30 to 180 minutes. In the second stage of the experiment (34 days), the relationship between silymarin and the serotonergic system was investigated. The treatments included 1- control, 2- methysergide, 3- ketanserin, 4- methysergide + silymarin, and 5- ketanserin + silymarin. Results: In the first stage, in 60 and 180 minutes, silimarin caused a significant decrease in feed intake (P<0.05). In the second stage, the central injection of the combination of silymarin with methysergide caused a significant decrease in feed consumption, while the central injection of the combination of silymarin with ketanserin had no significant effect on feed consumption. Central injection of silymarin had no effect on water intake in broilers. Conclusion: The results showed that although central injection of silymarin decreased feed intake in broilers, it did not affect water consumption. Also, the central injection of the combination of silymarin with methysergide decreased feed intake in broilers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Evaluation of adulterations in raw and pasteurized milk samples, marketed in Birjand, Iran
Mohammad Reza Akbari Ataollah Azhdari Gholam Reza SharifzadehMilk is a valuable food,that contains essential nutrients for the body,but this product is very perishable and has a short shelf life,so various adulterations may be done in it in order to more profit and increase the shelf life and also to covering the signs of spoilag MoreMilk is a valuable food,that contains essential nutrients for the body,but this product is very perishable and has a short shelf life,so various adulterations may be done in it in order to more profit and increase the shelf life and also to covering the signs of spoilage.In this cross-sectional study,totally80samples(64samples of raw milk and16samples of pasteurized milk)were collected randomly from Birjand markets. All samples were tested in the food laboratory of South Khorasan provincial of standard and industrial research service for adulterations such as adding hydrogen peroxide,formalin, sodium hypochlorite,sodium bicarbonate,salt, starch and water to milk and removing the milk fat.Results of this study showed that water was not added to any of raw and pasteurized milk samples.The mean of fat and salt in raw milk samples was significantly higher and lower than the standard limits,respectively(P<0.001).Salt was not found in pasteurized samples. The mean of milk acidity after boiling,compared with before boiling, both in raw and pasteurized milk decreased significantly(P<0.05), but this decline was less than 1˚dornic.The mean of fat and salt in raw milk samples was significantly higher than pasteurized milk samples(P<0.001)but in terms of acidity before and after boiling,significant difference was not observed in raw and pasteurized milk samples(P>0.05).In terms of hydrogen peroxide,formalin,sodium hypochlorite and starch,any adulterations were not found in this study. Fortunately,the results of this research showed that in all samples of raw and pasteurized milk which collected from Birjand none of above mentioned adulterations was done and in this respect all samples were in appropriate conditions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Detection of Listeria Monocytogenes in non-Pasteurized Milk in Kerman City by Phenotypic and Molecular Techniques
Somayeh Farahbakhsh Ashraf KariminikListeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacterium that causes listeriosis in humans and animals and is present in most foods including dairy and milk. Listeria monocytogenes can cause abortion and mastitis in cattle. In humans, as well as infections in pregnant women, MoreListeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacterium that causes listeriosis in humans and animals and is present in most foods including dairy and milk. Listeria monocytogenes can cause abortion and mastitis in cattle. In humans, as well as infections in pregnant women, fetuses, and a newborn baby are seen as meningitis septicemia. Despite these microorganisms in milk can be considered as a health indicator. In this study, 50 samples of raw and unpasteurized milk in the city of Kerman were collected and transferred to the laboratory by observing the cold chain. The culture was performed on a Listeria-specific culture medium and phenotypic identification was performed. For molecular identification, the DNA of bacteria identified by the phenotypic method was extracted using a commercial kit. Listeria monocytogenes was detected by using a special IGF kit to identify this bacterium from the Iranian Gene Fanavaran Company. The PCR product was electrophoresed with 1% gel and specific bands were observed. The results showed that 30 and 27 samples of unpasteurized milk showed contamination against Listeria monocytogenes based on the methods performed, culture, and PCR, respectively. This shows the attention and observance of hygienic conditions during the production and preparation of milk and the necessity of using pasteurized milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Mathematical modeling and solution method of Milkran logistics in Saipa Group's inbound supply chain under consideration of order time windows, return cost of empty pallets and in-vehicle loading restrictions
Masoum Najafian Ali Husseinzadeh Kashan Davood Mohammaditabar ALiakbar AkbariIn the Milkran logistics system, vehicles are sent to collect orders from suppliers and deliver them to ‎assembly lines, according to pre-planned routes. In this way, the vehicle goes to the location of ‎several suppliers to pick up orders and then is sent to on MoreIn the Milkran logistics system, vehicles are sent to collect orders from suppliers and deliver them to ‎assembly lines, according to pre-planned routes. In this way, the vehicle goes to the location of ‎several suppliers to pick up orders and then is sent to one or more destinations for delivery. In this ‎logistics system, cargoes are aggregated within the vehicle and through various nodes in the logistics ‎network. This paper introduces a mixed integer linear programming model for the Milkran logistics ‎problem that takes into account considerations such as three-dimensional loading of the order ‎pallets into vehicles, 50% higher cost for returning empty pallets, order timewindows, and ‎heterogeneous fleets. Given the nature of the problem, an algorithm based on grouping evolutionary ‎strategy is introduced that uses heuristic methods to ensure vehicles’ loading and routing feasibility. ‎The effectiveness of the introduced mathematical model and meta-heuristic algorithm is measured ‎using data collected from Saipa Automotive Group. The computational results show that Milkran ‎Logistics has the ability to reduce costs by 24.5% (on average), compared to the direct shipping ‎strategy pursued by Saipa.‎ Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Evaluation and failure diagnostics of distribution network in a dairy supply chain (Case study: milk distribution company)
Mohammad Amin Khoei Amin JamiliIn today's competitive market, many experts believe that competition has shifted from the level of companies to the competition between their supply chains. Supply chain efficiency depends on several factors. The success of a distribution chain often depends on how the MoreIn today's competitive market, many experts believe that competition has shifted from the level of companies to the competition between their supply chains. Supply chain efficiency depends on several factors. The success of a distribution chain often depends on how the members of the chain perform their tasks in order to achieve common goals. Distributors, as one of the main members and connection between the manufacturer and customers, play a key role in the supply chain management. Besides, they are particular in collecting marketing information, reducing demand uncertainty, and improving customer satisfaction. In the dairy industry, for various reason such as the existence of various sensitivities, including rapid and high corruption rates, the role of supplier is more critical. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate and diagnose the milk distribution network of the dairy industry. In this regard, first using the SCOR model approach at three levels, the milk distribution network is evaluated. Then, the evaluation indicators of the distribution network and the complications of the study distribution network were identified. The most important complication identified in the milk distribution network was the distribution of milk close to their expiration date. In the next step, the causes of milk distribution network complications were identified and categorized, the most important of which, according to the AHP method, is the lack of a proper distribution network monitoring system and human errors in information transmission. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Ceramic Composite Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Selective Absorption of Cloxacillin Antibiotic from Milk
Vahid Mahmoudi Saeid JafariWith the emergence of the industrial age, the growing concern over environmental pollution has been to drug resistance in humans due to the use of antibiotics and their discharge in environment. The aim of this work was to synthesis of a carbon ceramic composite based o MoreWith the emergence of the industrial age, the growing concern over environmental pollution has been to drug resistance in humans due to the use of antibiotics and their discharge in environment. The aim of this work was to synthesis of a carbon ceramic composite based on molecular imprinted polymers (MIP) particles via non-covalent procedure as selective adsorbent for removal of Cloxacillin (CLO) antibiotic from aqueous and biological media (MILK). The effect of operational parameters includes pH (3-10), contact time (1-120 min), MIP (0.1 – 5.0 %wt) and adsorbent dosage (0.1- 2.0 g/L) was studied for optimization of CLO removal condition. The synthesized MIP particles and fabricated carbon composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen absorption/desorption (BET). The results showed that the removal efficiency was highest in neutral conditions and increased as amount of MIP particles increased. The optimum conditions for removal of CLO (94%) were determined at pH = 6.5, 87 minutes as contact time and the 1.6 g/L carbon composite contain 3.1 % wt MIP. The performance of the synthesized composites was evaluated for Cloxacillin removal from the milk sample. The performance of the MIP particles for the Cloxacillin removal of milk samples supplied from livestock showed that these adsorbents can help to effectively reduce the residues of drug contamination in dairy samples. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Milk Enzymes
Mandana Zormand mahnaz hashemi ravanMore than 60 types of endogenous enzymes of milk have been identified in the milk of different species of mammals so far. This study has investigated milk enzymes. Milk clotting enzymes are made from different sources that rennet with animal origin is the most important MoreMore than 60 types of endogenous enzymes of milk have been identified in the milk of different species of mammals so far. This study has investigated milk enzymes. Milk clotting enzymes are made from different sources that rennet with animal origin is the most important and the oldest of all. But due to the reduction of its production, attempt has been made to use microbial, herbal and poultry substituents that such substituents must have acidic protease. There are some proteases in raw milk with low enzymatic activity which don’t play a role in coagulation because they cause B casein hydrolysate to Gama casein. But there are some psychrotroph gram-negative bacteria and some species of pseudomonas, alcaligenes and flavobacterim in raw milk that cause casein hydrolysate to para kappa-casein compounds and coagulation with their proteases. Milk enzymatic coagulation basically depends on the sensitivity of kappa-casein and the presence of calcium. After kappa-casein breaking at the presence of enzyme and disorganization of its structure, the micelles have accumulated and entangled into each other and form curd and coagulation occurs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Investigating the performance of substitute milk in comparison with cow's milk on the health, growth and blood metabolites of Holstein calves.
Akbar Aliverdilo Hadi Mansouri Khah kazem karimi Saeed VashaniThe aim of this experiment, evaluated effects of the use of milk replacer compared to cow's milk on health, weight gain, dry matter consumption and blood metabolites. In this study, 20 male and female calves Holstein (average weight 42 ± 4.2) in a completely rand MoreThe aim of this experiment, evaluated effects of the use of milk replacer compared to cow's milk on health, weight gain, dry matter consumption and blood metabolites. In this study, 20 male and female calves Holstein (average weight 42 ± 4.2) in a completely randomized design were tested. In this experiment two treatments were used, which included a treatment group were tested to milk replacer and received treatment, including two control groups who received cow's milk. Both treatments until day 21 milk cows were fed only with a treatment from day 21 until a lactation milk substitute can be used and treatment 2 (control) after 21 days of taking milk to cow milk were using. The results showed that significant differences in daily gain among treatments were observed, but in terms of numerical treatment 2 slightly higher. Among the amount of blood metabolites in blood globulin calf milk substitute that had consumed significantly higher (0/0099s Pr> F) TNEFA treatment that a successor had consumed milk, close to significant level than the control group was lower (0/087ns Pr> F), other metabolites in blood, a significant difference between treatments did not exist. Between treatments daily dry matter intake was not significant, but the number of calves that had replaced milk consumption was higher. (733 grams compared to 728 grams). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Investigation of Lactoperoxidas enzyme, functional system and its application in industries
Masoomeh Delfani Mahnaz Hashemi RavanThe production of healthy and safe food is considered as one of the most important goals of the food industry, and it is impossible to achieve this without using various processes and preservatives. However, recently, concerns about the use of chemical preservatives hav MoreThe production of healthy and safe food is considered as one of the most important goals of the food industry, and it is impossible to achieve this without using various processes and preservatives. However, recently, concerns about the use of chemical preservatives have increased, so that attention has been focused on the use of minimal or no chemical preservatives in food products. Therefore, researchers and food manufacturers are trying to produce products using natural preservatives such as antimicrobial enzymes. Lactoperoxidase, as an example of antimicrobial enzymes, which is the second most abundant natural enzyme in milk. Lactoperoxidase (LPO) is a member of a large group of mammalian hemoperoxidases, which includes myeloperoxidase (MPO), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), and thyroid peroxidase (TPO). LPO is found in exocrine secretions, including milk. This substance is responsible for inactivating a wide range of microorganisms and is therefore an important component of the body's defense mechanism. With the help of hydrogen peroxide, it catalyzes the oxidation of halides, pseudohalides and organic aromatic molecules. This review deals with various details of this protein from its discovery to understanding its structure, function, applications and positive antimicrobial effects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Features and application of buttermilk in food industry
Morva Hosseiny Rezvan PourahmadIn the food industry, by-products and waste products are produced, some of which have nutrients and functionality, and if they enter the environment, they provide a suitable platform for the growth of microorganisms and environmental pollution, so today we try to avoid MoreIn the food industry, by-products and waste products are produced, some of which have nutrients and functionality, and if they enter the environment, they provide a suitable platform for the growth of microorganisms and environmental pollution, so today we try to avoid these by-products. be usefully used. Milk and dairy products are essential nutrients for humans, one of the industries that use its by-products is the dairy industry. In the production of butter, in the churning stage, buttermilk is prepared, which is considered as a by-product and waste. This liquid substance contains all substances soluble in milk such as proteins, lactose, minerals and substances derived from the membrane of milk fat cells (MFGM). MFGM has bioactive compounds with positive effects on human health such as anti-tumor and lowering blood cholesterol. It also inhibits Helicobacter pylori bacteria and prevents stomach and intestinal infections. This product can be subjected to lactic fermentation by lactic acid bacteria and can be used as a fermented and non-fermented drink, or it can be dried by dryers such as sublimation and spray dryers and used in different food formulations such as cheese, yogurt, and grain-based products. be used Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - survey of ceremony and food habit of Mongol
parisa ghorbannejad Maryam TalebiFood has many meanings in human life. The national and indigenous food of different nations and nations presents their biological and cultural life. Preference for taste, tastes, preparation methods and tools used, customs and food rituals show specific complexities in MoreFood has many meanings in human life. The national and indigenous food of different nations and nations presents their biological and cultural life. Preference for taste, tastes, preparation methods and tools used, customs and food rituals show specific complexities in the context of culture, which reflects the way of thinking and cultural and social traditions of these nations. The purpose of this study is to examine the food and how it is prepared among the Mongol people, and to do so, a descriptive-analytical research method has been used. The results show that there is a significant variation in indigenous food components, food sources and nutritional rituals of the Mongol people, and has been an important source for the sustainability and coherence of the Mogul community. Their main feed was in adaptation to the environment, and with the prosperity of livestock, meat and dairy products, and in beverages, milk was especially fermented. The Moguls avoided eating heavy food, hospitable and hungry. After arriving in Iran, they influenced Iran's food habits and came to eating other than meat and dairy products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Survey of ceremony and food habit of Mongol
پریسا ghFood has many meanings in human life. The national and indigenous food of different nations and nations presents their biological and cultural life. Preference for taste, tastes, preparation methods and tools used, customs and food rituals show specific complexities in MoreFood has many meanings in human life. The national and indigenous food of different nations and nations presents their biological and cultural life. Preference for taste, tastes, preparation methods and tools used, customs and food rituals show specific complexities in the context of culture, which reflects the way of thinking and cultural and social traditions of these nations. The purpose of this study is to examine the food and how it is prepared among the Mongol people, and to do so, a descriptive-analytical research method has been used.The results show that there is a significant variation in indigenous food components, food sources and nutritional rituals of the Mongol people, and has been an important source for the sustainability and coherence of the Mogul community.Their main feed was in adaptation to the environment, and with the prosperity of livestock, meat and dairy products, and in beverages, milk was especially fermented.The Moguls avoided eating heavy food, hospitable and hungry. After arriving in Iran, they influenced Iran's food habits and came to eating other than meat and dairy products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Diversity of Bacillus species isolated from biofilm of raw milk tankers and dairy processing equipments
َA. Ansari S. HanifianBacillus is the dominant genus encloses gram-positive spore-formers that some are considered as a threat to the quality of foods and consumers’ health. This study aimed to explore the occurrence of Bacillus species in raw milk tankers and dairy processing equipmen MoreBacillus is the dominant genus encloses gram-positive spore-formers that some are considered as a threat to the quality of foods and consumers’ health. This study aimed to explore the occurrence of Bacillus species in raw milk tankers and dairy processing equipments as well as to examine the biofilm-forming ability of the isolates. For this reason, a total of 80 samples consisting of 30 samples obtained from raw milk tankers, 30 samples of dairy processing equipments and 20 samples from various surfaces of the production plant was collected. According to the results, 16.66% of the samples obtained from raw milk tankers, 20% of dairy processing equipments and 40% of surface samples were found positive for Bacillus species. Various species of the Bacillus were found; amongst B. cereus with 36% and B. aloe and B. pumilus with 4% occurrence rate, were the most and least abundant species, respectively. Results of biofilm production revealed that 96% of the isolates were capable of producing biofilm. Eventually, it was concluded that conventional CIP procedure is unable to entirely remove the biofilm of Bacillus species from dairy plant surfaces. Hence, there is a need for a new approach to conquer the problem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in bovine bulk milk by Nested-PCR in Gilan province
A. Nourozhaghi Nobijari E. Rahimi A. ShakerianQ fever with Ricketsia factor is a zoonotic disease having a high pathogenicity. In recent years, it is not just considered as the occupational disease of veterinarian and ranchers. Milk consumption plays an important role in epidemic condition and spread of the disease MoreQ fever with Ricketsia factor is a zoonotic disease having a high pathogenicity. In recent years, it is not just considered as the occupational disease of veterinarian and ranchers. Milk consumption plays an important role in epidemic condition and spread of the disease. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in bulk cow milk of Gilan province. In this cross-sectional-descriptive study (from summer 2016 to spring 2017), a total of 204 milk samples was collected from the milk collection bulk of Gilan province and tested for detection of the prevalence rate of C. burnetii using Nested-PCR. From 204 sample of raw milk, 21 samples (10.29%) were positive to C. burnetii presence. The highest rate of contamination was seen in Lahijan (33.3%) and Roodbar (29.4%). The samples collected from Rasht, Talesh, Astaneh and Masal were not found positive for C. burnetii. Examination of the seasonal prevalence of the samples indicated no statistical difference between the different seasons. The results revealed that bulk cow milk could be a potential source of C. burnetii in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Inhibitory effect of native enterococci isolates on some of the foodborne bacterial pathogens
S. Tafkiki S. HanifianEnterococci are among lactic acid bacteria that are homogeneous and are commonly found in raw milk and its products. The purpose of this study was to isolate Enterococcus species from raw milk and traditional milk products in Tabriz region and to study their inhibitory MoreEnterococci are among lactic acid bacteria that are homogeneous and are commonly found in raw milk and its products. The purpose of this study was to isolate Enterococcus species from raw milk and traditional milk products in Tabriz region and to study their inhibitory effect on some of pathogenic bacteria. For this, 105 specimens including 15 samples of each of raw milk, yogurt, cheese, cream, butter, dough, and whey were tested. After isolation and differential identification of the species, 24 isolates were selected based on the sample type and the variety of Enterococcus species. Due to the pathogenic potential of E. faecalis and E. fascism species, they were evaluated for the presence of Esp < /em> and Asa1 genes, respectively. The inhibitory effect of Enterococcus isolates was tested on nine important foodborne pathogens using overlay method. According to the results, nine species of E. fascism, E. faecalis, E. gallinarum, E. avium, E. Benedetti, E. caseliflavus, E. hirae, E. saccharoliticus and E. raffinosus were isolated. All isolates had an inhibitory effect on indicator organisms; however, the inhibitory effect was found different among various species and various strains. E. faecalis and E. fascism species had the most antibacterial effects. The molecular evaluation showed that out of 5 isolates of E. faecalis, 2 isolates contained Esp < /em> gene. In the case of E. faecalis, none of the isolates harbored Asa1 gene. If further experiments are carried out in relation to the proven safety of enterococci, their inhibitory effect on food pathogenic bacteria can be used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Distribution of genes encoding biofilm production in Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk supplied in Tehran
B. Hendijani A. Shakerian E. Rahimi F. SalehzadehStaphylococcus aureus is one of the most important virulence factors in milk and dairy products that may cause of several disease in human. Several virulence factors are involved in its ability to cause disease that one of the most important of them is the ability of th MoreStaphylococcus aureus is one of the most important virulence factors in milk and dairy products that may cause of several disease in human. Several virulence factors are involved in its ability to cause disease that one of the most important of them is the ability of the bacterium to produce biofilm. These bacteria are capable of producing polysaccharides and proteinaceous substances attached to the surfaces that leads to biofilm formation. In this study to assess the presence of S.aureus and distribution of genes encoding biofilm formation in the raw milk from Tehran city, a total of 99 raw milk samples was obtained from 4 big milk plants in the sterile conditions and assessed by conventional microbiological culturing methods and confirmed by PCR assayed. For this, nuc gene was used as the specific target sequence to detect S.aureus to identify the presence of fnbA, clfB, icaA, icaD genes which encode biofilm formation, the specific primers of every gene were exploited. Based on results of microbiological culturing and after confirming them with molecular ways, 4 isolates were detected as s.aureus (4.04%). The genes encoding biofilm formation, fnbA, cltB, & icaD were identified in all 4 isolates (100 %) and only one isolate (25%) contained icaD gene. Because the frequency of biofilm encoding genes separated from raw milk samples of Tehran city is considerable implementing hygienic principles is essential to control and preventing biofilm formation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Antimicrobial activity of Zataria multiflora boiss. essential oil on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk
R. Narenji Sani A. Jebelli javan B. Roozbahan H. Staji H.R. MohammadiEnterotoxin-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus can cause food poisoning through the consumption of contaminated dairy products. Essential oil (EO) of Zataria multiflora Bioss. contains components with antibacterial and antifungal properties. The present study wa MoreEnterotoxin-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus can cause food poisoning through the consumption of contaminated dairy products. Essential oil (EO) of Zataria multiflora Bioss. contains components with antibacterial and antifungal properties. The present study was conducted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Z. multiflora Boiss. EO on S. aureus isolated from raw milk. Extraction and gas isolation of the EO was provided and analyzed by Chromatography/mass spectrometry. A total of 84 samples of raw milk from a dairy farm in Semnan were analyzed for the presence of S. aureus. Fourteen S. aureus strains were isolated from raw milk. The chemical composition of hydrodistilled EO of Z. multiflora Boiss was analyzed by Chromatography/mass spectrometry. A total of 25 compounds representing 98.59% of the oil were identified: carvacrol (50.53%), thymol (14.7%), p-cymene (7.9%), Carvacryl acetate (3.85%) and Trans-caryophyllene (3.4%). The MIC of Z. multiflora Boiss. Using broth microdilution method, MIC of EO on all of the S. aureus isolates was estimated at 0.0001-0.004. Based on results, the EO ofZ. multiflora Boiss possesses antibacterial activity on S. aureus isolated from raw milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Detection of enterotoxin-encoding genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk buffalo in Khuzestan province
Azadeh Moradi Farsani Amir Shakerian Ebrahim Rahimi Hasan MomtazMilk provides an ideal medium for bacterial growth and can be quickly infected with a variety of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major milk-borne pathogens. Considering the importance of S. aureus enterotoxins in milk as one of the main sources of food poi MoreMilk provides an ideal medium for bacterial growth and can be quickly infected with a variety of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major milk-borne pathogens. Considering the importance of S. aureus enterotoxins in milk as one of the main sources of food poisoning, it is necessary to isolate and to investigate various enterotoxins in foods. The present study was an attempt to detect enterotoxin-encoding genes in S. aureus isolates obtained from buffalo raw milk in Khuzestan province. For this, 100 samples of buffalo milk were obtained from milk distribution centers in Khuzestan province in 2016. The samples were evaluated through microbial and molecular assays and the presence of enterotoxin-generating genes in S. aureus isolates. According to the results, 7 samples contained SEA enterotoxin gene, which accounts for the highest number and distribution percentage. Also, two samples had both SEA and SEB, 2 samples had both SEA and SEC enterotoxin genes, and 1 sample had four SEA, SEB, SEC and SEH enterotoxin genes, and two samples included both SEH and SEJ enterotoxins genes, and one sample included the SEJ enterotoxin gene and one sample included both SEH and SEC enterotoxin gene. The relatively high presence of Staphylococcal enterotoxins encoding genes and the potential role of enterotoxin in human food poisoning indicates the significant role of buffalo milk as one of the human infection sources and the necessity of taking measures to prevent primary and secondary milk contamination by this bacterium. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Isolation and enumeration of Bacillus cereus in raw milk distributed in Tabriz, Iran and detection of ces gene among the isolates
Mahdieh Heydarzadeh afshin JavadiBacillus cereus is a gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium which is widely distributed in nature. It also has been known as a major food borne pathogen that often plays a role in the contamination of ready-to-eat and dairy products. It causes two different types of MoreBacillus cereus is a gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium which is widely distributed in nature. It also has been known as a major food borne pathogen that often plays a role in the contamination of ready-to-eat and dairy products. It causes two different types of food poisoning in human: the diarrheal type and the emetic type. The aim of this study was to isolate and enumerate B. cereus in raw milk distributed in the stores of Tabriz city, Iran and to detect ces gene among the isolates. For this purpose, 120 samples of raw milk were randomly selected from the stores during February to June 2017. They were transferred to the Laboratory of food hygiene under sterile conditions in order to isolate, identify and enumerate B. cereus according to the national standard method of Iran and PCR. According to the results of microbial culture, out of 120 samples of raw milk, 13 (10.83%) samples were contaminated with B. cereus and the mean rate of contamination was 2.8 log10/ml. PCR results showed that of 13 positive samples, 12 (92.3%) samples contained ces gene which is responsible for vomiting. The results of this study showed that raw milk has the potential for human intoxication by B. cereus; and the use of procedures to reduce the bacterial contamination during the processing of dairy product is required. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Evaluation of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Performance for Removal of Oxytetracycline from Aqueous and milk
S. Jafari Mohammad Dehghani Elham Ghorashi Navid NasirizadehAmong the growing concerns over recent decades in the field of environmental pollution, is the use of antibiotics increase bacterial resistance to antibiotics used in human body. The aim of this research was to synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) particles MoreAmong the growing concerns over recent decades in the field of environmental pollution, is the use of antibiotics increase bacterial resistance to antibiotics used in human body. The aim of this research was to synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) particles for the Oxytetracycline (OTC) antibiotic removal from the aqueous and milk. The influence of different parameters such as pH (2-10), contact time (5-120 min) and MIP amounts (0.1 – 1.0 g/L) was studied on optimization of OTC removal. The synthesized MIP particles was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and absorption and desorption of nitrogen (BET). The results showed that the removal efficiency is higher in neutral pH and with increasing amounts of MIP particle, removal efficiency increases. The best condition for OTC removal was determined at pH, 6.5, 90 min and 280 mg/g as maximum absorption capacity. The MIP performance for OTC removal from milk was investigated too. The performance of MIP polymer particles in OTC removal in milk samples supplied from an animal husbandry in Yazd showed that these adsorbents can help to effectively reduce the residues of drug contaminants in dairy samples. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Effect of season and farming system on aflatoxin M1 content and raw milk quality
M. Jalili F. KianiThe quality of raw milk plays an important role in the quality of dairy products. The current study was aimed to investigate the effect of season and farming system on aflatoxin M1 content and raw milk quality. For this reason, 600 samples were collected from 5 industri MoreThe quality of raw milk plays an important role in the quality of dairy products. The current study was aimed to investigate the effect of season and farming system on aflatoxin M1 content and raw milk quality. For this reason, 600 samples were collected from 5 industrial farms and 5 milk collection centers of Khorramabad city during the summer and winter of 2017 (300 samples in each season). The contamination level of aflatoxin M1 was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 40 samples (4 samples from each farm). All samples were investigated in terms of acidity, density, protein, water percent, protein, fat and total bacterial count. The results showed the aflatoxin M1 in 5 samples (12.5%), was higher than the permitted level of National Standard (50 ng / ml). The amount of fat, protein, and density of samples collected in the winter was higher than those collected in the summer (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the aflatoxin M1 level in milk samples of industrial farms and milk collection centers. Moreover, the total bacterial count of 93% and 100% of the samples collected during summer and winter has exceeded the permissible limit specified in the National Standard, respectively, It could be concluded that in order to reduce the microbial load of raw milk, appropriate methods should be applied and the livestock breeders should be provided with the necessary training on how to milk and feed the animal. Moreover, the raw milk delivered to dairy factories should also be considered for aflatoxin M1. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Waterborne and foodborne zoonotic protozoa, an unknown threat as a biological agent in bioterrorism
N. Hajipour J. GharekhaniSome zoonotic protozoa can be easily transmitted through food and water and cause serious illnesses in humans and animals. Because these pathogenic agents have some characteristics of an effective biological agent such as latent period, low infectious doses, high resist MoreSome zoonotic protozoa can be easily transmitted through food and water and cause serious illnesses in humans and animals. Because these pathogenic agents have some characteristics of an effective biological agent such as latent period, low infectious doses, high resistance to disinfectants, they can play a role as an unknown biological agent in bioterrorism. Considering the increasing threats of bioterrorism, biological agents and their use by some colonial countries, it is necessary to identify and recognize these unknown agents and ways to prevent them. Based on a systematic study some keywords such as” bioterrorism”, “biologic”, and “protozoa zoonosis”, parasite” and names of some waterborne and foodborne parasites were searched in reliable information databases and then the related topics were studied carefully. The results of this study show that in addition to bacteria, viruses and their toxins, zoonotic protozoa such as Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Toxoplasma gondii which can be transmitted through food and water, can act as biologically hazardous agents in bioterrorism. Because these zoonotic protozoa are resistant to some disinfectants, for example, chlorine and low temperatures, so the only way to deal with these biological agents at times of crisis is to boil the water for 10-15 min at 60 ° C as well as to cook completely those food materials with the probability of contamination. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - The frequency of aflatoxin M1 detected by ELISA and high performance liquid chromatography in raw and pasteurized milk in the northern province of Kerman
S. Sadeghi H.R. Gheisary S. Basiri H. Rashidi S.S. ShekarforoushThe aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is present in the milk of livestock fed on contaminated feed. This study was conducted based on the fact that milk is one of the main sources of aflatoxin contamination in human. In order to record the frequency of AFM1, a total of 207 milk sampl MoreThe aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is present in the milk of livestock fed on contaminated feed. This study was conducted based on the fact that milk is one of the main sources of aflatoxin contamination in human. In order to record the frequency of AFM1, a total of 207 milk samples, including 153 raw milk samples from 12 different regions of Kerman province and 54 pasteurized milk samples produced in 10 dairy factories in Kerman province was checked by Elisa. Results showed that the concentration of AFM1 in 41.2% of raw and 35.2% of the pasteurized samples was above the maximum acceptable level (100 ng/L) approved by the National Institute of Standard, Iran. The amount of AFM1 in pasteurized milk was significantly lower than that in the raw milk. In order to confirm the results of ELISA, 24 samples of raw milk and 2 samples of pasteurized milk were also evaluated by HPLC, from which, four positive and five negative samples were finally confirmed. Although there was no significant correlation between the number of positive and negative samples in both methods, the concentration of AFM1 was significantly correlated. The sensitivity and the specificity of the ELISA test was respectively 100% and 25%. Since the concentration of aflatoxin was higher than the accepted level, a proper strategy of feeding management of the dairy farms in the province is suggested. In spite of the fact that ELISA is a suitable method for screening of AFM1, using a method with higher specificity is also recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Determination of Aflatoxin M1 level in raw milk of East Mazandaran retails (Short Comunication)
l. Golestan kh. rahimiMycotoxin contamination of foodstuff and its transmission to consumers are extremely important from the public health point of view. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hepatocarcinogenic toxin found in the milk of animals that have consumed feeds contaminated with aflatoxin B1. T MoreMycotoxin contamination of foodstuff and its transmission to consumers are extremely important from the public health point of view. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hepatocarcinogenic toxin found in the milk of animals that have consumed feeds contaminated with aflatoxin B1. The aim of this study was to determine the level of AFM1 in raw milk at traditional dairy retails of the east of Mazandaran province. A total of 80 cow raw milk samples was randomly collected from retails of 10 cities of Mazandaran during March 2015. The level of AFM1 was measured by ELISA assay using commercial kits and a microplate reader. All raw milk samples contained measurable amounts of AFM1. The results showed that 6.25% of the total samples had higher concentrations permitted by the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran; moreover, 17.5% of the samples were contaminated with higher concentrations of AFM1 than the maximum allowed limit set by the European Commission. Results revealed any significant relationship in the AFM1 concentrations between the sampling cities. According to the outcomes, it can be concluded that adequate control measures at the farm level may have resulted in reduced concentrations of AFM1 in raw milk of Mazandaran province; however, frequent monitoring is crucial. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Study of chemical and microbial characteristics of camel raw milk and identification of dominant flora of lactic acid bacteria by PCR method in Semnan
M. Parsaeimehr h. staji A. jebelli javan F. Arab A. Salimi A. Faraki M. KanaaniCamel milk is considered as the most important sources of nutrition in terms of protein, vitamins and minerals, which is important for health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical properties, microbial profile and the presence of lactic acid bacteria in ca MoreCamel milk is considered as the most important sources of nutrition in terms of protein, vitamins and minerals, which is important for health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical properties, microbial profile and the presence of lactic acid bacteria in camel milk. In this study, 24 samples of camel milk from Semnan's livestock farms were collected randomly in a month and were taken to the Food Health Laboratory under aseptic condition and then analyzed for chemical and microbial characterization. The percentage of protein, pH and fat percentage are in the range of 1 to 3 percent, 6 to 6.6 and 2 to 3.5 percent respectively. The average logarithm number of aerobic bacteria, enterococcus, micrococcus, aerobic and anaerobic lactic acid bacteria and mold and yeast were 6.08± 0/06, 3/66± .072, 4.14± 0.06, 5/24± 0.42, 5.18± 0.35, 3/84± 1.15 log cfu g-1, respectively. It should be noted that coliform and Enterobacteriaceae were not isolated from any of the camel milk samples. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 2.78 to 4.49 cfu log g-1. In addition, identification of isolates of lactic acid bacteria was performed by sequencing of 16s rDNA. Accordingly, the isolates belong to Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus pasturianus, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. The results of this study showed the microbial diversity in camel milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Effect of cold atmospheric plasma on growth and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mastitic bovine milk
F. Jahandideh J. Shayegh S. HosseinzadehStaphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogenic bacteria in the dairy products industry that is capable of biofilm formation. Biofilm formation by these bacteria has been led to resistance to antimicrobial agents. Inactivation of microorganisms using cold MoreStaphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogenic bacteria in the dairy products industry that is capable of biofilm formation. Biofilm formation by these bacteria has been led to resistance to antimicrobial agents. Inactivation of microorganisms using cold atmospheric plasma is one of the new approaches in the food industry. In this study, to evaluate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effect of cold atmospheric plasma, a dielectric barrier discharge system was used. Twenty isolates of S. aureus from clinical bovine mastitis milk were exposed to plasma from 5 to 20 Sec and their antibacterial activity was estimated by recording the growth zone of inhibition. Plasma treatment was performed punctually for 5 Sec to assess the possible effects of plasma treatment on bacterial biofilm-formation activity after 24 h. The results show that a remarkable reduction in the growth of bacteria by increasing the flow of plasma. Moreover, statistical analysis of the ELISA reader results showed that the exposure of the isolates to plasma, significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the biofilm formation. These results suggest that plasma can be a suitable alternative method for thermal sterilization techniques. However, its application requires further studies to determine the severity and duration of exposure of microorganisms to plasma. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Study of the Seasonal and Geographical Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in milk of ruminants by nested-PCR
M. Alipour Amroabadi E. Rahimi A. ShakerianToxoplasmosis is one of the most dangerous common protozoan diseases between humans and animals that infect humans in various ways. Contact with the infected animal, consuming contaminated food, and transmitting from mother to fetus is the most important means of transm MoreToxoplasmosis is one of the most dangerous common protozoan diseases between humans and animals that infect humans in various ways. Contact with the infected animal, consuming contaminated food, and transmitting from mother to fetus is the most important means of transmission. Based on the recorded data, this study is the first report of Toxoplasma gondii in buffalo and camel milk in some parts of Iran. For this purpose, 440 raw milk samples of 5 species of animals were collected from Isfahan, Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, Khuzestan, and Fars provinces during four seasons and studied for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii by nested-PCR. The results showed that 26 (5.9%) of the samples were infected with Toxoplasma gondii. The highest infection was observed in sheep milk (8%) and the lowest in buffalo milk (4.28%). The seasonal prevalence of infection was in winter (11.43%), autumn (6.8%), and spring (5.03%), while none of the samples obtained in summer the parasite was not infected. Contamination of raw milk and traditional dairy products with Toxoplasma gondii can either occur directly from infected animals or as a result of non-compliance with the principles of hygiene during the process of milking, transportation, storage, and cross-contamination. Therefore, proper pre-consumption of milk is recommended. TRANSLATE with x English Arabic Hebrew Polish Bulgarian Hindi Portuguese Catalan Hmong Daw Romanian Chinese Simplified Hungarian Russian Chinese Traditional Indonesian Slovak Czech Italian Slovenian Danish Japanese Spanish Dutch Klingon Swedish English Korean Thai Estonian Latvian Turkish Finnish Lithuanian Ukrainian French Malay Urdu German Maltese Vietnamese Greek Norwegian Welsh Haitian Creole Persian // TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW Back EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster Portal Back //TRANSLATE with xEnglishArabicHebrewPolishBulgarianHindiPortugueseCatalanHmong DawRomanianChinese SimplifiedHungarianRussianChinese TraditionalIndonesianSlovakCzechItalianSlovenianDanishJapaneseSpanishDutchKlingonSwedishEnglishKoreanThaiEstonianLatvianTurkishFinnishLithuanianUkrainianFrenchMalayUrduGermanMalteseVietnameseGreekNorwegianWelshHaitian CreolePersian // TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW BackEMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster PortalBack// Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Identification of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in raw and pasteurized milk samples using culture, IS900 PCR and IS900 nested PCR methods
M. SoltaniMycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne’s disease, is a very slow-growing bacterium that imposes heavy costs on livestock-related industries. Due to the similar clinical and pathological symptoms in Johne& MoreMycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne’s disease, is a very slow-growing bacterium that imposes heavy costs on livestock-related industries. Due to the similar clinical and pathological symptoms in Johne’s and Crohn’s diseases, MAP is likely to play a role in the development and progression of Crohn’s disease. Hence, the possibility of transferring MAP through milk has created many concerns. To investigate the status of MAP contamination in raw and pasteurized milk samples in Kerman province, three diagnostic methods, including culture, IS900 PCR, and IS900 nested PCR was used. The results showed that the level of contamination with MAP in raw milk was relatively high in the studied herds. Based on culture, PCR, and nested PCR assays, 4.38%, 9.16%, and 13.55% were found positive, respectively. In pasteurized milk samples, 1.12%, 3.93%, and 6.18% were found positive for MAP by culture, PCR, and nested PCR, respectively. Comparing the methods used in this study demonstrated the best capability of nested PCR to detect MAP contamination. High levels of MAP contamination in raw milk on the one hand and relatively high resistance to thermal treatments, along with its intracellular characteristics, cause more survival of this bacterium, especially in the milk pasteurization process. Therefore, food hygiene researchers should pay more attention to the public health hazard caused by this bacterium. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Determination of tylosin, gentamicin, and neomycin residues in distributed milk and ice-cream in Tehran by HPLC method in 2019
A. Khatami M.H. MovassaghImproper use of antibiotics, and the subsequent residues in raw animal products such as milk, can directly or indirectly cause health problems in human communities such as allergic reactions and reduce the effectiveness of antibiotic treatments. The aim of the present s MoreImproper use of antibiotics, and the subsequent residues in raw animal products such as milk, can directly or indirectly cause health problems in human communities such as allergic reactions and reduce the effectiveness of antibiotic treatments. The aim of the present study was to determine the residual levels of tylosin, gentamicin, and neomycin in milk and ice cream distributed across Tehran. A total of 125 samples, including raw milk, pasteurized and sterilized milk, traditional and pasteurized ice cream. The samples were randomly obtained from retail centers in Tehran from July to September 2019. The residual levels of tylosin, gentamicin, and neomycin were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Of the samples, tylosin, gentamicin, and neomycin were detected in 94.4%, 92.2%, and 96.6%, respectively. The highest tylosin residues in raw milk and ice cream samples was 26.72 ± 1.55 and 26.01 ± 1.55 μg/l, respectively. The highest gentamicin residues in raw milk and ice cream samples were 28.15 ± 1.29 and 28.8 ± 1.29 μg/l, respectively. The highest neomycin residues in raw milk and traditional ice cream samples were 33.46 ± 1.95 and 34.7 ±1.95 μg/l, respectively. According to the Iranian National Standard, in all tested samples the residual antibiotics were below the standard approval limit. Since most samples contained antibiotic residues, continuous monitoring of milk samples for antibiotic residues is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Contamination rate of Brucella in raw sheep milk and the effects of cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus on its biofilm production
M. Parandakhteh M. Neyriz NaghadehiBrucellosis is one of the most important zoonotic bacterial diseases in humans and vertebrate animals. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and their production compounds have been proposed as potential biocontrol agents in biofilm formation. The present research aimed to determi MoreBrucellosis is one of the most important zoonotic bacterial diseases in humans and vertebrate animals. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and their production compounds have been proposed as potential biocontrol agents in biofilm formation. The present research aimed to determine the effects of cell-free supernatant (CFS) from Lactobacillus acidophilus on the biofilm production of Brucella isolates from raw sheep milk of Mahabad city (Iran). In this study, 100 sheep milk samples were randomly collected from different urban and rural areas of Mahabad. To isolate Brucella, the samples were cultured in Brucella broth and then streaked on Brucella agar with the selective supplement, and to identify the species of Brucella, related metabolic tests were performed. The biofilm production capability of the isolates, as well as the antibiofilm activity of the CFS, were evaluated by the microplate assay method. The results showed that out of 100 milk samples, 3 samples (3%) are contaminated with Brucella melitensis. Also, all three isolates were biofilm-formers. Two isolates were recognized as moderate and one isolate as a strong biofilm-former. Different concentrations of CFS reduced the biofilm production of isolates significantly (P˂ 0.01). Also, the concentration of 10% of CSF showed the highest antibiofilm activity. From the findings, it can be concluded that Brucella contamination in raw sheep milk in the Mahabad region is relatively high. There is a need for a full performance of Brucellosis screening and vaccination programs in livestock herds of the region. It can also be concluded that the CFS of L. acidophilus can remove Brucella biofilm. Therefore, L. acidophilus CFS as an antibiofilm compound can be proposed to control the growth of Brucella. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Study on the overview on foodborne bacteria in foodstuffs with animal origin in Iran; Part one: milk and dairy products
S.S Shekarforoush گیتی Karim S.M Razavi Rohani S.M.M Kiaie نوردهر Rokni مریم Abbasvali In this study contamination of milk and dairy products with pathogenic bacteria in Iran has been reviewed. There are many surveys in some cases, while there is no information about some pathogenic bacteria in milk or very few data is available. It should be More In this study contamination of milk and dairy products with pathogenic bacteria in Iran has been reviewed. There are many surveys in some cases, while there is no information about some pathogenic bacteria in milk or very few data is available. It should be point out that the results come from the cross sectional surveys are needed for further epidemiological and experimental studies. In general the contamination of milk and dairy products has decreased in the course of time as the production methods and producer’s knowledge increased. On the other hand application of new and precise methods of detection and investigation of bacteria lead to excess detection of pathogenic microorganisms in milk. Therefore regular continuation of cross sectional studies along with using precise and sensitive methods of sampling and analysis of bacteria are necessitated. Besides making available of needed data about the contamination of milk and milk products with pathogenic bacteria, this information make enable to adopt the effective preventive precautions for elimination or reduction of contamination. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Distribution of genes encoding biofilm production in S. aureus isolated from raw milk in Kurdistan
مهسا Shojaei هیوا Karimi Darehabi جوادی javadi Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bovine mastitis. Several virulence factors are involved in mastitis. One of the important virulence factors is the ability of the bacterium to produce biofilms. These bacteria are capable of producing polysaccharide More Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bovine mastitis. Several virulence factors are involved in mastitis. One of the important virulence factors is the ability of the bacterium to produce biofilms. These bacteria are capable of producing polysaccharides and proteinaceous substances attached to the surfaces, leads to biofilm formation. In this study, a total of 120 raw milk samples was obtained from Kurdistan province and analyzed for the presence of S. aureus. The presence of S. aureus was assessed by conventional culture method and confirmed by PCR assay. For this, nuc gene was exploited as the specific target sequence to detect S. aureus. Moreover, Multiplex PCR was used to identify the presence of clfaB, fnbA, icaD and icaA genes which encode biofilm formation. Based on results, S. aureus was found in 49 (40.83%) of the samples. The frequency of each of the genes was determined as 69.38%, 32.6%, 38.77%, and 59.18 for fnbA, clfaB, icaD and icaA, respectively. Results revealed a high contamination rate of raw milks with S. aureus, and the ability of the isolates to form biofilms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Comparison of culture and PCR methods for detection of Mycobacteriumavium subsp. paratuberculosis in raw milk of apparently healthy cattle
یونس AnzabiMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiological agent for Johne’s disease which is known as chronic disease in cattle and may attribute to Crohn’s disease in human. High prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis has been report MoreMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiological agent for Johne’s disease which is known as chronic disease in cattle and may attribute to Crohn’s disease in human. High prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis has been reported in dairy cattle worldwide. Recognition of infected animals is a major factor to control the spread of the organism. In this regard, detection of the bacterium in milk of clinically suspicious and apparently healthy cows is the best way to control the infection. Although isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by culture assay is considered as the gold standard, PCR method helps us to recognize the occurrence of slow-growing microorganisms in a short period of time with high sensitivity. In this survey, a total number of 160 cow milk was sampled and cream layer together with the pellet of each sample was tested by PCR and culture technique. Using Kappa statistics it was revealed an almost perfectagreement between culture and PCR assay with a product size of 400 bp; however, the agreement between culture and PCR with product size of 228 bp was found substantial. Results showed a substantial agreement between PCR with product sizes of 400 bp and 228 bp. Comparing the agreement between the two PCR approaches with culture assay as gold standard test, it was assumed that PCR could be a robust and rapid method to detect Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk. Consequently, PCR can be introduced as a screening test for detection of the bacterium in cow milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Molds contamination of raw milk and dairy products: Occurrence, diversity and contamination source
طاهره Moshtaghi Maleki شهرام HanifianThis study aimed to assess the occurrence and diversity of mold species in raw milk and its products along with the identification of potential contamination sources. For this reason, a total of 260 samples consisting of 80 raw milk, 100 dairy products (i.e., pasteurize MoreThis study aimed to assess the occurrence and diversity of mold species in raw milk and its products along with the identification of potential contamination sources. For this reason, a total of 260 samples consisting of 80 raw milk, 100 dairy products (i.e., pasteurized milk, yoghurt, cheese and buttermilk) and 80 environmental (i.e. ingredients, packaging materials, surface of processing equipments and air) specimens were collected. Using culture assay and microscopic observation, the occurrence as well as the diversity of mold species was investigated. According to the results, 82.3% of the samples were identified as positive for mold contamination. The percentage of mold contamination for raw milk was estimated as 97.5%. In the case of pasteurized milk, yoghurt, buttermilk, cheese and environmental samples, it was determined as 52%, 76%, 52%, 56% and 96.25%, respectively. Mold diversity among various samples consisted of Aspergillus, Geotrichum, Penicillium, Mucor, Alternaria, Rhizopus, Stemphylium, Cladosporium, and Fusarium. Results revealed a significant (p < 0.01) correlation between kind of mold species isolated from raw milk and dairy products. Similarly, a correlation was observed between dairy products and environmental sources. Regarding the high occurrence of mold contamination in raw milk and environmental sources, it seems that in some instances heat treatment was not effective enough to inactivate all molds; whereas in some other cases, cross contamination may have resulted in mold contamination. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain hygienic conditions during raw milk handling as well as processing steps. These practices could efficiently reduce the occurrence of mold contaminations in dairy products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Effect of dextrose, valine, glycine and thiamine on growth rate of Lactobacillus acidophillus incubated at various temperatures
A.R Monadi SefidanIn numerous studies the beneficial impacts of probiotics on human health have been documented. Hence, there is a strong trend for the production of such foods and dairy products in particular, by many of the food processing establishments. In this regard, one of the maj MoreIn numerous studies the beneficial impacts of probiotics on human health have been documented. Hence, there is a strong trend for the production of such foods and dairy products in particular, by many of the food processing establishments. In this regard, one of the major perequisites is to recognize the optimum conditions affecting the growth of probiotic organisms. This study aimed to investigate the impact of various concentrations of dextrose, valine, glycine and thiamine as well as different incubation temperatures on growth rate of Lactobacillus acidophillus in steril milk. In order to locate the ideal temperature, L. acidophillus was incubated at 38 °C, 40 °C, 42 °C and 44 °C. Moreover, thiamine (0, 5, 10 and 15 ppm), dextrose (0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1%), glycine and valine (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 ppm) was added to steril milk. The acidity of milk-as an indication of bacterial activity-was measured periodically during 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h of incubation. In comparison with the other temperatures, the activity of L. acidophillus was found significantly (P < 0.05) higher at 42 °C. According to the results, addition of dextrose, valine, glycine did not accelerate the production of acidic components; however, it seems that these substances could enhance the potency of L. acidophillus to produce gas and proteolytic enzymes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Isolation, identification and biotyping of virulent Yersinia enterocolitica from pasteurized milk
شهرام HanifianIn order to investigate the presence of virulent Yersinia enterocolitica in pasteurized milk, 242 samples were collected from Tabriz retails from 2011 to 2012. The samples were enriched in PSBB. Afterwards, virF and ail genes were exploited as target sequences for the d MoreIn order to investigate the presence of virulent Yersinia enterocolitica in pasteurized milk, 242 samples were collected from Tabriz retails from 2011 to 2012. The samples were enriched in PSBB. Afterwards, virF and ail genes were exploited as target sequences for the detection of virulent Y. enterocolitica. PCR-positive samples were cultured on CIN agar and MacConkey agar. The selected isolates were confirmed by second-phase duplex PCR. For the biotyping of Y. enterocolitica, certain biochemical tests were performed on the isolate. The pasteurized milk samples were further analyzed for the enumeration of hygiene indicator bacteria and qualitative alkaline phosphatase (ALP) test. Virulent Y. enterocolitica were detected in 6.61% (16/242) of samples by ail-PCR, however, using virF-PCR 4.13% (10/242) of the samples were identified as positive. Among PCR-positive samples only 0.41% (1/242) were isolated by culture method and confirmed by second-phase duplex-PCR. Based on the biochemical assays, the isolated Y. enterocolitica was identified as biotype 4. Furthermore, 11.57% (28/242) of the samples were found positive for alkaline phosphatase test. The results revealed that the number of hygiene indicator bacteria in ALP-positive samples was significantly (p<0.01) higher than ALP-negative samples. Since Y. enterocolitica is very susceptible to pasteurization process, cross contamination could be the main reason for the presence of virulent Y. enterocolitica in the pasteurized milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Antibiotic residue contamination in milk during last forty years in Iran
گیتی Karim S.M.M Kiaei نوردهر Rokni S.M Razavi RouhaniAntibiotics belong to a category of drugs called “antimicrobials,” and include medicines like penicillin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin. These drugs are used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria without causing significant harm to the host (such as a hu MoreAntibiotics belong to a category of drugs called “antimicrobials,” and include medicines like penicillin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin. These drugs are used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria without causing significant harm to the host (such as a human or an animal). When humans and animals are injected or introduced with antibiotics, the drugs accumulate in the body. These accumulated drugs are called antibiotic residue. Antibiotic residue is detectible in the blood, muscle tissue and body fluids, like milk which can be harmful for consumer’s health as well as dairy industries. The first study was carried out in 1962 in Iran. The results show an increasing trend of antibiotics residue in milk over four decades in the country. It seems that an effective strategy to involve different dimensions of the matter that is government authorized body, farmers and dairy industries for solving the problem is necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Polymorphism of coagulase gene in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from buffaloe milk
جلال Shayegh A.R MonadiThe aim of this study was to analyze the coA gene on Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected from milks of native buffaloes in north-west of Iran. For this purpose, seventy five S. aureus isolates were examined by PCR-RFLP. Amplification of coA gene revealed various am MoreThe aim of this study was to analyze the coA gene on Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected from milks of native buffaloes in north-west of Iran. For this purpose, seventy five S. aureus isolates were examined by PCR-RFLP. Amplification of coA gene revealed various amplicons with a sizes of approximately 600, 700, 760 and 850 bp in 12, 25, 29 and 9 of the isolates, respectively. AluI digestion of the amplicons demonstrated that the isolates had the same PCR band size in the same PCR-RFLP patterns. The result of coA gen analysis was similar to the isolates from cattle milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in raw milks of Saqez
M.T Farajpour M.H Sadeghi zali مهدی GhiamiradStaphylococcus aureus is considered as a major foodborne pathogen worldwide which can contaminate milk either through mastitis or unsuitable processing conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus in raw milk of Saqez as well as to asse MoreStaphylococcus aureus is considered as a major foodborne pathogen worldwide which can contaminate milk either through mastitis or unsuitable processing conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus in raw milk of Saqez as well as to assess the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolates. For this reason, 100 raw milk samples were obtained across Saqez. Presence of S. aureus was determined using conventional culture method; moreover, the antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates was studied by disc diffusion method. Results indicated that 51 samples were contaminated by S. aureus. Amongst, 19 (37.25%) were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic, 19 (37.25%) to 2 antibiotics, 3 (5.88%) to 3 antibiotics, 5 (9.80%) to 4 antibiotics, 3 (5.88%) to 5 antibiotics, 1 (1.98%) to 6 antibiotic and 1 (1.98%) isolate was found resistant to 8 antibiotics. Results revealed a high prevalence rate of S. aureus in raw milks and also the board antibiotic resistance of the isolates Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Assessment of Lead and cadmium contamination and influencing factors in raw milk from regions of Hamadan province
علیاصغر Vahidinia ایرج Salehi هادی Beyginegad جلال Pourtaghi زهرا nazari M.R MoradiRegarding the significance of harmful effects of heavy metals in human diet, this study aimed to investigate the concentrations of lead and cadmium in raw milk samples. To achieve this goal, a total number of 48 samples was collected from various regions of Hamadan  MoreRegarding the significance of harmful effects of heavy metals in human diet, this study aimed to investigate the concentrations of lead and cadmium in raw milk samples. To achieve this goal, a total number of 48 samples was collected from various regions of Hamadan province during April 2011. The samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. According to the results, the mean concentrations of lead and cadmium estimated at 4.48 and 3.21µg/kg, respectively which were below the approved level determined by WHO as well as FAO. Although, concentrations of Pb and Cd among the various sampling regions revealed a significant (p<0.01) difference, a correlation was not observed between heavy metal concentrations and influencing factors such as density of cars, industrial plants as well as human populations in each region. Results showed that Pb and Cd concentrations were higher in the area where metal mines were located. It seems that the elements could enter the animal’s body via the contaminated feed and water. Due to the importance of this issue, complementary investigations are necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Investigation of some additive residues in bulk raw milk collected from Pakdasht area in 2009
طناز Moosavi مجتبی Salehi M.M Sadegh لیلا MohammadyarMilk is one of the most important sources of human nutrition and because of high nutrient content; it is a very suitable medium for microbial growth and spoilage. Sometimes farmers cheat and add some additives to milk in order to cover the spoilage or other defects in m MoreMilk is one of the most important sources of human nutrition and because of high nutrient content; it is a very suitable medium for microbial growth and spoilage. Sometimes farmers cheat and add some additives to milk in order to cover the spoilage or other defects in milk. In this study 120 samples of bulk raw milk (10 samples each month) were collected from dairy farms of Pakdasht under sterile condition and send to veterinary faculty of GarmsarUniversity. The following tests were done on each sample: Anti-microbial residues, residues milk acidity neutralizer, evaluation of sugar, formalin, Hydrogen peroxide, Salicylic acid and salt presence. Results were analyzed with Spss software and the results of the first six months of the year were compared statistically with the results of the second six months of the year. The mean of antimicrobial agents, milk acid neutralizer, formalin, hydrogen peroxide and salicylic acid showed no significant difference. But sugar in first semester were more than second semester (p<0.05). Also, salt of all samples were determined in normal value. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Determination of Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu contents in raw milk from Khorram-Abad dairies
S. Sobhanardakani محسن TizhoshHeavy metals are the most important chemical pollutants of foods. Milk and dairy products due to the nutritional functions are largely consumed by infants and children around the world. The purpose of this study was to analyze Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu contents in raw cow milks MoreHeavy metals are the most important chemical pollutants of foods. Milk and dairy products due to the nutritional functions are largely consumed by infants and children around the world. The purpose of this study was to analyze Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu contents in raw cow milks produced in dairies of Lorestan industrial livestock zone during 2014. A total of 24 milk samples was collected from eight dairies. The samples were subjected to acid digestion according to standard method. Afterwards, the metal contents were determined using ICP-OES. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical package. The results showed that mean concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu in milk samples were 3072±674, 2720±2790, 104±18.5 and 142±149 µg/kg, respectively. Also comparison of the mean concentrations of the metals with the WHO maximum permissible limits in milk revealed that the mean concentrations of all metals were significantly higher than permissible limits. Because of the mean concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu in milk samples were higher than Mean Residual Limits, therefore to achieve the consumers’ safety, monitoring of feed intake, water supplies, soil properties around livestock and forage crops and control of pollutants emission from industries near the livestock are recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Determination of neomycin residues in pasteurized milks produced in some dairy processing establishments in East-Azarbaijan Province, Iran
M.H Movassagh A.R KaramibonariAntibiotic residues in milk have a potential hazard for the consumer and may cause allergic reactions, interference in the intestinal flora that result in development of resistant populations of bacteria, thereby rendering antibiotic treatment ineffective. The aim of th MoreAntibiotic residues in milk have a potential hazard for the consumer and may cause allergic reactions, interference in the intestinal flora that result in development of resistant populations of bacteria, thereby rendering antibiotic treatment ineffective. The aim of this study was to determine neomycin residues in pasteurized milk in East-Azarbaijan province. For this, a total of 200 samples of pasteurized milk produced by five dairy processing establishments of East Azarbaijan province was randomly collected. The samples were obtained over the spring and autumn (100 samples for each season) of 2010. First, antibiotic residues were determined by Copan milk test. Afterwards, the competitive ELISA assay was used for the determination of neomycin concentration in positive samples. Of all samples, neomycin residues were observed in 9 and 13 samples and the mean neomycin residues amount were 43.20 ± 8.10 and 26.63±2.08 µg/L in spring and autumn, respectively. According to the limit of neomycin (1500 µg/l) in cow raw milk in Iran, despite all the remaining drugs in pasteurized milk, in any of the samples exceeded level of neomycin was not observed.Based on the results, continuousmonitoringofantibiotic residues inmilk samples is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - The infection status of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in traditional dairy cattle farms in Moghan region
منصور Khakpoor مسعود Fardin هیوا Ahmadi آیدا NehzatiMycobacterium avium paratuberculosis is the causative agent of John's disease which is a remedial chronic disease in all ruminants and is important from economical viewpoint. In this study, a total of 86 fecal samples from suspected dairy cattle were obtained from 11 tr MoreMycobacterium avium paratuberculosis is the causative agent of John's disease which is a remedial chronic disease in all ruminants and is important from economical viewpoint. In this study, a total of 86 fecal samples from suspected dairy cattle were obtained from 11 traditional dairy farms in Moghan region. All samples were evaluated by direct microscopic examination. Subsequently, milk sample of the related cattle were tested by PCR technique. Twenty samples from positive and 10 specimens of negative samples in direct microscopic assay were selected randomly for PCR examination. Among the 86 samples, 51 (59%) samples were positive, while, 35 (41%) samples were found as negative by microscopic assay. From 20 positive samples, 19 (95%) samples showed positive result by PCR, however, among negative samples, 3 (30%) samples were positive in PCR assay. Results revealed that there is a direct relation between contamination of fecal and milk samples. Moreover, due to the correlation between the results of microscopic examination of fecal samples and PCR assay of milk specimens, direct microscopic evaluation of feces could be performed prior to PCR-based detection of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in milk samples. According to the results, high contamination rate of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis was found in milk samples. On the other hand, duo to possible etiological role of this bacterium in the development of Crohn’s diseases in human, it should be considered as a serious concern indeed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Isolation and identification of Salmonella typhimurium from raw cow, sheep and goat milk in Chahamaha Va Bakhteyari Province
فروغ Tajbakhsh ابراهیم Rahimi الهه Tajbakhsh Salmonella typhimurium and S. enteritidisare known as the major causes of food-borne infection throughout the world. The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of S. typhimurium in raw milks of Chahamaha Va Bakhteyari province. For this More Salmonella typhimurium and S. enteritidisare known as the major causes of food-borne infection throughout the world. The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of S. typhimurium in raw milks of Chahamaha Va Bakhteyari province. For this reason, a total of 550 raw milks (consisting of 200 cow, 175 sheep and 175 goat milk samples) were collected through October 2011 to March 2012 from dairy herds around Shahrekord. The samples were cultured and the isolated colonies were confirmed by PCR using species-specific ST11 and ST15 primers. According to the results, a total of 20 samples (3.63%) were found positive for Salmonellaspp.Amongst, 14 (2.54%) of cow milk, 2 (0.36%) of sheep milk and 4 (0.72%) of goat milk samples were contaminated. Using PCR, 9 (1.63%) samples were contaminated with S. typhimurium. The results indicated a relatively high occurrence of S. typhimurium in raw milks. Therefore, it is essential to maintain hygienic measures during milking and handling. Besides, it is recommended not to use raw milk for the manufacturing of dairy products such as cheese and ice-cream. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Contamination levels of aflatoxin M1 in bulk raw milk of Chaloos and Ramsar
A.R Barami M.R Pour Elmi مهرداد IraniAflatoxin M1 (AFM1) appears in milk as a direct result of the ingestion of feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1 by cattle. This study was conducted to investigate the contamination rate of raw milk whit aflatoxin M1 in Chaloos and Ramsar raw milk collection centers. Two MoreAflatoxin M1 (AFM1) appears in milk as a direct result of the ingestion of feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1 by cattle. This study was conducted to investigate the contamination rate of raw milk whit aflatoxin M1 in Chaloos and Ramsar raw milk collection centers. Two hundred bulk raw milk samples were collected during winter (January and February) and summer (June and July) seasons. The milk samples were analyzed by ELISA method for the presence of AFM1. During the winter, AFM1 was detected in 100% and 59/79% of the bulk raw milk samples in Ramsar and Chaloos, respectively; however, during summer 83/52% and 50/1 of the samples was found as positive in Ramsar and Chaloos, respectively. Furthermore, 45% of Ramsar and 30% of Chaloos bulk milk samples showed higher contamination level of AFM1 than maximum tolerance limit (50 ng/l) accepted by National Standard as well as European Union. Although, the difference between the contamination rate in samples obtained during summer and winter seasons was not statistically significantly, (p<0/05) significant difference (p<0/05) was observed between Chaloos and Ramsar samples in each season. Moreover, highest contamination rate was found in February. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Quantitative evaluation of the alkaline phosphatase activity in industrial and traditional dairy products supplied in Ahvaz as an indicator of pasteurization
M. Zarei مهدی Pourmahdi Borujeni A. ManafeianAlkaline phosphatase is an indigenous milk enzyme and is probably, the most important indigenous milk enzyme from a dairy technology viewpoint which is used to determine the efficacy of the pasteurization process. The aim of this study was to assess the alkaline phospha MoreAlkaline phosphatase is an indigenous milk enzyme and is probably, the most important indigenous milk enzyme from a dairy technology viewpoint which is used to determine the efficacy of the pasteurization process. The aim of this study was to assess the alkaline phosphatase activity of 200 samples of industrial and traditional yoghurt, ice cream and cheese, as well as raw and pasteurized milk samples. To achieve this purpose, p-nitrophenylphosphate was used as substrate and the amount of liberated p-nitrophenol was measured spectrophotometrically. The amount of liberated p-nitrophenol in all samples of raw milk was very high (6839±4070 µg/ml) but in pasteurized milk samples, the amount was in the range of 0.75-52.96 µg/ml and 88% of the samples had less than 10 µg p-nitrophenol/ml, the maximum permissible limit of p-nitrophenol in pasteurized products. The amount of liberated p-nitrophenol was in the range of 5.68-1210 µg/ml and 2.61-18.22 µg/ml in traditional and industrial cheese samples, respectively and it was estimated at the range of 0.75-26.67 µg/ml and 0.71- 35.82 µg/ml for traditional and industrial ice cream samples, respectively. The lowest alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in both industrial and traditional yoghurt samples. Meanwhile, p-nitrophenol in 12% of industrial cheese, 44% of traditional cheese and 16% of both industrial and traditional ice cream samples was higher than 10 µg/ml which could be due to the inadequate pasteurization of the product or cross contamination with raw milk. The results of the present study showed a need for more strict attention in the pasteurization of milk and its products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - Prevalence of genes encoding the classical enterotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from buffalo milk in Tabriz area by multipex PCR
مهرداد Esnaashari جلال Shayegh آیت الله Nasrollahi Omran Isolation, identification and grouping of staphylococcal enterotoxins in milk is of great importance, since these toxins are considered as a major potential source of humans illness. In this study, 75 staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from buffalo milk More Isolation, identification and grouping of staphylococcal enterotoxins in milk is of great importance, since these toxins are considered as a major potential source of humans illness. In this study, 75 staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from buffalo milk were assessed. For this, extracted DNA was analysed by multiplex-PCR for the presence and diversity of genes encoding the common classical staphylococcal enterotoxins. Results revealed that one of the isolates haboured both sec and seb genes; meanwhile, three other isolates contained merely sec gene. Moreover, the gene encoding the production of enterotoxin-A was not detected in any of the isolates. It was concluded that the diversity of genes encoding the classical enterotoxins of S. aureus isolated from Tabriz area was low. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Study of aflatoxin M1 level in the collected raw cow milk from milk collection centers in Tabriz
M.H Movassagh سعید Adinehvand Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins mainly produced by common fungi Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the major metabolite of aflatoxin B1. AFM1 is also known to be hepatotoxic and carcinogenic. The purpose of this st More Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins mainly produced by common fungi Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the major metabolite of aflatoxin B1. AFM1 is also known to be hepatotoxic and carcinogenic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the contamination level of AFM1 in raw cow milk of Tabriz. A total of 90 raw cow milk samples was collected randomly from Tabriz suburb milk-collection-centers between July to September 2012. Determination of AFM1 was based on ELISA assay. Based on the results, AFM1 was found in 100% of cow milk samples. The mean contamination rate was 148.37 ± 19.27 ng/l. Moreover, 37.77% of cow milk samples had the contamination level over the maximum tolerance limit (100 ng/l) accepted by Iranian National Standard. It was concluded that high incidence and contamination level of AFM1 in cow's milk is of great concern. The periodic monitoring of cow raw milk for the contamination of AFM1 in Tabriz area is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - Contamination rate of cow's raw milk with Brucella abortus in Parsabad region by Milk Ring Test
M.H Movassagh داور Panahei AzarBrucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by gram-negative bacteria Brucella that are pathogenic for a wide variety of animals and human beings. Brucellosis, in particular, is easily transmitted via raw milk. Despite its control in many countries, it remains endemic in I MoreBrucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by gram-negative bacteria Brucella that are pathogenic for a wide variety of animals and human beings. Brucellosis, in particular, is easily transmitted via raw milk. Despite its control in many countries, it remains endemic in Iran. The transmission of brucella from infected animals to humans occurs either by occupational contact or the consumption of contaminated animal products, especially milk, cream and fresh cheese. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of cow raw milk contamination by Brucella abortus in Parsabad region. A total of 64 cow's raw milk samples were collected using cluster random sampling method from Parsabad milk collection centers from March to April 2009. Samples were monitored for Brucella abortus antibodies using Milk Ring Test. Based on the results of this study, the occurrence of Brucella abortus was estimated as 37/5% in Parsabad region. It was concluded that the presence of Brucella abortus in bulk raw milks of Parsabad region is very probable. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the prevalence of Brucella abortus in bulk raw milks using the microbiological assays. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Evaluation of qualitative and quantitative methods for detection of NaOH in milk
S. Ardalan G. karim R. pourahmadThe aim of this study was to achieve a quick and simple quantitative and qualitative method to detect even the trace amount of added soda in raw milk, since the existing tests methods are not applied in practical and real terms. For this purpose, after determining the m MoreThe aim of this study was to achieve a quick and simple quantitative and qualitative method to detect even the trace amount of added soda in raw milk, since the existing tests methods are not applied in practical and real terms. For this purpose, after determining the microbiological and chemical characteristics of the raw milk, the samples were divided into 4 groups. Each group was added by different values of lactic acid, and then different rates of soda were added to the samples. Tests for acidity, pH value, electrical conductivity, alcohol, ash and Rosalic acid were conducted. According to the results with increasing the amount of soda, the electrical conductivity and total ash were increased, however the acidity was decreased. No significant correlation was observed between the added soda and pH value. Alcohol test had the same results on all samples. Rosalic acid test was negative in all treatments. In the case of alkaline ash, in none of the samples the volume of hydrochloric acid consumed reached to 1.2 ml. It was concluded that Rosalic acid test did not work for the detection of soda in raw milk; in addition alkaline ash test did not specify the small amounts of soda. Among the various tests electrical conductivity assay was found to be credible and could be used to detect and quantify the added soda in raw milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Biotyping of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and milk products in Tabriz city
جلال Shayegh S.G MahdilooKnowledge about phenotypic features of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and their products is very limited in Tabriz region. The aim of this study was to determine the biotypes of S. aureus. For this purpose, 48 S. aureus strains which were previously isolated f MoreKnowledge about phenotypic features of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and their products is very limited in Tabriz region. The aim of this study was to determine the biotypes of S. aureus. For this purpose, 48 S. aureus strains which were previously isolated from cow raw milk (24), traditional cheese (12) and ice cream (12) in Tabriz region were considered. Biotyping was carried out by means of Staphylokinase production, β-hemolysis, coagulation of cow plasma and crystal violates reaction. Among 48 isolates, 23 and 2 strains were belonged to the human and ovine ecovars, respectively. The rest of the isolates were identified as non-host specific ecovars. Regarding the high prevalence rate of human ecovars in this study, it seems that these ecovars may have been transmitted to these products via human handling. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Variations in microbial load of raw milk and influencing factors form dairy farms to collection centers of Esferayen area
عبداله Jamshidi رضا Vakili حسام Seifi جواد Hajizadeh Raw milk is among the highly perishable foods which are subjected to various environmental contaminations following milking. In this study, the factors influencing bacterial load of bulk-milk were investigated. For this purpose, 100 samples were obtained fr More Raw milk is among the highly perishable foods which are subjected to various environmental contaminations following milking. In this study, the factors influencing bacterial load of bulk-milk were investigated. For this purpose, 100 samples were obtained from dairy farms around Esferayen during spring, summer and autumn of 2009. The samples were taken in three stages: after milking, before transportation from dairy farm, and before delivering to milk-collection-center. The samples were analyzed for total bacteria count (TBC). To determine the factors which could influence the TBC of raw milk, a questionnaire sheet where designed. Statistical analysis were performed by means of logistic regression (genmod procedure), using SAS software (version 8.2). According to the results of this study, maintaining cold chain throughout the transportation and storage of raw milk, prevention of mastitis, cleaning and sanitizing of containers and equipments, age and breed of dairy cattle as well as indirect factors such as education level of dairy farmers, distance to milk-collection-center had significant effects (P<0.05) on microbial count of bulk-tank-milk. It was concluded that to reduce bacterial in raw milk, it is crucial to maintain cold-chain throughout milking process, wash teats with sanitizers, improve the hygienic condition of the milking utensils as well as to improve the overall quality of personnel education. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - A survey on aflatoxin M1 contamination in pasteurized milk samples in Tabriz, Iran (Short Communication)
P. Farshi M. Khakpour M. TabibiazarAflatoxin, as one of the most potent carcinogen, is considered an important threat for public health, and it is not possible planning for reducing aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels in milk and milk products without paying great attention to the exposure to these compounds. Thi MoreAflatoxin, as one of the most potent carcinogen, is considered an important threat for public health, and it is not possible planning for reducing aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels in milk and milk products without paying great attention to the exposure to these compounds. This survey aimed to investigate the occurrence of AFM1 in pasteurized milk samples produced in Tabriz, Iran. Seventy-four milk samples produced by eleven different factories were collected from local market during six months in fall and winter 2015. AFM1 was analyzed by Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Based on results, 82% of the samples were contaminated with AFM1 in concentration levels ranged 5 to 80 ng/l. In 9 samples (12.16%) the AFM1 level was higher than 50 ng/l, the maximum residue limit (MRL) accepted by Codex and European Union for AFM1 in milk. The difference of AFM1 level between dairy factories was statistically significant (p<0.5). It seems that continuous monitoring of AFM1 contamination in distributed milk is a critical step in control and prevention of this contaminant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Association of postpartum milk fat, protein and fat-to-protein ratio with 120 days pregnancy risk in Holstein dairy cows
Navid Saranjam Mehran Farhoodi Moghaddam Ghasem Akbari Majid Mohammad Sadegh Nima FarzanehInduced lipolysis by negative energy balance causes an increase in milk fat, a decrease in milk protein, and also as a consequence an increase in milk fat to protein ratio (FPR). The objective of this study was to evaluate available data in each milk record such as fat, MoreInduced lipolysis by negative energy balance causes an increase in milk fat, a decrease in milk protein, and also as a consequence an increase in milk fat to protein ratio (FPR). The objective of this study was to evaluate available data in each milk record such as fat, protein and their ratio, somatic cell count (SCC) and the history of dairy cows in order to determine pregnancy risk (PR) till 120 days in milk (DIM). Therefore, the information of 1,279 primiparous and multiparous Holstein dairy cows was collected on days 30 and 60 of DIM and near the first artificial insemination (AI) postpartum. The results illustrated the amount of milk fat, protein and FPR on day 30 of DIM in non-pregnant and pregnant groups were (2.67±1.2, 2.62±1.04 and 1.01±0.4) and (2.87±1.16, 2.76±0.95 and 1.03±0.36), on day 60 of DIM were (2.87±1.06, 2.7±0.86 and 1.06±0.35) and (2.97±1.15, 2.73±0.9 and 1.08±0.36), and near the first AI were (2.62±1.2, 2.53±1.04 and 1.03±0.4) and (2.8±1.24, 2.63±1.01 and 1.06±0.5), respectively, in which their effects on PR till 120 DIM were significant at two sampling times (p < /em><0.05). The effect of SCC at day 60 of DIM on PR till 120 DIM was also significant (p < /em>=0.023); but none of the milk constituents and SCC had constant effect when analyzed by Logistic regression. Seasons of calving (p < /em>=0.02) and AI (p < /em>=0.00), previous DIM (p < /em>=0.001) and milk production (p < /em>=0.016) were analyzed by COX model and it was demonstrated that only previous DIM (p < /em>=0.021, Odds ratio=0.985) and season of AI (p < /em>=0.040, Odds ratio= 7.5) had significant effect on pregnancy till 120 DIM. The result of the present study shows that the effect of previous DIM and season of AI are significant on pregnancy till 120 DIM, but milk constituents had no effect on it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Effect of different amounts of pH, salt and temperature on survival rate of Lactobacillus casei in milk during storage time
حمید Mirzaei Considering that one of the most important points of probiotic products is the survival rate of live microbes during storage time, so the aim of this study was to determine the effect of different amounts of pH, salt and temperature on survival More Considering that one of the most important points of probiotic products is the survival rate of live microbes during storage time, so the aim of this study was to determine the effect of different amounts of pH, salt and temperature on survival rate of Lactobacillus casei in milk during 30 days of storing. For this purpose, at first four erlene Meyers with capacity of 2 litters were selected and 1.5 litter of sterilized milk was added to each of them. Two percent of yoghourt starter was inoculated to each of the first, second and third erlenes and 2% sterilized milk was inoculated to the forth erlene as control group and samples were incubated at 42 ˚C until the pH of first to third samples reached 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 respectively. Then the erlenes were heated at 90 ˚C for 10 minutes to inactivate the yoghourt starter bacteria and then 500 ml of each sample in first, second, third and forth erlenes was transported to three sterilized caped glass containers and so four groups consisting of 3 glasses were produced and in each collection 0, 2% and 4% of salt was added to first, second and third samples respectively and then 5 ml of McFarland solution containing 3× 109 cfu/ml of Lactobacillus casei was inoculated to each of the samples. This Procedure was repeated 12 times and obtained samples were stored at about 4˚C in the first six repetitions and at about 25˚C in the second six repetitions. The number of Lactobacillus casei in each of samples was counted soon after production, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 30 days after storing by pour plate method in MRS agar and obtained means were analyzed statistically. According to repeated measures analysis of variance and one way analysis of variance, the mean number of live Lactobacillus casei in samples with pH of 6.5 and 5.5 was significantly more than their numbers in the samples with pH of 4.5 and 3.5 and in the samples stored at 4˚C the number was more than those stored at 25˚C (P<0.01). Whereas salt concentration did not show significant effect on survival rate of Lactobacillus casei in milk. These results showed that milk with pH of 6.5 and 5.5 containing maximum salt of 4% at 4˚C for about 30 days and at 25˚C for about 15 days is a good environment for storage and transport of Lactobacillus casei to the consumers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Study on the effect of dextrose, valine, glycine, thiamine and different temperatures on growth rate of Bifidobacterium bifidum in milk
حمید Mirzaii افشین Javadi یونس Barzegar The first step in utilizing appropriate microorganisms to produce probiotic milk products is to recognize their growth conditions in milk and the factors influencing them. In this research, the effect of dextrose, valine, glycine, thiamine and differ More The first step in utilizing appropriate microorganisms to produce probiotic milk products is to recognize their growth conditions in milk and the factors influencing them. In this research, the effect of dextrose, valine, glycine, thiamine and different temperatures on growth rate of Bifidobacterium bifidum in milk has been studied and for this purpose, fermented milk by B. bifidum has been used as stock culture in order to inoculate the milk samples. First 28, 35, 42, 49 and then 35, 38, 41 and 44°C incubators were used to choose the suitable incubation temperature for growth of the microorganisms and the acidity of milk samples were measured as a growth index of the microorganisms prior to and during incubation. Concentrations of 0 (control), 5, 10 and 15 ppm of thiamine; 0(control), 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1% of dextrose; 0(control), 30, 60, 90 and 120 ppm of glycine and valine were used to evaluate their effects on the growth rate of B. bifidum and acidity of milk samples were measured before incubation and after 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours of incubation at 42°C. The rate of increase of acidity at 44°C and 41°C was significantly higher than the other temperatures (p<0.05). The addition of different concentrations of dextrose, valine and glycine had no significant effect on the rate of increase of acidity of the milk samples. The addition of thiamine also had no significant effect on the acidity although it reinforced the ability of B. bifidum in the production of proteolytic enzymes and gas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - Study on the effects of consumption of milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus on serum lipid trends and weight gain of rats fed high lipid diet
حمید Mirzaei مهران Mesgari abbasi عیسى Tajmohammadi Despite the significant progresses made in the reduction of mortality due to cardiovascular diseases, they are still the primary cause of death in many countries and hyperlipidemia is an important causal agent of cardiovascular diseases. Probio More Despite the significant progresses made in the reduction of mortality due to cardiovascular diseases, they are still the primary cause of death in many countries and hyperlipidemia is an important causal agent of cardiovascular diseases. Probiotics are food supplements containing live microbes which balance the flora of the digestive system and produce positive effects in the host body. L.acidophilus is a beneficial bacterium used in the production of probiotic products .The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of consumption of milk containing L.acidophilus on serum lipid trends of rats fed high lipid diet. This is an experimental study in which 30 male albino Wistar rats with a body weight of 200±15 gr. were randomly allocated to two groups of treatment and control each containing 15 rats which were adapted to a high lipid diet (11.74%) and water containing 25% milk within a week. Rats in both groups received high lipid diet and water containing 25% milk for 60 days with the exception that rats in the treatment group received water containing L. acidophilus at a level of 109 CFU/rat/day throughout the experiment. Independent t-test revealed that at a level of α= 0.05, mean levels of total cholesterol and LDL-C of rats in the treatment group was significantly lower than the control group (p<0.05), and HDL-C of rats in the treatment group was significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05), but the mean levels of triglyceride and VLDL-C was not significantly different. Also increase in body weight was significantly higher in the treatment group compared with the control group (p<0.01). On the whole, long term daily consumption of milk containing L. acidophilus improves serum lipid trends by lowering total cholesterol level and LDL-C and increasing HDL-C and also increases the rate of body growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Survey on the amount of cadmium in milk and its correlation with milk production in dairy farms of Tabriz area
amir parviz rezaei saberCadmium is a metal widely dispersed in the environment. The main sources of this metal are industrial compounds and phosphate fertilizers. This metal is absorbed by plants and accumulates and accumulates in tissues like liver and kidney and causes anemia, hypertension, MoreCadmium is a metal widely dispersed in the environment. The main sources of this metal are industrial compounds and phosphate fertilizers. This metal is absorbed by plants and accumulates and accumulates in tissues like liver and kidney and causes anemia, hypertension, destruction of testicular tissue and bone complications. Considering the numerous side effects of cadmium, it is necessary to determine the amount of cadmium in milk in different areas in order to reduce milk contamination. In this study, a total of 400 milk samples were obtained from industrial and traditional farms from northern, southern, eastern and western areas of the city of Tabriz. All samples were frozen at -21°C and the concentration of cadmium in milk was measured by atomic flame spectrophotometry. The average values of cadmium in western, southern, northern and eastern areas of Tabriz were respectively 0/006 ± 0/0005 ppm, 0/0005 ± 0/004 ppm, 0/0004± 0/0059 ppm and 0/0002 ± 0/0037 ppm. Statistical comparison of cadmium concentrations in different areas indicated a significant difference (p<0/05). Also, a statistically significant relationship between the mean values of cadmium and daily milk production wasn't observed. Since the permitted levels of cadmium in raw milk according to Codex 2000 (Review Committee on Food Additives Geneva) is 0.01 ppm, therefore it is concluded that cadmium levels in the four regions studied is lower than the limit. Conflict of interest: None declared. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Electrophoretic study of whey proteins in Holstein cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis by Agarose gel procedure
افشین Davasaz Tabrizi R.A Batavani سیامک Asri Rezaie ملاحت Ahmadi حمید Mirzaie Mastitis is one the most important economic diseases in dairy cattle industry, which causes reduction in milk production, treatment expenses, reduction in herd genetic progress and fall in quality of milk. The aim of this study was to ex More Mastitis is one the most important economic diseases in dairy cattle industry, which causes reduction in milk production, treatment expenses, reduction in herd genetic progress and fall in quality of milk. The aim of this study was to examine the milk proteins of Holstein dairy cows with different grades of clinical and subclinical mastitis. During the sampling period, none of the cows were in late pregnancy or at early lactation and also had no parasitemia and any other inflammatory diseases. Clinical and laboratory examinations which were carried out completely revealed the cows were all healthy. They were fed on corn silage, concentrate and alfalfa. In this study, the cows were divided into five groups, each group with 25 cases. For this purpose, milk samples were collected from 125 dairy cattle of two large dairy farms in Tabriz. All the cows were in the lactation period and they were milked three times a day. The groups consist of the control group with negative California mastitis test and negative culture, 2+ subclinical groups, 3+ subclinical group, sub acute clinical group and acute clinical group. The results of the whey electrophoresis using Agarose gel procedure indicated significant difference in albumin levels in all groups except the 2+ subclinical group compared with the control group (p<0.01). There was no difference in beta lactoglobulin and alpha lactalbumin levels in comparison with the control group. The combined levels of alpha and beta globulins in the two groups suffering from clinical mastitis was significantly different from the control groups (p<0.01) but this discrepancy was not significant in the two subclinical groups. In addition, the level of gamma globulins in all mastitis groups was significantly different from the control groups (p<0.01). In conclusion of this study indicated that with the rise in the intensity of infection and inflammation of the mammary tissue, whey proteins especially alpha and beta globulins increase clearly and significantly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Effects of somatic cell count in subclinical mastitis on raw milk quality in dairy farms of Khuzestan province
mohammad Hossieni nejad zohreh Mashak Mastitis is an infectious disease that is spread in livestock and can cause cattle mortality. Generally a cow with mastitis has a 15 per cent decrease in milk production. In addition, losses from changes in some components of milk should also be considered. More Mastitis is an infectious disease that is spread in livestock and can cause cattle mortality. Generally a cow with mastitis has a 15 per cent decrease in milk production. In addition, losses from changes in some components of milk should also be considered. Any change in milk properties can be severe hazard for milk producers, dairy factories and consumers. In this study, the effect of somatic cell count on row milk quality of cows affected by subclinical mastitis was studied. For this purpose 240 milk samples were collected from dairy farms with subclinical mastitis (traditional and industrial) of Khuzestan province in 2014 and their somatic cell count, protein and lipid contact and acidity determined. The mean±SD for somatic cells, acidity, protein and fat were 3.20×105±1.37×105 SCC/ml, 14.50±0.62 D°, 3.12±0.06% and 3.23±0.14% respectively. After statistical analysis, reverse correlation were found between somatic cell count with milk fat and protein. However, direct correlation was observed between range of milk fat and protein (p>0.01). Furthermore the results indicated that the range of acidity in spring and winter, protein and fat in winter and somatic cell in summer and autumn were more than the other seasons. According to statistical analysis, protein percent of milk samples in industrial farms were higher than traditional farms although the range of somatic cells was higher for traditional milk samples ‏)p>0.05) According to the result, it seems that the somatic cell count of milk influences raw milk fat and protein content and acidity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - A survey on the prevalence of teat end hyperkeratosis in dairy farms of Tabriz
صمد Mosaferi آیدین MohammadiOne of the most important defense mechanisms of the bovine mammary gland is teat sphincter and it’s keratinized and stratified squamous epithelium, which extends through the teat sphincter and after every milking secrets keratin and closes the capillary canal of t MoreOne of the most important defense mechanisms of the bovine mammary gland is teat sphincter and it’s keratinized and stratified squamous epithelium, which extends through the teat sphincter and after every milking secrets keratin and closes the capillary canal of the teat sphincter by keratin plaque. Over secretion of keratin due to repeated stimulations of teat end such as inappropriate performance of milking machine results in hyperkeratosis and finally leads to mastitis, black spot and increase in somatic cell counts. In this study 4 herds from dairy farms around Tabriz including 860 dairy cows were studied. Two herds were milked twice a day and the other herds were milked three times a day. At the time of milking the teat ends were investigated the presence of hyperkeratosis and graded into grades one to four. The results of this study indicated that the prevalence of teat end hyperkeratosis in herds which were milked three times a day (14/1%) was significantly more than the herds which were milked twice a day(%12/3) (p<0.01). In addition, grade 2 and grade 3 hyperkeratosis was significantly more than grade 4 and also the frequency of hyperkeratosis in Tabriz dairy farms was significantly higher than the world wide reported rates (p<0.01). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Study on the effect of Lactobacillus casei o1 fermented milk consumption on lipid pattern of rats nourished with cholesterol enriched diet
حمید Mirzaei بهرام Amouoghli Tabrizi مهدی RafieiThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects ofconsumption of different amounts of fermented milk by L.casei on serum lipid trends including total cholesterol, LDL-C, HLD-C, VLDL-C and triglyceride in the serum of rats fed 1 and 2% cholesterol enriched diet. For th MoreThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects ofconsumption of different amounts of fermented milk by L.casei on serum lipid trends including total cholesterol, LDL-C, HLD-C, VLDL-C and triglyceride in the serum of rats fed 1 and 2% cholesterol enriched diet. For this purpose 49 male albino wistar rats with a body weight of 200±15 gr were randomly allocated to seven groups each containing 7 rats and adapted to new conditions during a week. Rats in the first group (control group) received commercial diet and water for 30 days, the second to fourth groups received diet enriched with 1% cholesterol and rats in the fifth to seventh groups received diet enriched with 2% cholesterol. Each rat in the fourth and seventh groups (double dose receiving treatment groups) consumed fermented milk containing 4×108 CFU bacteria per day, rats in the third and sixth groups (single dose receiving treatment groups) consumed fermented milk containing 2×108 CFU bacteria per day and in the second and fifth groups (sham group) consumed sterilized milk instead of fermented milk. According to the statistical tests, one way analysis of variance and Tukey at a level of α= 0.05, mean levels of total cholesterol and LDL-C of rats in the double dose receiving treatment groups and single dose receiving treatment groups were significantly lower and mean level of HDL-C was significantly higher than sham group (p<0.05). In the rats fed 1% enriched cholesterol, mean levels of VLDL-C and triglyceride of rats in the double dose receiving treatment groups were significantly lower than sham group (p<0.05). Long term daily consumption of milk fermented by L.casei improves serum lipid trends by lowering total cholesterol and LDL-C level and by increasing HDL-C level. The effectiveness of this probiotic on lipid trends is dose dependent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Effect of some probiotics on Salmonella paratyphi during associated growth in milk
حمید Mirzaei افشین Javadi یوسف Angouri The aim of this study is to determine the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium angulatom and Bifidobacterium bifidum on salmonella paratyphi in associated condition in milk. At first a quantity of 1.5 &time More The aim of this study is to determine the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium angulatom and Bifidobacterium bifidum on salmonella paratyphi in associated condition in milk. At first a quantity of 1.5 × 108 cfu/ml activated S. paratyphi was added to 500 ml of sterile milk and after homogenization distributed equally in five erlene meyers. The first erlene meyer was considered as individual culture and in to the second, third, fourth and fifth erlene meyer a quantity of 1.5×108 cfu/ml of the above probiotic was inoculated respectively and after 24-48 hours of incubation at 37 oC, pH was measured by pH meter and S. paratyphi count was determined by pour plate method in SSA medium. This procedure was repeated 10 times and the mean of pH and number of S. paratyphi in one ml of individual culture and with probiotic cultures was compared using statistical analysis. According to statistical tests of ANOVA and Tukey at α=0.05, in 24 and 48 hour incubation of associated growth of L. acidophilus, L. casei and B. bifidum had significant inhibitory effect on S. paratyphi growth (p<0.01). However, in similar condition associated growth of L. angulatum did not show significant inhibitory effect on S. paratyphi growth. Meanwhile, in 24 and 48 hour incubation of associated growth of L. acidophilus, L. casei and B. bifidum reduced the mean of pH of milk samples compared to control sample significantly (p<0.01). These results show the consumption of probiotic products containing B. angulatom, B. bifidum, L. acidophilus and L. casei could have beneficial effects in prevention of Salmonella paratyphi infection. Although further research especially at in vivo condition in this aspect should be carried out. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - The study of infection rate to Bovine Herpes Virus – 1(BHV-1) in milk samples of dairy cattle in Urmia and Maku by ELISA method
احمد Gharekhani احمد MorshediA cross sectional study was performed to find out and compare the infection rate to BHV-1 of dairy cattles in Urmia and Maku. Random sampling in three age groups of (3-4, 5-6 and 7 years and more) was done. In every region 22 cattle herds were selected, from each cattle MoreA cross sectional study was performed to find out and compare the infection rate to BHV-1 of dairy cattles in Urmia and Maku. Random sampling in three age groups of (3-4, 5-6 and 7 years and more) was done. In every region 22 cattle herds were selected, from each cattle herd 10 cows were picked out and a sample of milk was collected from each cow. Individual milk samples were investigated by indirect ELISA method in order to determine the presence of BHV-1 antibodies in the sample. By determining the OD of the samples and the percentage of positive and negative ELISA, the results were compared. Data analysis was performed by SPSS (Ver.16) and S-plus 2000 software with Mann-Whitney, Chi- square and Kruskal-Wallis tests to find out the difference between the average infection in the two regions and the difference between the total average of infection rate between the age groups (p<0.05). The results showed that the rate of infection in Maku was 34/08% (with 75 positive milk samples) and in Urmia it was 13/04% (with 29 positive milk samples). It shows that the rate of infection in Maku is much higher to the extent that a significant difference in the infection rate between the two regions is observed. Also upon the study of the total average of infection rate between the age groups of the two regions the rate of infection cases in the first group (32%) was meaningfully higher than the other two age groups amounting to 14% and 6% respectivety. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Study on the relationship between milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and fertility in dairy cattle houses in Tabriz
صمد Mosaferi سعید Ettehad حسین KooshavarThe aim of this study was to assess the relationship between milk urea nitrogen (MUN) level and reproductive performance in high yielding dairy cattle houses in Tabriz, Iran. Among 213 selected dairy cattle, 76 heads (35.7%) have MUN < 16.00mg/dl (mean = 15.38 mg/dl) MoreThe aim of this study was to assess the relationship between milk urea nitrogen (MUN) level and reproductive performance in high yielding dairy cattle houses in Tabriz, Iran. Among 213 selected dairy cattle, 76 heads (35.7%) have MUN < 16.00mg/dl (mean = 15.38 mg/dl) and 137 heads (64.3%) have MUN > 16 mg/dl (mean = 17.46 mg/dl). Our results indicated that MUN level in 81 heads of dairy cattle (total 124 heads) with mastitis, dystocia, laminitis, uterine infections or placenta replacement was higher than 16 mg/dl. We only observed a significantly positive association between MUN levels and dystocia (p= 0.032), while the association between MUN levels and incidence of other diseases was not statistically significant. The results of this study indicated that MUN level significantly influences the reproductive parameters including days open, calving to first service, first service conception risk, and number of services per conception (p<0.001). We concluded that measurement of MUN level in dairy cattle may be an effective approach to assess the outcome of the nitrogenous ingredients of ratios and prediction of reproductive status in post parturition stage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Comarison of direct microscopic examination, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), culture and Nested-PCR for diagnosis of herds bulk tank milk infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
آریا Badiei فرهاد Mousakhani عباس Barin امیر Hamidi محسن ZafariCausative agent of Johne’s diseases is Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and each year, it hurts dairy cattle industry worldwide by depression of production and reproductive indexes and culling of affected animals. This bacteria is known as a z MoreCausative agent of Johne’s diseases is Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and each year, it hurts dairy cattle industry worldwide by depression of production and reproductive indexes and culling of affected animals. This bacteria is known as a zoonotic pathogen and recent researches explain its probable role in Crohn’s disease in humans. This study compared four laboratory diagnostic tests; including Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA), direct microscopic examination, milk culture and Nested-PCR for diagnosis of herds bulk tank milk infection with MAP bacteria. 100 bulk tank milk samples were obtained from 100 industrial dairy herds of Tehran province. Samples were screened by four tests and 82 samples (82%) detected as positive in culture media, 94 milk samples (94%) were positive by Nested-PCR test and 98 samples were positive in ELISA test results (98%). But direct microscopic examination identified just 33 milk samples as positive. Four positive samples of ELISA test were detected as negative samples by Nested-PCR. These 4 samples in addition to 12 other samples which diagnosed as positive by ELISA, had no growth in culture media (16 samples). These results indicated superiority of Nested-PCR among these four tests for diagnosis of bulk tank milk infection with MAP bacteria. Furthermore, the results represent high prevalence of MAP bacteria in bulk tank milk of dairy herds in Tehran province and it needs more serious eradication efforts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Effect of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) herbs on immunity and some blood metabolites in broiler chicks
omid fanimakki ahmad ebrahimzade hossein ansarinik mahmoud ghazaghiThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the ability of two herbs (Thyme and Milk thistle seed) on immunity and some blood metabolites in broiler chickens. In this study, 160 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were used. They were randomly assigned to four treatments, MoreThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the ability of two herbs (Thyme and Milk thistle seed) on immunity and some blood metabolites in broiler chickens. In this study, 160 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were used. They were randomly assigned to four treatments, with 4 replicates and 10 birds in each unit. The birds were reared on litter for 21 days. Group T1 was kept as a control, the other treatments received feed containing milk thistle and thyme seeds for 3 weeks, i.e. (T2) Milk thistle seed (200 mg kg-1); (T3) Thyme seed (200 mg kg-1); (T4) a combination of thistle and thyme seed added to the basal diet (200 + 200 mg kg-1). There were no significant differences in IgA, IgG, IgM, liver enzymes activity (AST, ALT and GGT), HI titer values against Newcastle, Influenza, Bronchitis and Gambru disease virus in broilers fed different levels of herbs after challenge with (sheep red blood cells-sRBCs) (8 Percent). The results showed that with combination of milk thistle and thyme seeds in poultry diets, some variables in serum (total protein, globulin, albumin and HDL) were increased and cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride were decreased compared to control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the lymphocyte and heterophil counts, were increased in birds fed a combination of diets (P < 0.05). In conclusion, use of thyme and milk thistle seeds, and particularly their combination had improved some blood metabolites and decreased harmful fatty acids in blood of broiler chicks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - Effect of Ozonation, UV light irradiation and pulsed electric field processes on reducing of Aflatoxin M1 and total Aflatoxin in Acidophilus milk
Esmat Khoori Vahid Hakimzadeh Ali Mohamadi sani Hasan RashidiOne of the most critical challenges facing dairy products is decreasing or eliminating of Aflatoxins, especially Aflatoxin M1. On the other hand, the production of probiotic dairy products is another aim of the dairy industry. Therefore, in this study, using pulse elect MoreOne of the most critical challenges facing dairy products is decreasing or eliminating of Aflatoxins, especially Aflatoxin M1. On the other hand, the production of probiotic dairy products is another aim of the dairy industry. Therefore, in this study, using pulse electric field technology in the range of 10 to 30 microseconds, ozonation in the range of 0 to 10 mg/min and ultraviolet radiation in the range of 0 to 5 J/cm2 in acidophilus milk attempted to obtain a probiotic-free aflatoxin product. To investigate the impact of the applied the mentioned processes, a central response method (RSM) was used in the full quadratic model so that these processes were considered as operational variables. For this purpose, the central composite design with three independent variables, including pulsed electric field, ozonation and UV irradiation to complete quadratic form has been used. The results showed a significant effect of independent variables and their synergistic effect at 0.05 levels on the reduction of aflatoxin in acidophilus milk. The best-operating conditions based on the lowest amount of aflatoxin in acidophilus milk consisted of 13.15-microsecond pulses in the electric field, 9.99 mg/min of ozone, and 4.99 J/cm2 of UV waves. In optimum conditions, pH 6.22, Acidity 19.76 (Dornic), dry matter 10.69%, total color change 8.13, and overall acceptance score 4.77 were obtained. Finally, in optimum condition, 84.61% and 86.76% of aflatoxin M1 and total aflatoxins were reduced, and the final product contained 5.2×106 cfu/g Lactobacillus acidophilus, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Genotyping of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from raw milk and dairy products
Soolmaz Mousavi Farhad Safarpoor Dehkordi Yousef ValizadehSo far, transmission pathways and epidemiological aspects of Helicobacter pylori are not identified well. Role of water and food materials in transmission of Helicobacter pylori to human is probable. The present study was carried out to genotyping of Helicobacter pylori MoreSo far, transmission pathways and epidemiological aspects of Helicobacter pylori are not identified well. Role of water and food materials in transmission of Helicobacter pylori to human is probable. The present study was carried out to genotyping of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from the samples of raw milk and dairy products collected from Isfahan province. In total, 250 samples of milk and dairy products were collected and transferred to the laboratory. DNA extraction was done and detection of 16S rRNA gene of the Helicobacter pylori was performed using from the PCR test. Positive samples were analyzed for presence of various genotypes of VacA and CagA. From a total of 250 samples of milk and dairy products, 37 samples (14.8%) were infected with Helicobacter pylori. Sheep milk had the highest (25%) and traditional cheese (2%) had the lowest rate of infection. Statistically significant difference was seen between the type of sample and prevalence rate of Helicobacter pylori. VacA s1a (27.02%), VacA m1a (24.32%) and CagA (21.62%) were the most frequently detected genotypes. S1am1a (16.21%) and s1am2 (5.40%) genotypes had the highest frequency amont combined genotypes. Genotypic similarity of Helicobacter pylori strains of various samples represented their similar source of infection. Genotypic similarity pattern of our study and conducted studies on clinical samples of human represented transmission of Helicobacter pylori strains from infected staffs of milking and saling of milk and dairy products to samples. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Identification of some of the biofilm forming bacteria from the pasteurized milk production line
Sayedeh Saleheh Vaezi Arezoo Tahmoures Mohammad GoliBiofilm is a collection of microorganisms in an extracellular exopolysaccharide matrix (EPS) which is adhered to the surface. Biofilms are considered as the most important food industry`s problem, especially in the post-contamination of pasteurized products. It is due t MoreBiofilm is a collection of microorganisms in an extracellular exopolysaccharide matrix (EPS) which is adhered to the surface. Biofilms are considered as the most important food industry`s problem, especially in the post-contamination of pasteurized products. It is due to the high resistance feature of biofilm to the antimicrobial factors and Cleaning in Place (CIP) process. In this study, the bacterial biofilm from the inner part of pasteurized milk production line were isolated and bacterial compositions were assessed in order to identification of effective agents of post-contamination of pasteurized products. In order to conduct this survey, after CIP process, sampling was done from ten different parts of the production line (in 3 replicates). Isolation, purification and probable identification of isolated bacteria according to Bergey’s Manual of systematic bacteriology were performed. Results showed the presence of bacteria from different genera of Listeria, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Aeromonas. Klebsiella, Proteus, Lactobacillus and Micrococcus in which Staphylococcus and Shigella sonnei were the most predominant isolated genus and specie with 19% and 11% of the whole population, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - Combined effects of different concentrations of starter culture and incubation temperatures on physicochemical, microbial and sensory features of stirred yogurt produced from Sheep’s milk
Golsa Mehrabadiyan Ali Reza Shahab Lavasani Sara MovahedYogurt gels are a type of soft solid. Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus are yogurt starter cultures widely used in the dairy industry. Co-culture of these bacteria leads to higher biomass yield than their separate single strain culture. Incubation MoreYogurt gels are a type of soft solid. Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus are yogurt starter cultures widely used in the dairy industry. Co-culture of these bacteria leads to higher biomass yield than their separate single strain culture. Incubation temperature also affected some physicochemical and sensory features of yogurt, so the aim of this work is to determined physicochemical and sensory features of yogurt containing different concentrations starter and different incubation temperatures made from sheep’s milk. The preparation of all treatments(T) as follows, Yogurt produced from: 2% starter culture and incubation temperature 42˚C ,T(A); 1% starter culture and incubation temperature 37˚C,T(B); 1% starter culture and incubation temperature 42˚C,T(C: as a Control); 2% starter culture and incubation temperature 37ᵒC, T(D); 3% starter culture and incubation temperature 42˚C, T(E) and 3% starter culture and incubation temperature 37˚C,T(F).the results indicated that fat%, dry matter% and moisture% did not change during 22 days of storage period and parallel to drop of pH, acidity (Dornic scale) continuously increased. The protein content of treatments B,C; continuously increased during 22 days storage period. The starter culture bacterial counts of yogurt showed that both Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus decreased during storage period. Sensory evaluation was performed for two features (flavor and texture). The scores for these features decreased during storage period but scores that allocated for treatment D were highly similar to control sample. According to above mentioned, it was concluded that treatment D was more similar to treatment C as a control sample. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - samples Antibiotic resistance profile of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from raw milk and traditional cheese
Maryam Mazhari Mojtaba Bonyadian Hamdallah MoshtaghiSalmonella is one of the most important bacteria which cause illnesses, may exist in raw foods. The presence of this bacterium in food also causes a decrease in the quality of productions and a decrease in the economic growth. Milk and its products are among the food th MoreSalmonella is one of the most important bacteria which cause illnesses, may exist in raw foods. The presence of this bacterium in food also causes a decrease in the quality of productions and a decrease in the economic growth. Milk and its products are among the food that may contaminate with Salmonella both primarily and secondarily by employees, water, etc., and transmitted to human. In this study, 100 samples of raw milk and 50 samples of traditional cheese from different parts of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province were obtained to isolate and identify Salmonella bacteria using microbiological, and polymerase chain reaction tests. Also, the antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolates was evaluated by the diffusion disk method. The results of microbiological tests showed that 7 samples were contaminated with salmonella. Suspicious isolates included 5 samples belonging to raw milk and 2 samples belonging to traditional cheeses. The results of PCR test revealed that 3 samples of suspected isolates of raw milk (%3) and 1 sample of suspected isolates of traditional cheese (%2) were S. typhimurium. The results of the antibiogram test on Salmonella isolates showed the highest sensitivity to Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin, and the highest resistance to Ampicillin, Tetracycline and Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole antibiotics. According to the results of the present study, raw milk and traditional cheeses are contaminated with Salmonella typhimurium, which are resistant to some antibiotics. Although the contamination of raw milk is removed during the heat treatment steps such as pasteurization, boiling or sterilization, traditional cheeses contaminated with this bacterium are considered a potential risk for the health of consumers. Therefore, the examination of traditional dairy products, especially cheese, in terms of preventing the occurrence of diseases in humans seems to be more necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Survey on contamination to Yersinia entrocolotica in raw cow milk distributed in Ahvaz area and evaluation of antibiotic resistance of isolates
ALI FAZLARA Mehdi Zarei AHMAD MAVALIZADEHTotally 150 samples of cow milk were collected in Ahvaz within 6 months. The collected samples were sent to the lab in cool conditions. The amount of 25 ml of each sample was added to 225 ml of Tris-Buffered Peptone Water with pH=8 as enrichment medium and stored at 4&d MoreTotally 150 samples of cow milk were collected in Ahvaz within 6 months. The collected samples were sent to the lab in cool conditions. The amount of 25 ml of each sample was added to 225 ml of Tris-Buffered Peptone Water with pH=8 as enrichment medium and stored at 4°C for three weeks. Then in 7th, 14th and 21th days of storage, one loopful equal to 10 µL of enriched broth were streaked out in plates of Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin agar contained supplement and incubated at 30°C for 24 hours. Then 3 to 5 colonies of typical bull's-eye appearance with 0.5-2 mm diameter with a deep red center and sharp border surrounded by a translucent zone were selected as suspect to Yersinia enterocolitica and cultured in TSA medium. After gram staining and observe gram negative rod and also implement some biochemical tests in next step due to absolute identification, specific primers for 16srRNA were used. Boiling method was used to extract DNA. The isolation of Yersinia entroclitica was confirmed from 36 samples (24%) of milks. The confirmed isolates due to antibiogram were spread out in agar culture and the antibiotic susceptibility was surveyed with utilization of antibiotic discs and CLSI tables. The results showed that the sensitivity to Ciprofloaxin, Gentamicin, Tetracycline, Ceftazidime, Nalidixic Acid, Kanamycin, Trimethoprim Sulfametaxazole, Amoxicillin and Cephalotin were 100%, 97.05%, 91.17%, 85.29%, 82.35%, 79.41%, 67,64%, 17.64% and 14.7% respectively. None of the isolates were susceptible to Erythromycin which shows that the isolates have the most resistance against this antibiotic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Microbial quality of buttermilk made by simultaneous adding the resin of CMC, xanthan and tragacanth during the shelf life
Mohamad Hojjatoleslami Maryam Jafari Zeinab TorkiButter milk is a dairy, fermented and acidic drink which is a native product of Iran. It is produced by diluting yogurt and adding water and salt to it or through direct fermentation of milk. Among all drinks in markets, butter milk enjoys a special place from the viewp MoreButter milk is a dairy, fermented and acidic drink which is a native product of Iran. It is produced by diluting yogurt and adding water and salt to it or through direct fermentation of milk. Among all drinks in markets, butter milk enjoys a special place from the viewpoint of health-giving properties. Among demerits of butter milk, reducing its shelf life and marketability, are change of the flavor and swelling the product by the action of microorganisms. In this paper, the microbial quality of buttermilk, which is made by simultaneous adding the resin of CMC, xanthan and tragacanth, was analyzed during the shelf life. Microbial tests of samples were conducted according to the Iran national standards in order to determine and count the coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and fungi. The results revealed that adding resin to samples of butter milk increases the stability of the microbial load, but has no effect on pH and organoleptic properties. No contamination to coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus was seen in the samples. The rate of contamination to fungi was in the range of Iran national standard. According to the results, serious actions are necessary to control the fungal contamination of dairy products without using preservatives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Study on antimicrobial effect aquatic extract of rosemary and nisin against Listeria monocynogenes in milk
Keyvan Aminoroaya Mahdi Sharifi Soltani Reza HajiesmailiListeria monosytogenes is one of food borne pathogens that presence in raw foods and capable of growth during cold storage and cause infection in consumers. Raw milk is one of the most particular foods associated with listeria contamination. Reemerging listerial infecti MoreListeria monosytogenes is one of food borne pathogens that presence in raw foods and capable of growth during cold storage and cause infection in consumers. Raw milk is one of the most particular foods associated with listeria contamination. Reemerging listerial infection increased because of increase the consumer interest to consume of raw milk in last years. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-listerial effect of nisin, rosemary extract and mixed of them in milk at refrigerator temperature (4±1ºC). Five treatments of milk were prepared; control sample with no nisin and rosemary extract (A), milk contain 0.5% rosemary extract (B), milk contain 1% rosemary extract (C), milk contain 1000 IU nisin (D) and milk contain 0.5% rosemary extract + 500 IU nisin (E). 107 cfu/ml Listeria monosytogenes was inoculated in each sample. All samples were exanimate for Listeria monosytogenes count on day 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Based on results; rosemary extract and nisin reduced the listerial growth. Highest anti-listerial activity was shown in sample E, D and C respectively. The antimicrobial effect of rosemary extract at high concentration significantly (p<0.05) was higher than low concentration. Nisin had synergist effect on anti-listerial properties of rosemary extract. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Review of Brucella contamination in Milk and its products of Iran
Amir Shakerian sahar nouri Mohammad NodargahBrucellosis or Malta-Fever, is a zoonotic disease that cause by gram negative brucella bacteria and is a serious health problem in the Mediterranean area. It usually transmitted to humans from livestock or tainted livestock products. Brucellosis in humans followed by co MoreBrucellosis or Malta-Fever, is a zoonotic disease that cause by gram negative brucella bacteria and is a serious health problem in the Mediterranean area. It usually transmitted to humans from livestock or tainted livestock products. Brucellosis in humans followed by consumption of raw milk, its products and soft cooked meat. It’s endemic as well as in our country and it has increased in recent years. Regarding the health of milk and its products due to the high value in humans food is paramount important and contamination of milk and its products from important ways of disease transferring, therefore in this article provides overview of dairy-products contamination as one the important transfer ways since 1948 to 2016. There are several methods to diagnose, but in recent years, according to the molecular methods such as PCR or serology ones as ELISA due to the sensitivity and a high degree of accuracy are payed attention. Prevention, control and eradicate program of brucellosis have been different according to the economic condition various in countries and broadly eradicate and control of brucellosis is important from tow aspects of health and economic. Raise up awareness of poultry- mans and educating consumers by the mass media and raise up awareness about transferable disease from milk and its products can be useful. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Prevalence rate and presence of virulence genes of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in raw milk and traditional cheese at Marand retails
Asgar Nagezadeh Hamid MirzaeiThe aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence rate of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in raw milk and traditional cheese at Marand retails. Moreover, the isolates were assessed for the presence of virulence gene of stx1, stx2, eaeA and hly. For this reason, 100 traditi MoreThe aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence rate of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in raw milk and traditional cheese at Marand retails. Moreover, the isolates were assessed for the presence of virulence gene of stx1, stx2, eaeA and hly. For this reason, 100 traditional cheese and 50 raw milk samples were collected randomly. The samples were enriched in EC broth containing novobiocin and were isolated on sorbitol MacConkey agar with cefixime and tellurite. The isolates were further assayed by VRBA, tryptone broth and Escherichia coli Chromogenic agar for the lactose fermentation, indole production and beta-glucuronidase activity, respectively. The selected colonies were confirmed by E. coli O157: H7 antiserum and finally the isolates were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes. According to the results, 9% (9/100) of cheese and 10% (5/50) of raw milk samples were found contaminated with sorbitol-negative E. coli. Using the anti-E. coli antiserum, 1 isolate (2%) among the milk samples was confirmed and the presence of virulence genes of eaeA and stx1 were determined by multiplex PCR. With respect to the occurrence of E. coli O157: H7 in raw milk and its high persistence to acidic environment, it was concluded that raw milks and traditional cheeses marketed at Marand could be considered as the potential source of infection to humans. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Isolation and Identification of Pediococcus Species from Raw Milk of Iranian One Humped Camel and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Properties
Nafiseh Davati Farideh Tabatabaei yazdi Saeed ZibaeiIran is a country with vast arid desert and camels have many adaptations that allow them to live successfully in desert conditions. Lactic Acid Bacteria such as Pediococcus play an important role in quality of fermented products of camel milk. A total of three samples o MoreIran is a country with vast arid desert and camels have many adaptations that allow them to live successfully in desert conditions. Lactic Acid Bacteria such as Pediococcus play an important role in quality of fermented products of camel milk. A total of three samples of raw milk of Iranian one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) were collected from Golestan province in Iran under aseptic conditions. Among isolated bacteria, only six isolates were phenotypically characterized as pediococcus species. Six bacterial isolates were identified by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and were then grouped by the Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) method. Based on restriction analysis of 16S rRNA gene, the isolates of pediococcusgenus were grouped into one ARDRA pattern that were identified by ribosomal DNA sequencing as Pediococcus pentosaceus. The antimicrobial activity of Pediococcusisolatesagainst Salmonella typhi PTCC 1609 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 was examined by the Spot on lawn method. The results showed that antimicrobial activity of P. pentosaceus isolated from raw milk of Iranian camel was remarkable was remarkable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Prevalence of hydrogen peroxide contamination in sterilized milk samples distributed in Isfahan market
مریم میرلوحی محمد باقر ملجئی آذین پور خلیلیIntroduction: Hydrogen peroxide is commonly used as disinfectant for sterilization of food contact materials. In dairy industry, contamination of milk with H2O2 residue is likely due to its leakage from the disinfected surfaces resulting in development of oxidative spoi MoreIntroduction: Hydrogen peroxide is commonly used as disinfectant for sterilization of food contact materials. In dairy industry, contamination of milk with H2O2 residue is likely due to its leakage from the disinfected surfaces resulting in development of oxidative spoilage of milk. Since no report has been documented on the prevalence of such contamination in food stuff in Iran, this study aimed to measure the prevalence of H2O2 in sterilized milk samples, collected from Isfahan market in 2013. Methods: A total of 20 tetra-pack sterilized milk samples from 7 different brand were randomly collected from the market. All the samples were 250ml in volume. In order to measure the H2O2 concentration a colometric method was adapted based on catalase reaction and measurement of light absorption at 400nm. Results: H2O2 residue was detected in all tested samples ranging from 0.14-1.62 ppm. Fifteen samples (75%) contained H2O2 levels greater than its regulated level by international organization (0.5 ppm). Accordingly, the results of one-sample t-test showed that the average amount of detected H2O2 concentration in the tested sample is higher than the standard value. Conclusion: Regarding the H2O2 contamination of the tested milk samples revealed in this study and due to lack of any regulation limit for H2O2 in sterilized milk in Iran, presentation and documentation of standards introducing reliable method for detection and monitoring of H2O2 in the sterilized milk along with its limits is highly recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Contamination rate and biofilm formation by psychotrophic bacteria from bulk milk tanks and dairy processing equipments
Rasoul Rezapour Shahram HanifianPsychorotrophs are the heterogeneous group of bacteria that can grow at refrigerator temperatures. Most of these bacteria produce extracellular proteases and lipases which decompose lipids and proteins in milk that leads to undesirable defect in milk. These defects do n MorePsychorotrophs are the heterogeneous group of bacteria that can grow at refrigerator temperatures. Most of these bacteria produce extracellular proteases and lipases which decompose lipids and proteins in milk that leads to undesirable defect in milk. These defects do not disappear even after pasteurization and sterilization. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence rate and diversity of psychotropic bacteria in raw milk tankers and dairy processing equipments as well as the biofilm-forming ability of the isolates. A total of 80 samples including 30 samples of raw milk tanks, 30 samples of dairy product processing equipments and 20 samples from different surfaces of the production line were collected. According to the results, 26.25% of the samples were found contaminated with psychrotrophic bacteria. Amongst, 65% of the surface samples of production line, 23.33% of the raw milk tanks and 3.3% of the processing equipment were positive for psychrotrophic bacteria. Out of 31 isolates, Bacillus genus had the highest contamination rate (32.25%), whilst Alcaligenes showed the lowest rate (3.2%). The results of biofilm formation revealed that 21 isolates (67.75%) were able to produce biofilm. It was concluded that in some cases, current CIP procedure is not efficient for the entire removal of biofilm from the processing equipments. It seems that it is necessary to apply complementary physical/chemical approaches along with the current CIP procedure to complete obliteration of biofilms from dairy industry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - Aerobic spore-forming bacteria in raw and pasteurized milks of East-Azarbaijan area: occurrence, quantity and diversity
Maryam Jabbarpour Sattari Jalal Shayegh Shahram HanifianGrowth and proliferation of spore-forming bacteria cause food spoilage or may contribute in foodborne illness through the production of toxins. Aerobic spore-formers are widely distributed in nature and are of greater concern in dairy industry. The aim of this study was MoreGrowth and proliferation of spore-forming bacteria cause food spoilage or may contribute in foodborne illness through the production of toxins. Aerobic spore-formers are widely distributed in nature and are of greater concern in dairy industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence, quantity and diversity of spore-forming bacteria in raw and pasteurized milks of East-Azarbaijan area. For this reason, 80 raw milks and 40 pasteurized milk samples were randomly obtained and the populations of mesophilic together with thermophilic spore-formers were estimated. The diversity of the enumerated colonies was determined using routine biochemical assays. According to the results, the occurrence of mesophilic and thermophilic spore-formers in raw milks was 82.5% and 87.5%, and for the pasteurized milk samples it was 77.5% and 82.5%, respectively. Results revealed remarkable loads of spore-formers (ranged 2-8 log cfu/ml) both in raw and pasteurized milks. Moreover, 12 and 8 Bacillus species were identified in raw and pasteurized milks, respectively; amongst B. macerans and B. cereus were the major species which accounted for the overall 76% and 64% of the isolates in raw and pasteurized milk samples, respectively. Results revealed that contamination of milk via environmental sources could be the main reason for the presence of high loads of spore-forming bacteria, so that pasteurization process was not appreciably efficient. It was concluded that the presence of toxin-producing species in pasteurized milks could be considered as a health hazard for the consumers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - SCCmec typing of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from milk and dairy products
Narges Aminifard Hasan Momtaz Zahra BamzadehStaphylococcus aureus is a major opportunistic pathogen causing various diseases such as pneumonia and urinary tract infections. Indiscriminate and excessive use of antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance in this bacterium, especially against commonly used antibiotic MoreStaphylococcus aureus is a major opportunistic pathogen causing various diseases such as pneumonia and urinary tract infections. Indiscriminate and excessive use of antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance in this bacterium, especially against commonly used antibiotics in the treatment. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from milk and traditional milk products, especially resistance to methicillin. A total of 403 samples of milk and milk products was examined and collected from distribution centers of traditional and dairy products. Strains isolated were tested by PCR to determine the frequency of mec gene, SCCmec types and genes coding for antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates was assessed by disk diffusion method. Out of 403 samples, 151 samples (%44.67) were infected with Staphylococcus aureus, and the highest prevalence of infection was found in samples of cow raw milk (%58.55). Only IV type was detected in mecA-positive isolates among SCCmec types; a number of 66 isolates belonged to IVd type, 21 isolates related to IVc type and 13 isolates belonged to IVa type and the significant differences between SCCmec type IVd with two types IVc and IVa was observed. The high prevalence of infection with Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk and traditional milk products and high antibiotic resistance of the isolates to common types of antibiotics in treating human infections are serious warning to the community and it requires hygienic measures and quality control of dairy products more than ever. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Identification of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 genes of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from local cheese and cows milk in Tabriz city
jalal Shayegh نسرین پورشفیع Hayedeh MobinIdentification of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 genes of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from local cheese and cows milk in Tabriz city Staphylococcus aureus is one of important food poising bacteria. The bacterium cause this poising by produce of the different toxin. Th MoreIdentification of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 genes of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from local cheese and cows milk in Tabriz city Staphylococcus aureus is one of important food poising bacteria. The bacterium cause this poising by produce of the different toxin. The aim of this study was determine the presence of toxic shock syndrome gene (tst) of S. aureus isolated from milk and traditional cheese. For this purpose 51 isolates included isolates of bovine milk (23), buffaloes milk (5) and traditional cheese (23) collected and were studies in tst gene by PCR. Among mentioned isolates 2(3.9%) isolates were positive for the tst genes belong to bacteria were isolated from cheese. Results of this study showed low prevalence of tsst-1 producing gene on Dairy products in mentioned area in comparison with similar study. It maybe this isolates harbored the mentioned gene in their genome transmit by worker on food industry Key words: Staphylococcus aureus, TSST-1, milk, cheese, Tabriz. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis in bison milk and dairy products and bison meat by cultural and PCR method
Sanaz Alizadeh Hassan Momtaz Ebrahim RahimiThis study aims at investigating the outbreak of Salmonella and Disease-Agent Genes Pf Salmonella interitidis and Salmonella typhimurium separted from bison milk and its products and bison meat in Khuzestan province- Mollasani town. On the MoreThis study aims at investigating the outbreak of Salmonella and Disease-Agent Genes Pf Salmonella interitidis and Salmonella typhimurium separted from bison milk and its products and bison meat in Khuzestan province- Mollasani town. On the Whole, 210 samples of meat, milk and its products in Esfand 94 and Farvardin 95 have been collected from Mollasani town. Samples have been analyzed for the presence of S. interitidis and S. typhimurium and Disease- Agent Genes. The outbreak of Salmonella in the studied sample was 2.8%. Highest out breaks of contamination were respectively in cheese sample 10%, cream 7.14% and 2.5%. No Salmonella was detected in meat, yogurt, butter and rice pudding. The separated Salmonella in the sample were S. interitidis5% and S. typhimurium 2.5%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Increase the survival of Lactobacillus ramnosus LGG and improved physicochemical, reological and sensory properties of fermented milk using Roman nettle mucilage compared with Inulin
Sara Amiri Samani Maryam Jafari Fatemeh NejatiThe aim of this study was to investigate the prebiotic potential of Roman nettle seed mucilage in the growth and survival of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG) as well as changes in different physicochemical, reological and sensory properties of fermented milk comp MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the prebiotic potential of Roman nettle seed mucilage in the growth and survival of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG) as well as changes in different physicochemical, reological and sensory properties of fermented milk compared with inulin (commercial prebiotic) during the storage time. For this purpose, values of 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% (w/w) of nettle seed mucilage and 0.5 and 1% (w/w) inulin has been added to the recombined milk and after inoculation of bacteria, changes in acidity, syneresis, viscosity, the number of probiotic bacteria and sensory properties were studied during 21 days. The results showed that the addition of mucilage to fermented milk improved the growth and survival of L. rhamnosus and subsequently increase the acidity of the samples. Furthermore, the addition of mucilage compared with inulin, led to reduction in syneresis of the samples and higher counts of probiotics during storage. Finally, according to physico-chemical, microbiological and organoleptic results, samples containing 0.1% (w/w) of mucilage were considered as the best sample in this study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Frequency of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from mastitis milks in Iran, a systematic review and meta-analysis
Maryam Karimi Dehkordi Forogh MohammadiThere are a variety of studies on the prevalence of TSST-1 in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various food sources, which largely examined the frequency of this toxin. In order to obtain a better outlook for TSST-1 prevalence, this study aimed to determine the preva MoreThere are a variety of studies on the prevalence of TSST-1 in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various food sources, which largely examined the frequency of this toxin. In order to obtain a better outlook for TSST-1 prevalence, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of S. aureus carrying TSST-1 toxin in contaminated milk in livestock infected with mastitis in Iran using a systematic and meta-analysis study. All articles published in Iranian journals were reviewed using standard and sensitive keywords between January 2000 and January 2018. All published articles in this field which had criteria for entering in this study were undergoing the meta-analysis process using a randomized model after qualitative control. Based on the 6 reviewed articles, the cumulative frequency of TSST-1 in S. aureus strains obtained from lactating mice with an infection of 8.2% mastitisr was estimated (95% CI: 2.6 to 23.2). There was a significant variation among the six studies (χ2 = 43.302; P Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Study the total microbial load, coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and mold and yeast and Amyloid A concentration in bulk milk samples of animal farms of Tehran province
Mohammadreza Taghdiri Guiti Karim Shahabeddin Safi Abbas Rahimi Foroushani Abbasali MotalebiEvaluation of the microbial quality of raw milk is very important due to the increasing consumption of milk and the possibility of its converting into dairy products. The study of microbial load of raw milk and the evaluation of acute phase proteins can provide accurate MoreEvaluation of the microbial quality of raw milk is very important due to the increasing consumption of milk and the possibility of its converting into dairy products. The study of microbial load of raw milk and the evaluation of acute phase proteins can provide accurate information on the hygienic conditions and quality of raw milk. The present study was done to evaluate the microbial load and amyloid A measurement in bulk milk samples of animal farms of Tehran province. At first, 90 raw milk samples were collected and transferred to the laboratory. Somatic cell count of milk samples was done by electronic fluorescence. Then, total microbial, coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and mold and yeast counts were done. Amyloid A concentration in raw milk samples was determined using ELISA method. Mean count of total microbes, coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and mold and yeast were 15×105, 12×104, 29×103, 14×103 and 18×105 CFU/ml, respectively. Total microbial count in 72.23% of tested samples were higher than limit standard. Mean of somatic cell count was 3×105 cells in milliliter milk which were higher than limit standard in 61.11% of milk samples. Mean and standard deviation of amyloid A in milk samples was 551.83 ±47.96 ng/ml milk. The results of the present study show the relative quality of milk samples of animal farms of Tehran province. High number of somatic cells and also the concentration of amyloid A in raw milk samples indicate the possibility of occurrence of subclinical mastitis in the target cows. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Study of frequency of NHE complex genes in Bacillus cereus isolated from cow milk in Tabriz city
Taher Rasoulpour Saman MahdaviBacillus cereus is a gram positive and spore producing bacterium that is widely spread in nature. Many of this bacterium strains cause food poisoning with signs of diarrhea and vomiting. Diarrhea-type diseases cause by haemolytic enterotoxins HBL, non haemolytic NHE and MoreBacillus cereus is a gram positive and spore producing bacterium that is widely spread in nature. Many of this bacterium strains cause food poisoning with signs of diarrhea and vomiting. Diarrhea-type diseases cause by haemolytic enterotoxins HBL, non haemolytic NHE and cytotoxin K. Milk is one of the food products that may be contaminated by livestock with mastitis caused by Bacillus cereus. The aim of this research was the study of frequency of NHE complex genes in Bacillus cereus isolated from cow milk in Tabriz city. 42 samples of Bacillus cereus isolated from cow milk after molecular confirmation were investigated for study of frequency of NHE complex genes by use of specific primers by PCR method. Of 42 tested samples, 41 positive cases were detected. Of 41 Bacillus cereus tested, 37 cases (90.2%), 35 cases (85.3%) and 31 cases (75.6%) harbored nheA, nheB and nheC genes, respectively. 30 samples (73.1%) simultaneously contained all three studied genes. In 3 samples (7.3%) of Bacillus cereus bacteria, no NHE complex genes were observed. The simultaneous presence of NHE complex genes in most of tested Bacillus cereus isolates indicates the high virulence of tested bacteria and their high pathogenic potential. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis and quality properties of yogurt made from goat's milk
Rahele Nezhad Razmjoui Akhgar Shahin ZomorodiGoat's milk is a proper alternative to cow's milk because of its higher digestibility and lower allergic characteristics, as well as its higher functional nutrient. On the other hand, its health benefits can be increased by the incorporation of probiotics into goat's mi MoreGoat's milk is a proper alternative to cow's milk because of its higher digestibility and lower allergic characteristics, as well as its higher functional nutrient. On the other hand, its health benefits can be increased by the incorporation of probiotics into goat's milk. This research aimed to investigate the survivability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis (B. lactis) individually and in combination on the physicochemical and sensory properties of yogurt made of goat's milk during 21days storage. In this research, 4 treatments were prepared, including control (with no probiotic bacteria), La treatment containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bb treatment containing B. lactis, and LaBb treatment containing a combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus and B. lactis. The results showed that the count of Lactobacillus acidophilus, B. lactis, and their combination reached from 8.54 log cfu/g on the first day to 9.43, 10.06 and 10.75 log cfu/g at the end of the storage period, respectively. At the end of the storage period, the control sample had significantly the highest pH and syneresis and the lowest acidity, water holding capacity, viscosity, and overall acceptability among treatments. However, no significant difference between samples containing probiotic in acidity, pH, viscosity, syneresis, water holding capacity, and overall acceptability was observed. According to the results obtained of this study, yogurt made of goat's milk, in addition to being a suitable carrier for probiotics, its sensory properties improve as a result of the incorporation of these probiotics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Removal of aflatoxin M1 from milk by adding probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. plantarum, and Saccharomyces boulardii
reza khadivi boroujeni vadood razavilar Seyed Amir Ali Anvar behruz Akbari ArdaganiThe current study aimed at removing aflatoxin (0.5 and 0.75 ng/mL) from the reconstituted milk by adding three probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. plantarum and Saccharomyces boulardii in the cell concentration of 107 and 109 CFU/mL at 4°C and 37°C within 30 MoreThe current study aimed at removing aflatoxin (0.5 and 0.75 ng/mL) from the reconstituted milk by adding three probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. plantarum and Saccharomyces boulardii in the cell concentration of 107 and 109 CFU/mL at 4°C and 37°C within 30 and 90 minutes. The highest activity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in the removal of aflatoxin M1 was observed in the cell concentration of 107 CFU/mL and 0.75 ng/mL toxin concentration at 37°C (Figure 1) after 90 minutes exposure (64.31% ± 3.79%) and had no significant difference with the optimum value at 30 minutes exposure (63.86% ± 5.00%) (P >0.05). Regardless of aflatoxin M1 and probiotics concentrations, the highest mean marginal estimation of aflatoxin M1 removal from the milk at 4°C in the early minutes belonged to L. plantarum, which gradually became identical for all the three probiotics until the minute 90. The potential of S. boulardii in removing aflatoxin M1 from the milk (96.88% ± 3.79%) gradually increased within the initial minutes (90 minutes) with increasing the concentration of aflatoxin M1 (0.75 ng/mL) and the yeast by 109 CFU/mL at 37°C; binding affinity also decreased with decreasing the temperature. The results of the current study indicated that 107 CFU/mL of S. boulardii can efficiently remove aflatoxin M1 from milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Evaluation of Tetracycline Antibiotic Level in Raw Milk using Infrared Fourier Transform Spectrum
Ali Ghanbari Afshin Akhoondzadeh-BastiDue to the consumption of milk in the daily diet of humans as one of the main food groups, the health of this product is of particular importance. In this study, FTNIR and FTMID were used to evaluate the amount of tetracycline in raw milk and compared with the reference MoreDue to the consumption of milk in the daily diet of humans as one of the main food groups, the health of this product is of particular importance. In this study, FTNIR and FTMID were used to evaluate the amount of tetracycline in raw milk and compared with the reference HPLC method. Forty milk samples were prepared with different concentrations of tetracycline 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppb. Also, by comparing the control sample with the samples containing tetracycline, the most changes in the near-infrared spectrum occur in the wavelength range of 5200 to 5000 and 7000 to 6800 and the changes of the middle infrared spectrum occur in the wavelength range of 700 to 600, 1700 to 1500 and 3400 to 3200 cm-1. Using these predictions, the amount of tetracycline was predicted by NIR and MIR methods with correlation coefficients of 0.99 and 0.90 and RMSEP error rates of 18.60 and 20.06, respectively. Although the correlation coefficient of both methods is high, but the error rate of the prediction method is high for both methods, especially the MIR method. But the results of the NIR spectrum are closer to the reference method (HPLC) and can replace this method. Due to the lower error rate of NIR and the advantages of this identification method compared to High Performance Liquid Chromatography, this method can be introduced as a suitable alternative to destructive methods of measuring tetracycline in milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - The determination of prevalence of Neospora caninum in cow's milk in Yazd Province by Nested-PCR assay in summer 2021
mohsen jafarian nasir rafatiNeosporosis is the main cause of abortion in cattle in Iran and other parts of the world, which is caused by a parasitic protozoan Neospora caninum . The economic effects of Neosporosis are reduced milk and meat production in cattle. Transmission of N.caninum is possibl MoreNeosporosis is the main cause of abortion in cattle in Iran and other parts of the world, which is caused by a parasitic protozoan Neospora caninum . The economic effects of Neosporosis are reduced milk and meat production in cattle. Transmission of N.caninum is possible through vertical and horizontal routes. Some studies have been conducted on the importance of vertical transmission during infancy, through colostrum and milk. Most studies in Iran to investigate the incidence of N.caninum in cattle are based on the search for anti-parasitic antibodies in the blood serum and limited studies have been performed on milk. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of N.caninum genome in raw cow milk using PCR method to evaluate the vertical transmission of this parasite. In this study, 300 samples of raw cow's milk were collected from traditional farms in Yazd province. The results of this study showed that 54 cases (18%) of 300 samples of cow milk were infected with N.caninum genome. The findings of the present study indicate a high presence of N.caninum infection and showed that infected cow's milk plays an important role in the transmission of Neosporosis in newborn calves. Based on these findings, control and eradication programs, including vaccination, are necessary to prevent and reduce the economic losses of this protozoan infection in cattle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Prevalence and Genotyping of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from raw milk samples
Seyed Mohammad Hossein Hojjat Mohammadhossein MarhamatizadehDespite the high importance of Helicobacter pylori, the main source of the bacterium and the habits of its transmission to human populations have not been determined yet. The present study was performed to evaluate the prevalence and genotyping of Helicobacter pylori st MoreDespite the high importance of Helicobacter pylori, the main source of the bacterium and the habits of its transmission to human populations have not been determined yet. The present study was performed to evaluate the prevalence and genotyping of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from raw milk samples. A total of 180 raw bovine, ovine and caprine milk samples were randomly collected from Fars province. The presence of Helicobacter pylori in raw milk samples were was studied using the microbial culture. Genomic DNA was extracted from Helicobacter pylori isolates and the frequency of VacA, CagA, IceA and OipA genotypes was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction. In total, 53 out of 180 (29.44%) raw milk samples were contaminated with Helicobacter pylori. The prevalence of contamination in raw milk samples of bovine, ovine and caprine was 20, 38.33 and 30%, respectively. VacA s1a (69.71%), m1a (67.92%), s2 (62.26%) and m2 (58.49%) and cagA (50.94%) were the most abundant detected genotypes. The rarest detected genotypes were VacA s1c (7.54%), s1b (16.98%), m1b (18.86%) and iceA2 (7.54%), respectively. S1am1a (39.62%), s2m1a (32.07%), s1am2 (28.30%) and s2m2 (26.41%) were the most commonly detected combined genotypes. Raw milk, especially raw sheep milk, was considered as a carrier for transmission of virulent strains of Helicobacter pylori. The similarity in the genotyping pattern of the isolates probably indicates the similarity in the source of infection of the samples with Helicobacter pylori. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Evaluation of health status, chemical parameters and organoleptic properties of some nomadic dairy products in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province
mohsen bagheri ahmadreza shavikloThis study aimed to determine the health status, chemical parameters and organoleptic properties of some nomadic dairy products in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Referring to the nomads of the province, three products including Curd, Gharaghorot and Gee were sample MoreThis study aimed to determine the health status, chemical parameters and organoleptic properties of some nomadic dairy products in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Referring to the nomads of the province, three products including Curd, Gharaghorot and Gee were sampled. Sensory experimentation included perfume, flavors, texture, color and overall acceptance. The amount of protein, fat, salt, moisture, ash and some minerals and the E.Coli, Staphylococcus aureus, coliforms, mold and yeast contamination and total microorganisms count in the samples were studied. The amount of protein(P Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Isolation and evaluation of some probiotic features of enterococci from Jersey cow milk and its fermented products in Qom
حمید میرزائی Zahra NourihamedEnterococci are among the lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential which are found in dairy products and especially in fermented products. The study aimed to isolate enterococci from raw milk of Jersey cows and its fermented products as well as to determine some pr MoreEnterococci are among the lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential which are found in dairy products and especially in fermented products. The study aimed to isolate enterococci from raw milk of Jersey cows and its fermented products as well as to determine some probiotic properties of the isolates. Five specimens from each of raw milk, buttermilk, yogurt, cheese, and butter were obtained. Twelve isolates of Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus avium, and Enterococcus faecalis were isolated. The antimicrobial effects of the isolates were investigated on indicator microorganisms. All isolates had an inhibitory effect on these microorganisms. Escherichia coli was more sensitive than the others. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Listeria ivanovii followed, and the lowest susceptibility was observed in Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. Overall, gram-negative microorganisms were significantly more sensitive than gram-positive microorganisms (p≤0.05). In the study of resistance of isolates in culture medium containing 0.3% bile, out of 12 isolates obtained from the tested samples, two isolates of E. avium (40%), three E. faecalis isolates (100%), and one E. faecium (20%) were found to be resistant. Amongst, one isolate of E. avium was resistant to acidic conditions. In general, milk and fermented products can be considered rich sources of Enterococcus species, a small number of which are resistant to the human gastrointestinal tract environment. Of course, these isolates must be further evaluated for safety. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Evaluation of contamination of raw milk and traditional butter in Amol city with Listeria monocytogenes and determination of their antibiotic resistance.
Negin Najafi Mahdi Sharifi Soltani Atefeh Bozorgi MakeraniListeria is one of the most important bacteria that contaminates milk and milk products. The main species that causes listeriosis in humans and animals and is transmitted through contaminated food is Listeria monocytogenes. For this purpose, in order to identify Listeri MoreListeria is one of the most important bacteria that contaminates milk and milk products. The main species that causes listeriosis in humans and animals and is transmitted through contaminated food is Listeria monocytogenes. For this purpose, in order to identify Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk and traditional butter, in the spring of 1400, 40 samples of raw milk (20) and traditional butter (20) were collected from traditional dairy stores in Amol city. The samples were immediately transferred to a food microbiology laboratory in cold condition. The samples were first cultured in peptone water enrichment medium and then the enriched samples were transferred to Palkam Listeria selective agar medium with selective Listeria monocytogenes supplementation. Then antimicrobial susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes isolates was determined by disk diffusion method using the antibiotics ampicillin, gentamicin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. From the total samples, the prevalence of Listeria species in raw milk and butter was 35% and 10%, respectively. The results of antibiotic susceptibility and resistance test of raw milk samples showed that they were resistant to ampicillin 85.7% and tetracycline 71.4% and among butter samples only erythromycin was 100% resistant and ampicillin 100% semi-resistant. The mean of the obtained results in the antibiogram test were analyzed with 95% confidence and one-way analysis of variance. The results of the present study indicate the potential risk of infection due to consumption of raw milk and traditional butter to Listeria monocytogenes and raw milk had higher risk than butter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Application of ERIC-PCR method for genetic classification of campylobacter strains isolated from raw milk
GholamReza Banisharif Mohammad Hosein Marhamatizadeh Hassan MomtazIntroduction and purpose: Campylobacter species are one of the most important pathogens causing bacterial gastroenteritis, which are generally transmitted through food of animal origin. The present study was conducted with the aim of genetic classification of Campylobac MoreIntroduction and purpose: Campylobacter species are one of the most important pathogens causing bacterial gastroenteritis, which are generally transmitted through food of animal origin. The present study was conducted with the aim of genetic classification of Campylobacter isolated from raw milk of cows, sheep and goats in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Methods: 43 isolates of Campylobacter isolated from raw milk of cows, sheep and goats in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces were selected and confirmed by ERIC-PCR method. Results: The studied isolates revealed banding patterns ranging from 100 to 2000 open pairs, which were further classified into 5 main profiles with a similarity coefficient of simple matching at a similarity level above 80%. Except for 100% affinity which was observed in 1 case, other isolates had genetic affinity between 54% and 98%. Conclusion: The placement of the studied isolates in several subgroups showed the acceptable discrimination power of the ERIC-PCR technique in Campylobacter genotyping and the presence of different sources of contamination of dairy products with this pathogen. ERIC-PCR method is a simple, fast and low-cost method to describe the genetic diversity of different Campylobacter strains, including Campylobacter jejuni and coli strains. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk Produced in Qazvin Province By ELISA and HPLC
Reza Norian Ali Reza Pourfarzaneh Faramarz MashatianAbstract Use of raw milk and dairy products containing aflatoxin M1 has led to concern in consumers. The aim of this study was to determine the aflatoxin M1 in raw cow milk in Qazvin Province. In this research, 170 raw cow milk were collected from dairy farm, dairy fac MoreAbstract Use of raw milk and dairy products containing aflatoxin M1 has led to concern in consumers. The aim of this study was to determine the aflatoxin M1 in raw cow milk in Qazvin Province. In this research, 170 raw cow milk were collected from dairy farm, dairy factories, milk collection centers and milk supply centers in Qazvin Province during winter 2013. The samples were analyzed with a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) kit and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the samples with aflatoxin higher than 0.5 ng/ml. Statistical tests including ANOVA and Tukey were used to analyze the data. Aflatoxin M1 contamination was observed in 100% of the milk samples. Among the milk samples (33.52%) had a contamination of aflatoxin M1, higher than threshold level of The Institute of Standards & Industrial Research of Iran (0.5 ppb), while in 66.48%, concentration of aflatoxin M1 was less than the limits permitted. The mean concentration of aflatoxin in dairy farm was 0.215 ng/ml, in dairy factories was 0.268 ng/ml, in milk collection centers was 0.734 ng/ml and in milk supply centers was 0.409 ng/ml. Due to high level of contamination observed in samples, regular monitoring of production and distribution of milk and dairy products is necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - افزایش عملکرد جوجه های گوشتی تغذیه شده با جیره حاوی دانه های خارمریم و آویشن
امید فانی مکی محمود قزاقی حسین انصاری نیکمقدمه و هدف: گیاهان دارویی از قابلیت بالایی به عنوان ماده افزودنی در خوراک جوجه­های گوشتی برخوردار هستند. این آزمایش به منظور بررسی اثر دانه­های خارمریم و آویشن بر عملکرد جوجه­های گوشتی انجام پذیرفت. روش تحقیق: در این مطالعه، 160 قطعه جوجه گوشتی نر یک­رو Moreمقدمه و هدف: گیاهان دارویی از قابلیت بالایی به عنوان ماده افزودنی در خوراک جوجه­های گوشتی برخوردار هستند. این آزمایش به منظور بررسی اثر دانه­های خارمریم و آویشن بر عملکرد جوجه­های گوشتی انجام پذیرفت. روش تحقیق: در این مطالعه، 160 قطعه جوجه گوشتی نر یک­روزه نژاد راس 308 به صورت تصادفی در چهار گروه، 4 تکرار و در قالب طرح کاملأ تصادفی تقسیم شدند. جیره­های آزمایشی عبارت بودند از؛ A) شاهد، ­B) جیره حاوی 20 میلی­گرم/کیلوگرم دانه گیاه خارمریم،­C) جیره حاوی 20 میلی­گرم/ گیلوگرم بذر آویشن و D) جیره حاوی به ترتیب 20+20 میلی­گرم/کیلوگرم دانه­های خارمریم و آویشن. جوجه­ها به مدت 35 روز روی بستر پرورش داده شدند. هم­چنین، آب و خوراک آزادانه در اختیار آن­ها قرار گرفت. مصرف خوراک و افزایش وزن بدن در 3 مرحله (1-14، 14-28 و 28-35 روزگی) اندازه گیری شد و ضریب تبدیل غذایی مربوط به هر تکرار محاسبه گردید. نتایج و بحث: تا سن 28 روزگی مصرف خوراک، افزایش وزن بدن و ضریب تبدیل غذایی تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار نگرفت. در حالی که درصد چربی بطنی در گروه­های B، C­و D به ترتیب 14/3%، 11/3% و 32/3% در مقایسه با گروه شاهد (23/4%) کاهش یافت (05/0p < ). در محدوده 28-35 روزگی، پرندگان تغذیه شده با جیره حاوی خارمریم به همراه آویشن (گروه D)، بیشترین مصرف خوراک و افزایش وزن را در مقایسه با گروه شاهد داشتند (05/0p < ). در حالی که، مصرف خارمریم یا آویشن به تنهایی، سبب کاهش ضریب تبدیل غذایی در دوره 28-35 روزگی شد (05/0P < ) و این اثر در مورد گروه (D) مشهود­تر بود. توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی: در نتیجه، پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که مکمل­های خارمریم و یا آویشن اثر مثبتی بر بهبود رشد جوجه­های گوشتی دارند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - عوامل حیوانی، شرایط بدنی، عملکرد تولید شیر و کیفیت چرای گاوهای شیری: یک مطالعه مروری
آ.آی. روکا-فرناندزمبنا و اساس این مطالعه مروری در نظر گرفتن نقشی است که عوامل حیوانی (تولید شیر بالقوه، وزن بدن، امتیاز شرایط بدنی، وضعیت شیردهی، شکم زایش و باروری) در عملکرد تولید شیر (با در نظر گرفتن توازن انرژی و عملکرد شکمبه در طی منحنی کامل شیردهی حیوانات) و کیفیت شیر (محتوای پروتئی Moreمبنا و اساس این مطالعه مروری در نظر گرفتن نقشی است که عوامل حیوانی (تولید شیر بالقوه، وزن بدن، امتیاز شرایط بدنی، وضعیت شیردهی، شکم زایش و باروری) در عملکرد تولید شیر (با در نظر گرفتن توازن انرژی و عملکرد شکمبه در طی منحنی کامل شیردهی حیوانات) و کیفیت شیر (محتوای پروتئین شیر، محتوای چربی شیر، محتوای لاکتوز شیر، ویتامین­ها، مواد معدنی، ایمنوگلوبولین­ها، سلول­های شیر، باکتری­های بیماریزا و بازدارنده­ها) گاوهای شیری در حال چرا ایفا می­کنند. البته نرخ جایگزینی و پاسخ تولید شیر در مرتع حیوانات در شرایط مصرف برنامه­های مکمل­سازی مختلف باید در نظر گرفته شود. تمامی این عوامل، در جهت دستیابی به تولید شیر بالا در حیوانات، به مدیریت مرتع به عنوان عامل کلیدی بقای سیستم­های شیری چرا توجه دارند. همچنین مدیریت مرتع به منظور حفظ مصرف ماده خشک مرتعی بالا در چمنزارهای با کیفیت علوفه گرامینه بالا (دارای سطوح بالای پروتئین خام، کربوهیدرات­های محلول در آب و قابلیت هضم ماده آلی در مرتع ولی دارای سطوح پایین الیاف نامحلول در محلول پاک کننده اسیدی و خنثی) حائز اهمیت است. این نوع چمنزارها در تمامی طول فصل چرا نیازهای گاو را در تمامی زمان­ها و در طی طول دوره شیردهی برآورده می­نمایند. همچنین ضروری است تا استفاده از مکمل­سازی مرتع بتواند سطح تولید شیر را در حد مطلوب حفظ نماید. به طور طبیعی در نقطه اوج دوره شیردهی یعنی زمانی که گاوها به طور کلی در وضعیت توازن منفی انرژی هستند فراهم نمودن مواد سیلو شده یا کنسانتره می­تواند به بهبود این شرایط کمک کند. به موجب این امر، باید به دنبال دستیابی به نرخ تبدیل بهینه علوفه گرامینه به شیر به صورت رقابتی و سودآور بود. برای نیل به این هدف سیستم­های تولید شیر مبتنی بر مرتع در بیشتر مناطق معتدله در سرتاسر جهان ایجاد شده است که تأکید آنها بر افزایش قیمت شیر و افزایش درآمد دامداران در نواحی مرطوبی نظیر گالیسیا (در شمال غربی اسپانیا) است. در این صورت بهبود کمیت و کیفیت شیر تولیدی به صنایع شیری انتقال می­یابد. Manuscript profile -
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148 - The Relationship between Body Condition Score and Milk Production, Udder Health and Reduced Negative Energy Balance during Initial Lactation Period: A Review
A.K. Singh C. Bhakat -
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149 - Modern Use of Donkeys
D. Karatosidi G. Marsico S. Tarricone -
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150 - القاء شیردهی در گاوهای هلشتاین با استفاده از تزریق پروژسترون یا درج واژنی پروژسترون
F. Rivera-Acuna E. Prado-Martinez P. Luna-Nevarez M.G. Mendez-Castillo L. Avendano-Reyes J.F. Hernandez-Chavez J.L. Espinoza-Villavicencio J. Hernandez-Ceron A. Correa-Calderonهدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر جایگزینی تزریق پروژسترون توسط پروژسترون واژینال در پارامترهای تولیدی و تولید مثلی گاوهای با مشکلات باروری پس از دورههای طولانی مدت از تنش گرمایی بود. پانزده گاو هلشتاین به طور تصادفی به یکی از سه گروه تیماری اختصاص داده شدند: 1) تحت درمان با Moreهدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر جایگزینی تزریق پروژسترون توسط پروژسترون واژینال در پارامترهای تولیدی و تولید مثلی گاوهای با مشکلات باروری پس از دورههای طولانی مدت از تنش گرمایی بود. پانزده گاو هلشتاین به طور تصادفی به یکی از سه گروه تیماری اختصاص داده شدند: 1) تحت درمان با دو درج واژنی پروژسترون (P4-INS)، 2) تحت درمان با پروژسترون و استرادیول از طریق تزریق (P4-INJ) و 3) کنترل، گاو با آبستنی و زایمان معمول. همه گاوها با دستورالعمل زمانی تلقیح مصنوعیPresynch-Co-Synch تیمار شدند و پس از آن در 71 روز شیردهی تلقیح شدند. غلظت P4 در (P4-INS) و (P4-INJ) گاو در طول 7 روز اول القاء شیردهی مشابه بود (05/0P>) و پس از آن به صورت خطی در هر دو گروه افزایش یافت. تولید تصحیح شده شیر، تولید شیر کل، و میانگین تولید شیر روزانه در گاوهای تیمار شده مشابه بود (05/0P>)، اما گاوهای گروه (P4-INJ) تولید شیر کمتری (05/0P<) از گاوهای کنترل داشتند. روزهای شیردهی و اوج عملکرد در میان تمام گروه ها مشابه بود (05/0P>). درصد چربی شیر و پروتئین، و نیز روزهای اوج تولید شیر در هر دو گروه تحت تیمار نسبت به گروه کنترل بالاتر بود (05/0P<). نمره وضعیت بدن، خدمات در آبستنی، آبستنی در اولین سرویس، آبستنی کل، روزهای باز و نرخ حذف در پایان شیردهی در میان گروهها مشابه بود (05/0P>) تجویز پروژسترون توسط تزریق یا با درج واژنی منجر به پارامترهای مشابه تولیدی و تولید مثلی گاو شیری با القاء شیردهی شد. Manuscript profile -
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151 - Optimization of Energy Consumption in Milk Production Units through Integration of Data Envelopment Analysis Approach and Sensitivity Analysis
ح. سلطانعلی ب. عمادی ع. روحانی م. خجستهپور ا. نیکخواه -
Open Access Article
152 - رابطه بین اوج تولید شیر و پارامترهای پستانی گاومیشهای آمیخته شیری دِهانگ
ز.بی. گو اس.ال. یانگ جی. وانگ سی. ما ی. چن وی.ال. هو اس.کا. تنگ اچ.اس. ژو سی.بی. لیو تی. چن ایکس.اچ. فو اس.اچ. زیو ز.پی. شی آر.اس. لی جی.دی. می اچ.ام. مااُبرای تعیین رابطه بین صفات پستانی و اوج تولید شیر، پارامترهای پستانی 203 گاومیش آمیخته شیری دِهانگ اندازه­گیری شد. میانگین تولید شیر (کیلوگرم در هر روز) گاومیش­ها 73/2 ± 60/9 بوده و میانگین ابعاد پستان برای صفات عمق پستان، عرض پستان عقب، ارتفاع پستان عقب، Moreبرای تعیین رابطه بین صفات پستانی و اوج تولید شیر، پارامترهای پستانی 203 گاومیش آمیخته شیری دِهانگ اندازه­گیری شد. میانگین تولید شیر (کیلوگرم در هر روز) گاومیش­ها 73/2 ± 60/9 بوده و میانگین ابعاد پستان برای صفات عمق پستان، عرض پستان عقب، ارتفاع پستان عقب، طول پستان، فاصله سرپستانک­های جلویی، فاصله سرپستانک­های عقبی و فاصله سرپستانک­های جلویی و عقبی به ترتیب برابر با 05/10 ± 51/16، 26/3 ± 07/8، 92/3 ± 68/8، 82/8 ± 74/50، 08/3 ± 38/11، 18/2 ± 18/7 و 15/2 ± 73/7 سانتی­متر بود. همبستگی اوج تولید شیر با عمق پستان منفی بوده (28/0 -=r و 01/0>P) و همبستگی آن با سایر پارامترهای پستانی (عرض پستان عقبی (24/0=r و 01/0>P)، ارتفاع پستان عقب (32/0=r و 01/0>P)، طول پستان (34/0=r و 01/0>P)، فاصله پستان عقب (20/0=r و 01/0>P)، فاصله سرپستانک­های جلویی و عقبی (40/0=r و 01/0>P)، طول سرپستانک جلویی سمت چپ (25/0=r و 01/0>P)، طول سرپستانک عقبی سمت چپ(29/0=r و 01/0>P)، طول سرپستانک جلویی سمت راست (22/0=r و 01/0>P) و طول سرپستانک عقبی سمت راست (25/0=r و 01/0>P) مثبت بوده است. ولی هیچ همبستگی معنی­داری بین اوج تولید شیر و سیاهرگ پستانی و ترکیب سرپستانک دیده نشد. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که طول پستان بیشترین ارتباط را با اوج تولید شیر دارد. با توجه به اینکه پارامترهای پستانی توزیع نرمال دارند، می­توان فرآیند ارزیابی در انتخاب زودرس گاومیش­های شیری پرتولید را بر مبنای تجارب حاصل از قوانین امتیازدهی گاوهای هلشتاین اجرا نمود. Manuscript profile -
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153 - اثرات دفعات شیردوشی روی تولید و ترکیبات شیر گاوهای هلشتاین
آی. بوجنانههدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر دفعات شیردوشی (روزانه دوبار در مقابل روزانه سه بار) روی مقدار شیر، چربی و پروتئین دوره شیردهی 305 روزه و درصد چربی و پروتئین گاوهای شیری هلشتاین در مراکش بود. دادههای آنالیز شده برای 31400 رکورد جمعآوری شده بین سالهای 2009 و 2016 روی 14272 Moreهدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر دفعات شیردوشی (روزانه دوبار در مقابل روزانه سه بار) روی مقدار شیر، چربی و پروتئین دوره شیردهی 305 روزه و درصد چربی و پروتئین گاوهای شیری هلشتاین در مراکش بود. دادههای آنالیز شده برای 31400 رکورد جمعآوری شده بین سالهای 2009 و 2016 روی 14272 گاو پرورش داده شده در 194 گله بودند. دفعات شیردوشی اثرات معنیداری (5.05>P) روی مقدار شیر، چربی و پروتئین 305 روزه و همچنین درصد چربی داشت. مقدار شیر، چربی و پروتئین و درصد چربی به ترتیب با مقادیر 265.1، 13.3، 5.8 و 0.3 کیلوگرم، یعنی به ترتیب 3.19، 4.48، 2.40 و 0.75 درصد برای گاوهای سه بار دوشیده شده نسبت به آنهایی که روزانه دوبار دوشیده شده بودند بالاتر بود. اگرچه، دفعات دوشش درصد پروتئین را تحت تأثیر قرار نداد (0.05<P). اثر متقابل بین زایش و دفعات دوشش برای هر صفت مطالعه شده معنیدار نبود (0.05<P). براساس نتایج این مطالعه، میتوان نتیجه گرفته شود که افزایش دفعات دوشش مقدار شیر، چربی و پروتئین و همچنین درصد چربی را بدون در نظر گرفتن زایش افزایش میدهد. اگرچه، مقدار شیر اضافی به دست آمده ممکن است هزینه کار ناشی از شیردوشی اضافی را جبران نکند. Manuscript profile -
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154 - ارزش اقتصادی و کیفیت شیر تولید شده در گاوهای شیرده هلشتاین در سیستم سبز (ارگانیک)
م. شریفی ر. پهلوان ع. آقاییدر دهههای گذشته، تقاضای جهانی برای تولیدات کشاورزی سبز به سرعت رو به افزایش است. کیفیت شیر یکی از علاقههای اصلی برای همه بخشها میباشد. بنابراین، موضوع این مطالعه مقایسه عملکرد گاوها و کیفیت شیر تولیدی در سیستمهای رایج و سبز (ارگانیک) بوده است. 20 رأس گاو هلشتاین در Moreدر دهههای گذشته، تقاضای جهانی برای تولیدات کشاورزی سبز به سرعت رو به افزایش است. کیفیت شیر یکی از علاقههای اصلی برای همه بخشها میباشد. بنابراین، موضوع این مطالعه مقایسه عملکرد گاوها و کیفیت شیر تولیدی در سیستمهای رایج و سبز (ارگانیک) بوده است. 20 رأس گاو هلشتاین در دو گروه غذایی اختصاص یافته بودند که شامل جیره رایج (CON) و سیستم سبز (ارگانیک) با علوفه بالا (OHF) بود. گاوهای چند شکمزا (شکم سوم و چهارم) به طور تصادفی در بین تیمارها قرار داده شد. علوفه مرتعی به عنوان بخشی از خوراک بکار گرفته شده بود، و به گاوها مواد متراکم و علوفه سیلویی دوبار در روز ارائه میشد. ماده خشک مصرفی و شیر تولیدی در طی 200 اول شیردهی روز اندازهگیری شد. بعلاوه، سلولهای سوماتیک شیر، ارزش خوراک و کارایی خوراک هر 20 روز در میان تعیین گردید. تولید شیر بین گاوها متفاوت بود که به ترتیب برای تیمارOHF دارای 5/22 کیلوگرم شیر در روز و تیمارCON دارای 9/28 کیلوگرم شیر در روز بود. وزن بدن گاوها بین دو تیمار تفاوت معنیداری نداشت؛ با این حال، تفاوت در نمره وضعیت بدنی قابل مشاهده بود (05/0P<). اگرچه انرژی تصحیح شده شیر، نیتروژن اوره ایی شیر، کورتیزول و اسید بتا هیدروکسی بوتیرات در گاوهای تغذیه شده در سیستم رایج بالاتر بود؛ چربی شیر، اسید فیتانیک، هیپوریک اسید و نرخ سود به هزینه گاوهای تغذیه شده از سیستم سبز بالاتر شد (05/0P<). بعلاوه، کارایی خوراک، ارزش ریالی خوراک و نیتروژن اوره ایی خون در گاوهای تغذیه شده در سیستم سبز (ارگانیک) پایین تر مشاهده شد (05/0P<). Manuscript profile -
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155 - چند شکلیهای DNA در جایگاههای ژن کاندیدا و ارتباط آنها با صفات تولید شیر در گاومیش مورا (Bubalus bubalis)
دی.اس. کاله بی.آر. یاداو جی. پراسادچند شکلیDNA در داخل ژنهای دی آسیل گلیسرول ترانسفراز 2 (DGAT2) / مونو آسیل گلیسرول ترانسفراز 2 (MOGAT2)، لپتین و بوتیروفیلین با استفاده از واکنش زنجیرهای پلیمراز-چند شکلی ترکیب فضایی تک رشتهای (PCR-SSCP) در گاومیش مورا تجزیه و تحلیل شد. آنالیز SSCPاز بخش Moreچند شکلیDNA در داخل ژنهای دی آسیل گلیسرول ترانسفراز 2 (DGAT2) / مونو آسیل گلیسرول ترانسفراز 2 (MOGAT2)، لپتین و بوتیروفیلین با استفاده از واکنش زنجیرهای پلیمراز-چند شکلی ترکیب فضایی تک رشتهای (PCR-SSCP) در گاومیش مورا تجزیه و تحلیل شد. آنالیز SSCPاز بخش ژنی تکثیر شده اکسون 5 MOGAT2، اکسون 3 لپتیتن و اینترون 1 ژن بوتیروفیلین الگوهای مختلفی از قبیل A، B و ‍C را با فراوانیهای ژن (49/0 A=، 36/0 B=و 15/0 C=) در 53، (38/0 A= و 62/0 B=) در 65 و (6/0 A=، 31/0 B=و 09/0 C=) در 55 رأس گاومیش مورا را به ترتیب برای هر یک از ژنهای کاندیدا آشکار نمود. پیآمد توالی یابی DNA، SSCP یک چند شکلی تک نوکلئوتیدی (SNP) را برای (c.193T>C) در ژن MOGAT2، یک SNP را برای (c.25T>C) در ژن لپتین و یک SNP را برای (c.184C>T>G) در ژن بوتیروفیلین آشکار نمود. مطالعه همبستگیها با استفاده از روش GLM، مشخص نمود که گاومیشهای مورا با ژنوتیپهای (SNP) (c.193T>C) (MOGAT2) و (c.25T>C) برای ژن لپتین در رابطه با صفات مرتبط با تولید شیر (شامل مقدار تولید شیر، درصد چربی و درصد SNF) از نظر آماری متفاوت نبودند (05/0P>). به هرحال، آنالیز آماری برای همبستگیها مشخص نمود که ژنوتیپ BTI1 SSCP به طور معنیداری با مقدار تولید شیر 350 روز همبسته بود (05/0P≤). گاومیشهای مورای با ژنوتیپهای BTI1BB به ترتیب 93/683 و 320 کیلوگرم تولید شیر بیشتری در مقایسه با ژنوتیپهای BTI1AA و BTI1CC داشتند. همبستگی مثبت مشاهده شده برای چند شکلی SSCP بوتیروفیلین با تولید شیر، به منظور انتخاب، استراتژیهای اصلاحی و بهبود ژنتیکی گاومیشها برای تولید شیر مفید خواهد بود. Manuscript profile -
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156 - برآورد روند ژنتیکی تولید شیر روزآزمون توسط شکل لگاریتمی تابع وود با استفاده از یک مدل تابعیت تصادفی
ز. پزشکیان ع.ا. شادپرور س. جوزی شکالگورابیبرآورد روند ژنتیکی جهت نظارت و ارزیابی برنامههای انتخاب ضروری است. موضوع این مطالعه برآورد روند ژنتیکی تولید شیر گاوهای هلشتاین ایران با استفاده از مدل تابعیت تصادفی بود. دادهها شامل 743205 رکورد روزآزمون از سال 1991 تا 2008 بود که توسط مرکز اصلاح نژاد دام ایران جمعآ Moreبرآورد روند ژنتیکی جهت نظارت و ارزیابی برنامههای انتخاب ضروری است. موضوع این مطالعه برآورد روند ژنتیکی تولید شیر گاوهای هلشتاین ایران با استفاده از مدل تابعیت تصادفی بود. دادهها شامل 743205 رکورد روزآزمون از سال 1991 تا 2008 بود که توسط مرکز اصلاح نژاد دام ایران جمعآوری شده بود. ارزشهای اصلاحی، محیطی و فنوتیپی با استفاده از یک مدل تابعیت تصادفی برآورد شد. شکل لگاریتمی تابع وود جهت برازش اثرات ژنتیکی افزایشی و محیطی دائمی تولید شیر انتخاب شد. روندهای ژنتیکی، محیطی و فنوتیپی به وسیله تابعیت میانگین ارزشهای اصلاحی، محیطی و فنوتیپی به سال تولد محاسبه شد. روندهای ژنتیکی و فنوتیپی مثبت و معنیدار بود، در حالیکه روند محیطی معنیداری برای تولید شیر مشاهده نشد. روند ژنتیکی تولید شیر برای نرها و برای مادهها به صورت جداگانه محاسبه شد که این روند برای مادهها مثبت و معنیدار بود اما برای نرها معنیدار نبود. همبستگی­های فنوتیپی، محیطی و ژنتیکی بین هر روز شیردهی و تولید کل 305 روز نیز برآورد شد. همبستگیهای مربوط به ارزشهای اصلاحی ضعیف گزارش شد که این بدین معنی است که با تغییر شکل لگاریتمی تولید شیر، میتوان تداوم شیردهی را به طور مستقل از تولید شیر بهبود بخشید. Manuscript profile -
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157 - بررسی تأثیر جای گزینی بخشی از کنجاله سویا با نخود زراعی پولکی شده بر تولید و ترکیب شیر، و میزان مصرف خوراک گاوهای شیرده هلشتاین
آ. پیرزاده نائینی م. دانش مسگران ع.ر. وکیلی ه. ابراهیمیمطالعه حاضر به منظور بررسی تأثیر جایگزین نمودن بخشی از کنجاله سویا با نخود زراعی (Pisum sativum) در جیره گاوهای شیرده هلشتاین بر میزان مصرف ماده خشک، تولید و ترکیب شیر، غلظت متابولیت ­های خون، غلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی و pH شکمبه صورت گرفت. تعداد 18 رأس گاو شیرده هلشتای Moreمطالعه حاضر به منظور بررسی تأثیر جایگزین نمودن بخشی از کنجاله سویا با نخود زراعی (Pisum sativum) در جیره گاوهای شیرده هلشتاین بر میزان مصرف ماده خشک، تولید و ترکیب شیر، غلظت متابولیت ­های خون، غلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی و pH شکمبه صورت گرفت. تعداد 18 رأس گاو شیرده هلشتاین براساس وزن بدن، روزهای شیردهی و تولید شیر به طور تصادفی در 3 گروه آزمایشی قرار گرفتند. نخود زراعی پولکی شده در سطوح صفر، 33 و 66 درصد جایگزین کنجاله سویا گردید و به مدت 33 روز در جیره گاوها مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. استفاده از جیره­ های متفاوت هیچ تأثیر معنی ­داری بر میزان ماده خشک مصرفی، تولید شیر، محتوای چربی و پروتئین شیر، متابولیت­ های خون، غلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی و pH شکمبه نداشت. نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که نخود زراعی می­تواند بدون تأثیر منفی تا سطح 66 درصد در جیره گاوهای شیرده پرتولید جایگزین کنجاله سویا گردد. Manuscript profile -
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158 - Effect of Replacing Dietary Corn Silage with Hydroponic Barley Green Fodder on Holstein Dairy Cows Performance
H. Fazaeli H.A. Golmohammadi S.N. Tabatatbaei -
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159 - Use of Yeast Culture in the TMR of Dairy Holstein Cows
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160 - ماده خشک مصرفی، تولید شیر و ترکیب اسیدهای چرب شیر گاوهای شیری تغذیه شده با جیره غذایی حاوی پنبه دانه و جایگزین آن با دانه گلرنگ خام و مایکروویو شده
ح. پایا ا. تقی زادهتحقیق حاضر جهت بررسی تأثیر افزودن دانه گلرنگ خام و مایکروویو شده بر میزان ماده خشک مصرفی، تولید و ترکیبات شیر، ترکیب اسیدهای چرب شیر، پارمترهای خونی و قابلیت هضم ظاهری در گاوهای تازهزا انجام شد. 9 رأس گاو شیری تازهزا و چند شکم زایش به ­صورت تصادفی یکی از سه جیره آ Moreتحقیق حاضر جهت بررسی تأثیر افزودن دانه گلرنگ خام و مایکروویو شده بر میزان ماده خشک مصرفی، تولید و ترکیبات شیر، ترکیب اسیدهای چرب شیر، پارمترهای خونی و قابلیت هضم ظاهری در گاوهای تازهزا انجام شد. 9 رأس گاو شیری تازهزا و چند شکم زایش به ­صورت تصادفی یکی از سه جیره آزمایشی را در قالب طرح مربع لاتین 3 × 3 دریافت کردند. جیره­های آزمایشی شامل جیره حاوی پنبه دانه (جیره شاهد)، جیره حاوی دانه گلرنگ خام به میزان 40 گرم در کیوگرم ماده خشک جیره (جایگزین شده با پنبه دانه) و جیره حاوی دانه گلرنگ مایکروویو شده به میزان 40 گرم در کیوگرم ماده خشک جیره (جایگزین شده با پنبه دانه) بود. نتایج حاصل نشانگر عدم تأثیر معنی­دار اضافه کردن دانه گلرنگ خام و مایکروویو شده بر تولید، چربی، پروتئین و لاکتوز شیر بود. افزودن دانه گلرنگ خام و مایکروویو شده میزان اسیدهای چرب بلند زنجیر، اسید چرب 18 کربنه با یک پیوند دوگانه ترانس، اسیدهای چرب 18 کربنه با دو پیوند دوگانه و اسیدهای چرب با چندین پیوند دوگانه را افزایش و میزان اسید چرب 16 کربنه را کاهش داد (0.05>P). میزان اسید چرب لینولئیک کونژوگه سیس 9– ترانس 11 شیر تولیدی در اثر تغذیه دانه گلرنگ مایکروویو شده تمایل به افزایش نشان داد. در کل نتایج نشان دادند که مصرف دانه گلرنگ خام و مایکروویو شده تأثیر منفی بر راندمان تولید شیر نداشته و در مقابل توانسته کیفیت شیر تولیدی را با افزایش اسیدهای چرب غیر اشباع بهبود بخشد. Manuscript profile -
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161 - Productive Efficiency of Lactating Buffaloes Fed Bypass Fat under Field Conditions: Effect on Milk Yield, Milk Composition, Body Weight and Economics
S.G. Vahora S. Parnerkar K.B. Kore -
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162 - Lactation Performance of Nili-Ravi Buffaloes Fed Alkali Treated Rice Husks
N.A. Tauqir F. Ahmad A. Faraz I.M. Gorsi N. Mujahid A. Asghar -
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163 - Effects of Dietary Protein and Energy Levels on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Lactating Buffaloes
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164 - Performance of Lactating Sahiwal Cows Fed Corn Stovers Ensiled with Molasses, Urea and Lime Solution
F. Ahmad N.A. Tauqir A. Faraz I. Asghar F. Wadood M.N. Tahir M.N. Mujahid -
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165 - عملکرد گوسالهها ، تلیسهها و گاوهای شکم اول تغذیه شده با جیرههای آغازین حاوی مقادیر و انواع مختلف پروتئین کنجاله سویا
م.ر. فروزانمهر م. دانش-مسگران ع.ر. وکیلیگوسالههای نژاد هلشتاین با جیرههای آغازین پلیت شده حاوی ۱۸، ۲۰ و ۲۴ درصد پروتئین خام بر پایه سویا و جیره آغازین دیگری حاوی ۱۸ درصد پروتئین خام بر پایه سویای فرآوری شده به جای سویای معمولی به مدت ۱۰ هفته از روز ۱۴ تغذیه شدند. هر جیره به تعداد ۲۴ رأس گوساله خورانده شد و Moreگوسالههای نژاد هلشتاین با جیرههای آغازین پلیت شده حاوی ۱۸، ۲۰ و ۲۴ درصد پروتئین خام بر پایه سویا و جیره آغازین دیگری حاوی ۱۸ درصد پروتئین خام بر پایه سویای فرآوری شده به جای سویای معمولی به مدت ۱۰ هفته از روز ۱۴ تغذیه شدند. هر جیره به تعداد ۲۴ رأس گوساله خورانده شد و مصرف خوراک، مصرف مواد مغذی، افزایش وزن روزانه، فاکتورهای رشد و متابولیتهای انتخابی خون تعیین گردید. گوسالههای ماده از شیرزده شده برای فاکتورهای اقتصادی از قبیل رشد پس از شیرگیری (روز ۸۴ تا ۱۹۶)، ارتفاع و وزن در اولین فحلی، تعداد تلقیح به ازای آبستنی و تولید شیر در اولین شکم مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. میانگین مصرف روزانه در گوسالههای که جیره آغازین با ۲۰ درصد پروتئین دریافت کرده بودند بیشتر بود. رشد روزانه در گوسالههای که جیره آغازین با ۲۰ درصد پروتئین بر پایه سویا دریافت کرده بودند بیشتر بود. بهرهوری غذا در گوسالههای که جیره آغازین حاوی ۲۴ درصد پروتئین برپایه سویا دریافت کرده بودند بالاتر بود اما بهرهوری پروتئین در گروه ۲۰ درصد پروتئین بر پایه سویا بهتر بود. گلوکز خون گوسالههای که جیره آغازین با ۱۸ درصد پروتئین بر پایه سویا دریافت کرده بودند پایینتر و انسولین خون آنها بالاتر بود. خون گوسالههای که جیره آغازین با ۲۴ درصد پروتئین بر پایه سویا دریافت کرده بودند دارای ازت اورهای و گلوکز بالاتری بود. تعداد تلقیح به ازای آبستنی، سن در اولین زایش و تولید شیر بر طبق جیرهها متفاوت بود (0.001>P). Manuscript profile -
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166 - Estimating Heritabilities and Breeding Values for Real and Predicted Milk Production in Holstein Dairy Cows with Artificial Neural Network and Multiple Linear Regression Models
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167 - ارزیابی روشها مختلف پیشبینی تولید شیر و چربی روزانه و کل دوره با استفاده از مدلهای آماری در گاوهای شیری شکم اول ایران
M. Elahi Torshizi M. Hosseinpour Mashhadiدر این تحقیق از 272977 رکورد روز آزمون گاوهای شیری از 659 گله مربوط به سالهای 2001 تا 2011 که توسط مرکز اصلاح دام کشور جمعآوری گردیده، استفاده شده است. در قسمت اول توانایی مدلهای مختلف برای پیشبینی تولید شیر روزانه با کمک رکوردهای صبح، ظهر و شب مورد ارزیابی قرار گرف Moreدر این تحقیق از 272977 رکورد روز آزمون گاوهای شیری از 659 گله مربوط به سالهای 2001 تا 2011 که توسط مرکز اصلاح دام کشور جمعآوری گردیده، استفاده شده است. در قسمت اول توانایی مدلهای مختلف برای پیشبینی تولید شیر روزانه با کمک رکوردهای صبح، ظهر و شب مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که مدلهای پیچیدهتر به همراه تابع شیردهی علی- شفر و وعده شیر ظهر، بهترین معادله را برای پیشبینی تولید شیر روزانه فراهم میآورند. بیشترین همبستگی بین (892/0) مقدار تولید شیر واقعی و پیشبینی شده و کمترین اریبی (391/2) با استفاده از این روش محاسبه گردید. از 4 مدل مورد استفاده در این مقاله، توابع علی-شفر و وود، بهترین برازش را از منحنی تولید شیر و چربی ارائه نمودند. و در نهایت به ترتیب بهترین توابع برای پیشبینی تولید شیر 305 روزه، توابع علی-شفر و وود بودند. این مدلها نسبت به بقیه توابع مورد استفاده قادر به پیشبینی تولید شیر و چربی با کمترین میانگین مربعات خطا شدند. بنابراین عملکرد توابع منحنی شیرواری در مقایسه با روش فاصله آزمونی و تاریخ آزمونی مرکزی برای پیشبینی تولید شیر و چربی 305 روزه گاوهای شیری شکم اول ایران بسیار دقیقتر است. Manuscript profile -
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171 - تأثیر روش شیردوشی با اکسی توسین بر عملکرد شیردهی و طول دوره شیردهی گوسفند
M. Nezamidoust S. Razzaghzadeh E. Ezati R. Ghorbaniبرآورد میزان بازده شیر با استفاده از یک روش دقیق جهت سنجش نیازهای تغذیهای، ارزیابی پتانسیل ژنتیکی، رشد و زنده مانی بره، تصمیمگیریهای مدیریتی و بهبود صفات عملکردی گله گوسفند ضروری است. تزریق اکسی توسین جهت تخمین میزان ترشح شیر در گوسفند استفاده میشود. اکسی توسن یک هو Moreبرآورد میزان بازده شیر با استفاده از یک روش دقیق جهت سنجش نیازهای تغذیهای، ارزیابی پتانسیل ژنتیکی، رشد و زنده مانی بره، تصمیمگیریهای مدیریتی و بهبود صفات عملکردی گله گوسفند ضروری است. تزریق اکسی توسین جهت تخمین میزان ترشح شیر در گوسفند استفاده میشود. اکسی توسن یک هورمون عصبی که در سیستم هیپوتالاموس-هیپوفیز پسین تولید شده و در پاسخ به تحریک نوک پستان به داخل خون آزاد میشود. اکسی توسین دارای اثر گالاکتوپوئتیک و با تأثیر بر فرایند خروج شیر از طریق فعالیت ترشحی و انقباض سلولهای مایواپتلیال نقش مهمی در شیردهی بازی میکند. جهت بررسی اثر تزریق اکسی توسین بر بازده شیرده، ترکیبات شیر و طول دوره شیردهی میشها در کل طول دوره شیردهی، یکصد رأس گوسفند نژاد ماکوئی با زایش و پرورش یک بره به دو تیمار، گروه 1 (شیردوشی و تخلیه کامل پستان با دست بعد از تزریق عضلانی 5/2 واحد بین المللی اکسی توسین) گروه 2 (شیردوشی و تخلیه کامل پستان با دست) اختصاص یافتند. دادهها از روز چهاردم بعد از زایش با فاصله دو هفتهای در میان رکورد برداری شدند. گرو دریافت کننده اکسی توسین به طور معنیداری میانگین شیر تولیدی روزانه (3/562 درمقابل 4/301 گرم) و مقدار کل شیر (6/93 درمقابل 5/38 کیلوگرم) بیشتری در مقایسه با گروه شاهد تولید کردند (05/0>P). طول دوره شیردهی به ترتیب 7/145 روز برای گروه اکسی توسین و 2/115 روز برای گروه شاهد بود (038/0=P). تزریق اکسی توسین بازده پیک شیر و تداوم شیردهی میشها را افزایش داد (05/0>P). در حالیکه زمان پیک کوتاهتر (1/34 درمقابل 2/39) برای گروه اکسی توسین مشاهده شد (043/0=P). استفاده از اکسی توسین درصد چربی شیر (73/6 درمقابل 86/5) را در مقایسه با میشهای گروه شاهد افزایش داد (029/0=P). اما با تزریق اکسی توسین هیچ تفاوتی در درصد پروتئین و لاکتوز شیر مشاهده نشد (05/0>P). روند صعودی ممانعت ازخروج شیر سرتاسر دوره شیردهی به دنبال دوره منحصراً شیرخواری و سپس شیردوشی با دست، نیاز به اکسی توسین را جهت نگهداری سلولهای پستان و تداوم شیردهی در میشها مستلزم مینماید و تأیید میکند که اکسی توسین با غلبه بر مکانیسمهای پس خور منفی حاصل از شیر در اطراف آلوئل و با افزایش انتقال وزیکولهای ترشحی داخل سلولی و انقباض سلولهای مایواپتلیال، مقدار تولید شیر و طول دوره شیردهی میشها را افزایش میدهد که یک تکنیک مفید جهت تضمین خروج شیر آلوئلی و تخلیه نرمال شیر از محفظه سیسترن میباشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Responses of Milk Urea Nitrogen Content to Dietary Rume Degradable Protein Level in Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows
H. Rafieei -
Open Access Article
173 - Productive Performance of Lactating Buffaloes Fed RationContaining Sugar Beet Tops and Corn Silages
H.M.A. Gaafar E.M. Abdel-Raouf M.M. Bendary G.H. Ghanem K.F. El-Reidy -
Open Access Article
174 - Exogenous Polysaccharidases for Young Ruminants: A Review Interfacing Nutrition, Economics, and Health
A. Nikkhah -
Open Access Article
175 - Milk Yield and Composition of Red Sokoto and Weast African Dwarf Does Raised Intensively in a Hot Humid Environment
F.O. Ahamefule O. Odilinye E.N. Nwachukwu -
Open Access Article
176 - تأثیر فصل مرطوب و خشک بر ترکیب شیر شتر جماز (Camelus dromedarius) تونس
اچ. حامد ا. ال فکی ا. گرگوریاین مطالعه برای بررسی اثر فصل (مرطوب و خشک) بر ترکیب شیر شتر جماز (Camelus dromedarius) صورت گرفته است. نمونه­های شیر مربوط به فصول مرطوب و خشک برای مواد جامد کُل (TS)، چربی (F)، مواد جامد غیر چربی (SNF)، خاکستر، پروتئین خام (CP)، نیتروژن محلول در 6/4 =pH، محتوای مو Moreاین مطالعه برای بررسی اثر فصل (مرطوب و خشک) بر ترکیب شیر شتر جماز (Camelus dromedarius) صورت گرفته است. نمونه­های شیر مربوط به فصول مرطوب و خشک برای مواد جامد کُل (TS)، چربی (F)، مواد جامد غیر چربی (SNF)، خاکستر، پروتئین خام (CP)، نیتروژن محلول در 6/4 =pH، محتوای مواد معدنی (MC) و بخش کازئین (CnF) آنالیز گردیدند. محتوای چربی شیر شتر در فصل مرطوب بالاتر بود (05/0>P). مقادیر پروتئین خام، TS، SNF و SN (درصد) نیز در طی فصل مرطوب بالاتر بودند (01/0>P). مقدار خاکستر در دو فصل مشابه بود (05/0<P). غلظت Mg، Na و K تحت تأثیر فصل واقع شده ولی در مورد غلظت­های Ca و Cl این موضوع صادق نبود. نتایج حاصل از تحقیق حاضر نشان می­دهد که افزایش CnF مشاهده شده شیر در فصل مرطوب ناشی از افزایش مقادیر بتا کازئین و آلفا یک کازئین نبوده است. در بین کازئین­ها، بخش­های کاپا کازئین و آلفا دو کازئین در فصول مختلف متفاوت نبوده­اند. ولی شیر حاصل از شترها در تابستان مقادیر بالاتری آلفا یک کازئین و بتا کازئین داشته است. نتایج حاصل نشان می­دهند که اثرات فصل بر ترکیب شیمیایی شیر شتر می­تواند بر خصوصیات فرآوری این شیر تأثیر بگذارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - مروری بر بیوهیدروژناسیون و اثرات تانن بر آن
ر. ولیزاده یونجالی ف. میرزایی آقجه قشلاق ب. نویدشاد س. کرامتی جبهدارفرآیند تحت عنوان بیوهیدروزناسیون اساساً در دام­های نشخوارکننده اتفاق افتاده و در طی آن اسیدهای چرب غیر اشباع و به ویژه اسیدهای چرب غیراشباع با چند پیوند دوگانه (لینولئیک و لینولنیک) به شکل اشباع استئاریک اسید تبدیل می­شوند. برای سال­های زیادی، اثرات سو Moreفرآیند تحت عنوان بیوهیدروزناسیون اساساً در دام­های نشخوارکننده اتفاق افتاده و در طی آن اسیدهای چرب غیر اشباع و به ویژه اسیدهای چرب غیراشباع با چند پیوند دوگانه (لینولئیک و لینولنیک) به شکل اشباع استئاریک اسید تبدیل می­شوند. برای سال­های زیادی، اثرات سودمند اسیدهای چرب میان مرحله­ای بیوهیدروژناسیون مانند سیس 9 ترانس 11 لینولئیک اسید، ایزومر طبیعی اصلی لینولئیک اسید مزدوج (CLA)، و ایزومر ترانس 9 ترانس 11 CLA به ویژه در پیشگیری از سرطان، اثبات شده است. محققان بسیاری تلاش در استفاده از ترکیباتی برای مداخله در بیوهیدروژناسیون و افزایش سوبستراهای CLA (مانند واسینیک اسید) داشته­اند. اخیراً، به دلیل اثرات بر جمعیت میکروبی شکمبه و بدین ترتیب بر بیوهیدروژناسیون، تانن، یک ترکیب پلی­فنولی، در مرکز توجه قرار گرفته است. به خوبی شناخته شده است که تانن به ویژه تانن متراکم جمعیت باکتری­های دخیل بیوهیدروژناسین را تحت تأثیر قرار می­دهد. در نتیجه، کاهش در بیوهیدروژناسیون از طریق افزودن جیره­ای تانن روشی سودمند برای تغییر پروفیل اسیدهای چرب شیر به سمت اسیدهای چرب مروج سلامتی است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - Effects of Starter Protein Levels and Amounts of Milk Fed on Animal Health and Rumen Microbiota Changes in Holstein Male Calves
ن. مهرداد ی. چاشنی دل ا. تیموری یانسری م. خوروش -
Open Access Article
179 - Effects of Rebreeding Interval on Litter and DoePerformance of Rabbit in Baichi State Nigeria
P.A. Addass A. Midau M.A. Tizhe Z.B. Mshelia Y.M. Muktar H.D. Nyako -
Open Access Article
180 - Effect of Dietary Buffers Supplementation on Milk Yield and Composition in Dairy Cows: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
M. Hashemi F. Tavakolinasab -
Open Access Article
181 - Association between Plasma and Milk Urea on the Insemination Day and Pregnancy Rate in Early Lactation Dairy Cows
A. Chaveiro M. Andrade A.E.S. Borba F. Moreira da Silva -
Open Access Article
182 - عوامل مؤثر بر طول دوره خشکی و تأثیر آن روی تولید و ترکیبات شیر در شیردهی بعدی گاوهای هلشتاین
آی. بوجنانهاین پژوهش با هدف تعیین عوامل مؤثر بر طول دوره خشکی و تأثیر روزهای خشک روی مقدار شیر، ترکیبات شیر و طول شیردهی در شیردهی بعدی گاوهای شیری انجام شد. دادههای استفاده شده برای آنالیز 7264 رکورد شیردهی جمعآوری شده از سال 2012 تا 2016 در 4737 گاو هلشتاین پرورش یافته در 152 Moreاین پژوهش با هدف تعیین عوامل مؤثر بر طول دوره خشکی و تأثیر روزهای خشک روی مقدار شیر، ترکیبات شیر و طول شیردهی در شیردهی بعدی گاوهای شیری انجام شد. دادههای استفاده شده برای آنالیز 7264 رکورد شیردهی جمعآوری شده از سال 2012 تا 2016 در 4737 گاو هلشتاین پرورش یافته در 152 گله را شامل میشد. مدل آماری استفاده شده برای تعیین عوامل مؤثر بر طول دوره خشکی نشان داد که گاوهای چندشکم دوره خشکی با 7/3 روز بلندتر از گاوهای شکم اول داشتند، و گاوهایی که از اکتبر تا فوریه زایش کردهاند دوره خشکی با 5/2 روز کوتاهتر از گاوهایی که از مارس تا سپتامبر زایش کردهاند داشتند. مدل مختلط استفاده شده برای ارزیابی تأثیر دوره خشکی روی مقدار شیر، ترکیبات شیر و طول شیردهی نشان داد که دوره خشکی به طور معنیداری مقدار و ترکیبات شیر را در 305 روز شیردهی بعدی تحت تأثیر قرار میدهد، اما طول شیردهی را خیر (05/0P<). مقادیر شیر، چربی و پروتئین در شیردهی بعدی با یک دوره خشکی 41 تا 60 روزه حداکثر بودند، در حالیکه دورههای خشکی کمتر از 20 روز منتج به خسارات بسیار شدیدی در عملکرد شیردهی بعدی میشوند. درصدهای چربی و پروتئین با کلاسهای دوره خشکی بیشتر از 80 روز بیشترین و کمتر یا برابر با 20 روز به ترتیب بودند. برهم­کنش بین زایش و طول دوره خشکی برای هر صفت مورد مطالعه معنیدار نبود (05/0P<)، نشان دهنده اینکه تأثیر روزهای خشکی بر مقدار و ترکیبات شیر در طول شیردهیها ثابت بود. این نتیجه گرفته شد که دوره خشکی از 40 تا 80 روز خشکی حداکثر عملکرد را در گاوهای هلشتاین فراهم میآورد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - اعتبارسنجی ژنهای خانهدار جهت نرمال کردن Real Time PCR در سلولهای سوماتیکی تلیسهای شیری هلشتاین
م. محقق-دولتآبادی ح. حسینی-دولتآبادی ا. حیدری ارجلو ر. محمودیتکنیک Real time PCR مطمئنترین روش ارزیابی سطوح بیان mRNA میباشد. اگرچه، جهت به دست آوردن نتایج دقیق، انتخاب ژنهای مرجع مناسب جهت نرمال کردن دادههایReal time PCR ضروری است. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی پایداری بیان 3 ژن پتانسیل مرجع (ACTB، GAPDH و UXT) در سلولهای سوم Moreتکنیک Real time PCR مطمئنترین روش ارزیابی سطوح بیان mRNA میباشد. اگرچه، جهت به دست آوردن نتایج دقیق، انتخاب ژنهای مرجع مناسب جهت نرمال کردن دادههایReal time PCR ضروری است. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی پایداری بیان 3 ژن پتانسیل مرجع (ACTB، GAPDH و UXT) در سلولهای سوماتیکی شیر تلیسههای شیری هلشتاین در شرایط متفاوت بود. برای این منظور، دو نوع نمونه شیر از 18 تلیسه شیری سالم در مراحل مختلف شیردهی و 4 تلیسه مبتلا به ورم پستان در این آزمایش در نظر گرفته شد. RNA کل از سلولهای سوماتیکی استخراج شد و سپس cDNA سنتز شد. واکنش Real time PCR برای ژنهای ACTB، GAPDHو UXT به عنوان ژنهای خانهدار کاندیدا انجام شد و نتایج توسط برنامه BestKeepe مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. ارزیابی ژنهای توسط Real time PCR نشان داد که همه ژن ها در تلیسه های شیری سالم و مبتلا به ورم پستان بیان شده بودند. علاوه بر این، ژنهای UXT و GAPDH به ترتیب دارای کمترین و بیشترین مقدار بیان بودند. ژن ACTB به عنوان مناسبترین کنترل داخلی در نظر گرفته شد و در سلولهای سوماتیکی صرف نظر از شرایط تلیسههای شیری دارای ثبات بیان بود. بر این اساس، نتایج مطالعه ما میتواند در انتخاب ژن مرجع مناسب برای نرمال کردن سطوح بیان در سلولهای سوماتیکی شیر تلیسههای شیری کمک کند. Manuscript profile -
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184 - The Effect of Partial Replacing Solvent Soybean Meal with Poultry Blood Meal on Performance and Metabolic Status of Fresh Holstein Dairy Cows
I. Rahnama T. Amirabadi Farahani S. Karimi-Dehkordi -
Open Access Article
185 - تجویز سطوح مختلف آرژنین و لیزین همراه با مس برای تغییرغلظت مس در شیر در میشهای شیرده زندی
ا. پردل ه. خزعلی ح. رکنی ع. حسینیمس نقش اساسی در سیستم بدن انسان و حیوان دارد. یکی از مهمترین منابع مس، شیر است. هدف از این مطالعه مشخص ساختن این بود که تزریق دوزهای متفاوت مس غیرآلی و مس آلی به صورت کلاته با آمینواسیدهای آرژنین و لیزین میتواند غلظت مس را در شیر بزهای زندی شیرده تغیر دهد. این پژوهش تج Moreمس نقش اساسی در سیستم بدن انسان و حیوان دارد. یکی از مهمترین منابع مس، شیر است. هدف از این مطالعه مشخص ساختن این بود که تزریق دوزهای متفاوت مس غیرآلی و مس آلی به صورت کلاته با آمینواسیدهای آرژنین و لیزین میتواند غلظت مس را در شیر بزهای زندی شیرده تغیر دهد. این پژوهش تجربی شامل 54 میش زندی شیرده که از سازمان کشاورزی استان تهران جمعآوری شده، در 3 گروه اصلی به شرح زیر اختصاص داده شد: گروهی که کلرید مس را در شکل معدنی (25، 50 و 100 میلیگرم بر کیلوگرم، وزن بدن) دریافت کردند و گروههایی که مس آلی در دوزهای مختلف آرژنین و یا لیزین (25، 50 و 100 میلیگرم بر کیلوگرم، وزن بدن) به صورت کلاته شده دریافت کردند. نمونههای شیر 30 دقیقه قبل و 6 ساعت پس از تزریق داخل وریدی آمادههای مس گرفته شد. غلظت مس در شیر با استفاده از روش طیفسنجی جذب اتمی شعله اندازهگیری شد. قبل از تزریق مس معدنی و یا آلی در غلظت مس شیر تفاوت معنیداری بین دو گروه وجود نداشت. تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها نشان داد که تجویز مس غیر آلی باعث افزایش قابل توجهی از غلظت مس در شیر به صورت وابسته به دوز شد (01/0<P). همچنین، تزریق آرژنین و یا لیزین با مس در فرم کلاته باعث افزایش قابل توجهی در غلظت مس شیر در مقایسه با غیر آلی مس در صورت وابسته به دوز شد (01/0<P). با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده، مصرف فرمهای مختلف مس غلظت مس در شیر را تحت تأثیر قرار میدهد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - Effects of Concentrate Source (Cottonseed vs. Barley)on Milk Performance and Fatty Acids Profile of Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cows
A.I. Roca-Fernandez A. Gonzalez-Rodriguez O.P. Vazquez-Yanez J.A. Fernandez-Casado -
Open Access Article
187 - مطالعه موانع مزارع شیری سنتی از طریق بررسی تولیدات بالقوه و عملکردی شیر
م.ت. سرایری ی. سانیتو جی.ف. توراندمطالعه حاضر تفاوت بین تولید شیر روزانه بالقوه و تولید شیر عملکردی را در 6 گله بررسی نمود. این دو فراسنجه و تغییرات آنها در پروژه آبیاری غرب (شمال ­غرب موراکو) در طی یک دوره 5 ماهه بررسی شد. تولید شیر روزانه بالقوه و تولید شیر عملکردی در رابطه با تغییرات در جیره گاوه Moreمطالعه حاضر تفاوت بین تولید شیر روزانه بالقوه و تولید شیر عملکردی را در 6 گله بررسی نمود. این دو فراسنجه و تغییرات آنها در پروژه آبیاری غرب (شمال ­غرب موراکو) در طی یک دوره 5 ماهه بررسی شد. تولید شیر روزانه بالقوه و تولید شیر عملکردی در رابطه با تغییرات در جیره گاوها و وزن بدنشان آنالیز شدند. نتایج حاکی از آن است که تحت شرایط پرورشی سنتی گاوها در موراکو (در شرایطی که عمده­ واحدهای کوچک و مزارع زیر 20 هکتار هستند) تولید گاوهای شیری موانع فراوانی دارند. یکی از بارزترین موارد تأثیرگذار فقدان دانش کشاورزان از نیازمندی­های گاوهای شیری و تغییرات آن در طی دوره شیردهی است. به­ علاوه، به نظر می­رسد در مزارع گاوهای شیری تغییرات در انرژی خالص علوفه­ها، محتوای پروتئین خام قابل تجزیه و قابل متابولیسم شکمبه­ای را نادیده گرفته میشود که این امر منجر به بروز اشتباهات بسیاری در تأمین مکمل­های کنسانتره­ای می شود. نتایج همچنین نشان داد که تولید شیر عملکردی (واقعی) اغلب پائین­تر از تولید شیر بالقوه است که به دسترسی محدود به علوفه که مترادف با خطا در تنظیم جیره­ها میباشد اشاره دارد. در انتها، نتایج حاکی از این است که در استفاده از گاوهای با ارزش ژنتیکی بالا (به دلیل قیمت زیادشان) در مزارع با دسترسی نامنظم به خوراک (که مترادف با تنظیم جیرههای فاقد بالانس است) باید تجدید نظر کرد Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - Genetic and Phenotypic Parameters for Milk Production Traits in the First and Second Lactation in Romanian Simmental Dairy Cows
E. Nistor V.A. Bampidis M. Pentea M. Matiuti V. Ciolac F. Adebambo -
Open Access Article
189 - The Impact of Agricultural Credit and Farmer Trainings on Small Holder Dairy Production in Southern Region in Sri Lanka
P.H.G.J. De Silva A.L. Sandika -
Open Access Article
190 - Effect of Two Types of Total Mixed Rations on Production Performances of Holstein Friesian Cows in Early Lactation
B.C. Kalansooriya R.M.A.S. Bandara H.M.G.P. Herath -
Open Access Article
191 - اثر دفعات دوشش بر عملکرد شیردهی و منحنی شیردهی در گاوهای هلشتاین ایران
هـ. آتشیهدف این مطالعه بررسی اثر دفعات دوشش (دو بار و سه ­بار دوشش) بر منحنی شیردهی و عملکرد شیردهی جزئی و 305 روز در گاوهای هلشتاین ایران بود. داده­های 217345 شیردهی روی 141364 گاو در 324 گله، گردآوری شده در بین سال­های 1379 تا 1391 به وسیله­ مرکز اصلاح نژاد دا Moreهدف این مطالعه بررسی اثر دفعات دوشش (دو بار و سه ­بار دوشش) بر منحنی شیردهی و عملکرد شیردهی جزئی و 305 روز در گاوهای هلشتاین ایران بود. داده­های 217345 شیردهی روی 141364 گاو در 324 گله، گردآوری شده در بین سال­های 1379 تا 1391 به وسیله­ مرکز اصلاح نژاد دام ایران، استفاده شد. میانگین دفعات دوشش (32/0) 88/2 بار بود و از (004/0) 72/2 بار در سال 1391 با (002/0) 97/2 بار در سال 1391 افزایش یافت. منحنی شیردهی در گاوهای سه ­بار دوشش بالاتر و تخت­تر از منحنی شیردهی در گاوهای دو بار دوشش بود. زمان به اوج رسیدن تولید شیر در گاوهای شکم اول دو بار دوشش ((49/0)52/79 روز) کوتاه­تر از گاوهای شکم اول سه بار دوشش ((28/0)66/88 روز) بود. در گاوهای شکم یک تا سه، تدوام شیردهی در گاوهای سه­ بار دوشش بالاتر از گاوهای دو بار دوشش بود. تولید شیر 305 روز در گاوهای سه بار دوشش در مقایسه با گاوهای دو بار دوشش در شکم زایش­های اول تا چهارم به ترتیب 34/12، 02/14، 79/12 و 76/14 درصد افزایش یافت. تولید شیر 305 روز در گاوهای سه ­بار دوشش شکم اول تا چهارم به ترتیب (89/28) 959، (7/32) 1175، (6/38) 1099 و (0/45) 1271 کیلوگرم بیشتر از گاوهای دو بار دوشش بود. ارزش­های متناظر برای تولید چربی (98/0) 35/4، (11/1) 68/16، (28/1) 19/17 و (51/1) 76/18 کیلوگرم بودند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - ارتباط ازت اوره شیر گاوهای شیری با نژاد
م.ر. اسلام م.ن. آدین م.ر. آکاندا م.م.اچ. خان م.آ. بیست اس.آ. بلالازت اوره­ای شیر گاوهای شیری و ارتباط آن با نژاد تعیین شد. در مجموع از 40 رأس گاو شیری (20 رأس گاو شیری پاپنا و 20 رأس گاو شیری چیتاگونگ قرمز) انتخاب شده برای بررسی ترکیب شیر، وضعیت تغذیه­ای و ازت اوره­ای شیر استفاده شد. وزن بدن گاو پاپنا (14±187 کیلوگ Moreازت اوره­ای شیر گاوهای شیری و ارتباط آن با نژاد تعیین شد. در مجموع از 40 رأس گاو شیری (20 رأس گاو شیری پاپنا و 20 رأس گاو شیری چیتاگونگ قرمز) انتخاب شده برای بررسی ترکیب شیر، وضعیت تغذیه­ای و ازت اوره­ای شیر استفاده شد. وزن بدن گاو پاپنا (14±187 کیلوگرم) در مقایسه با گاو قرمز چیتاگونگ (4±174 کیلوگرم) بالاتر بود. تولید شیر (94/4 کیلوگرم)، مواد معدنی (15/0 درصد) و لاکتوز (83/5 درصد) شیر گاو پاپنا در مقایسه با تولید شیر (62/3 کیلوگرم)، مواد معدنی (12/0 درصد) و لاکتوز (37/5 درصد) گاو قرمز چیتاگونگ بالاتر ولی محتوای چربی (04/5 درصد)، پروتئین (7/3 درصد) و مواد جامد بدون چربی (92/9 درصد) در گاو چیتاگونگ قرمز بیشتر از محتوای چربی (03/4 درصد)، پروتئین (64/3 درصد) و مواد جامد بدون چربی (87/9 درصد) گاو پاپنا بود. گاو پاپنا روزانه نیازمند 93/74 مگاژول انرژی متابولیسمی، 47/9 کیلوگرم ماده خشک، 84/0 کیلوگرم پروتئین خام، 24/1 کیلوگرم خاکستر، 18/2 کیلوگرم الیاف خام و 43/5 کیلوگرم مواد مغذی قابل هضم حقیقی بود در حالیکه این نیازمندی­ها روزانه برای گاو چیتاگونگ قرمز به ترتیب 60/72 مگاژول، 14/9 کیلوگرم، 66/0 کیلوگرم، 16/1 کیلوگرم، 93/1 کیلوگرم و 19/5 کیلوگرم بود. غلظت اوره­ای شیر در گاو پاپنا (15/38 میلی­گرم در دسی­لیتر) در مقایسه با گاو چیتاگونگ قرمز (30/29 میلی­گرم در دسی­لیتر) بالاتر بود. ازت اوره­ای شیر در گاو پاپنا و چیتاگونگ قرمز متفاوت بود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - اثر مکمل چربی و طول اندازه ذرات بر ترکیب شیر و تخمیر شکمبهایی گاوهای تغذیه شده از جیرههای حاوی سیلوی یونجه
م. شریفی ع. حسین خانی م. صوفی زاده ج. موسویهدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر مکمل چربی بر افزایش اسید لینولئیک کانژوگه شیر (CLA) در اوایل شیردهی بدون تأثیر تخمیر شکمبهایی بر آن بود. 24 رأس گاو هلشتاین در یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی با فاکتوریل 2 × 4 مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. فاکتورها شامل اندازه ذرات (15 و 25 میلیمتر) Moreهدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر مکمل چربی بر افزایش اسید لینولئیک کانژوگه شیر (CLA) در اوایل شیردهی بدون تأثیر تخمیر شکمبهایی بر آن بود. 24 رأس گاو هلشتاین در یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی با فاکتوریل 2 × 4 مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. فاکتورها شامل اندازه ذرات (15 و 25 میلیمتر) و دو منبع مختلف یونجه همراه با و بدون چربی (یونجه خشک، یونجه خشک به علاوه 3 درصد چربی، سیلوی یونجه و سیلوی یونجه به علاوه 3 درصد چربی) بود. نتایج نشان داد که مکمل چربی هیچ تأثیری در وضعیت بدنی، عملکرد شیر، رفتارهای غذایی و اسید چرب C18 شیر نداشته است. سیلوی یونجه با چربی سبب افزایش قابل توجهی در مقدار میزان C18:1 و C18:2 در شکمبه و شیر نسبت به یونجه خشک با چربی داشته است. اندازه ذرات علوفه هیچ تأثیری بر تولید شیر، اسیدهای چرب C18 شیر، ازت آمونیاکی و بوتیرات در شکمبه نداشته است. مصرف ماده خشک، چربی شیر و اسید استیک با مکمل چربی کاهش یافته است. سیلوی یونجه اثر قابل توجهی در مصرف ماده خشک، چربی شیر، زمان نشخوار و تخمیر شکمبه داشته است. رفتار تغذیه با کاهش اندازه ذرات کاهش یافته است. نتایج نشان داد که سیلوی یونجه با چربی سبب افزایش تولید شیر، توسعه CLA شیر، بهبود متابولیتهای خونی و شکمبهایی و حفظ وزن بالاتر بدن در گاوهای شیری هلشتاین می شود Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - Major Udder Morphology Traits and Their Relationship with Milk Production in Tunisian Local Goats
A. Ahlem M.J. Carabaño L. Aicha A. Mouldi B.S. Farah N. Sghaier -
Open Access Article
195 - تأثیر نمره شرایط بدنی بر تولید و ترکیب شیر در گاوهای شیری آمیخته
م.ای. حسین تی. چندا جی.کا. دبناث م.م. حسن آ.اچ. شایکات م.آ. هکواین مطالعه بر روی 120 گاو شیری آمیخته هلشتاین فریزین در طی یک دوره 150 روزه در میانه دوره شیردهی صورت گرفت و هدف از اجرای آن کمی­سازی تأثیر نمره شرایط بدنی (BCS) بر تولید و ترکیب شیر بود. از 12 مزرعه پرورش گاو شیری با شرایط پرورشی یکسان استفاده شد. در هر یک از این د Moreاین مطالعه بر روی 120 گاو شیری آمیخته هلشتاین فریزین در طی یک دوره 150 روزه در میانه دوره شیردهی صورت گرفت و هدف از اجرای آن کمی­سازی تأثیر نمره شرایط بدنی (BCS) بر تولید و ترکیب شیر بود. از 12 مزرعه پرورش گاو شیری با شرایط پرورشی یکسان استفاده شد. در هر یک از این دو مزرعه حداقل 20 گاو شیری آمیخته که در میانه دوره شیردهی بودند، در این مطالعه استفاده شد. تأثیر نمره شرایط بدنی انفرادی گاوها در مقیاس 1 تا 5 رکورد برداری گردید. از هر گاو به صورت انفرادی نمونه شیر گرفته شد. نمونه­های جمع­آوری شده از گاوهای با BCS مشابه با یکدیگر مخلوط شدند تا نمونه مرکب به دست آید. آنالیزهای شیمیایی نمونه­ها برای چربی، پروتئین، لاکتوز، خاکستر، ماده خشک کُل (TS) و ماده خشک غیر چربی (SNF) سه بار صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که BCS تأثیر معنی ­داری بر تولید شیر، چربی شیر و خاکستر شیر در گاوهای شیری آمیخته هلشتاین فریزین دارد (05/0>P). بالاترین تولید شیر (80/1±45/13) در تأثیر نمره شرایط بدنیهای متوسط (0/3) رکورد برداری شده و پس از آن مقادیر کمتر (75/2 تا 25/2) و بیشتر (25/3 تا 00/4) قرار می­گرفتند. افزایش پروتئین، لاکتوز، TS، SNF و گرانروی مخصوص (SG) همگام با با افزایش BCS تا 4 معنی ­داری نبوده است (05/0<P). ماتریس ضرایب همبستگی نشان داد که BCS با تولید شیر همبستگی منفی دارد. ولی همبستگی بین BCS و پروتئین، لاکتوز، TS، SNF و SG شیر مثبت بوده ولی شدت این رابطه متغیر بوده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - Physical Form of Concentrate for Lactating Murciano-Granadina Dairy Goats: Feed Intake and Sorting, Milk Production, and Blood Metabolites
M.H. Khabbazan H. Amanlou D. Zahmatkesh E. Mahjoubi A. Nikkhah -
Open Access Article
197 - اثر زمانهای مختلف تغذیه روی عملکرد گاوهای شیری دورگه در طی تنش گرمایی تابستان
م. گول آی. احمد ر. خان اس. ام سهیل اس. اختر آ. رحمان آ. ایجاز آ. گوهربخش پرورش حیوانات اهلی در پاکستان یک موقعیت بی­نظیر را در توسعه اقتصاد ملی این کشور شامل می­شود. مطالعه حاضر برای ارزیابی به کارگیری استراتژی کاهش استرس گرما از طریق استفاده از زمان­های مختلف تغذیه روی صفات عملکردی تولید و ترکیب شیر و خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی آ Moreبخش پرورش حیوانات اهلی در پاکستان یک موقعیت بی­نظیر را در توسعه اقتصاد ملی این کشور شامل می­شود. مطالعه حاضر برای ارزیابی به کارگیری استراتژی کاهش استرس گرما از طریق استفاده از زمان­های مختلف تغذیه روی صفات عملکردی تولید و ترکیب شیر و خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی آن در گاوهای شیری در طی فصل تابستان انجام شد. بیست رأس گاو هلشتاین فریزین به طور تصادفی در چهار گروه تیماری (G1: 80/20، G2: 50/50،G3 : 100/0 وG4 : 0/100؛ از نسبت­های روز به شب) تقسیم شدند. تولید و ترکیب شیر و خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمایی آن و سطح مالون­دی­آلدئید در سرم خون تعیین شدند. نتیجه­گیری اینکه تغییرات در زمان تغذیه، به طور معنی­داری تولید شیر را در گروه­هایی که در بخش خنک­تر روز تغذیه می­کردند افزایش داد. ترکیب شیر و خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی آن نیز از نوسانات تغذیه در زمان­های صبح و عصر تأثیر ­پذیرفته­اند. بنابراین، تغییر در زمان تغذیه در طی فصل تابستان در نواحی گرم یک روش عملیاتی مناسب برای بر طرف نمودن اثرات تنش گرمایی روی عملکرد تولیدی گاوهای شیری است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - The Effect of a Silage Inoculant on Silage Quality, Aerobic Stability and Milk Production
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199 - Comparative Effect of Different Milking Methods and Udder Hygiene on Somatic Cell Count and Milk Quality in Dairy Cows
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200 - An Optimum Regression Model to Estimate Economic Values for Milk Yield, Milk Yield Persistency and Calving Interval in Dairy Cattle
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201 - How Does Primary Dairy Cooperative Perform? A Study of Physical and Financial Performance Variables in West Bengal State in India
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202 - (کو)واریانس ژنتیکی بین سن از اولین تا سومین گوسالهزایی و مقدار شیر گاوهای هلشتاین در مناطق گرمسیری
جی.ال. اسپینوزا-ویلاویسنسیو آ. پلاسیوس-اسپینوسا آ. منندز-بوکسادرامجموعهای از 245187 رکورد از سه دوره شیردهی اول 131126 گاو هلشتاین در شرایط گرمسیری برای برآورد مولفههای (کو)واریانس ژنتیکی بین سن در زمان گوسالهزایی و تولید شیر مربوطه آنها استفاده شد. یک آنالیز چند متغییره از 6 صفت انجام شد. وراثتپذیری برای سن در زمان گوسالهزایی ( Moreمجموعهای از 245187 رکورد از سه دوره شیردهی اول 131126 گاو هلشتاین در شرایط گرمسیری برای برآورد مولفههای (کو)واریانس ژنتیکی بین سن در زمان گوسالهزایی و تولید شیر مربوطه آنها استفاده شد. یک آنالیز چند متغییره از 6 صفت انجام شد. وراثتپذیری برای سن در زمان گوسالهزایی (h2AC) و مقدار شیر (h2MY) از اولین دوره شیردهی (h2AC1=0.254±0.007; h2MY1=0.198±0.003) به دومین دوره شیردهی (h2AC2=0.242±0.006; h2MY2=0.184±0.003) و سومین دوره شیردهی (h2AC3=0.232±0.006; h2MY3=0.168±0.008) کاهش داشت. همبستگیهای ژنتیکی (rg) بین AC1; AC2 و AC3 و بین MY1; MY2 و MY3 بالا و مثبت بودند؛ اگرچه، rg بین سن در زمان گوسالهزایی و تولید شیر متوسط اما منفی بودند. دو مقدار ویژه اول برای 83 درصد از واریانس ژنتیکی کل 6 صفت محاسبه شد. بردارهای ویژه متناظر به عنوان فاکتورهای وزنی استفاده شدند، و دو ارزش اصلاحی (EBV) بر اساس این مؤلفهها برآورد شدند، اجازه میدهند آن پدرانی که سن در زمان گوسالهزایی را کاهش ومقدار شیر را در دخترانشان افزایش میدهند شناسایی شوند. یک رویکرد جدید برای برآورد یک معادل فاصله گوسالهزایی (CIeq) براساس تفاوتهای بین EBV پدر برای دو گوسالهزایی پیاپی توسعه داده شد. Manuscript profile -
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203 - Effect of Feeding Canola or Sunflower Seeds on Conjugated Linoleic Acid Enrichment in Cow’s Milk Fat
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205 - Effect of Rumex Sc on Ruminal Fermentation, Blood Metabolites and Performance of Lactating Dairy Cow
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206 - ارزیابی معیارهای مدیریتی تلیسه برای بهبود عملکرد شیردهی و کاهش بروز سخت زایی: واکاوی نظام مند وزن بدن، افزایش وزن روزانه و سن به مکمل کروم متیونین در جیره وابسته به سن و وزن
ح. رفیعی م.ه. خبازان ا. مهنانی ا. نیکخواهمدیریت جامع پرورش تلیسه برای افزایش تولید شیر و کاهش سخت­زایی مستلزم واکاوی نظام­مند سن، وزن بدن و افزایش وزن روزانه در یک جامعه آماری بزرگ است. هدف این مطالعه، تعیین اثر وزن بدن و سن در زمان اولین تلقیح، افزایش وزن روزانه پیش از آبستنی بر تولید شیر، چربی شیر و Moreمدیریت جامع پرورش تلیسه برای افزایش تولید شیر و کاهش سخت­زایی مستلزم واکاوی نظام­مند سن، وزن بدن و افزایش وزن روزانه در یک جامعه آماری بزرگ است. هدف این مطالعه، تعیین اثر وزن بدن و سن در زمان اولین تلقیح، افزایش وزن روزانه پیش از آبستنی بر تولید شیر، چربی شیر و پروتئین شیر در دوره شیردهی اول و بروز سخت­زایی در زایش اول در تلیسه­ های هلشتاین بود. داده­های تولیدی، تولیدمثلی و رشد روزانه 3208 رأس تلیسه از سه گله بزرگ صنعتی استخراج و مورد واکاوی قرار گرفتند. تلیسه­ ها براساس وزن بدن به چهار گروه تقسیم شدند که شامل: 1) 700 گرم در روز، 2) 700-750 گرم در روز، 3) 750-800 گرم در روز و 4) >800 گرم در روز بود. بر اساس وزن بدن در اولین تلقیح، تلیسه­ها به سه گروه تقسیم شدند که شامل: 1) <350 کیلوگرم، 2) 350-380 کیلوگرم و 3) >380 کیلوگرم بود. بر اساس سن در اولین تلقیح، تلیسه­ها به سه گروه تقسیم شدند که شامل: 1) <14 ماه، 2) 14-15 ماه و 3) >15 ماه بود. داده­ها با استفاده از رویه مدل­های مختلط خطی و رگرسیون لجستیک غیرخطی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که وزن و سن تلیسه در زمان اولین تلقیح بر تولید شیر اولین دوره شیردهی به طور معنی­داری مؤثر بودند (P<0.05)، به طوری که تلیسه­های با وزن >380 کیلوگرم (14499 کیلوگرم شیر) و سن > 15 ماه (11430 کیلوگرم شیر) در اولین تلقیح، بیشترین تولید شیر را داشتند. تلیسه­های با افزایش وزن روزانه >800 گرم در روز تمایل به تولید شیر و تولید پروتئین شیر بیشتری در دوره شیردهی اول نسبت به سایر گروه­ها داشتند (P<0.01). بیشترین تولید چربی شیر متعلق به تلیسه­ هایی بود که افزایش وزن روزانه 700-750 گرم در روز داشتند. تلیسه­های با وزن > 380 کیلوگرم در اولین تلقیح (349 کیلوگرم چربی شیر) تولید چربی شیر بیشتری نسبت به تلیسه­های با وزن > 350 کیلوگرم (334 کیلوگرم چربی شیر) و 350-380 کیلوگرم (336 کیلوگرم چربی شیر) داشتند. تلیسه­های با > 800 گرم افزایش وزن روزانه (24.4 درصد) (P<0.05) نسبت به تلیسه­های با < 700 گرم افزایش وزن روزانه (14.2 درصد)، 700-750 گرم افزایش وزن روزانه (11.3 درصد)، و 750-800 گرم افزایش وزن روزانه (20 درصد) بروز بالاتری از سخت­زایی را نشان دادند. تلیسه­های با وزن < ­350 کیلوگرم در اولین تلقیح، نسبت به سایر گروه­های وزن بدنی، سخت­زایی بیشتری را تجربه کردند (P<0.05). به عنوان نتیجه­گیری نهایی، وزن بدن بالاتر (>380 کیلوگرم) و سن بالاتر (>15 ماه) در زمان اولین تلقیح، به تولید شیر بیشتر در اولین دوره شیردهی منجر شد، اما تلیسه­های با سن < 23 ماه در اولین زایش، کاهش تولید شیر و افزایش بروز سخت­زایی را تجربه نمودند. بنابراین، وزن و سن در اولین تلقیح و افزایش وزن پیش از آبستنی همگی بر عملکرد تولیدی تلیسه­ها طی شیردهی اول و بروز سخت­زایی در زایش اول به طور معنی­داری مؤثر بودند. Manuscript profile -
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207 - Influence of Body Condition on Milk Production and Metabolic Profile in Assaf Sheep
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208 - The Effects of Replacement of Soybean Meal by Mechanically-Processed Sesame Meal on Performance and Milk Fatty Acids Profile in Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows
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209 - گیاهان دارویی و مکملهای آنها: روشی نوین در تغذیه جانوران
ن. بهاتدام­های اهلی یکی از مؤلفه­های اساسی در بخش کشاورزی بوده و تأثیر مهمی بر اقتصاد ملی دارند. یکی از عوامل اقتصادی برای تقویت تولید، جلوگیری و درمان بیماری­ها در جانوران است که در عین حال چالشی بزرگ بر سر راه متخصصین تغذیه دام نیز محسوب می­گردد. برای به دست Moreدام­های اهلی یکی از مؤلفه­های اساسی در بخش کشاورزی بوده و تأثیر مهمی بر اقتصاد ملی دارند. یکی از عوامل اقتصادی برای تقویت تولید، جلوگیری و درمان بیماری­ها در جانوران است که در عین حال چالشی بزرگ بر سر راه متخصصین تغذیه دام نیز محسوب می­گردد. برای به دست آوردن تولیدات حیوانی سالم باید حیوانات مزرعه­ای نیز سالم نگهداری شوند. استفاده از ترکیبات طبیعی نظیر گیاهان دارویی، عصاره­های آنها و سایر فرآورده­های گیاهی جهت تقویت سلامت حیوانات و کسب رضایت­مندی مصرف کنندگان، در مقایسه با ترکیبات شیمیایی ارجحیت دارند. علاوه بر این افزودنی­های خوراکی گیاهان دارویی می­توانند به عنوان دارو (گیاهان دارویی خام خشک شده که کاملاً خرد و ریز شده­اند)، عصارههای گیاهی و جدایه­های دارویی (نظیر روغن­های ضروری) مورد استفاده قرار گیرند. داروهای گیاهی شامل گیاه کامل یا شکل بریده و خشک شده بخش­هایی از یک گیاه، جلبک، قارچ یا گلسنگ بوده که برای خصوصیات درمانی­اش مورد استفاده قرار می­گیرد. گیاهان دارویی سبب ایجاد یا تقویت طعم­هایی در خوراک حیوانات می­شوند و بنابراین میتوانند بر الگوهای خوردن، ترشح مایعات گوارشی و مصرف کل خوراک تأثیر بگذارند. نقطه اصلی فعالیت نیز دستگاه گوارش حیوان است. به دلیل وجود انواع مختلفی از ترکیبات فعال، گیاهان دارویی و ادویه­جات مختلف، تأثیرات متفاوتی بر فرآیند هضم دارند. گیاهان دارویی، ادویه­جات و مخلوط­های آنها اغلب به عنوان مواد ضد التهابی شناخته شده و نقش آنتی اکسیدانی نیز ایفا می­کنند. چندین آزمایش برون­تنی نشان داده­اند که عصاره­های گیاهی معین فعالیت آنتی میکروبی قوی بر علیه باکتری­های گرم منفی و گرم مثبت دارند. گیاهان دارویی و فرآورده­های آنها تأثیر مثبتی بر مصرف خوراک، رشد و تولید گوشت، شیر و تخم مرغ دارند. علاوه بر این منجر به تقویت کیفیت و پایداری محصولات حیوانی نیز می­شوند. Manuscript profile -
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210 - CSN1S1 Gene: Allele Frequency, and the Relationship with Milk Production Traits in Three Indigenous Cattle Breeds and Holstein
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213 - Effect of Exogenous Oxytocin Administration on the Performance of Lactating Nili Ravi Buffalo
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214 - صفات تولید شیر و ارتباط آنها با سنجههای پستان در میشهای آواسی
K.Y. Merkhanخصویات پستان، صفات تولید شیر و ارتباط آنها در 32 میش آواسی که در یک گله تجاری پروش داده میشدند، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. تولید شیر ماهانه از یک ماه پس از زایش تا آغاز دوره خشکی ثبت گردید. همچنین صفات پستان شامل عرض پستان، محیط پستان، طول پستان، فاصله بین سرپستانکها و طول Moreخصویات پستان، صفات تولید شیر و ارتباط آنها در 32 میش آواسی که در یک گله تجاری پروش داده میشدند، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. تولید شیر ماهانه از یک ماه پس از زایش تا آغاز دوره خشکی ثبت گردید. همچنین صفات پستان شامل عرض پستان، محیط پستان، طول پستان، فاصله بین سرپستانکها و طول و قطر هر کدام از سرپستانکها نیز اندازهگیری گردیدند. نتایج نشان داد که جنسیت برهها و مرحله شیردهی بر تولید شیر روزآزمون میشها تأثیر میگذارد (05/0>P). سن میش تأثیری بر تولید شیر روز آزمون نداشته (05/0>P) ولی بر قطر سرپستانک چپ و طول سرپستانک راست تأثیر میگذارد. همچنین، جنسیت برهها بر طول سرپستانک راست مؤثر است (05/0>P). همگام با افزایش تولید شیر، محیط پستان و قطر سرپستانک نیز افزایش مییابد (05/0>P). تولید شیر با همه سنجههای پستان به غیر از طول پستان و طول سرپستانک راست همبستگی مثبت دارد. همچنین همبستگی بین محیط پستان و عرض پستان (679/0=r)، فاصله بین سرپستانکها (699/0=r) و قطر سرپستانک چپ (417/0=r) و همبستگی بین عرض پستان و فاصله بین سرپستانکها (732/0=r)، مثبت و بالا بوده است. همبستگی بین سنجههای سرپستانک (596/0=r تا 908/0=r) نیز مثبت میباشد (01/0>P). برمبنای آنالیز مؤلفههای اصلی، محیط پستان و طول سرپستانک راست، بهترین پیشبینی کننده برای تولید شیر در میشهای آواسی هستند. Manuscript profile -
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215 - The Effect of Restricted Nutrition on Ewe Milking Performance and Lamb Growth Characteristics in Creep Feeding Conditions
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Open Access Article
216 - برآورد ضرایب اقتصادی صفات تولیدی در گوسفند تالشی ایران
A. Lavvaf M.B. Zandi A. Noshariبه منظور برآورد ارزش اقتصادی صفات تولیدی (گوشت، شیر و پشم) در گوسفند بومی تالشی ایران، رکوردهای مربوط به پارامترهای اقتصادی و عملکردی از گله‏های محلی موجود در منطقه گردآوری شدند. ضرایب اقتصادی به دست آمده در گرایش انتخاب حداکثر کردن سود در سطح گله همچنین اثرات اف Moreبه منظور برآورد ارزش اقتصادی صفات تولیدی (گوشت، شیر و پشم) در گوسفند بومی تالشی ایران، رکوردهای مربوط به پارامترهای اقتصادی و عملکردی از گله‏های محلی موجود در منطقه گردآوری شدند. ضرایب اقتصادی به دست آمده در گرایش انتخاب حداکثر کردن سود در سطح گله همچنین اثرات افزایش و کاهش 20 درصد تغییر در قیمت فروش شیر، هزینههای غذایی و هزینههای غیر غذایی، جهت مطالعه حساسیت مدل بر برآورد ارزشهای اقتصادی در نظر گرفته شمورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. متوسط ارزشهای اقتصادی مطلق در گرایش حداکثر سود برای تولید گوشت، پشم و شیر (برحسب ریال بر کیلوگرم) به ترتیب 139/1229798، 858/1229798 و 717/27174 برآورد شد. آنالیز حساسیت نشان داد نوسان ضرایب اقتصادی صفات مورد مطالعه نسبتاً متغیر و دارای حساسیت نسبت به تغییر هزینه‏های مدیریتی و تغذیه‎ای میباشند و از حساسیت نسبتاً کمتری نسبت به تغییر هزینه‏ها در کل سیستم پرورشی گوسفند تالشی برخوردار بودند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - ارتباط ژن PIT1 با درصد چربی شیر در گاو هلشتاین
ز. ابراهیمی حسینزاده م.ر. محمدآبادی ع. اسمعیلیزاده الف خضری ع. نجمی نوریژن فاکتور نسخه برداری ویژه هیپوفیز (PIT1) مسئول رشد و توسعه هیپوفیز و بیان ژن ترشح این هورمون در پستانداران است. ژن PIT1 به عنوان یک نشانگر ژنتیکی کاندیدا برای صفات رشد، لاشه و نیز تولید شیر معرفی شده است. در حیوانات شیری مزرعه­ای، هدف اصلی انتخاب بهبود و افزایش تول Moreژن فاکتور نسخه برداری ویژه هیپوفیز (PIT1) مسئول رشد و توسعه هیپوفیز و بیان ژن ترشح این هورمون در پستانداران است. ژن PIT1 به عنوان یک نشانگر ژنتیکی کاندیدا برای صفات رشد، لاشه و نیز تولید شیر معرفی شده است. در حیوانات شیری مزرعه­ای، هدف اصلی انتخاب بهبود و افزایش تولید شیر و ترکیبات شیر می­باشد. ژن­های پروتئین شیر و هورمون­ها ژن­های کاندیدای عالی برای آنالیز پیوستگی با جایگاه­های صفات کمی (QTL) می­باشند، زیرا دارای اهمیت بیولوژیکی روی صفات کمی جالب و مفید هستند. لذا در این مطالعه، ارتباط و همبستگی بین چند شکلی ژن PIT1 و درصد چربی شیر در گاوهای هلشتاین استان خراسان رضوی ایران مورد آنالیز قرار گرفت. تعداد 100 گاو هلشتاین از یک گله 1000 رأسی در استان خراسان رضوی مطالعه شد. DNA ژنومی از خون کامل استخراج گردید. یک جفت پرایمر برای تکثیر ژن PIT1 استفاده شد و محصولات PCR روی ژل آگارز 1 درصد الکتروفورز شدند. سپس محصولات PCR با آنزیم برشی HinfI هضم شدند. نتایج به وسیله نرم افزار PopGene آنالیز شدند و فراوانی آللی A و B برای ژن PIT1 به ترتیب 25/0 و 75/0 به دست آمد. فراوانی ژنوتیپهای AA، AB و BB، تعداد آلل واقعی، تعداد آلل مؤثر، هتروزیگوسیتی مورد انتظار، هتروزیگوسیتی مشاهده شده، متوسط هتروزیگوسیتی، هموزیگوسیتی مورد انتظار، هموزیگوسیتی مشاهده شده، شاخص نئی و شاخص شانون به ترتیب 6، 40 و 54 درصد، 2، 60/1، 37/0، 40/0، 37/0، 62/0، 59/0، 37/0 و 56/0 محاسبه شد. نتیجه آزمون کای اسکور نشان داد که در جمعیت تعادل هاردی- واینبرگ برقرار است. برای محاسبه ارتباط بین درصد چربی شیر و ژنوتیپهای مشاهده شده از نرم افزارSAS و رویه آماری GLM استفاده شد و نتایج نشان داد که اثر ژنوتیپ بر درصد چربی معنی دار است (01/0>P) و ژنوتیپ AB بیشترین اثر را بر روی درصد چربی شیر داشت. نتایج نشان داد که ژنوتیپهای PIT1 روی درصد چربی شیر اثر دارند، لذا پیشنهاد می­دهند که این چندشکلی می­تواند به عنوان یک نشانگر ملکولی برای این صفت استفاده شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - ویتامین D خون، شیر و گوشت در شترهای تک کوهانه
م. ال خسمی ب. فایِدر نشخوارکنندگان، سطوح ویتامین D در گردش ممکن است توسط دوره نوری، تغذیه، مرحله فیزیولوژیکی، دمای محیط، رفتار و فصل تحت تأثیر قرار گیرد، در حالیکه، در گوشت، محتوی ویتامین D ممکن است توسط وضعیت ویتامین D حیوان، مسن شدن و نوع طبخ متأثر شود. اطلاعات روی ارزش تغذیهای شیر شت Moreدر نشخوارکنندگان، سطوح ویتامین D در گردش ممکن است توسط دوره نوری، تغذیه، مرحله فیزیولوژیکی، دمای محیط، رفتار و فصل تحت تأثیر قرار گیرد، در حالیکه، در گوشت، محتوی ویتامین D ممکن است توسط وضعیت ویتامین D حیوان، مسن شدن و نوع طبخ متأثر شود. اطلاعات روی ارزش تغذیهای شیر شتر و گوشت تا حد زیادی در دسترس است، اما، گزارشات بسیار کمی روی ارزیابی سطوح ویتامین D و تغییرات آنها در خون و فرآوردههای آنها در شتر تک کوهانه وجود دارند. در این زمینه، این بررسی مجموعهای از دانش اخیر درباره ویتامین D در این گونهها ارائه میدهد و یافتهها را با توجه به موارد به دست آمده در سایر حیوانات پستاندار مورد بحث قرار میدهد. Manuscript profile -
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219 - شناسایی جایگاه های صفات کمی مؤثر بر صفات تولید شیر بر روی کروموزوم 14 در گاوهای شیری هلشتاین
م. نوری صادق س. انصاری-مهیاری م.پ. اسکندری نسب ف. رفیعیهدف از این تحقیق، تعیین جایگاه ­های صفات کمی (QTL) مؤثر بر صفات تولید شیر بر روی کروموزوم 14 گاوی با استفاده از دو روش تجزیه پیوستگی (LA) و عدم تعادل پیوستگی (LDLA) و مقایسه این دو روش در جمعیت هلشتاین ایران بود. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ­ها با آزمون نسبت درست ­نم Moreهدف از این تحقیق، تعیین جایگاه ­های صفات کمی (QTL) مؤثر بر صفات تولید شیر بر روی کروموزوم 14 گاوی با استفاده از دو روش تجزیه پیوستگی (LA) و عدم تعادل پیوستگی (LDLA) و مقایسه این دو روش در جمعیت هلشتاین ایران بود. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ­ها با آزمون نسبت درست ­نمایی (LRT) محاسبه و جهت برآورد مؤلفه ­های واریانس و کوواریانس بر اساس میانگین حداکثر احتمال اطلاعات از نرم افزار DMU استفاده و نتایج با آزمون مربع کای مقایسه شده و در نهایت محتمل­ ترین مکان­ ها برای صفات مورد نظر در سطح 5 درصد گزارش گردیدند. در این تحقیق تعیین ژنوتیپ بر مبنای طرح دختری با 232 دختر از 10 خانواده پدری و 10 نشانگر ریزماهواره در فاصله بین 0 تا 63 سانتی­مورگان از نقشه، بین نشانگرهای ILSTS039 و DIK4361 (ILSTS011، DIK2598، DIK4884، DIK5080، CBDIKM002، ILSTS039، BM1508، CSSM066، CBDIKM004 و DIK4361) انجام گردید. برای صفات تولید شیر و تولید چربی در دو روش مورد استفاده به ترتیب، بیشترین معنی­داری برای جایگاه QTL در فاصله­ های، 20 تا 60 و 54 تا 60 سانتی­مورگان (با استفاده از LA) و در فاصله ­های 12 تا 60 و 60 سانتی­مورگان (با استفاده از LDLA) گزارش شد. برای صفت درصد چربی شیر، بیشترین معنی­داری برای جایگاه QTL در نقاط 3، 12، 20، 36، 44 و 50 سانتی­مورگان در روش LA شناسایی شد. اما در روش LDLA برای صفت درصد چربی شیر معنی­ داری مشاهده نگردید. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق با گزارشات مطالعات قبلی برای QTL های شناسایی شده مطابقت دارد. جهت شناسایی QTL در این تحقیق انتخاب به کمک نشانگر و انتخاب و تأیید ژن ­های کاندیدا مؤثر بر صفات اقتصادی در طرح ­­های اصلاح نژاد گاو شیری می ­تواند مفید باشد. Manuscript profile -
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220 - اثر جیرههای پیش از بلوغ بر عملکرد تولیدمثلی، غلظت هورمونها و تولید شیر در برهمیشهای کردی
ص. منتیان ح.ر. میرزایی الموتی ف. فتاح نیا ر. معصومیبه منظور بررسی تأثیر جیره پیش از بلوغ روی عملکرد تولید­مثلی، غلظت هورمون­ها و تولید شیر در بره میش­های کردی، چهل رأس بره میش کردی سالم (میانگین سن=6/8±30 روز، میانگین وزن بدن= 4/3±2/10 کیلوگرم) در دوره قبل از شیرگیری به صورت تصادفی به یکی از دو Moreبه منظور بررسی تأثیر جیره پیش از بلوغ روی عملکرد تولید­مثلی، غلظت هورمون­ها و تولید شیر در بره میش­های کردی، چهل رأس بره میش کردی سالم (میانگین سن=6/8±30 روز، میانگین وزن بدن= 4/3±2/10 کیلوگرم) در دوره قبل از شیرگیری به صورت تصادفی به یکی از دو جیره آزمایشی: جیره با کیفیت بالا (HQD، 50/2 مگاکالری انرژی متابولیسمی در کیلوگرم ماده خشک و 148 گرم پروتئین خام در کیلوگرم ماده خشک) یا جیره با کیفیت پایین (LQD، 02/2 مگاکالری انرژی متابولیسمی در کیلوگرم ماده خشک و 87 گرم پروتئین خام در کیلوگرم از ماده خشک) اختصاص داده شدند. در زمان شیرگیری، نیمی از بره­های هر گروه به صورت تصادفی به HQD یا LQD اختصاص یافتند. بنابراین در دوره پس از شیرگیری چهار تیمار وجود داشت: H-H (HQD پیش و پس از شیرگیری)، H-L (HQD پیش از شیرگیری و LQD پس از شیرگیری)، L-H (LQD پیش از شیرگیری و HQD پس از شیرگیری) و L-L (LQD پیش و پس از شیرگیری، گروه کنترل). ماده خشک (DM) مصرفی به صورت هفتگی اندازه­گیری شد. وزن بدن (BW) و میانگین افزایش وزن روزانه (ADG) هر دو هفته یک بار از سن 30 تا 210 روزگی اندازه­گیری شد. غلظت­های سرمی انسولین، لپتین و پروژسترون به روش رادیو-ایمونو-اسی اندازه­گیری شد. در طول دوره پیش از شیرگیری جیره HQD در مقایسه با LQD ماده خشک مصرفی (DMI) را افزایش داد (01/0>P). نتایج نشان داد که وزن اولیه بین گروه­های آزمایشی مشابه بود (05/0<P). در پس از شیرگیری، بره­های تیمار H-H، ماده خشک ، انرژی متابولیسمی و پروتئین خام مصرفی بیشتری نسبت به سایر تیمارها داشتند (05/0>P). غلظت سرمی پروژسترون در بره­های تیمار H-H در پس از شیرگیری نسبت به سایر گروه­ها بیشتر بود (05/0>P). غلظت سرمی انسولین در هر دو دوره به وسیله کیفیت جیره تحت تأثیر قرار گرفت (05/0>P). غلظت لپتین به وسیله تیمارها تحت تأثیر قرار گرفت و بره­های گروه L-H غلظت لپتین بیشتری داشتند (05/0>P). سن در زمان بلوغ به وسیله تیمارها تحت تأثیر قرار گرفت (05/0>P). به علاوه بره­ میش­های تیمارهای H-H و L-H در سن پایین­تر و وزن بالاتری به بلوغ رسیدند. جیره­های پیش از بلوغ، میزان تولید شیر در نخستین دوره شیردهی را تحت تأثیر قرار دادند (05/0>P). در مجموع چنین نتیجه­گیری می­شود که جیره­های پیش از بلوغ نقش مهمی در ترشح پروژسترون، انسولین و لپتین دارند، که منجر به بلوغ جنسی می­شوند. و همچنین این برنامه­های استراتژیک با تسریع شروع بلوغ بره ­میش­ها در پرورش گوسفند، باعث بهبود بازده اقتصادی می­گردد. Manuscript profile -
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221 - تأثیر سطح تغذیه علوفه بر وزن بدن، نمره وضعیت بدنی، تولید شیر و نیتروژن اورهای شیر در گاوهای هلشتاین در جیره غذایی ارگانیک
م. شریفی ع.ا. خادم ب.ج. هینس ر. پهلوان ج. موسوی م. صفدریدر دهههای گذشته، تقاضای جهانی محصولات کشاورزی ارگانیک به سرعت افزایش یافته است. کیفیت شیر مورد توجه همه بخشها است. بنابراین، هدف از این مطالعه مقایسه عملکرد گاوها و کیفیت محصولات آنها در جیره های غذایی رایج و ارگانیک است. در این راستا، 72 گاو شیری هلشتاین به یکی از Moreدر دهههای گذشته، تقاضای جهانی محصولات کشاورزی ارگانیک به سرعت افزایش یافته است. کیفیت شیر مورد توجه همه بخشها است. بنابراین، هدف از این مطالعه مقایسه عملکرد گاوها و کیفیت محصولات آنها در جیره های غذایی رایج و ارگانیک است. در این راستا، 72 گاو شیری هلشتاین به یکی از چهار جیره غذایی اختصاص یافت: جیره غذایی رایج (CON40)، جیره غذایی ارگانیک با علوفه کم (ORG40)، جیره غذایی ارگانیک با علوفه متوسط (ORG60) و جیره غذایی ارگانیک با علوفه زیاد (ORG80). گاوهای چند شکمزا (2 ، 3 و 4 شکم) به طور تصادفی در گروههای درمانی قرار گرفتند. علوفه به عنوان بخشی از جیره غذایی استفاده شد، و گاوها به طور جداگانه سه بار در روز مورد تغذیه قرار گرفتند و خوراک باقیمانده در انتهای روز جمعآوری شد. مقدار مصرف روزانه ماده خشک و عملکرد شیر در 308 روز بررسی و اندازهگیری شد. تعداد سلولهای سوماتیک شیر، وزن بدن گاو و بازده خوراک در فواصل هر 28 روز تعیین شد. مقدار مصرف روزانه ماده خشک برای گاوهای مصرف جیرههای غذاییORG80 (2/18 کیلوگرم در روز)، ORG60 (1/19 کیلوگرم در روز)، ORG80 (1/20 کیلوگرم در روز) و CON40 (5/20 کیلوگرم در روز) متفاوت بود. وزن بدن گاوها تحت تأثیر تیمارها قرار نگرفت، اما در نمره وضعیت بدنی گاوها اختلاف معنیداری (05/0>P) مشاهده شد. اگر چه عملکرد شیر در گاوهای تغذیه شده با CON40 بالاتر از سایرین بود، در جیرههای غذایی ارگانیک چربی شیر بالاتر بود (05/0>P). پایینترین کارآیی خوراک، نیتروژن اورهای شیر و نیتروژن اورهای خون در گاوهای تغذیه شده با جیرههای غذایی ارگانیک مشاهده شد (05/0>P). Manuscript profile -
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222 - Milk Production, Milk Fatty Acid Profiles and Blood Metabolites in Holstein Dairy Cows Fed Diets Based on Dried Citrus Pulp
B. Ebrahimi A. Taghizadeh Y. Mehmannavaz -
Open Access Article
223 - تأثیرات جاذبهای مختلف سموم بر میزان دیازینون باقیمانده در تفاله انگور سفید، تولید و ترکیب شیر و بقایای سم در بزهای شیرده مهابادی
ب. پورمحمود ر. پیرمحمدی ح. خلیلوندی بهروزیارامروزه تحقیقات نشان می‏دهد که بهترین و در عین حال باصرفهترین شیوه کاهش بروز اختلالات مربوط به سموم دفع آفات و یا جلوگیری از انتقال این سموم به شیر و سایر فرآورده‏های دامی، استفاده از مواد جاذب و یا مواد باندکننده است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تأثیرگذاری جاذب&r Moreامروزه تحقیقات نشان می‏دهد که بهترین و در عین حال باصرفهترین شیوه کاهش بروز اختلالات مربوط به سموم دفع آفات و یا جلوگیری از انتقال این سموم به شیر و سایر فرآورده‏های دامی، استفاده از مواد جاذب و یا مواد باندکننده است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تأثیرگذاری جاذب‏های مختلف سموم (مایکوفیکس پلاس-بیوتوکس-بیو‏اسید) بر میزان سم دیازینون باقیمانده در تفاله انگور و اثرات آنها بر تولید و ترکیب شیر و بقایای سم در شیر انجام گرفت. در این مطالعه از 20 رأس بز شیرده نژاد مهابادی با 4 تیمار آزمایشی و 5 تکرار در قالب طرح آماری کاملاً تصادفی استفاده شد. میزان تولید شیر به صورت معنیداری تحت تأثیر جاذب‏های بیوتوکس و مایکوفیکس پلاس قرار گرفت (05/0P<). جاذب‏ها نقش مثبت و معنی‏داری در کاهش سم دیازینون خوراک داشتند (05/0P<). در عین حال جاذب بیوتوکس در جیره‏های غذایی با سطوح بالای تفاله انگور بیشترین کاهش سم دیازینون را داشت. میزان سم دیازینون انتقالیافته به شیر تحت تأثیر تیمار بیوتوکس و بیو‏اسید کاهش معنی‏داری داشت (05/0P<) و کمتر از استاندارد بینالمللی باقیمانده دیازینون در شیر بود.به طورکلی نتایج نشان داد که ترکیبات جاذب سموم در جیره‏های دارای سطوح بالای تفاله انگور مقادیر سم دیازینون را کاهش داده و علاوه بر تضمین سلامتی و افزایش کارایی تولید شیر، سبب تولید محصول سالم‏تری می‏گردد. در این تحقیق بیشترین تأثیر در کاهش دیازینون باقیمانده در شیر در جاذب بیوتوکس و بیواسید بود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - Behaviour of Cows in the Milking Parlour and Its Relationship with Milk Production and Type of Na
I. Polupan V. Siriak R. Stavetska O. Babenko M.R. Mohammadabadi -
Open Access Article
225 - تأثیر مصرف انرژی و پروتئین جیره غذایی بر تولید و ترکیب شیر گاوهای شیری دورگه
M.E. Hossain T. Chanda G.K. Debnath M.M. Hassan M.A. Haqueبرای تعیین تأثیر انرژی و پروتئین جیره غذایی بر تولید و ترکیب شیر، مطالعهای بر روی 120 گاو شیری دورگه هلشتاین × ساهیوال طی یک دوره 150 روزه انجام شد. مجموع 12 مزرعه گاو شیری سیستمهای نگهداری مشابهی داشتند و حداقل 20 رأس گاو شیری در بین اواسط تا اواخر دوره شیردهی Moreبرای تعیین تأثیر انرژی و پروتئین جیره غذایی بر تولید و ترکیب شیر، مطالعهای بر روی 120 گاو شیری دورگه هلشتاین × ساهیوال طی یک دوره 150 روزه انجام شد. مجموع 12 مزرعه گاو شیری سیستمهای نگهداری مشابهی داشتند و حداقل 20 رأس گاو شیری در بین اواسط تا اواخر دوره شیردهی برای اهداف مطالعه انتخاب شدند. مزارع در مناطق نیمه شهری و شهری چیتاگونگ، بنگلادش واقع شده بودند. نمونه شیر گاوها انفرادی جمعآوری شد. نمونههای شیر گاوهایی که امتیاز بدنی (BCS) یکسانی داشتند، با هم مخلوط شدند. آنالیز شیمیایی نمونهها در سه تکرار برای چربی، پروتئین، لاکتوز، مواد جامد (TS)، مواد جامد غیر چربی (SNF) و خاکستر انجام شد. انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز جیره (ME) و پروتئین خام (CP) با آنالیز مقدار از کل جیره مخلوط مصرف شده توسط هر گاو به طور انفرادی اندازهگیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که، انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز مصرفی (MJ/d) به طور معنیداری (01/0P<) تولید شیر، چربی شیر و محتوای مواد جامد شیر در گاوهای شیری هلشتاین دورگه فریزین را تحت تأثیر قرار میدهد. مشابه انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز، پروتئین خام مصرفی (g/d) نیز تولید شیر، چربی، پروتئین، لاکتوز، مواد جامد و خاکستر شیر را تحت تأثیر قرار داد (01/0P<). ضریب ماتریس همبستگی نشان داد که عملکرد شیر ارتباط مثبت با انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز و پروتئین خام مصرفی دارد. با این حال، یک ارتباط منفی بین انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز و یا مصرف پروتئین خام مصرفی و پروتئین شیر، لاکتوز، مواد جامد و مواد جامد غیر چربی شیر (حتی اگر شدت ارتباط متغیر باشد) وجود دارد. بنابراین میتوان نتیجه گرفت که، انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز و پروتئین خام مصرفی و مصرف جیره غذایی مناسب برای بهینه سازی تولید شیر و ترکیب شیر در گاوهای شیری هلشتاین دورگه × شاهیوال تحت سیستمهای پرورش متراکم در مناطق گرمسیری مهم است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
226 - Identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in β-Lactoglobulin Gene and Its Association with Milk Composition in Iranian Indigenous Khalkhali Goats
ن. هدایت-ایوریق S. Zalpour R. Seyed Sharifi R. Khalkhali-Evrigh B. Navidshad K. Pourasad H. Shirzadi -
Open Access Article
227 - تأثیر مصرف خوراکی کولین محافظت شده و ویتامین E بر تولید شیر، ترکیبات شیر، ماده خشک مصرفی، امتیاز وضعیت بدنی و وزن بدن در گاوهای اوایل دوره شیردهی
M. Rahmani M. Dehghan-Banadaky R. Kamalyanبه منظور بررسی اثرات مصرف کولین محافظت شده یا ویتامین E بر تولید شیر، ترکیبات شیر، ماده خشک مصرفی، امتیاز وضعیت بدنی و وزن بدن در گاوهای اوایل دوره شیردهی، تعداد 24 رأس گاو هلشتاین یک شکمزا و چند شکمزا که در هفته پنجم شیردهی قرار داشتند، به مدت چهار هفته مورد آزمایش ق Moreبه منظور بررسی اثرات مصرف کولین محافظت شده یا ویتامین E بر تولید شیر، ترکیبات شیر، ماده خشک مصرفی، امتیاز وضعیت بدنی و وزن بدن در گاوهای اوایل دوره شیردهی، تعداد 24 رأس گاو هلشتاین یک شکمزا و چند شکمزا که در هفته پنجم شیردهی قرار داشتند، به مدت چهار هفته مورد آزمایش قرار گرفتند. گاوها به طور تصادفی به یکی از گروههای زیر اختصاص یافتند: I- بدون دریافت مکمل (شاهد) II- دریافت کننده کولین محافظت شده (90 گرم در روز) و III- دریافت کننده ویتامین E (4400 واحد بین المللی در روز). در این مطالعه، مصرف کولین یا ویتامین E بر ماده خشک مصرفی، وزن بدن، امتیاز وضعیت بدنی، تولید شیر، درصد و محصول اجزای تشکیل دهنده شیر به غیر از درصد مواد جامد بدون چربی در گروه کولین، تأثیری نداشت (05/0P>). مصرف کولین محافظت شده سبب افزایش درصد مواد جامد بدون چربی شیر در مقایسه با گروه شاهد و گروه ویتامین E گردید (05/0>P). نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که مصرف کولین یا ویتامین E در جیره گاوهای اوایل دوره شیردهی تأثیری بر تولید شیر، ترکیبات شیر، ماده خشک مصرفی، وضعیت شرایط بدنی و وزن بدن نداشت. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
228 - Lactation Curves for Milk Yield and Composition of Moroccan Holstein Dairy Cows
I. Boujenane E. Elouaddi -
Open Access Article
229 - Effect of Grape By-Products Inclusion on Ruminal Fermentation, Blood Metabolites, and Milk Fatty Acid Composition in Lactating Saanen Goats
M. Badiee Baghsiyah M. Bashtani S.H. Farhangfar H. Sarir -
Open Access Article
230 - Effect of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Seed on Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Small Intestine Morphology of Broiler Chickens
S.A. Khatami M.D. Shakouri A. Mojtahedin -
Open Access Article
231 - اثر شمارش یاختههای پیکری کُل و افتراقی، مرحله شیردهی و تعداد دورههای شیردهی بر لیپولیز و ترکیب فیزیکوشیمیایی شیر شتر (Camelus dromedaries) و گاو
اچ. حامد آ.ف. ال فکری آ. گرگوریمطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی اثرات شمارش یاخته­های پیکری (SCC)، SCC افتراقی (ماکروفاژ (MAC)، لیمفوسیت (LYM) و لوکوسیت­های چندهسته­ای (PMN))، تعداد و مرحله شیردهی بر ترکیب شیر در شیر شتر و گاو صورت گرفته است. شیر شتر به طور معنی­داری (05/0>P) حاوی مواد معد Moreمطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی اثرات شمارش یاخته­های پیکری (SCC)، SCC افتراقی (ماکروفاژ (MAC)، لیمفوسیت (LYM) و لوکوسیت­های چندهسته­ای (PMN))، تعداد و مرحله شیردهی بر ترکیب شیر در شیر شتر و گاو صورت گرفته است. شیر شتر به طور معنی­داری (05/0>P) حاوی مواد معدنی بیشتری است. سطح لیپولیز در شیر شتر مشابه شیر گاو است. سطح لیپولیز همگام با افزایش سطح MAC در شیر شتر افزایش یافته ولی در شیر گاو چنین نیست. نتایج حاصل نشان می­دهد که MAC در تجزیه چربی شیر شتر نقش­آفرینی می­کند. ترکیب مواد معدنی به طور معنی­داری تحت تأثیر SCC در شیر شتر واقع می­شود. ترکیب شیر تحت تأثیر تعداد دوره شیردهی در هر دو گونه قرار نمی­گیرد. سطح کل جامدات شیر، کلسیم و سدیم در شیر شتر همگام با پیشرفت دوره شیردهی، کاهش می­یابد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
232 - Image Process Tool an Alternative Method for Quantitative Assessment of Mammary Gland Structure in Mohabadi Goat
S. Nazmi Karkaj A. Javanmard S. Alijani K. Hasanpur S. Sadeghi -
Open Access Article
233 - ارتباط بین ژنوتیپهای ژن DGAT1 و ارزش ارثی صفات تولید شیر در گاوهای نر هلشتاین ایرانی
م. حسین پور مشهدی م. نصیری ن. امام جمعه کاشان ر. واعظ ترشیزیهدف از انجام این تحقیق بررسی اثر ژنوتیپهای ژن DGAT1 بر ارزش ارثی صفات تولید شیر گاوهای نر هلشتاین ایرانی بود. برای این منظور از تعداد 103 نمونه اسپرم گاوهای نر پروف شده جهت تعیین ژنوتیپ ناحیه خاص از ژن DGAT1 استفاده شد. صفات مورد مطالعه شامل مقدار شیر (MY)، مقدار Moreهدف از انجام این تحقیق بررسی اثر ژنوتیپهای ژن DGAT1 بر ارزش ارثی صفات تولید شیر گاوهای نر هلشتاین ایرانی بود. برای این منظور از تعداد 103 نمونه اسپرم گاوهای نر پروف شده جهت تعیین ژنوتیپ ناحیه خاص از ژن DGAT1 استفاده شد. صفات مورد مطالعه شامل مقدار شیر (MY)، مقدار چربی (FY) و مقدار پروتئین (PY)، درصد چربی (FP) و درصد پروتئین (PP) بود. رکوردهای اولین دوره شیردهی 43044 رأس گاو شیری از سال 2000 تا 2007 برای برآورد ارزشهای ارثی استفاده شد. روش PCR-RFLP برای تعیین ژنوتیپ ژن DGAT1 استفاده شد. برای برآورد فراوانیهای آللی و ژنوتیپی و بررسی تعادل هاردی واینبرگ با آزمون کای مربع از نرمافزار PoP-Gen استفاده شد. پارامترهای ژنوتیپی و فنوتیپی برای صفات مورد مطالعه با روش REML و مدل دام با نرمافزار DFREML برآورد شد. ارزش ارثی حیوانات با روش BLUP برآورد شد. اثر ژنوتیپهای 97 رأس از 103 راس گاوهای نر پروف شده بر روی ارزش ارثی صفات تولید شیر با رویه GLM نرمافزار (1/9) SASبررسی شد. میانگین ارزش ارثی گاوهای نر پروف شده با ژنوتیپهای مختلف با آزمون دانکن بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد که فراوانی ژنوتیپها ی KK، KA وAA بهترتیب 592/0، 408/0 و صفر بود و فراوانیهای آللی برای آلل K ، 7961/0 و آلل A، 2039/0 بود . ژنوتیپ KK با روش تعیین توالی تأیید شد و آلل K با طول 411 جفت باز در بانک جهانی ژن (NCBI) با شماره ثبت EU077528 ثبت شد. وراثتپذیری برای صفات مقدار شیر: (02/0) 35/0، مقدار چربی: (02/0) 33/0، مقدار پروتئین: (017/0) 31/0، درصد چربی شیر: (02/0) 28/0 و درصد پروتئین: (016/0) 27/0 برآورد شد. میانگین ارزش ارثی برای مقدار شیر: (8/28) 2/180، مقدار چربی: (26/1) 7/3، مقدار پروتئین: (06/1) 3/2، درصد چربی شیر: (014/0) 036/0- و درصد پروتئین: (01/0) 03/0- تخمین زده شد. میانگین ارزش ارثی مقدار شیر برای ژنوتیپهای KA و KK بهترتیب 8/288 و 6/109 بود که تفاوت آنها معنیدار بود (05/0P<). میانگین ارزش ارثی گاوهای نر با ژنوتیپ KK وKA برای مقدار چربی 6/5 و 91/0 کیلوگرم بود (05/0P>). میانگین ارزش ارثی برای مقدار پروتئین در دو ژنوتیپ KA و KK 025/0 و 5/5 کیلوگرم بود (05/0P<). تفاوت بین میانگین ارزشهای ارثی برای درصد چربی و درصد پروتئین بین دوژنوتیپ معنیدار بود، این مقادیر برای ژنوتیپ های KK و KA برای درصد چربی شیر: 009/0- و 067/0 درصد و برای درصد پروتئین: 016/0- و 059/0- درصد بود (05/0P>). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
234 - Incidence, Production and Economic Losses of Clinical Mastitis in Egyptian Holstein Cows
ام.اس. ال-ترابانی ام.آ. علی -
Open Access Article
235 - Genetic Analysis of Milk Yield in Iranian Holstein Cattle by the Test Day Model
ی. نادری N. امام جمعه کاشان ر. واعظ ترشیزی م. امین افشار -
Open Access Article
236 - Calculation of Inbreeding Depression Effects on Subclinical Mastitis Using Three Different Models
س. نقشینه س.ع. رافت غ.ع. مقدم م. ابراهیمی ج. شجاع -
Open Access Article
237 - Evaluation of yield and yield components of different bread wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions in Sanandaj region
Ali Asghar Babai Heidar Ali kashkuli Davoud Khodadadi DehkordiIn order to investigate the effect of drought stress on yield and yield components of four bread wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plots based on randomized complete blocks in three replications at Sanandaj Grizzah Agricultural Research S MoreIn order to investigate the effect of drought stress on yield and yield components of four bread wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plots based on randomized complete blocks in three replications at Sanandaj Grizzah Agricultural Research Station. In this experiment, irrigation cessation as the main treatment at four levels, including cessation of irrigation in the spike stage, cessation of irrigation in the flowering stage, cessation of irrigation in the milking stage and normal irrigation, and bread wheat cultivars as a sub-treatment in four levels, including Sions were Gascogen, Zarrin and Alvand. The results of this study showed that irrigation cut-off treatment led to a significant reduction in traits such as spike length, 1000-seed weight and grain yield, but traits such as number of seeds per spike, number of spikelets per spike and number of seeds per spike were not significant. The results also showed that Alvand and Zarrin cultivars were the most resistant cultivars to different levels of stress, respectively. In addition, normal irrigation had the best results in increasing the yield and yield components of bread wheat cultivars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
238 - Impact of Feed Sources and Feeding System on Milk Production and Marketing in the Babille District of East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia
Ajabush Dafar Bedasa Tebeje -
Open Access Article
239 - Study on implementation of one-piece lean line design using simulation techniques: A practical approach
V Ramesh K.V Sreenivasa Prasad T.R Srinivas -
Open Access Article
240 - Identification and characterization of the virulence genes in Yersinia enterocolitica strains isolated from sheep and goat milk in Shahrekord
Seyed Mohammad Alavi Ebrahim Rahimi Elaheh TajbakhshYersinia enterocolitica is a Gram-negative intestinal pathogen that is transmitted to humans through water and food. Milk is one of the main sources of the infection transmission to humans and its contamination with bacteria such as Y. enterocolitica can cause serious d MoreYersinia enterocolitica is a Gram-negative intestinal pathogen that is transmitted to humans through water and food. Milk is one of the main sources of the infection transmission to humans and its contamination with bacteria such as Y. enterocolitica can cause serious damages. The present study aimed to isolate Y. enterocolitica and its virulence genes from small ruminant milk in Shahrekord, Iran using microbial culture and PCR method. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 100 raw milk samples were collected randomly from different parts of Shahrekord, and cultured on a CIN agar medium. In order to detect Y. enterocolitica O:3 serotype and toinvestigate the presence of virulence genes, positive- culture samples were further assessed by PCR method using specific primers. According to the results, 9% of total sheep and goat milk samples were positive after microbial culture. Notably, all positive samples were sheep milk samples. Five percent of the positive samples were confirmed as O:3-positive serotypes using PCR method. The ail gene was found in four isolates, the yadA gene was reported in three isolates, and the virF and ystA genes were identified in two isolates. Isolation of Y. enterocolitica from raw milk was indicated high risks of yersiniosis associated with raw sheep milk. Based on our results, sheep's milk can be considered as a potential cause of human infection to Y. enterocolitica. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
241 - Investigation of the level of aflatoxin M1 in milk samples of Gilan dairy factories using ELISA
Mahmood Najafian Bahareh NajafianAflatoxin M1 is a metabolite of aflatoxin B1 that is found in milk when lacteal animals are fed with contaminated feedstuff. The presence of aflatoxin M1 causes major disorders in humans, including immunosuppressive, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects. The MoreAflatoxin M1 is a metabolite of aflatoxin B1 that is found in milk when lacteal animals are fed with contaminated feedstuff. The presence of aflatoxin M1 causes major disorders in humans, including immunosuppressive, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk of dairy factories of Gilan using ELISA. In this study, totally 100 sample milk were collected in different seasons (5 times in each season) from five dairy factories in Gilan province, randomly. Then samples were examined for the presence of aflatoxin M1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Totally 11 samples (11%) showed contamination less than the limit level of codex (50 ng/l). Winter samples with an average of 138 ng/l and summer samples with an average 70.92 ng/l had the most and the least amount of contamination, respectively. Factories B and D with yearly average of 135.15 and 60.90 ng/l had the most and the least amount of contamination, respectively. Due to contamination of 89 % of milk samples with high levels of this toxin, and since this contamination can lead to public health problems, it looks necessary a routine serial control of milk and its products. Furthermore, control of foods from mold pollution is the best protection method for prevention of milk from pollution with aflatoxins. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
242 - Study of microbial contamination of milk and pasteurization dairy products in Qom province
Mohammad Reza Zolfaghari Reihaneh Gaeini Naser Kalhor Mohaddeseh Khalilian Mohammad Hossein Razavian Mahbobeh Soleimani Sasani -
Open Access Article
243 - An assay to determine the Seasonal Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Cow Milk Using Nested PCR
Ebrahim Rahimi Zeinab Torki Baghbadorani Abbas DoostiBackground and Objective: Q-fever is a zoonosis caused by an intracellular rickettsia, Coxiella burnetii, with worldwide distribution. This study was conducted to determine the seasonal prevalence rate of Coxiella burentii in raw milk samples obtained from different Cow MoreBackground and Objective: Q-fever is a zoonosis caused by an intracellular rickettsia, Coxiella burnetii, with worldwide distribution. This study was conducted to determine the seasonal prevalence rate of Coxiella burentii in raw milk samples obtained from different Cowpens in Isfahan. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed from January 2009 to January 2010. Totally, 247 milk samples from 90 Cowpens were collected and were tested for C. burnetii using nested PCR assay. Results: In this survey, 8 out of 247 (3.2%) cow milk samples were positive for C. burnetii. The prevalence of C. burnetii varied during different seasons. The highest incidence of C. burnetii observed in winter (8.5%). All 65 milk samples collected in summer were negative for C. burnetii. Conclusion: These results prove that cow milk could be considered as an important reservoir for C. burnetii infection in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
244 - Frequency of Listeria species from raw milk, traditional cheese and ice-cream in Shahrekord and Shiraz
Ebrahim Rahimi Asma Behzadnia Amir Shakerian Hassan MomtazBackground and Objective: Listeria bacteria are widespread and commonly found in soil, sewage, dust and water. Listeria monocytogenes and the other Listeria species have been isolated from a variety of raw and processed foods as well. The objective of this study was to MoreBackground and Objective: Listeria bacteria are widespread and commonly found in soil, sewage, dust and water. Listeria monocytogenes and the other Listeria species have been isolated from a variety of raw and processed foods as well. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Listeria spp. in retail stores located retail raw milk, traditional cheese and ice-cream in Shahrekord and Shiraz. Materials and Methods: A total of 178 samples of raw cow milk (n=45), raw goat milk (n=32), traditional cheese (n=41) and traditional ice-cream (n=60) collected randomly. All the samples were evaluated for the presence of Listeria spp. by using standard cultural methods, then confirmed with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: Based on conventional bacteriologic tests, 24 of 178 samples (13.5%) were positive for Listeria spp. The prevalence of Listeria in raw cow milk, raw goat milk, traditional cheese and traditional ice-cream were 11.1%, 3.1%, 24.4% and 13.3%, respectively. The most species isolated was L. innocua (62.5%) and the others were L. monocytogenes (37.5%). Conclusion: Our results indicate the potential risk of infection with Listeria among people who consume raw and unpasteurized dairy products. Further intensive studies is suggested to evaluate of the prevalence of Listeria spp. in the other food products especially ready to eat foods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
245 - بررسی شیوع و الگوی مقاومت آنتی بیوتیکی گونههای کمپیلوباکتر جدا شده از شیر خام گاو در ارومیه، ایران
مریم مصطفوی مسلم نیریز نقدهیگونههای کمپیلوباکتر شایعترین عامل اسهال باکتریایی در انسان میباشند. در تحقیق حاضر شیوع و مقاومت آنتیبیوتیکی گونههای کمپیلوباکتر جدا شده از شیر خام شهرستان ارومیه بررسیشدند. 80 نمونه شیر خام گاو بهصورت تصادفی و با شرایط سترون از خرده فروشیهای لبنیات سنتی مناطق م Moreگونههای کمپیلوباکتر شایعترین عامل اسهال باکتریایی در انسان میباشند. در تحقیق حاضر شیوع و مقاومت آنتیبیوتیکی گونههای کمپیلوباکتر جدا شده از شیر خام شهرستان ارومیه بررسیشدند. 80 نمونه شیر خام گاو بهصورت تصادفی و با شرایط سترون از خرده فروشیهای لبنیات سنتی مناطق مختلف ارومیه در سال 1397 جمعآوری شدند. نمونهها، ابتدا در آبگوشت پرستون تکمیلشده، غنیسازی و سپس در آگار تکمیل شده کمپیلوباکتر کشت و در دمای 42 درجهسلسیوس بهمدت 48 ساعت در شرایط میکروآیروفیل گرمخانهگذاری شدند. آزمایشهای بیوشیمیایی ازجمله هیدرولیز هیپورات و حساسیت یا مقاومت به نالیدیکسیک اسید برای شناسایی گونهی جدایهها انجام شدند. آزمایش حساسیت آنتیبیوتیکی روی جدایهها بهروش انتشار دیسک کربی-بائر انجام شد. 13 نمونه (25/16 درصد) آلوده به گونههای کمپیلوباکتر بودند. شیوع جدایههای کمپیلوباکتر ججونای (75/13 درصد) بالاتر از کمپیلوباکتر کولای (5/2 درصد) بود. جدایههای کمپیلوباکتر مقاومت بالا در برابر تتراسایکلین (100 درصد)، کوتریموکسازول (84 درصد)، آمپیسیلین، سفتریاکسون و کلرامفنیکل (2/69 درصد) نشان دادند درحالیکه آنها مقاومت متوسط به سیپروفلوکساسین و نیتروفورانتوئین (2/46 درصد) و مقاومت پایین به جنتامایسین (8/30 درصد) نشان دادند. همچنین 9 جدایه (2/69 درصد) مقاومت چند دارویی (MDR) نشان دادند. میتوان نتیجهگیری نمود که شیوع گونههای کمپیلوباکتر و سویههای MDR آنها در شیر خام گاو توزیعی ارومیه بالا میباشد. ارتقا سلامت دام و بهداشت شیر، جلوگیری از مصرف بیش از حد آنتیبیوتیکها در مزارع گاوان شیری و پاستوریزاسیون شیر پیشنهاد میگردد.کلمات کلیدی: شیرخام، گونههای کمپیلوباکتر، الگوی مقاومت آنتی بیوتیکی، ارومیه، ایران Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
246 - جداسازی و شناسایی گونههای لاکتوباسیلوس از شیر الاغ منطقه آذربایجان ایران با استفاده از تعیین توالی ژن 16S rDNA
محمد قربانی محمدرضا اصغرزادهاستفاده از شیر الاغ به دلیل خواص تغذیه­ای و فقدان پروتئین­های آلرژی­زا در حال افزایش است. تحقیق حاضر با هدف شناسایی باکتری­های لاکتوباسیلوس بومی انجام شد. تعداد 3 نمونه شیر الاغ از شهرهای بناب، مراغه و نقده منطقه آذربایجان به صورت تصادفی و با رعایت شرای Moreاستفاده از شیر الاغ به دلیل خواص تغذیه­ای و فقدان پروتئین­های آلرژی­زا در حال افزایش است. تحقیق حاضر با هدف شناسایی باکتری­های لاکتوباسیلوس بومی انجام شد. تعداد 3 نمونه شیر الاغ از شهرهای بناب، مراغه و نقده منطقه آذربایجان به صورت تصادفی و با رعایت شرایط سترون جمع­آوری شدند. نمونهها در آگار MRS کشت و بر روی پرگنههای رشد یافته، آزمایش­های اختصاصی جهت شناسایی لاکتوباسیلوس انجام شد. شناسایی مولکولی جدایه­ها، براساس تکثیر ژن S rDNA16 با استفاده از پرایمرهای اختصاصی و واکنش زنجیرهای پلیمراز انجام شد. گونههای لاکتوباسیوس با تعیین توالی ژن S rDNA16 و ترسیم درخت فیلوژنی آنالیز شدند. براساس نتایج PCR، 3 جدایه لاکتوباسیلوس تشخیص داده شدند. نتایج آنالیز توالی نشان داد که دو جدایه با لاکتوباسیلوس پلانتاروم و یک جدایه با لاکتوباسیلوس فرمنتوم مشابهت بالایی دارند. بنابراین می­توان نتیجه­گیری نمود که لاکتوباسیلوس پلانتاروم گونه غالب در شیر الاغ منطقه آذربایجان ایران می­باشد. به دلیل پتانسیل پروبیوتیکی جدایه­های لاکتوباسیلوس شیر الاغ پیشنهاد می­گردد در تولید فرآورده­های شیر پروبیوتیکی استفاده گردند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
247 - Assessment of Iron Fortification Influence on Organoleptics and Physico-Chemical Properties of Yogurt
N. Askary M. Bolandi -
Open Access Article
248 - Aflatoxin M1 Contamination in Milk and Milk Products in Iran: A Review
R. Kazemi Darsanaki M. Mohammad Doost Chakoosari M. Azizollahi Aliabadi -
Open Access Article
249 - Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in Pasteurized and UHT Milk Commercialized in Shiraz, Khuzestan and Yazd, Iran
E. Rahimi Z. Nilchian A. Behzadnia -
Open Access Article
250 - Sensitive Detection of Melamine in Infant Milk and Coffee Mate by a Buffer Mediated Extraction and HPLC-PDA Analytical Method
Maryam Rezai Behrouz Akbari-adergani Maryam Shekarchi -
Open Access Article
251 - Physicochemical and Bacterial Properties of Pasteurized Milk Samples Collected from Tabriz, Northwestern Iran
Aida Farhoodi Payman Ghajarbeygi Omid Fakhri -
Open Access Article
252 - Evaluation the Growth Potential of Artichoke (Synara scolymus L.) and Milk thistle (Sylibum marianum L.) in Petroleum-contaminated Soil
Sahar Zamani Azim Ghasemnezhad Soheila Ebrahimi Mehran Fathi -
Open Access Article
253 - Measurement of Zinc, Copper, Lead, and Cadmium in the Variety of Packaging Milk and Raw Milk in Tehran Markets by Anodic Striping Voltammetry
Naficeh Sadeghi Masoomeh Behzad Shervin Homay Razavi Behrooz Jannat Mohammad Reza Oveisi Mannan Hajimahmoodi -
Open Access Article
254 - Relationship Between Lead (Pb) Concentration in Soil, Grass , Blood, Milk and δ-aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase (ALAD) Activity , Hemoglobin (Hb) and Hematocrit (Hct) in Grazing Cows from Vicinity of Smelter “Trepça” in Kosovo
Igballe Krasniqi-Cakaj Isa Elezaj Qerim Selimi Muhamet Zogaj Kasum Letaj -
Open Access Article
255 - Potential Harmful Effects of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Milk Products and Novel Methods to Reduction of Aflatoxin M1: A Review
Aliasghar Manouchehri Mohadeseh Pirhadi Pouya Parsaei Hossein Safian Boldaji -
Open Access Article
256 - Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy metals in Cow Milks from Selected Local Government Areas of Kano state, Nigeria
S. Nasiru S.M. Dambazau M. Garba Abba Babandi A.M. wudil -
Open Access Article
257 - Investigation of Heavy Metals, Aflatoxin M1 and Physicochemical Properties of Milk Used in Baby Dry Milk Formula in Shahrekord City
Bahram Karimi Dehcheshmeh Amir Shakerian Ebrahim Rahimi -
Open Access Article
258 - The Effect of Seasonal Variation on the Chemical and Microbial Quality of Raw Milk Samples Used in Qazvin, Iran
Masoud Kazeminia Razzagh Mahmoudi Peyman Ghajarbygi Shagahyegh Moosavi -
Open Access Article
259 - The Effects of Soy Milk on Serum Lipid Profile in Hyperlipidemia Menopause Women in Shiraz
خاطره صفوی نائینیCardiovascular disease is related with various risk factors. The most important of these are age. Coronary arterial disease mortality is increased after menopause. It is due to hypoestrogenemia. Soy bean is a source of fetoestrogen that is similar to hormone. The most i MoreCardiovascular disease is related with various risk factors. The most important of these are age. Coronary arterial disease mortality is increased after menopause. It is due to hypoestrogenemia. Soy bean is a source of fetoestrogen that is similar to hormone. The most important fetoestrogen is isoflavone. Soy bean is source of isoflavone that can decrease serum total cholesterol so protect of heart disease.In this randomized clinical trial 50 menopause women with hyper lipidemia and inclusion criteria were chosen. They were divided randomly to two groups (control and soya milk) diet. In soya milk group they were given 1 liter soya milk every day for 12 weeks. In control group they were not given soya milk or any product of soya. Initial and after 12weeks they were assayed for serum lipids profile. Data were collected and analyzed by SPSS software. There were no significant changes in serum lipids profile (triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol) within control group Initial and after 12 weeks (P=NS). There were no significant changes in serum lipids profile) triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol) within soya milk group Initial and after 12 weeks (P=NS). There were no significant changes in serum lipids profile) triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol)between soya milk group and control group Initial and after 12weeks (P=NS).It seems soy milk has no actually effects on serum lipids profile, therefore this subject need to additional studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
260 - Prevalence and Importance of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in Meat, Livestock and Poultry Products in Iran
Maryam Karimi Dehkordi Razieh Farhang Forough Mohammadi Majid Gholami-AhangaranDiarrhea is a major public health concern because it is one of the leading causes of death in children under five years of age. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a main strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) that is considered an important cause of infant diarrh MoreDiarrhea is a major public health concern because it is one of the leading causes of death in children under five years of age. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a main strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) that is considered an important cause of infant diarrhea in developed countries. EPEC are common pathogens that are transmitted through consumption of contaminated food and cause acute gastrointestinal diseases in humans. In this review, the prevalence of EPEC in meat and poultry as well as dairy products in Iran has been reviewed. Based on the previous studies, most of the identified EPEC strains have been related to red meat and meat products such as hamburgers, which are likely to be more contaminated due to improper processing hygiene and high manipulation in the production process. Furthermore, EPEC strains have been detected in chicken meat and ready to cook food products such as semi-cooked nuggets to a lesser extent. Due to the use of pasteurization temperature in the preparation stages, a decrease in the initial amount of microbial load has been observed in these foods. However, in the storage and preparation stages of these foods in factories, hygiene points should be observed to prevent EPEC contamination. The obtained results showed that food products of animal origin can easily act as a reservoir of EPEC with the potential ability to transfer antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity genes to the gastrointestinal microflora. Therefore, developing effective strategies to improve food safety and updated guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobial agents in Iran is of great importance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
261 - Effect of Open Days in Holstein Dairy Cows on Genetic Ranking of the Bulls
Roohallah Barzehkar Nasser Emam jomeh kashan Masuod Asadi fozi Mohammad ChamaniMilk production and fertility are important traits for genetic evaluation of bulls in breeding programs. The goal of this research was to investigate the reproduction and fertility status in Iranian Holstein dairy cattle and effect of days open on the milk production an MoreMilk production and fertility are important traits for genetic evaluation of bulls in breeding programs. The goal of this research was to investigate the reproduction and fertility status in Iranian Holstein dairy cattle and effect of days open on the milk production and genetic ranking of bulls. A total number of 706,653 test day records of first parity of 78,517 Holstein cows in 448 herds during the years from 1991 to 2016 were used. The phenotypic and genetic relationship of the amount of milk production in 270 days and the number of open days and their genetic parameters were estimated through a two-trait model. Also data were analyzed using a random regression model and predicted the breeding values of bulls. The results showed that in the studied population, 7.7 and 60% of the cows in the herds became pregnant by 45 and 112 days after calving, respectively and 54.6% of successful pregnancies occur after 90 days in milk. The heritability of 270 days milk and open days and their genetic correlation were estimated of to be 0.257 (±0.016) and 0.0314 (±0.004) and 0.538 (±0.06) respectively. The range of estimated heritability of 270 days milk for first to ninth groups were 0.11-0.26. Days open was a source of variation of the parameter. The results showed that number of open days affected the predicted breeding value of bulls and their ranking. It is concluded that, in sire evaluation programs in order to increase the accuracy of breeding value prediction of the sires it is necessary to include the variable of number of open days in the statistical models. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
262 - Detoxification of aflatoxin M1 by Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus in skimmed milk
Masoud Atashpanjeh Seyed Amirali Anvar Amireghbal Khajehrahimi Maryam Tala نکیسا Sohrabi HaghdoostContamination of food products, especially dairy products, with aflatoxins, is one of the main problems in the food industry. This research aimed to remove aflatoxin M1 using two probiotics, Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus, either alone or in combi MoreContamination of food products, especially dairy products, with aflatoxins, is one of the main problems in the food industry. This research aimed to remove aflatoxin M1 using two probiotics, Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus, either alone or in combination, in skimmed milk containing this toxin. The study investigated the effects of storage time, microbial strain, bacterial concentration, toxin concentration, and temperature on the removal of aflatoxin M1. Two probiotic bacteria, Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus, at dilutions of 108 and 1010 CFU/ml, were inoculated alone and in combination into skimmed milk contaminated with different concentrations of aflatoxin M1 (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 μg/ml). The samples were then incubated at 4°C and 37°C for 0.5, 1, 2, and 24 hours. The detoxification percentage of aflatoxin M1 was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed an increase in the removal of aflatoxin M1 with time. The removal of aflatoxin M1 by these strains varied from 12% to 87% depending on the concentration of bacteria, storage time, toxin concentration, and bacterial strain, whether alone or in combination. The results of this study suggest that using probiotics can be an effective method for reducing or eliminating the concentration of aflatoxin M1 in the dairy industry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
263 - The effect of application of vermicompost and salicylic acid on activity of antioxidant enzymes and yield of milk thistle (Silybum Marianum L.) in different irrigation conditions
Morteza Shalalvand Alireza Pazoki Reza Monem Majid AbdoliIn order to investigate the effects of different irrigation methods on yield and some physiological characteristics and activity of antioxidant enzymes of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) under using of vermicompost and salicylic acid, a field experiment was conducted MoreIn order to investigate the effects of different irrigation methods on yield and some physiological characteristics and activity of antioxidant enzymes of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) under using of vermicompost and salicylic acid, a field experiment was conducted as split-factorial based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates on Shahr-e-Rey station during 2014-15 growing seasons. Irrigation methods as the main factor were conducted on four levels (including drip irrigation, basin irrigation, furrow irrigation, and alternate middle irrigation) and using of vermicompost on two levels (0 and 15 ton/ha) and application of salicylic acid on two levels (0 and 1 mM) were performed as minor factors. The results showed the highest activity of antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase were observed in alternate middle irrigation with the combined consumption of vermicompost and salicylic acid and the lowest them activity in drip irrigation. The amount of malondialdehyde was higher in alternate middle irrigation than drop irrigation and application of vermicompost and salicylic acid simultaneously was decreased amount of malondialdehyde. Also, the highest seed yield and chlorophyll content were observed in drip irrigation with the combined consumption of vermicompost and salicylic acid. The results of this study showed that consumption of vermicompost and salicylic acid has a role in eliminating the negative effects of stress, and can improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes and increase the yield of milk thistle plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
264 - Evaluation of serum calcium and phosphorus macrominerals changes in downer dairy cows following milk fever current therapy in dairy cattle farms around Tehran
Mahdi Moghimi Kheirabadi Mahdi Sakha Shahabeddin Safi Pejman MortazaviDowner cow syndrome refers to cows that become recumbent and fail to rise; this is a major concern in dairy farms worldwide. The syndrome occurs mainly in the early postparturient period and is caused by several diseases. The most common cause of downer cow syndrome is MoreDowner cow syndrome refers to cows that become recumbent and fail to rise; this is a major concern in dairy farms worldwide. The syndrome occurs mainly in the early postparturient period and is caused by several diseases. The most common cause of downer cow syndrome is hypocalcemia (milk fever). This study evaluated the serum concentration of macrominerals(Ca, P) in downer dairy cows that they had treated for milk fever. Blood samples were collected from 30 Holstein downer cows that could not rise 15-18 hours after recumbency and after first treatments. Serum concentration of macrominerals (Ca, P) were determined. In this study the 11 downer cows were hypocalcemic with hypophosphatemic. In the 17 downer cows calcium concentration was below 8mg/dl and in the 21 downer cows phosphorus concentration was below 5.5mg/dl. The serum phosphorus concentratio above 6.5 mg/dl observed in the 7 downer cows that the 6 cows had hyperphosphatemia with hypocalcemia. In this study, hypercalcemia was not in any cases but the 23.3% downer cows had hyperphosphatemia Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
265 - Determination of the diagnostic value of positive and negative acute phase proteins of the milk as new and reliable biomarkers in bovine subclinical mastitis
S.H ShiraziBeheshtiha, V. Rabbani شهاب الدین Safi , M Bolourchi مهرداد Ameri,Currently, somatic cell count (SCC) and bacterial culture is considered as the golden and ultimate standard methods for diagnosis of bovine subclinical mastitis. However, SCC has a low diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, foridentifcation of infected animals new biomarkers w MoreCurrently, somatic cell count (SCC) and bacterial culture is considered as the golden and ultimate standard methods for diagnosis of bovine subclinical mastitis. However, SCC has a low diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, foridentifcation of infected animals new biomarkers with high diagnostic accuracy are needed. Acute phase proteins(APPs) are proteins that are increased (positive APPs) or decreased (negative APPs) in response to inflammation.The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of the milk APPs for the diagnosis of subclinicalmastitis in dairy cows. A total of 90 clinically healthy cows were randomly selected. Of these, 52 cows were considered to have subclinical mastitis based on a SCC higher than 130 × 1000 cells/mL of milk and positive bacterialculture results of milk samples obtained from at least one of the quarters. Milk amyloid A (MAA) concentrationwas measured using a commercial ELISA kit and albumin, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and immunoglobulin(Ig) were measured in whey samples by using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Diagnostic sensitivity and specifcity and cutoff points for each test were determined via receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Signifcant (P < 0.001) increases in the mean and median concentration of MAA, albumin, α-lactalbumin, and Ig werefound in the milk samples collected from cows with subclinical mastitis. MAA was the most accurate test witha diagnostic sensitivity of 92.3% and specifcity of 92.1% at cutoff point of > 1.6 mg/L. The results of this studyshowed that determination of MAA and some milk serum proteins such as albumin and immunoglobulins can beused as potential and reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis of bovine subclinical mastitis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
266 - Correlation between Lead Concentration in Produced Milk and Drinking Water in a few Dairy Farms of Tehran Province
بهراد Radmehr مهرداد Nematparvar مهران Farhoodi Moghadam مهرداد KhoshnevisLead is a heavy metal and lead poisoning may occurre if it enters regularly into the animal or human body, So in this study lead concentration in milk and water were compared for a possible correlation. 100 samples of raw milk from 10 farms around city of Tehran were MoreLead is a heavy metal and lead poisoning may occurre if it enters regularly into the animal or human body, So in this study lead concentration in milk and water were compared for a possible correlation. 100 samples of raw milk from 10 farms around city of Tehran were collected randomly. These samples were collected directly from cows in the farms. 10 sample of water were collected from the same farms. Lead concentration was measured in all of the samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery and according to the Association of Analytical Communities method. The results showed that mean lead concentration in milk was 264±204/19 ppb which it was more than standard permitted level of codex 2007 (20ppb). Lead concentration in all of the milk samples were over the standard permitted level but lead concentration in drinking water samples were under the codex 2007 permitted level (10ppb), except two samples which were over the standard. Statistical analysis of results showed that there was no correlation between lead in drinking water and in the cow’s milk. Therefore, water can not be the source of lead contamination in the milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
267 - Determination of diagnostic value of milk Amyloid A as a new biomarker of bulk milk quality
M.R. Taghdiri, گیتی Karim, شهاب الدین Safi A. Rahimi Froushani, A.A MotalebiSomatic cell count (SCC) has been considered as the golden standard method to evaluate raw bulk milk quality forseveral decades. Nevertheless, SCC is neither sensitive nor specifc enough to evaluate raw bulk milk. Much efforthas been performed to substitute new markers MoreSomatic cell count (SCC) has been considered as the golden standard method to evaluate raw bulk milk quality forseveral decades. Nevertheless, SCC is neither sensitive nor specifc enough to evaluate raw bulk milk. Much efforthas been performed to substitute new markers in this regard. Acute phase proteins (APPs) as part of inflammatoryresponse received too much attention as new diagnostic markers in veterinary medicine as well as subclinicalmastitis in dairy cattle. Since subclinical mastitis cause unfavorable changes in milk composition, APPs wouldbe a potential biomarkers to predict milk quality. The objectives of this study were to determine the diagnosticvalue of Milk Amyloid A(MAA) for evaluating raw bulk milk quality delivered to dairy industry and to establishcut off points to detect early changes in bulk tank milk quality. The study performed on 30 random selected dairyfarms delivering their bulk milk to Pegah dairy industries at Tehran province. Three milk samples collected at3 different times to measure MAA, SCC, total protein, casein, total fat and lactose level using commerciallyavailable methods. Diagnostic sensitivity and specifcity and cutoff points for each test were determined usingreceiver-operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. MAA was the most accurate test with a diagnostic sensitivityof 96% and specifcity of 60% at cutoff point of 55.64ng/mL based on a SCC of 200 × 1000 cells/mL of bulkmilk. The study showed that determination of MAA can be used as a potential biomarker to discriminate earlyunfavorable compositional change in bulk milk quality based on SCC higher than 200 × 1000 cells/mL of bulkmilk. A signifcant relationship found between MAA and bulk milk protein quality traits(P<0.05). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
268 - Detection of yeast contamination in milk claw linear of industrial dairy farms in Tehran
پیام Rasooli امین Khodadadi موسی Tavasoli SH Saghaei مجید Sedghiani For the purpose of identifying the most probable type of yeast which manifests the milk claws,15 industrials farms, which held holstein cattle for milk production,were selected randomly.samples were taken from the internal surface of the liners by sterile swabs More For the purpose of identifying the most probable type of yeast which manifests the milk claws,15 industrials farms, which held holstein cattle for milk production,were selected randomly.samples were taken from the internal surface of the liners by sterile swabs and then the samples were taken to the mycology laboratory.the samples were cultured in sabourauds dextrose agar and kept in room temperature.the final and definite recognition was done by the yeasts recognition kit(rapid yeast plus system).the type of yeasts which detected were include:C.albicansl C.krusei C.rugosal Cryptococcus.neoformanse,Cryptococcus.humiculus,Crytococcus.albicus,Rodotrola.rubra,Geotrichum.candidum ,Trichosporon.beigelly,Sporodiobolus.salmonicolor.in this study,relationship between number of milk claws washing per day and type of disinfected solution with detection of saprophyte yeasts were also considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
269 - Prevalence of Leptospira spp. In bovine aborted fetuses of dairy cattle herds by PCR in Tehran province
آریا Badii فرهاد Mousakhani محمد Malekan محسن ZafariLeptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that can cause heavy economic losses through complications including abortion, stillbirth, infertility, reduced milk production, etc. In this study, 251 referred samples of aborted fetuses inindustrial dairy herds of Tehran province e MoreLeptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that can cause heavy economic losses through complications including abortion, stillbirth, infertility, reduced milk production, etc. In this study, 251 referred samples of aborted fetuses inindustrial dairy herds of Tehran province evaluated in MABNA laboratory during one year. Tested samples included a homogenous tissue mixture of fatal heart, kidney, liver and spleen. For DNA extraction, the ProteinaseK Method was used. Then polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to recognize Leptospira Spp. by using specifc 16s rRNA gene primers. Samples with 331bp band in electrophoresis gel were considered positive.Prevalence of leptospiral abortion in average was 12.8 % in Tehran province during a year and based on season,respectively, the amount in spring was 15%, summer 9.08 %, autumn 10 % and winter 19.2 %. Based on theseresults, it was most prevalent in spring and winter that is probably due to higher environmental humidity, hydrophilic nature of leptospira and more bacterial activities. Generally according to the prevalence of 12.8 %, the majorcause of abortion in Tehran province in industrial dairy herds is leptospiral infection so that any activities in orderto eradicate and control the disease is essential. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
270 - Changes of somatic cell count, somatic cell score and total bacterial count of raw milk in a dairy herd of Khuzestan province
مهرداد Yadegari پیروز Babamiri sh Nejat M.R Afshar zadeh Bulk milk somatic cell count(SCC), somatic cell score(SCS) and total bacterial count (TBC)are the most important milk health parameters.the aim of this study was to investigate SCC,SCS and TBC in a dairy herd of Khuzestan province.a general linear model(GL More Bulk milk somatic cell count(SCC), somatic cell score(SCS) and total bacterial count (TBC)are the most important milk health parameters.the aim of this study was to investigate SCC,SCS and TBC in a dairy herd of Khuzestan province.a general linear model(GLM) procedure was used for analyzing of data.the result showed effects of year and month are significant on variation of SCC,SCS, and TBC.the highest and lowest SCC and SCS were observed in September and January respectively and the highest and lowest TBC was observed in January and May.the result showed SCC,SCS and TBC increased significantly over time,and it implies the quality of milk decreased in mentioned years.it seems to control this upward movement applying new policies is necessary.in addition,high total bacterial count showed pasteurization is necessary to produce more healthy milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
271 - Effects of Rapeseed meal replacement by Soybean meal on productive traits of fresh Holstein cows
N. Ghobadi,The aim of in this study was effect of different level replacement soybean meal and canola meal and its effectin Dry matter, production and milk composition Glocose and BUN of dairy cow. here of 24 Holstein cows wereselected randomly.Treatments were diets containing dif MoreThe aim of in this study was effect of different level replacement soybean meal and canola meal and its effectin Dry matter, production and milk composition Glocose and BUN of dairy cow. here of 24 Holstein cows wereselected randomly.Treatments were diets containing different levels of 0,5,10 and 15 percent rapeseed mealwas replaced with soybean meal. Then The blood and milk samples from cows were then and Analyzed by Sasand Glm.The results showed no signifcant differences between any of the treatments (P≥0.50) in case of milkprotein percentage, fat percentage, the percentage of lactose, glucose levels and blood BUN. Effect of time on allcomponents of the study was signifcant (P≤ 0.50).The test results showed that the soybean meal with canola mealwithout detrimental effects on production parameters and blood metabolites in dairy cows fed soybean meal wasreplaced every level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
272 - Evaluation of sensitivity and specialty of milk BHBA strip in comparison with blood BHBA in purpose of detection of subclinical ketosis in dairy herds
بابک Bastani, A. Shaghayegh, فرهاد Moosakhani,Ketosis is a common metabolic disorder frequently observed in dairy cows during early lactation period, it ischaracterized by increased levels of ketone bodies in blood, urine and milk. Sub clinical ketosis (SCK) in dairycattle is an excess level in circulating ketone b MoreKetosis is a common metabolic disorder frequently observed in dairy cows during early lactation period, it ischaracterized by increased levels of ketone bodies in blood, urine and milk. Sub clinical ketosis (SCK) in dairycattle is an excess level in circulating ketone bodies in the absence of clinical signs of ketosis. In this study,cow side strip test is studied for sensitivity ,specialty, advantages and disadvantages in relationship with serumBHBA (Gold standard test).32 multiparus cows were used in this research. All diets were based on TMR. Allcows were sampled during 7-21 DIM. Cows with serum BHBA concentration over 1400μmol/lit and milk BHBAconcentration over x>100µmol/lit considered to suffer from subclinical ketosis. in this cut point, sensitivity andspecialty of milk BHBA were 42.2% and 100%. kappa and p-value were 0.68 and 0.0005(x<0.05).according to theinformation above we can not denote this test for detection of subclinical ketosis in dairy herds but we can advisethis cow side test as an individual test. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
273 - The effect of potassium and zinc sulfate spraying at different developing stages of vegetative characteristics and yield of barley under drought stress conditions in the last periods of the cropping season
جواد مرادلو sasan rezadustTo investigate the effect of potassium and zinc spraying at different developing stages of vegetative characteristics and grain yield of barley under drought stress conditions, a split plot experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three repl MoreTo investigate the effect of potassium and zinc spraying at different developing stages of vegetative characteristics and grain yield of barley under drought stress conditions, a split plot experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Center of Khoy in which irrigation cutting at 3 levels ( full irrigation, irrigation cutting at milking stage, and irrigation cutting in the dough stage ) in main plots and potassium sulfate and zinc sulfate spraying at four levels ( spraying at the stemming + milking, stemming + dough, milking + dough, and stemming + milking + dough ) were considered as sub plots. The results of the experiment showed that irrigation was significant at 1% level for all traits. potassium and zinc sulfate spray were significant for all traits at 1% level. The occurrence of drought stress increased the barley protein content. The increase in irrigation cut treatment at the dough stage was the highest ( 31.10% ). In addition to the spraying surfaces, treatment B4 (spraying at stemming + milking + grain dough ) proved to be better than other treatments and increased grain yield from 3924 kg ha-1 in clustering treatment to 4824 kg ha-1 in dough treatment of the grain. Interaction effect of two factors was significant only on 1000 grain weight at 1% level. Keywords : Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
274 - The Effects of Feeding Iranian Propolis Extracts to Holstein Dairy Cows on Blood Metabolites, Milk Composition and Rumen Microbial Population
S. Ehtesham A.R. Vakili M. Danesh Mesgaran V. BankovaThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding Iranian propolis extract on perform-ance of Holstein dairy cows. In this study 18 dairy postpartum Holstein cows (120 days in milk (DIM) and body weight of 577±37.54 kg) were used. The experiment was car MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding Iranian propolis extract on perform-ance of Holstein dairy cows. In this study 18 dairy postpartum Holstein cows (120 days in milk (DIM) and body weight of 577±37.54 kg) were used. The experiment was carried out in a period of 29 d (10 d adaptation and 19 d sample collection). The data was analyzed considering a completely randomized design by the GLM procedure of SAS 9.1. In this experiment 3 treatments [A: TMR diet, B: TMR diet + Iranian propolis extract (IPE) 50% (67.50 g/day/animal) and C: TMR diet + IPE 75% (67.50 g/day/animal)] were used. The results of this study showed that adding different concentrations of IPE to dairy cow ration did not have any significant effect (P>0.05) on ruminal pH, but significant de-crease (P0.05) change some the blood parameters while statistically changed (P<0.05) the blood concentrations of aspartate ami-notransferase, albumin, glucose and protein. The phenolic compounds in propolis changed rumen ni-trogen ammonia, rumen short chain fatty acids, rumen microbial population, some blood parameters and fatty acid composition in the milk. These changes improve fermentation process and consequently affect significantly fatty acid composition in milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
275 - Effectiveness of Magnetic Bentonite Nanocomposites as Mycotoxin Binders in Dairy Baluchi Ewe's Diets: Impact on Milk Yield, Composition, Blood Chemistry, and Aflatoxin M1 Levels
E. Ibrahimi Khoram Abadi S. HeydariBentonite is considered the most effective adsorbent for aflatoxin (AF) decontamination, and recent studies have shown that changing its structure in nano form improves its physicochemical properties and chemical stability. This study was aimed to evaluate the effective MoreBentonite is considered the most effective adsorbent for aflatoxin (AF) decontamination, and recent studies have shown that changing its structure in nano form improves its physicochemical properties and chemical stability. This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of bentonites as binders on performance, plasma metabolites, and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels in contaminated milk of Baluchi ewes. The study was conducted with 12 ewes randomly assigned to four different experimental diets. The experi-mental diets were: (1) control (the basal diet had no supplements and contained bakery waste naturally con-taminated with AF); (2) control diet supplemented with natural bentonite (NB) (5 g/kg DM); (3) control diet supplemented with modified bentonite (MB) (5 g/kg DM) and (4) control diet supplemented with magnetic bentonite nanocomposite (MBNC) (5 g/kg DM). The study found that adding bentonite clays to the diet of ewes resulted in increased milk yield (P0.05). The study also found that increasing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) intake resulted in a decreased carryover of AFB1 into AFM1 (P<0.01), with MBNC having the lowest carryover compared to other treatments (P<0.01). These results suggest that modification of bentonite structure in nanocomposite form improves chemical stability, physicochemical properties, and efficiency as novel toxin binders for crops and animal products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
276 - A discussion on the reason behind immortality of Pashutan in Mazdayasna tradition
Masomeh Fotouhi KouhsarehPashutan is the most distinguised son of Goshtasp in the mazdayasna tradition and literature. As far as his fate is concerned we are faced with three contradictory narratives. First according to the most renowned one based on the documents and evidence MorePashutan is the most distinguised son of Goshtasp in the mazdayasna tradition and literature. As far as his fate is concerned we are faced with three contradictory narratives. First according to the most renowned one based on the documents and evidence available from reports and narratives of the ancient Pahlavi texts, Pashutan is one of the immortals who on the Day of Judgement before the Hooshidar Millenium resurrects against evildoers and demons and also in that millenium he reigns. Second is a narrative from the Zaratosht Nameh which speaks of Pashutan's immortality by drinking blessed milk from the hand of Zoroaster, and the third narrative is a unique version of Bahman Nameh informing us of Pashutan's death in the hand of Banu Goshasp. This latter narrative is incidently more appropriate to the lexical meaning of his name. In other sources particularly in Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, Tha'alibi's Shahnameh, and other mythological, epic, historical, and Naghali or oral popular narratives available, there has not been a slightest reference to Pashutan's death or immortality. Having considered all three reports, the writer of this article has contemplated on the Zaratasht Nameh version and using the counterpart evidence in Persian literature and other world nations has analyzed the cause of immortality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
277 - Evaluation of bacterial contamination and PH of raw milk in traditional dairy farms of Kashmar area in different seasons.
Mahdi Khosravi Ahmad GhaznaviMicrobial and chemical changes in milk cause it’s processing disorder and so, decrease shelf life of dairy products which can lead to hazardous effects on consumers and society health. In present study, 6 traditional dairy farms were selected in order to evaluatio MoreMicrobial and chemical changes in milk cause it’s processing disorder and so, decrease shelf life of dairy products which can lead to hazardous effects on consumers and society health. In present study, 6 traditional dairy farms were selected in order to evaluation milk changes in production sites. Samples of raw milk were harvested monthly for a year, in morning milking from cow teats, milking machine, buckets in collection centers, cooling tank of collection centers and transporting tanker in factory. Samples were examined for total microbial count and PH. Geometrical means of total microbial count of raw milk in above mentioned sites were 1.6×10<sup>5</sup>, 8.2×10<sup>5</sup>, 3.2×10<sup>6</sup>, 9.3×10<sup>6</sup> and 7.2×10<sup>6</sup> cfu/ml. Total microbial count in milking machine, buckets and cooling tank of collection centers increased significantly in comparison to earlier sites (p<0.01). Total microbial count and PH in summer were significantly higher than winter (p<0.05). According to the results, more attention of milk producers to healthy principles was recommended especially in summer. Manuscript profile
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