A survey on aflatoxin M1 contamination in pasteurized milk samples in Tabriz, Iran (Short Communication)
Subject Areas :
Food Science and Technology
P.
Farshi
1
(MSc Graduate of Food Science and Technology, Nutrition and Food Sciences Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran)
M.
Khakpour
2
(MSc Graduate of Food Science and Technology, Mamaghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran)
M.
Tabibiazar
3
(Assistance Professor of Department of Food Science and Technology, Nutrition and Food Sciences Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran)
Received: 2015-11-26
Accepted : 2017-09-12
Published : 2017-11-22
Keywords:
Tabriz,
Elisa,
Aflatoxin M1,
Pasteurized Milk,
Abstract :
Aflatoxin, as one of the most potent carcinogen, is considered an important threat for public health, and it is not possible planning for reducing aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels in milk and milk products without paying great attention to the exposure to these compounds. This survey aimed to investigate the occurrence of AFM1 in pasteurized milk samples produced in Tabriz, Iran. Seventy-four milk samples produced by eleven different factories were collected from local market during six months in fall and winter 2015. AFM1 was analyzed by Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Based on results, 82% of the samples were contaminated with AFM1 in concentration levels ranged 5 to 80 ng/l. In 9 samples (12.16%) the AFM1 level was higher than 50 ng/l, the maximum residue limit (MRL) accepted by Codex and European Union for AFM1 in milk. The difference of AFM1 level between dairy factories was statistically significant (p<0.5). It seems that continuous monitoring of AFM1 contamination in distributed milk is a critical step in control and prevention of this contaminant.
References:
· Bahrami, R., Shahbazi, Y. and Nikousefat, Z. (2016). Aflatoxin M1 in milk and traditional dairy products from west part of Iran: occurrence and seasonal variation with an emphasis on risk assessment of human exposure. Food Control, 62: 250-256.
· Codex Alimentarius Commission. (2001). Comments submitted on the draft maximum level for aflatoxin M1 in milk. Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants 3rd Session, Hague, The Netherlands Commission Regulation (EC), No, 257.
· Codex Alimentarius Commission. (2004). Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of aflatoxin contamination in peanuts. CAC/RCP, 55.
· European Commision. (2006). No 1881/2006. Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuff. 2006R1881-EN-01.09. 2014-014.001-1.
· Creppy, E.E. (2002). Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Europe. Toxicology Letters, 127(1): 19-28.
· Davoudi, Y. and Garedaghi, Y. (2011). Survey on contaminated raw milks with aflatoxin M1 in the Sarab region, Iran. Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 6(2): 89-91.
· Deveci, O. and Sezgin, E. (2006). Changes in concentration of aflatoxin M1 during manufacture and storage of skim milk powder. Journal of Food Protection, 69(3): 682-685.
· Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), (1997). Worldwide Regulations for Mycotoxins, 1995. A Compendium. Food and Nutrition, Paper 64, Rome.
· Ghazani, M.H.M. (2009). Aflatoxin M1 contamination in pasteurized milk in Tabriz (northwest of Iran). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47(7): 1624-1625.
· Gowda, N.K.S., Suganthi, R.U., Malathi, V. and Raghavendra, A. (2007). Efficacy of heat treatment and sun drying of aflatoxin-contaminated feed for reducing the harmful biological effects in sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 133(1): 167-175.
· Herrman, J.L. and Walker, R. (1999). Risk analysis of mycotoxins by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Food Nutrition and Agriculture, pp.17-24.
· IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. (2010). Ingested nitrate and nitrite, and cyanobacterial peptide toxins. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 94.
IARC Monographs on the Evaluations of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. (2011). A review of human carcinogens. Part A: Pharmaceuticals. Vol. 100.
· Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. (2002). Food and feed- mycotoxin. 1st Edition, ISIRI No. 5925. [In Persian]
· Jalili, M. and Scotter, M. (2015). A review of aflatoxin M1 in liquid milk. Iranian Journal of Health, Safety and Environment, 2(2): 283-295.
· Kamkar, A. (2005). A study on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Sarab city of Iran. Food Control, 16(7): 593-599.
· Kamkar, A., Fallah, A.A. and Mozaffari Nejad, A.S. (2014). The review of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and dairy products produced in Iran. Toxin Reviews, 33(4): 160-168.
· Kamkar, A., Yazdankhah, S., Mohammadi Nafchi, A. and Mozaffari Nejad, A.S. (2014). Aflatoxin M1 in raw cow and buffalo milk in Shush city of Iran. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 7(1): 21-24.
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· Motawee, M. and McMahon, D.J. (2009). Fate of aflatoxin M1 during manufacture and storage of feta cheese. Journal of Food Science,74(5): T42-T45.
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· Piñeiro, M. (2008). FAO program on mycotoxin management. Detection methods, management, Public Health and Agricultural Trade, p. 387.
· Strosnider, H., Azziz-Baumgartner, E., Banziger, M., Bhat, R.V., Breiman, R., Brune, M.N. et al. (2006). Workgroup report: public health strategies for reducing aflatoxin exposure in developing countries. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(12): 1898.
· Tajkarimi, M., Aliabadi-Sh, F., Nejad, A.S., Poursoltani, H., Motallebi, A.A. and Mahdavi, H. (2008). Aflatoxin M1 contamination in winter and summer milk in 14 states in Iran. Food Control, 19(11): 1033-1036.
· Tajkarimi, M., Aliabadi, F.S., Nejad, M.S., Pursoltani, H., Motallebi, A.A. and Mahdavi, H. (2007). Seasonal study of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk in five regions in Iran. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 116(3): 346-349.
· Turner, P.C., Sylla, A., Gong, Y.Y., Diallo, M.S., Sutcliffe, A.E., Hall, A.J. and Wild, C.P. (2005). Reduction in exposure to carcinogenic aflatoxins by postharvest intervention measures in west Africa: a community-based intervention study. The Lancet, 365 (9475): 1950-1956.
· World Health Organization. (2011). FAO/WHO guide for application of risk analysis principles and procedures during food safety emergencies. In FAO/WHO guide for application of risk analysis principles and procedures during food safety emergencies. FAO; WHO.
· Yu, J., Cleveland, T.E., Nierman, W.C. and Bennett, J.W. (2005). Aspergillus flavus genomics: gateway to human and animal health, food safety, and crop resistance to diseases. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología, 22(4): 194-202.
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· Bahrami, R., Shahbazi, Y. and Nikousefat, Z. (2016). Aflatoxin M1 in milk and traditional dairy products from west part of Iran: occurrence and seasonal variation with an emphasis on risk assessment of human exposure. Food Control, 62: 250-256.
· Codex Alimentarius Commission. (2001). Comments submitted on the draft maximum level for aflatoxin M1 in milk. Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants 3rd Session, Hague, The Netherlands Commission Regulation (EC), No, 257.
· Codex Alimentarius Commission. (2004). Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of aflatoxin contamination in peanuts. CAC/RCP, 55.
· European Commision. (2006). No 1881/2006. Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuff. 2006R1881-EN-01.09. 2014-014.001-1.
· Creppy, E.E. (2002). Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Europe. Toxicology Letters, 127(1): 19-28.
· Davoudi, Y. and Garedaghi, Y. (2011). Survey on contaminated raw milks with aflatoxin M1 in the Sarab region, Iran. Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 6(2): 89-91.
· Deveci, O. and Sezgin, E. (2006). Changes in concentration of aflatoxin M1 during manufacture and storage of skim milk powder. Journal of Food Protection, 69(3): 682-685.
· Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), (1997). Worldwide Regulations for Mycotoxins, 1995. A Compendium. Food and Nutrition, Paper 64, Rome.
· Ghazani, M.H.M. (2009). Aflatoxin M1 contamination in pasteurized milk in Tabriz (northwest of Iran). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47(7): 1624-1625.
· Gowda, N.K.S., Suganthi, R.U., Malathi, V. and Raghavendra, A. (2007). Efficacy of heat treatment and sun drying of aflatoxin-contaminated feed for reducing the harmful biological effects in sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 133(1): 167-175.
· Herrman, J.L. and Walker, R. (1999). Risk analysis of mycotoxins by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Food Nutrition and Agriculture, pp.17-24.
· IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. (2010). Ingested nitrate and nitrite, and cyanobacterial peptide toxins. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 94.
IARC Monographs on the Evaluations of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. (2011). A review of human carcinogens. Part A: Pharmaceuticals. Vol. 100.
· Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. (2002). Food and feed- mycotoxin. 1st Edition, ISIRI No. 5925. [In Persian]
· Jalili, M. and Scotter, M. (2015). A review of aflatoxin M1 in liquid milk. Iranian Journal of Health, Safety and Environment, 2(2): 283-295.
· Kamkar, A. (2005). A study on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Sarab city of Iran. Food Control, 16(7): 593-599.
· Kamkar, A., Fallah, A.A. and Mozaffari Nejad, A.S. (2014). The review of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and dairy products produced in Iran. Toxin Reviews, 33(4): 160-168.
· Kamkar, A., Yazdankhah, S., Mohammadi Nafchi, A. and Mozaffari Nejad, A.S. (2014). Aflatoxin M1 in raw cow and buffalo milk in Shush city of Iran. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 7(1): 21-24.
· Millstone, E. and Van Zwanenberg, P. (2002). The evolution of food safety policy-making institutions in the UK, EU and Codex Alimentarius. Social Policy and Administration 36(6): 593-609.
· Motawee, M. and McMahon, D.J. (2009). Fate of aflatoxin M1 during manufacture and storage of feta cheese. Journal of Food Science,74(5): T42-T45.
· Nemati, M., Mehran, M.A., Hamed, P.K. and Masoud, A. (2010). A survey on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk samples in Ardabil, Iran. Food Control, 21(7): 1022-1024.
· Piñeiro, M. (2008). FAO program on mycotoxin management. Detection methods, management, Public Health and Agricultural Trade, p. 387.
· Strosnider, H., Azziz-Baumgartner, E., Banziger, M., Bhat, R.V., Breiman, R., Brune, M.N. et al. (2006). Workgroup report: public health strategies for reducing aflatoxin exposure in developing countries. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(12): 1898.
· Tajkarimi, M., Aliabadi-Sh, F., Nejad, A.S., Poursoltani, H., Motallebi, A.A. and Mahdavi, H. (2008). Aflatoxin M1 contamination in winter and summer milk in 14 states in Iran. Food Control, 19(11): 1033-1036.
· Tajkarimi, M., Aliabadi, F.S., Nejad, M.S., Pursoltani, H., Motallebi, A.A. and Mahdavi, H. (2007). Seasonal study of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk in five regions in Iran. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 116(3): 346-349.
· Turner, P.C., Sylla, A., Gong, Y.Y., Diallo, M.S., Sutcliffe, A.E., Hall, A.J. and Wild, C.P. (2005). Reduction in exposure to carcinogenic aflatoxins by postharvest intervention measures in west Africa: a community-based intervention study. The Lancet, 365 (9475): 1950-1956.
· World Health Organization. (2011). FAO/WHO guide for application of risk analysis principles and procedures during food safety emergencies. In FAO/WHO guide for application of risk analysis principles and procedures during food safety emergencies. FAO; WHO.
· Yu, J., Cleveland, T.E., Nierman, W.C. and Bennett, J.W. (2005). Aspergillus flavus genomics: gateway to human and animal health, food safety, and crop resistance to diseases. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología, 22(4): 194-202.
