A survey on the prevalence of teat end hyperkeratosis in dairy farms of Tabriz

Subject Areas : Veterinary Clinical Pathology

صمد Mosaferi ¹ , آیدین Mohammadi ²

1 - Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University-Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran
2 - Graduate of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University-Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran

Received: 2008-10-30 Accepted : 2009-08-23 Published : 2009-11-22

Keywords: dairy cow, Hyperkeratosis, Teat end, Milking machine,

Abstract :

One of the most important defense mechanisms of the bovine mammary gland is teat sphincter and it’s keratinized and stratified squamous epithelium, which extends through the teat sphincter and after every milking secrets keratin and closes the capillary canal of the teat sphincter by keratin plaque. Over secretion of keratin due to repeated stimulations of teat end such as inappropriate performance of milking machine results in hyperkeratosis and finally leads to mastitis, black spot and increase in somatic cell counts. In this study 4 herds from dairy farms around Tabriz including 860 dairy cows were studied. Two herds were milked twice a day and the other herds were milked three times a day. At the time of milking the teat ends were investigated the presence of hyperkeratosis and graded into grades one to four. The results of this study indicated that the prevalence of teat end hyperkeratosis in herds which were milked three times a day (14/1%) was significantly more than the herds which were milked twice a day(%12/3) (p<0.01). In addition, grade 2 and grade 3 hyperkeratosis was significantly more than grade 4 and also the frequency of  hyperkeratosis in Tabriz dairy farms was significantly higher than the world wide reported rates (p<0.01).

References:

1. شیمی، ا. (1378) : اصول ایمنی شناسی دامپزشکی، (ترجمه)، تألیف: تیزارد، ا. چاپ سوم ،تهران، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، صفحات: 25 و 32.


2. مسافری، ص. (1384) : بیماری‌های پستان در حیوانات اهلی، (ترجمه)، تألیف: رادستیس، جی بلود، هینچکلیف. چاپ اول، تبریز، انتشارات دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تبریز، صفحات: 85-83.


3. رسول نژاد فریدونی، س. و گرجی دوز، م. (1375): معاینات بالینی گاو، (ترجمه)، تألیف: رزنبرگرگ. چاپ سوم، تهران، مؤسسه نشر جهاد وابسته به جهاد دانشگاهی، صفحات: 70-45.


4. Arthur, G.H., Noakes, D.E., Pearson, H. and Parkinson, J. (1996): Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics. 7^th ed., Saunders, London, pp: 792-793.                   


5. Andrews, A.H., Blowey, R.W., Boyd, H. and Eddy, R.G. (1992): Bovine Medicine, disease and husbandary of cattle. 4th ed., Saunders, London, pp: 55-70.


6. Blowey, R. and Edmondson, P. (1995): Mastitis control in dairy herds, an illustrated and practical guide. 5th ed., Lippin cott, USA, pp: 110-112.


7. Bakken, G. (2004): Relationship between udder and teat morphology, mastitis and milk, production in Norwegian Red cattle. Acta Agric., 6(3): 32-33.


8. Gleeson, D.E., Meaney, J. and William, O. (2004): Effect of teat hyperkeratosis on somatic cell counts of dairy cows – teagasc, moorepark production center, fermoy, Co, cork, Ireland, 2(1): 41-52.


9. Kirk, J.H. (2003): Risk factors for excessive hyperkeratosis of teat end–extension veterinarian school of medicine university of California Davis Tulare. C A, 84(3): 16-26.


10. Mein, G.A., Neijenhuis, F., Morgan, W.F., Reinemann, D.J., Hillerton, J.E., Baines, J.R., et al. (2001): Evaluation of bovine teat condition in commercial dairy herds (Non infectious factors) – teat tube international of Netherleands, 9(1): 35.


11. Neijenhuis, F., Mein, G.A., Britt, J.S., Reine, D.J., Hillerton, J.E., Faransworth, R., et al. (2001): Relationship between teat-end callosity or hyperkeratosis and mastitis. Paper presented at the proceeding, AABP-NMC International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality, Vancouver, bcm Canada, 165(7): 41-42.

Shearn, M.F. and Hillerton, J.E. (2002): Hyperkeratosis of the teat duct orifice in the dairy cow. Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, U.K., 142: 18.