The Economic and Nutritional-Physiological Aspects of Dairy Cows Are Influenced by the Different Sources of Dietary Starch
Subject Areas :
1 -
2 -
Keywords: dairy cow, efficiency, milk production, nutrient digestibility, starch,
Abstract :
This study utilized a Latin square experimental design to assess the effects of different nonstructural carbo-hydrate sources on milk production, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen and energy utilization efficiency, and plasma metabolites in 32 multiparous dairy cows. The cows, with an average of 130 ± 13 days-in-milk, produced milk at a rate of 45 ± 2.4 kg, and had a live weight of 656 ± 27 kg, were fed diets formulated based on National Research Council (NRC) recommendations. Our results indicated that cows fed a corn-based diet exhibited a higher milk fat percentage compared to those fed other diets. Additionally, diets con-taining wheat, barley, or corn improved milk production efficiency, as measured by the ratio of milk pro-duction to dry matter intake and net energy of milk to net energy intake, compared to diets containing pota-toes. Furthermore, cows on wheat or corn diets showed enhanced digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and crude fat compared to those on barley or potato diets. Notably, a diet based on potatoes resulted in significantly increased triglyceride levels in plasma. These findings underscore the impact of carbohydrate source on milk yield, nutrient utilization, and metabolic profile, highlighting the importance of selecting appropriate nonstructural carbohydrates for optimizing dairy cow performance.
Aioanei N.M. and Pop I.M. (2013). Research on chemical compo-sition of corn silo obtained in different production systems (conventional and organic). Anim. Food Sci. J. 59, 86-89.
Allen M.S. (2000). Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 83(7), 1598-1624.
Allen M.S., Bradford B.J. and Oba M. (2009). Board-invited re-view: The hepatic oxidation theory of the control of feed in-take and its application to ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 87(10), 3317-3334.
AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis. 18th Ed. Associa-tion of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
Bradford B.J. and Allen M.S. (2007). Depression in feed intake by a highly fermentable diet is related to plasma insulin concen-tration and insulin response to glucose infusion. J. Dairy Sci. 90(8), 3838-3845.
Cabrita A.R.J., Dewhurst R.J., Abreu J.M.F. and Fonseca A.J.M. (2006). Evaluation of the effects of synchronising the avail-ability of N and energy on rumen function and production re-sponses of dairy cows–a review. Anim. Res. 55(1), 1-24.
Cabrita A.R.J., Vale J.M.P., Bessa R.J.B., Dewhurst R.J. and Fonseca A.J.M. (2009). Effects of dietary starch source and buffers on milk responses and rumen fatty acid biohydrogena-tion in dairy cows fed maize silage-based diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 152(3), 267-277.
Chen Y., She Y., Zhang R., Wang J., Zhang X. and Gou X. (2020). Use of starch-based fat replacers in foods as a strategy to reduce dietary intake of fat and risk of metabolic diseases. Food Sci. Nutr. 8, 16-22.
Dann H.M., Varga G.A. and Putnam D.E. (1999). Improving en-ergy supply to late gestation and early postpartum dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 82(8), 1765-1778.
Deckardt K., Khol-Parisini A. and Zebeli Q. (2013). Peculiarities of enhancing resistant starch in ruminants using chemical methods: Opportunities and challenges. Nutrients. 5, 1970-1988.
Ekinci C. and Broderick G.A. (1997). Effect of processing high moisture ear corn on ruminal fermentation and milk yield. J. Dairy Sci. 80(12), 3298-3307.
Eriksson T., Murphy M., Ciszuk P. and Burstedt E. (2004). Nitro-gen balance, microbial protein production, and milk produc-tion in dairy cows fed fodder beets and potatoes, or barley. J. Dairy Sci. 87(4), 1057-1070.
Gao X. and Oba M. (2016). Effect of increasing dietary non-fiber carbohydrate with starch, sucrose, or lactose on rumen fermen-tation and productivity of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 99(1), 291-300.
Ghoorchi T., Lund P., Larsen M., Hvelplund T., Hansen-Møller J. and Weisbjerg M.R. (2013). Assessment of the mobile bag method for estimation of in vivo starch digestibility. Animal. 7, 265-271.
Giuberti G., Gallo A., Masoero F., Ferraretto L.F., Hoffman P.C. and Shaver R.D. (2014). Factors affecting starch utilization in large animal food production system: A review. Starch Stärke. 66, 72-90.
Gómez L., Posada S.L. and Olivera M. (2016). Starch in ruminant diets: A review. Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Pecuarias. 29, 1-9.
Gozho G.N. and Mutsvangwa T. (2008). Influence of carbohy-drate source on ruminal fermentation characteristics, perform-ance, and microbial protein synthesis in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91(7), 2726-2735.
Hall M.B. (2004). Effect of carbohydrate fermentation rate on estimates of mass fermented and milk response. J. Dairy Sci. 87(5), 1455-1456.
Hall M.B., Larson C.C. and Wilcox C.J. (2010). Carbohydrate source and protein degradability alter lactation, ruminal, and blood measures. J. Dairy Sci. 93(1), 311-322.
Hassan F.L., Arshad M.A., Ebeid H.M., Rehman M.S., Khan M.S., Shahid S. and Yang C. (2020). Phytogenic additives can modulate rumen microbiome to mediate fermentation kinetics and methanogenesis through exploiting diet–microbe interac-tion. Front. Vet. Sci. 7, 1-11.
Hatew B., Cone J.W., Pellikaan W.F., Podesta S.C., Bannink A., Hendriks W.H. and Dijkstra J. (2015). Relationship between in vitro and in vivo methane production measured simultaneously with different dietary starch sources and starch levels in dairy cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 202, 20-31.
Hindle V.A., Vuuren van A.M., Klop A., Mathijssen-Kamman A.A., Van Gelder A.H. and Cone J.W. (2005). Site and extent of starch degradation in the dairy cow: A comparison between in vivo, in situ and in vitro measurements. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 89(3), 158-165.
Hristov A.N., Bannink A., Crompton L.A., Huhtanen P., Kreuzer M., McGee M., Nozière P., Reynolds C.K., Bayat A.R., Yáñez-Ruiz D.R., Dijkstra J., Kebreab E., Schwarm A., Shing-field K.J. and Yu Z. (2019). Invited review: Nitrogen in rumi-nant nutrition: A review of measurement techniques. J. Dairy Sci. 102, 5811-5852.
Khorasani G.R., Okine E.K. and Kennelly J.J. (2001). Effects of substituting barley grain with corn on ruminal fermentation characteristics, milk yield, and milk composition of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84(12), 2760-2769.
Larsen M., Lund P., Weisbjerg M.R. and Hvelplund T. (2009). Digestion site of starch from cereals and legumes in lactating dairy cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 153(3), 236-248.
Malekkhahi M., Naserian A.A., Rahimi A., Bazgir A., Vyas D. and Razzaghi A. (2021). Effects of ground, steam-flaked, and super-conditioned corn grain on production performance and total-tract digestibility in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 104(6), 6756-6767.
Moharrery A., Larsen M.O. and Weisbjerg M.R. (2014). Starch digestion in the rumen, small intestine, and hindgut of dairy cows: A meta-analysis. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 192, 1-14.
Mosavi G.R., Fatahnia F., Mirzaei Alamouti H.R., Mehrabi A.A. and Darmani Kohi H. (2012). Effect of dietary starch source on milk production and composition of lactating Holstein cows. South African J. Anim. Sci. 42, 201-209.
Neubauer V., Petri R.M., Humer E., Kröger I., Reisinger N., Baumgartner W., Wagner M. and Zebeli Q. (2020). Starch-rich diet-induced rumen acidosis and hindgut dysbiosis in dairy cows of different lactations. Animal. 10, 1727-1736.
NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Ed. Na-tional Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
Reynolds C.K. (2006). Production and metabolic effects of the site of starch digestion in dairy cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 130(1), 78-94.
SAS Institute. (2004). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.4. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Shipandeni M.N., Paula E.M., Esposito G., Faciola A.P. and Raf-frenato E. (2023). Effects of starch sources varying in particle sizes on ruminal fermentation, nutrient flow, starch digestibil-ity, and lactation performance of dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 101, 1-12.
Silveira C., Oba M., Yang W.Z. and Beauchemin K.A. (2007). The selection of barley grain affects ruminal fermentation, starch digestibility, and productivity of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90(6), 2860-2869.
Surber L.M.M. and Bowman J.G.P. (1998). Monensin effects on digestion of corn or barley high-concentrate diets. J. Anim. Sci. 76(7), 1945-1954.
Tester R.F., Qi X. and Karkalas J. (2006). Hydrolysis of native starches with amylases. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 130(1), 39-54.
Theurer C.B., Huber J.T., Delgado-Elorduy A. and Wanderley R. (1999). Invited review: Summary of steam-flaking corn or sorghum grain for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 82(9), 1950-1959.
Tian S. and Sun Y. (2020). Influencing factor of resistant starch formation and application in cereal products: A review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 149, 424-431.
Trotta R.J., Kreikemeier K.K., Royle R.F., Milton T. and Harmon D.L. (2022). Corn processing, flake density, and starch retro-gradation influence ruminal solubility of starch, fiber, protein, and minerals. J. Anim. Sci. 100(6), 149-159.
Van Keulen J.Y.B.A. and Young B.A. (1977). Evaluation of acid-insoluble ash as a natural marker in ruminant digestibility studies. J. Anim. Sci. 44(2), 282-287.
Van Soest P.J. (1973). Collaborative study of acid-detergent fiber and lignin. J. AOAC Int. 56(4), 781-784.
Van Soest P.V., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch poly-saccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74(10), 3583-3597.
Volden H. and Larsen M. (2011). Digestion and metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract. Pp. 59-80 in NorFor - The Nordic Feed Evaluation System. H. Volden, Ed., EAAP Publication, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Weiss W.P. (2019). Effects of feeding diets composed of corn silage and a corn milling product with and without supplemen-tal lysine and methionine to dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 102, 2075-2084.
Yi S., Zhang X., Chen X., Zhou J., Gao C., Ma Z., Wang R., Tan Z. and Wang M. (2023). Fermentation of increasing ratios of grain starch and straw fiber: Effects on hydrogen allocation and methanogenesis through in vitro ruminal batch culture. PeerJ. 11, e15050.
Yu M., Li Z., Rong T., Wang G., Liu Z., Chen W., Li J., Li J. and Ma X. (2020). Different dietary starch sources alter the carcass traits, meat quality, and the profile of muscle amino acids and fatty acids in finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 11(1), 1-14.
Zhou J., Wang Y., Wang L., Tu J., Yang L., Yang G., Zeng X. and Qiao S. (2022). Compromised hindgut microbial digestion, rather than chemical digestion in the foregut, leads to de-creased nutrient digestibility in pigs fed low-protein diets. Nu-trients. 14, 2793-2802.
