Investigation of heavy metals and important micro nutrients in milk powder and common baby food in Tehran market
Subject Areas : ControlMahdieh Khazai 1 , Shiva Dehghan Abkenar 2 , Nazanin Khakipour 3
1 - Department of food science, Savadkooh branch, Islamic azad university, savadkooh, iran
2 - Department of chemictry, Savadkooh branch, Islamic Azad University, Savadkooh, Iran
3 - Department of agriculture, Savadkooh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Savadkooh, Iran
Keywords: Baby food, Micronutrients, Metal contaminants, Dry milk,
Abstract :
Introduction: Powdered milk or complementary foods, despite the importance ofbreastfeeding, play an important role in providing baby food in the world. The aim of thisstudy was to measure the amount of heavy metals in baby food. Heavy metals cadmium, lead,and arsenic cause the highest effects in humans, especially in children, and Fe, Mg, Ca, andZn are important micronutrients that, if deficient in nutrients, can have adverse effects onchildren's health.Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 8 baby food samples from 6 commoncommercial products in the market. Sampling was carried out by census method andmeasurement by induced plasma emission ICP-OES methods.Results: The results were reported by descriptive statistics. The results showed that arsenicranged between 2.8 to 8 ppm in all the samples examined that indicated excessiveconcentration of this heavy metal while the trace concentration of cadmium was observed.Lead concentration was in the range of 0.012 to 0.103 ppm. The concentration of iron,calcium, magnesium and zinc in some samples agreed with the standard values while in someindicated lower content.Conclusion: According to the results of this investigation, the amount of arsenic in baby foodsamples is higher than the specified limit. Some attention should be given to those samplesthat contain lower contents of calcium and zinc as noticed by standard values.
Al Khalifa, A. & Ahmad, D. (2010). Determination of key elements by ICP-OES in commercially available infant formulae and baby foods in Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Food Science, 4(7), 464-468.
Anon. (2016). 004 Standard Method Performance Requirements for Minerals and Trace Elements in Infant Formula and Adult/Pediatric Nutritional Formula. List of minerals and trace elements. 2016 AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
Anon. (2018). Heavy Metals in Baby Food: What You Need to Know. (online at
www.consumerreports.org/food-safety/heavy-metals-in-baby-food/
Anon. (1974). Variation of Analysis of AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). International, 16th ed., p: 16.
Anon. (2021). Lead in Food, Foodwares, and Dietary Supplements (online at www.fda.gov/food/metals-and-your-food/lead-food-foodwares-and-dietary-supplements).
Anon. (1993). Iranian Institute of Standards and Industrial Research. Determination of silver, bismuth, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, lead and zinc - flame atomic absorption spectrometric method. National Standard of Iran. No. 10327. [In Persian]
Anon. (2001). Iranian Institute of Standards and Industrial Research. Milk and its products - Determination of calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium - Atomic absorption spectroscopy. National Standard of Iran. No. 10780. [In Persian]
Anon. (1993). Iranian Institute of Standards and Industrial Research. Water quality - Arsenic measurement - Atomic absorption spectrometric method - Hydride production technique. National Standard of Iran. No. 10109. [In Persian]
Anon. (2001). Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants; Cadmium. WHO Food Additives Series 46: Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
Anon. (2021). Baby Foods Are Tainted with Dangerous Levels of Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury. Staff Report Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy Committee on Oversight and Reform U.S. House of Representatives. oversight.house.gov.
Barranco, M.R., Lacasana, M., Garduno, C.A., Alguacil, J., Gil, F., Alzaga, B.G. & Garcia, A.R. (2013). Association of Arsenic, Cadmium and Manganese Exposure with Neurodevelopment and Behavioural Disorders in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Science Total Environment, 1, 454-455,562-577. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.047.
Bilandžić, N., Dokić, M., Sedak, M., Solomun, B., Varenina, I., Knežević, Z. & Benić, M. (2011). Trace element levels in raw milk from northern and southern regions of Croatia. Food Chemistry, 127, 63-66.
Bonyadian, M., Fallahi H. & Abbas Wali, M. (2020) Evaluation of changes in levels of mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic in raw milk, in the process of milk powder production. Iranian Nutrition Sciences and Food Industry, 16 (4), 85-77. [In Persian]
Carlos, A. G. B., Frontela-Saseta, C., Nicolás, R. L. & Berruezo, G. R. (2014). Effect of adding different thickening agents on the viscosity properties and in vitro mineral availability of infant formula. Food Chemistry, 159, 5-11.
Castro, C.S.P.D., Arruda, A.F., Cunha, L.R.D., SouzaDe, J.R., Braga, J.W.B. & Dórea, J.G. (2010). Toxic Metals (Pb and Cd) and Their Respective Antagonists (Ca and Zn) in Infant Formulas and Milk Marketed in Brasilia, Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(11), 4062-4077.
Coni, E., Bocca, A., Coppolelli, P., Caroli, S., Cavallucci, C. & Marinucci, M.T. (1996). Minor and trace element content in sheep and goat milk and dairy products. Food Chemistry, 57, 253–260.
Dabeka, R., Fouquet, A., Belisle, S. & Turcotte, S. (2011). Lead, cadmium and aluminum in Canadian infant formulae, oral electrolytes and glucose solutions. Food Additives Contaminants, 28(6), 744-53.
Eftekhari, M., Shahrami, E., Toatari, H., Hossein, M. & Atlas Baf, M. (2020). Investigation of milk contamination with some heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel and mercury) in farms of Qazvin province and its effects on human health. Veterinary Research and Biological Products, online, doi: 10.22092 / vj.2020.351174.1743. [In Persian]
Grandjean, P. & Landrigan, P.J. (2014). Neurobehavioural Effects of Developmental Toxicity. The Lancet Neurology, 13(3), 330-338.
Golpayegani, M. H. & Golestan, L. (2019). Measurement of heavy metals in raw milk and dairy products of some factories in Mazandaran province. First National Congress on Food Hygiene. [In Persian]
Gustin, K., Tofail, F., Vahter, M. & Kippler, M. (2018). Cadmium Exposure and Cognitive Abilities and Behavior at 10 Years of Age: A Prospective Cohort Study. Environment International, 113, 259-268.
Jelinek, C.F. (1982). Levels of lead in the United States food supply. Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 65(4), 942-945.
Lawal, N. S., Tajuddeen, N. & Garba, B. B. (2015). Assessment of some mineral elements in different brands of powdered milk sold in Samaru Zaria. Nigeria International Food Research Journal, 22(6), 2634-2636.
Malakoutian, M. & Golpayegani, A. (2013). Determination of toxic metals of lead, cadmium, aluminum and calcium and zinc inhibitors in milk powder and baby food offered in Iran. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences and Food Industry, 8(3), 251-259. [In Persian]
Meshref, A. M. S., Moselhy, W. A., El-Houda, N. & Hassan, Y. (2014). Heavy metals and trace elements levels in milk and milk products. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 8(4), 381-388.
Miclean, M., Cadar, O., Levei, E.A., Roman, R., Ozunu, A. & Levei, L. (2019). Metal (Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn) Transfer along Food Chain and Health Risk Assessment through Raw Milk Consumption from Free-Range Cows. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 4064(16), 1-14.
Sabrina, V. S., Mattanna, P. & Bizzi, G. A. (2013). Evaluation of the mineral content of infant formulas consumed in Brazil. Dairy Science, 96(6), 3498-3505.
Satarug, S., Baker, J.R., Urbenjapol, S., Haswell-Elkins, M., Reilly, P.E. & Williams, D.J. (2003). A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population. Topical Letters, 137, 65-8.
Wang, Z. & Rossman, T. G. (1996). In: Cheng, L.W. The Toxicology of Metals. Vol. 1. CRC Press, pp. 221-243.
_||_Al Khalifa, A. & Ahmad, D. (2010). Determination of key elements by ICP-OES in commercially available infant formulae and baby foods in Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Food Science, 4(7), 464-468.
Anon. (2016). 004 Standard Method Performance Requirements for Minerals and Trace Elements in Infant Formula and Adult/Pediatric Nutritional Formula. List of minerals and trace elements. 2016 AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
Anon. (2018). Heavy Metals in Baby Food: What You Need to Know. (online at
www.consumerreports.org/food-safety/heavy-metals-in-baby-food/
Anon. (1974). Variation of Analysis of AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). International, 16th ed., p: 16.
Anon. (2021). Lead in Food, Foodwares, and Dietary Supplements (online at www.fda.gov/food/metals-and-your-food/lead-food-foodwares-and-dietary-supplements).
Anon. (1993 ). Iranian Institute of Standards and Industrial Research. Determination of silver, bismuth, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, lead and zinc - flame atomic absorption spectrometric method. National Standard of Iran. No. 10327. [In Persian]
Anon. (2001). Iranian Institute of Standards and Industrial Research. Milk and its products - Determination of calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium - Atomic absorption spectroscopy. National Standard of Iran. No. 10780. [In Persian]
Anon. (1993). Iranian Institute of Standards and Industrial Research. Water quality - Arsenic measurement - Atomic absorption spectrometric method - Hydride production technique. National Standard of Iran. No. 10109. [In Persian]
Anon. (2001). Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants; Cadmium. WHO Food Additives Series 46: Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
Anon. (2021). Baby Foods Are Tainted with Dangerous Levels of Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury. Staff Report Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy Committee on Oversight and Reform U.S. House of Representatives. oversight.house.gov.
Barranco, M.R., Lacasana, M., Garduno, C.A., Alguacil, J., Gil, F., Alzaga, B.G. & Garcia, A.R. (2013). Association of Arsenic, Cadmium and Manganese Exposure with Neurodevelopment and Behavioural Disorders in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Science Total Environment, 1, 454-455,562-577. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.047.
Bilandžić, N., Dokić, M., Sedak, M., Solomun, B., Varenina, I., Knežević, Z. & Benić, M. (2011). Trace element levels in raw milk from northern and southern regions of Croatia. Food Chemistry, 127, 63-66.
Bonyadian, M., Fallahi H. & Abbas Wali, M. (2020) Evaluation of changes in levels of mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic in raw milk, in the process of milk powder production. Iranian Nutrition Sciences and Food Industry, 16 (4), 85-77. [In Persian]
Carlos, A. G. B., Frontela-Saseta, C., Nicolás, R. L. & Berruezo, G. R. (2014). Effect of adding different thickening agents on the viscosity properties and in vitro mineral availability of infant formula. Food Chemistry, 159, 5-11.
Castro, C.S.P.D., Arruda, A.F., Cunha, L.R.D., SouzaDe, J.R., Braga, J.W.B. & Dórea, J.G. (2010). Toxic Metals (Pb and Cd) and Their Respective Antagonists (Ca and Zn) in Infant Formulas and Milk Marketed in Brasilia, Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(11), 4062-4077.
Coni, E., Bocca, A., Coppolelli, P., Caroli, S., Cavallucci, C. & Marinucci, M.T. (1996). Minor and trace element content in sheep and goat milk and dairy products. Food Chemistry, 57, 253–260.
Dabeka, R., Fouquet, A., Belisle, S. & Turcotte, S. (2011). Lead, cadmium and aluminum in Canadian infant formulae, oral electrolytes and glucose solutions. Food Additives Contaminants, 28(6), 744-53.
Eftekhari, M., Shahrami, E., Toatari, H., Hossein, M. & Atlas Baf, M. (2020). Investigation of milk contamination with some heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel and mercury) in farms of Qazvin province and its effects on human health. Veterinary Research and Biological Products, online, doi: 10.22092 / vj.2020.351174.1743. [In Persian]
Grandjean, P. & Landrigan, P.J. (2014). Neurobehavioural Effects of Developmental Toxicity. The Lancet Neurology, 13(3), 330-338.
Golpayegani, M. H. & Golestan, L. (2019). Measurement of heavy metals in raw milk and dairy products of some factories in Mazandaran province. First National Congress on Food Hygiene. [In Persian]
Gustin, K., Tofail, F., Vahter, M. & Kippler, M. (2018). Cadmium Exposure and Cognitive Abilities and Behavior at 10 Years of Age: A Prospective Cohort Study. Environment International, 113, 259-268.
Jelinek, C.F. (1982). Levels of lead in the United States food supply. Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 65(4), 942-945.
Lawal, N. S., Tajuddeen, N. & Garba, B. B. (2015). Assessment of some mineral elements in different brands of powdered milk sold in Samaru Zaria. Nigeria International Food Research Journal, 22(6), 2634-2636.
Malakoutian, M. & Golpayegani, A. (2013). Determination of toxic metals of lead, cadmium, aluminum and calcium and zinc inhibitors in milk powder and baby food offered in Iran. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences and Food Industry, 8(3), 251-259. [In Persian]
Meshref, A. M. S., Moselhy, W. A., El-Houda, N. & Hassan, Y. (2014). Heavy metals and trace elements levels in milk and milk products. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 8(4), 381-388.
Miclean, M., Cadar, O., Levei, E.A., Roman, R., Ozunu, A. & Levei, L. (2019). Metal (Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn) Transfer along Food Chain and Health Risk Assessment through Raw Milk Consumption from Free-Range Cows. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 4064(16), 1-14.
Sabrina, V. S., Mattanna, P. & Bizzi, G. A. (2013). Evaluation of the mineral content of infant formulas consumed in Brazil. Dairy Science, 96(6), 3498-3505.
Satarug, S., Baker, J.R., Urbenjapol, S., Haswell-Elkins, M., Reilly, P.E. & Williams, D.J. (2003). A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population. Topical Letters, 137, 65-8.
Wang, Z. & Rossman, T. G. (1996). In: Cheng, L.W. The Toxicology of Metals. Vol. 1. CRC Press, pp. 221-243.
