• Home
  • Prevalence and Importance of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in Meat, Livestock and Poultry Products in Iran

Share To

Article Url


Manuscript ID : ASCIJ-2304-1482 (R1) Visit : 111 Page: 1 - 18

10.22034/ascij.2023.1983584.1482

Article Type: Original Research

Prevalence and Importance of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in Meat, Livestock and Poultry Products in Iran

Subject Areas : Journal of Animal Biology

Maryam  Karimi Dehkordi 1 (Department of Veterinary, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran)
Razieh  Farhang 2 (Department of Veterinary, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran)
Forough  Mohammadi 3 (Department of veterinary, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran)
Majid  Gholami-Ahangaran 4 (Department of Veterinary, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran)

Received: 2023-04-09 Accepted : 2023-06-07 Published : 2023-11-22

Keywords: chicken, Milk, Cow, Zoonosis, Meat contamination,

Abstract :

Diarrhea is a major public health concern because it is one of the leading causes of death in children under five years of age. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a main strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) that is considered an important cause of infant diarrhea in developed countries. EPEC are common pathogens that are transmitted through consumption of contaminated food and cause acute gastrointestinal diseases in humans. In this review, the prevalence of EPEC in meat and poultry as well as dairy products in Iran has been reviewed. Based on the previous studies, most of the identified EPEC strains have been related to red meat and meat products such as hamburgers, which are likely to be more contaminated due to improper processing hygiene and high manipulation in the production process. Furthermore, EPEC strains have been detected in chicken meat and ready to cook food products such as semi-cooked nuggets to a lesser extent. Due to the use of pasteurization temperature in the preparation stages, a decrease in the initial amount of microbial load has been observed in these foods. However, in the storage and preparation stages of these foods in factories, hygiene points should be observed to prevent EPEC contamination. The obtained results showed that food products of animal origin can easily act as a reservoir of EPEC with the potential ability to transfer antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity genes to the gastrointestinal microflora. Therefore, developing effective strategies to improve food safety and updated guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobial agents in Iran is of great importance.

References:


  1. Abri R., Javadi A., Asghari R., Razavilar V., Salehi T.Z., Safaeeyan F. 2019. Surveillance for enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from animal source foods in Northwest Iran. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 150(1):87.
    2.
  2. Aflatoonian M.R., Alizade H., Jajarmi M., Ghanbarpour R., Shamsaddini Bafti M., Askari A.K.M. 2018. Phylotyping of antibiotic resistant, shiga toxin-producing and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from ovine and caprine carcasses in Iran. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 2018:41-48.
    3.
  3. Alikhani M.Y., Mirsalehian A., Aslani M.M. 2006. Detection of typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in Iranian children with and without diarrhoea. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 55(9):1159-1163.
    4.
  4. Alizade H., Hosseini Teshnizi S., Azad M., Shojae S., Gouklani H., Davoodian P. 2019. An overview of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 24:23.
    5.
  5. Alizade H., Teshnizi S.H., Azad M., Shojae S., Gouklani H., Davoodian P. 2019. An overview of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 2019:24.
    6.
  6. Alonso M.Z., Lucchesi P.M.A., Rodríguez EM, Parma AE, Padola NL. 2012. Enteropathogenic (EPEC) and Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) in broiler chickens and derived products at different retail stores. Food Control, 23(2):351-355.
    7.
  7. Altalhi AD, Hassan SA. 2009. Bacterial quality of raw milk investigated by Escherichia coli and isolates analysis for specific virulence-gene markers. Food Control, 20(10):913-917.
    8.
  8. Bagheri M, Ghanbarpour R, Alizade H. 2014. Shiga toxin and beta-lactamases genes in Escherichia coli phylotypes isolated from carcasses of broiler chickens slaughtered in Iran. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 177:16-20.
    9.
  9. Bahmanabadi R, Khalili MB, Bakhshi B, Soltan Dallal MM. 2018. Evaluation of the prevalence of typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from stool specimens of patients with diarrhea admitted to Tehran Children's Hospital by the PCR Method. Kashan Journal of Medical Sciences (FEYZ), 22(2):222-229.
    10.
  10. Bahmanabadi R., Khalili M.B., Soltan Dallal M.M. 2018. The study of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli prevalence by PCR method in under-5-year-old children’s diarrheal samples caused by the country’s food. Journal of Payavard Salamat, 11(6):715-22.
    11.
  11. Baloch D.G.M. 2021. An overview of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli among infants in Pakistan. Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences, 4(Special Is):S11-S24.
    12.
  12. Bardiau M., Szalo M., Mainil J.G. 2010. Initial adherence of EPEC, EHEC and VTEC to host cells. Veterinary Research, 41(5):57.
    13.
  13. Behiry I.K., Abada E.A., Ahmed E.A., Labeeb R.S. 2011. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli associated with diarrhea in children in Cairo, Egypt. The Scientific World Journal, 11:2613-2619.
    14.
  14. Bello M., Son K. 2009. Assessment of microbial load from meat contact surfaces and isolation of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli at a meat processing plant, Russia. Nigerian Veterinary Journal, 30(2):1-8.
    15.
  15. Bhat R., Gómez-López V.M. 2014. Practical food safety: Contemporary issues and future directions: John Wiley and Sons.
    16.
  16. Bray J. 1945. Isolation of Antigenically Homogeneous Strains of Bact. coli neapolitanum from Summer Diarrhoea of Infants. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 57(2):239-47.
    17.
  17. Cerutti M.F., Vieira T.R., Zenato K.S., Werlang G.O., Pissetti C., Cardoso M. 2020. Escherichia coli in chicken carcasses in southern Brazil: absence of shigatoxigenic (STEC) and isolation of atypical enteropathogenic (aEPEC). Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 22(1):1-8.
    18.
  18. Clarke S., Haigh R., Freestone P., Williams P. 2002. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection: history and clinical aspects. British Journal of Biomedical Science, 59(2):123-7.
    19.
  19. Cortés C., De la Fuente R., Blanco J., Blanco M., Blanco J., Dhabi G. 2005. Serotypes, virulence genes and intimin types of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and enteropathogenic E. coli isolated from healthy dairy goats in Spain. Veterinary Microbiology, 110(1-2):67-76.
    20.
  20. Cravioto A., Molina J., Manjarrez A., Eslava C. 1996. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: the Mexican experience. Revista De Microbiologia, 27:21-4.
    21.
  21. Croxen M.A., Law R.J., Scholz R., Keeney K.M., Wlodarska M., Finlay B.B. 2013. Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 26(4):822-880.
    22.
  22. Dallal M.S., Khorramizadeh M., MoezArdalan K. 2006. Occurrence of enteropathogenic bacteria in children under 5 years with diarrhoea in south Tehran. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 12(6):792-797.
    23.
  23. De Rauw K, Thiry D, Caljon B, Saulmont M, Mainil J, Piérard D. 2019. Characteristics of Shiga toxin producing-and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli of the emerging serotype O80: H2 isolated from humans and diarrhoeic calves in Belgium. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 25(1):111e5-e8.
    24.
  24. Deborah Chen H., Frankel G. 2005. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: unravelling pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 29(1):83-98.
    25.
  25. Dehghani S., Gholami-Ahangaran M., Rahimi E. 2017. The study of Escherichia coli contamination rate in meats of chickens without antibiotic and conventional. Journal of Food Microbiology, 4(3):93-102.
    26.
  26. Denamur E, Clermont O, Bonacorsi S, Gordon D. 2021. The population genetics of pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 19(1):37-54.
    27.
  27. Díaz-Jiménez D, García-Meniño I, Herrera A, García V, López-Beceiro AM, Alonso MP, 2020. Genomic characterization of Escherichia coli isolates belonging to a new hybrid aEPEC/ExPEC pathotype O153: H10-A-ST10 eae-beta1 occurred in meat, poultry, wildlife and human diarrheagenic samples. Antibiotics, 9(4):192.
    28.
  28. Doregiraee F., Alebouyeh M., Fasaei B.N., Charkhkar S., Tajedin E., Zali M.R. 2016. Isolation of atypical enteropathogenic and shiga toxin encoding Escherichia coli strains from poultry in Tehran, Iran. Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench, 9(1):53.
    29.
  29. Doyle M.P., Diez-Gonzalez F., Hill C. 2020. Food microbiology: fundamentals and frontiers: John Wiley & Sons.
    30.
  30. Eldesoukey I.E., Elmonir W., Alouffi A., Beleta E.I., Kelany M.A., Elnahriry S.S. 2022. Multidrug-Resistant Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrhoeic Calves, Milk, and Workers in Dairy Farms: A Potential Public Health Risk. Antibiotics, 11(8):999.
    31.
  31. Ethelberg S., Smith B., Torpdahl M., Lisby M., Boel J., Jensen T., 2009. Outbreak of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection from consumption of beef sausage. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48(8):e78-e81.
    32.
  32. Eybpoosh S., Mostaan S., Gouya M.M., Masoumi-Asl H., Owlia P., Eshrati B. 2021. Frequency of five Escherichia Coli pathotypes in Iranian adults and children with acute diarrhea. PloS One, 16(2):e0245470.
    33.
  33. Fallah N., Ghaemi M., Ghazvini K., Rad M., Jamshidi A. 2021. Occurrence, pathotypes, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains in animal source food products from public markets in Mashhad, Iran. Food Control, 121:107640.
    34.
  34. FSIS U. 2017. Salmonella compliance guideline for small and very small meat and poultry establishments that produce ready-to-eat (RTE) products and Revised Appendix A. US Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service Washington, DC.
    35.
  35. Gholami-Ahangaran M., Haj-Salehi M., Karimi-Dehkordi M., Ansari M.J., Mahdi O.A., Jawad M.A., editors. Tetracycline resistant genes in Escherichia coli isolated from enteric disease in companion birds. Veterinary Research Forum; 2022: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University.
    36.
  36. Gholami-Ahangaran M., Karimi-Dehkordi M., Miranzadeh-Mahabadi E., Ahmadi-Dastgerdi A. 2021. The frequency of tetracycline resistance genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy and diarrheic pet birds. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 22(4):337.
    37.
  37. Gholami-Ahangaran M., Moravvej A., Safizadeh Z., Nogoorani V.S., Zokaei M., Ghasemian S. 2021. The evaluation of ESBL genes and antibiotic resistance rate in Escherichia coli strains isolated from meat and intestinal contents of turkey in Isfahan, Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 22(4):318.
    38.
  38. Gholami-Ahangaran M., Zia-Jahromi N. 2014. Identification of shiga toxin and intimin genes in Escherichia coli detected from canary (Serinus canaria domestica). Toxicology and Industrial Health, 30(8):724-727.
    39.
  39. Güler L., Gündüz K., Ok Ü. 2008. Virulence factors and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from calves in Turkey. Zoonoses and Public Health, 55(5):249-257.
    40.
  40. Huezo R., Northcutt J., Smith D., Fletcher D., Ingram K. 2007. Effect of dry air or immersion chilling on recovery of bacteria from broiler carcasses. Journal of Food Protection, 70(8):1829-1834.
    41.
  41. Humphries R.M., Waterhouse C.C., Mulvey G., Beck P., Armstrong G.D. 2009. Interactions of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli with pediatric and adult intestinal biopsy specimens during early adherence. Infection and Immunity, 77(10):4463-4468.
    42.
  42. Hwang S.B., Chelliah R., Kang J.E., Rubab M., Banan-MwineDaliri E., Elahi F. 2021. Role of Recent Therapeutic Applications and the Infection Strategies of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11:450.
    43.
  43. Imre K., Ban-Cucerzan A., Herman V., Sallam K.I., Cristina R.T., Abd-Elghany S.M. 2022. Occurrence, Pathogenic Potential and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Raw Milk Cheese Commercialized in Banat Region, Romania. Antibiotics, 11(6):721.
    44.
  44. Jafari F., Garcia-Gil L., Salmanzadeh-Ahrabi S., Shokrzadeh L., Aslani M., Pourhoseingholi M., 2009. Diagnosis and prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in children less than 5 years of age with acute diarrhea in Tehran children's hospitals. Journal of Infection, 58(1):21-27.
    45.
  45. Jafarian M., Salmanzadeh-Ahrab S., Aslan M.M., Falsafi T. 2018. Investigation of frequency and virulence genes of typical and atypical enteropathogenic escherichia coli (EPEC) and shiga toxin –producing escherichia coli (stec) in biological samples. 19th International Congress of Microbiology of Iran.
    46.
  46. Jensen C., Ethelberg S., Gervelmeyer A., Nielsen E., Olsen K.E., Mølbak K. 2006. First general outbreak of Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in Denmark. Eurosurveillance, 11(2):1-2.
    47.
  47. Johnson J.R, Russo T.A. 2018. Molecular epidemiology of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. EcoSal Plus, 8(1).
    48.
  48. Kalantar E., Soheyli F., Salimi H., Soltan D.M.M. 2011. Frequency, antimicrobial susceptibility and plasmid profiles of Escherichia coli pathotypes obtained from children with acute diarrhea. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, 4(1):23-28.
    49.
  49. Karimi-Dehkordi M., Shamsabadi G., Banimehdi P. 2019. The occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus, enterotoxigenic and methicillin-resistant strains in Iranian food resources: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annali di Igiene, 31(3):263-278.
    50.
  50. Karimi Dehkordi M., Halaji M., Nouri S. 2020. Prevalence of class 1 integron in Escherichia coli isolated from animal sources in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tropical Medicine and Health, 48(1):1-7.
    51.
  51. Keeratipibul S., Techaruwichit P., Chaturongkasumrit Y. 2009. Contamination sources of coliforms in two different types of frozen ready-to-eat shrimps. Food Control, 20(3):289-293.
    52.
  52. Khairy R.M., Fathy Z.A., Mahrous D.M., Mohamed E.S., Abdelrahim S.S. 2020. Prevalence, phylogeny, and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from children less than 5 years old with community acquired-diarrhea in Upper Egypt. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20(1):1-9.
    53.
  53. Khattab R. 2019. Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli in some chicken products. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, 36(2):345-353.
    54.
  54. Lambertini E., Karns J.S., Van Kessel J.A.S., Cao H., Schukken Y.H., Wolfgang D.R. 2015. Dynamics of Escherichia coli virulence factors in dairy herds and farm environments in a longitudinal study in the United States. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 8(13):4477-4488.
    55.
  55. Lambrecht E., Van Meervenne E., Boon N., Van de Wiele T., Wattiau P., Herman L. 2018. Characterization of cefotaxime-and ciprofloxacin-resistant commensal Escherichia coli originating from Belgian farm animals indicates high antibiotic resistance transfer rates. Microbial Drug Resistance, 24(6):707-717.
    56.
  56. Liu H., Li S., Meng L., Dong L., Zhao S., Lan X. 2017. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy herds in northern China. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(11):8796-803.
    57.
  57. Liu L, Johnson H.L., Cousens S., Perin J., Scott S., Lawn J.E., 2012. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. The Lancet, 379(9832):2151-2161.
    58.
  58. Mare A.D., Ciurea C.N., Man A., Tudor B., Moldovan V., Decean L. 2021. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli—A summary of the literature. Gastroenterology Insights, 12(1):28-40.
    59.
  59. Merino V.R., Nakano V., Delannoy , Fach P., Alberca G.G., Farfan M.J. 2020. Prevalence of enteropathogens and virulence traits in Brazilian children with and without diarrhea. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 10:549919.
    60.
  60. Miri A., Rahimi E., Mirlohi M., Mahaki B., Jalali M., Safaei H.G. 2014. Isolation of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157: H7/NM from hamburger and chicken nugget. International Journal of Environmental Health Engineering, 3(1):20.
    61.
  61. Miri ST, Dashti A, Mostaan S, Kazemi F, Bouzari S. 2017. Identification of different Escherichia coli pathotypes in north and north-west provinces of Iran. Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 9(1):33.
    62.
  62. Mohammadi P, Abiri R. 2013. Isolation of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) from raw milk in Kermanshah by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, 6(4):5439.
    63.
  63. Morabito S., Dell’Omo G., Agrimi U., Schmidt H., Karch H., Cheasty T. 2001. Detection and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in feral pigeons. Veterinary Microbiology, 82(3):275-283.
    64.
  64. Motallebi M., Rohani M., Akbari H., Khorshidi A. 2011. Multiple drug resistance of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from children with diarrhea in Kashan, Iran. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(20):3305-3309.
    65.
  65. Mpundu P., Mbewe A.R., Muma J.B., Zgambo J., Munyeme M. 2019. Evaluation of bacterial contamination in dressed chickens in Lusaka Abattoirs. Frontiers in Public Health, 7:19.
    66.
  66. Muriuki C.W., Ogonda L.A., Kyanya C., Matano D., Masakhwe C., Odoyo E., 2022. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from Kenya. Microbial Drug Resistance, 28(1):31-38.
    67.
  67. Najand L.M., Ghanbarpour R. 2006. A study on enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from domestic Iranian soft cheese. Veterinarski arhiv, 76(6):531-536.
    68.
  68. Nasrollahi M., Sharifi M. 1999. Prevalence of diarrhea caused by Enteropathogenic E. coli in children less than one year in sari. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 793:26-30.
    69.
  69. Okocha R.C., Olatoye I.O., Adedeji O.B. 2018. Food safety impacts of antimicrobial use and their residues in aquaculture. Public Health Reviews, 39(1):1-22.
    70.
  70. Ombarak R.A., Hinenoya A., Awasthi S.P., Iguchi A., Shima A., Elbagory A.R.M. 2016. Prevalence and pathogenic potential of Escherichia coli isolates from raw milk and raw milk cheese in Egypt. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 221:69-76.
    71.
  71. Organization W.H.O. WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases: foodborne disease burden epidemiology reference group 2007-2015: World Health Organization; 2015.
    72.
  72. Pannuch M., Sirikaew S., Nakaguchi Y., Nishibuchi M., Sukhumungoon P. 2014. Quantification of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli from retailed meats. International Food Research Journal, 21(2):547-551.
    73.
  73. PourJafar S., Mashak Z., Mirzaee M. 2021. The survey of microbial properties in commercial ready-to-eat foods at manufactures and hypermarkets in Alborz province. Journal of Food Microbiology, 8(1):73-87.
    74.
  74. Rahman M.M., Ahmed P., Kar A., Sakib N., Shibly A.Z., Zohora F.T. 2020. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and pathogenic potential of enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli associated with acute diarrheal patients in Tangail, Bangladesh. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 17(7):434-439.
    75.
  75. Rivas M., Sosa-Estani S., Rangel J., Caletti M.G., Vallés P., Roldán C.D. 2008. Risk factors for sporadic Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli infections in children, Argentina. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(5):763.
    76.
  76. Robins-Browne R.M. 1987. Traditional enteropathogenic Escherichia coli of infantile diarrhea. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 9(1):28-53.
    77.
  77. Sadeghifard N., Amanpour Z. 2022. The study of Common enteropathogenic bacteria in children with diarrhea in Ilam city by multiplex PCR method. Technology and Research Information System, 4(4):1-10.
    78.
  78. Sartz L., De Jong B., Hjertqvist M., Plym-Forshell L., Alsterlund R., Löfdahl S. 2008. An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157: H7 infection in southern Sweden associated with consumption of fermented sausage; aspects of sausage production that increase the risk of Epidemiology and Infection, 136(3):370-380.
    79.
  79. Scaletsky I.C., Souza T.B., Aranda K.R., Okeke I.N. 2010. Genetic elements associated with antimicrobial resistance in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) from Brazil. BMC Microbiology, 10(1):1-5.
    80.
  80. Scaletsky I.C.A. 2019. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. The Universe of Escherichia coli. IntechOpen. DOI:10.5772/intechopen.82861.
    81.
  81. Schimmer B., Nygard K., Eriksen H.M., Lassen J., Lindstedt B.A., Brandal L.T. 2008. Outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Norway caused by stx 2-positive Escherichia coliO103: H25 traced to cured mutton sausages. BMC Infectious Diseases, 8(1):1-10.
    82.
  82. Sobhy N.M., Yousef S.G., Aboubakr H.A., Nisar M., Nagaraja K.V., Mor S.K. 2020. Virulence factors and antibiograms of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic calves of Egyptian cattle and water buffaloes. PloS One, 15(5):e0232890.
    83.
  83. Soltan D.M.M. 2001. Diarrhea caused by enteropathogenic bacteria in children. Archives of Iranian Medicine, 4(4):201-321.
    84.
  84. Soltan DMM, Shirazi MH, Akbari A, Sharifi YMK. 2015. Identification of enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC) pathotype using PCR technique in under 5- years old children in Tehran and evaluation of their antibiotic resistance patterns. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 22(137):54-62.
    85.
  85. Strockbine N.A., Bopp C.A., Fields P.I., Kaper J.B., Nataro J.P. 2015. Escherichia, Shigella, and Salmonella. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 2015:685-713.
    86.
  86. Taghadosi R., Shakibaie M.R., Hosseini-Nave H. 2019. Antibiotic resistance, ESBL genes, integrons, phylogenetic groups and MLVA profiles of Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from patients with diarrhea and farm animals in south-east of Iran. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 63:117-126.
    87.
  87. Tenaillon O., Skurnik D., Picard B., Denamur E. 2010. The population genetics of commensal Escherichia coli. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 8(3):207-217.
    88.
  88. Thiry D., Saulmont M., Takaki S., De Rauw K., Duprez J.N., Iguchi A., 2017. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O80: H2 in young calves with diarrhea, Belgium. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(12):2093.
    89.
  89. Vilchez S., Reyes D., Paniagua M., Bucardo F., Möllby R., Weintraub A. 2009. Prevalence of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in children from Leon, Nicaragua. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 58(5):630-637.
    90.
  90. Xia X., Meng J., McDermott F., Ayers S., Blickenstaff K., Tran T.T. 2010. Presence and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and other potentially diarrheagenic E. coli strains in retail meats. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(6):1709-1717.
    91.
  91. Yulistiani R., Praseptiangga D., editors. 2019. Occurrences of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli in chicken meat, intestinal contents and rinse water at slaughtering place from traditional market in Surabaya, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering; IOP Publishing.
    92.
  92. Zali M.R., Moez A.K., Parcham A.K., Nik-Kholgh B. 2003. Etiologies of acute diarrheal diseases in Iran. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 7(4):346-356.
    93.
  93. Zarei O., Shokoohizadeh L., Hossainpour H., Alikhani M.Y. 2021. The prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from raw chicken meat samples. International Journal of Microbiology, 2021: 3333240.
    94.
  94. Ziauddini A.H., Gholami-Ahangaran M. 2020. Detection of virulence genes of intimin, hemolysin and shigatoxin in Escherichia coli isolated from Pscittacin. New Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Journal, 10(38):61-68.
    95.

 

_||_

Sanad

Sanad is a platform for managing Azad University publications

Links

Related Centers

Technical Support

Official pages

The rights to this website are owned by the Raimag Press Management System.
Copyright © 2021-2024

Home| Login| About Us| Contact Us|
[فارسی] [العربية] [fa] [ar]