The central effects of silymarin on feeding behavior in broiler chickens and relationship with serotonergic system
Subject Areas :
Khadijeh
Ahmadihesar
1
(Physiology department,, Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili)
Ali
Mojtahedin
2
(Department of Animal Science, Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili)
Taher
Yalchi
3
(Department of Animal Science, Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resourses, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili.)
Shahin
Hajigahramani
4
(Meshginshahr College of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili)
Keywords: Broiler, Milk thistle, silymarin, feed intake, Serotonergic system,
Abstract :
Background and aim: Silymarin is the effective substance of thistle plant, which causes some physiological effects and improves nutritional behavior. This research was conducted to determine the central effects of silymarin on feeding behavior in broiler chickens and to find the mechanism of feed intake and to investigate its relationship with the serotonergic system. Materials &Methods: In this research, 30 pieces of broiler chickens cannulated in the brain were used. In the first stage of the research (28 days old), silymarin was injected in the amount of 20 micrograms per kilogram of body weight. After injection, feed and water intake was measured in 30 to 180 minutes. In the second stage of the experiment (34 days), the relationship between silymarin and the serotonergic system was investigated. The treatments included 1- control, 2- methysergide, 3- ketanserin, 4- methysergide + silymarin, and 5- ketanserin + silymarin. Results: In the first stage, in 60 and 180 minutes, silimarin caused a significant decrease in feed intake (P<0.05). In the second stage, the central injection of the combination of silymarin with methysergide caused a significant decrease in feed consumption, while the central injection of the combination of silymarin with ketanserin had no significant effect on feed consumption. Central injection of silymarin had no effect on water intake in broilers. Conclusion: The results showed that although central injection of silymarin decreased feed intake in broilers, it did not affect water consumption. Also, the central injection of the combination of silymarin with methysergide decreased feed intake in broilers.
1. Zendehdel M, Hamidi R, Babapour V, Tagavian F. The effect of intracerebroventricular injection of serotonin, parachlorophenylalanine and reserpine on the amount Food and water intake in broiler chicks under food deprivation. Iranian Veterinary Journal. 2012 Mar;8(1): 51-60. (Persian)
2. Zendehdel M, Hassanpour S, Babapour V, Charkhkar S, Mahdavi M. Interaction between endocannabinoid and opioidergic systems regulates food intake in neonatal chicken. International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics. 2015 Sep;21(3):289-97.
3. Denbow DM, Meade S, Robertson A, McMurtry JP, Richards M, Ashwell C. Leptin-induced decrease in food intake in chickens. Physiology & Behavior. 2000 May 1;69(3):359-62.
4. Baghbanzadeh A, Cheraghi J, Emam G, Babapour V. Studying the effect of microinjection of agonist and antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptors on appetite. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2006 Dec 14(4):13-19. (Persian)
5. Tachibana T, Sugahara K, Ohgushi A, Ando R, Kawakami SI, Yoshimatsu T, Furuse M. Intracerebroventricular injection of agouti-related protein attenuates the anorexigenic effect of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone in neonatal chicks. Neuroscience Letters. 2001 Jun 8;305(2):131-4.
6. Bungo T, Izumi T, Kawamura K, Takagi T, Ueda H, Furuse M. Intracerebroventricular injection of muscimol, baclofen or nipecotic acid stimulates food intake in layer-type, but not meat-type, chicks. Brain research. 2003 Dec 12;993(1-2):235-8.
7. Daghigh kia H, Asgari AH, Hossein-Khani, A. The study of male effect on the incidence of estrus and feeding behavior of Afshari ewes. Journal of Animal Science Research. 2013 Sep 23(3):59-67. (Persian)
8. Zendehdel M, Babapour V, Asadi S. Effects of intracerebroventricular injections of glucose and insulin on food intake in broiler cockerels. Veterinary Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi). 2009 Mar 22(1):6-12. (Persian)
9. Bijak M. Silybin, a major bioactive component of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaernt.)—Chemistry, bioavailability, and metabolism. Molecules. 2017 Nov 10;22(11):1942.
10. Khazaei R, Seidavi A, Bouyeh M. A review on the mechanisms of the effect of silymarin in milk thistle (Silybum marianum) on some laboratory animals. Veterinary Medicine and Science. 2022 Jan;8(1):289-301.
11. Tedesco D, Steidler S, Galletti S, Tameni M, Sonzogni O, Ravarotto L. Efficacy of silymarin-phospholipid complex in reducing the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 in broiler chicks. Poultry science. 2004 Nov 1;83(11):1839-43.
12. Kołota A, Głąbska D. Dietary Intake of Milk Thistle Seeds as a Source of Silymarin and Its Influence on the Lipid Parameters in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients. Applied Sciences. 2021 Jun 23;11(13):5836.
13. Makki OF, Afzali N, Omidi A. Effect of different levels of silymarin (Silybum marianum) on growth rate, carcass variables and liver morphology of broiler chickens contaminated with aflatoxin B1. Poultry Science Journal. 2013;1(2):105-16.
14. Jamshidi AH, Ahmadi-Ashtiani HR, Naderi MM, Bokaei S, Gholamhouseyni Study on effects of topical use of Silybum marianum extract (Silymarin) on U.V. irradiated guinea pig skin. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2007; 6(23):89-96. (Persian)
15. Fallah Huseini H, Hemati AR, Alavian A review of herbal medicine: Silybum marianum. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2004; 3(11):14-24. (Persian)
16. Kheiripour N, Karimi J, Khodadadi I, Tavilani H, Goodarzi MT, Hashemnia M. Hepatoprotective effects of silymarin on liver injury via irisin upregulation and oxidative stress reduction in rats with type 2 diabetes. Iranian journal of medical sciences. 2019 Mar;44(2):108.
17. National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of poultry: 1994. National Academies Press; 1994 Feb 1.
18. Denbow DM, Van Krey HP, Lacy MP, Dietrick TJ. Feeding, drinking and body temperature of Leghorn chicks: effects of ICV injections of biogenic amines. Physiology & behavior. 1983 Jul 1;31(1):85-90.
19. Toshinai K, Date Y, Murakami N, Shimada M, Mondal MS, Shimbara T, Guan JL, Wang QP, Funahashi H, Sakurai T, Shioda S. Ghrelin-induced food intake is mediated via the orexin pathway. Endocrinology. 2003 Apr 1;144(4):1506-12.
20. Kruk ZL, Pycock CJ. Noradrenaline. InNeurotransmitters and drugs 1991 (pp. 50-86). Springer, Dordrecht.
21. Davis JL, Masuoka DT, Gerbrandt LK, Cherkin A. Autoradiographic distribution of L-proline in chicks after intracerebral injection. Physiology & Behavior. 1979 Apr 1;22(4):693-5.
22. Hamidi F, Zendehdel M. Effect of food deprivation on the survival rate of broiler cockerels after stereotactic brain surgery. Veterinary Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi). 2016 Sep; 29(3):67-72. (Persian)
23. Khan MS, Tachibana T, Hasebe Y, Masuda N, Ueda H. Peripheral or central administration of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor affects feeding behavior in chicks. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 2007 Oct 1;148(2):458-62.
24. Hajizadeh-Vansofla A, Shakouri MD, Mojtahedin A, Hedayat Evrig N. The effect of intracerebroventricular injection of silymarin on cumulative feed consumption in feed-deprived broilers in the final period. The International Conference on Agricultural Science, Medicinal Plants & Traditional Medicine. 2018 Feb 14-15; Mashhad, Iran. (Persian)
25. Schiavone A, Righi F, Quarantelli A, Bruni R, Serventi P, Fusari A. Use of Silybum marianum fruit extract in broiler chicken nutrition: influence on performance and meat quality. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition. 2007 Jun;91(5‐6):256-62.
26. Vargas-Mendoza N, Ángeles-Valencia M, Madrigal-Santillán EO, et-al, Effect of silymarin supplementation on physical performance, muscle and myocardium histological changes, bodyweight, and food consumption in rats subjected to regular exercise training. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020 Oct 19;21(20):7724.
27. Soto C, Recoba R, Barron H, Alvarez C, Favari L. Silymarin increases antioxidant enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetes in rat pancreas. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology. 2003 Nov 1;136(3):205-12.
28. Ebrahimi R, Mohammadabadi T, Sari M, Salari S, Zamiri M. Beigi Nasiri MT. Effect of silymarin against lead induced oxidative stress in broiler chicken. Iranian Journal of Animal Research. 2014 Jan; 5(4):302-312. (Persian)
29. Simansky KJ. Serotonergic control of the organization of feeding and satiety. Behavioural brain research. 1995 Dec 15;73(1-2):37-42.
30. Halford JC, Harrold JA, Lawton CL, Blundell JE. Serotonin (5-HT) drugs: effects on appetite expression and use for the treatment of obesity. Current drug targets. 2005 Mar 1;6(2):201-13.
31. Schuhler S, Clark A, Joseph W, Patel A, Lehnen K, Stratford E, Horan TL, Fone KC, Ebling FJ. Involvement of 5‐HT2C receptors in the regulation of food intake in siberian hamsters. Journal of neuroendocrinology. 2005 May;17(5):276-85.
32. Curzon G. Serotonin and appetite. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990 Oct.
33. Saadoun A, Cabrera MC. Hypophagic and dipsogenic effect of the 5‐HT1A receptor agonist 8‐OH‐DPAT in broiler chickens. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition. 2008 Oct;92(5):597-604.
34. Baranyiová E. Effects of serotonin on the food intake in chickens in the early post-hatching period. Acta Veterinaria Brno. 1990;59(1-2):23-33.
35. Fang XL, Shu G, Yu JJ, Wang LN, Yang J, Zeng QJ, et-al. The anorexigenic effect of serotonin is mediated by the generation of NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS. PLoS One. 2013 Jan 9;8(1):e53142.
36. Rostamnejad M, Shakouri MD, Mojtahedin A, Behmaram R. The effect of intracerebroventicular injection of genistein on water intake of broiler chickens under feed and water deprivation. 1st International and 5th National Conference on Organic vs. Conventional Agriculture. 2017 Aug 16-17; Ardabil, Iran. (Persian)
37. Eidi A, Eidi M. Nabiuni F. Effect of H2- histaminergic and muscarinic cholinergic systems on water intake in adult male rats. Journal of Sciences (Islamic Azad University). 2009; 74(1):29-40. (Persian)
38. Steffens SM, Casas DC, Milanez BC, Freitas CG, Paschoalini MA, Marino–Neto J. Hypophagic and dipsogenic effects of central 5-HT injections in pigeons. Brain research bulletin. 1997 Jan 1;44(6):681-8.
39. Pal GK, Kannan N, Pal P. Effects of injection of serotonin into nucleus caudatus on food and water intake and body weight in albino
rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 1;48(4):437-45.
40. Denbow DM, Van Krey HP, Siegel PB. Selection for growth alters the feeding response to injections of biogenic amines. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 1986 Jan 1;24(1):39-42.
41 .Denbow DM. Food intake control in birds. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 1985 Jun 1;9(2):223-32.
_||_1. Zendehdel M, Hamidi R, Babapour V, Tagavian F. The effect of intracerebroventricular injection of serotonin, parachlorophenylalanine and reserpine on the amount Food and water intake in broiler chicks under food deprivation. Iranian Veterinary Journal. 2012 Mar;8(1): 51-60. (Persian)
2. Zendehdel M, Hassanpour S, Babapour V, Charkhkar S, Mahdavi M. Interaction between endocannabinoid and opioidergic systems regulates food intake in neonatal chicken. International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics. 2015 Sep;21(3):289-97.
3. Denbow DM, Meade S, Robertson A, McMurtry JP, Richards M, Ashwell C. Leptin-induced decrease in food intake in chickens. Physiology & Behavior. 2000 May 1;69(3):359-62.
4. Baghbanzadeh A, Cheraghi J, Emam G, Babapour V. Studying the effect of microinjection of agonist and antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptors on appetite. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2006 Dec 14(4):13-19. (Persian)
5. Tachibana T, Sugahara K, Ohgushi A, Ando R, Kawakami SI, Yoshimatsu T, Furuse M. Intracerebroventricular injection of agouti-related protein attenuates the anorexigenic effect of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone in neonatal chicks. Neuroscience Letters. 2001 Jun 8;305(2):131-4.
6. Bungo T, Izumi T, Kawamura K, Takagi T, Ueda H, Furuse M. Intracerebroventricular injection of muscimol, baclofen or nipecotic acid stimulates food intake in layer-type, but not meat-type, chicks. Brain research. 2003 Dec 12;993(1-2):235-8.
7. Daghigh kia H, Asgari AH, Hossein-Khani, A. The study of male effect on the incidence of estrus and feeding behavior of Afshari ewes. Journal of Animal Science Research. 2013 Sep 23(3):59-67. (Persian)
8. Zendehdel M, Babapour V, Asadi S. Effects of intracerebroventricular injections of glucose and insulin on food intake in broiler cockerels. Veterinary Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi). 2009 Mar 22(1):6-12. (Persian)
9. Bijak M. Silybin, a major bioactive component of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaernt.)—Chemistry, bioavailability, and metabolism. Molecules. 2017 Nov 10;22(11):1942.
10. Khazaei R, Seidavi A, Bouyeh M. A review on the mechanisms of the effect of silymarin in milk thistle (Silybum marianum) on some laboratory animals. Veterinary Medicine and Science. 2022 Jan;8(1):289-301.
11. Tedesco D, Steidler S, Galletti S, Tameni M, Sonzogni O, Ravarotto L. Efficacy of silymarin-phospholipid complex in reducing the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 in broiler chicks. Poultry science. 2004 Nov 1;83(11):1839-43.
12. Kołota A, Głąbska D. Dietary Intake of Milk Thistle Seeds as a Source of Silymarin and Its Influence on the Lipid Parameters in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients. Applied Sciences. 2021 Jun 23;11(13):5836.
13. Makki OF, Afzali N, Omidi A. Effect of different levels of silymarin (Silybum marianum) on growth rate, carcass variables and liver morphology of broiler chickens contaminated with aflatoxin B1. Poultry Science Journal. 2013;1(2):105-16.
14. Jamshidi AH, Ahmadi-Ashtiani HR, Naderi MM, Bokaei S, Gholamhouseyni Study on effects of topical use of Silybum marianum extract (Silymarin) on U.V. irradiated guinea pig skin. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2007; 6(23):89-96. (Persian)
15. Fallah Huseini H, Hemati AR, Alavian A review of herbal medicine: Silybum marianum. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2004; 3(11):14-24. (Persian)
16. Kheiripour N, Karimi J, Khodadadi I, Tavilani H, Goodarzi MT, Hashemnia M. Hepatoprotective effects of silymarin on liver injury via irisin upregulation and oxidative stress reduction in rats with type 2 diabetes. Iranian journal of medical sciences. 2019 Mar;44(2):108.
17. National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of poultry: 1994. National Academies Press; 1994 Feb 1.
18. Denbow DM, Van Krey HP, Lacy MP, Dietrick TJ. Feeding, drinking and body temperature of Leghorn chicks: effects of ICV injections of biogenic amines. Physiology & behavior. 1983 Jul 1;31(1):85-90.
19. Toshinai K, Date Y, Murakami N, Shimada M, Mondal MS, Shimbara T, Guan JL, Wang QP, Funahashi H, Sakurai T, Shioda S. Ghrelin-induced food intake is mediated via the orexin pathway. Endocrinology. 2003 Apr 1;144(4):1506-12.
20. Kruk ZL, Pycock CJ. Noradrenaline. InNeurotransmitters and drugs 1991 (pp. 50-86). Springer, Dordrecht.
21. Davis JL, Masuoka DT, Gerbrandt LK, Cherkin A. Autoradiographic distribution of L-proline in chicks after intracerebral injection. Physiology & Behavior. 1979 Apr 1;22(4):693-5.
22. Hamidi F, Zendehdel M. Effect of food deprivation on the survival rate of broiler cockerels after stereotactic brain surgery. Veterinary Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi). 2016 Sep; 29(3):67-72. (Persian)
23. Khan MS, Tachibana T, Hasebe Y, Masuda N, Ueda H. Peripheral or central administration of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor affects feeding behavior in chicks. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 2007 Oct 1;148(2):458-62.
24. Hajizadeh-Vansofla A, Shakouri MD, Mojtahedin A, Hedayat Evrig N. The effect of intracerebroventricular injection of silymarin on cumulative feed consumption in feed-deprived broilers in the final period. The International Conference on Agricultural Science, Medicinal Plants & Traditional Medicine. 2018 Feb 14-15; Mashhad, Iran. (Persian)
25. Schiavone A, Righi F, Quarantelli A, Bruni R, Serventi P, Fusari A. Use of Silybum marianum fruit extract in broiler chicken nutrition: influence on performance and meat quality. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition. 2007 Jun;91(5‐6):256-62.
26. Vargas-Mendoza N, Ángeles-Valencia M, Madrigal-Santillán EO, et-al, Effect of silymarin supplementation on physical performance, muscle and myocardium histological changes, bodyweight, and food consumption in rats subjected to regular exercise training. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020 Oct 19;21(20):7724.
27. Soto C, Recoba R, Barron H, Alvarez C, Favari L. Silymarin increases antioxidant enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetes in rat pancreas. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology. 2003 Nov 1;136(3):205-12.
28. Ebrahimi R, Mohammadabadi T, Sari M, Salari S, Zamiri M. Beigi Nasiri MT. Effect of silymarin against lead induced oxidative stress in broiler chicken. Iranian Journal of Animal Research. 2014 Jan; 5(4):302-312. (Persian)
29. Simansky KJ. Serotonergic control of the organization of feeding and satiety. Behavioural brain research. 1995 Dec 15;73(1-2):37-42.
30. Halford JC, Harrold JA, Lawton CL, Blundell JE. Serotonin (5-HT) drugs: effects on appetite expression and use for the treatment of obesity. Current drug targets. 2005 Mar 1;6(2):201-13.
31. Schuhler S, Clark A, Joseph W, Patel A, Lehnen K, Stratford E, Horan TL, Fone KC, Ebling FJ. Involvement of 5‐HT2C receptors in the regulation of food intake in siberian hamsters. Journal of neuroendocrinology. 2005 May;17(5):276-85.
32. Curzon G. Serotonin and appetite. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990 Oct.
33. Saadoun A, Cabrera MC. Hypophagic and dipsogenic effect of the 5‐HT1A receptor agonist 8‐OH‐DPAT in broiler chickens. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition. 2008 Oct;92(5):597-604.
34. Baranyiová E. Effects of serotonin on the food intake in chickens in the early post-hatching period. Acta Veterinaria Brno. 1990;59(1-2):23-33.
35. Fang XL, Shu G, Yu JJ, Wang LN, Yang J, Zeng QJ, et-al. The anorexigenic effect of serotonin is mediated by the generation of NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS. PLoS One. 2013 Jan 9;8(1):e53142.
36. Rostamnejad M, Shakouri MD, Mojtahedin A, Behmaram R. The effect of intracerebroventicular injection of genistein on water intake of broiler chickens under feed and water deprivation. 1st International and 5th National Conference on Organic vs. Conventional Agriculture. 2017 Aug 16-17; Ardabil, Iran. (Persian)
37. Eidi A, Eidi M. Nabiuni F. Effect of H2- histaminergic and muscarinic cholinergic systems on water intake in adult male rats. Journal of Sciences (Islamic Azad University). 2009; 74(1):29-40. (Persian)
38. Steffens SM, Casas DC, Milanez BC, Freitas CG, Paschoalini MA, Marino–Neto J. Hypophagic and dipsogenic effects of central 5-HT injections in pigeons. Brain research bulletin. 1997 Jan 1;44(6):681-8.
39. Pal GK, Kannan N, Pal P. Effects of injection of serotonin into nucleus caudatus on food and water intake and body weight in albino
rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 1;48(4):437-45.
40. Denbow DM, Van Krey HP, Siegel PB. Selection for growth alters the feeding response to injections of biogenic amines. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 1986 Jan 1;24(1):39-42.
41 .Denbow DM. Food intake control in birds. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 1985 Jun 1;9(2):223-32.
