pollution

Open Access Article

1 - Short-term prediction of carbon monoxide gas concentration in the air of Ahvaz city using artificial neural network analysis
Maryam Kavosi سیما سبزعلی پور hossein fathian

Introduction: Air pollution in cities is one of the most critical environmental problems, representing a constant and severe threat to both the health and hygiene of society and the environment. The primary air pollutants include nitrogen oxides, with a particular empha More

Introduction: Air pollution in cities is one of the most critical environmental problems, representing a constant and severe threat to both the health and hygiene of society and the environment. The primary air pollutants include nitrogen oxides, with a particular emphasis on nitrogen dioxide, sulfur oxides, especially sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide, and suspended particles. Ahvaz, a metropolis in Iran, stands out as one of the most polluted cities. Effective environmental management, particularly in addressing air pollution, is of paramount importance. This research aims to predict the concentration of CO pollutants in Ahvaz city for the first seven days of 2015. Materials and Methods: Based on previous studies, meteorological variables including weather, air temperature and wind speed were selected as gas input titles in the network for gas prediction. CO gas was procured in 2014 through the Environmental Protection Organization of Ahvaz city. In order to develop the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network, Neuro Solution5 software was used to create the neural network, 70% of the data was used for training (validation), 15% for testing, and the remaining 15% for validating the results of the network. is used. was used. Results and Discussion: In order to determine the best MLP network structure for short-term prediction of CO gas concentration, different structures were considered in terms of the number of intermediate layers, the type of network training algorithm, the type of transfer function, the number of intermediate layer neurons and the number of repetitions (Epoch) of training. The results showed that the MLP network with a structure of 1-5-3 (that is, 3 input neurons, 5 neurons in the middle layer and one neuron for the output layer) with 1500 repetitions of training per Tansig transfer function (Tansant Sigmoid) and Traingdm training algorithm (reduction gradient with momentum), is the best MLP network. In addition, the values of NSE, RMSE and MAE statistical indices for the network training stage are equal to 0.72, 0.22 and 0.15 respectively. Conclusion: Air pollution, the primary environmental challenge in Ahvaz, arises from the intersection of traffic and the oil industry. Its impacts on health and the environment necessitate comprehensive investigation. In this study, an MLP network was employed to predict CO gas concentration values in the air of Ahvaz city. The findings demonstrate that the network's accuracy and performance in forecasting CO gas concentration are at an optimal level. As this research progresses, it is recommended to extend the prediction to other gaseous pollutants and to employ optimization algorithms for determining the optimal structure of the artificial neural network Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Simultaneous Removal of Copper And Lead Metal Ions From Polluted Water Using Polymer Membrane Modified With Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles
Bahareh Kamyabmoghadas Nadia Tamimi

Introduction: Heavy metals are one of the main water pollution in environmental problems. There are various methods to remove these pollutions, one of the best methods in this field is membrane processes. The purpose of this research is to remove heavy metals because th More

Introduction: Heavy metals are one of the main water pollution in environmental problems. There are various methods to remove these pollutions, one of the best methods in this field is membrane processes. The purpose of this research is to remove heavy metals because they are toxic and have many harmful effects on the health of living organisms and the environment. For this purpose, modified polymer membranes were used, which can remove a large percentage of copper and lead ions dissolved in water at the same time. Materials and Methods: In this research, polyether sulfone polymer, N-dimethylacetamide solvent and amorphous silica nanoparticles were used as modifiers. The parameters of the experiment were polymer weight percentage (22-18-14%), nanoparticles weight percentage (0.0-0.1-0.2 weight percent of polymer) and pressure (12-17-22 bar). Results and Discussion: The optimal conditions obtained were 22% polymer membrane, 2% additives at 12 bar pressure, and the result of the test in these conditions was the removal of 74% and 82% of lead and copper, respectively. From the prepared membranes, Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron photography (SEM) and thermometric analysis (TGA) tests were performed. In FTIR analysis, peaks related to functional groups were determined. By examining the SEM test, the presence of silica nanoparticles in the polymer membrane was determined, and the TGA analysis in the modified membrane confirmed the increase in the thermal resistance of the membranes. Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the TGA test, it was found that the membrane modified with silica nanoparticles causes more delay in the degradation time, and the thermal resistance of the membranes modified with silica nanoparticles increases more, as a result, the presence of silica nanoparticles increases the stability of the membrane. According to the comparison and examination of the FT-IR test related to pure nanoparticles, pure polymer membrane and membranes with nanoparticles, in addition to identifying the peaks of the functional group of polyether sulfone polymer, the presence of the peak of silica nanoparticles in the modified membranes was also determined. that the presence of silica nanoparticles inside polyether sulfone polymer membranes was established. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Modeling of Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids with the Aim of Reducing Cost and Environmental Pollutants
Mehdi Motevasel

In this article, in order to improve the performance of a micro-grid, a complete and practical model for electric energy storage is presented. In order to optimize the energy in the micro-grid, a dual-purpose objective function has been considered, and the main purpose More

In this article, in order to improve the performance of a micro-grid, a complete and practical model for electric energy storage is presented. In order to optimize the energy in the micro-grid, a dual-purpose objective function has been considered, and the main purpose of this function is to simultaneously minimize the total operating costs and environmental pollutants by considering the uncertainty in the micro-grid. In the optimization part, due to the large search space of the above problem and its non-linearity, the proposed improved particle swarm algorithm has been used. Comparing the answers obtained through the above optimization algorithm with other optimization algorithms shows that the above algorithm is more efficient and has higher speed and accuracy. Finally, the proposed algorithm for managing the electrical energy of the entire micro-grid, the working points of all scattered production sources, how to charge and discharge electrical energy storage devices, as well as the amount of electrical power exchanged with the upstream network, in the condition that the total operating costs and environmental pollution Production is simultaneously minimized and optimized. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Multi-Objective Operation of the Distribution System Including Wind Turbines, Taking Into Account the Minimization of Environmental Pollution in the Network
Reza Sedaghati

Introduction: The ever-increasing growth of consumption loads and the necessity of proper, timely and reliable supply of power networks require a new attitude in the optimal operation of power systems and lines more than ever. On the other hand, in recent years, there h More

Introduction: The ever-increasing growth of consumption loads and the necessity of proper, timely and reliable supply of power networks require a new attitude in the optimal operation of power systems and lines more than ever. On the other hand, in recent years, there has been a lot of support for distributed generation sources based on renewable energies, especially wind turbines. One of the main problems of wind turbines is the problem of extreme wind fluctuations and the dependence of output power on wind speed. Parallel to this problem, in the discussion of network management, the error caused by forecasting the consumption load in the future can also lead to the problem becoming more and more difficult. One of the suitable techniques without initial cost is the method of network topology reconfiguration with the objective of improving the network situation. Materials and Methods: Therefore, in this research, in order to investigate the problem of reconfiguration of the distribution network with the presence of wind turbine sources, a new method for their simultaneous management has been presented. A multi-objective function is considered to reduce the active losses of the network, reduce the overall costs of the network, improve the voltage profile of the existing buses, and reduce the total emissions generated by the network, which uses the firefly optimization algorithm to minimize it. Results and Discussion: Solving the problem of renewing the structure by considering the uncertainty caused by wind turbines is considered. The presence of wind resources in the network has been able to significantly reduce the objective functions. Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the American land reclamation method is better than the other mentioned methods because it has estimated more flow in flood calculation. An important result of flood zoning resulting from the breaking of Tangab dam is that the urban area of Firozabad is safe from this flood and the villages are not flooded as far as the studied area is concerned. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the result of the possible failure of the dam, based on this research, the flood caused by the failure of the dam, except for 1 hectare of the industrial sector, which is a very small area, will cause damage only to agricultural lands. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Feasibility study of nitrate surface absorption by mineral pumice from Nitrate solution on a laboratory scale
Farzad Bakhshandegan Moghaddam Parisa Hoseini

The surge in population and imprudent consumption of water resources have created many challenges in securing sufficient water for sustaining human life. To supply part of the water demand for agriculture, the reuse of gray water is recommended. However, many decontamin More

The surge in population and imprudent consumption of water resources have created many challenges in securing sufficient water for sustaining human life. To supply part of the water demand for agriculture, the reuse of gray water is recommended. However, many decontamination methods are cost-prohibitive and pose challenges in sludge disposal after purification. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the feasibility of nitrate absorption by a mineral pumice adsorbent from nitrate solutions. The present study was conducted as a two-factor factorial experiment and complete randomized design with three replications. The study involved sampling mineral pumice with diameters of 1 cm, and 5 cm and gradation ranging from 1 to 5 cm over 45 days. The samples were calibrated by spectrophotometric method at a wavelength of 470 nm. Results showed that mineral pumice influenced nitrate absorption from the solution. The amount of nitrate in the control treatment was 0.88 grams per liter on the first day. The highest absorption occurred on the 20th day for the 1 cm soil gradation, resulting in a decrease to 0.62 grams per liter, which indicated 0.36 grams per liter of nitrate absorption. Larger gradations, however, showed the highest absorption on the 30th day. The 5 cm treatments and 1-5 cm gradation showed a reduction (absorption) of 0.19 and 0.27 grams per liter of nitrate, respectively, compared to the control treatment. According to the results, mineral pumice, an economical resource, can be used to absorb nitrate from nitrate solutions. Moreover, the used mineral pumice could find applications as a soil texture modifier or fertilizer in various fields beyond nitrate absorption. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Using the IPSS Method in the Quantitative Recommendation of Nitrogen Fertilizer to Reduce Environmental Pollution
Abdolkarim Ejraei rakhshan hakimelahi

Introduction: Chemical fertilizers are one of the most important factors that pollute the environment. Chemical fertilizers can cause air, soil, surface and underground water pollution and cause irreparable damage to the environment. Among the chemical fertilizers, nitr More

Introduction: Chemical fertilizers are one of the most important factors that pollute the environment. Chemical fertilizers can cause air, soil, surface and underground water pollution and cause irreparable damage to the environment. Among the chemical fertilizers, nitrogenous fertilizers have the largest amount of consumption and can be affected by the oxidation and reduction process and affect the environment the most. So far, many methods have been presented to recommend chemical fertilizers, but all these methods are qualitative and cannot calculate the quantity of fertilizer required by the plant. The Integrated Plant and Soil System (IPSS) was first described in 2019. In this method, the amount of elements needed by plants is calculated quantitatively. Materials and Methods: There was a significant correlation between nitrogen of saturated soil extract and nitrogen of plant organs, and the highest correlation was observed between the nitrogen of young leaves and the nitrogen of saturated soil extract. Also, the highest correlation was between the nitrogen of young leaves and other plant organs. Organs of plants whose nitrogen had a significant correlation with soil nitrogen were selected and multivariate regression equations were determined between them and soil saturated extract nitrogen. By simplifying them, two equations with two variables were obtained, according to which the required fertilizer can be calculated. Results and Discussion: There was a significant correlation between nitrogen of saturated soil extract and nitrogen of plant organs, and the highest correlation was observed between the nitrogen of young leaves and the nitrogen of saturated soil extract. Also, the highest correlation was between the nitrogen of young leaves and other plant organs. Organs of plants whose nitrogen had a significant correlation with soil nitrogen were selected and multivariate regression equations were determined between them and soil saturated extract nitrogen. By simplifying them, two equations with two variables were obtained, according to which the required fertilizer can be calculated. Conclusion: The results of this research are two bivariate regression equations, based on which the amount of fertilizer required by plants can be calculated quantitatively and accurately, and the environment can be protected from the risk of chemical fertilizer contamination. This method can be used for all elements and plants in hydroponic and soil cultivation systems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Economic assessment and Policies on controlling air pollution due to Transportation: Case study of Tehran
J. Pejoyan A. moghiminia

The air pollution which is at present on of the most important problems in the city of Tehran, as anexternality, imposes costs and expenses on the economy of the country. These costs which are sometimesunaccountable while add to the environmental issues in the long &nda More

The air pollution which is at present on of the most important problems in the city of Tehran, as anexternality, imposes costs and expenses on the economy of the country. These costs which are sometimesunaccountable while add to the environmental issues in the long – run and aggravate the circumstances inaccessing to sustainable development. So, by controlling and reducing the air pollution the necessarygrounds for creating appropriate and suitable conditions for growth and development should be prepared.Controlling the air pollution can be assessed in two directions (pivotal stages).First, posing rules and controls by the policymakers and second, setting environmental taxes. Using theestimations by the model which analysis the air pollution resulted from transportation in Tehran, weconclude that the distance demand is a less elastic factor (good) which is due to the low price of gas inTehran. The findings of the estimations after setting (posing) environmental taxes (taxes on the price of gasand distance plus taxes on vehicles) also, indicate that considering the less elasticity of the driven distancedemand, setting these types of taxes is merely useful for the income purposes of the government, while,pigovian purposes, that is, reducing the air pollution through reducing demand by consumers Will not besatisfactory via posing these types of taxes Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Identifying Dimensions of Implementing Policies of Air Pollution Control in Iran
S. M. Mahdi Peyghambarzadeh Seyyed Mahdi Alvani

Background: One of the most issues today most of countries, such as Iran, facing them is unsuccessful implementation of public policies. Although different acts are conducted to implement these policies, but also there aren’t desirable outputs and outcomes. Object More

Background: One of the most issues today most of countries, such as Iran, facing them is unsuccessful implementation of public policies. Although different acts are conducted to implement these policies, but also there aren’t desirable outputs and outcomes. Objective: This paper is prepared in order to determine the dimensions of the implementation of Air Pollution Control Policies in Iran. Methods: In order to explore these dimensions, initially by deep studying of theoretic literature and famous models of policy implementation, indicators and components were determined and then ,because of exploratory nature of research questions, after interviewing with experts and 2 independent study, other indicators and components were exploited by means of “thematic analysis” method. Finding: Data analysis in coding process was resulted in appearance of 85 base themes, 19 organizer themes and 6 inclusive themes. Conclusion: The dimensions of implementation of air pollution control policies in Iran includes: “policy making”, “Planning and resources mobility”, “management and implementation network”, “supervision and evaluating” “Stakeholders and target groups”, and “context”. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - The Impact of Globalization on the Tendency of Citizens to Protect the Environment Experimental Communications Tehran Residents
Maryam Rezaee Seyed Yaghoob Moosavi

With increasing environmental pollution and ecosystem destruction, growing attention and concern of the community understand the causes, consequences and ways to reduce it. Several factors are involved in reducing threatening conditions above. This study emphasizes the More

With increasing environmental pollution and ecosystem destruction, growing attention and concern of the community understand the causes, consequences and ways to reduce it. Several factors are involved in reducing threatening conditions above. This study emphasizes the role of media and communication studies globalization tends to preserve the environment among citizens living in the city of Tehran.The methodology of this study is a survey. The number of 277 residents in three districts of Tehran, a city of five and fourteen were selected. To analyze the data obtained from the correlation and multivariate regression analysis were used. The findings of the analysis showed that the correlation between the globalization of communications and tends to protect the environment and there is a significant positive relationship. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Urban and Architectural Development in Amman Downtown between Natural Disasters and Great Heritage Lose: Case Study
Bassam Abu-Awad Numan Abu-Hammad Ziad Abu-Hamatteh

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - The Form of Residential Buildings on Local Winds: Air Pollution Reduction
Tina Sadat Sadrolgharavi Mohammad Javad Mahdavinejad

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Modeling the quality of water and wastewater treatment using neural networks and hybrid neural networks
Ahmad Jafarian Fatemeh Ghanbary Rahim saneeifard

One of the most important and fundamental factors in the life of living things is water. Therefore, water pollution is a major environmental problem and prevent water pollution and providing smart methods for water treatment is so important. Equipping engineering scienc More

One of the most important and fundamental factors in the life of living things is water. Therefore, water pollution is a major environmental problem and prevent water pollution and providing smart methods for water treatment is so important. Equipping engineering sciences with intelligent tools and artificial intelligence in the diagnose quality of wastewater treatments can reduce the errors of the methods. This paper presents a simple and hybrid neural network with statistical logistic regression method for modelling of the output quality of wastewater treatment. The proposed intelligent method plays an important role in the quality of wastewater treatment and can be used by artificial intelligence researchers and environmental engineers. Comparison of the predicted results by simple neural network and hybrid one showed that the efficiency of the hybrid model and it is suitable for our purpose. results of research proved that the new method has the highest efficiency with minimum errors. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - International responsibility in environmental low
Seyed Abbas Poor Hashemi Maryamalsadat Moosavi

According to the international law of responsibility, a state whose acts or omissions are against the international regulations is obliged to redress the damages to the injured state or states. In fact, breach of any obligation in the international law incurs responsibi More

According to the international law of responsibility, a state whose acts or omissions are against the international regulations is obliged to redress the damages to the injured state or states. In fact, breach of any obligation in the international law incurs responsibility. The most important point regarding the international environmental law is its different aspects and expansiveness of the issues specifically issues with exterritorial nature like borderline pollutions and international destructions. The world needs a serious cooperation at the time of tremendous and sudden problems regarding the international environmental issues. Even today, the world`s leaders have transferred the environmental issues from marginal and sidelong sections towards their main political agenda. On the other hand, the international law researchers have been dealing with creating the rules regarding states` responsibility and commitments, especially on accountability regarding destruction and borderline pollutions and meanwhile the states have been dealing with issue according to the responsibility system by expanding the international agreements with the purpose of preventing the activities obnoxious for the environment. On the other hand, establishing the international criminal court is one of the considerable international activities in criminal support of the environment. But despite the fact that the international responsibility has a considerable position in the international law, this issue has been vague in the international environmental law and redressing the damages; however in the recent years it has been developing Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - The effect of foreign direct investment on environmental pollution in selected countries
فاطمه زندی سیما کلامی

During recent decades, as a result of globalization, we have witnessed unprecedeted increase in Foreign Direct Investment. Nevertheless, Foreign Direct Investment in pollutant industry is effective in inspiring the trend of economic growth, although it is known as one o More

During recent decades, as a result of globalization, we have witnessed unprecedeted increase in Foreign Direct Investment. Nevertheless, Foreign Direct Investment in pollutant industry is effective in inspiring the trend of economic growth, although it is known as one of the most important sources of disturbing the environment in the host country. In this respect, the main objective of this research is to explore the relation between FDI and the quality of environments (chemical pollution of water). To do so, firstly countries are divided in terms of development into two groups, including OECD countries and Non-OECD countries, and then using panel data method for period 1996-2007, the relationship between FDI and chemical pollution of water has been investigated. The results show that FDI inflows cause environmental problems in Non-OECD countries. In other words, the positive relationship between FDI inflows and pollution has been confirmed in these countries, while the negative relationship between the mentioned variables is confirmed in OECD countries.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Economic Growth, Human Development and Environmental Pollution in the Selected Countries
منیره Dizji سلماز Gholami nejad

This research examines the relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth of selected countries. We used panel data and employed the environmental hypothesis of Kuznets, for 22 countries for the period 2005-1997. In this study, the level of water conta More

This research examines the relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth of selected countries. We used panel data and employed the environmental hypothesis of Kuznets, for 22 countries for the period 2005-1997. In this study, the level of water contamination is used as an index for pollution and GDP per capita for economic growth. The adjusted human development index that includes many social variables such as health, political rights, civil liberties, adult literacy are also considered. Other variables include theindustrial value-added share of GDP, population density and the degree of economic openness .The results show that:There exist an inverted U relationship between pollution and economic growth, which confirms the Environmental hypothesis of Kuznets.Environmental pollution has a negative relationship with the human development index and the degree of economic openness.Environmental pollution has a positive relationship with industrial value-added.JEL Classification: O15,O40,Z19 Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Analyzing the Asymmetric Impact of Air Pollution on Per Capita Health Expenditure in Iran
abolghasem Mohammadian Mansour

10.30495/jhm.2023.72231.11111

Introduction: Air pollution from different channels leads to weakening of health and increasing demand for health care, and as a result, increasing per capita health expenditure. On the other hand, it is possible that the impact of air pollution on health costs is asymm More

Introduction: Air pollution from different channels leads to weakening of health and increasing demand for health care, and as a result, increasing per capita health expenditure. On the other hand, it is possible that the impact of air pollution on health costs is asymmetric; In this sense, the effectiveness of health costs from increasing and decreasing the air pollution is not the same. Based on this, the main purpose of this study is to experimentally estimate the asymmetric effect of air pollution index on per capita health expenditure in Iran.Methods: The present descriptive-analytical and applied study using the time series data during the period of 1989-2020, investigated the short-term and long-term effects of positive and negative air pollution shocks, per capita income, dependency burden, and urbanization on per capita health expenditure. The data used were also collected from the Central bank of Islamic Republic of Iran database and World Development Indicators belonging to the World Bank. Also, the model was estimated in the form of a regression model using the Non-linear Auto-Regressive Distributed Lags (NARDL) method in Eviews 12.0 software.Results: The results show that in the short and long term, the effect of positive air pollution index shocks on the increase of health expenditure per capita is greater than the effect of its negative shocks on the decrease of health expenditure per capita (confirmation of asymmetric effect). With a one percent increase in CO2 emissions, in the long and short term, per capita health expenditure will increase by about 0.18 and 0.04 percent, respectively. On the other hand, with a one percent reduction in CO2 emissions, in the long and short term, per capita health expenditure will decrease by 0.06 and 0.01 percent, respectively.Conclusion: Considering that the effect of increasing shocks of air pollution on health costs is much greater than the effect of decreasing shocks, adopting policies and strategies to prevent the increase of air pollution emissions in the current period can help reduce future additional per capita costs in the health sector. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Environmental Accounting with Emphasis on Solid Waste Management
Rezvan Hejazi Kimiya Eslami

Main goal is following to identify indicators for calculation of environmental expenditures in waste area, with review effective factors to creation pollution and prevention of pollution ways. Such that calculating environmental expenditures and render financial reporti More

Main goal is following to identify indicators for calculation of environmental expenditures in waste area, with review effective factors to creation pollution and prevention of pollution ways. Such that calculating environmental expenditures and render financial reporting to users. At this research, first classification creation pollution methods and human correlate with this and then distributed questionnaires among decision makers (municipal executives and citizens) and specialist (accountant and specialists of environmental) than by analyzing they and by SPSS could be identify environmental indicators. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Investigation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the peripheral sediments of the coral ecosystems of the Persian Gulf islands (Case study: Qeshm, Hengam and Lavan)
Mehdi Soltani Saber Ghasemi Ehsan Kamrani

10.30495/jrnr.2022.69815.10261

The second richest habitat on the planet after tropical forests is dedicated to coral ecosystems. This ecosystem plays a significant role in balancing the amount of carbon and nitrogen, maintaining coastlines against destruction caused by continuous waves, storms, flood More

The second richest habitat on the planet after tropical forests is dedicated to coral ecosystems. This ecosystem plays a significant role in balancing the amount of carbon and nitrogen, maintaining coastlines against destruction caused by continuous waves, storms, floods, creating a marine environment, nutrients for the food chain, and also balancing the delicate system of nature. Today, the extraction, exploitation and transportation of oil have left the biggest role in the destruction of the coral coasts of the Persian Gulf. Samples of marine and coastal sediments of Qeshm, Hengam and Lavan coral islands from a depth of about 0-5 cm were randomly collected according to the MOOPAM method and the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons was measured by UVF device in μg/g of sediment. The texture type of sediments indicated that the highest percentage of fine particles (Silt+Clay) in marine and coastal sediments of Lavan Island is 51.58% and 51.01%, respectively. The average detected concentrations of TPH are lower than the environmental risk background value (4 μg/g). The highest concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons is observed in the marine and coastal sediment stations of Lavan Island, which can be due to the facilities and activities of oil and fishing vessels in this island. Also, the assessment of the environmental risk caused by TPH pollution on aquatic organisms using indicators of sediment quality guidelines (SOGs) and contamination factor (Cf) showed that the investigated sediments do not have any adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms. Exploitation, marine transportation, oil spills and its derivatives are considered as one of the main reasons for the destruction and negative ecological effects on the coral reefs of the Persian Gulf, which this challenge of the need to protect the coastal areas and the environment makes marine life more obvious with a sustainable development approach. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Zinc phytoremediation by desert shrub Acacia victoriae benth.
Khadijeh Khermandar Ali Mahdavi

In this study was purposed to investigate the absorption of zinc by Acacia victoriae. &lrm;The one year old shrubs were randomly selected in 3 replications and exposed by Zinc-sulfate in four concentration (0, 50, 250, 500 mg/l). Some of the morphological and physiologi More

In this study was purposed to investigate the absorption of zinc by Acacia victoriae. &lrm;The one year old shrubs were randomly selected in 3 replications and exposed by Zinc-sulfate in four concentration (0, 50, 250, 500 mg/l). Some of the morphological and physiological properties such as plant height, collar diameter, leaf number and area, green and dry weight of plant, tolerance index, grade of growth inhibition and chlorophyll content as well as bioaccumulations of Zn in different plant tissues &lrm;were evaluated. Results showed that the properties were significantly affected by Zn. However, the effect of high concentration of Zn &lrm;had slight decrease in the properties, that didn't have any series effects on tree as well as the signs of toxicity with zincwas not observed. In addition, the amounts of accumulation of Zn in the roots were higher than above-ground tissues, so that about 80% of Zn (4794.5 mg/kg), more than 13% of Zn (797.9 mg/kg), and about &lrm;7% of Zn (488.35 mg/kg) were accumulated in the root tissues, the stem tissues, and the leaves, respectively. The bioaccumulation and transfer factors were also measured to higher one and lower one, respectively. Generally, the result demonstrated that the Acacia victoriae &lrm;could be affected&rlm;&lrm; as a phytoremediation&lrm; in&rlm; &rlm;reduction of soil pollution to Zn&rlm;. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - Thermodynamics Study of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Passing through SWNT and Their Removal from Environment
L. Mahdavian

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - A survey about social-cultural role of women in qualitative improvement of environment
Seyed Mohammad Mirzai Nasrin Jazani Omalbanin Pouladi

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - Green Roof An effective solution to reduce the pollution of buildings in the city (results according to the recipe in leed and bream)
nehri nishaboori وحید قبادیان

Increasing the pollution of the place, especially the impact of buildings on human beings, has led to finding solutions that reduce pollution in the environment. The extent and importance of the issue of pollution in the environment makes it more urgent to address these More

Increasing the pollution of the place, especially the impact of buildings on human beings, has led to finding solutions that reduce pollution in the environment. The extent and importance of the issue of pollution in the environment makes it more urgent to address these guidelines. It illustrates the solutions that operate on the basis of various approaches to the object and purpose of controlling the pollution of buildings. Reducing contamination, carbon dioxide emissions, carbon sequestration, increasing the life span of the roof, reducing waste production using the bottom soil as a small landfill for waste with a very low amount, increasing water quality by drainage of sewage, and creating an insulation against noise pollution. To achieve this goal, because of the high density in cities and the lack of space for the expansion of green space, green roofs are much more effective. To justify what our horizons are in the design and use of green roofs to control contaminations such as carbon dioxide and the use of optimal water recycling systems, there are instructions and definitions that can be found in the set of recommendations and in the expression And it is standardized in design. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - Evaluation of air and noise pollution in the mountainous tourist area of Mashhad
ali entezari مرسل morsal

Today, mountains are one of the most popular leisure centers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of pollutants in the mountainous tourist area of Mashhad. This study is cross-sectional in terms of implementation time and applied in terms of out More

Today, mountains are one of the most popular leisure centers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of pollutants in the mountainous tourist area of Mashhad. This study is cross-sectional in terms of implementation time and applied in terms of outputs. In terms of analysis, it is descriptive-analytical as well as comparative. Data on 6 air pollutants (carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone and particulate matter) and noise pollution were collected and analyzed at the research area. The level of noise pressure in the region was recorded in different times. To investigate the situation of pollution risk assessment method in the region, quantitative risk assessment technique - William Fine method was used. The results showed that air pollution and noise pollution in Kuhsangi tourist area of Mashhad are inappropriate. And this is an alarm for the officials of Kuhsangi region. Therefore, Kuhsangi mountain tourism has the necessary potentials, but in general, there are a number of obstacles that can be solved by forming a nature tourism committee and providing logical solutions for the development of this industry by holding regular meetings with members of geography experts. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - The effect of space layout components, land use and traffic and road network on urban air pollution (Case study: Tabriz)
Ruhollah Namaki Akbar Abdollahzadeh Hasan Sattari Sarbangholi

Air pollution in the city is one of the most important issues that affect the environment, community health, economy, management of urban areas, etc. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of space layout components, land use and traffic and road network on More

Air pollution in the city is one of the most important issues that affect the environment, community health, economy, management of urban areas, etc. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of space layout components, land use and traffic and road network on urban air pollution. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts living in Tabriz. The sample size includes 45 people. Descriptive statistical tests, regression in SPSS software were used to analyze the data. The results of this study showed that land use, space layout, traffic and network of roads and urban density have a positive and significant effect on air pollution. Also, among the components related to the arrangement of space, the interconnected component has the most impact. Among the land use components, the green space density component has the opposite effect on air pollution. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - Policies, strategies and metods of dealing treting with scrape vehicles
رحیم Moshiri علیرضا Soolaimani

Noweadays, It is very important to pay attention to bio- environmental insights in urban planning and developmented programs, because scrap vehicles are one of the factors that influence air and environment pollution. In undevelopment or developing  countres , noth More

Noweadays, It is very important to pay attention to bio- environmental insights in urban planning and developmented programs, because scrap vehicles are one of the factors that influence air and environment pollution. In undevelopment or developing  countres , nothing has been done for scrape vehicles. Also in Iran , nothing has been done for controlling and recycling the scrape vehicles , in comparison to the fast and rapid growth of vehicle production. In this research , programs, policies, strategies and method,for threatment about scrape vehicles in developed countries has been explored and studied and , by contrastive analysis, it is aimed to provide and propose solutions fr the best treatment with scrape vehicles, especially applying the experiemences in sight and finding in developed countries to developing or under developed onces. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - Scoping of Air Pollution in Tehran(1999 -2007)
Hasan Lashkari Afsaneh Zafari

Air Pollution of cities has nowadays turned into an environmental, social problem.Population growth, asymmetric development in which scientific principles are notalways observed, physical tissue of cities, increase in tools,and polluting resourceshave jeopardized human More

Air Pollution of cities has nowadays turned into an environmental, social problem.Population growth, asymmetric development in which scientific principles are notalways observed, physical tissue of cities, increase in tools,and polluting resourceshave jeopardized human life in some cities, there by threatening their health.As the largest city of Iran , Tehran is among the most polluted cities throughout theworld. In view of the effects caused by air pollution to the environment and humanhealth, precise identifying of pollutants and specifying of polluted scopes in order tolessen pollution are necessitated.In this research, data pertaining to carbon monoxide (Co) were extracted from 10main stations for measuring the air pollution settled by Tehran Clean Air Control Co.based on the PSI index and were specified by means of Excel software for a 10 –yearstatistic period of clean and dirty air, and 5 samples of the most serious polluted dayswere selected to be studied. Then, for scoping, some maps were provided by GIS.Investigation of the maps drawn revealed that direction and pace of wind played amajor role in movement of air pollution. Highly unhealthy scopes were observed incentral and southern areas, such as Fatemi, Bazar, Azadi, Mehrabad and Bahmanstations. In the samples studied, clean and permitted scopes existed more in northern,northwestern, and northeastern parts except for the sample of the day 04/12/2005,when no clean air existed anywhere in the city. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Evaluation temperature inversion on the Ahvaz air pollution process
Farideh Azimi

The slope of vertical temperature changes rise in height. This state of temperaturerise with height is called temperature inversion.Ahvaz is considered as one of the 7 major polluted cities in Iran.Intensification of the phenomenon of inversion leads to atmosphere stabi More

The slope of vertical temperature changes rise in height. This state of temperaturerise with height is called temperature inversion.Ahvaz is considered as one of the 7 major polluted cities in Iran.Intensification of the phenomenon of inversion leads to atmosphere stability andcongestion of pollutants in the lower layers of the earth’s surface. High density andcompression of cold heavy weather, just under warm weather with lower density,hinder vertical movements in the atmosphere. Surrounding heights and high rises inbig cities decrease horizontal wind movements and lead to concomitant intensificationof the temperature inversion layer and further pollutant compression inside the lowerlayers of the atmosphere.In this study we considered climate element data for 55 years ago and analysis earthsurface plans and 500 milibar surface in order to evaluation of temperature inversioneffect on Ahvaz pollution processing.The results of this study in indicate the maximum of intensity of temperatureinversion, weather stability in low pressure areas and high pressure upper air levelsduring the hot seasons. This thesis studies the parameters, regional factors andpollution processes in Ahvaz and attempts to find ways to control and reducepollutions. To this aim, it offers solutions and argues that observation and control ofthe gases and industry chimneys as well as planning the land use can play crucial rolesin decreasing pollution and moving in the direction of appropriate development. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - The study of cadmium uptake and accumulation in Acacia victoriae three months old seedlings
khadijeh khermandar ali mahdavi

As a result of human activities, metal pollution has become one of the most important challenges in soil and water conservation area today. Phytoremediation utilizes plants to uptake contaminants and can potentially be used to remediate metal contaminated soils and wate More

As a result of human activities, metal pollution has become one of the most important challenges in soil and water conservation area today. Phytoremediation utilizes plants to uptake contaminants and can potentially be used to remediate metal contaminated soils and waters. This study was carried out with the aim of assessing the ability of Acacia victoriae three months old seedlings in the accumulation of cadmium in their parts (stem and root), transfer it from the roots to the stems and to understand the effect of Cd accumulation on some morphology attributes of  the plant. For this purpose, 12 seedlings of A.victoriae three months old seedlings were exposed to Cd in 4 different concentrations: 0, 10, 50 and 100 (mg/l) for period 45 days in completely randomized design with 3 replicates per treatment were considered. The results showed significantly reduction of  height, biomass and resistance were observed, compared to the control plants and also symptoms of toxicity in the leafs which become thin, yellow and with brwon spots in high concentrations of Cd were notably. Also Cd accumulation in roots and aerial parts increasing trend with increasing Cd supply up to 100 (mg/l) and root tissue concentration regards to Cd concentration was higher than stem tissues concentration at all treatments. Cdwere accumulated in the roots, stems and leafs of seedlings, more than 72% (19433.33 mg/kg), under 17% (4630 mg/kg) and under 11% (2853.33 mg/kg) exposed to 100 (mg/l), respectively. Bioconcentration Coefficient root and stem, Translocation Factors, Enrich Coefficient and Uptake Index were determined 184.9, 71.20, 0.39, 0.014, 7697.73 mg/kg in high concentrations of Cd, respectively. Indeed, the results confirmed that A.victoriae had the ability to accumulate Cd in the roots so that prevented Cd toxicity symptom. Generally, this desert plant can be used in the process of remediation of Cd soil polluted by way of phytostabilization.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - The Effect of irrigation management on the available lead(Pb) in soil and accumulation in shoot of rice
امیر رحمانی سامانی Mahdi Ghobadinia عبدالرزاق دانش شهرکی سیدحسن طباطبایی محمدحسن صالحی

Lead (Pb) is an environmental pollutants and cause of serious effects on human health due to the properties of accumulation, toxic and long-lasting. In this study, different water level management, including flood irrigation, control water level in 20 and 36 cm below th More

Lead (Pb) is an environmental pollutants and cause of serious effects on human health due to the properties of accumulation, toxic and long-lasting. In this study, different water level management, including flood irrigation, control water level in 20 and 36 cm below the soil surface and intermittent irrigation in rice cultivation were studied on amount of available Pb in a soil and accumulation in shoot of rice plants. The experiment was performed under the completely randomized design and with three replications at Shahrekord University. The results showed that the effect of irrigation management on the amount of available Pb in soil and accumulation in shoot was significant (p<0.01). Moisture content in the root zone, have greater effect on uptake and translocation of this element in soil and plant parts. Use intermittent irrigation management (including flood irrigation and so stop, until decrease water table used by plant to 4cm under soil surface), water  table control in 20cm under soil surface (50% irrigation) and water  table control in 36cm under soil surface (10% irrigation) compared to flood irrigation, led to decrease 8.78%, 21.53% and 40.09% in the available Pb in soil respectively, and decrease 26.71%, 35.82% and 52.01% in the Pb uptake in the stems and leaves and 15.80%, 44.19% and 49.28% decrease in the Pb uptake in the seed respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Contamination Evaluation, Health and Ecological risk index assessment of Potential Toxic Elements in the surface soils Case Study: Central Part of Bandar Abbas County
Tahereh Moghtaderi SHAHLA MAHMOUDI ata shakeri mohamadhassan masihabadi

Soils from the industrial areas in the south of Bandar Abbas County are susceptible to contamination by the export terminal, metal and non-metallic industries. In this research, the concentrations of selected potentially toxic elements in order to determine the contamin More

Soils from the industrial areas in the south of Bandar Abbas County are susceptible to contamination by the export terminal, metal and non-metallic industries. In this research, the concentrations of selected potentially toxic elements in order to determine the contamination level, source and assessment of ecological risk index, also health risk assessment to determine the quantity of potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of the elements in the soil of this area was investigated So that a total of 66 soil samples were collected. The Enrichment Factor (EF) and Ecological Risk Index were calculated to measure the contamination level. Principle component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the sources of heavy metals pollution, and also the health risk assessment was used in three ways: ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. Results indicated that the average of EF for studied elements decreased in the order of Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, As, Ni and Cr. The mean value of the ecological risk of Cu and Cd indicates medium and high ecological risk, respectively. The Hazard index for all selected elements through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact in children is higher than that of adults. The results of EF and PCA indicate that the As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn have been affected by anthropogenic sources. As, Cr and Cd were regarded as the priority pollutants and Cancer risks in soils were within tolerable risk to human health. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - Groundwater quality trend analysis and zoning using TFPW-MK and GIS(Case Study: Najaf Abad Aquifer)
Hojjat Yonesi Hasan Torabipoudeh Babak Shahinejad Azadeh Arshia hafez mirzapour

Investigating the quality and contamination of groundwater resources in the planning and development of water resources is very important and necessary. The purpose of this study is to map the quality of water, pollution, and study the trend of changes in quality parame More

Investigating the quality and contamination of groundwater resources in the planning and development of water resources is very important and necessary. The purpose of this study is to map the quality of water, pollution, and study the trend of changes in quality parameters in the long run in Najafabad aquifer. For this purpose, the parameters EC, TDS, SAR, pH, TH, Cl, CO3, Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, NO3 and heavy elements including zinc, copper, lead, cadmium and arsenic were investigated from laboratory samples. . The agricultural water quality classification according to the Wilcox diagram is mainly in the range of C3-S1 and in the drinking water according to the Schuler diagram it is mainly acceptable and intermediate and in some cases inappropriate. The amount of heavy elements is allowed. The trend of changes in qualitative parameters was evaluated using MK and TFPW-MK methods and the results showed that water quality decreased over time. Some qualitative parameters were mapped in ArcGIS environment. The average nitrate concentration was calculated to be 63.13 mg / L and the maximum nitrate concentration in the northern and central parts of the aquifer was 193 mg / L. Regarding the results of this study, continuous monitoring and quantitative and qualitative investigations of groundwater resources and necessary measures to control pollution in the Najafabad aquifer area is very necessary. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - Assessment the effects of vegetation degradation on runoff changes and water pollution potential in the sub-watersheds of the Eastern Azerbaijan province
Ardavan Zarandian Majid Ramezani Mehrian

10.30495/wsrcj.2021.18547

Vegetation is an important factor affecting runoff, quantity and quality of water in a watershed. This study investigates the effects of vegetation reduction in the eastern watershed of Lake Urmia on two parameters of runoff and the potential for water pollution .The WW More

Vegetation is an important factor affecting runoff, quantity and quality of water in a watershed. This study investigates the effects of vegetation reduction in the eastern watershed of Lake Urmia on two parameters of runoff and the potential for water pollution .The WWPSS model was used to simultaneously assess the three parameters. Vegetation shows a fraction of the types of grass, tree and land without vegetation that were obtained from MODIS VCF satellite images. Runoff was calculated as accumulated water budget downstream. This model also provides an indicator to determine the potential level of water pollution. The results showed that rangeland cover decreased by an average of about 32%. Also, the average runoff production increased by 2.6, 3.16, 2.9 and 3.25 percent, respectively, in the existing conditions in 4 sub-basins of Aji Chai, Qaleh Chai, Marduq Chai and Sufi Chai compared to the situation before the reduction of vegetation coverage. According to the results, the difference in water pollution potential between the baseline and existing conditions in different parts of the watershed has fluctuated in the range between -9 to15% and an average of 0.6%. This change has increased the pollution load in some places and decreased it in others; but in general, it has led to incremental changes in water pollution potential with an average of about 2.5% in the total watershed. The method used can be used to quantify and map ecosystem water changes and its application in environmental assessment and management. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Point Sources Pollution Index Development in Well Capture Zones with Mathematical Modeling Approach (Case study: Meshgin Shahr plain)
Mohsen Heidarogli Hossein Saadati Ebrahim Fataei

10.30495/wsrcj.2023.71198.11340

Background and Aim: It is possible to identify the areas of plains that are highly vulnerable to contaminating wells by modeling, integrating, and developing indicators. The presence of polluting points in these areas will bring and intensify the risk of contamination o More

Background and Aim: It is possible to identify the areas of plains that are highly vulnerable to contaminating wells by modeling, integrating, and developing indicators. The presence of polluting points in these areas will bring and intensify the risk of contamination of wells. The main goal of this research is to develop and provide a new index to determine the vulnerable levels around the wells that can cause the pollution of drinking and agricultural wells and, consequently, the pollution of the aquifer. In this research, the combination of point pollutant sources density was used as a risk index and well capture zones as a vulnerability index. This method is more accurate than other methods because it takes into account features such as discharge, natural damping, soil, aquifer hydraulic conductivity, land use, landcover, and distribution of wells, and it is a combination of vulnerability index and risk index.Method:In the present research, the vulnerability of Meshginshahr’s plain’s aquifer with an area of 614 square kilometers is estimated using the combination of two factors of the density of polluting sources in the areas of the rivers and the well capture zones.First, the density of point pollution sources such as industries, villages, gas stations, as an index of potential polluting sources in Mashgin Shahr’s plain’s rivers is determined by Karnal method in GIS environment. Then, numerical modeling is done to determine the well capture zonesusing MODFLOW and MODPATH models.The statistical data of 10 years from 2011 to 2020 is divided into three categories.The first 8 years are used for the calibration, and the last 2 years were used for model validation.Modeling was performed for stable state.Then the parameters of hydraulic conductivity, recharge and anisotropy are subjected to sensitivity analysis.In the next step, using the MODPATH model and based on the results of the MODFLOW model, well capture zonesor areas with high vulnerability are estimated in different periods.By combining the density layer of point pollutants in the rivers’ protection area and well capture zones, the developed pollution index of the plain is obtained.Results: The density of pollutants in the region varied from zero to 0.998 items per square kilometer, so that the highest density is in the southwest of the plain, around the important cities of the region. In 16% of the total surface of the plain, there is no capture of pollution by wells. The final capture with 25% of the plain has the largest share and the 10-year capture with less than 1% of the plain has the lowest share. The results of the final index shows that the entire level of the plain is in the range of low risk, and about 50% of the level of the Meshgin’s plain is in the range of low vulnerability. The results of this index are validated based on the density of two important pollutants, nitrate and chloride, which have a positive correlation with the vulnerability index. Two potential pollutants are selected as accuracy parameters to confirm the result of the index developed in this research. Nitrate is considered in rural and agricultural areas, which are affected by agricultural fertilizers and sewage. Chloride also indicates pollution in industrial and commercial places. The results show that the relationship between the two parameters of chlorine and nitrate is almost linear, so that the Pearson correlation coefficient for nitrate is 0.58 and for chloride is 0.49.Conclusion: The results of this research indicated that in the plains’ management in order to protect the wells’ water quality, the combination of the risk index of point pollutants in the rivers and the vulnerability of the well capture zones can play an important role, and in the industrial development of Mashgin Shahr plain, priority should be given to areas with lower risk. Due to the fact that there are no industrial towns or units in Mashgin Plain, it is not possible to evaluate the risk classes of this index with the spatial changes of groundwater pollution, and it is recommended that this index be used and evaluated in industrial plains. The index presented in this research is simpler compared to other developed indices in the field of aquifer pollution, however; for more accuracy, the weight of the effect can be determined for any point or non-point pollutant, or other parameters can be used Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

34 - Investigating the Spread of Pollution in the Porous Environment of the Babol Aquifer by MODFLOW and MODPATH Models
Yaser Ghandehari Alireza Zamani Nouri Babak Aminnejad

10.30495/wsrcj.2023.72853.11370

Background and Aim: Due to the sharp decline of the underground water in the country's plains due to their indiscriminate extraction for agricultural purposes, managers are looking for solutions to manage and restore underground water tables. One of the solutions to com More

Background and Aim: Due to the sharp decline of the underground water in the country's plains due to their indiscriminate extraction for agricultural purposes, managers are looking for solutions to manage and restore underground water tables. One of the solutions to compensate for the drop in the underground water level, which is one of the most effective factors in destroying the discharge capacity and increasing the quality in the underground water area, scenarios of reducing withdrawal of farming wells and prepare prohibition plans with the least uncertainty based on the regional sensitivity to pollution. The purpose of this research is to predict the flow and pollution conditions of the area based on numerical models, so that the level network and the direction of the underground water flow of the plain using MODFLOW software in a long-term period and the development of the prediction model using Calibration and validation operations should be performed on the base period of the studies in order to be able to implement the forecast scenarios by applying restrictions and reducing harvesting on aquifer exploitation resources, and specifically agricultural wells, until the stage of stable hydrograph extraction of the plain.Method: This research was carried out with the aim of estimating and predicting the state of pollution in the urban pollution site, using MODFLOW and MODPATH computer programs in GMS software. To achieve this goal, in the first step, the numerical model of the aquifer flow was prepared and calibrated by the MODFLOW code. Then, the MODPATH code was used to track the contaminated particles in the steady-state progressive method. In the second stage, the impact of the scenario of increasing and decreasing the pumping from the exploitation wells on the travel time, the length of the path and the catchment area of the leachate particles leading to them was predicted and evaluated by the regressive method. In the third step, the tracking of particles leading to qualitative sampling wells in the plain was predicted and evaluated by regressive method in steady state. Results: According to the automatic calibration and validation approach, the underground water flow model produced the least statistical deviation on the optimization parameters. Also, the particle transfer quality model was correctly implemented on the groundwater flow prediction model. In the Babol aquifer, the waste disposal area outside the designated aquifer is saturated. It was observed that, by adjusting the parameters of the simulation of the transfer of residual pollution cloud particles, an estimate of the concentration was applied to the permeable boundaries and the channel network. This means that in the simulation of particle transport, here the source of pollution spread is the channel network and permeable boundaries, which will be directly affected by pollution during periods of rainfall and especially floods. The concentration limit was given to the model in the form of variable figures based on discharge and precipitation in the range and equal to the primary stable threshold of the research subject (landfill). Based on the cumulative diagram of the outlet concentration from the permeable boundary and flow channel in the southeast region, the trend of changes in the cloud pollution concentration diagram, in the qualitative modeling of the plain, shows that in the forecast period, the increase in concentration will increase linearly. Considering that the waste disposal location is outside the plain, the rate of increase in pollution was not very high until the end of the initial simulation. However, the reason for the increase in concentration accumulation volume can be related to the existence of permeable boundaries and severe drop of underground water in this area. In other words, when the underground water level drops too much in the saturation area of the plain, the direction of the flow will move the volume of polluted water towards the aquifer at a higher speed.Conclusion: If the situation of groundwater withdrawals continues in the same way, in addition to the reduction of the groundwater storage of the plain, the quality of the remaining water storage will also decrease. This causes more serious problems in the agricultural situation of the region. The results of the implementation of quantitative and qualitative model in order to investigate the infiltration of polluted water from the landfill based on the concentration of pollution, showed that there is a high probability of the infiltration of polluted particles from the south wall side to the aquifer during periods of rainfall Event that current is run in the channels accidently. and then the expansion to the sea will actually occur due to the drop in the water level of the Caspian Sea. Water infiltration is more likely in the eastern regions than in the western regions. The reason for choosing the spread of pollution from the eastern waste disposal site in order to show the accumulation of polluted particles and the repulsion from the sea was the same. It is suggested that in the field of policy making, in order to control the plain's leachate crisis, appropriate bed construction and walling of the waste accumulation area should be applied based on the flow direction. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

35 - Seismic Vulnerability of Groundwater Resources Based On Failure of Fuel Pipeline Network Using DRASTIC Method and Artificial Neural Network (Case Study: Tehran Plain)
Mahdi Haghighi Ali Delnavaz Poorya Rashvand Mohammad Delnavaz

10.30495/wsrcj.2023.74690.11398

Background and Aim: Groundwater is one of the main sources of sustainable development in human societies, and due to the supply of water needed by the drinking, agriculture, and industry sectors, their pollution will have destructive effects. In addition, the fuel trans More

Background and Aim: Groundwater is one of the main sources of sustainable development in human societies, and due to the supply of water needed by the drinking, agriculture, and industry sectors, their pollution will have destructive effects. In addition, the fuel transmission network is of great importance due to the storage and transportation of petroleum products. The importance of this system increases in various aspects during events such as earthquakes. Pollution of underground water sources due to leakage from the fuel transmission system is one of the secondary effects of the earthquake and leaves an adverse effect on the environment and human health. This research is focused on evaluating the vulnerability of groundwater due to the failure of the urban fuel transmission network against the occurrence of an earthquake, which was conducted in the form of case studies on the fuel transmission network of Tehran city and the Tehran-Karaj plain aquifer. Method: In this research, a unified model for seismic damage analysis and risk assessment under conditions of uncertainty in the fuel transmission network of Tehran city has been defined and implemented. In this model, the consequences of damage to the fuel transmission network under three earthquake scenarios (magnitude 5, 6, 7 on the Richter scale) have been evaluated on the pollution of underground water in Tehran. In addition, strategic strategies have been presented in order to reduce the effects of groundwater pollution caused by earthquakes. The proposed model uses a multi-layer perception artificial neural network (ANN). Also, the DRASTIC model has been used to evaluate groundwater pollution based on fuel leakage from the damaged fuel transmission network. In these studies, strategic planning has been done based on the use of robust decision-making techniques and the degree of robustness in order to reduce the probable effects of groundwater pollution by using the theory of minimum-maximum regret. Results The results of this research showed that the developed artificial neural network model has a high ability to assess damage(failure-leakage) in the pipeline of the fuel transmission network so that the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and the correlation coefficient R are equal to 0.029 and 0.98 respectively. Based on the results, the amount of damage to the pipeline in the first scenario (Mw=5) is equal to 15 leaks and 2 failures, in the second scenario (Mw=6), it is equal to 25 leaks and 7 failures and in the third scenario (Mw=7) the number of leaks was 27 and 9 failures. According to the results obtained from aquifer pollution under three earthquake scenarios, it is clear that in the scenario of an earthquake with Mw=5, 30% of the aquifer has medium pollution potential and 55% of the potential of low pollution, in the scenario of an earthquake with Mw=6, 45% The aquifer has medium pollution potential and 18% has low pollution potential, and in the earthquake scenario with Mw=7, 55% of the aquifer has medium pollution potential and 22% has low pollution potential. In line with the strategic planning of aquifer pollution reduction, different strategies were evaluated against different scenarios with the minimum-maximum regret criterion. Finally, three strategies were presented to reduce the pollution of underground water resources. According to the results, the use of the strategy (insulation of the environment around the pipeline) led to a 70% reduction in groundwater pollution, and the use of the strategy (implementation of an intelligent seismic system to cut off the fluid flow in the event of an earthquake), which was known as a robust strategy, led to aquifer pollution has been reduced by 75%. Conclusion: Based on obtained results from the performance evaluation of the model developed in this research, it was found that the presented model had an acceptable performance in predicting the seismic vulnerability of the fuel transmission pipeline and assessing the pollution of the aquifer. This model has the ability to be implemented in different urban areas and to evaluate the performance of the fuel transmission system under different earthquake scenarios, as well as to evaluate groundwater pollution. Also, based on the results of the strategic management of groundwater pollution control, implementing an intelligent seismic system to cut off the fluid flow in the event of an earthquake can be used as a comprehensive solution to reduce environmental damage to groundwater resources specifically in the seismic regions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

36 - The synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles functionalized by Nb (V) metalloporphyrin for the selective removal of flouride ions from aqueous media
Tahere Poursaberi Mostafa Hassanisad Kamran Torkestani

Abundance of amounts of fluoride in water resources has a harmful effect on human health. A new magnetic nanoadsorbent was developed by treating Fe3O4 nanoparticles with 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane and Nb (V)- metalloporphyrin and applied to remove excessive More

Abundance of amounts of fluoride in water resources has a harmful effect on human health. A new magnetic nanoadsorbent was developed by treating Fe3O4 nanoparticles with 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane and Nb (V)- metalloporphyrin and applied to remove excessive fluoride from aqueous solutions. Nb (V) - metalloporphyrin was attached to Fe3O4 via the interaction between the carboxylic groups and the amine groups of APTES. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. The effect of pH, contact time, sorbent dosage and some co-existing anions present in aqueous solution was investigated. The results indicated that under optimal conditions (i.e. pH: 5.5, contact time: 30 min and sorbent dosage: 100 mg) the fluoride removal efficiency of 94.0% can be achieved. Regeneration of fluoride adsorbed material could be possible with NaOH and the modified magnetic nanoparticles exhibited good reusability for four cycles. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

37 - Efficiency Assessment of Pomegranate Peel for Nickel and Chromium Removal from Industrial Wastewater and Experimental Design Using Response Surface Methodology
Nasrin Hashemi Masoud Honarvar Elahe Gharekhani

Abstract Water pollution with toxic heavy metals due to industrial wastewater discharge is a global environmental issue. The removal of heavy metals from industrial effluents is a significant concern in the field of water pollution and a serious challenge in reducing More

Abstract Water pollution with toxic heavy metals due to industrial wastewater discharge is a global environmental issue. The removal of heavy metals from industrial effluents is a significant concern in the field of water pollution and a serious challenge in reducing water quality. Multiple metals such as nickel, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc are notably toxic. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of pomegranate peel as a cost-effective adsorbent in removing nickel and chromium metals. Pomegranate peels were initially treated with a 0.1 N sulfuric acid solution, and their adsorption capacity was examined. The effect of sulfuric acid on the adsorbent was assessed using CHN, FT-IR, and SEM techniques. The results indicated that the modification of the adsorbent with sulfuric acid was effective in removing chromium and nickel ions from industrial wastewater. Adsorption experiments were carried out at various adsorbent concentrations, times, temperatures, and pH levels. Data analysis revealed that the optimal conditions for nickel ions (II) are a concentration of 4.5 g/L of the adsorbent, pH 6, a temperature of 308.15 K, and a time of 60 minutes. The optimal conditions for chromium ions (VI) are a concentration of 4 g/L of the adsorbent, pH 5.5, a temperature of 300.65 K, and a time of 100 minutes. The research conducted and the results obtained suggest that, considering the potential benefits, the use of this adsorbent for the removal of nickel and chromium in industrial wastewater is a promising and environmentally friendly approach. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

38 - Elimination of Lead and Cadmium in Water, Using Green Coated Fe3O4 Nanoparticles
F. Nematollahi Sh. Mozaffari F. Zmani Hargalani M. Zeinali

Introduction: Various absorbents have been studied for removing heavy metals from water. One of the most effective removals is iron oxide nanoparticles. In recent years many studies have been carried out for modifying the surface of the nanoparticles and increasing its More

Introduction: Various absorbents have been studied for removing heavy metals from water. One of the most effective removals is iron oxide nanoparticles. In recent years many studies have been carried out for modifying the surface of the nanoparticles and increasing its effectiveness and efficiency. Materials and Methods: In this paper coated iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared using Polylophium involucratum extract. To examine the structure of the absorbent the infrared spectrometer instrument and SEM were used to check the size of nanoparticles.  the average size of them were determined 60 nm. Results: The synthesized coated nanoparticles were used to eliminate lead and cadmium after optimization conditions (pH of 6, absorbent weight of 20 mg, and time of 4 minutes) in water samples. Magnetic green coated nanoparticles have many advantages such as non-toxicity, biocompatibility, shorter extraction time, avoiding the use of organic solvents, low cost, ease of use, high accuracy, recovery and adsorption capacity due to the nanostructure and high ratio of surface to volume. Conclusion: Functionalized nanoparticles by extract of the plant is able to link up with heavy metal ions and increase the efficiency of the nanoparticles in the removal of these two heavy metals. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

39 - Evaluation and determination of amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in top soils of Masjed Soleyman Oil and Gas factories (Case study: Haft Shahidan Dissalination and Operating Factory)
atousa ahmadi Azamasadat Hosseini Alhashemi

10.22034/jest.2018.9171

Abstract Background and Objective: Contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is one of the most common cases in oil-rich province of Khuzestan. The main purpose of this study was to determine the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil of Haft Shahid More

Abstract Background and Objective: Contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is one of the most common cases in oil-rich province of Khuzestan. The main purpose of this study was to determine the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil of Haft Shahidan Dissalination and Operating Factory which is Located in Masjed Soleyman.The soil were sampled from seven stations in two seasons of winter and spring in 2015. Method: The soil samples were homogenized after they are collected and transported to the laboratory. After extraction, 16 compositions were measured by means of GC-MS. Furthermore, the amounts of pH, EC, organic matter and aggregation available in soils were measured. Findings: The results showed the mean PAHs in soil collected from stations 1 to 7 were respectively 265081, 55.78, 31.04, 46.33, 62.61, 33.70, and ND mg/kg dried-form weight in winter and 310.82, 63.69, 38.12, 55.36, 77.14, 44.62, and ND mg/kg dried-form weight in spring.There was a negative correlation among the amount of PAHs available in soils, the amounts of EC parameters and pH deposits in 0.01 and a positive correlation with organic matter. Discussion and Counclusion: The results collected from the ratio of the molecular showed that all the stations contain a mixture of Payerolitic and Pethrogenic hydrocarbons. The results show that stations 1,2,5,and 6 have high level of PAHs concentration, which is due to close distance of these stations to the oil tanks and facilities as well as oil leakage. According to the results obtained from all stations, the levels of compounds such as benzo(b)fluorantene, benzo(k)fluorantene, Dibenzo(ah)antheracene and Phenanthrene were found to be higher than the standard of Canada. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

40 - Reducing Nitrogen Fertilizers with Chlorophyll Meter for Determining Health Production
jafar shahabi Mohammadmehdi Tehrani

10.22034/jest.2020.11181

Background and Objective: Excessive use of nitrogen pollutes water, soil and plant resources. One of the appropriate solutions in determining the correct and timely amount of nitrogen fertilizer is the use of chlorophyll meter. The purpose of this study is to reduce the More

Background and Objective: Excessive use of nitrogen pollutes water, soil and plant resources. One of the appropriate solutions in determining the correct and timely amount of nitrogen fertilizer is the use of chlorophyll meter. The purpose of this study is to reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers and prevent nitrate leaching and its entry into groundwater sources. Method: Using chlorophyll assay in leaves, an experiment using 6 treatments of nitrogen fertilizer including: 50, 150, 100, 200, 250 and 300 kg per hectare of urea source in a randomized complete block design with three replications, two locations and It ran for a year. At the stem stage, the chlorophyll in the leaves of the wheat flag was read using a chlorophyll meter. Considering the number 45 as a reference, the amounts of nitrogen road fertilizer at the stem stage were calculated and, if necessary, provided to experimental plots. Findings: With the recommendation of nitrogen fertilizer road using chlorophyll meter, nitrate concentration in soil and plants was reduced. In this study, the nitrogen fertilizer road recommendation was saved so that in the application treatments of 250 and 300 kg / ha nitrogen fertilizer was 25 and 21%, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: By using chlorophyll meter in recommending nitrogen fertilizer road in wheat, significant savings can be achieved in consumption. This will produce a healthy crop with less nitrate and prevent nitrate from entering groundwater. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

41 - The Effect Study of Distance and Planting Width of Tree Species of Abadeh City Green Space in Sound Pollution Control
mohammad barzegar haniyeh nowzari

10.22034/jest.2019.41413.4526

Background and Objective: Green space is effective in reducing noise pollution. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of tree species in the green space of Abadeh, as well as the number of tree plantation rows and planting width on decreasing the intensit More

Background and Objective: Green space is effective in reducing noise pollution. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of tree species in the green space of Abadeh, as well as the number of tree plantation rows and planting width on decreasing the intensity of sound. Method: In this study, four stations in two areas was selected in Abadeh city including Shahid Chamran Blvd. and Northern Passageway and sampling was carried out in two turns in the morning and evening using the Cirrus sound level  meter CR: 303 in March, 2018 and 25 data in each station and 400 data in total was recorded. Findings: The results of comparing the average sound intensity level measured in the two studied areas in the morning and evening with the Iranian national standard show that the average sound intensity level in both regions is higher than the standard; So despite the green space, there is noise pollution in both areas. The results of the study of sound intensity levels in Shahid Chamran Boulevard and along the northern passage in the morning and evening show that there is a negative correlation between the distance from the sound source (distance from the street) and the number of rows of trees planted and the average sound intensity level. This means that the greater the distance from the street and the number of rows of trees planted, the greater the amount of noise reduction. Discussion and Conclusion: The highest noise reduction in Shahid Chamran Boulevard is related to the distance of 54 meters from the edge of the street with 14 rows of planting with average sound intensity level for morning and evening of 65.04 and 60.96 dB, respectively, and next to the northern passage is related to the distance of 85 meters from the edge. The street was planted with 10 rows and there was a hill with an average level of sound intensity for the morning and evening of 65.04 and 64.08 dB, respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

42 - Analysis of Organophosphorus Pesticide Diazinon Residue in Water Samples of Abbas Abad River, Hamedan, Iran
Sahar Orfi Yeganeh Soheil Sobhanardakani Saeed Jamehbozorgi

10.30495/jest.2021.8358

Background and Objective: Increasing population growth and the need to develop agricultural products have increased the use of pesticides and thus the pollution of water resources as one of the environmental problems. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the More

Background and Objective: Increasing population growth and the need to develop agricultural products have increased the use of pesticides and thus the pollution of water resources as one of the environmental problems. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the residual concentration of diazinon pesticide in the water of Abbasabad River in Hamedan in 2014.Method: Water samples were collected from four stations along the Abbas Abad River. In the laboratory, after sample preparation, diazinon residues were determined using a spectrophotometric method. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software.Findings: The maximum mean concentration of diazinon residues (µg/L) in samples of spring and summer seasons were 97.0 ± 10.2 and 202 ± 13.7, respectively. Also, the mean contents of pesticide residues in the water samples in both seasons were higher than the maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) established by WHO and EPA.Discussion and Conclusion: Due to exceeding the average residual concentration of pesticides in the evaluated water samples, it is necessary to pay attention to issues such as training gardeners in order to use pesticides correctly and in principle. Also, measures should be considered in order to use the water of this river for drinking or farming cold-water fish.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

43 - Prediction of the results of implementation of air pollution control strategies using the Geo-Artificial Neural Network for Tehran metropolis
Mehran Ghoddousi Farideh Atabi Jafar Nouri Alireza Gharagozlu

10.22034/jest.2019.23618.3275

Background and Objective: Predicting the results of the implementation of strategic air pollution control policies is the first and most important challenge for Tehran municipality. The main objective of this study was to define a specific method for assessing the resul More

Background and Objective: Predicting the results of the implementation of strategic air pollution control policies is the first and most important challenge for Tehran municipality. The main objective of this study was to define a specific method for assessing the result of urban air pollution controlling strategies in Tehran metropolis using a multi-dimensional decision support system. Method: First, the most appropriate air pollution control strategies were selected based on existing conditions and structures in each zone of the city and then weighed according to selected criteria. Based on the spatial monitoring of air pollution formation patterns in the past and present time, as well as the analysis of their effects, the results of implementing air pollution control strategies were simulated using Geo-Artificial Neural Network models. In the next step, variables of time series and uncertainty variables were simulated for predicting the potential future air pollution patterns and finally, the results of the defined control strategies were evaluated based on spatial thematic layers. Findings: Definition of final clusters of air quality control strategies, weighting and ranking of the selected policies based on defined criteria have been the first findings of this research. Also, extraction of time series zoning based on the data collected during a four-year period, as well as simulation of the baseline scenario models and spatial data layers of their output were among the achievements of this study. Finally, the modeling of the predictive variables, design of the air quality control software and the prediction of the results of the the implementation of air pollution control strategies were presented. The results showed that by applying the Geo-Artificial Neural Network models (GANN), the urban managers could effectively predict the results of implementing the air pollution control strategies. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the spatio-temporal analysis supports the process of evaluation and prediction of the effects of pollution and can be used to determine the best pollution control strategies for the zones affected by air pollution. The final results of GANN models indicate that if the selected strategies are implemented based on the scenarios defined, in the "optimistic scenario", air quality in all areas of Tehran is completely stable and remains healthy, while in the "ordinary scenario" will reduce the level of air pollution up to 70 percent in the autumn and winter season if the selected strategies are implemented compared to the lack of implementation of control plans. The final model of the verification process model also confirmed that the pattern of pollution predicted by the model in each of the urban areas had a proper trend and adaptation compared to the pattern of contamination obtained from the actual results of the field data.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

44 - Estimating the amount of fuel consumption and air pollution caused by the traffic of buses rapid transit using agent-based modeling
rahman noormohammadi seyed mohammadali khatami firoozabadi akbar alamtabriz Reza Ehtesham Rasi amir daneshvar

10.30495/jest.2023.72315.5817

Background and Objective: The increased traffic has been followed by many problems in metropolitans, the key of which is air pollution and excessive fuel consumption. Paying attention to public transportation, particularly the bus rapid transit (BRT) system is one of th More

Background and Objective: The increased traffic has been followed by many problems in metropolitans, the key of which is air pollution and excessive fuel consumption. Paying attention to public transportation, particularly the bus rapid transit (BRT) system is one of the measures that may be taken, since besides reducing social expenses, it may be very effective in declining air pollution. The main objective of the present research is to study the fuel consumption rate and the emissions rate of various air pollutants including CO2, CH4, and N2O gases in various scenarios of BRT system. Material and Methodology: Since traffic and congestion phenomena are complex and dynamic, it is very difficult and sometimes impossible to model them with common mathematical models. To this end, agent-based technologies, highly compatible with these characteristics, can be utilized. In the current research, BRT system’s performance, the fuel consumption rate, and the amount of air pollutants production are estimated using agent-based modeling. This study emphasizes what changes should be made in effective parameters such as bus speed and bus stop time at stations, as well as bus dispatch timing in order to control fuel consumption and reduce pollution factors. This research uses NetLogo software to code the model and run its simulation and considers three different scenarios in line one of BRT system in Tehran (Iran). Findings: following the analysis and comparison of different scenarios, suggestions are made to decline fuel consumption and air pollutants, such as minor changes in the parameters of bus stop times at stations as well as changes in the dispatch time of buses from the terminal in order to reduce fuel consumption and air pollution rates. The results indicate that one of the improved situations was related to the situation of increasing the bus dispatch time parameter and in the bridge scenario, CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions are 1458.6, 1.122, and 11.781, respectively, in one hour of peak passenger time. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results, achieving the goal of reducing fuel consumption and air pollution rates is more suitable in the bridge scenario compared to the other two scenarios. Furthermore, if possible, it is suggested to build bridges at intersections with high traffic, or put the smart traffic light system on the agenda. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

45 - Bacterial Bioremediation of Surficial Oil- Contaminated Soil in Tabriz Refinery Campus
Rezvan Agha mohammadi Kamal Siahcheshm Gholamreza Zarrini Ali Kadkhodaee

10.22034/jest.2020.15996

Background and Objective: Nowadays, the use of bacteria to clean oil pollution from water and soil has been considered by scientists and this method is more economical than other methods and does not cause toxic compounds in the environment. Method: In the present study More

Background and Objective: Nowadays, the use of bacteria to clean oil pollution from water and soil has been considered by scientists and this method is more economical than other methods and does not cause toxic compounds in the environment. Method: In the present study, the results of the bioremediation process have been presented to identify the most optimal bacterial isolates of petroleum degraders in physicochemical and textural conditions of contaminated soil of Tabriz refinery. Gas chromatographic analysis with thermal detection (Gc-FID) was used to evaluate the removal rate of hydrocarbons. Findings: The 7 isolates of bacteria were purified in this study. A Pseudomonas isolate was introduced as a strain with the highest efficiency. Discussion and Conclusion: After 30 days, as a result of Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter performance, the amount of TPH in contaminated soil samples was decreased in rate of 65.25 and 42.39 percent, respectively. Based on this investigation, the Bacterial Bioremediation method to clean up contaminated soils by petroleum hydrocarbons due to simplicity of implementation, environmentally friendly, safety and low cost is highly proposed to conduct in other oil refineries in Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

46 - Assessment of heavy metals Pollution of Chemofacies in The Gachsaran Formationm Gilan e Gharb area, West Kermanshah
Behnam Sekhavati Mostafa Yousefirad Mahmoodreza Majidifard Ali Solgi zahra maleki

10.30495/jest.2022.48568.4871

Background and Objective: Distribution of heavy metals in rock units and their pollutants are necessary environmental issues which have high importance. Material and Methodology: Because of not performed environmental geochemical studies of heavy metals in Iran based o More

Background and Objective: Distribution of heavy metals in rock units and their pollutants are necessary environmental issues which have high importance. Material and Methodology: Because of not performed environmental geochemical studies of heavy metals in Iran based on chemostratigraphic studies, for this purpose, this study on chemofacies of Gachsaran formation in Kermanshah with the aim of assessing environmental heavy metal pollution was carried out. For determine the concentrations of heavy metals, XRF and ICP mass techniques were used and the amount of metal contamination was investigated using statistical softwares and pollution indices. Findings: The results indicated high concentration of cadmium in sediments of Gachsaran Formation (3.3) ppm which is higher than (0.3) ppm in crust. All three used indices (Igeo, EF ANF CF) showed cadmium contamination in studied sediments but molybdenum, aluminum, cobalt and iron did not showpollution in sediments. Furthermore the values of CF and EF indices showed a similar trend about element contamination in sediments. Discussion and Conclusion: Significant amounts of cadmium in the Gachsaran Formation can be further affected by the dissolution process of rocks and sediments by surface and groundwater, as well as by biological (agricultural and mining) activities and can has non optimal environmental impacts. Therefore, it is necessary to anticipate and make the necessary arrangements in this case. High levels of cadmium in the sequences of the Gachsaran Formation can effected by dissolution, as well as biological activities (agriculture and mining).                                              Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

47 - Evaluation of Sub Lethal Concentration Toxicity of Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) on Some of Hematology and Immunology Indices in Goldfish (Carassius Auratus)
Safoura Abarghouei Seyed Aliakbar Hedayati Rasoul Ghorbani Hamed Paknejad Tahere Bagheri

10.22034/jest.2018.11275.1987

Background and Objective: Todays, due to the antibacterial properties, silver compounds are used in various industries. The effects of non-essential heavy metals such as silver are irreversible in aquatics body. In the present study, the sub lethal effects of silver nit More

Background and Objective: Todays, due to the antibacterial properties, silver compounds are used in various industries. The effects of non-essential heavy metals such as silver are irreversible in aquatics body. In the present study, the sub lethal effects of silver nitrate were investigated on hematological and immunological indices of goldfish (Carassius auratus) as a model in the Cyprinid fishes.  Method: 105 Fish were randomly assigned to in 15 fiberglass tanks (Per tanks 400 liters). 12 tank for different concentrations of silver nitrate and 3 tank for control groups. Each treatment was separately exposed to effective concentrations of silver nitrate 0.01, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 ppm and for hematological and biochemical test, 9 fish were randomly selected from each treatment. Findings: The results showed that different concentrations of silver nitrate affected (reduce) blood erythrocyte (P>0.05) but did not affect blood leukocyte. Discussion and Conclusion: These resultsmay be due to the resistance of the Goldfish compared to others and blood erythrocyte indices can be used as a suitable biomarker of silver pollution.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

48 - Spatial Analysis of Contamination in the Arvand River Using GIS
Nasrin Abdolkhanian Heeva Elmizadeh Ali Dadolahi Sohrab Ahmad Savari Mohammad FayazMohammadi

10.22034/jest.2021.30534.3895

Background and Objectives: Arvand River is a vast river in the southwest and on the border of Iran and Iraq, which is threatened by a variety of pollutants such as industrial effluents, fertilizers, chemical toxins and municipal wastewater that have adverse effects on t More

Background and Objectives: Arvand River is a vast river in the southwest and on the border of Iran and Iraq, which is threatened by a variety of pollutants such as industrial effluents, fertilizers, chemical toxins and municipal wastewater that have adverse effects on the environment and ecosystem. The purpose of this study is spatial analysis of pollution changes in Arvand River using GIS.  Method: In this research, pollution distribution modeling using GIS in Arvandrud river has been used using three-dimensional and hydrodynamic model of Coherence. The continuity equation, Navira-Stokes equations in three dimensions and salinity and temperature transfer equations are solved by separation method. The applied boundary conditions include temperature, salinity and discharge changes for the open river boundary and temperature and salinity changes and the application of tidal components O1, S2, M2 and K1 for the open sea boundary are used in the model. Findings: We call the outputs of the Coherence model, which are in NetCDF format, in the GIS environment, then georeferences the contamination of a specific time (tidal mode), and finally classifies it in the GIS environment. Discussion and Conclusion: In this regard, the changes in the pollution of the taxonomic river and the Arvand River are classified on a scale of 1 to 5, with rank 1 indicating the lowest degree of pollution and rank 5 indicating the highest degree of pollution. According to the percentage of area covered by pollution in different stations, it was observed that the highest level of pollution in the first station in the mode of mode and low water with a value of 32.27%, in the second station in the state of low tide with a value of 32.87% And in the third station, it is 28.48% in fashionable and watery mode. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

49 - The Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Aquatic Animals: With an Emphasis on Foraging Behaviour
Saeed Shafiei Sabet

10.22034/jest.2018.24761.3383

Backgroun and Objective:Noise pollution caused by human activities is one of the types of environmental pollution. Anthropogenic noise level is increasing in both marine and freshwater ecosystems. Human activities have acoustically changed aquatic environments over the More

Backgroun and Objective:Noise pollution caused by human activities is one of the types of environmental pollution. Anthropogenic noise level is increasing in both marine and freshwater ecosystems. Human activities have acoustically changed aquatic environments over the past decades and anthropogenic noise is now recognized as a ubiquitous pollutant in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Shipping activities, wind mills, pile driving, seismic surveys, naval sonars and fisheries activities are all accompanied by the introduction of anthropogenic sounds in the water. Method: Here, we investigate how anthropogenic noise impairs behaviour and foraging activities, which has direct and indirect consequences for aquatic species survival and reproductive success. Findings: While a broad range of direct destruction caused by human activities in terrestrial and aquatic habitats is relatively well understood, there is a lack of knowledge about such activities on wildlife and captive species. For example, in laboratory condition, elevated sound levels may affect predator-prey interactions. We still have little understanding of the potentially negative consequences of noise pollution for aquatic life. Discussion and conculation: Changes in foraging tendency and efficiency may directly and indirectly affect relative species abundance of both predator and prey and induce changes at the community level. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

50 - Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals lead, zinc and cadmium in the Lakan lead and zinc company
Seyed Alireza Sharifi mojgan zaeimdar Seyed Ali Jozi Rokhshad Hejazi‬

10.30495/jest.2023.60897.5393

Background and Objective: Today, the implementation of industrial development programs without considering environmental considerations, has led to the continued entry of pollutants into the environment. Currently, industrial pollution is considered the main cause of en More

Background and Objective: Today, the implementation of industrial development programs without considering environmental considerations, has led to the continued entry of pollutants into the environment. Currently, industrial pollution is considered the main cause of environmental degradation. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the ecological risk of toxic metals lead, zinc, and cadmium in the Lakan lead and zinc processing company.Method: After organizing and standardizing the data using GIS, ecological risk assessment and also the environmental risk index of toxic metals in the study area were estimated.Findings: The results of the ecological risk assessment showed that among the studied toxic metals, cadmium metal has the lowest risk (0.01% of the area in the high-risk class) and zinc has the highest risk (0.02% of the area in the high-risk class). Also, the results of the environmental risk index assessed 99% of the region in terms of cadmium metal risk in the low-risk category and 92% of the region in terms of zinc risk in the critical class, and lead metal was in the intermediate status.Discussion and Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be stated that following industrialization, the spread of industrial pollution is inevitable, but methods and measures have been used to mitigate and reduce their consequences. One of the important methods in reducing the effects of environmental pollution is ecological risk assessment. Therefore, considering the capabilities of GIS systems in the preparation of environmental assessment maps, it seems that this system can be useful in facilitating the assessment of the ecological vulnerability of metal mining industries.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

51 - Estimation of Air Pollution Caused by Public Transport Yazd City
Zahra Nasrollahi Haniye poushdouzbashi

10.22034/jest.2020.9022

Background and Objective: Today, urban sprawl and the desire for urbanization have increased the need for people to use transportation, and therefore, the existence of a safe, efficient and economical public transportation system, with the least bio-destructive effects, More

Background and Objective: Today, urban sprawl and the desire for urbanization have increased the need for people to use transportation, and therefore, the existence of a safe, efficient and economical public transportation system, with the least bio-destructive effects, is a necessary step towards sustainable development. It seams the urban transport is one of the main areas of economic development; an issue that emphasizes the need for proper planning in the field of urban transportation. Therefore, this article has been compiled with the aim of investigating air pollution caused by public transport in Yazd city and estimating the pollution caused by them in this route. Method: The data required for this study were collected by refer to relevant organizations and also field visit of the drivers, then for estimation and analysis software Excel were used. Findings: The results show that the traffic of public transport in the city of Yazd cause annual emissions of 306 tons of particulate matter, 730 tons of Hydrocarbons, 1,424 tons of carbon monoxide, 68,934 tons of carbon dioxide, 389 tons of sulfur dioxide and 4 tons of sulfur trioxide and 666 tons monoxide is nitrogen. Discussion and Conclusion: Rail transport is recommended as appropriate and practical way to improve the traffic situation in the city of Yazd, high efficiency velocity and efficiency of private vehicles and the costs and reduction of pollution is the benefits. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

52 - Study and evaluation of outdoor advertising in urban spaces (Case study: distance between Enqelab square and Valiasr intersection in Tehran city)
omid heydari Lobat zebardast faheime asgarirad

10.22034/jest.1970.14728

Abstract Background and Objective: Outdoor advertising is a new medium in Environmental Graphic which has been taken into account in urban sceneries and passages of Iran. This type of advertisement is of high importance in primary design of cities, proper application of More

Abstract Background and Objective: Outdoor advertising is a new medium in Environmental Graphic which has been taken into account in urban sceneries and passages of Iran. This type of advertisement is of high importance in primary design of cities, proper application of urban spaces and consideration of texture and social position of a city. The aim of this study is to assess and prioritize the turbulence intensity of the elements of outdoor advertising index within the studied domain. Method: The method used in the current study is a descriptive-analytic type. The required data were obtained through a questionnaire (Likert scale). In the hypothesis adopted in this study it was expected that a visual turbulence in frontage indicatordoes not exceed the average. To examine the current hypothesis six factors of undesirable vision by existing disharmonic rhythm in frontage, undesirable vision caused by posters and advertisement installation, undesirable vision caused by existing dirty boards, improper boards in terms of shape, size, legibility, inappropriate size of buildings’ doors and windows, undesirable vision caused by existing annexations on buildings for view and advertisement were determined. The hypothesis was examined by utilizing statistical average methods. Then each factor was analyzed by Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP). Findings: Frontage and advertisement index of factors were determined by identifying different aspects of outdoor advertising. Considering the experts’ opinions and field trip, undesirable vision factor caused by posters and advertisement installation had the highest pollution, whereas inappropriate size of buildings’ doors and windows had the least pollution. Discussion and Conclusion: Results showed that the hypothesis is acceptable and the amount of it is not more than average. Hence, among existing outdoor advertising in the studied domain, advertisement on pavements causes the most exciting and visual turbulence by gaining a “high” grade and billboards have the least effectiveness in creating environmental turbulence by gaining a “very low” grade. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

53 - Evaluation of the amount of gaseous pollutants and airborne particles in the internal terminals of Tehran Bus Company
azimeh yekpaei najafabadi Seyyed AliReza Haji Seyyed Mirza Hosseini Ali Mohammadi

10.22034/jest.2021.32077.4071

Background and Objective: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study with the aim of Measure and determine the concentration of suspended particles: PM10 PM1; PM2.5; And NO2 gases; SO2; CO; HC in open air six important passenger terminals and traffic jams in the metrop More

Background and Objective: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study with the aim of Measure and determine the concentration of suspended particles: PM10 PM1; PM2.5; And NO2 gases; SO2; CO; HC in open air six important passenger terminals and traffic jams in the metropolis of Tehran.Method: Using portable device MET ONE to measure suspended particles and the portable device Aeroqual to measure gases in the course of one year, from autumn 94 to summer 95. Samples were analyzed using software SPSS; EXEL.Findings: The results of this study showed that the highest concentration of suspended particles was PM1 with an average of 1.20 micrograms per cubic meter; PM2.5 with average of 6.72 micrograms per cubic meter; PM10 with an average of 100.23 micrograms per cubic meter; CO concentration with a mean concentration of 6.95 ppm, NO2 with a mean concentration of 0.05 ppm, SO2 with an average of 0.05 ppm HC, with an average of 2.56 ppm in winter.Discussion and Conclusion: The reasons for the increase in pollutants include: low temperature, no wind blowing, air reversal, terminal location, surrounding pollutants and type of fuel and technology used on buses. Using the results of this research, we can devise appropriate methods for controlling and reducing air pollutants with the aim of improving the system in these sites. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

54 - Air Quality Assessment around Mehrabad Airport
Farzaneh Maleki zad Alireza Mirzahosseini Faramarz Moattar

10.22034/jest.2019.22581.3162

Background and Objective: Air pollution is a great concern in developed and developing countries and its economic costs accounts for a large share of gross national product of countries. This study aimed to investigate and assess the air quality around Mehrabad airport. More

Background and Objective: Air pollution is a great concern in developed and developing countries and its economic costs accounts for a large share of gross national product of countries. This study aimed to investigate and assess the air quality around Mehrabad airport. Method: In this cross-sectional study, important pollutants including CO, TSP, TVOC and NOX were measured. Considering the privaling wind direction in Tehran, one station in residential area, one station representative of the airport, two stations around the airport and one station in high traffic area were selected. LSI-Babuc/A، Dust Trak TSI and Phocheck + 500 were employed to measure the pollutants. Measurement was done in each month and the statistical analysis was done using SPSS 21. Findings: The mean concentration of all pollutants (except for nitrogen dioxide) was higher at the vicinity of the airport stations than in other stattions. Results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there are significance differences between pollutants concentration around the airport and in other stations.  No significant difference was found for NO2 among the stations. The mean concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, Co and TVOCs at the north of the airport were significantly different from those of other stations (p<0.001). Discussion and Conclusion: Most of the pollutants around the airport had higher concentration compared to residential and high traffic stations, and thereby, the airport could be regarded as a pollutant source.    Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

55 - Ability of Alfalfa Plant to Refine Soil Contaminated with Nickel and Lead
samad zahermand mahmod vafaeian Mohammed Hussain Bazyar

10.30495/jest.2019.31761.4031

Background and Objective: In the recent decade, the issue of soil contamination with heavy metals such as nickel and lead is one of the most important environmental problems. According to data from the environmental protection agency, nickel is hazardous at large amount More

Background and Objective: In the recent decade, the issue of soil contamination with heavy metals such as nickel and lead is one of the most important environmental problems. According to data from the environmental protection agency, nickel is hazardous at large amounts and a dangerous pollutant and lead is the most important pollutant in the environment. This study was conducted to investigate the soil pollution status of Gachsaran refinery using environmental indicators of pollution coefficient, pollution degree index and modified pollution degree index and to investigate the potential of alfalfa refining plant which is native to Gachsaran region.Material and Methodology: From the soil of Gachsaran refinery in 2017 as the center of pollution, were selected four ranges of 0-500 meters, 1000-500 meters, 1500-1000 meters and 2000-1500 meters. In each range, 5 soil samples were taken from a depth of 0 to 30 cm. The ICP-OES device was used to determine heavy metals. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software.Findings: The analysis of the environmental indicators of the studied area showed a significant degree of contamination for nickel and a high contamination rate for lead. Comparison of mean concentrations of nickel and lead in cultivated soil samples with alfalfa cultivars showed significant difference with mean nickel and lead concentrations in the studied area.Discussion and Conclusions: In general, Alfalfa as a native plant of the region in inappropriate pollution conditions can absorb and extraction nickel and lead from the soil. The final results of this study indicate that ability of alfalfa plant for phytoremediation of nickel in the soil contaminated with petroleum products is higher than that of lead in the Gachsaran refinery. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

56 - Investigating the Validity of Pollution Haven Hypothesis in the Timber Industry of Iran and Its Trade Partners
Zohre khalili Ardali Kamran Adeli Hamed Naghavi Maryam Asghari

10.22034/jest.2019.10903

Background and Objective: Increasing the volume of trade leads to lower environmental quality and in fact more CO2 emissions. In this regard, the effects of globalization and trade liberalization on the timber industry have led to economic growth. According to the subje More

Background and Objective: Increasing the volume of trade leads to lower environmental quality and in fact more CO2 emissions. In this regard, the effects of globalization and trade liberalization on the timber industry have led to economic growth. According to the subject literature following commercial liberalization, the transfer of polluting industries from countries with severe environmental policies to countries with mild environmental policies is increasing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the asylum hypothesis of wood industry pollution. Methods: using panel data and fixed effects approach in Iran and 16 wooden trading partners, during the period 1995-2015. Findings: In this study, panel data and software Stata were used to estimate model. The interactions of trade and per capita income have a positive coefficient of 6.50. Discussion and Conclusion: Our results support the pollution haven hypothesis. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

57 - Basin of Namak Lake Using Statistical, DRASTIC and P-DRASTIC Methods
Javad Samadi Naghmeh Mobarghei dinan

10.30495/jest.2020.10984

Background and Purposes: Statistical methods are widely used in environmental studies to evaluate natural hazards. Within groundwater vulnerability in particular, statistical methods are used to support decisions about environmental planning and management. In this stud More

Background and Purposes: Statistical methods are widely used in environmental studies to evaluate natural hazards. Within groundwater vulnerability in particular, statistical methods are used to support decisions about environmental planning and management. In this study, the optimized of DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC model parameters and land use layers (LU) were used to assess of pollution risk in catchment basin aquifer in south of Namak lake using of statistical methods. Methods: Information layers were prepared, rated (deterministic and fuzzy-statistical), weighted (original and statistical) and combined (by Index-Overlay method) in GIS environment. For modeling, from nonlinear regression for fuzzy-statistical rating (scaling) and the Pearson correlation coefficients between of nitrate concentrations with scaling parameters of DRASTIC, P-DRASTIC model and sensitivity analysis (removal and single-parameter) were performed to determine and modify of parameters weighted. Results: As result P-RASIC-LU and RASIC-LU model with statistical rating and weighting, removal-parameter sensitivity analysis, determine as best selection model based on correlation coefficient = 62%, P-value = 0.01 and with parameters of net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, impact of vadose zone, hydraulic conductivity and land use with the weighty values of 3.1, 4.0, 4.1, 3.1, 2, 2 and 2.5, 4.63, 4.15, 3.03, 2, 1.96 consequently. According to this model, western and southern parts of the aquifer has high pollution risk due to high net recharge and coarse-grain material in the impact of vadose zone, soil and aquifer media. Conclusion: Since reviewing of weight and rank of model parameters is limited personal opinions and increased model validation using statistical methods and GIS, It can be expected that favorable results to be followed for optimization of pollution risk model. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

58 - The Effect of Electricity Consumption Shocks on Environmental pollution and Economic Growth in Iran and Selected Countries MENA: A Comparative Comparison with the PVAR Approach
mohammad hasan ghazvinian kambiz hojabr kiani ali dehghani fatemeh zandi khalil saeedi

10.30495/jest.2022.43474.4621

Background and Objective: Production, including industrial and agricultural production, is not possible without the existence of economic infrastructure. Electricity plays an important role in the industrial development of countries due to changes in the industries and More

Background and Objective: Production, including industrial and agricultural production, is not possible without the existence of economic infrastructure. Electricity plays an important role in the industrial development of countries due to changes in the industries and the conversion of mechanical to electrical power, the emergence of electric motors and the development of machine tools. Purpose of this article, comparative comparison of the effects of electricity consumption shocks on Environmental pollution and economic growth in IRAN and selected MENA countries.Material and Methodology: The article is descriptive, analytical and inferential, to achieve this goal, the method has been used the PVAR approach during the period 2016-1992 as well as the country of Iran during the period 2016-1985 using the VAR method has been studied.Findings: Findings: Electricity consumption, direct foreign investment, labor force and capital inventory have a direct and significant relationship with economic growth, but environmental pollution has a negative and significant relationship with Iran's economic growth. Discussion and Conclusion: the results indicate that the shock of increasing electricity consumption in selected MENA countries after an insignificant decrease in GDP per capita will increase proportionally in subsequent periods but in Iran, it grows very smoothly. The effect of this shock on carbon dioxide emissions in the countries concerned has been relatively mildly reduced, but in Iran, carbon dioxide emissions have been at a higher level than before. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

59 - Impact of Tectonostratigraphy on Environment in Lead Mine and on Surmeh MountainFars Province
Alireza sepasdar Ahmad Zamani Korus yazdjerdi Mohsen poorkermani Manuchehr Gorashie

10.22034/jest.2019.26370.3532

Abstract Background and Objective: The impact of tectonic activities on environmental pollution was investigated by lead and zinc mines at Surmeh. Method: In this study, the 6EPA standard method was used and tested 7 times around the water and soil around the area and w More

Abstract Background and Objective: The impact of tectonic activities on environmental pollution was investigated by lead and zinc mines at Surmeh. Method: In this study, the 6EPA standard method was used and tested 7 times around the water and soil around the area and was expected to have adverse environmental effects, like other lead and zinc mines in the country such as Angoran and Zahabad. Finding: Studies have shown that the amount of lead in soil and water is standard for agricultural use and has little environmental impact. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on stratigraphic columns prepared in the Surmeh Mountains containing the salt marshes of the Hormoz and calcareous Dalan Formations and the Nare Evaporites, the tectonic effects of alpine activity acting in two tensile-shear and compressional conditions have resulted in the Dalan calcareous formation containing ore deposits. Lead and some clay minerals are marl, located in the core of the Surma anticline which provides salt diapirism conditions in different tectonic phases and eventually due to the calcium carbonate uptake in the Dalan Formation and the high uptake capacity of clay and salt minerals in the lead. Higher levels prevent lead release in groundwater and its derivatives in confined air and soil. Thus it can be said that the regional tectonics has resulted in the creation of a natural filter for active adsorption of lead in the range. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

60 - Investigation of Arsenic Anomalies and Its Probable Origins in Maragheh Plain
shahram baikpour Zahra Arghavan

10.22034/jest.2020.32651.4069

Background and Objective: The objective of this study is evaluating hydrochemical properties of groundwater in Maragheh area, including: Cations, Anions, Total Dissolved Solids, Electrical Conductivity, pH and Heavy metals (As, Fe, Mn) and investigating the statistical More

Background and Objective: The objective of this study is evaluating hydrochemical properties of groundwater in Maragheh area, including: Cations, Anions, Total Dissolved Solids, Electrical Conductivity, pH and Heavy metals (As, Fe, Mn) and investigating the statistical relations between these parameters and Probable Origins of contamination. Methods: In order to carry out ground water quality monitoring, and evaluate the controlling processes and to determine cations and anions sources of the groundwater, 34 wells were selected for sampling from July 2014 and April 2015and water quality parameters were measured and sent to the Laboratory Applied Research Center of Geological Survey & Mineral Explorations of Iran (Elburz).  Data analysis was performed through SPSS software and Factor Analysis & Pearson correlation coefficient test. Results: The chemical composition of the surface and groundwater is controlled by several processes such as mineral dissolution, increasing evaporation from the aquifer, irrigation return flow, saline water intrusion in the Ajbashir Plain, geological status of the area, anthropogenic inputs. Discussion and Conclusion: The concentration of arsenic based on WHO standard is 10μg/L, while the maximum arsenic concentration in the study area is 308.5μg/L and the mean concentration is 44μg/L. According to the results, it relies that arsenic probable sources can be concerned to industrial waste water in Maragheh and Bonab industrial complex, agricultural activities (using pesticides and insecticides) and geological factors (existence of Shemshak formation), rocks and sediments derived from the erosion of these rocks and coal mines (Khormazard). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

61 - The Effect of Culture on Air Pollution in Iran
Parvaneh Salatin Maryam memari panah sahar ahmadpanahi

10.22034/jest.2018.24615.3365

Background and Purpose: In today's world, culture is becoming more and more complex, sensitive and important at the same time. Social developments, the accelerated process of globalization and the increasing growth of technology, the expansion of communication, have cre More

Background and Purpose: In today's world, culture is becoming more and more complex, sensitive and important at the same time. Social developments, the accelerated process of globalization and the increasing growth of technology, the expansion of communication, have created fundamental and continuous changes in culture. Culture has a great impact on the economic and social aspects of life. The field of culture, in addition to helping the economy by creating job opportunities, production and income brings important social benefits to consumers and producers of cultural goods and services. Cultural activities are an important factor in achieving peace of mind. Culture is the main factor and engine of sustainable development and environmental protection. In this regard, the main purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of cultural indicators (number of press, number of cinemas, number of public libraries, and numbers of books) on carbon dioxide emissions as an indicator of air pollution in Iran. Methods: The present study is an applied, causal and inferential research method. The method and tool of collecting information and statistical sources is also the method of written documents, electronic information and filing.  Methodology: This study is an applied research and inferential research method. The method and tool for collecting information and statistical resources are written documents, electronic information and taking notes. Results: The results of  the estimation models using  OLS method shows that  Number of  public libraries has a significant and positive effect and  number of the press, the cinema, number of  books as cultural  indicators have a negative significant effect on  Co2 as an indicator of air pollution.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

62 - Investigating the Potential of Cadmium Ions Removal from Aqueous Solutions using Date-palm Leaf Ash
Malihe Amini mohammad ali Ziaei madbouni Arezoo Sharifi

10.22034/jest.2018.13327.2187

Background and Objective: Annually, large amount of date-palm leafs are produced as waste products of agriculture in Iran. In this study, the potential of date-palm leaf ashes as an inexpensive adsorbent for Cd(II) removal from aqueous solutions has been investigated. More

Background and Objective: Annually, large amount of date-palm leafs are produced as waste products of agriculture in Iran. In this study, the potential of date-palm leaf ashes as an inexpensive adsorbent for Cd(II) removal from aqueous solutions has been investigated. Method: The studied variables were pH (2-7), Cd (II) ion concentrations (50 – 350 mg/l) and adsorbent dose (0.1 – 14 g/l) in batch systems. Findings: The optimum pH for the removal of Cd (II) ions was equal to 4. Investigation of the effect of adsorbent dose showed that the removal efficiency increased with the increase of adsorbent dose from 0.1 to 11 g/l, and after that the removal efficiency was stabled with the increase of adsorbent dose. The highest removal efficiency was obtained at 60 minutes in 100 mg/l Cd(II) concentration. Discussion and Conclusion: According to results, optimum removal efficiency of Cd(II) in pH 4, adsorbent dose of 11 g/l and Cd(II) ions concentration of 100 mg/l was obtained as 92.36%. It was concluded that the date-palm leaf ash had a good potential as an adsorbent for the removal of toxic heavy metals, such as cadmium, from aqueous solutions.                           Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

63 - The Study of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Contamination in Sediments of Sisangan Coastal Sediments in South Caspian Sea
Hossein bagheri Kazem Darvish Bastami Ali Hamzepour

10.22034/jest.2019.9691

Introduction: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) is the most important environmental pollutants which originated from various sources. They are stable in seawater and especially in sediments and their degradation occur slowly. Sixteen numbers of this pollutant are i More

Introduction: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) is the most important environmental pollutants which originated from various sources. They are stable in seawater and especially in sediments and their degradation occur slowly. Sixteen numbers of this pollutant are introduced by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as serious carcinogen compounds. In this study, the contents of 16 PAHs compounds were determined in the sediments of Sisanagan coastal sediments (South Caspian Sea). Material and Methods: The sampling was performed by Van Veen grab from 12 sites and 4 transect of the study area. Determination of PAHs (16 components) was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The results showed that the total concentration of PAHs varied between 94.55- 336.33 ng/g dry weight of sediments. Maximum individual concentration of PAHs was 132, 97.5 ng g-1 belonged to banzo(b) flouranthene and flouranthene and  Benzo[k]fluoranthene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracen, banzo(g,h.i)perylen, acenaphtylen, banzo(a)pyren and indino were not detected in all of the sampling sites. The total organic matters (TOM) of sampling sites were different from 1.65 to 9.95%. Conclusion: Comparison of PAHs concentrations in the studied sediments with other places in the world showed (PAHs) pollutions of studied sediments are medium to low and results also showed that PAHs pollutants in this area have both pyrogenic (Fuel) and petrogenic sources. Comparing the values obtained in this area with standard PAHs (ISQGs, NOAA) indicated contaminated sediments are not harmful effect on the creatures. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

64 - Evaluation of Soil Contamination to Heavy Metals around the Shazand Power Plants Using Statistical and Geo Statistical Analysis
feridon ghadimi Mohammad Ghomi Elaheh Mohamadi valy kandi Elaheh mohammadiVali Kandi

10.22034/jest.2019.9068

Background and Purpose: Development in sciences are influenced by the wys of comfort in living today. But, the development has provided high problems such as environmental pollution. Heavy metals are the most important elements that contaminated environment and are pois More

Background and Purpose: Development in sciences are influenced by the wys of comfort in living today. But, the development has provided high problems such as environmental pollution. Heavy metals are the most important elements that contaminated environment and are poisonous for human as well. These elements such as Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, Co and Cu are produced by industrial activities. Method: This paper attempts to apply geochemical methods such as statistical and geostatistical method for evaluation of distribution heavy metals in soils. Thermal power plant of Shazand in the close of Mohajaran of Arak city is the center of elemental pollution accompanied with refinery and petrochemical in this area. Findings: This study is determined that among the elements such as Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, Co and Cu, only Cd is contaminants element. Discussion and Conclusion: The amount of Cd is high in fuel raw of Iran and Shazand power plant uses this fuel. Therefore, Cd has increased in the extruded smok and has transferred by wind and has deposited in the soil.                           Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

65 - An Investigation on the Possibility of Heavy Metal (Pb and Ni) Phytoremediation from Plant Artemisia Sieberi in Mohammadabad Waste Disposal Site in Ghazvin
sanaz khorami pour roya mafi gholami ali jahani

10.22034/jest.2020.29728.3824

Background and Objective: This study was conducted in Mohammadabad waste disposal site in Ghazvin in order to determine the concentration of Ni and Pb in Artemisia sieberi and in region’s soil. Method: Three plots were selected. Ten random samples from root and s More

Background and Objective: This study was conducted in Mohammadabad waste disposal site in Ghazvin in order to determine the concentration of Ni and Pb in Artemisia sieberi and in region’s soil. Method: Three plots were selected. Ten random samples from root and shoot of the plant and also from the soil were collected. Two-way and one-way ANOVA were used to assess the differences of metal concentrations in roots and shoots of the plants, and in the soil of the plots, respectively. Duncan Test was applied to compare the average concentrations of metals in different plots. Findings: The results revealed that the soil of the different plots does not have a significant difference in Ni and Pb concentrations. No significant difference was observed between the metal concentrations in roots and shoots of the plants. The mean concentration of lead in the A.sieberi aerial and root organs was 2.35 mgkg-1 and 3.19 mgkg-1, respectively, and for the nickel metal 3.14 mgkg-1 and 2.99 mgkg-1 respectively. Discussion and conclusion: Bio concentration and transmission factors for Ni and Pb (TF=0.78; 0.81 and BCF=1.10; 0.33, respectively) suggested that A.sieberi is an appropriate plant to remove Pb from soil. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

66 - Investigating the Impact of Human Capital on the Relationship between Environmental Pollution and Economic Growth in MENA Countries
azam hajiaghajani kambiz hojabr kiani Ali Emami Meibodi kambiz peykarjou

10.22034/jest.2020.38967.4425

Background and Objective: The economic growth model can examine the direct and indirect effects of human capital on economic growth. One of the indirect factors is environmental pollution. But in the meantime, one should not overlook the limitations of the advocates of More

Background and Objective: The economic growth model can examine the direct and indirect effects of human capital on economic growth. One of the indirect factors is environmental pollution. But in the meantime, one should not overlook the limitations of the advocates of this theory, such as the Impact of Human Capital Utilization on reducing environmental pollution, in order to achieve goals and policies similar to those of developed economies. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of human capital on Kuznets’ emphasized relationship, the threshold relation of environmental pollution and economic growth. Method: Therefore, using the data from 14 countries in the MENA area for the period 2000 - 2016, the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) or dynamic data panel method was used to test the hypothesis. Findings: The relationship between environmental pollution (CO2 emissions) and economic growth is nonlinear and the Kuznets curve hypothesis in the selected research sample confirms the existence of an inverse U-shaped relationship between economic growth and pollution emissions. Higher the human capital with the current level of greenhouse gas emissions, lead to the higher economic growth in selected countries. Discussion and Conclusion: Increased growth due to the accumulation of human capital can play a moderating role on the negative relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth of the selected research set. With the increase of human capital at any level of environmental pollution, the threshold point of the negative relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth is delayed. In other words, as knowledge-based and human capital-based development increases the negative relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth is moderated.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

67 - The Effect of Herbicides and Insecticides on Some of Soil Eco-physiological and Chemical Indices
Akbar Ghavidel Fatemeh Molavi Manijeh Eyvazi

10.30495/jest.2018.25252.3422

Background and Objective: In order to study the effect of pesticides on soil biological quality, three herbicides and insecticides with the highest consumption rates, on soil eco-physiological and chemical indices were investigated.Method: The experiment was carried out More

Background and Objective: In order to study the effect of pesticides on soil biological quality, three herbicides and insecticides with the highest consumption rates, on soil eco-physiological and chemical indices were investigated.Method: The experiment was carried out as factorial in a completely randomized design with seven treatments of which were triplicated. The pesticides were applied as constructed by the manufacturer and then the pots maintained in a greenhouse condition for two months. Then, some of the soil eco-physiological and chemical indices were measured after one month and also after two months.Findings: The results showed that in comparison with the application of the pesticides caused a significant decrease in soil bacterial and fungal population, basal respiration, substrate-induced respiration, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, and microbial quotient and a significant increase in soil metabolic quotient. The results also showed that the application of the pesticides has no significant effect on soil organic carbon. The results showed that, although soil eco-physiological indices decreased after one month, the indices increased after two months reaching the level that was before application of the pesticides. The results also showed that 2, 4-D had the highest and Chloropyrifos had the lowest adverse effects on the indices.Discussion and Conclusion: It could be concluded that application of the pesticides which are used in this work decreased soil biological quality short terms.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

68 - The Place of the Precaution Principle in the International Law of the Sea (With Emphasis on Southern Bluefish case)
ali sabernejad Morteza najafi asfad

10.22034/jest.2020.33404.4109

The precautionary principle plays a very important role in preventing the occurrence of environmental damage, and in order to achieve sustainable development, environmental policies must be based on the precautionary principle. This principle, along with other environme More

The precautionary principle plays a very important role in preventing the occurrence of environmental damage, and in order to achieve sustainable development, environmental policies must be based on the precautionary principle. This principle, along with other environmental principles, acts as a golden rule to prevent environmental damage. The principle of this principle in the marine environment is to prevent "marine pollution" and to achieve the "Right to a Healthy Marine Environment". The jurisprudence of the International Court of the Law of the Sea has played a key role in identifying and illuminating the hidden angles of this principle in marine environmental law, which has been made clear in the case of the "Bluefin Tuna" and the International Court of Justice Maritime Law examines and analyzes how this principle is applied in the international law of the sea. The present article examines this principle in the law of the sea and the role of the International Court of the Law of the Sea in this regard. The findings of the article indicate that this principle plays an important role in international environmental law and the international law of the sea is no exception and international jurisprudence in the case. "Bluefin Tuna" has emphasized this important point. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

69 - Investigating the Spread of Soils Pollution and Pollution Sources Originating from Tehran in Rural Districts of Qal'ehno and Kahrizak (Rey Township, Tehran, Iran)
Habibollah Fasihi Mohsen Hamidi

10.22034/jest.2020.29747.3827

Background and Objective: Soil, as one of the key systems of the earth, provides goods, services and resources for humankind. So, if it is being damaged, the foundation of an important part of human needs will be collapsed. The purpose of this study is to investigate th More

Background and Objective: Soil, as one of the key systems of the earth, provides goods, services and resources for humankind. So, if it is being damaged, the foundation of an important part of human needs will be collapsed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the amount of pollutants and pollutant sources in the surface soils of Qal'ehno and part of Kahrizak district villages in south of Tehran.Method: The research has been done in autumn 2017 through an analytical-descriptive method. The data used in the analysis are based on the measurement of contaminants in the samples. 144 sample points were selected by grid method and soil samples were taken and measured, then the results were entered in the GIS. We used IDW method for interpolating the point and introducing zoning maps. The analysis is based on separated and overlapped maps of the spatial distribution of pollutants in accordance with quantitative data and the conditions of the contamination sources.Findings: Data analysis and zoning maps showed that the concentration of barium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, uranium and zinc in the region soils was higher than the permitted limits and the concentration range of the pollutants studied (in mg / kg) and the concentration area of each of them was as follows: lead from 6 to 168 and the highest in the northeast, cadmium from 0.6 to 2 and the highest in the north-west, arsenic ranges from 0.6 to 13.4 and the highest in the northeast, nitrate from 80 to 700 with the highest in the south-west, organic carbon from 0.6 to 3 and maximum concentration in the north-west, and finally, TPHs with an average of 0.051 and concentration of the highest densities in the center of the region.Discussion and Conclusions: Although soil contamination is high in the whole area, the severity of density is generally higher in those parts that use more untreated wastewater in irrigation. The permeability channels through which sewage is passed, the use of untreated wastewater in irrigation the oil refining industry and the storage and distribution of oil products have affected soil contamination. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

70 - Detecting the Route and Source of Atmospheric Pollutants Movement in High-Level Air Pollution Periods by Utilizing MODIS and HYSPLIT Model in Tehran Metropolis
Motahhareh Zargari Abbas Mofidi Azar Zarrin

10.22034/jest.2020.24033.3314

Background and Objective: Air pollution is one of the significant problems that have become one of the main issues. In this study, we focus on detecting the route and source of atmospheric pollutant movement in high-level air pollution periods in Tehran. Method: Air po More

Background and Objective: Air pollution is one of the significant problems that have become one of the main issues. In this study, we focus on detecting the route and source of atmospheric pollutant movement in high-level air pollution periods in Tehran. Method: Air pollution data, Terra MODIS satellite image data, and FNL data were used. The PSI calculated high-level air pollution periods for PM10 and O3. Moreover, the origin of pollutants was detected by the HYSPLIT model and satellite images. HYSPLIT model determined the origin of widespread pollution. It could detect them with the backward method in three levels, which included 10, 1500, and 5000 meters. Some maps were produced for satellite images and HYSPLIT models drawn in GIS. Findings: In the extratropical pattern, the dust from Syria, northeast to south-east Saudi Arabia, central, northern and southern Iraq and parts of Turkey have affected Tehran. According to HYSPLIT model outputs, at a lower level of the atmosphere and the middle level of the atmosphere, not only the local situation but also the regional situation had a considerable role. At the upper level of the atmosphere, environmental pollution could become into Tehran by streams. In the compound pattern, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, and some parts of Turkey had an important function. In the HYSPLIT model, the North-East and North-West of Iran have attempted to influence Tehran in the lower level of the atmosphere. In the middle level of the atmosphere, the local situation is more remarkable. At the upper level of the atmosphere, the origin of dust was western to eastern parts of Iraq and the northeast part of Iraq. Further, the dust on the north-eastern of Syria, Jordan, and parts of Turkey is more notable. Conclusion: These maps were categorized into two main synoptic patterns, including extratropical and intricate patterns. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

71 - Measurement of Air pollution Emissions from Chimneys of Production Units Moisture Insulation (Isogam) Delijan
Faezeh Borhani Alireza Noorpoor

10.22034/jest.2020.25934.3488

Background and Objectives: Isogam (Waterproofing) Bituminous production units as one of the major sources of air pollutants, make concerns for environmental organizations, research centers and industries in order to mitigate their destructive impacts on the atmosphere. More

Background and Objectives: Isogam (Waterproofing) Bituminous production units as one of the major sources of air pollutants, make concerns for environmental organizations, research centers and industries in order to mitigate their destructive impacts on the atmosphere. Due to importance of application of these materials in building sectors, many producing units have been developed in Iran. It confronts many Iranian cities with an environmental crisis. Therefore, accurate analysis of pollutant emissions is an essential step while presenting strategies to minimize its harmful effect. Isogam Bituminous production process includes non-hydrocarbon emissions and hydrocarbon gases. The purpose of this research is to measure exhaust gas emissions of the production units of Isogam Bituminous Delijan such as CO, HC, CO2 , SO2 and NOX (NO+NO2), contrasting with the conventional standards. Material and Method: In this research, various values of volumetric gas concentrations (ppm) are measured by analyzer machine named Testo350. Then to analyze the quality of the exhaust gas the health, safety and environmental standards would be applied to the specimen. Findings: According to the presented results, CO is the highest part of pollutants which is 678 ppm in winter and the highest average concentration of hydrocarbons in the summer is 250. Discussion and Conclusion: This study shows that as the values of some parameters is greater than the standard values of exhaust chimney, it is necessary to review the control systems to optimize the emission of pollutants. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

72 - Factors Affecting the Consumption of Ecological Resources in Iran Using Economic Approach
Morteza Molaei Ehsan Besharat Mehrdad Mohammadi

10.22034/jest.2021.23758.3286

Background and Objective: The objective of this study is the investigation of factors affecting Ecological Footprint and testing Pollution Haven and Environmental Kuznets’ Curve hypotheses. Method: In this study, after introducing ecological footprint as an indic More

Background and Objective: The objective of this study is the investigation of factors affecting Ecological Footprint and testing Pollution Haven and Environmental Kuznets’ Curve hypotheses. Method: In this study, after introducing ecological footprint as an indicator of natural resources degradation, factors affecting it is investigated in the form of natural resources degradation model for the period 1965-2011 using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model; and Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and Pollution Haven hypotheses were tested. In this study, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), free trade index, urbanization, human development index, development of financial markets index were used as factors affecting the ecological footprint. Findings: Results show that per capita GDP, free trade, development of financial markets and urbanization have positive and significant impacts in long and short term periods, but human development has negative and significant impact on ecological footprint. These results confirmed Pollution Haven hypothesis; but the EKC hypothesis is not confirmed and the relationship between income and ecological footprint is in the form of N. The coefficient of Error Correction is negative and significant which represent the long run equilibrium. The coefficient is -0.99 meaning that ecological footprint corrects its previous period disequilibrium at a speed of 99% annually to reach at the steady state. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of this study, economic growth in Iran leads to more natural resources degradation. Therefore, governments should pay special attention to development programs in order to be sustainable. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

73 - Evaluation of Soils Contamination around Aluminum Smelting Plant of Arak City by Aluminum, Iron, Manganese and Lead
hanieh saberi kerahrodi ahmad golchin parisa alamdari

10.22034/jest.2020.9340

Background and Objective: With increase in the number of factories and industrialized cities, soil contamination is becoming an environmental problem in recent century. Considering the industrial activities of Arak city, the aims of this study was to evaluate metal cont More

Background and Objective: With increase in the number of factories and industrialized cities, soil contamination is becoming an environmental problem in recent century. Considering the industrial activities of Arak city, the aims of this study was to evaluate metal contamination status of soils around Aluminum smelting factory of this city. Method: Ten composite samples were taken from the surface layers (0-15) of soils located in north-west and north-east directions of the factory with a distance interval of 1 km and up to a distance of 5 km from the factory. Total concentration of aluminum, iron, manganese and lead were extracted from the soil samples by acid and determined using ICP device. To determine the pollution intensity of the soils studied, contamination coefficient, degree of contamination, index of geo accumulation and enrichment factor were calculated for the soil samples. Findings: The results showed that the pollution intensities of soils by aluminum, iron, manganese and lead were higher in North West direction compared to North East direction and the total concentration of these elements were 41316.5, 23282.1, 567.13 and 71.04 mg/kg soil respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the contamination coefficients calculated for the soil samples, the pollution intensity of the soils, in the north-west direction, was considerable for aluminum and moderate for iron, manganese and lead and indicated that industrial activities of the factory caused moderately soil pollution by metals. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

74 - Prioritizing the Amount of Contamination of Metals Using Pollution Load Factors and Potential Biologic Hazards in the Surface Sediments of the Rivers of the Southeast Coast of the Caspian Sea
Sahabeh talesh pour Lobat taghavi Nasrollahzadeh Saravi

10.22034/jest.2021.23986.3307

Abstract: Sediments are the most important storage and uptake of metals and other pollutants in aquatic ecosystems and can reflect the quality of aquatic systems. In this study, sediment contamination to zinc, copper, lead and cadmium metals based on pollution index (PL More

Abstract: Sediments are the most important storage and uptake of metals and other pollutants in aquatic ecosystems and can reflect the quality of aquatic systems. In this study, sediment contamination to zinc, copper, lead and cadmium metals based on pollution index (PLI) and evaluation of metal element hazards on living organisms based on biological hazard potential index (MERMQ) in surface sediments of rivers in the southeast coast of the Caspian Sea was performed. Methods: In order to measure and determine the indicators of metal pollution, sampling of surface sediments of the estuary and a distance of 1000 meters from the estuary of some rivers on the southeastern shores of the Caspian Sea including Gorganrood, Qarahsu, Nekaroudeh, Tajna, Talar and Babolrood was performed. Samples were prepared in the laboratory using a mixture of three nitric acids, fluoride and hydrochloric acid and then analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: The results of the present study indicate that the MERMQ index of metallic elements in the sediments of rivers on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea ranged from 0.073 to 0.12 and the PLI pollution index ranged from 0.36 to 0.58. The results of comparing the concentration of metals in surface sediment samples with the sediment quality standard (NOAA) showed that in all studied stations the amount of measured elements is less than the amount of ERL. Conclusion: Results of MERMQ for sediments demonstrated that in estuaries of Gharesou and Talar river and 1000 metres from Babolroud, the prioritization of biological hazards is in low to medium level and in other stations in the study is in low level. Besides, the results of PLI in sediments Indicated that level of sediments’ pollution to heavy metals is in low level. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

75 - District 21 of Tehran Municipality Soil Condition in Terms of Contamination with Some Heavy Metals
Fataneh Valinejad Azadeh Arbabi Sabzevari Reza Borna

10.30495/jest.2021.58981.5303

Background and Objective: Increasing consumption of chemical compounds in industrial processes has led to the accumulation of pollutants, including heavy metals, which are very costly and difficult to absorb from the environment. The purpose of this applied research is More

Background and Objective: Increasing consumption of chemical compounds in industrial processes has led to the accumulation of pollutants, including heavy metals, which are very costly and difficult to absorb from the environment. The purpose of this applied research is to investigate the level of cadmium, chromium and lead contamination in the soil of western Tehran using pollution, enrichment and land geoaccumulation indices and pollution factors.Material and Methodology:  In order to evaluate the concentration of heavy elements in the study area, sampling was done in all three areas of District 21 of Tehran Municipality and 10 samples from each area with three replications and a total of 90 samples were prepared in the spring of 2020 and the concentrations of cadmium, lead and chromium in Soltani acid extract was measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The present study is one of the descriptive-analytical researches and its data are of primary type which has been prepared by two methods of documentary and field studies.Findings: The accumulation of these elements has been created in the surface soil. The mean concentrations of the studied elements in zones two and three were higher than one. The topsoil of area three had higher amounts of lead, cadmium and chromium than the other two areas, but these values were not significantly different from area two. The average amounts of lead, chromium and cadmium for the region were 38.1, 9.1 and 1.6 mg/kg, respectively. The enrichment index in zones two and three was more than one, but the numerical value of this index was less than one in zones one. Geoaccumulation index values for lead element in all three areas showed non-contaminated to slightly contaminated class and for cadmium and chromium showed non-contaminated class. The numerical value of the contamination factor, except for cadmium and in zone one, in other cases is one and more than one, which indicates the high concentration of these elements compared to the background concentration in the study area.Discussion and Conclusion: As a result of industrial and traffic activities, the accumulation of excess amounts of man-made elements in the study area has been created. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

76 - Groundwater Contaminantion Analysis Using Fuzzy-Topsis, Case Study: ZANJAN Plain
Mahmoud Mohammad Rezapour Tabari Pouya Salehi Dopolani

10.22034/jest.2020.10970

Introduction: Assessing the quality of available water is especially important to meet drinking needs. Therefore, it is important to prepare and formulate an approach that can provide a more appropriate evaluation with higher accuracy and taking into account the inaccur More

Introduction: Assessing the quality of available water is especially important to meet drinking needs. Therefore, it is important to prepare and formulate an approach that can provide a more appropriate evaluation with higher accuracy and taking into account the inaccuracies caused by instrumental errors and measurements. The aim of this study was to evaluate the groundwater quality of Zanjan plain based on a method similar to fuzzy ideal solution. Material and Methods:To achieve this goal,  57 and 59 groundwater quality samples in dry and wet seasons were used and the 28 quality parameters were analyzed in each sample. The relative closeness coefficient of each samples were determined based on fuzzy weight specified by the opinions of experts in this field for each quality parameters and the fuzzy decision matrix based on drinkable water quality standards. By calculating the relative closeness coefficient of each samples, the contamination ranking for each sample was determined. Results and Discussion: The results show that the more polluted areas are mainly concentrated in the center and northwest of the plain and this is in complete harmony with the location of industrial centers (such as lead and zinc complexes) and the hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the ranking, the results of the proposed method were compared with the definite case of the method similar to the ideal solution. Examination of the qualitative parameters related to rank 1 (lowest pollution rate) shows that most of the parameters in this rank, which should represent the lowest pollution rate, have high values in the definite method compared to the fuzzy method (for example, the amoun of the arsenic parameter located in rank 1 of the definite and fuzzy methods is equal to 0.4 and 0 micrograms per liter, respectively) and this has been repeated in reverse regarding the 59th rank (maximum pollution rate), which indicates the reliability of the rankings and the high accuracy of the proposed method. Conclusion: The results showed that the pollution is concentrated in the central plains and partly in the North and Northwest plain due to the significant polluting industries, pesticides, and manure storage depot in these areas. Based on proposed approach can be calculated the rank pollution of groundwater quality samples with high accuracy, especially in cases where the assessment of water quality for drinking purposes must be considered. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

77 - Preventing of Environmental Pollution in the Sustainable Supply Chain of the Cement Industry: A Factor Analysis and Fuzzy Decision Making
mohammad hossein darvish motevali farhad hossein zadeh lotfi naghi shoja AMIR GHOLAM ABRI

10.22034/jest.2021.30660.3919

Background and objectives: Today, sustainable activities are essential for maintaining environmental sustainability, and have attracted a significant part of the environmental economy. The occurrence of environmental pollution in the industry and its dissemination throu More

Background and objectives: Today, sustainable activities are essential for maintaining environmental sustainability, and have attracted a significant part of the environmental economy. The occurrence of environmental pollution in the industry and its dissemination throughout the supply chain tend to overcome sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to identify environmental indicators that affect the sustainable supply chain in the cement industry and rank the chain of the industry in such a way as to prevent the occurrence of Prevention. Method: Method: For this purpose, factor analysis and fuzzy vikor decision making technique have been used. Finding: Effective indicators are identified and explained in four levels of sustainability, strategic, process and operational. Then, according to the determined indicators of environmental performance of the sustainable supply chain, 42 factories listed on Tehran stock exchange ranked. The results of the implementation of the model show that the stability level has the highest correlation with the current variable supply chain performance and this correlation is 44%. Operating surface weight was 40%, the strategic level was 23% and the process level was 12%. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that sustainability indices in the sustainable supply chain of the cement industry are more important in preventing the occurrence of environmental Prevention. And the sustainable supply chain of the Ilam factory has been ranked in the first rank and supply chain of Bagher Factory based on environmental indicators. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

78 - Evaluation of efficiency and optimization of Photo- Fenton process parameters in beet sugar wastewater treatment using response surface methodology (RSM)
Abbas Alipour Hajiagha Mojgan Zaeimdar Seyed Ali Jozi nooshin sajadi Arezoo Ghadi

10.30495/jest.2022.40958.4513

Background & Objective: The wastewater obtained from sugar production cannot be naturally degraded due to the presence of various color precursors, colored impurities, lime carbonation sludge and other organic impurities. In this study, optimization of the effective More

Background & Objective: The wastewater obtained from sugar production cannot be naturally degraded due to the presence of various color precursors, colored impurities, lime carbonation sludge and other organic impurities. In this study, optimization of the effective parameters for the sugar industry wastewater treatment is investigated using photo- Fenton process and response surface methodology.Material and Methodology:  This empirical research was conducted on a laboratory scale on refined wastewater obtained from sugar beet factory (Qazvin, Iran), in ternms of the intensity of contamination, considering the reduction of the three factors including COD, phenolic, and color content using the advanced oxidation process (photo- Fenton process). In order to optimize the ocndions for wastewater treatment, the results of these experiments wre ultimately optimized by response surface methodology.Findings: The results obtained that the optimal condition for color and phenolic removal were: pH of 6.1' reaction time 15 minutes' Fenton's reagent (Fe2+/H2O2) concentrations: 20/1500 of ppm. Under these conditions, the color and phenolic reduction were achieved 73.92% and 93.9%, respectively.Discussion & Conclusions: The photo- Fenton process has a good efficacy in treating the sugar industry wastewater in the removal of important pollution parameters such as color impurities, phenolic compounds, and COD.Also, the statistical results showed that the pH parameter, Fenton's reagent concentration and contact time were significant during treatment process (p<0.05).  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

79 - Investigation the amount of Zinc pollution on soil resources and the feasibility of its removal with Phragmites australis plant using its extraction cellulose in the greenhouse conditions
Malihe Amini Atena Naeimi Hana Etemadi

10.22034/jest.2019.28406.3720

Background & Objective: Heavy metals cases are threatening the health of ecosystems. Accumulation of metals in the soil allows them to plant crops and thus increases the risk of agriculture crops health. The goal of this research was conducted to evaluate zinc stres More

Background & Objective: Heavy metals cases are threatening the health of ecosystems. Accumulation of metals in the soil allows them to plant crops and thus increases the risk of agriculture crops health. The goal of this research was conducted to evaluate zinc stress resistance for Pharagmites australis in greenhouse conditions.Material and Methodology: Experimental design was performed in an entirely randomized plan having two factors and three replications, 2016 at University of Jiroft. Digestion and preparation of samples were done by dry burning method and then Zinc concentration was measured by atomic absorption.Findings: Greenhouse experiments results showed that with increasing in metal concentration treatments, its absorbing with shoot and root were increased. However, impressive accumulation of zinc was in root and its translocation and accumulation in shoot has been reported much less.Discussion & Conclusions: With absorb and accumulate of metals in root, ability of plant growth was decreased with changes in physiological characteristics. Results of regression analysis showed concentration increasing of zinc in P. australis organs under these metal stress condition were fitted as a quadratic function with R2 >90 (p<0.01). In summary results of this research show high relatively resistant of P. australis to zinc stress as necessary metal in plants, high accumulation capacity for metal in its root organ and low heavy metal translocation factor. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

80 - Noise Pollution in Urban Areas and the Effect of Traffic Management Procedures on Urban Environment (Case Study: 6th Region of Tehran Municipal)
Aysan Imanpour namin Touraj Nasrabadi Hossein Mehravaran Sanaz Zabani

10.22034/jest.2020.8598

Background and Objective: Noise pollution is one of the most important pollutants of the environment in urban areas and it is evident for everyone that one of the environmental problems is to reduce noise pollution to increase life quality and decrease its effect on cit More

Background and Objective: Noise pollution is one of the most important pollutants of the environment in urban areas and it is evident for everyone that one of the environmental problems is to reduce noise pollution to increase life quality and decrease its effect on citizens' health. The city traffic and vehicles are the major sources of noise pollution in large cities especially Tehran. Region 6 of Tehran is the most polluted area in terms of noise pollution. Therefore, a noise barrier in length of 511m and an area of 3066m which is situated in the western margin of Kurdistan highway and it is the only highway with the noise barrier in this region. This highway was chosen as our case study. Method: Feasibility studies and construction of noise barrier of the highway was implemented before changing the intersection of Kurdistan-Gomnam highway from coplanar to non-coplanar type. But the traffic and noise pollution situation changed following the changing of the intersection of the highway. In this study, we attempted to model noise pollution situation of region and the reducer role of noise barrier given the non-coplanar intersection in addition to overview of noise pollution situation of region by the traffic data of three streets leading to intersection and mean sound level at some points and examine improvement and or deterioration level of environment noise pollution. Findings: The modeled maps were compared in four groups after being prepared and the reason for the increase and decrease of the noise level in each situation was stated. Discussion and Conclusion: After comparing it was found that by eliminating the cross-level intersection with traffic lights in addition to lowering the noise level at 1.7 m height, the vehicle traffic was also smoother and by distributing acoustic levels at different altitudes, due to the presence of Slope levels of overpass and overpass decreased overall noise pollution concentration at lower altitudes, and positive performance of the audio wall decreased slightly, and environmental management strategies were introduced to control noise pollution further. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

81 - Investigating the concentration of heavy metals (lead, chromium, zinc, nickel) in the municipal solid waste landfill of Sarayan using pollution indices
mahdi kargar Ghasem Zolfaghari

Background and Objective: Ways to produced urban wastes is concern in most urban areas of Iran. Increasing population density, industrialization and the amount of waste produced are of great importance. The introduction of heavy metals through urban wastewater into natu More

Background and Objective: Ways to produced urban wastes is concern in most urban areas of Iran. Increasing population density, industrialization and the amount of waste produced are of great importance. The introduction of heavy metals through urban wastewater into natural ecosystems, especially soils, is one of the most important environmental concerns. The purpose of this study is to investigate the concentration of some heavy metals (lead, chromium, zinc, nickel) in the soil of landfill site of Sarayan. Material and Methodology: For this purpose, 20 soil samples were collected from urban landfills and analyzed in a laboratory using Contraa 700 atomic absorption spectrophotometer and then analyzed by statistical techniques and Excel and IBM SPSS statistical software version 25. Finding: To determine the contamination of the studied area, contamination factors (CF) and land accumulation (Igeo) were used and the results showed that the highest amount of contamination was related to surface-level chromium and the lowest was related to surface water and the amount of earthquake index Igeo) was found for chromium metal between 1 and 3. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the study, the chromium metal in the slightly infected and highly infected classes and other samples collected in non-infected classes of metals were slightly contaminated. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

82 - Assessing the Environmental Risks of De-icing Materials Used in Winter Operations (A case of Study of the Hydrochemical Quality of Hamedan-Bahar Basin)
Amir Jamshidi Amir Reza Goodarzi Parisa Razmara

10.22034/jest.2021.38006.4383

Background and Objective: Despite the wide application of de-icing substances to the roadways, the sewage produced can have negative impacts on local ecosystems. Hence, the present study was conducted for assessing the effects of road salt use throughout the winter in H More

Background and Objective: Despite the wide application of de-icing substances to the roadways, the sewage produced can have negative impacts on local ecosystems. Hence, the present study was conducted for assessing the effects of road salt use throughout the winter in Hamedan on the hydro-chemical quality of Hamedan-Bahar basin. Hamedan is one of the major tourist destinations and one of the main agricultural poles in Iran, and thus, its water resources contamination may pose serious risk to the health of the whole country. Method: The modeling of under-ground water flow paths in the study area revealed that the flow of rain and snow water in the city is mainly towards Hamedan-Bahar basin (as one of the main drinking water and agricultural water supplies in the region). Therefore, the 24 wells in the study area were sampled and the hydro-chemical characteristics of the obtained water samples as well as their changing trends over the past 10 years were determined and analyzed.    Findings: The results indicated a gradual increase in the minerals and solid materials in the water of the basin. This, considering the meaningful correlation values obtained (R2≥0.89) between the salt contents and Cl- and Na+ concentrations, could be attributed to the use of de-icing materials. The rate of pollutants in some of the samples was found to be 10 times as much as the permissible national standard and international values. Moreover, based on the Wilcox diagram, the water in most stations could be classified as C3S1 (decreasing the soil fertility and resulting in ecophysiological abnormalities in crops) and even as C4S1 (completely harmful for irrigation). A similar distribution of de-icing compounds and arsenic were observed in the under-ground water of the basin.  Discussion and Conclusion: The increase in the pollution and the decline in hydro-chemical properties of the basin due to the accumulation of de-icing materials, not only pose direct hazardous effects to human health and agricultural lands but can also intensify the mobility of the heavy metals in soil-water profiles of the region. Therefore, it is suggested that winter operations in the city be planned and carried out using modern methods and facilities (such as anti-icing program, eco-friendly deicers, asphalt mixture with anti-icing additives, hydronic heating pavement), so that the negative environmental impacts can be controlled as much as possible. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

83 - Examining the Effect of Banks Facilities on Reducing CO2 Emissions Among Middle Eastern and North African Countries, the MENA Region
Vida Varahrami zahra abedi faezeh sadeghian

10.22034/jest.2021.40839.4507

Background and Objective: Since economic activities, especially energy-intensive activities are one of the most important environmental pollutants in developing countries and the MENA region. Therefore, considering the importance of the subject, this study seeks to exam More

Background and Objective: Since economic activities, especially energy-intensive activities are one of the most important environmental pollutants in developing countries and the MENA region. Therefore, considering the importance of the subject, this study seeks to examine the effect of banks facility facilities on reducing CO2 emissions in Middle East and North Africa, known as the Mena region for the period 2016-2000. Method: This paper used Panel data. The results of the static panel model estimation that carbon dioxide emissions as an indicator of environmental pollution as a dependent variable are considered, shows that the coefficients of all variables are significant at high levels in the long run, their symptoms are expected and in accordance with the theoretical foundations of the subject. Findings: The results of estimating the panel model show that the coefficients of all variables are significant at a high level in the long run, their symptoms are expected and in accordance with the theoretical foundations of the subject. Estimated relationships, positive effect of variables; Consumption of energy and emissions, trade with carbon dioxide emissions as an indicator of environmental pollution, in other words, increase in energy consumption and emissions, trade with increasing emissions of carbon dioxide as an indicator Environmental pollution is associated. Results of a negative relationship between variables; Financial development shows payment facilities in the industrial sector and in the agricultural sector with emissions of carbon dioxide and carbon as an indicator of environmental pollution. Discussion and Conclusion: In particular, the increase in the development of financial markets, the payment facilities in the industrial sector and in the agricultural sector leads to a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions as an indicator of environmental pollution. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

84 - Assessment of oil pollution and prioritization environmental protection strategy in the Caspian Sea based on the SWOT model
Omid Naderi Parviz Mohammadi nasrin choobkar Hossein Norouzi Seyed Ahmad Hosseini

10.30495/jest.2022.57289.5236

Background and Objective: Harmful oil compounds have various dangers on marine organisms and human. Now with this threat of oil pollution in the country's water resources, especially the Caspian Sea, what strengths and weaknesses can there be to counteract this threat? More

Background and Objective: Harmful oil compounds have various dangers on marine organisms and human. Now with this threat of oil pollution in the country's water resources, especially the Caspian Sea, what strengths and weaknesses can there be to counteract this threat? The purpose of this study is to get acquainted with oil pollution and its derivatives and to explain the prioritization of the Caspian Sea environmental protection strategy of threats caused by oil pollution. Material and Methodology: SWOT analysis (Strenghts, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) is an important tool for strategic study, situation analysis and providing appropriate solutions to obtain an answer to this question. Therefore, the main strategy of this study is to use the SWOT model as a tool to assess oil pollution in the Caspian Sea. Findings: According to the results of this study, with strategic prioritization in the total share of Caspian oil pollution, there are two threats (Russia and Azerbaijan) and three opportunities (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Iran) that the most important weakness and threat in river resources and the most important Capability and opportunity have been identified in urban resources. Discussion and Conclusion: What has been underreported in these studies is the use of cross-border diagnostic analyzes because these analyzes, as official reports approved by international environmental organizations, can be the basis for periodic evaluations and based on them to determine strategic priorities in pollution control management of the Caspian Basin. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

85 - Analyzing of Pollution and Damages in International Environmental Law
yalda khalatbari Davood Hermidas Bavand Ali Zare Seyed Abbas Poorhashemi

10.30495/jest.2021.9070

With increasing the global environmental hazards and lack of efficiency of international environmental law to prevent the environmental damages, one of the major concerns for environmental damage is to develop indicators of environmental damages. According to the Articl More

With increasing the global environmental hazards and lack of efficiency of international environmental law to prevent the environmental damages, one of the major concerns for environmental damage is to develop indicators of environmental damages. According to the Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, international treatises are an important source of international law. Moreover, more than a thousand of bilateral or multilateral treatises and agreements on international environmental law show the place of the international treatise in international environmental law system. In this context, developing the indicators of environmental damages, in addition to prevent the environmental pollutions aims to establish the international responsibility in the environmental damages. Therefore, this study tries to analyze the possibility of developing indicators of environmental damage in international treatise, which is Important to improve the state's international responsibility in environmental damage cases. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

86 - Analyzing the Legal System of Environmental Pollution in the Light of the Baseline Analysis of the Principles and Concepts of Air and Space Law
Mahtab Ajdari Moghaddam Davuod Hermidas Bavand Daryoush Karimi

10.30495/jest.2023.51432.5024

International environmental law examines and systematizes the manifestation of space, recognizing its status and formulating the evolving legal system, human and state contributions to the atmosphere, the fate of the earth and the sky, and the damage to the layers of th More

International environmental law examines and systematizes the manifestation of space, recognizing its status and formulating the evolving legal system, human and state contributions to the atmosphere, the fate of the earth and the sky, and the damage to the layers of the sky. This study is a descriptive and theoretical study of the status analysis of the legal system of environmental and air pollution, the principles governing outer space activities in exploration, exploration and exploitation, as well as nuclear and nuclear weapons activities. And military and mass destruction in the face of the peaceful use of space and the prevention of harmful activities and the abandonment of space debris and the approaches and actions of advanced and developed governments and developing states and the study of the factors of convergence and divergence and justice between Generation and Trans generational in Responsibility and Responsibility for Trans boundary Injuries and Responsibilities State International on Damages, In particular the Common But Different Responsibilities of Governments, the Common Interest of Humanity and the Common Inheritance and the Concern of Humanity. Investigations indicate that, with a set of structural and environmental measures regarding astronauts, spacecraft and rockets and spacecraft, referring to their components and objects and objects thrown into space, as well as recording these in exploration and exploitation, Satellite recording and communications and remote sensing, in keeping with the principle of freedom over territory and space at various levels, are examining the challenges ahead of the assumption that the current legal system has been able to fill all the gaps in pollution. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

87 - Measurement of Cadmium in Some Tissues of the Caspian Seals in the Southeastern Coast of the Caspian Sea
seyedeh malihe hoseini somayeh namrodi AMIR sayadshirazi annalisa zaccaroni

10.30495/jest.2020.35666.4255

Backgrounds& Objectives: Nowadays, the entry of effluents containing heavy metals, which are mostly the result of industrial activities, into the ecosystem of aquatic organisms and, consequently, the accumulation of these metals in the body of aquatic animals is a m More

Backgrounds& Objectives: Nowadays, the entry of effluents containing heavy metals, which are mostly the result of industrial activities, into the ecosystem of aquatic organisms and, consequently, the accumulation of these metals in the body of aquatic animals is a major concern which is aquatic life and biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems affects. The Caspian Sea is one of the most important aquatic ecosystems that the entry of various pollutants has caused serious damage to these ecosystems. The Caspian seal, the only mammal in the Caspian Sea, is endangered. The aim of this study was to measure cadmium in some Caspian seal tissues on the southeastern shores of the Caspian Sea.Method: In the present study, ten corpses of Caspian seals were collected and inseminated from the coast of the Caspian Sea. Liver, kidney and fat samples were digested to measure cadmium content. The concentration of cadmium was measured by a mass spectrometer machine.Findings: The highest concentration of cadmium in kidney tissues was 13.59±0.73 μg / kg which higher than the liver with mean of 1.6±0.16 μg / kg and greater than mean of 0.07±0.02 fat. The concentration of cadmium in male and female tissues was investigated and there was no significant relationship between cadmium metal concentration and sex of seals. The presence of significant amounts of cadmium in 90% of the samples shows the high pollution of the Caspian Sea with heavy metals, including cadmium metal, which is even toxic at very low levels.Discussion and Conclusion: Considering the significant decrease in the population of the Caspian seals in recent years and the persistence of heavy metals, the use of these toxic metals in the industry has to be reduced, as well as the sources of the input of these pollutants to the Caspian Sea to prevent the entry of these toxic metals into the Caspian Sea or before filtration proceed. This will reduce the pollution of the Caspian Sea and helps the health of the aquatic environment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

88 - Evaluating the Effect of Cost of Environmental Pollution on Efficiency (Case study: China's economic zones)
fatemeh Mehregan Soheyla Seyedboyer

10.22034/jest.2019.29384.3870

Background and Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the environmental impacts on the value of efficiency. Industries and companies making environmental pollution, bring costs to the community, which in the most cases are not taken into account for measuri More

Background and Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the environmental impacts on the value of efficiency. Industries and companies making environmental pollution, bring costs to the community, which in the most cases are not taken into account for measuring efficiency. This study has attempted to find a proper model for evaluating efficiency using the two-stage data envelopment analysis, considering the costs of environmental pollution. Cost loss resulted from applying environmental constraints on undesirable outputs, are also discussed and calculated. Method: An analytical-descriptive method is utilized in this study. Two-stage data envelopment analysis has been used here to measure efficiency. At first, environmental constraints have been made up with respect to the problem and then added to the model. The proposed mathematical models are solved using the GAMS software and the values of efficiency are obtained. Findings: Results show that the model with environmental regulations has a lower efficiency value compared to the model without environmental regulation, indicating that applying environmental regulations on undesirable outputs, leads to losing some of desirable outputs and consequently some cost. The study involves 20 economic zones of China whose efficiency and cost loss are calculated. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that in Guizhou and Guangdong regions, the efficiency is the same in both cases, indicating that these areas are on the edge of efficiency. The cost loss in these areas is zero. However, in areas such as Shaanxi and Liaoning, the difference is greater, indicating that for a long period of time, the economic development of these areas has been dependent on constant consumption of resources, which has caused reduced environmental quality. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

89 - A Comparative Study between the Environmental Pollutions Of Straw Bale Systems and Bricks
Mahshid Ansari Meghedy Khodabakhshian mohammad hadi abolhasani

10.30495/jest.2019.32958.4081

Background & Objective: The brick indusrty shares a significant amount to the global environmental pollution. In the production stages of this indusrty, pollutants such as particulates, CO2, NOX, CO and SOX get released into the atmosphere. Considering the increase More

Background & Objective: The brick indusrty shares a significant amount to the global environmental pollution. In the production stages of this indusrty, pollutants such as particulates, CO2, NOX, CO and SOX get released into the atmosphere. Considering the increase of pollution and also the production rate of bricks in the country, replacing bricks with another type of material can lead to reduction of these pollutants.Material and Methodology: In order to achieve the goals of the study, review study method was used and library resources, databases, scientific and research journals, related books and available data (Statistical yearbooks of Ministry of Agriculture, Energy balance sheet of Ministry of Energy and statistics of State Management and Planning Organization over the past few years) were employed.Findings: Findings reveal that straw could be an appropriate replacement for bricks from the environmental and economic points of view; although it's widely available and has useful features; concerns such as moisture, insects and combustion have made the application of straw bales in building industry very insignificant. Straw bale systems consist of compressed panels that can replace bricks in building industry without any environmental pollution and with high economic efficiency.Discussion and Conclusions: Brick is the most used building material in the world. Considering its large effect on pollution, findings show that straw bale systems, which are completely renewable, can reduce this pollution significantly; such that straw bale buildings can be seen all over the world in places such as USA, Europe, Canada, Australia, Japan and China. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

90 - Investigation of Legal Guarantees and Legal Requirements for Combating Long-Range and Trans-Boundary Pollution (In the Middle East Countries in the Form of Regional Understanding)
elham hedarzadeh ahmad varvaei Mansour Pournouri naser ghasemi

10.30495/jest.2021.39488.4454

In this article, an attempt has been made to review the measures in question in the Middle East, citing the international custom in the field of requirements and responsibilities in order to control dust.In this article, the legal requirements and regulations in the fie More

In this article, an attempt has been made to review the measures in question in the Middle East, citing the international custom in the field of requirements and responsibilities in order to control dust.In this article, the legal requirements and regulations in the field of long-term and transboundary pollution (such as the precautionary principle and similar principles) are studied, along with examples of internationally accepted commitments and memoranda, and considering the problems in the Eastern region. And the requirements of the commitments and memoranda of understanding approved in this region have been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manner with a comparative approach. In the end, according to the environmental situation of the region, the author makes some suggestions in the field of quantities and shortcomings in the commitments and memorandums of the region.Certainly, formulating the principles of a regional convention to prevent and curb the dust phenomenon, using the successful experience of Southeast Asian countries, is not only functionally important, but also legally helpful for critical situations. Utilizing contractual obligations in drafting regional conventions to deal with the phenomenon of particulate matter will be more efficient and enforceable than conventional obligations. The need to adopt judicial, legal and executive measures at the regional level; Including the implementation of policies prohibiting the change of use of forest, wetland and river lands; And the draft executive plan for multilateral cooperation between the countries of the region to deal with dust is one of the proposed measures.Despite the efforts of international environmental organizations; The results of this study show that without a regional convention to control particulate matter and other environmental crises, it will not be possible to solve the problem.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

91 - Determine the willingness to pay for improved air quality in Tehran
ehsan asgharzad Kambiz Hojabr kiani Ali Emami Meybodi Farid Asgari

10.22034/jest.2021.44608.4693

B Background and Objective: Due to the need for citizens to be aware of the value of clean air and the impact of pollution on their assets, as well as the possibility of better analysis of projects and compare them with each other and selecting the best and least expen More

B Background and Objective: Due to the need for citizens to be aware of the value of clean air and the impact of pollution on their assets, as well as the possibility of better analysis of projects and compare them with each other and selecting the best and least expensive project for policy makers and economic planners, this study The value of clean air and the willingness to pay to improve air quality has been estimated by citizens in the metropolis of Tehran. Method: In contrast to the conventional economic method in which the value of a commodity is calculated for all commodity availability, hedonic is a method by which the value of enjoyment is determined by the characteristics of a commodity. The hedonic pricing method is the observed price of a commodity regression On its qualitative attributes, therefore, it can be said that hedonic method considers the demand of a product or input as a function of its characteristics. In this research, we used the data of the transactions carried out in the housing market of Tehran during the period of 1395 and based on the three structural, neighborhood and environmental characteristics we have estimated the price of the Tehran's hedonic price function. Accordingly, 7141 samples of real transactions were collected by simple random sampling from 22 areas of Tehran. Findings: The results show that 81 percent of logarithmic changes in housing prices are explained by selected variables in a two-way logarithmic model. Most of the variables used are meaningful and have an expected sign. Also, using the implicit derivative, the coefficient of air quality index is estimated from the function of the hedonic price. Discussion and Conclusion: The final desire to pay for a unit of air quality index (improvement of air quality index) for each household in Tehran is equal to the figure of about 3 million rials. According to the average purchase area of 72 square meters in Tehran, the final desire to pay per square meter is 42 thousand Rials. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

92 - Optimizing the Environmental Impacts of the Construction Industry with Multi-Mode Activities: The Iranian Leopold Matrix Method
Sayyid ali Banihashemi Mohammad Khalilzadeh Alireza Shahraki Mohsen Rostami M. Seyed Saeedreza Ahmadizade

10.30495/jest.2021.49836.4937

Background and Objective: The construction industry and the implementation of civil engineering projects are considered as one of the causes of environmental pollution. Considering the destructive effects and the contaminants created by the implementation of the develop More

Background and Objective: The construction industry and the implementation of civil engineering projects are considered as one of the causes of environmental pollution. Considering the destructive effects and the contaminants created by the implementation of the development plans, it is necessary to evaluate the environmental impacts and identify them in order to reduce the impacts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental impacts of the rural water supply project in Birjand city using the Leopold Matrix Method of Iran.Method: In this study, the environmental impacts of rural water supply project implementation in Birjand city during the year 2019 and in two physical-chemical and biological environments and in the construction phase were evaluated using Iranian matrix method. To this end, various implementation modes have been formulated to evaluate the environmental impacts of the project activities and a Leopold Matrix has been developed for each of them.Findings: The results showed that the average environmental impacts during construction in the 7 execution modes were -1.58, -1.95, -2.15, -2.5, -2, -2.21 and -2.22. Also, the number of environmental impacts on surface and groundwater pollution are highest and protected areas are least.Discussion and Conclusion: According to the analysis performed in none of the seven matrices and columns examined for the executable states, the average rankings were not found to be less than -3.1. So the project execution the supply is approved. To minimize the impacts, the lowest environmental impacts of each activity were selected, which would mean the average environmental impact of the whole project -1.52. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

93 - Investigation of lead pollution in suspended particles inside and outside residential, office and commercial buildings in Karaj metropolis
Shokoofeh Sajedi Sabegh nabiollah mansouri Lobat Taghavi Seyed Alireza Haji Seyed Mirza Hosseini

10.30495/jest.2022.54427.5205

Background and Objectives: Heavy metal pollution of airborne particles is a serious problem in the urban environment and has been considered by many researchers. Among heavy metals, lead is an element that enters suspended particles from various sources. In this researc More

Background and Objectives: Heavy metal pollution of airborne particles is a serious problem in the urban environment and has been considered by many researchers. Among heavy metals, lead is an element that enters suspended particles from various sources. In this research, the amount of lead in suspended particles indoor and outdoor the building of Karaj metropolis has been investigated. Material and Methodology: Sampling of suspended particles was performed in December 2019 from 23 stations indoor and outdoor the building in Karaj metropolis. In order to measure the amount of lead in the collected samples, wet chemical digestion method was used by nitric acid/perchloric acid combination. Finally, the concentration of lead metal was measured using ICP-MS. Findings: Based on the findings of this study, the highest levels of lead indoor and outdoor the buildings were measured as 858.73 and 446.28 μg/g, respectively. Also, a significant difference was observed between the amount of lead indoor and outdoor the building and in addition between different stations, in some stations the amount of lead indoor and in some stations outdoor the building the amount of this element was measured more. Discussion and Conclusion: Lead analysis in indoor and outdoor dust samples in Karaj metropolis shows the spatial distribution of this pollutant in different stations based on pollutant sources. Examination of the results of one-way analysis of variance test showed that in areas with higher traffic load, the amount of lead in dust samples collected inside and outside the building was higher than other stations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

94 - Spatial distribution and pollution assessment of Cr, Ni and Co in Joghatay ophiolitic region soils (NW Sabzevar), by statistical analysis and sequential extraction
Hojatallah Joghatayi rahim dabiri Mohamad Elyas Moslempour

10.30495/jest.2021.9133

Background and Objective: Joghatay plain is located in Sabezvar Ophiolitic Zone and next to the chromite mine. In this research, the soil pollution by heavy metals have been investigated with respect to geochemical, statistical and environmental indicators in Joghatay p More

Background and Objective: Joghatay plain is located in Sabezvar Ophiolitic Zone and next to the chromite mine. In this research, the soil pollution by heavy metals have been investigated with respect to geochemical, statistical and environmental indicators in Joghatay plain.Material and Methodology: Samples were collected seasonally from soil in Joghatay plain within May 2014, and the concentration of heavy metals were measured using ICP-MS method. To the geochemical phases of metals in soil were determined using BCR sequential extraction method.Finding: The result of the analysis of heavy metals in soil samples has shown high concentrations of some elements such as Chromium, Nickel and Cobalt in the southern part of the region. Assessment and correlation of heavy metals in Joghatay region soils by multivariate statistical methods (Pearson correlation, cluster analysis and principal component analysis) show a strong positive correlation between Cobalt, Nickel, Chromium, Iron, Manganese and Magnesium due to the same source  (ophiolitic unit area).Discussion and Conclusion: The pollution index (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, contamination factor and modified contamination degree) indicates that soil has strongly polluted with regard to Chromium and Nickel and moderately polluted to Cobalt. Sequential extraction method has indicated that more than 50% of Nickel and Chromium concentration in intercahnageable phase. On the other hand ophiolitic rocks and Chromit mining leads releasing of these elements in the area. Though, as far as it gets away from ophiolitic rocks these elements concentration will be decreased. Also element speciation in different phases reveals that the rest elements have concentrated in residual phases and have a lithogenic source. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

95 - Risk assessment of suspended particles using EFMEA technique and TOPSIS method in District 9 of Tehran Municipality
reza jalilzadeh mahdiyeh sadat rahmani

10.30495/jest.2019.30498.3902

Background and Objectives: The importance of inhaling the clean air becomes more visible today. In the open air, a number of pollutants are considered as standard pollutants, one of which is particulate matter. The aim of this study was to study the environmental aspect More

Background and Objectives: The importance of inhaling the clean air becomes more visible today. In the open air, a number of pollutants are considered as standard pollutants, one of which is particulate matter. The aim of this study was to study the environmental aspects of suspended particles in Tehran Municipality 9th district.Method: In this research, firstly, by referring to the municipality of district 9 and receiving the region information, the activities of the indicator of the producer of suspended particles were identified. Potential damage caused by these activities was identified and given the probability of occurrence, the power of diagnosis and severity of impact on the environment are classified.  Findings: 7 activities were identified and for each activity 17 environmental consequences were identified from the EFMEA method. Of the 17 identified risks, 4 risks include lung disease, cardiovascular disease, digestive diseases and skin diseases that have the highest severity and ranked first to fourth and accounted for 2 risk accidents and driving disorder Traffic signs have the least impact intensity and ranked 16th and 17th ranked TOPSIS. Based on the EFMEA technique, pulmonary diseases with 524 and heart disease with 423 numbers have the highest risk numbers and misdiagnosis of driving tips with 50 and driving accidents with a 52-point risk factor.  Discussion and Conclusion: Regarding the risk assessment in this study, it was revealed that 2 risks of pulmonary disease and heart disease have the greatest impact on the general health of the people in the region and by reducing the environmental risks of the area by taking some control measures.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

96 - Physicochemical Pollution of Water Wells in the Villages around Damavand by Using the Geographic Information System
Mohadeseh Hadadi Maryam Rafati Mojtaba Sayyadi

10.30495/jest.2022.54092.5117

Background and Objective: Considering the water shortage and drought crisis in recent years, the importance of examining the quality of groundwater resources has become more important day by day, and in this regard, the Geographic Information System (GIS) is one of the More

Background and Objective: Considering the water shortage and drought crisis in recent years, the importance of examining the quality of groundwater resources has become more important day by day, and in this regard, the Geographic Information System (GIS) is one of the best methods to help managers for optimization their decisions. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the pollution and qualitative changes in water well in villages around Damavand city by using GIS. Material and Methodology:  Eleven water wells were sampled in the villages of Masha, Chenar Sharghi, Luman, Wadan, Zan, Ayneh Varzan, Jaban, Sarbandan, Aro, Seyedabad, and Islamabad during wet and drought periods. Then, using IDW interpolation methods, the water well information, which is in the form of points, was generalized to the surface and map was prepared. Findings: The results showed that the water in the wells of the studied area is good for drinking and agriculture purposes. According to GIS maps, the most polluted well is located in the village of Vadan, where EC and sodium levels are above the standard level due to the geological structure of the south of the city and the improper water abstraction of this well. In terms of the GWQI index, it was found that the villages of Aynevarzan, Zan and Seyedabad in both periods of study, due to having a quality number of less than 20, are more suitable than other areas for drilling wells in the future. Discussion and Conclusion: Since Damavand has a lot of agricultural and orchards lands that are sprayed periodically and the use of chemical fertilizers are high, it is possible that in the future, the condition of these wells will exceed the standard threshold. However, based on the results of this study at the sampling time, the condition of these wells was suitable. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

97 - Study of the Potential Pollution of Heavy Metals in Sediments of Anzali Wetland Based on Sequential Extraction Technique
samira behravesh alireza pourkhabbaz Mohammad Ebrahimpour

10.30495/jest.2020.20774.2981

Background and Objective: In present century, population growth, technology development and agriculture development are causing environmental pollutions. Many pollutants are entering into the environment by humans; one of the major environmental pollutants is heavy meta More

Background and Objective: In present century, population growth, technology development and agriculture development are causing environmental pollutions. Many pollutants are entering into the environment by humans; one of the major environmental pollutants is heavy metals which enter to the aquatic ecosystems. These elements are very stable and because of their toxic effects and accumulation have a particular importance. Level of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems like wetland by measuring their concentration in water, sediments and organisms is considered. Sediments are the potential source of contamination in aquatic environments and act as sink for pollutants. As forms of heavy metals are varying to make different mobility, bioavailability and toxicity, the measurement of total elements cannot provide the complete information of the characteristics of heavy metals. Therefore, sequential extraction processes of elements of sediments have been developed.Material and Methodology: In this study, concentration of cadmium, copper, lead, zinc and chromium in surface of sediments at the southwest regions of Anzali wetland were studied by sequential extraction process in four stages. Sediments were sampled from six sites by Grab sampler. Concentration of elements in these samples was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).Findings: Average concentrations of elements in the sequential extraction method showed that metals rates in the different fractions was: Residual > Organic Oxidation > Acid Reduction > Exchangeable. In total, metals concentration in sediment samples of the southwest of Anzali wetland was: Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Cd.Discussion and Conclusion: Geochemical Accumulation Index (Igeo) was calculated for these elements. According to this factor, cadmium pollution in this area was moderate (Igeo=1.65). Other elements had shown no pollution. Individual Contamination Factor (ICF) for heavy metals calculated, also. These results showed that lead and chromium had the highest bioavailability so they can be dangerous for organisms. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

98 - Analysis and evaluation of noise pollution in Karaj city
MAHSA ADL Leila Mahmoudi Shima Azizi Amin Taherianfar

10.30495/jest.2022.64103.5555

Background and Objective: In this paper, after examining the situation of noise pollution in the city of Karaj, priority areas have been identified to be the target of proper planning and management in terms of noise pollution control in the future (online monitoring sy More

Background and Objective: In this paper, after examining the situation of noise pollution in the city of Karaj, priority areas have been identified to be the target of proper planning and management in terms of noise pollution control in the future (online monitoring sysytems ….). Material and Methodology: In the present study, after detailed identification of noise pollution sources in Karaj and considering the time and financial constraints of the project 108 noise monitoring stations with morning, noon and night frequencies in three seasons of autumn and winter 99 and spring 1400 to investigate noise pollution and the equivalent sound level of Karaj was selected. After analyzing the results and data of sound measurement in SPSS and Excel software and their statistical description, zoning maps of equivalent sound level in Karaj city by IDW interpolation (distance based weighting) method with the help of software GIS software was provided.     Findings: Comparing the results of Karaj city with the Iranian sound standard showed that 90% of the equivalent sound level is higher than the residential standard, 84% higher than the residential-commercial standard, 70% higher than the commercial standard, 52% higher than the commercial-industrial standard. And is 31% higher than the industry standard. Karaj sound level zoning also showed that regions 1, 8 and 9 have the highest noise pollution and regions 3, 4, 6 and 7 face the lowest noise pollution. Discussion and Conclusion: The present study shows the increasing trend of noise pollution in Karaj, especially in some areas, the need for systematic and continuous monitoring of noise pollution, conducting more detailed studies and more comprehensive studies of noise pollution (characteristics, seasonal fluctuations, Noise pollution boundaries, etc.), Setting up and establishing online voice monitoring systems, using fences and sound barriers should be on the agenda. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

99 - Analysis of Effective Factors on Technology Selection and Ranking of Nitrogen Oxide Emission Reduction Technologies (Case study: Iranian Thermal Power Plants)
Shirin Azizi Reza Radfar Reza Radfar Ali Rajab zadeh Ghatari

10.30495/jest.2021.52018.5059

Background and Objectives: Thermal power plants with significant consumption of fossil fuels play a major role in the production of air pollutants. Nitrogen oxides are among these pollutants. So far, none of Iran's thermal power plants have been equipped with technologi More

Background and Objectives: Thermal power plants with significant consumption of fossil fuels play a major role in the production of air pollutants. Nitrogen oxides are among these pollutants. So far, none of Iran's thermal power plants have been equipped with technologies to reduce and control nitrogen oxide emissions. Considering the necessity of reducing pollutants caused by fuel combustion in the country's power plants, and imposing excessive social costs due to the excessive emission of pollutants, this article aims to provide a solution to analyze the factors affecting the selection of reducing technologies. Nitrogen oxides with the origin of power plant activities and also their prioritization and selection with the approach of investing in technologies to reduce the emission of this pollutant in Iran's thermal power plants has been done.Material and Methodology: In this research, first, with the widespread knowledge of the researches conducted in this field, the existing technologies in the world and also the most important criteria influencing their effectiveness have been identified and in the next step, in order to adapt these criteria to the conditions of Iran, Fuzzy Delphi technique was used to finalize the criteria. In order to weigh the criteria and then rank the existing technologies, the new SECA ranking technique is used.Findings: The results showed that IFGR technology, OFA, Flameless Combustion, LNB and FR(Fuel reburning) were the first to fifth priority of technology selection,  respectively.Discussion and Conclusion: The sum of these technological assessments will help to create more suitable and sustainable environmental conditions and less vulnerability of ecological systems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

100 - Check and Environmental monitoring of polluting particles and their effects on the air of Sanandaj
Abdolreza Noferesti Farham Aminsharei

10.30495/jest.2022.56395.5206

Background and Objective: Investigation of the amount of heavy metals, anions and cations in the air of SanandajMaterial and Methodology: The research method includes the measurement of suspended particles in the city. Then, atomic absorption spectrometry was used to de More

Background and Objective: Investigation of the amount of heavy metals, anions and cations in the air of SanandajMaterial and Methodology: The research method includes the measurement of suspended particles in the city. Then, atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the composition of particles and measure the desired metals and ions in the particles. In the third stage, the statistical method was performed and the results of field measurements in SPSS environment were analyzed. In the last stage, with the opinions of experts and determining the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats, the relevant strategies were determined to investigate the causes of air pollution in Sanandaj and executive strategies.Findings: In this study, air quality in Sanandaj based on particles, has days with healthy air 20.83%, low pollution 69.14%, unhealthy days 7.43%, very unhealthy days equal to 1.38%, days Dangerous was 1.1% and very dangerous days were 1.65%. Days with dangerous and very dangerous weather were observed mainly in the first months of the year. Among metals, aluminum and iron have a very high volume, followed by copper, zinc, lead and arsenic. As for ions, they are sodium, nitrate, chlorine and sulfate, iron, magnesium and calcium, respectively.Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the results, changes in lead, mercury, manganese, zinc, aluminum and iron at the level of 5% are significant and there is a significant linear relationship between particles and the amounts of the above metals. Regarding ions, sodium, calcium, nitrate, sulfate and iron were significant at the level of 5%. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

101 - Effect of Rose Wastes on Salinity and Heavy Metals Reduction in Compost and Soil
Anita Kharrati elnaz sabbagh tazeh

10.30495/jest.2023.63286.5505

Background and Objective: In recent years, salinity and pollution due to municipal solid waste compost, has caused many problems. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of mixing rose greenhouse waste with urban waste on the quality of produced c More

Background and Objective: In recent years, salinity and pollution due to municipal solid waste compost, has caused many problems. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of mixing rose greenhouse waste with urban waste on the quality of produced compost and the chemical and physical properties of the soil after using this fertilizer.Material and Methodology:  An experiment in CRD design as factorial was conducted to investigate the effect of Rose greenhouse wastes on quality of compost with two factors consisted of 1) waste type with 2 rates: a) separated and b) unseparated waste) and 2) amendment ratio with 3 rates: a) 100% waste-0% amendment, b) 80% waste-20% amendment and c) 60% waste-40% amendment, with three replications. Then a field experiment based on CRD, with 7 treatment (consisted of soil mixed with six types of produced compost in previous stage and control) and 3 replications was conducted to investigate the effects of produced compost on some characteristics of soil.Findings: Results showed that the separation of wastes at the source, increased compost nitrogen by 2.75 times, cation exchange capacity by 4.14 times, phosphorus by 2.14 times, water holding capacity by 2 times and organic carbon by 69% compared to the non-separation. But reduced available potassium, pH and sodium of the compost. In soil, it also reduced bulk density, salinity, and cadmium and lead concentrations, and increased soil MWD. Adding Rose greenhouse waste in rate of 40%, reduced compost EC by 58% campared to control. It also reduced available sodium and potassium and increased pH of the compost. In soil, reduced bulk density, salinity and concentration of lead and cadmium. Treatment of soil and separated compost with 40% of amendment, increased soil Si by 0.078 unit and soil organic carbon by 32% compared to the control.Discussion and Conclusion: Results showed that separation of wastes at the source and adding Rose greenhouse waste can improve physical and chemical properties of compost and soil. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

102 - The effect of mycorrhizal arbuscular fungus on phytoremediation potential of coriander, rosemary and ornamental cabbage in lead-contaminated soil
karim nasiri timoor babaei nejad Navid GHanavati kamran mohsenifar

10.30495/jest.2023.58222.5266

Background and Objective: One of the ways to reduce soil pollution is the use of plants, which is more effective than other methods due to its simplicity, cheapness and compatibility with the environment. Mycorrhizal fungi symbiotic with plants can further reduce pollut More

Background and Objective: One of the ways to reduce soil pollution is the use of plants, which is more effective than other methods due to its simplicity, cheapness and compatibility with the environment. Mycorrhizal fungi symbiotic with plants can further reduce pollution by changing and modifying plant physiological processes. Material and Methodology: In order to investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus muse species) on the phytoremediation potential of coriander, rosemary and ornamental cabbage in soils contaminated with lead, a completely randomized and factorial experiment with 3 types of plants (coriander, ornamental cabbage) And rosemary) had 6 levels of lead (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg of lead per kg of soil) and two levels of mycorrhizal arbuscular fungus (inoculation and non-inoculation) in 2017 in one of Abdanan greenhouses were done. Findings: The results showed that with increasing soil lead levels, the concentration of lead in the roots and shoots of the plant increased. Arbuscular mycorrhiza increased the concentration of lead in the roots and shoots of rosemary. Mycorrhizal fungi also increased the concentration of lead in the aerial parts of ornamental cabbage but decreased the concentration of root lead. The highest concentration of shoot shoot was observed from rosemary plant and inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus and the lowest concentration of shoot shoot was observed from rosemary plant and not inoculated with mycorrhiza. The highest lead transfer factor was 5.8 from ornamental cabbage plant inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus and the lowest lead transfer factor was 0.7 from mycorrhizal plant inoculated with mycorrhiza. Discussion and Conclusion: The use of mycorrhizal arbuscular fungus increased the concentration of lead in the ornamental cabbage, which is used in phytoremediation of contaminated soils. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

103 - Civil Liability Sanctions about Environmental Pollution in Iran and US Law
Babak Sadeghi alireza lotfi doudaran Mozaffar Bashokouh

10.30495/jest.2023.72902.5850

The legal confrontation with environmental pollution and the many and various losses resulting from it, which endangers human life in the present generation and future generations, requires appropriate and efficient legal enforcement guarantees. Civil Liability, as a br More

The legal confrontation with environmental pollution and the many and various losses resulting from it, which endangers human life in the present generation and future generations, requires appropriate and efficient legal enforcement guarantees. Civil Liability, as a branch of legal science, has provided valuable executive guarantees in this field, which has a preventive and compensatory role. The purpose of choosing the topic of this article is to introduce and review and complete the executive guarantees of civil liability caused by environmental pollution in Iran and US law. According to the studies conducted in this research, the executive guarantees of civil liability in US law are more complete than the legal executive guarantees of Iran, because punitive damages, joint and several liability and referendum have been accepted in US law. But even the executive guarantees of US law also have shortcomings that the authors have pointed out, and by theorizing and examining the issues of this area, the authors have created new executive guarantees, such as the cancellation of contracts that pollute the environment and the return of property. It has also presented the results obtained from the polluting activities in order to provide better means of compensation and prevention of the losses caused by environmental pollution. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

104 - Effectiveness Evaluation of Bus Fleet Replacement Scenarios to Reduce Karaj Air Pollution
Niki Aghapour Mazaher Moeinaddini

10.30495/jest.2023.66193.5634

Background and Objective: Considering the worn-out public transport fleet in Karaj city, it needs to replace the fleet with up-to-date standards. Considering the economic and environmental dimensions, the effectiveness of the measures taken should be evaluated. Therefor More

Background and Objective: Considering the worn-out public transport fleet in Karaj city, it needs to replace the fleet with up-to-date standards. Considering the economic and environmental dimensions, the effectiveness of the measures taken should be evaluated. Therefore, achieving the goal of evaluating the change in the emission of pollutants based on each alternative scenario can help the authorities to adopt air pollution reduction strategies. The purpose of designing scenarios in this research is to estimate the effectiveness of scenarios in the field of replacing the fleet of worn-out single buses in reducing the emission of air pollutants. Material and Methodology: First, the classification of buses and units based on parameters such as different systems, year of production, pollution standard, type of fuel consumed and vehicle class have been studied at 1398. Then, scenarios of reducing standard pollutants were designed in two plans, replacing the worn-out fleet with a hybrid fleet, dual-fuel and with fuel consumption, with Euro 4 pollution standard, and finally the scenarios were compared with the basic scenario. Pollution emission coefficients and scenario design were calculated using the International Model of Mobile Vehicle Emission (IVE) model for passages, 1st degree arteries, highways and freeways, with slopes of zero and 22%. Findings: The results of comparing the scenarios showed that by replacing the entire worn-out fleet in terms of age (to the new fleet, scenario four), the maximum reduction in emissions of standard pollutants was 40% (CO, 60% (VOC), 42% (NOX), 86% (Also, the results of the distribution of pollutants in the city of Karaj, with Arc Map software showed that the highest emission of pollutants is related to region 10, and the lowest emission is in region 1, Karaj city. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the findings, the effectiveness of replacement scenarios of the worn-out fleet (use of hybrid, dual-fuel vehicles with Euro 4 fuel) in reducing the emission of air pollutants has been 40 to 80%. Pollutant reduction scenarios and strategies to increase air quality are useful for policymakers and researchers to better understand the current state of air pollution in the region and are largely operational, requiring timely funding and well-planned planning. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

105 - Studying the effect of beta-cyclodextrin natural polymer for improving dyeing condition and reduction of environmental pollution
akhtar mousavi ahmad akbari seyed kazem mousavi

10.30495/jest.2023.76836.5964

Background and Objective: environmental and economic limitations that are imposed dramatically on textile and dyeing industry leads to the development of environmentally friendly processes for modifying the properties of fibers and improving the existing traditional pro More

Background and Objective: environmental and economic limitations that are imposed dramatically on textile and dyeing industry leads to the development of environmentally friendly processes for modifying the properties of fibers and improving the existing traditional processes. Many efforts have been done for decreasing costs and disposed contaminants which one of them is using natural polymers. The purpose of this study is applying beta-cyclodextrin natural polymer as an appropriate alternative with favorable environmental effects for other chemical additives in dyeing. Material and Methodology: In this study, wool fiber amended/treated by β-Cyclodextrin biocompatible polymer and its dyeing features such as the effect of β-Cyclodextrin composition (%20-0/5), dyeing pH (3-7) and density of the dye (%5-75) on the dyeing capabilities of wool with madder dye color was evaluated and compared. And finally, physical changes of crude fiber and amended fiber after dyeing was amended/treated using SEM analysis. Findings: According to the results, as the β-Cyclodextrin amount increased, the color strength of the samples are considerably enhanced and dye ability (K/S) is better in the case of modified wool rather than aluminium-mordanted wool and pristine wool. Besides, exhaustion of modified wool in neutral pH rather than acidic pH has been increased dramatically while no appreciable changes was observed in pristine wool dye ability with pH changes. Color strength (K/S) data were in the following order of the β-Cyclodextrin modified wool>. Discussion and Conclusions: In general, according to the conditions of modifying wool with β-Cyclodextrin biocompatible polymer and changes in dyeing conditions, not only removing chemical compounds from the wastewater of textile industrial can beapplied, but also the amount of consumed dye and unabsorbed dye remaining in wastewater can be reduced which is environmentally very important. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

106 - The Feasibility of Using EBDS to Control the Pollutants of Industrial Plants and to Remove SO2 and NOx
Davood Kahforoushan Jafar Soltanmohammad zadeh Esmaeil Fatehifar

The emission of the flue gases from industrial units affects the ambient air quality. These pollutants have a strong impact on humans’ health and environment, and therefore should be removed. The Electron-Beam method is an effective and economical way for simultan More

The emission of the flue gases from industrial units affects the ambient air quality. These pollutants have a strong impact on humans’ health and environment, and therefore should be removed. The Electron-Beam method is an effective and economical way for simultaneous removal of pollutants, and could be an alternative for conventional methods. In this paper, the technical and economic considerations for the removal of SO2 and NOx as well as the application of this technology in related industries are studied. The results show that the EB method presents many economic and technical advantages compared with the conventional methods. This method could be a very effective way for the control of air pollutants in industrial units. Moreover, if the energy costs for EB are reduced, it can be used in  less developed countries Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

107 - Prediction of Gas Pollutants Concentration by Means of Artificial Neural Network in Tehran Urban Air
Siamak Bodaghpour Amir Charkhestani

In this study we applied artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the concentration of air pollutant in Tehran urban air. Because of dangers of air pollution in Tehran city witch causes environmental problems and various respiratory and dermatological diseases and tro More

In this study we applied artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the concentration of air pollutant in Tehran urban air. Because of dangers of air pollution in Tehran city witch causes environmental problems and various respiratory and dermatological diseases and troubles especially in children and aged people. This research was set in order to schedule and control this problem in Tehran and other great cities. Statistical data for this purpose were picked up from the concentration of pollutant gases recorded by fixed sensors in Bazar station from 2002 till 2007 (NOX gas). Auto regressive model and time series were used to determine neural network inputs. Current time gas concentration in this model depends on gas concentration of all 7 past days. Therefore, neural network input was concentration of the gas in all 7 past days and neural network output which was the prediction of neural network and the concentration of the gas in current time. Then the model of ANN is deigned by using of MATLAB 7 software and data simulating. Eventually, simulated data has plotted versus real data and it depicted that there is a good result compared with simulated data from ANN. The latter shows less error compare with regression model Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

108 - Study of noise pollution in the district 5 of Tehran municipally
sanaz fathi parvin nassiri mohammad reza monazam smaeilpour roya moradi fatemeh razaghei

Introduction: The purpose of this study is the amount of sound pollution in the region 5 of Tehran.This area because the population density, residential neighborhood with various highway, too manytraffic and transportation are important for attention.Material and method More

Introduction: The purpose of this study is the amount of sound pollution in the region 5 of Tehran.This area because the population density, residential neighborhood with various highway, too manytraffic and transportation are important for attention.Material and method: This study was done in mordad and tir mounts in 1390 that in 61 stations onthree state in peak hour traffic that sounds parameters were measured then getting into GIS software ofdata geograpic and layers of information to provide amount of pollution in the region, was determinedisruption of sound pollution, critical point and the regions whithout sound pollution. In this studyused 260 questionnaire.Results: The average of Equivalent Noise level (Leq) in the the region 5 of Tehran was 72.3 dB(A)that maximum valu of Leq have been registered in station bridge to the air industry in amount of 80.7dB(A) and the least amount registered in the station kohsar park in amount of 55.9dB(A) alsomaximum amount of the indexes sounds (L90, L10) Traffic Noise Index (TNI) and Level of NoisePollution (LNP) each respective values 90 dB(A), daneshgahe elmi va carbordi station, 80.3 dB(A)Tehran- karaj highway station and 106.2dB(A) station of ferdos- aghil and 92.2 dB(A) in thedaneshgahe elmi va karbordi station respectively.Conclusion: As the results show in all of the stations of measurement of noise, Equivalent NoiseLevel was measured more than the day standard level of Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

109 - A Comparative Analysis of the Legal Status of Noise Pollution in Iran and the World
Farhad Dabiri Parvin Nasiri Nooshin Ahanrobay

Noise Pollution is one of the current problems in large cities such as Tehran, which has harmful effects on people’s physical and mental health in the society. Some countries have adopted legal measures to control and eliminate the noise pollution. Since, there is More

Noise Pollution is one of the current problems in large cities such as Tehran, which has harmful effects on people’s physical and mental health in the society. Some countries have adopted legal measures to control and eliminate the noise pollution. Since, there is no conducted research relating to the legal status of noise pollution in Iran, a comparative analysis of the rules and regulations of Iran and a few selected countries can be helpful for finding the shortcomings in order to control the pollution in Iran and Tehran. This paper is aimed at identifying the above-mentioned defects through studying the legal status of noise pollution in Iran which has been compared to a few other countries Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

110 - Study of Noise Pollution and Noise Annoyance in Residential Areas Affected by Sound of Ahvaz International Airport
Negin Babadi Maryam Mohammadi Rouzbahan Kazem Hemadi

10.22034/jest.2019.14559

Background and Objective: Airplanes shuttling in urban context and airport noise are considered as common undesirable environmental effects caused by establishment or development of airports. Airport development has decreased the distance between airport and residential More

Background and Objective: Airplanes shuttling in urban context and airport noise are considered as common undesirable environmental effects caused by establishment or development of airports. Airport development has decreased the distance between airport and residential area and this highlights the importance of investigating the effects of the acoustic pollution caused by flights. The purpose of this study is to investigate the amount of acoustic pollution caused by flights in an area around the airport and in the direction of airplanes in Ahvaz. Method: For this purpose, the rate of acoustic balance was measured during a four-month intervals in two day and night turns in 2015. In this study, 70 station were selected, in which sound rate was measured with 3 repetitions. Then the questionnaires a noise annoyance were completed by residents of the study area and the airport staff. Findings: According to the results, the average balance of acoustic pressure in day turn and night turn were 68.69 and 65.62 dB respectively. During the measurement, the minimum sound pressure level of 58/81 dB and the maximum sound pressure level of 85/76 dB were recorded in Kooye-Pastorizeh and Aliabad regions. Discussion and Conclusion: Results show that sound value in all the studied stations is higher than the standard of EPA. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

111 - The Impact of Urban Parks on PM10 Suspended Particles, Through Using GIS Software
majid Abbasspour Amir Hossein Javid Saeide Saeidi

Abstract The goal of this article is to analyze the impact of green space and urban parks on reduction of PM10 suspended particles and compare the resulted figures with the surrounding areas. In this research Laleh Park and its surroundings were selected. Laleh park wit More

Abstract The goal of this article is to analyze the impact of green space and urban parks on reduction of PM10 suspended particles and compare the resulted figures with the surrounding areas. In this research Laleh Park and its surroundings were selected. Laleh park with 35 hectares of land is located in district 6 of Tehran municipality limit .The park was developed 45 years ago and has performed as important asset in the district where served Tehran citizens by variety of uses such as recreational, sports, and amusement. For this purpose , long term studies were conducted and frequent visits made to project site ,where eventually 14 monitoring stations equipped with standard instruments were installed to take field samples of PM10 suspended particles ,twice daily (morning and evening ),for a period of one year. On the basis of these measurements, the average seasonal and annual PM10 suspended particles were compared with figures obtained from the surrounding city pollution monitoring stations. Also in this area, meteorological parameters such as temperature, humidity, speed and direction of wind were measured. Through using GIS software as a potential system, dispersion pattern of particles in the environment was analyzed. Continuing the process, software (matlab) was able to show the spectrum of dispersion pattern from park central square to maximum radius of 3000 meters. Finally, the positive correlation between presence of space and reduction of suspended particles in the environment is shown based on PM10 dispersion pattern graphs drawn through use of GIS software. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

112 - A Dynamic Modeling for Effects of Dual-Fuel Vehicles on the Production of Pollution and Energy Consumption
Hamid Reza Fartookzadeh Hassan Eshraghi

Background: Subsidies for energy and emissions from fossil fuel consumption in large cities, due todual-fuel policy in the country, given the widespread use of this policy, economic and environmentalimpacts need to be studied more in the long run.Methods: After reviewin More

Background: Subsidies for energy and emissions from fossil fuel consumption in large cities, due todual-fuel policy in the country, given the widespread use of this policy, economic and environmentalimpacts need to be studied more in the long run.Methods: After reviewing the literature on the advantages and disadvantages of dual-fuel vehicles,using the methodology of dynamic systems that is one of modeling methods for social and dynamicsystems, create a dynamic model about the influence of dual-fuel cars on energy consumption,subsidiaries for energy and pollution. So by running the model, the long-term effects of the currentpolicy, is examined.Results: Based on the outputs of the simulation model, dual-fueling policy, only reduces the growthrate subsidies and air pollution, and does not solve the problem basically.Conclusion: Considering the costs of dual-fueling policy and not getting the desired output, seemsprimitive to other strategies, such as creating a basket of fuel or the development of CNG vehiclesburning in the matter, and, secondly, in the process of dual-fueling, the supplement policies should beused. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

113 - Leaching Assessment of PAHs from Oil Contaminated Sites
Akbar Baghvand Ali Daryabeigi Zand Ali Vosoogh

Introduction: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are in amongst of the most important environmentalpollutants. Their leaching from soil into groundwater is one of the most important environmentalconcerns. Considering the high volume of activities in oil industry, many sit More

Introduction: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are in amongst of the most important environmentalpollutants. Their leaching from soil into groundwater is one of the most important environmentalconcerns. Considering the high volume of activities in oil industry, many sites have beencontaminated with oil compounds in Iran. Since soil remediation costs are very high, making adecision about remediation or not remediation of the oil polluted soils needs a careful assessment.Material & Methods: Column leaching test was applied in the current research as a modern andeffective tool to predict leaching of PAHs from soil. In order to do this procedure, the contaminatedsoil from south of Tehran city (near the oil refractory) were prepared. Then, dried in the air and sievedfrom 2 mm. The material of soil was silt and clay; also had a 1.81 percent organic carbon. The testswere done in glass column with 600 cm3 capacity (6 cm diameter, 21 cm high).Results & Discussion: Results showed that only a small part of available PAHs in solid phase (soil)leached into water and high concentration of PAHs in the solid phase dose not necessary imply seriousgroundwater contamination risk and significant amount of PAHs may stay in the soil for a long time. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

114 - The Investigation of Heavy Metal Content and Their Chemical Forms in Tehran Sewage Sludge for Agricultural Application
Sumayyah Naji Rad Akbar Ghavidel Hossein Ali Alikhani Ali Ashraf Soltnai Toolarood

10.22034/jest.2018.12454

Background and Objective: Among sewage sludge disposal options, land application is more preferred because of economic benefits and decreasing fertilizer cost for farmers. However, if sludge has excess amount of heavy metals and microbial infections, land application ma More

Background and Objective: Among sewage sludge disposal options, land application is more preferred because of economic benefits and decreasing fertilizer cost for farmers. However, if sludge has excess amount of heavy metals and microbial infections, land application may lead to soil and environmental pollution. Method: In this research, the amount of total, DTPA-extractable and soluble forms of Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn and Ni and population of coliform bacteria were determined in the sludge samples of three different sewage sludge treatment plants including Shahrak-e-Gharb, Ekbatan and Shoush and the results were compared to the world pollution limit standards of these metals and the coliform population. Findings: Results showed that 0.01% of all metals accumulatively in sewage sludge were in soluble form, 1.32% in DTPA-extractable form and 98.67% in other forms, which are unavailable. Shoush sludge had largest amount of sum of eight metals (39.73 gr/kg dry sludge), Ekbatan sludge (28.42 gr/kg dry sludge) and Shahrak-e-Gharb sludge (22.95 gr/kg dry sludge) were the second and third in the rank, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Because of high amounts of Zn and Cu in the sludge samples in compare to the standards, the samples from all the treatment plants did not categorized as the exceptional quality which can be used in agriculture. A comparison between the coliform population and the standards showed that in this regard, sludge samples were in B quality and there would be limitations in their land application. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

115 - Environmental Base Study and investigation of environmental impact of Hydroelectric Power Plant Case study: Sardabrud Hydroelectric Power Plant
Majid Abbaspour Abdolreza Karbasi Ateke Pahlevan Hamid Rahimipour Anaraki Saeed Motahari

Life and development of human societies is based on production and consumption of energy, necessity of paying more attention to environment, the fact of running out of fossil fuel and also the need of renewable energy resources has attracted human attention. With having More

Life and development of human societies is based on production and consumption of energy, necessity of paying more attention to environment, the fact of running out of fossil fuel and also the need of renewable energy resources has attracted human attention. With having reached renewable energy resources, Iran tends to use these sorts of energy. Hydroelectric energy specially is one of the most important and also most economic renewable sources of energy. To assess environmental impacts of Sardabrud hydroelectric power plant, construction and operation phases Leopold Matrix was used to analyses impacts of each phase on physical-chemical, biological, economical and socio economic environments. Also some experiments were carried out in 4 periods to study the quality of the river. Based on  obtained results of the existing status and values from Leopold Matrix, and comparing  impacts between the operation and no action alternatives, it was revealed that operation alternative is -62 and +69 in construction and operation phases respectively, and no action alternative is -52 and -82 in construction and operation phases respectively. This after averaging the operation score was +7 and no action score was -133 Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

116 - Risk assessment of textile industry on workers exposed to noise pollution (case study: Borujerd Textile Factory)
Maryam Mohammadi Roozbahani Parvin Nassiri Ahmadreza Farzaneh Nejad

To assess the risks of Borujerd Textile Factory on the workers exposed to noise pollution, a cross- sectional study was conducted. Sixty workers of spinning and weaving halls, and staff members were randomly selected and audio metered in the two groups of case and contr More

To assess the risks of Borujerd Textile Factory on the workers exposed to noise pollution, a cross- sectional study was conducted. Sixty workers of spinning and weaving halls, and staff members were randomly selected and audio metered in the two groups of case and control. Then, the results were analyzed through t-test. In the next step, all of the subjects filled in a questionnaire, the results of which were analyzed through X². Also, the diagrams of hearing loss rate were drawn for 4 groups in terms of years of working experience (16) and its relation with working years. The results of the study indicated that all subjects suffered from hearing loss in both ears. The mean hearing threshold of all groups had the highest value in frequency bands 2, 4, and 8 KHz. With an increase in the working years up to more than 10 years, hearing loss in 1 KHz frequency band was also seen. The lowest hearing sensitivity was seen in frequency bands 250 and 500 Hz. It can be concluded that the higher the frequency of the received noise, the lower the hearing tolerance threshold would be.                                               Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

117 - Nickel Concentration in Soil and Some natural Plant Species around Ahangaran Lead and Zinc Mine in Hamedan
Farrokh Legha Amini Nourolah Mirghaffari Behrooz Eshghi Malayeri

Heavy metals are considered as dangerous environmental pollutants that by entering the food chain causes serious health threats for humankind, plants, as well as other animals. In heavy metals contaminated soils, some plants species can grow and uptake a large amount of More

Heavy metals are considered as dangerous environmental pollutants that by entering the food chain causes serious health threats for humankind, plants, as well as other animals. In heavy metals contaminated soils, some plants species can grow and uptake a large amount of metals. These plants are used for decontamination of polluted soils by phyto remediation. In this research concentration of nickel in the soil samples, as well as in six plant species, namely Centaurea virgata lam., Euphorbia cheiradenia, Scariorbia orientalis , Cardaria droba, Gundelia tourmefotii and Euphorbia macrochada , around Ahangaran Lead mine in southeast of Malayer, was analyzed. The statistical analysis of data was done in a randomized incomplete block design. The maximum and minimum concentration of nickel in the shoots was observed in Euphorbia macroclada with a mean of 23mg/kg and Centaurea virgata lam. 6.7 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The concentration of nickel in the shoots of plants was shown to negatively correlated with soil pH(r=-0.33), cat ion exchange capacity(r= -0.83), organic material (r= -0.46) while being in positive correlation with salinity (r= 0.37), total (r= 0.203) and available nickel concentrations (r=0.7) in soil Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

118 - Assessing the government’s role in environmental problems of Iran (An environmental economic approach)
Niloofar Moradhassel Amir Hossein Mozayani

Due to the remarkable achievements in economic development over the past few decades,environmental degradation has been inevitable. To meet this problem, the first step is to identify themain sources of pollution which are discussed in this study with an emphasis on the More

Due to the remarkable achievements in economic development over the past few decades,environmental degradation has been inevitable. To meet this problem, the first step is to identify themain sources of pollution which are discussed in this study with an emphasis on the role of thegovernment. State activities like those of the private sector can be one of the main sources ofpollution, especially in developing and less developed countries in which the governments play themain role in economic activities. The issue requires attention because the government not only has a great role in environmental degradation but also has the responsibility of environmental conservation.  The present study aims at analyzing the role of the government in environmental degradation of Iranbecause the government’s huge share in the economic activities has caused serious environmentalproblems besides the undesirable economic consequences. The results of the study indicate the government’s great share in pollution. The researchers havestudied the economic activities in industry, agriculture, trade, transportation, etc. using a descriptiveapproach and also the causal relationship between pollution emission and capital formation in publicand private sectors through econometric techniques. Finally, it has been discussed that at the presenttime, the re-engineering of the economic structure and the government’s role is a pre-requisite for theeffectiveness of environmental policies. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

119 - Study of Noise Ppollution in Wildlife Crossing Khojir National Park
Minoo Moshtaghie Mohammad Kaboli Mahmood Karami Zohreh kasmaie Zahra Samai

Development in transport system and numbers of related activities to road construction is increasing inseveral regions. These activities have some issues including noise pollution which has beenengendering the environment in many areas. The negative impact of noise poll More

Development in transport system and numbers of related activities to road construction is increasing inseveral regions. These activities have some issues including noise pollution which has beenengendering the environment in many areas. The negative impact of noise pollution could be observedwhen threaten species inhabiting in specific area and decreasing of them is the result of this kind ofpopulation. It seems the construction of subways for wild life is important in order to protect and keepthem away from road accidents during building of Parchin-pasdaran corrective road in khojir nationalpark. Therefore, the major aim of this project was to measure the equivalent sound level in wildlifecrossing.By completion of questionnaires and field observations, it has been found that three days of the weekare the most traveling days. The noise pollution has been measured by Castle 440 instrument in eightsubways and two stations in each channel during four hours time. For this purpose parametersincluding Leq, max and min equivalent sound level, height and width of flood channel were measuredin this project.Measurement of equivalent sound level was carried out on Wednesday, Monday and Saturdayrespectively. With regard to the obtained regression and also negative correlation between entrancearea and center of the flood channel with equivalent sound level, the amount of noise can beanticipated. The present flood channel area is 4.2 m2 and the standard area for future wildlife crossingis 35 m2.It can be concluded that wildlife crossing which in under construction does not cause any importantnoise pollution for wildlife. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

120 - Study of vertical potential temperature gradient during a few acute air pollution episode in Tehran
Tahereh Ghassami Ali Akbar Bidokhti Abdollah Sedaghat Kerdar Fatemeh Sahraian

The potential temperature of an air parcel is defined as the temperature which the parcel of air would have if it changed adiabatically from its existing pressure P and temperature T to a standard pressure P0 (generally taken as 1000 mb). Generally, the vertical gradie More

The potential temperature of an air parcel is defined as the temperature which the parcel of air would have if it changed adiabatically from its existing pressure P and temperature T to a standard pressure P0 (generally taken as 1000 mb). Generally, the vertical gradient of potential temperature is used to determine the stability of the air parcel. In this study diurnal variation of potential temperature gradients in the planetary boundary layer of Tehran was considered in two cases, a (convective condition during the day), b (stable condition at night).The data were taken from the air pollution monitoring stations of Tehran for a few acute air pollution episodes in Nov. and Sep. 2001 and Dec.2002. By calculating, three different categories of temperature inversion were found, namely, high, moderate, and weak. We also showed that there is a good correlation between the variation of maximum concentration of NOX, SO2, CO and the potential temperature gradient. This correlation coefficient is about 0.4. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

121 - Prediction of Carbon Monoxide Concentration in Tehran using Artificial Neural Networks
Hamid Reza Jeddi Rahim Ali Abbaspour Mina Khalesian Seyed Kazem Alavipanah

Background and Objective: Nowadays, air pollution is one of the most important problems almost all over the world. There are many strategies to control and reduce air pollution, one of which is prediction of this event and getting ready to deal with the negative effects More

Background and Objective: Nowadays, air pollution is one of the most important problems almost all over the world. There are many strategies to control and reduce air pollution, one of which is prediction of this event and getting ready to deal with the negative effects of it. The aim of this study is to provide a multi-layer structure of artificial neural networks (ANN) for predicting of carbon monoxide pollution at subsequent 24 hours in Tehran metropolis. Method: To predict the amount of CO emissions in near future (subsequent 24 hours), wind speed and direction, temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure characteristics are used as meteorological data, and concentration of carbon monoxide is considered as a pollution parameter. To eliminate the noise of data, wavelets transform method and determining the threshold with normal distribution are used before training the ANN. Finally, two neural networks as two general models are proposed and used for modelling. Findings: The results show that the correlation coefficient, index of agreement, accuracy of prediction, and root mean square error for model no. 1 with duplicate data are 0.9012, 0.915, 0.848, and 0.1012 and for model no. 2 with duplicate data are 0.9572, 0.978, 0.963, and 0.0385 respectively. Moreover, the results of listed parameters for model no. 1 with new data are 0.9086, 0.89, 0.885, and 0.0825 and for model No. 2 with new data are 0.8678, 0.928, 0.932, and 0.1163 respectively. Conclusion: Results showed that there is a good agreement between predicted and observed values, hence the proposed models have a high potential for air pollution prediction. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

122 - Techno-Economic Evaluation of Energy Recovery Systems in Kerman Power Plant Considering Air Pollution Reduction
Mohamad Javad Jafari Faride Atabi Zahra Abedi Reza Maleki

Over the past 6 years, the country’s energy production has increased as much as 8.29% per year on the average. At the present time, power plants play a major role in the production of greenhouse gases and the optimization of the systems of the newly-constructed po More

Over the past 6 years, the country’s energy production has increased as much as 8.29% per year on the average. At the present time, power plants play a major role in the production of greenhouse gases and the optimization of the systems of the newly-constructed power plants is one of the country’s main environmental challenges. Therefore, the assessment of the construction of energy recovery systems aiming at increasing the efficiency of gas power plants with little pollution can be a great help to the environment. In this study, a techno-economic evaluation of energy recovery systems has been done in Kerman power plant considering air pollution reduction.   Fortunately, the potentials for the construction of combined cycle power plants exist in the country.   Since such power plants save the fuel and increase the efficiency, they can reduce contaminating gases. The application of energy recovery systems in gas power plants is quite economical and their pay-back rate is 9-10 years. The results of the present study show that with these plants, 152 million liters of gas-oil and 58.3 billion cubic meters of natural gas will be saved over a period of 30 years. As a result, 1.652 million tons of greenhouse gases will be reduced. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

123 - Application of Pollution Haven Hypothesis in identifying dirty industries Evidence of iran-china commercial relationship
Reza Akhbari Hamid Amadeh

10.22034/jest.2017.10623

Background and Objective: In all societies, economic growth and development appear kind of main goal but they also have negative side effects on other fields such as environment. In recent year, lots of discussion about negative side effects of globalization and free tr More

Background and Objective: In all societies, economic growth and development appear kind of main goal but they also have negative side effects on other fields such as environment. In recent year, lots of discussion about negative side effects of globalization and free trade without restrictions has been done and with proposing the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH), the massive share of trade and the importance of globalization in transferring pollutants have been revealed. Method: In this study we used ARDL (Auto Regressive Distributed Lag) approach to cointegration and bounds test to identify long run relationships between variables in the PHH models about Iran-China trade relationship. All data that we used are in time series format and including 1987-2004. We separate dirty industry from green ones by ISIC codes. Four codes about dirty industries were identified and based on them we present five models that included four models for each ISIC codes that were introduced and one models to examine this subject that if all for goods were aggregated, can the PHH still true? Findings: Results show that Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is N shaped, the share of manufacturing products in CO2 emission is enormous, PHH from Iran to China is accepted about 34 and 35 ISIC codes, dirty industries that we export their products are pollution intensive about 35 and 36 ISIC codes. Discussion and Conclusion: The evidence highlights the need to look at the imported goods related to dirty industries in details because now it is clear that PHH may be existed if the examination was perform in the detailed level with looking at dirty industries. This approach to investigating of PHH can help policy makers to identify the green and dirty industries exactly and improve the environmental condition that we live in. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

124 - Analysis of Air Pollution Status caused by climatic effects of aerosols and dust storms in south regions of Hamadan province
Mohammad Ghasem Torkashvand Mehrdad Kiani

10.22034/jest.2017.11622

Abstract Background and Objective: One of the environmental problems in recent years in the western regions of Iran is the activity of dust storms and aerosols in the atmosphere of cities. Malayer, Nahavand and Tuyserkan cities in the south of Hamedan province and west More

Abstract Background and Objective: One of the environmental problems in recent years in the western regions of Iran is the activity of dust storms and aerosols in the atmosphere of cities. Malayer, Nahavand and Tuyserkan cities in the south of Hamedan province and west of Iran are vulnerable to the entry of dust storms. In this research, dust storms, aerosols and visibility status and the manner of entering these storms into the cities have been studied. Method: In this study, different statistical periods were studied for three cities during the years 1992 to 2010. Then, the Prevailing wind conditions, storms dispersion, and visibility reduction were studied throughout the year. Also, maps of pressure patterns on the days of the storm for synoptic analysis were prepared and evaluated. Findings: The maximum annual dust incidence has occurred in Malayer in mid- spring (May), in Nahavand in the early spring (April) and mid-summer (August) and also in Tuyserkan at the end of spring (June).The highest and lowest number of dust storms occurred in Tuyserkan and Nahavand, respectively. Periodic changes of dust in the region have identified the rise of this climatic phenomenon in recent years. Dust frequency changes have shown a positive trend in the region with increasing height.The number of days with low visibility corresponded to the months of the occurrence of dust storms in the region and the most number of days with low visibility have been in June and July. Moreover, the synoptic analysis of the atmosphere shows that during the storm, an intense gradient of pressure and instability near the surface of the earth and the convergence flow at the level of 500 hPa have been created on the region. Discussion and Counclusion: The results of this study indicate that the dust in the streets parallel with the Prevailing wind direction is easily transmitted to the central parts of the city. Then due to the collision of the dust stream with the city's high buildings, a part of the dust is transferred to the surface of the earth, and other part of the flow creates a torsion mode in the back section of the building. Eventually, another part of it passes through the city at altitudes above the buildings. Vegetation around the cities has reduced the flow of dust into the cities and is considered as a positive factor in reducing pollution in the region. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

125 - The cross impact of Environmental quality and Economic growth on health level
Amir H. Mozayani Niloofar Morad Hasel

Assessing the cross impact of macro phenomenon in country level has been emphasized in empirical studies during past few years. Environment, health and Economic growth are the topics that affect each other considerably. In this article we are going to analyze these effe More

Assessing the cross impact of macro phenomenon in country level has been emphasized in empirical studies during past few years. Environment, health and Economic growth are the topics that affect each other considerably. In this article we are going to analyze these effects. To do that we performed related models and applied a cross county database, consists 40 countries in different economic development levels through panel data approach. The results imply that (about 4.5%) of the positive effect of economic growth on health level of countries can be offset by its negative impact on environment (degradation) and it can be considered as a deviation from their environmental and health programs. This result can be concerned as a contribution for policy making inIran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

126 - Determination of Diazinon in Water of Rice fields of Amol city by Thin Layer Chromatography Technique
Reza Arjmandi Mitra Tavakol Mansoreh Shayeghi

Increasing growth of population, undesirable economic situations of the world especially the third world, shortage of foodstuffs, hungriness, illness, they are all problems to be solved from economical and agricultural aspects. Protecting agricultural products from pest More

Increasing growth of population, undesirable economic situations of the world especially the third world, shortage of foodstuffs, hungriness, illness, they are all problems to be solved from economical and agricultural aspects. Protecting agricultural products from pests and diseases which inflicts considerable damage to farmers and cultivators each year which is another puzzle to be played and sorted. For this purpose, each year repeated, irregular and uninformed pesticides sprayings are carried out too many times which unfortunately cause resistance of pests against these drugs as well as environmental pollution and it can disaffect other live creatures. It is therefore necessary that more extensive research to be performed on agricultural pesticides and their relative health sciences in the light of bioenvironmental remarks. Mazandaran province is one of the agricultural poles of our country. Diazinon is one the most consumed agricultural pesticides in order to destroy the pests in this region. In this research study of residua of pesticide (Diazinon) in water, Rice field in Amol city, Mazandaran province was performed in year 2007. Findings:  The sampling was carried out on an accidental basis and the samples were taken from each station from the whole width of the river at each interval and mixed and studied the primary experiment and extractions which were carried out by using di-cholero methane and Acetone and finally the amount of pesticide residue was determined by using the H.P.T.L.C (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) method and CATS-4 software. According to the ANOVA, trails were in statistical analysis .Time of sampling of water was reported in one day after poisoning. Results show: Diazinon insecticide: this insecticide is used to destroy the stem boring caterpillar of Rice and Citrus tree pests frequently and was observed in the sampling stations 1 and 4 for 2 weeks after poisoning and in station 2 and 3 for one month after poisoning and in station 5 up to second month after application. The greatest amount of Diazinon poisons in station 1 was 1.14ppm which was greater than European Standard. This study cleared physical and chemical properties of the studied insecticides، such as fumigation quality، ecological conditions and type of soil، cause the decrease and finally disappearance of insecticides during the period of plant growth. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

127 - Survey of Heavy Metals Pollution in Surface Soils Around The Industrial Town of Ahvaz 2
Mosen Pournia Mir Hassan Moosavi Zeinab Jassemi

Introduction: The objective of this study was to assess the extent and severity of heavy metal contamination in surface soils in the surrounding of the industrial town of Ahvaz 2. Material & method: Sixteen topsoil samples were collected at 0-5 cm depth and were ana More

Introduction: The objective of this study was to assess the extent and severity of heavy metal contamination in surface soils in the surrounding of the industrial town of Ahvaz 2. Material & method: Sixteen topsoil samples were collected at 0-5 cm depth and were analyzed by ICP-OES for Co. Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. One sample was also investigated for mineralogy using X-ray. Result & discussion: The abundance of heavy metals measured in these topsoil decreases as follows: Cr>Ni>Zn>Pb>Cu>Co. The minerals in the analyzed sample are composed of quartz, calcite, and halite as major minerals with dolomite and alunite as minor minerals. Results indicate that concentration of heavy metal in surface soil is due to fine grain texture of soil, clay content, alkaline pH, CaCO3 content, Na+ and aluminum oxide content. According to geochemical criteria such as enrichment factor (EF), index of geo-accumulation (Igeo) and pollution index (PI), the soils of the study area are considered to be moderately contaminated with respect to Cr, Ni and Pb, and uncontaminated with respect to Co, Cu and Zn. The calculated results of EF, Igeo and PI of heavy metals are as the following: Ni>Pb>Cr>Zn>Cu>Co. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

128 - H 2 S emission from Sabalan geothermal power plant and its control in such plants
Abdoreza Karbasi Faride Atabi Sepide Sahar Mirzaei

Visible   steam   emitting   from   the   cooling   tower   and   H 2 S   smell   are   obvious   environmental manifestations of a geothermal facilit More

Visible   steam   emitting   from   the   cooling   tower   and   H 2 S   smell   are   obvious   environmental manifestations of a geothermal facility. They are usually coupled with concerns about exposure to the high  toxicity of  mercury  and  arsenic  along  with  radon  radiation. They  have been,  to  a  large  extent, responsible  for  the  perception  that  air  quality  is  significantly  affected  by  geothermal  activities.  In reality, air quality is affected by geothermal facilities a little, especially as compared to many other industries  or  fossil-fuel  power  plants.  If  the  quality  of  air  is  considered  in  the  construction  and utilization of geothermal installations, worries about air quality will be removed. The key to success in air quality programs is the early collection of data, plant operational scenarios, educational programs, etc.The  present  study  aims  at  predicting  dispersion  pattern  of  one  of  the  main  gases  of  Sabalan geothermal power plants to find a solution for its probable negative effects.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

129 - Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coastal Sediment of Bushehr
Alireza Safahieh Masoomeh Mahmoodi

Introduction: The coastal environment of Bushehr is supposed to be affected by polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs) and oil pollution. Despite carcinogenic characteristics of PAH compounds toliving organisms and human beings, the available information concerning PAHs More

Introduction: The coastal environment of Bushehr is supposed to be affected by polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs) and oil pollution. Despite carcinogenic characteristics of PAH compounds toliving organisms and human beings, the available information concerning PAHs contamination inBushehr is not sufficient. This study was carried out to investigate concentration and distribution ofPAH compounds based on number of rings in their structure, in the coastal sediment of Bushehr.Material and methods: Samples were collected from five different stations along intertidal zone ofthe shoreline. The samples were digested; their PAHs contents were extracted and analyzed usingHigh Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC).Results: Results showed that the total PAHs (tPAHs) concentration in stations Rafael, Sheghab,Abshirinkon, Lian and Helyleh were 844.95, 3078.42, 4790.32, 2988.06 and 2430.62 ng g-1(dw)respectively. A significant difference was observed between tPAHs concentrations in differentstations.The maximum tPAHs concentration was measured in station Rafael, while its minimum level wasobserved in Abshirinkon. Based on the number of the rings in the molecules, the PAHs composition indifferent stations varied significantly (P<0.05).Conclusion: Compared to previous studies from other locations of the world, PAHs contamination inthe Bushehr coastal sediment was evaluated as moderate to severe. The major part of contaminationwas comprised by High molecular weight PAHs with 5 or 6 rings while 2, 3 and 4 rings compoundshad less contribution. Since the adverse and carcinogenic effects of high molecular weight compoundsare more severe in aquatic organisms and because its continuous anthropogenic discharges in Bushehr,regular monitoring of PAHs in the area is necessary. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

130 - Evaluation of source and biological accessibility of heavy metals in the soil of Tehran northwestern elevations
Abdolreza Karbasi Gholamreza Nabii Bidhendi Faramarz Moattar Zohreh Barzegari

Soil can retain the environmental pollution, so by chemically analyzing it, we can learn about the pollution of a region. In the present study, samples of Tehran northwest soil are used. In total, 16 soil samples are collected and the mean concentration of Pb, Zn, Ni, a More

Soil can retain the environmental pollution, so by chemically analyzing it, we can learn about the pollution of a region. In the present study, samples of Tehran northwest soil are used. In total, 16 soil samples are collected and the mean concentration of Pb, Zn, Ni, and V are computed to be 173ppm, 101 ppm, 62 ppm, and 44 ppm, respectively. The results show a higher concentration of Pb than those of other elements. Moreover, the mean Pb concentration in the present study is 1,200% higher than that of the earth’s crust, which is because of air pollution. The elements (Pb, Zn, Ni, V, & Fe) were also studied in terms of biological accessibility and the related figures were obtained in the following order: Pb(929ppm)>Zn(27ppm) > Fe(7ppm) > Ni(5ppm) > V(0ppm) Furthermore, the cluster analysis revealed that Pb had an organic basis and that there was a high positive relationship between Ni and V. Since V is known as an oil pollution indicator, it can be concluded that Ni is scattered in the soil of the region due to fuel consumption.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

131 - Study of noise pollution and acoustic condition of the Tehran schools
Rostam Golmohammadi Farshid ghorbani Hossein Mahjoub Zohreh Daneshmehr

Noise pollution is one of the important issues of environmental pollutant in metropolitan areas and is almost one of the hazardous agents, which causes discomfort for residents and disturbs the work efficiency. Schools are the most important areas for assessment of nois More

Noise pollution is one of the important issues of environmental pollutant in metropolitan areas and is almost one of the hazardous agents, which causes discomfort for residents and disturbs the work efficiency. Schools are the most important areas for assessment of noise pollution, because Poor acoustical conditions in classroom directly affect to speech, perception and learning of students. The present study was conducted in Tehran city, during 2004 - 2005. In this study, 90 schools were randomly sampled. Schools consisting of primary, secondary and high school. In each school 103 parameters consist of noise characteristics and acoustic condition inside and outside of schools were measured and estimated. After the base calculation conducted of 158 data record for each sample, the research data was transferred into Excel and SPSS data sheet for statistical analysis. The results showed that the mean of Leq in classroom (in normal condition) were 71.98 ± 6.54 dB (A). The mean absorption index of internal absorbed area surface of classroom was 4.55± 2.07 sabin.m2 and the mean of the reverberation time was 3.65 ± 0.79 sec. The mean values of the transmission loss of the walls between classrooms were estimated 26.50 ± 2.37 dB and for outside were 29.72 ± 2.26 dB. Results showed that 70.6% of background noise index in classroom and 61.1% of Leq was in impermissible condition. Results also showed that 99% of street side walls and 100% of separator walls had a non efficiency to isolation of noise transmission. Analysis of the results showed that, the internal sources were the main cause of noise pollution in studied schools. Improvement acoustic reform by using of tile acoustics, control of opening in doors and windows and education for noise reduction in studied schools, and site selection and acoustic base designing for future construction were proposed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

132 - Effects of Distance from Pollutant Sources on Heavy Metal Concentrations around Neka cement Factory Soil
Somayeh Darivasi Keivan Saeb Maryam Mollashahi

Introduction: Air pollution is one of anthropogenic aspect in 20th century especially cement factories have important role on air pollution. Pollutant material cement factories contain carbon bearing components, heavy metals, sulfur oxide, N oxide. Material and methods: More

Introduction: Air pollution is one of anthropogenic aspect in 20th century especially cement factories have important role on air pollution. Pollutant material cement factories contain carbon bearing components, heavy metals, sulfur oxide, N oxide. Material and methods: This research aimed to investigate the heavy metal concentrations (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni (in soil samples of Neka cement dust deposition. The sampling was done on October of 2012. For this aim, 4 sample points were chosen with 100, 400, 800 intervals of cement factory. The protected area from the pollutant material was selected as control point. To ensure of samples sufficiency in each sample point, 4 soil samples were collected. .Then samples were dried and measured for heavy metals concentrations using digestive method with ICP. Results and discussion: Our results showed that there is a high level of heavy metal concentrations at 10 meters interval from factory and heavy metal concentrations decrease parallel to distance increase. Also in more cases, measuring of heavy metals concentration, is more than the world standard and this indicates the big polluting role of Neka cement factory. Between the studied elements, Co, Cr, Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni and Zn have most different rate compared with world standard.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

133 - Determination of Heavy Metal (Lead, Cadmium) Pollution in Air around Nuclear Power
Faramarz Moattar Karim Hossein Mikhchi Ahmad Mohammadzadeh Abdoreza Karbasi Azam Sadat Delbari

This research was conducted to determine levels of heavy metals pollution in air near nuclear power plant I Tehran-Iran. Concentration of heavy metal (lead & cadmium) has been measured and analyzed in different seasons. Air sampling was done by HI-VI (High Volume Sa More

This research was conducted to determine levels of heavy metals pollution in air near nuclear power plant I Tehran-Iran. Concentration of heavy metal (lead & cadmium) has been measured and analyzed in different seasons. Air sampling was done by HI-VI (High Volume Sampler) in different seasons. The preparation of heavy metal samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results were analyzed by Spss software. Results showed average concentration of Pb and Cd was 0.41، 0.04 μ g/m3 respectively in the second half of the year that were below than the standards (1.5، 0.15 g/m3μ). The results confirm that the concentration of heavy metals (lead and cadmium) depends on the circumstances especially precipitation and air turbulence which were reduced during precipitation، also in inversion situation concentration of heavy metals increases because of being lower than international standard even in inversion situation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

134 - Application of geostatistical methods for estimation of Tehran Air pollutants spatial distribution
Mansour Halimi Zahra Zarei Chaghabalaki Vahide Sayad Hasan Jems

10.22034/jest.2017.11216

Background and Objective: Ambient air quality is a major concern in highly urbanized and industrialized regions such as Tehran. Method: In this paper, the spatial distribution of 4 air pollutants in Tehran atmosphere was analyzed. The analyzed air pullutants were Carbo More

Background and Objective: Ambient air quality is a major concern in highly urbanized and industrialized regions such as Tehran. Method: In this paper, the spatial distribution of 4 air pollutants in Tehran atmosphere was analyzed. The analyzed air pullutants were Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Ozone (O3) and atmospheric particulate matters less than 10 micrometers in diameter (PM10). For this purpose, 4 common geostatistical interpolation methods namely: Ordinary Kriging (OK), Universal Kriging (UK), Sample Kriging (SK), and Ordinary Cokriging (COK) with Gaussian modeled semivariogram, were used to estimate the continuous surface for the 4 mentioned air pollutants. The data were collected from 21 air quality monitoring stations located in different districts of Tehran during a 2-year period from 2012 to 2013. The Kriging interpolation schemes are stochastic, local, gradual and exact interpolators. After preprocessing the collected data, they were imported to GIS by using metric coordinate system (UTM Zone 39). Finally, the Kriging predicted map was evaluate using 3 statistical indices of validation namely: Mean Absolute Error (MBE), Mean Bias Error (MAE), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) that can be divide into systematic and unsystematic errors (RMSEs, RMSEu). Findings: The results indicated that, using 2 auxiliary variables, the OCK is the optimum schema for spatial estimation of CO and NO2 pollutants in Tehran. Moreover, SK is found out as the best model for spatial estimation of NO2 and CO. According to optimal model, the highest concentrations of ozone (O3) and particulate matters greater than 10 microns (PM10) are observed in the marginal areas of Tehran, while the highest concentrations of CO, NO2 are observed in the central and northern districts of Tehran such as districts 1 to 4. Conclusion: The developed optimized model can be used for real time estimation of any pollutants in Tehran atmosphere by updating the observed data Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

135 - Investigation and determination of influential factors on small industries’ willingness to pay (WTP) in order to reduce the environmental pollutions (Case study: Sari County)
Hamid Amirnejad Hamed Rafiee

Because of less supervision on small industries, environmental standards are applied in lower degrees and as a result, the environment will become comparatively more polluted. In this regards, 32 small industrial centers in city of Sari were investigated by cluster bran More

Because of less supervision on small industries, environmental standards are applied in lower degrees and as a result, the environment will become comparatively more polluted. In this regards, 32 small industrial centers in city of Sari were investigated by cluster branch sampling and contingent valuation method (CVM), and consequently, the effects of different variables on industries’ willingness to pay in order to reduce the environmental pollution were identified. Results of estimation showed that the higher effect in acceptation of bids is related to industries monthly income. By one percent of income growth, probability for acceptation of bids for environmental preservation was increased by 0.4124 units. In this study, variables such as industrial pollution, managers’ environmental information, managers’ level of education, indigenous managers, and industrial monthly income showed positive and significant effect in acceptation of bid for environmental preservation in the province. Conversely, variables of constant industries’ capital, number of industrial labors, and the amount of offered bid and average of salaries showed negative significant effect in this regards. By application of CVM estimation, annual and monthly WTP of small industries in order to preserve environment was estimated at 180842.55 and 2170110.60 Rials, respectively. Thereafter, these quantities can be used in taxation and persuasive guidelines towards the reduction of environmental pollutions Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

136 - Investigating the impact of nanotechnology on environment
Maryam Lashkarizadeh Maryam eshaghi

10.22034/jest.2017.10308

Background and Objective: In recent decades, nanotechnology has affected different aspects of human being life. This technology has various impacts on economics, production and subsequently environment of each country. Nanotechnology could have both positive and negat More

Background and Objective: In recent decades, nanotechnology has affected different aspects of human being life. This technology has various impacts on economics, production and subsequently environment of each country. Nanotechnology could have both positive and negative impacts on environment. The use of this technology reduces the energy consumption, production of by products and greenhouse gas emission. However, nanoparticles might increase the growth of bacteria which is a threat for both environment and public health. Methods: In the current study using panel data method, the impact of nanotechnology on environment in both developed and developing countries (such as Iran) for a period of 13 years (1997 to 2010) is investigated. Findings: The results indicated that using nanotechnology in developed countries mitigated the impacts of increased pollution, as a result of economic growth, industrial and population growth on environment; however, in developing countries using this technology did not have significant impacts on environment Discussion and Counclusion: Due to the significant positive impact and nanotechnology in reducing the pollutants in developed countries can be concluded so what developing countries will also be given to the importance of nanotechnology can be effective in reducing air pollution. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

137 - Impact of Irrigation by Municipal Sewage on Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil
Masoud Tabari Azade Salehi

Impact of irrigation with municipal sewage on accumulation of soil by heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb and Cd) was investigated in two artificial stands Eldar pine (Pinus eldarica Meadow.), 1) irrigated by municipal sewage and 2) irrigated by well water in the suburban area More

Impact of irrigation with municipal sewage on accumulation of soil by heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb and Cd) was investigated in two artificial stands Eldar pine (Pinus eldarica Meadow.), 1) irrigated by municipal sewage and 2) irrigated by well water in the suburban areas of Tehran. In each stand, soil profiles were dug and soil samples taken from depths of 0-15, 15-30 and 30-60 centimeter. Municipal sewage and well water were sampled daily (3 days in each month) from early June to late November. Results indicated that municipal sewage had significantly (P < 0.01) higher amounts of Fe, Mn, Cr and Pb compared to well water. Level of these heavy metals in municipal sewage was upon the internationally recommended (WHO) maximum permissible limits set for land use. Application of municipal sewage resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in the concentrations of soil Fe, Mn, Cr and Pb. These heavy metals showed their greatest values in the upper layer of soil (0-15 cm). The concentration of soil heavy metals, with the exception of Pb, was below the critical limits. Cd was not detected in water and soil samples. With regard to high concentration of heavy metals in sewage, it was concluded that the long-term use of municipal sewage in irrigation might enriched soil with heavy metals to concentrations that may pose potential environmental and health risks. Hence regulations about the utilization of sewage in irrigation should consider in order to: 1-Control the content of heavy metals that may be added to soil and 2- Minimize the risk of negative effects to ecosystem health. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

138 - Establishment of a CNG Station and its Economic Savings in Reduction of Air Pollutions Adverse Health Effects in Comparison to a Gasoline Station in Tehran
Farideh Atabi Kamran Mahootchi Saeed Zahra Abedi

Natural gas as an environmentally friendly fuel will have the highest growth rate among energy carriers in the first two decades of this century which is an indication of its ever increasing s~i·re in global consumption of energy sources.    & More

Natural gas as an environmentally friendly fuel will have the highest growth rate among energy carriers in the first two decades of this century which is an indication of its ever increasing s~i·re in global consumption of energy sources.                                                   ~_~ The present study utilizes the most recent statistics and data about air pollution and fuel price to estimate the amount of saving that can be attained through the establishment of a single- purposed CNG station having 4 dispensers and consuming 10.512.000 cubic meters ofCNG annually. Thus, the economic losses of pollutants emissions from I cubic meter of CNG and I liter of gasoline were calculated. Finally, by considering the annual revenue of a CNG station, the total monetary saving through the consumption of gas in comparison to the equal amounts of gasoline (per kilometer) was calculated. The results indicate that the total savings for each single-purpose CNG station is about 26.088.303.168 Rials. The cumulative savings from a chain ofCNG stations will be remarkable and in long term it will have huge paybacks including air pollution reduction, public health improvement, gasoline and diesel consumption decrease, reduction in foreign currency expenditures, self sufficiency in use of modem technologies and preservation of petroleum resources. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

139 - The effect of air pollution on the concentration of heavy metals in the soil of Mellat Park
Abdolreza Karbassi Faramarz Moatar Masood Monavari Saiedeh Sadat Mosayebi

Soil can register environmental pollution in itself, so the pollution of an area can be studied through the chemical analysis of its soil. In the present study, the soil ofMellatParkinTehranwas sampled. In total, 15 soil samples were collected. Using laboratory methods, More

Soil can register environmental pollution in itself, so the pollution of an area can be studied through the chemical analysis of its soil. In the present study, the soil ofMellatParkinTehranwas sampled. In total, 15 soil samples were collected. Using laboratory methods, the mean concentration of Pb, Zn, and Ni were obtained to be 145, 33, and 62 mg/kg, respectively. The results show that the concentration of Pb is much higher than the other elements in the area. When compared with its concentration in the crust of earth, the concentration of Pb inMellatParkproved to be higher; a finding which is due to the air pollution of the area. In the rest of the study, the biological accessibility of the elements (Pb, Zn, Ni) was determined. The amount of biological accessibility of various heavy metals in the soil of the studied area is as follows: Pb (55mg/kg) > Ni (37mg/kg) > Zn (16mg/kg) Based on cluster analysis, lead cannot have an organic origin because a low similarity quotient was established between organic elements and this metal.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

140 - Tehran air pollution reduction comprehensive plan with an emphasis on CO
Saeed Motesaddi Zarandi Azade Razzaghi

In this research, carbon monoxide as one of the pollutants in the city of Tehran was studied during the execution of Comprehensive Plan for the Reduction of Air Pollution (1999-2005) to evaluate the success of the said plan in lowering this pollutant. To this end, stati More

In this research, carbon monoxide as one of the pollutants in the city of Tehran was studied during the execution of Comprehensive Plan for the Reduction of Air Pollution (1999-2005) to evaluate the success of the said plan in lowering this pollutant. To this end, statistical data of the Air Pollutants Measurement Stations in Tehran were analyzed using the Excel software in which the daily level of carbon monoxide was measured and then based on the daily rates, the relative monthly and annual rates were calculated. Studying the trend of changes in the city’s carbon monoxide level, it can be concluded that the execution of this plan has not been effective in lowering the level of CO pollutant to the expected extent, but due to the increasing trend in the number of motor vehicles, considered to be the main source for producing CO in the city, the plan has been able to prevent the increase of this pollutant. Due to the stable trend of changes in the CO level in Tehran and also to the dissatisfaction with this trend, the researchers tried to review the Comprehensive Plan for the Reduction of Air Pollution which has been executed since 2000 so that the success of the plan in lowering the level of CO pollutant can be witnessed in the remaining years of the Plan (2006-2010). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

141 - Investigation of the quality of drinking water wells in Lavasan-e Kouchak district
Mahsa Atefeh Lobat Taghavi Mohammad Reza Khani Aida Bayati Mojtaba Sayadi

Bachground and Objective: Role and importance of water in life and health of human being is a clear matter and  it is evident to everyone and more clear reality is that drinking water resources whether surface or underground in various ways is posed to pollution an More

Bachground and Objective: Role and importance of water in life and health of human being is a clear matter and  it is evident to everyone and more clear reality is that drinking water resources whether surface or underground in various ways is posed to pollution and shortage of ensured resources alternatives today has become one of most complicated problems in human society.Based on above,every factor which qualitatively and quantitavely treats resources ,will be followed with sensivity and considered.With considering that providing large part of drinking water in villages of Shemiran province from underground water and also because of existance of farm lands and gardens and use of fertilizers and poisens in this area ,examining quality of underground water is prompt.Also,because of establishing some wells of drinking water in Lavasanat village,so potential of effecting pollution to these wells and water analysis of waters are necessary. Method: In this research,4 no. wells in 4 villages called Hanzak,Anbaj,Kond olia and Kond sofla in two period of July and December are sampled and physical and chemical properties of water by adapting standard conditions and in trustful laboratory of environment ministry have been analysed . Findings: Based on findings and comparing them with existing standards, all of the physiochemical parameters of water were consistent with astandard state and only Phosphate, Fluoride, Magnesium and Total Hardness are slightly higher than astandard. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on results and comparing them with existing standards for drinking use by Schuler diagram, quality of water is relatively in suitable range. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

142 - Evaluation of environmental instability indicators with emphasis on water, soil and noise pollutions using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Ahvaz metropolis
MohammadAli Firoozi Mostafa Mohammadi Deh Cheshmeh Jafar Saeedi

10.22034/jest.2017.11070

Background and Objective: Cities are considered as the main factor causing instability in the world. In fact, according to the inherent complexity of cities in terms of environmental issues, identification of the main factors in achieving sustainability is necessary. Th More

Background and Objective: Cities are considered as the main factor causing instability in the world. In fact, according to the inherent complexity of cities in terms of environmental issues, identification of the main factors in achieving sustainability is necessary. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the indicators of environmental instability in Ahvaz metropolis with a focus on indicators of water, soil and noise pollutions. Method: This study is a descriptive-analytical one using an applied method. In this context, after explaining the concept of urban sustainability and urban instability and identifying relevant criteria, according to the study, the conversion of criteria to quantitative indicators was done and the index and sub-index in AHP model were prioritized. To perform spatial analysis of the data, GIS software was used and the most important explanatory factors to assess the environmental indicators of instability in Ahvaz, with emphasis on the index of water, soil and noise pollutions were studied. Findings: Findings showed that considering the water pollution index, five area with the impact of 0.327 had the the highest weight value among the urban areas while six areas with the impact of 0.033 had the lowest value than other areas with water pollution in Karun river. In terms of soil pollution, four areas with effect coefficient of 0.331 had the the highest rate of soil pollution, and eight regions with effect coefficient of 0.024 had the least pollution. In terms of noise pollution, the region with effect coefficient of 0.336 had the highest weight value among other regions, while eight regions with effect coefficient of 0.02 had the least pollution.    Discussion and Conclusion: Results showed that Ahvaz is in unstable environmental conditions and its current environmental condition is significantly far away from sustainability criteria. With this interpretations of situation, awareness about ecological sustainability of urban areas and understanding of the situation could play an important role in improving the planning and optimal allocation of resources to improve people's welfare Urban sustainability, Environmental instability, Water pollution, Soil pollution, Noise pollution, Ahvaz Metropolis Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

143 - Evaluation of the dispersion of pollutants from mobile sources of the pollutant (studying area: Ahvaz)
somayh baninaimeh Masoud Rafiei Syrose Karimi Abdolrahman Rasekh

10.22034/jest.2017.11218

Background and Objective: Today pollution in the large cities has become a basic challenge for the environment. In Ahwaz, 60% of the pollution is related to the mobile sources which produce a huge amount of various pollutants including CO and PM10 that affect the life o More

Background and Objective: Today pollution in the large cities has become a basic challenge for the environment. In Ahwaz, 60% of the pollution is related to the mobile sources which produce a huge amount of various pollutants including CO and PM10 that affect the life of the residents in Ahwaz. CO is an important pollutant emitted to the atmosphere from traffic. Generally, pollutant emission to the air has a significant effect on air pollution control. Therefore, the of this study was to investigate the dispersion and density of CO and PM10 from mobile sources. Method: In this study, at first the study area was zonned (3×3 Km). Then, in each net the number of cars were estimated according to the types of car and hours of traffic. Consequently, the whole diffusion of CO and PM10 concentration in each net was estimated according to gram per second for each car considering the diffusion factors, type of consumed fuel and the distance drived. Finally, for better illustration of places, graphic exhibition, distribution way of the mentioned pollutant and diffusion, GIS a software was used. Conclusion: The pattern of pollutant diffusion for CO and PM10 emitted from cars, which is calculated by the model, shows that most of the polluted areas are the business and administrative centers. These pollutants were calculated to be very low and even zero at the outskirts of the city. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

144 - Environmental Kuznets Curve Determination Using Simultaneous Equation System: A case study of Iran
Mahdieh Mosannen Mozafari Mahmoud Sabuhi2

The experience of developed countries shows environmental pollution increases by increasing GDPper capita and there is a level of GDP that pollution will decrease. Relationship between GDP percapita and pollution could be shown by Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). In t More

The experience of developed countries shows environmental pollution increases by increasing GDPper capita and there is a level of GDP that pollution will decrease. Relationship between GDP percapita and pollution could be shown by Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). In this study, EKC wasestimated and the level of GDP per capita expected the pollution was decreased, and it was calculatedwith ARIMA model. Results showed that, pollution will decrease at 6,509,720 Rial of GDP per capita.Decreasing the current GDP per capita-20685870, 2002- will happen in 17 years time. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

145 - Study of Persistence of Polluted Days with Carbon Monoxide (CO) in Tehran City Using Markov Chain Model
Jaber Rahimi Ali Rahimi Javad Bazrafshan

AbstractIntroduction & Objective: Air pollution is one indication of the urbanization, populationincensement, excessive use of fossil fuel resources, lack of utilizing environmentally friendlytechnologies and most importantly lack of proper environmental management More

AbstractIntroduction & Objective: Air pollution is one indication of the urbanization, populationincensement, excessive use of fossil fuel resources, lack of utilizing environmentally friendlytechnologies and most importantly lack of proper environmental management are some the factorswhich play big roles in this matter. Establishment more than ten million people and excessiveconcentration of industries and factories, alongside with the geographical situation, topography andspecific climatic region, have made Tehran one of the seven polluted cities in the world. In theassessment of air quality, concentration of carbon monoxide gas (CO), among the various pollutants,has a main role and importance.Materials & Methods: In this study, the probability of persistence of two to seven days unauthorizedamounts of pollutants CO in city of Tehran was investigated. For this purpose, the 5-year data (2002-2006) related to five stations measuring air quality of pollution control companies of Tehran werecollected and then using first-order, two-state Markov chain were modeled.Results & Discussion: Results showed that the highest probability of persistence of pollutant CO existin Fatemi station, Bazar and Aqdasiyeh stations are sat at next orders. Many months of the year,Fatemi station has the highest probability of CO and two stations, Bazar and Aqdasiyeh, are located innext ranks. Meanwhile, the persistence of pollutant CO in Shahr-e-Rey station compared to otherstations is the least. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

146 - Survey of changes in lichen bioindicator, Lecanora mularis, in exposure to different concentrations of sulfur dioxide
Mohammad Reza Khani Mohammad Sadegh Sekhavatjoo Nematolah Khorasan Golaleh Shahabpour

Background: Sulfur dioxide as one of the important gas pollutants has an irreparable impact onplants, animals and objects; therefore this monitoring and control is important. Biological indicators asair pollutants indicators, are appropriate conductive in order to air p More

Background: Sulfur dioxide as one of the important gas pollutants has an irreparable impact onplants, animals and objects; therefore this monitoring and control is important. Biological indicators asair pollutants indicators, are appropriate conductive in order to air pollution control in urban andindustrial environments. Lichens are one of the bioindicators that are used in this case.Material and methods: Therefore, survey of efficiency and effectiveness biomonitoring of SO2 withuse of lichen, Lecanora mularis, was considered. In this research, Lecanora was placed into the specialbags and exposed with 40, 100 and 200 ppb SO2 for three hours. Then chlorophyll determination (chla, chl b and chl a+b) and ratio of OD 435/415 was measured by extracting of 20 mg net weight oflichen in 10 ml DMSO.Results: Thus, the average of chlorophyll determination (chl a, chl b) in control and exposed samplesto SO2 was 94.1% and 77.3%, respectively; and there was a direct relationship between determinationand pollutant's concentration, in all cases.Conclusion: So, in order to high sensivity of lichens to uptake the SO2, monitoring and indicating theexistence and absence of sulfur dioxide in air is possible, thus this monitoring is one of the mosteffective and applicable approach. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

147 - Investigation of Pb, Zn and Ni in Watershed of Anzali Wetland (case study: Goharrood River)
Aryamen Ghavidel Faramarz Moattar

Heavy metals are the most important pollutant factors of water resources specially rivers. Entrance ofmetals in natural aquatic ecosystems arises from discharging of domestic, agricultural and industrialsewage. With respect to the health risks possibility and also impor More

Heavy metals are the most important pollutant factors of water resources specially rivers. Entrance ofmetals in natural aquatic ecosystems arises from discharging of domestic, agricultural and industrialsewage. With respect to the health risks possibility and also importance of aquatic ecosystems, in thisstudy the amounts of Pb, Zn, Ni elements in Goharrood river of Rasht were measured. The sampleswere collected in nine stages from five stations. Experiments were done by atomic absorptioninstruments. Results showed that the average amounts of Pb, Zn and Ni all along the river wererespectively 3830, 156 119,31 15 ppb. Maximum amounts were measured as follows: Pb 168 ppbin station 3, Zn 513 ppb in station 4 and Ni 60 ppm in station4.ANOVA doesn't show significant difference between the measured average amounts of Pb, but thereis significant difference between the average amounts of Zn and Ni elements in different stations. Thispaper shows that the stations inside the city measured a larger amount of the elements. This can be aresult of discharging large amounts of domestic and industrial waste water to this part of the river.Rates of the elements in Goharrood river were found to be over the maximum acceptable ratesdetermined by the department of environment for keeping aquatic organisms alive since Goharroodriver is one of the routes for water to enter Anzali wetland, there is a possibility of increased biologicalrisks in fish and human bodies. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

148 - Assessment of heavy metals concentrations and pollution in sediments of Almejogh Ophiolite Region (North-East of Iran)
Mahjoob Haghparast habiballah torshizian Rahim Dabiri

10.22034/jest.1970.14653

Background and Objective: Heavy metals can be present at low concentrations in the soil and contaminate it. Since the study area is ophiolite in terms of lithology, it can increase the concentration of heavy metals in soil and water resources. In this study, the concent More

Background and Objective: Heavy metals can be present at low concentrations in the soil and contaminate it. Since the study area is ophiolite in terms of lithology, it can increase the concentration of heavy metals in soil and water resources. In this study, the concentration of heavy metals has been investigated and the pollution in sediments of Almejogh region (Fariman ophiolite) is evaluation. Method: To study the concentration of heavy metals and sediment pollution in the study area, 9 samples of sediment were taken from depth of 30 to 20 cm. The samples were transferred the environmental laboratories of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad and the amounts of pH and EC in soil were measured. 10 grams of soil (material passing through a 200-mesh sieve) was transferred to the ACME Laboratories of Canada in order to be analyzed for determining the amount of heavy metals by the induction plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-OES) method. Discussion and Conclusion: Study of the correlation of heavy metals by Pearson coefficient, cluster analysis and principal components analysis showed that there are two different origins for geochemical distribution of heavy metals in sediment of the region. Ophiolite set of distribution of Cobalt, Nickel, Chromium and Pyroclastic and volcanic set as well as distribution of Iron elements, Molybdenum, Vanadium, Copper, Arsenic, Lead, Potassium and Cadmium were controlled. The pH of the soil in the study area fell within the pretty alkaline limit based on the classification of American soil science society. Evaluation of enrichment factor showed that Nickel has a very high enrichment and Arsenic and Chromium were in a high enrichment region. The above enrichment is indicative of anthropogenic origin. The pollution coefficient also showed that Nickel has the highest pollution in the region. The index of accumulation (of earth) also indicates t contamination of the sediment with Nickel in the region. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

149 - Productivity Analyses of Iranian Power Plant with Environmental Criterion
Abdoulkarim Esmaeili Robab Mohsenpoor

Introduction: Productivity of Iranian electric industry with environmental criterion is measured in this study. Material and Methods: Adjusted total factor productivity growth rate using Malmquist Index are calculated for 1981-2005. Result and Discussion: The result ind More

Introduction: Productivity of Iranian electric industry with environmental criterion is measured in this study. Material and Methods: Adjusted total factor productivity growth rate using Malmquist Index are calculated for 1981-2005. Result and Discussion: The result indicates that including the pollution abatement activities has a measurable effect on the productivity. Comparison of the productivity shows that the mean productivity with and without environmental criterion were 0.971 and 1.025, respectively. Statistical comparison of the mentioned productivity using Mann-Whitney test reveals that this difference is significant. So it is necessary to use environmental criteria for measuring efficiency and productivity in pollutant industries.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

150 - Pollutants of Painting Process in Automotive Industry "Case study: Paint Shop of Saipa Automotive Industry"
Seid Mostafa Khezri Azadeh Akhavan Bloorchian Seid Masoud Monavari Farideh Attabi

Produced paint sludge of automotive Industry has heavy metals and because of this, has high pollutionpotential. Incorrect Disposal of paint sludge led to kinds of environmental pollution. The object of thisInvestigation was identification of main pollutants of paint slu More

Produced paint sludge of automotive Industry has heavy metals and because of this, has high pollutionpotential. Incorrect Disposal of paint sludge led to kinds of environmental pollution. The object of thisInvestigation was identification of main pollutants of paint sludge that can be database to presentingprofitable economic solution for recycling of that. For identifying elements and concentration of paintsludge, various tests have been carried out. These tests contains: XRF3, XRD4 and DTA5.Results proved existing heavy metal elements like copper (1.5 gr/lit), zinc (13.09 gr/lit), Aluminum(58.76 gr/lit), Magnesium (23.004 gr/lit), Titanium (32.68 gr/lit), Vanadium (0.9 gr/lit) and etc.Comparing with environmental Standards showed that most kind of these elements are out of standardranges and are noticeable pollutant elements. These results show the necessity of gaining solution forrecycling of paint sludge. Then, more research about this case for deleting or decreasing pollutions issuggested Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

151 - Landuse Environmental location for Optimization of Urban Transportation Using GIS
Mehrdad Hadipour Morteza Naderi

10.22034/jest.2017.11072

Background and Objective: Environmental balance between transportation and urban landuse components of planning is very important, because they have great impact on each other. As transportation is one of the most important infrastructures of a city, its location-alloca More

Background and Objective: Environmental balance between transportation and urban landuse components of planning is very important, because they have great impact on each other. As transportation is one of the most important infrastructures of a city, its location-allocation is important for urban planning.Overall objective of this study is "Development of a GIS approach to plan appropriate locations for main urban landuses in the transportation network. Arak (a developing city in Iran) has been chosen as the case study.  Method: This research includes the design and development of a model in the GIS environment with a view to introducing the development areas of Arak city for optimal urban use of urban areas with the aim of increasing the efficiency of urban transport and reducing environmental impacts. The research methodology has focused on the calculation and mapping of fuel consumption, air and noise pollution in the urban transportation network and the proper deployment of users. Findings: The results indicate the efficiency of the designed model for the proper location of the transportation network and urban utilities. Obtained maps show there are a lot of non-suitable zones for most of urban landuses. The results focus on the approaches such as road type change and location changes of the landuses locations to reduce environmental hazards. Discursion and Counclusion: This research has successfully managed development of a scientific approach for current and future model development. This approach can be employed in landuses and transportation network development. Suitability assessment can be done at both the local and national structure plan levels. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

152 - Distribution of Copper Concentration in Soil affected by Meyduk Mining Activities (Shahr-Babak)
Sadegh Ghaznfari Javad Oraee

10.22034/jest.2019.13955

  Background and Objective: Increasing industrial activities associated with the production of pollutants, including heavy metals, is one of the main causes of water and soil pollution. Mineral activities are one of the human activities that cause pollution of the More

  Background and Objective: Increasing industrial activities associated with the production of pollutants, including heavy metals, is one of the main causes of water and soil pollution. Mineral activities are one of the human activities that cause pollution of the natural resources such as soil. Method: In this study, the zoning concentration of copper as soil contamination around Meyduk copper mine was investigated. The direction samples were taken according to the situation of surrounding villages. Systematic sampling of 360 samples had been collected through the directions. Measuring the concentration of sample was done using atomic absorption method in the laboratory. To indicate the degree of soil pollution with heavy metals, Muller’s geoaccumulation index was used. Finally, in order to estimate the normal concentration of Cu and pollution of soil, Kriging method was used. Results: Results showed that the maximum amount of Cu concentration is 697.5 mg/kg and the minimum is 6.35 mg/kg. The Cu concentration trend in direction D was more than direction M due to the direction of local dominant wind. Discussion and Conclusion: By receding from location of mine, the overall trend of Cu concentration decreased. This indicated the role of mine activities on soil pollution. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

153 - The Effect of Pollution Tax on Houshould's Demand for Environment Polluting Goods
Zahra Hosseinzadah Kandsari Majid Madddah

10.22034/jest.2018.13259

Background and Objective: One of the most important problems of human societies is greenhouse gas emissions which are increasing along with population and economic growths and development of countries. Environmental pollution damages people’s health and imposes co More

Background and Objective: One of the most important problems of human societies is greenhouse gas emissions which are increasing along with population and economic growths and development of countries. Environmental pollution damages people’s health and imposes costs on societies. Taxes are considered as pollution control and environmental protection tools which can influence people's incentives for the consumption of environment polluting goods and can control the pollution. Method: The effect of tax pollution on households' demand for three environment polluting goods, including vehicles fuel, electricity and water commodity, was studied by estimating the Linear Expenditure System (LES). For this purpose, first the parameters of marginal propensity of expenses and households’ minimum income for living were obtained. Then, the linear expenditure system was estimated. Findings: The results from estimating the model show that i) the tax elasticity of demand for vehicles fuel, electricity and water are -0.364, -0.326 and -0.233, respectively, and pollution tax on fuel, electricity and water reduces the demand for these commodities and thereby reduces the environmental pollution; and ii) the effect of tax pollution on reducing vehicles fuel consumption is stronger than that of tax on reducing consumption of other goods. Discussion and Conclusion: The significant effect of tax on reducing pollution highlights the importance of using tax instruments for reducing pollution. This finding can be considered in the policy making system for future planning in the country. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

154 - A model for evaluating monetary equivalent of social costs stemmed from noise pollution in implementation of urban infrastructures (Case Study: Tehran Sewage Network)
Borna Mirahmadian Masoud Babakhani

A large number of implementation projects regarding construction or rehabilitation of urban infrastructure systems are conducted in heavily populated areas; As a result, noise pollution generated from these operations is not limited to only a few people and will annoy c More

A large number of implementation projects regarding construction or rehabilitation of urban infrastructure systems are conducted in heavily populated areas; As a result, noise pollution generated from these operations is not limited to only a few people and will annoy community in large scale. Noise pollution may cause sleep disturbance, stress, loss of productivity in schools, offices, etc; This fact necessitates the need for considering social costs of noise pollution more carefully in urban areas. In this paper a model for evaluating monetary equivalent of noise pollution social costs in implementation of urban infrastructures has been proposed; General approach in this model is based on determining maximum allowable noise pollution in the affected area as well as determining intensity of the noise generated from operations in the adjacent receptors; Difference between the “existing” and “maximum allowable” noise levels is considered as part of the social costs of the project; Some methods for evaluating monetary equivalent of this social cost has been proposed in this paper; if the estimated value was large, some mitigation measures shall be taken to reduce the social costs of noise pollution; A number of these measures are also reviewed in the final part of the paper. In the end, suggested model has been utilized for quantification of noise pollution social costs in a small pilot area of Tehran where a sewage network has been implemented. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

155 - A Research on Appropriate Plant Species for Green Facades to Reduce the Sound Level
Akram Hosseini Hashem Amini Toosi

Introduction: Noise pollution is one of the most important kinds of environmental pollution in urban areas and a large number of people in developing countries are exposed to it. One of the most important concepts and fundamentals of sustainable development in Architect More

Introduction: Noise pollution is one of the most important kinds of environmental pollution in urban areas and a large number of people in developing countries are exposed to it. One of the most important concepts and fundamentals of sustainable development in Architecture and urban planning is to utilize plants and vegetation in Building architecture. In a different scale in urban architecture, in recent years, sustainable cities have found that greenery is a key element in reducing noise pollution. The use of vegetation has become an essential aspect in urban planning nowadays. In densely built-up city centers, building envelope greening is often the only possibility to meet this demand. Material and Methods: The ability and potential of plants in reducing noise level is noticeable, significant and effective. It is important that which kinds of plants to be used. Two questions are selected and picked to answer as the objectives of this research, one is measuring the ability in sound level reduction of 10 different shrubs that can be used in the balconies of buildings, and second is to compare these shrubs in this potential in different sound levels. The results are presented in relevant diagrams for each shrub and different sound levels. Results and Discussion: The results show the Pyracantha had the best performance in 80db, 85db and 100db by 42db, 44db and 37db sound level reduction, also in 90db sound level, Pyracantha, Elaeagnus angustifolia, LigustrumVulgare and Yucca elephantipes had the best performance by approximately 40db reduction in sound level. In 95 db, Elaeagnus angustifolia and Althaea officinalis had a sound level reduction near to 40db and in 105db Yucca elephantipes had the best performance by 40db sound level reduction in comparison with other plant species.  گوش کردنخواندن با قواعد آوایی Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

156 - Using dynamic recurrent neural network NAR for predicting monoxide carbon concentration
Mehrdad Rafiepour Ali Asghar Alesheikh Abbas Alimohammad Abolghasem Sadeghi Niaraki

Background and Objective: Air pollution is one of the most important problems in big cities. One of the goals of urban managers is their awareness on air pollution in the future. For prediction of air quality, air pollutant must be modeled first. Carbon monoxide is one More

Background and Objective: Air pollution is one of the most important problems in big cities. One of the goals of urban managers is their awareness on air pollution in the future. For prediction of air quality, air pollutant must be modeled first. Carbon monoxide is one of the most toxic air pollutants that has harmful effect on human health. Method: In this paper, modeling carbon monoxide concentration and 24-h prediction by ARMA and NAR neural network have been studied. Then, the results of the two methods are compared. For this purpose, data is collected on 29 November until 31 December 2009 in Azadi air quality monitoring station: belonged to Tehran department of environment. Findings: The results of the two methods showed that, NAR is more accurate than ARMA for modeling and prediction of carbon monoxide. NAR neural network had MSE=1.6 and a correlation coefficient of 0.84 while ARMA had MSE=5.46 and correlation coefficient=0.72 for 24 hours prediction. Discussion and Conclusion: Finally, the predicted values can be used and published in internet for public awareness. Also urban managers can use the results of modeling and prediction for a better management. Result of this paper showed NAR neural network has sufficient ability to model and predict time series of monoxide carbon Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

157 - Comparison of Spatial Interpolation Methods to Mapp Heavy Metals Concentrations in Surface Soil of Aran-O-Bidgol City
Younes seifi Rouhollah Mirzaei

10.22034/jest.2017.10341

Background and Objective: Selecting a suitable interpolation method is a main factor of surface analysis and it is a difficult task in geostatistical analysis since different methods of interpolation can result in different surfaces and ultimately different results. Hen More

Background and Objective: Selecting a suitable interpolation method is a main factor of surface analysis and it is a difficult task in geostatistical analysis since different methods of interpolation can result in different surfaces and ultimately different results. Hence, the aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of different interpolation methods in determining the spatial concentration of Cd, Zn and Cu in the Surface soil of Aran-O-Bidgol City. Method: A total of 135 surface soil (0-20 cm) samples were collected in the study area and the soil heavy metals concentrations were determined. The spatial distribution of heavy metals concentration in Surface Soil of Aran-O-Bidgol was evaluated using different interpolation methods including ordinary Kriging, CoKriging, Inverse Distance Weighting, Local Polynomials and Radial Basis Function. Cross validation and MSE, MBE, RMSE, NSE, PBIAS were applied to estimate their accuracy. Findings: According to the results Ordinary Kriging (spherical model) had the best efficiency for estimating Cd and Cu concentrations and Ordinary Kriging (exponential model) had the best efficiency for estimating distribution pattern of Zn concentration in the soil of this region. The weight parameter has a significant influence on the accuracy of interpolation. The higher the order of local polynomial, the larger the accuracy of cross validation, whereas, the greater the weighting power of IDW for Cd and Zn, the greater error and larger accuracy of the interpolation will be for Cu. Discussion and Conclusion: Although all of the considered interpolation methods had a high prediction accuracy of the mean content for soil heavy metals, but taking all cross validation indicators into consideration, Ordinary Kriging (OK) method shows a generally better performance than other methods.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

158 - Feasibility study of emission trading in thermal power plants to reduce the emission of pollutant and greenhouse gases
Nastaran Rahimi Maryam Khodi Nargess Kargari

Marketable pollution permits are among the new economic instruments to reduce pollution. They are based on market mechanism, and pollution makers are motivated economically to care for the quality of the environment. Many industrial countries have used such methods for More

Marketable pollution permits are among the new economic instruments to reduce pollution. They are based on market mechanism, and pollution makers are motivated economically to care for the quality of the environment. Many industrial countries have used such methods for a decade and their effectiveness for the reduction of environmental pollution and pollution costs has been proven. Due to the consumption of fossil fuels to produce electricity, Iran’s power sector has faced environmental problems such as air, water and soil pollution. It is hoped that with the application of economic instruments based on market incentives, the power sector will enjoy both sustainable development and environmental conservation. In this paper, different strategies are considered for the implementation of emission trading program in Iran’s power sector (6 selected thermal power plants) based on the experiences of other countries.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

159 - Islamshahr Town Environmental-Legal Problems’ Evaluation
Naser Ghasemi Vali ollah mohammadi

Introduction: Migration, population increase and industrializing of mentioned county (Islam Shahr)without noticing to the environmental capability and evaluation, caused environmental pollution andsocial raucousness in this city. In addition, by the population increase, More

Introduction: Migration, population increase and industrializing of mentioned county (Islam Shahr)without noticing to the environmental capability and evaluation, caused environmental pollution andsocial raucousness in this city. In addition, by the population increase, water consumption increases aswell. So we will face decreasing of the agricultural water and farms dehydration in one hand, andincreasing the pollution of fresh water and decreasing county’s freshwater because of the sewage andits discharge to underground water table on the other hand.Material & Method: Environmental rights are important tools for supervision, management andcontinuous development. These rights are affective in policy determining and environmentalprotection affairs and rational /continuous using of natural environment. We can move based on publicopinions and governmental support alongside with internal rules and statutes and bureaucracy revisionto increase the quality of environmental management. In addition, constraints and prohibitions stateinstructions issues and pollutant units’ penalties and other rules can be used as management tools tohelp environmental retain and pollutant decrease.Result & Discussion: Industrializing of the county causes population urbanization increasing, naturalrecourses damage, rising consumption rate change and environmental pollution as well as losing lifequality and misbalancing the county’s environment. As the population has increased from 1000 peoplein 1961 to 500,000 persons at present, it created the environment such problems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

160 - Investigation of spatial and temporal distributions of air pollutants over Tehran in cold months of 2011-2013
Zahra Sharipour Abbasali AkbariBidokhti

Aims: Nowadays, air pollution has become a major problem in the populated areas such as Tehran and other large cities in Iran. In such areas, the spatial and temporal variations of air pollution are important. In this study, spatial distribution of air pollution over Te More

Aims: Nowadays, air pollution has become a major problem in the populated areas such as Tehran and other large cities in Iran. In such areas, the spatial and temporal variations of air pollution are important. In this study, spatial distribution of air pollution over Tehran is considered in cold a season during acute air pollution periods while indicating the factors involved. Method: The air pollution data of 16 stations located throuought Tehran for the years 2011-2013 have been used to find contour maps of gaseous and particle mater pollutants using interpolation techniques of which Kriging was more appropriate. Results and discussion: Results of the investigations of spatial and temporal distributions of air pollutants during the acute air pollution periods which often occur in cold months over the city, showed that in December 2012 that the concentration of gasous substances increased northwards, while that of particle matter increased towards the southwest. The north-south gradients of CO are highest during the day especially in the midday, while they are reduced substantially during the night. This appears to be due to the atmospheric local circulation, mainly due to the northern mountains inducing katabatic and anabatic near surface winds during the nights and days respectively. The atmospheric boundary layer thickness (increasing southwards) seems also important in the spatial distribution. As expected, the mean vales of CO at nights are higher than those during the day because high stability conditions prevail during the nights particularly in this mountain surrounded city. Conclusion: The trends of concentration of particle matters in cold month show that it first increases in the southwest and west of the city and then by local wind circulation spreads towards the other parts of the city. This is probably due to the vicinity of the southern parts of the city to the more dry lands as well as the sources of the building construction industries. Larger air pollution anomalies are also found to occur for the particle matters during acute air pollution periods in cold season. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

161 - Investigation of ng the Potential of cadmium Cadmium Iions Rremoval from Aqueous Solutions with using Date-palm Leaf Ash
Malihe Amini Mohammad Ali Ziaei Madbouni Arezoo Sharifi

10.22034/jest.2019.13708

Background and Objective: Annually large amount of date-palm leafs are produced as waste products of agriculture are produced in Iran. In this study, the potential of date-palm leaf ashes as an inexpensive adsorbent for Cd (II) removal from aqueous solutions has been us More

Background and Objective: Annually large amount of date-palm leafs are produced as waste products of agriculture are produced in Iran. In this study, the potential of date-palm leaf ashes as an inexpensive adsorbent for Cd (II) removal from aqueous solutions has been usedwas investigated.Method: The studied vvariables were as pH (2-7), Cd (II) ion concentrations (50 – 350 mg/l), and adsorbent dose (0.1 – 14 g/l) in batch systems.Findings: The optimum pH for the removal of Cd (II) ions was equal to 4. IExperiments for investigate of the effect of adsorbent dose showed that the removal efficiency increased with the increasing increase of adsorbent dose from 0.1 to 11g/l the removal efficiency increased and after thatafter that the, removal efficiency was stabled with the increasing increase of adsorbent dose, removal efficiency was stabled. The removal efficiency reached the highest value at 60 minutes in 100 mg/l Cd(II) concentration was highest value.Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results, optimum conditions for desirable Cd(II) removal efficiency of 92.36% was obtained Cd(II) in pH 4, adsorbent dose of 11g/l and Cd(II) ions concentration of 100 mg/l. was obtained 92.36%. This study concluded indicated that, date-palm leaf ashes, have a good potential, as an adsorbent, to remove the toxic heavy metals like including cadmium from aqueous solutions.Keywords: Pollution, Ash, Adsorption, Cadmium Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

162 - Direct and Indirect Effects of Government Expenditures on Pollution Based on Simultaneous Equations System Approach
Majid Maddah Fatemeh Raoufi

10.22034/jest.2017.10719

Background and Objective: Some market activities have negative consequences such as pollution and destruction of environment.  The market, despite its outputs, cannot product optimum quantity of goods and services and in other words it fails. In order to prevent ma More

Background and Objective: Some market activities have negative consequences such as pollution and destruction of environment.  The market, despite its outputs, cannot product optimum quantity of goods and services and in other words it fails. In order to prevent market failure, government must intervene in the market activities through the policies of environmental protection and suitable regulation in order to reduce pollution and establish optimal conditions for production and consumption. Method: In order to investigate the effect of government expenditures on pollution, first a simultaneous equations system during 1975-2011 was specified, and after estimation of equations using two-stage least squares and three-stage least squares methods, the relationship between the direct and indirect effects of government expenditures and pollution on economy of Iran was studied. Findings: The results from estimation of equations systems specified in static and dynamic approaches devide direct and indirect effects at show that i) the size of government only has the direct effect on per capita pollution ii) there is a significant and positive relationship between the government size and per capita emissions with elasticity coefficient of 0.08 in static approach and there is a significant and negative relationship between the government size and per capita emmisions with elasticity coefficient of -0.163 in dynamic approach. Therefore, increase of the government expenditure has a negative effect on pollution and decreases it in a period of time. In addition to government size, economic openness and consumption have a significant and positive effects and total investment and population have a significant and negative effects on the per capita pollution in economy of Iran. Conclusion: The findings of this research can help in using appropriate policies such as improving public educations, proper execution of laws and regulations, strict enforcement of environmental laws and amplification of public infrastructure with the aim of environmental protection and pollution prevention.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

163 - Evaluating the impacts of boiler house malfunction on energy loss and air quality in cities
Marzieh Mahtabi Mohammad Arjmand

10.22034/jest.2017.11266

Background and Objective: Currently, there are many environmental challenges and crises such as air pollution and its unpleasant effects on human, plants, animals and even man-made buildings and structures. Use of fossil fuels to supply the energy requirements for diffe More

Background and Objective: Currently, there are many environmental challenges and crises such as air pollution and its unpleasant effects on human, plants, animals and even man-made buildings and structures. Use of fossil fuels to supply the energy requirements for different activities and spaces is the main reason for occurrence of air pollution. Usually the share of residential centers is not considered. In particular, the major trend in residential centers is using central boiler houses, which further highlights the importance of air pollution and its control in these pollutant stationary sources. Method: In this process, boiler house is inspected by spatial arrangement, technical operation, efficiency and combustion products. Afterward, by tuning the performance of the burner, detection of probability defects and proposing the solutions, that process is optimized as much as possible. Findings: The result of this project shows that the performance of the boiler house is undesirable. The reasons for this situation are: non-compliance of standards in boiler house building, improper arrangement of equipment and its undesirable operation, lack of timely service, unadjusted burners and improper chimney draft. These problems cause excessive and incomplete consumption and consequently lead to air pollution. Considering the importance of air pollution, especially in metropolitan and industrial cities, and also limited energy sources, technical inspection of boiler houses can be a way to access three main and effective objectives: optimization of energy consumption, reduction of air pollution and residents safety in buildings.    Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

164 - Investigation of Heavy Metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn) in Islamshahr Groundwater Resources and their Regional Distribution Pattern in GIS
Fatemeh Valinejhad Amir Hessam Hassani Mojtaba Sayadi

Background and Objective: Nowadays, pollution of groundwater by heavy metals is encreasing. Heavy metals are one of the most widespread cause of pollution in water and the presence of increasing levels of these metals in the environment is causing serious concern in pub More

Background and Objective: Nowadays, pollution of groundwater by heavy metals is encreasing. Heavy metals are one of the most widespread cause of pollution in water and the presence of increasing levels of these metals in the environment is causing serious concern in public opinion owing to their toxicity. This study aims to assess the concentration and distribution pattern of heavy metals (Cadmium, Chrome, Nickel, Lead and Zink) in groundwater of an industrialized region in Eslamshahr which located in the southeastern of Tehran   Method: Presently, groundwater is the predominant source of drinking water in this town. For this purpose, 92 samples were taken from 23 wells in 4 seasons.The concentration of heavy metals in the samples was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. ARC GIS software was applied for preparing the distribution patterns. Results: The results showed that chrome and zinc concentrations were lower than the permissible level in the drinking water. However, the concentration of cadmium in 8.7% of samples taken in winter were higher than the permissible level determined in drinking water standard of Iran. Nickel concentration in winter was 8.7% higher than the permissible level. Lead concentration of samples in 47.8% and 4.35% of samples taken in summer and winter were higher than the permissible level, respectively. The high level of water pollution in southern part of Eslamshahr is attributed to the large number of industries, big farm lands, application of chemical fertilizers and the pesticides containing heavy metals, busy main and  secondary roads , and most importantly, the hydraulic slope from northwest to southeast of this region.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

165 - The study of microbial pollution in ground water resources in Islamshar region
Amir Hesam i Hasan Mohammad Reza Khani Mojtaba Sayyadi Valiollah Ghadami Hamid Reza Khastoo

Islamshahr is located 30 km away from the capital. Over the past decades, it has grown quickly, but irregularly; a growth which has led to the pollution of ground water at which those living in the region have protested. No doubt, it is their right to have access to pur More

Islamshahr is located 30 km away from the capital. Over the past decades, it has grown quickly, but irregularly; a growth which has led to the pollution of ground water at which those living in the region have protested. No doubt, it is their right to have access to pure healthy water. Since the only source of drinking water provision for the villages of Islamshahr is ground water resources (i.e., wells), it is obviously important to study the quality of the water of these wells. In this research, which extended for 14 months from December 2005 to January 2006, the quality of drinking water of the region from the microbial point of view was determined twice through sampling and bacterial tests on the water of 14 wells situated in the residential areas of villages. Coliform pollution is reported in Nezamabad, Raziabad, Rrahimabad-shokrabad, Islamabad and Jafarabad Jangal villages. The excremental coliform pollution is not seen in the area except for one case in Islamabad village. As microbial pollution exists in some wells and as the only source of drinking water in Islamshahr is ground water, it is necessary to always pay attention to the quality of drinking water in this area. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

166 - Assessment of Cadmium spatial distribution in surface soil in the vicinity of Shiraz refinery by geostatistical method
Alireza Nowrouzi Mohammad Hussein Ravanbakhsh

10.22034/jest.2017.11269

Background and Objective: All forms of life on Earth are related to soil. Soil is the final environmental destination for material degradation. Considering the importance of soil contamination, evaluation of soil contamination by various industries seems to be necessary More

Background and Objective: All forms of life on Earth are related to soil. Soil is the final environmental destination for material degradation. Considering the importance of soil contamination, evaluation of soil contamination by various industries seems to be necessary. Characteristics of spatial distribution of pollutants in contaminated soils are important factors to identify and eliminate pollution. Heavy metals are the most important environmental pollutants. This study was conducted to assess the environmental impact of Shiraz refinery. Method: 40 composite soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-5 cm. Calcium carbonate percentage, electrical conductivity, pH and total and available Cd concentrations were measured. The data were analyzed and the spatial distribution maps were plotted using GS + and ILWIS software. Findings: In the study area, soile pH was in the range of neutral to alkaline and contained a high percentage of calcium carbonate and moderate salinity. The average concentrations of available and total cadmium are much higher than the standard limit and the highest concentration is observed in an area close to the refinery. Conclusion: In general, it can be stated that refinery activity in the region, has led to increase of Cd concentration in the surface soil. This increase was in the range to cause Cd concentration to exceede the standard limit. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

167 - Sub-lethal effects of nano zinc oxide (ZnO NPs) on some hematological indices of goldfish (Carassius auratus)
Seyed Aliakbar Hedayati Abdolreza Jahanbakhshi

10.22034/jest.2017.10346

Background and Objective: Extensive development of nanotechnology and applications of nano-particles in different industries has caused devastating effects of nano-materials on organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of nano zinc oxide on hematological facto More

Background and Objective: Extensive development of nanotechnology and applications of nano-particles in different industries has caused devastating effects of nano-materials on organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of nano zinc oxide on hematological factors of goldfish. Methods: In this paper we determine the range of concentrations of zinc oxide nano-particles to determine LC50 of gold fish at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours respectively. Then, according to the LC50, separate experiments were designed to induce sub-lethal concentration of this substance on Hematological parameters were studied. Blood samples of goldfish fry were taken in the 7 days following exposure to lethal concentrations (50% concentration) of nano-ZnO nano-materials with fish that were not exposed. Findings: The results showed that the nano-particles could changes in blood parameters of gold fish by increasing red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV in treatment was influenced by the nano-particles, was (P>0.05) and reduced white blood cell (WBC) in the treatment of fish exposed to lethal concentrations of nano-particles compared to the control group (P>0.05) but did not show significant change in MCH, MCHC indices. Discussion and Conclusions: In conclusion sub-lethal concentration of nano zinc oxide could affect hematological parameters of goldfish and this fish have more resistance to this kind of pollutant.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

168 - Evaluation and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in drilling wastes (Case study: Southern Azadegan Oil Field)
Mahdis Mirzatahermostofi Azamosadat Hosseini Hashemi

10.22034/jest.2017.11270

Background and Objective: Contamination made by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is one of the most common contaminations in oil-rich regions of Khuzestan province. The main purpose of this study was to investigatate the amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dr More

Background and Objective: Contamination made by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is one of the most common contaminations in oil-rich regions of Khuzestan province. The main purpose of this study was to investigatate the amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drilling mud wastes ofSouthern Azadegan Oil Field. Drilling muds samples were taken from six drilling oil rigs and also a control soil sample was collected in two seasons of winter and spring, 2015. Method: Samples were homogenized after they were collected and transported to the laboratory and PAHs in them were extracted. Then 16 compounds of PAHs were measured by meansof GC-MS. Furthermore, the amounts of  pH, EC, organic material and grading of mud were measured. Findings: The results showed that the amount of PAHs in drilling mud collected from the stations Pad 69, Pad 20, Pad 78, Pad 15, Pad 56 and Pad 51 were respectively 284/51, 866/03, 358/59, 299/84, 612/93 and 386/47in the winter and 317/54, 1209/92, 427/61, 491/48, 750/73 and 602/38 mg/kg dried-form weight in the spring.The results collected based on molecular ratio showed that PAHs in all stations contain a mixture of payerolitic and pethrogenic sources. Conclusion: According to the results obtained from all stations, compounds such as benzo (b) fluorantene, benzo (k) fluorantene and dibenzo (ah) antheracene were found to be exceeding the standard limits mentioned in Canadian Soil Quality and also control soil sample showed no pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

169 - Investigation of Pollution Dispersion in Urban Canyons Using an Approach of wind Direction and Trees Position (Case study: Urban Texture in Isfahan)
Seyyed Hossein Hosseini Pouya Bakhtiari Nazanin Nasrollahi

10.22034/jest.2019.13966

  Background and Objective: Vegetation that is commonly used in urban design has a significant impact on air quality in the urban canyons. Thus, planners should be aware of vegetation impacts. In Isfahan metropolis, though vegetation covers a considerable portion o More

  Background and Objective: Vegetation that is commonly used in urban design has a significant impact on air quality in the urban canyons. Thus, planners should be aware of vegetation impacts. In Isfahan metropolis, though vegetation covers a considerable portion of the city, the streets are encountered with pollution problems. In this study, distribution of pollution in urban canyons is evaluated using an optimal model for pollution reduction. Method: A three-dimensional modeling software called ENVI-met along with local and sub-climatic air quality model based on CFD-computational fluid dynamics- is used to study the influence of vegetation on pollution level in urban canyons. In this study, first a sample of real field and next a simpler version of the selected area are simulated. Findings: Different parameters such as height to width ratio in urban canyons, density of trees, location of trees in the streets and gaps between the trees are evaluated. Conclusion: The obtained results show that the increase of wind velocity in the shallow valleys is at the the lower level and the absence of natural obstacles such as trees reduces the level of pollution due to the high velocity of wind at this condition. When trees are located in the center of urban canyons, pollution and tree distances are inversely correlated and pollution level reduces by increasing the distance between the trees. In the other words, the pollution that is caught by the tree canopies decreases with the reduction in tree canopies. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

170 - Study on the application of membrane technology and performance of nanostructured polyethersulfone (PES) hollow fiber membrane in treatment of oily wastewaters
Zeynab Fallahnejad Gholamreza Bakeri Mostafa Rahimnejad

10.22034/jest.2017.10729

Background and Objective: Nowadays, oily and industrial wastewaters are among the most important environment problems. Conventional methods can hardly reduce the oil content to 1% of the initial concentration and are not able to effectively remove the oil droplets with More

Background and Objective: Nowadays, oily and industrial wastewaters are among the most important environment problems. Conventional methods can hardly reduce the oil content to 1% of the initial concentration and are not able to effectively remove the oil droplets with the size less than 20 micrometer. Therefore, oily wastewater treatment is one the most essential environmental challenges which should be resolved in the oilfields. Method: In this study, the performance of different membranes in oily water treatment has been reviewed and furthermore, the performance of nanostructured polyethersulfone (PES) hollow fiber membranes in oil/water separation process has been investigated. Findings: The membrane performance would change with time according to the membrane type, the feed compositions and the process conditions. In this research, the effects of operating parameters such as pressure, oil concentration and cross flow velocity of feed on the membrane performance were studied. Increase of pressure makes more membrane compactness and higher membrane fouling which reduce the performance. Therefore, the optimum operating conditions for oil separation are P = 1 bar, low feed concentration and high cross flow velocity of feed. Due to the increase of mass transfer at high feed flow rates, oil rejection reduces slightly. Conclusion: All the PES membranes in this study showed complete separation of oil from water and can effectively be used in oily water treatment process. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

171 - Investigation of spatial and temporal distributions of air pollutants over Tehran in cold months of 2011-2013
Maryam Azmoodeh Shahin Heidari

Aims: Nowadays, air pollution has become a major problem in the populated areas such as Tehran and other large cities in Iran. In such areas, the spatial and temporal variations of air pollution are important. In this study, spatial distribution of air pollution over Te More

Aims: Nowadays, air pollution has become a major problem in the populated areas such as Tehran and other large cities in Iran. In such areas, the spatial and temporal variations of air pollution are important. In this study, spatial distribution of air pollution over Tehran is considered in cold a season during acute air pollution periods while indicating the factors involved. Method: The air pollution data of 16 stations located throuought Tehran for the years 2011-2013 have been used to find contour maps of gaseous and particle mater pollutants using interpolation techniques of which Kriging was more appropriate. Results and discussion: Results of the investigations of spatial and temporal distributions of air pollutants during the acute air pollution periods which often occur in cold months over the city, showed that in December 2012 that the concentration of gasous substances increased northwards, while that of particle matter increased towards the southwest. The north-south gradients of CO are highest during the day especially in the midday, while they are reduced substantially during the night. This appears to be due to the atmospheric local circulation, mainly due to the northern mountains inducing katabatic and anabatic near surface winds during the nights and days respectively. The atmospheric boundary layer thickness (increasing southwards) seems also important in the spatial distribution. As expected, the mean vales of CO at nights are higher than those during the day because high stability conditions prevail during the nights particularly in this mountain surrounded city. Conclusion: The trends of concentration of particle matters in cold month show that it first increases in the southwest and west of the city and then by local wind circulation spreads towards the other parts of the city. This is probably due to the vicinity of the southern parts of the city to the more dry lands as well as the sources of the building construction industries. Larger air pollution anomalies are also found to occur for the particle matters during acute air pollution periods in cold season.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

172 - Evaluation of the sub-lethal effects of silver nitrate (AgNO3) concentration toxicity on some hematology and immunology indices in goldfish (Carassius auratus)
Safoura Abarghouei Seyed Ali Akbar Hedayati Rasoul Ghorbani Hamed Kolangi Miyandareh Tahereh Bagheri

10.22034/jest.2017.11346

Background and Objective: Among metal pollutants silver ions are the most toxic forms, and have been assigned to the highest toxicity class. Today, due to the antibacterial properties of silver compounds they  are used in various industries. The effects of non-esse More

Background and Objective: Among metal pollutants silver ions are the most toxic forms, and have been assigned to the highest toxicity class. Today, due to the antibacterial properties of silver compounds they  are used in various industries. The effects of non-essential heavy metals such as silver are irreversible on aquatic animals’ body. In the present study, the sub-ethal effects of silver nitrate on hematology and Immunology parameters of goldfish (Carassius auratus) as a model species in Cyprinidae family were investigated. Method: 105 fish werer randomly placed in 15 fiberglass tanks (400 liters); 12 tanks were used for different concentrations of silver nitrate and 3 tanks were used for control groups. The fishe of each treatment were separately exposed to effective silver nitrate concentrations of 0.01, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 ppm, and for hematological and biochemical test, nine fish were randomly selected from each treatment. Measured indices were total number of white blood cells (leukocytes), lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophil, total number of red blood cells (erythrocytes), hemoglobin content, hematocrit level, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), hemoglobin the corpuscular (MCH), hemoglobin concentration and serum glucoses. Conclusion: The results showed that different concentrations of silver nitrate influenced blood erythrocyte (P>0.05) but did not affect blood leukocyte, which may be due to the resistance of the gold fish compared to others. Blood could be introduced as a suitable biomarker of silver pollution. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

173 - Evaluation of the Effect of an Industrial Wastewater Sample on Heavy Metals Contaminated Soil
Azadeh Nasrazadani Mehran Hoodaji

Introduction:Agricultural and specifically industrial activities have led to the substantial release of toxic heavy metals into the environment posing a major hazard to ecosystem and human health. Today, contamination of soil, groundwater, sediments, surface water and a More

Introduction:Agricultural and specifically industrial activities have led to the substantial release of toxic heavy metals into the environment posing a major hazard to ecosystem and human health. Today, contamination of soil, groundwater, sediments, surface water and air with hazardous and toxic metal is considered as a serious problem worldwide. In assessment of the risk associated with metal contaminated soils, metal absorption by food chain is one of the major problems. Thus, it is highly important to assess and control metal concentration in industrial wastewater before it isreleased to the natural environments. The presence of heavy metals, such as Ni, Cr, Cu, Cd and Pb, that are phenomenally seen in industrial sawage can be toxic to human and other organisms, even at low concentration. Nowadays, soils in many places have been contaminated with heavy metals and these soils have turned into one of the most important problems specially in disposal areas. Material and Methods: In this study, in order to investigate the effect of an industrial wastewater on the heavy metals contaminated soil, it was sampled in 4 points and 4 depths including 0-25, 25-50, 50-75 and 75-100 cm, along the soil draine. Soil samples went through a physical and chemical analysis and were assessed for the heavy metal concentration. The electrical coductivity of soil saturation extract was determined by ohm-meter; soil texture was investigated by the Hydrometer method; the lime percentage was detrmined by Titrimetric method; total heavy metals concentration was specified by the acid nitric digestion method; and cation exchangable capacity in soil samples was identified by the Acetate method. Finally, the data analysis was done by SASS. Results: According to the obtained results and based on the standard limits in agricultural and industrial lands, soil samples were found to be toxic only for Ni, refering to low heavy metal concentration in wastewater samples. Statistical analysis results showed that there is a negative correlation between the soil depth and heavy metal concentration, which refers to low mobility rate of heavy metals specially in soils with a high content of lime and pH. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

174 - The Effect of Nickel and Iron on Soil acidity and Growth Parameters in Stipa capensis (Case study: Gachsaran oil-rich region)
Kambize Hoseinpour Hamid Sodaeezade Mahdieh Tajamolian

10.22034/jest.2017.11348

Background and Objective: Selection of resistant species with an ability to make adaptation with the local contaminated site is a key factor in the success of phytoremediation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of Fe, Ni on see More

Background and Objective: Selection of resistant species with an ability to make adaptation with the local contaminated site is a key factor in the success of phytoremediation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of Fe, Ni on seed emergence and plant height of Stipacapensis under laboratory conditions. Method: A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was used. Pollutant substances (iron and nickel) and pollutant concentrations (0, 100, 150, 200ppm) were considered as the first and second factors, respectively. Findings: The results showed that the effect of different amounts of iron and nickel on seed emergence and plant height of Stipacapensis was significant (p <0.01). Germination and growth inhibition of test plant increased with increasing the concentration of elements. Also the effects of element type on seed germination percentage and plant height were significant at 1 and 5% levels, respectively. The highest germination percentage (51.25%) and hight (11.35 cm) was related to iron. The interaction of element type and element concentration had a significant effect (p <0.05) only on seed germination percentage. Maximum and minimum germination percentages were obtained at control and 200 ppm of Ni, respectively. Conclusion: Overall results indicate the negative effects of Fe, Ni on seed germination as well as plant height of Stipacapensis.However, germination of Stipacapensis at the highest concentration of elements, indicate the relatively tolerance of this species to soil contamination elements in this study.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

175 - Study of Cyber Space Impact on Urban Sustainable Development in Iran: A Provincial Approach
Niloofar Moradhassel Amir H. Mozayani

10.22034/jest.2017.11394

Background and Objective: Urban population in Iran is increasing. It is supposed to intensify the usage of raw materials, vehicles, energy and etc., and consequently lead to the environmental pollution which is a barrier to sustainable development realization. Therefore More

Background and Objective: Urban population in Iran is increasing. It is supposed to intensify the usage of raw materials, vehicles, energy and etc., and consequently lead to the environmental pollution which is a barrier to sustainable development realization. Therefore, along with the process of urban development settling down, its environmental consequences should be managed as well. Meanwhile information and communication technology (ICT) application such as E- Government, E-Commerce and etc., could play a vital role in reducing the subsequent negative impacts on environment. This has been considered as the main theme of this study. Method: In this study, it is attempted to assess the impact of information and communication technology on Urban Sustainable Development process in Iran, using provincial data through Panel Data technique. The hypothesis was tested separately for developed and less developed provinces of Iran. Findings: The results imply that ICT had significant and positive impacts on improving the environment and achieving sustainable development (just) in developed provinces. Conclusion: Seemingly, this attributed to the differences in degree of ICT penetration and institutionalization amoung developed and less developed provinces. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

176 - Investigating the effectiveness of laws and regulations governing air pollution in Iran
Daryoush Karimi Negin Mousavi Madani

10.22034/jest.2017.10758

Air pollution in the national and international levels, have adverse effects on human and natural environment. Technology development and urbanization, consequently, have led to increase of a wide variety of pollutants in the air. Being harmful to public health and the More

Air pollution in the national and international levels, have adverse effects on human and natural environment. Technology development and urbanization, consequently, have led to increase of a wide variety of pollutants in the air. Being harmful to public health and the environment, they have raised the concerns of authorities to take specific measures to prevent contamination of air and environmental degradation. In recent years, in Iran especially in major cities, such pollution has increased significantly and it has caused irreparable damage to the health of individuals and the quality of properties. It seems that laws and regulations are somewhat sufficient to meet air pollution in Iran. In fact the problem of continuity of air pollution is not due to laws and regulations, but the law enforcers who are not doing their duties properly are the main problem. On the other hand, since the possibility of compensation for damage caused by air pollution, because of its nature and characteristic, is somehow low, much of this damage remains uncompensated. However, there are still some solutions to effectiveness of laws and regulations for air pollution, at the local level. Thus thispaper attempts to addressair pollution in metropolises of Iran in terms of effective laws and regulations and also to introduce applicable methods in this regard. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

177 - A study on mortality of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) exposed to chlorinated disinfectant soloution (Sodium Hypochlorite)
Seyed Ali Akbar Hedayati Saeid Shahbazi Naserabad Hamed Ghafari Farsani

10.22034/jest.2017.10761

Abstract Background and Objective: Release of detergents via urban sewages into aquatic ecosystems can have adverse effects on aquatic life. In this study, the acute toxicity of NaOCl on Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) with averag More

Abstract Background and Objective: Release of detergents via urban sewages into aquatic ecosystems can have adverse effects on aquatic life. In this study, the acute toxicity of NaOCl on Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) with average weights of 16±1 g (mean ± SD) and 3.5±1 g, respectively, was investigated to determine 50% lethal concentration of the fish populations in 96 hours. Method: Experiments were carried out in a static base according to O.E.C.D standard method in 4 days (96 hours). After primal experiments to explore the lethal range, the main research was performed by selection of 5 final treatments (0, 15, 30, 60, 120 mg L-1) for Cyprinus carpio and 6 final treatments (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 mg L-1) for Rutilus frisii kutum, each one with 3 repeats. Eventually according to the results obtained by probit analyses, amount of LC1, LC10, LC30, LC50, LC70, LC90 and LC99 were calculated in fishes during 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Findings: In the present study, 100% of mortality of Caspian kutum in concentration of 80 mg L-1,    happened only within the first hours they exposed to pollution. However, this process in Common carp in concentration of 120 mg L-1, happened after 30 hours passed from starting the experiment. The acute toxicity of Common carp and Caspian kutum were 39.48 and 23.77 mg L-1 respectively. Conclusion: The present study showed that this washer is dangerous for fishes and also Rutilus frisii kutum is much more vulnerable to NaOCl in comparison with Cyprinus carpio. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

178 - ارزیابی فازی برای آلودگی فلزات سنگین
غلامرضا حسامیان محمد قاسم اکبری مهدی شمس

هدف این مقاله تعمیم  شاخصهای آلودگی و تفسیر آنها به محیط فازی است. برای این منظور، ابتدا میزان  فلزات سنگین در خاک توسط اعداد فازی اندازه گیری شدند. سپس، رایجترین شاخصهای آلودگی را با استفاده از روش آلفا-برش‌ها توسط اعداد فازی تعر More

هدف این مقاله تعمیم  شاخصهای آلودگی و تفسیر آنها به محیط فازی است. برای این منظور، ابتدا میزان  فلزات سنگین در خاک توسط اعداد فازی اندازه گیری شدند. سپس، رایجترین شاخصهای آلودگی را با استفاده از روش آلفا-برش‌ها توسط اعداد فازی تعریف شدند. برای ارزیابی میزان آلودگی فلزات سنگین در یک سطح خاص، درجهای از تعلق نیز پیشنهاد شد. در نهایت،  روش  پیشنهادی با یک مثال کاربردی مورد بررسی و تحلیل  قرار گرفت. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

179 - Geopolitical and Environmental Study of the Pollutions in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman
sona ghasemi Seyed Abbas Poorhashemi ali zare parvin farshchi Davood Hermidas Bavand

The sources of pollutions in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman are very widespread and various. Oil and atmospheric pollutions, ships traffic, discovering activities through the seabed, waste offloading; municipal waste disposal, constructing artificial islands, dis More

The sources of pollutions in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman are very widespread and various. Oil and atmospheric pollutions, ships traffic, discovering activities through the seabed, waste offloading; municipal waste disposal, constructing artificial islands, discharging saline wastewater of desalination machines, etc. are the most important recognized sources of pollution in the region. However, the dominating legal system of the present common and conventional law cannot confront these various and widespread pollutions. Political challenges, regional competitions, and legal gaps (regional or international) have led to non-cooperation in confronting sea pollution. The present study, using an analytical and inductive method, focused on this issue. The results showed that the gaps in combating the Persian Gulf pollution have impacted on the behavior of political stakeholders and that the international cooperation is a must for filling the legal and administrative gaps.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

180 - Economic valuation of the costs and benefits of coronavirus on community health and air pollution (Case study: Tehran city)
alireza nazarian Zahra Abedi Amir Ashkan Nasiri pour Alireza Haji seyed mirza hoseini

Background and Objective: The purpose of this article is to review scientific research related to air pollution and deaths caused by the corona virus and the costs of premature death and Disability Adjusted Life Years. Material and Methodology: The present research met More

Background and Objective: The purpose of this article is to review scientific research related to air pollution and deaths caused by the corona virus and the costs of premature death and Disability Adjusted Life Years. Material and Methodology: The present research method is a review study. The statistical population of the research is all the studies conducted in international and national scientific databases based on the index (DALY) and its relationship with pollutant particles with an emphasis on the pollutant of suspended particles with a diameter of 2.5 microns (PM2.5), as well as the effect of air pollution on The COVID-19 virus and their Willingness to Pay (WTP) in Iran and the world. The research findings were analyzed using the coding technique based on the keywords of air pollution, Contingent Valuation, Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) and COVID-19. Findings: survey of environmental disease studies shows the contribution of environmental risk factors including PM2.5, have been according to the DALY index because of death or disability. Also, the study of articles are mostly about statistical analyses on the measured concentrations of‌‌‌‌ PM2.5‌‌‌‌ and infection and death data by COVID-19‌‌‌‌ in different countries. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of the studies show a strong and significant correlation between the concentration of PM2.5 pollutants and the rate of infection and death caused by the corona virus. which shows that by controlling the concentration of pollutants, the rate of infection and death caused by the corona virus can be reduced. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

181 - Mechanisms to guarantee the right to clean air in Iran and the European Union
fatemeh hamidi maryam afshari Ali Mashhadi

Background and Aim: In Iran, the issue of guaranteeing the right to clean air and its enforcement mechanisms has not yet found its real position in the legal system. The purpose of the article is to interpret the current situation regarding the right of citizenship, acc More

Background and Aim: In Iran, the issue of guaranteeing the right to clean air and its enforcement mechanisms has not yet found its real position in the legal system. The purpose of the article is to interpret the current situation regarding the right of citizenship, according to access to clean air, and the corresponding laws in Iran. To achieve this goal, European countries and corresponding laws have been chosen as benchmarks. Finally, providing solutions in the form of reasons for not defining the corresponding human rights laws and implementing them in the field of clean air will be the ultimate goal of the article.Methods: The current research is of the type of applied research, especially, the inferential approach and the analysis of the existing conditions by the author were the main paths in the final impressions.Findings: In Iran, the issue of guaranteeing the human right to clean air and its enforcement mechanisms has not yet found its real position in the legal system, specifically, elements such as the need for large investments, long-term and researched planning, and access to modern technologies for industrial use. The main challenges in defining and implementing citizens' rights are in the issue of access to clean air. In contrast, the European Union has always been a pioneer in creating a specific legal system in the field of dealing with air pollution.Conclusion: According to internal and external reports and standards, the level of air pollution in Iran violates the rights to life and health, children's rights, and the right to live in a healthy and sustainable environment. In Iran, there is no sufficient legal system to restore citizen's rights in the issue of clean air, or if there is, they are not fully implemented Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

182 - Comparison of Exhaust Pollutant from Zamyad and Peykan Cars with Air Pollution Standards in Shiraz City
Reyhane Dehghan Mehranghiz Rahimi Farhad nejad koorki Alireza Afshani Malihe Amini

Background and Purpose: In this study, the amount of exhaust emissions (carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons) from the exhaust of Peykan and Zamyad cars in Shiraz in the years between 2003-2011 was investigated and was compared with the standard environment. Materi More

Background and Purpose: In this study, the amount of exhaust emissions (carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons) from the exhaust of Peykan and Zamyad cars in Shiraz in the years between 2003-2011 was investigated and was compared with the standard environment. Materials & Methods: In this research, using systematic random sampling data from the 320 vehicles referring to Valiasr Technical Examination Center of Shiraz during 5 months was done. Measurement of exhaust outlet parameters was done by Gasoline Pollution Control Device and also Data analysis was done using SPSS software and independent t-test at 5% confidence level and then charts were drawn in Microsoft Excel software. Results: The results showed that in most cases, with updating cars model, the amount of HC and CO were decreased and the amount of these pollutants is at the standard level of the environment. So that the amount of carbon monoxide in Zamyad from 4.27 to 0.35 and in Peykan from 6.28 to 2.96 the volume percentages reached from 2003 to 2011 years. Also, the amount of unburned hydrocarbons decreased from 644 ppm to 78 ppm in the Zamyad and from 571 ppm to 298 ppm for Peykan in the period 2003 to 2011 And in both cars, emissions have been downward. Discussion & Conclusion: In general, the amount of exhaust pollutants from both cars will not have a disturbing effect on the health of residents in Shiraz. Therefore, it is hoped that with measures such as paying attention to environmental standards to eliminate air pollution, adjust and timely service of car engines and accessories to prevent the spread of air pollutants, prevent the traffic of high-pollution cars and timeworn cars can be taken an effective step to reduce air pollution in cities. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

183 - An investigation on pollution caused by the changes of physico-chemical characteristic of Saqqez River
Fuad Mustafanejad Amir Hesam Hasani

Saqqez River is one of the main source of water resources in Saqqez city that provides water needs for agriculture and drinking water in border river. Human sewage and agricultural resources of this river have pollutants. In this study, physicochemical process of r More

Saqqez River is one of the main source of water resources in Saqqez city that provides water needs for agriculture and drinking water in border river. Human sewage and agricultural resources of this river have pollutants. In this study, physicochemical process of river pollution in the Saqqez in 1387 and 1388 considered and previous research results in 1383 and 1384 and has been compared.  In total during these years the number of 80 samples from 14 stations during 20 sampling Each of the four stations, Tamogha station, Saqqez station, Kani jezhni and Arab oghly removed and the parameters of pH, BOD, COD, DO, TDS, EC, NO3 and ... has been Measurement and analysis.  Based on the results, because Saqqez station receiving human sewage and agricultural sources of pollutants in this river Border River provides. Urban wastewater pollution than many other stations are so severe that the increase in BOD5 station, especially in Low water seasons this show has.  Overall the situation self-refining river downstream stations BOD5 levels gradually comes down. Agricultural run-off, sewage, human waste and discharge of major pollutants of the river and the danger to the river are.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

184 - Green Productivity of Iran with Environmental Approach
habib shahbazi

In economic literature, policy planners and decision-makers and governments to evaluate the various indicators presented various indices. One of the most important indices is Total Factor Productivity where ratio of all products to all inputs is measured. If there is gr More

In economic literature, policy planners and decision-makers and governments to evaluate the various indicators presented various indices. One of the most important indices is Total Factor Productivity where ratio of all products to all inputs is measured. If there is growth, it means that the manager policies have been effective in the use of inputs. Calculateion and measurement of TFP is importance so that both calculations of it should be possible and it closed to realty of economy. One of affective problem on TFP is environmental issues such as pollution emission. If this issue is not considered in the calculation of TFP, Calculated TFP will severely flawed and mislead the managers and policy makers. In this study by using extended Solow residual model, in addition of Iran’s green TFP calculation, TFP without pollution emission variable by using several scenarios are estimated and compared with other studies. Finally, pollution emission elasticity and shadow price of it are estimated. Results indicate green TFP growth for yeas of 1978-2012 is -1.28 percent that in without pollution emission variable scenario is -1.02. So, difference between with and without pollution emission variable scenarios is 0.26 unit percent. So, if environmental issues are not considered in TFP, it will be misleading for planner. Also pollution emission elasticity are specified 0.31142. Accordingly, pollution emission shadow price of Iran’s economic are estimated 1.03 Mil Rls/tonne Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

185 - Discharge of Industrial Wastewater to Urban Wastewater System: Challenges and Solutions
Aqil Qorbani Seyed Hossein Hashemi

Background and Purpose: Discharge of industrial wastewater to urban wastewater system is a way of its management, especially within the cities. If it is not done in proportion to the system’s capacity and under supervision, it may damage urban collection, transfer More

Background and Purpose: Discharge of industrial wastewater to urban wastewater system is a way of its management, especially within the cities. If it is not done in proportion to the system’s capacity and under supervision, it may damage urban collection, transfer and treatment systems.  Material and Methodology: In this study, impacts of industrial discharges on urban wastewater facilities and the related standards and regulations in the selected countries are reviewed. Finding: The study shows Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Singapore, USA, and Australia and New Zealand consider 13, 10, 14, 22, 34 and 29 variables of industrial wastewater in their standards, respectively. Moreover, USA limits the flow ratio of industrial discharges to urban wastewater. In contrast, Iran has no standard for industrial discharges to urban wastewater facilities and there is just one guideline to regulate discharges in industrial towns, which consists eight variables. Moreover, the lack of assessment of urban wastewater network and treatment capacity to accept industrial discharges which, often due to deficiency of information and experience in this field, can disrupt sewage transmission and treatment processes. Discussion and Conclusion: As a result, setting national standard and guideline up to regulate industrial discharges to urban wastewater system, assessment of network and treatment plant capacity for accepting industrial discharges, and monitoring and supervision of these discharges to discover and prevent unauthorized discharges are critical measures to manage industrial wastewater especially within the cities in Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

186 - Evaluating the Relationship between Air Pollution and Economic Growth Based on Kuznets' Environmental Curve Hypothesis (Case Study: Asian Countries)
Iman danaeifar

One of the important, substantial and significant issues in recent decades has been the issue of economic growth and the preservation of environmental quality in human societies. Although humanity has long been aware of the importance of the environment in its life, the More

One of the important, substantial and significant issues in recent decades has been the issue of economic growth and the preservation of environmental quality in human societies. Although humanity has long been aware of the importance of the environment in its life, the last decades of the twentieth century should be regarded as the culmination for the environmental issues. In this study, the relationship between air pollution and economic growth for 12 Asian countries during the period 1990 to 2015, with an emphasis on the Kuznets environmental curve has been investigated using panel data. The Research results indicate that per capita GDP, annual growth of urban population and energy consumption of fossil fuels have a positive and significant effect on per capita carbon dioxide emissions, and also the squared per capita GDP has a negative and significant effect on per capita carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, according to the results of the research, Kuznets' environmental hypothesis is true in these countries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

187 - Survey of Lead and Zink Pollution in Surface Soils around the Shokouhieh Industrial Estate
Saeed Malekmohammadi Azita Behbahaninia Maryam Farahani

In this research, the amount of soil contamination in Shokhoyeh industrial city of Qom province was determined to lead and zinc metals. Using random sampling method, samples of 10 stations in 5 km distance of Shomkhoyeyeh industrial city of Qom were prepared and lead an More

In this research, the amount of soil contamination in Shokhoyeh industrial city of Qom province was determined to lead and zinc metals. Using random sampling method, samples of 10 stations in 5 km distance of Shomkhoyeyeh industrial city of Qom were prepared and lead and zinc concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Using ArcGIS, the lead-zinc zoning was determined. The mean concentration of lead and zinc in the soil between the stations that were sampled in the study area was 13.03 and 811.0 mg/kg, respectively. The results showed that, at station 1, the mean concentration of zinc is 60.1 and lead is 98 mg / kg and more than standard, except for station 1, lead and zinc levels at other stations were lower than the standard.  The reason for this phenomenon can be near the main road (Qom-Tehran). According to the distribution map of lead concentration in surface soil, the highest concentration of lead in the study area is in the range of 1.50 to 100 mg / kg. In the southwest industrial town and bypassing this section, surface contamination decreases with lead. The highest zinc concentration in the studied area was in the range of 7.00 - 9 mg/kg. In the southwest of Shokoieh industrial city of Qom and Bypassing this section, soil contamination decreases with zinc. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

188 - The Effect of Plasma Oxygen on Wool Dyeing for Modifying Dyeing Fiber Surface Properties and Reducing the Environmental Effects of Wastewater Dyeing Industry
Akhtar Sadat Mousavi Hassan Khatami Seyed Mahmood Tabatabaei Hanzaei Seyed Kazem Mousavi

Background and scope: dyeing industry wastewater has a high rate of contamination due to the presence of heavy metals and therefore, several methods have been developed to reduce the environmental impact of wastewater in this industry. The aim of this study is to use pl More

Background and scope: dyeing industry wastewater has a high rate of contamination due to the presence of heavy metals and therefore, several methods have been developed to reduce the environmental impact of wastewater in this industry. The aim of this study is to use plasma technique as a rapid, low-cost and environmentally friendly process which has the ability of removing metal mordants by using low amounts of chemical compounds with minimal impact on the environment pollution.Methods: In this study, color features of wool dyed samples were evaluated and compared under CIE (L* a* b*). And finally, chemical and physical changes of row fiber and plasma after dyeing were performed using SEM and FTIR analysis.Findings: The research shows that plasma treatment for 3 minutes and 180 W has affected the wool fiber surface and improves the uptake of dye in the fiber without the use of metal mordants.Conclusion: Due to the fact that the industry is demanding cheap and convenient methods for dye adsorption and removal of metals, using the mentioned method compared to other conventional methods in textile industry is much faster, cheaper and cleaner. Moreover, the valuable properties of fibers are maintained and new properties are added selectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

189 - Investigation on the adsorption of heavy metal in lead in a plane species in traffic areas in Rasht
sahar tabibian Siroos Bidarigh Seyed Yousef Torabian

Important heavy metals such as lead are part of the pollutants produced by vehicles and the traffic flow causes them to be released into the urban environment. In order to study the pollution rate of street margin trees and determining the traffic parameter affecting th More

Important heavy metals such as lead are part of the pollutants produced by vehicles and the traffic flow causes them to be released into the urban environment. In order to study the pollution rate of street margin trees and determining the traffic parameter affecting the amount of lead in plane tree of Rasht city, a case study was selected in this city from four stations on the outskirts of the city for traffic and low traffic. Traffic factors including three superficial stations based on traffic volume per day and per month and a low traffic station. The method was used to determine that 60 species of plane tree at 30 meters intervals were randomly selected from the total tree crown area to determine the amount of adsorption of heavy lead metal which was selected from each sample with amount of 10 grams to test the absorbed lead content. The results of this study showed that lead absorption by plane tree species in three stations and control station, Takhti St. Station had the highest amount of lead (29.53 ppm) than the other three stations. Therefore, the plane tree species can be a suitable type for the margin of streets in the urban area. The results of this research can be used in transportation management and urban traffic control and urban design and urban design and planting. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

190 - Zoning the concentration of chromium and nickel contaminants in the industrial lands with emphasis on wastewater treatment process (Case study: Safa Dashte industrial city of Karaj)
Farideh Hamraz Azita Behbahaninia

Background and Objective: As a result of the development of industries and the entry of waste water from industrial factories into the environment, the ecosystem around the factories and surface and underground waters are in danger of pollution.  In this research, More

Background and Objective: As a result of the development of industries and the entry of waste water from industrial factories into the environment, the ecosystem around the factories and surface and underground waters are in danger of pollution.  In this research, the effect of released wastewater plating industry in Safadasht Industrial Park of Karaj on the concentration of heavy metals in the area was studied in spring and summer. Material and Methodology: Sampling was carried out at a distance of 70, 120, 220, 320 and 430 meters from the industrial complex around the discharge path. The method of digestion and atomic absorption of flame was used to measure chromium and nickel content in samples. Findings: The average results of soil samples were 1.15 to 2.12 for chromium and 1.07 to 1.73 for nickel in spring and 1.39 to 3.46 for chromium and 1.83 to 3.13 for μg / g for nickel in summer. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of the comparison of the levels of chromium and nickel in the soil in spring and summer, according to global standards, show that at all stations in both seasons the amount of chromium and nickel is lower than global standards. The zoning results show that the concentration of the elements in the samples increased with increasing distance from the wastewater to the environment at a distance of 430 meters. The reason for this can be the release of wastewater and its washed off by runoff during seasons from the industrial complex around the distances. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

191 - Methods of wastewater refining in extracting and processing of crude oil in order to prevent water pollution
Maryam Rafati Hamid Farshadfar

Background and Objective: Due to its significant volume and pollution, the extracting and processing of wastewater from crude oil is a serious challenge in oil industries. The discharge of these wastewaters to the acceptor environment or to reuse them requires the provi More

Background and Objective: Due to its significant volume and pollution, the extracting and processing of wastewater from crude oil is a serious challenge in oil industries. The discharge of these wastewaters to the acceptor environment or to reuse them requires the provision of environmental standards. Therefore, the study of different wastewater refine methods is of great importance. Materials and Methods: In this study, the different processes of wastewater refinery produced in oil industry units included the first, second (physicochemical methods), and third stages of refinery methods (biological) were studied.Results: The first refinery stage is used as the most widely used method based on water weight dispute, oil, and sand, and its biggest drawback is the lack of gathering particles smaller than 150 microns. The second refinery stage included flocculation and air flotation methods and the efficiency of this method for water polluted by oil is 95%, and one of the most disadvantages of this method are high costs of chemical supplies and maintenance. The third refinery stage is the biological method which has the highest efficiency in wastewater refinery, and disadvantages of this method including high electrical and mechanical equipment, and also high costs due to high energy consumption.Discussion and Conclusions: The second and third refinery stages are expensive and one can be stated that the combination of the second or third method with the first stage is achieved as the most efficient method in extracting and processing of crude oil. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

192 - Reducing environmental pollution by converting organic wastes to hydrochar and it’s using in the soil
Yaser Azimzadeh Nosratollah Najafi

Environmental pollution with various organic and inorganic contaminants, pathogens, poisons, and pesticides and global warming are the most important environmental issues for the mankind. Converting of biomasses into hydrochar is a novel technology that has attract More

Environmental pollution with various organic and inorganic contaminants, pathogens, poisons, and pesticides and global warming are the most important environmental issues for the mankind. Converting of biomasses into hydrochar is a novel technology that has attracted great attention of researchers in recent decade due to its potential in reducing environmental pollution. Hydrochar is a persistent porous carbon, derived from hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of biomass at 160-250 oC and 15-25 bar. The products of the HTC process are three sterile phases including of solid (hydrochar), liquid (process solution), and gaseous. Adding hydrochar to soils has been described as a means of sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide, and also mitigating greenhouse gasses such as nitrogen oxide and methane emissions. Hydrochar increases water retention capacity of soil and soil infiltration by improving soil physical properties and reduces nutrient leaching and losing by nutrients retention in soil and reducing soil erosion. In addition, hydrochar has a great surface area and functional groups and can be used as an adsorbent of various pollutants specially heavy metals from water, waste water, and sewage sludge. Nonetheless, there are very few studies on the characterization and environmental aspects of this valuable material and its production technology. Unfortunately, there is no investigation on this field in Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

193 - Investigation of Noise pollution in the Delijan city’s workshops
mojtaba jamiati

Background and Objective: This descriptive-analytical aimed to detect and identify the amount of noise pollution in a number of workshops in Delijan city, by measuring levels of noise pollution. Material and Methodology: The measurements for 55 workshops and 728 statio More

Background and Objective: This descriptive-analytical aimed to detect and identify the amount of noise pollution in a number of workshops in Delijan city, by measuring levels of noise pollution. Material and Methodology: The measurements for 55 workshops and 728 stations were performed using SLM2237 (B&K brand). Findings: By examining the results obtained and comparing them with the standard limits for each location, which vary according to the type of use, it was found that 7.5% of the stations are in the safe area, 57% in the precautionary area and 35.5%. % Were in the danger zone. Also, in this study, Moreover in order to investigate the effects of noise pollution on individuals, a relevant questionnaire was prepared, and after randomly selecting the study population, the questionnaires was administered in person to different age groups within the population (about 500 people) in the areas where noise pollution levels were measured.   Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results, the noise level in small workshops is higher than the standard. Therefore, upon while analyzing the obtained results, strategies for controlling noise pollution according to the type of use. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

194 - Legal-environmental study of human activities impacts with a mining approach in the seabed
Somaye Naghibi Ali Zare Mansour Pournouri Parvin Farshchi

Background: Despite the limitation of natural resources on earth and the inharmonious spreading of these treasures, the world meets an ongoing tournament beyond different territories to get benefits in such a way to exploit more and more. Due to the limited land resourc More

Background: Despite the limitation of natural resources on earth and the inharmonious spreading of these treasures, the world meets an ongoing tournament beyond different territories to get benefits in such a way to exploit more and more. Due to the limited land resources and the forecast for the depletion of all available reserves and capacities, deep-sea mineral resources can be considered as a reliable alternative to compensate for the land resources limitations.Studying Method: This study, using an analytical descriptive method, studies the major issues regarding the exploration and exploitation of various natural resources from the seabed and the laws governing this sector and their exploitation conditions.Findings: The research indicates that due to the sensitive and vulnerable ecosystem of marine areas, especially in the seabed and sub-seabed and the lack of knowledge necessary to carry out extraction processes in these areas, legal and executive gaps are felt in this area.Conclusion & Results: It is necessary to review the rules and regulations of international law, especially international environmental law, and implement new solutions, the process of exploration and mining with the requirements of sustainable development and exploitation in accordance with the ecological conditions and potential of these habitats. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

195 - Plants Performance on Noise Pollution Reduction based on Visual Characteristics Perspectives
Ahmad Hami Neda khodayari

Because of the rapid industrialization, urbanization and other communication and transport systems, noise pollution has reached to a disturbing level over the years. Plants have been suggested as an affordable and natural construction to mitigate outdoor noise pollution More

Because of the rapid industrialization, urbanization and other communication and transport systems, noise pollution has reached to a disturbing level over the years. Plants have been suggested as an affordable and natural construction to mitigate outdoor noise pollution in comparison to concrete, metal, plastic and other man-made materials. The goal of noise control is to promote relaxation, satisfaction and well-being in urban residents.  Green belt is known as one of the most important and effective method in residential areas to reduce noise pollution caused by road traffic in urban areas. A row of trees may be an effective technique than other barrier in decreasing noise pollution. In recent years, several methods have been used for measuring the effects of landscape elements on noise reduction. This study attempts to review the applied methods herein. The results showed that green elements not only mitigate noise pollution but also play important role in creating attractive scenes for people which may enhance human tolerance for noise pollution. In addition, organization of plants and their aesthetic values may have positive role on noise reduction.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

196 - The evaluation of Tabriz mega-city air quality according to air quality index (AQI), in 2011
ismaiil javadi-kahriz yosef MOHAMMADIAN Mohsen Gorgani Firoozjaie

Background and objectives: Nowadays megacities air pollution has considered as a health problem, which caused various health effects such as cardiovascular and pulmonary disease and so on. Therefore air quality monitoring is needed for citizens informing as well as offe More

Background and objectives: Nowadays megacities air pollution has considered as a health problem, which caused various health effects such as cardiovascular and pulmonary disease and so on. Therefore air quality monitoring is needed for citizens informing as well as offering of new strategies for pollution control. So the aim of this study is the evaluation of Tabriz megacity air quality according to criteria pollutant concentration.Method:In this cross-descriptive study, five criteria pollutant concentrations were derived by referring to East Azerbaijan environmental protection organization. AQI was calculated by specific equation with using moment concentration of criteria pollutants. Then according to air quality standard level table, calculated indexes were categorized in relevant level. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS20 descriptive tests and Excel2010 software. Results:Of total 366 days, the air quality statue in 4.1% of days were good, 65% moderate, 24.8% unhealthy for sensitive group, 2.2% unhealthy, 3.3% very unhealthy and 0.6% hazardous. Also in 30.87% of days the AQI have been extreme standard level. CO with highest quota was responsible pollutant. Maximum level of three main pollutants of PM10, CO and O3 was in March, October and June months, respectively.Conclusion:Tabriz air quality in 2011 was not desirable, as 112 days of year; pollutant levels were higher than allowable limit. Seasonal variation has significant correlation with pollutant levels; theretofore consideration of this factor probably can be useful to definition of control strategies. Increasing of monitoring stations can be utilize for obtaining extensible statistics average for hole of city. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

197 - Sustainable Tourism Indicators in Achieving Economic, Social, Cultural and Environmental Values: Presenting Solutions for the Devastating Effects
Negin Nasseh Lobat Taghavi

The tourism industry is one of the most important economic activities in the current century that has brought numerous economic and social resources to countries around the world. In addition to economic, social and cultural consequences, ecotourism development as one o More

The tourism industry is one of the most important economic activities in the current century that has brought numerous economic and social resources to countries around the world. In addition to economic, social and cultural consequences, ecotourism development as one of the most attractive types of tourism can have significant environmental effects as well. Lack of precision, lack of development and conduction of precautionary measures in the form of guidelines, standards and continuous assessment will make these effects to have many devastating consequences in natural and human environments, and will lead to environmental instability and finally ecotourism instability. However, ecotourism as a good tool can have a global or local role in line with sustainable tourism. In addition, the ecotourism today is not often rightly oriented and is mainly defined in a way which practically takes distance from the declared standards to achieve stability and success in the sustainability process. This is a descriptive- explanatory study and has been developed using library documents. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between tourism concepts with sustainable developments and description of environmental problems and pollution (including air, water, soil, noise, visual and waste pollution) of unstable tourism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

198 - Investigating the amount of air pollutants produced by Ahvaz Oil and Gas Exploitation Complex No. 3
Ali Kashani Saffar Hossein Norouzi Nasrin choobkar Lia Shooshtari Kermanshahi

Background and Objective: Oil and gas production units emit large amounts of air pollutants due to combustion processes and burning of oil and gas wastes and endanger the health of the environment and people. Considering the extent of the activity of this industry in Kh More

Background and Objective: Oil and gas production units emit large amounts of air pollutants due to combustion processes and burning of oil and gas wastes and endanger the health of the environment and people. Considering the extent of the activity of this industry in Khuzestan province, in the current study, the range of influence of the flares of the flares of the West Ahvaz oil and gas exploitation complex (number 3) in the winter of 2018 has been investigated.Material and Methodology: To carry out this study, NO2, CO2, SO2, CO gases were measured in four directions: north, south, west and east and at distances of 50, 100, 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 meters by direct reading devices. Findings: NO2, O3, SO2, and CO gas were higher than the standard in the distances near the flare, and PM2.5 and PM10 suspended particles were more than the standard at a distance of 3000 meters from the roads. Regarding PM2.5 and PM10 particles, the results showed that 79.16% of the points were in unhealthy condition for the sensitive and unhealthy groups and 75% of the points were in healthy condition, respectively, more than 83.33% of the measured points in the case of two So2 gas and 75% of the points in CO gas, 66.66% in No2 gas were in very unhealthy condition. Discussion and Conclusion: According to AQI index values, O3 and PM10 were generally unhealthy to very unhealthy, and SO2 gas and PM2.5 particles were in worse condition compared to others. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

199 - Same Applications of Game theory in Environmental Management
Farzam Hasti Abdolrassoul SalmanMahiny

Background and Purpose: Managers and planners in order to doing their own program, need to consider the demands of stakeholders in relationship with their work project. Therefore, it is very important to use a method that is understandable and able to communicate betwee More

Background and Purpose: Managers and planners in order to doing their own program, need to consider the demands of stakeholders in relationship with their work project. Therefore, it is very important to use a method that is understandable and able to communicate between managers and stakeholders in the decision-making process. The purpose of this study is to use the game theory in environmental areas such as biodiversity conservation, environmental pollution and land allocation. Material and Methodology: The method of data collection in this study includes library and documentary review and content analysis of studies conducted in this field. In the area of biodiversity conservation, the role of game theory in managing protected areas, as well as the application of this method in the behavioral ecology, has been described. Moreover, in environmental pollution and land allocation, the application of game theory in waste management and land use planning has been investigated respectively. Results: Game theory is used as a method to solve environmental management problems in developed and developing countries. Whereas game theory can predict stakeholder behavior in the decision-making process, this will solve conflicts between stakeholders.  By applying this method, many environmental problems that are caused by the common use of stakeholders from the environment will be solved. Discussion and Conclusion: This article examines the various applications of game theory in three major areas of the environment, namely biodiversity protection, environmental pollution, and land use planning. It is clear that by using this technique, many of the problems facing the country's environmental management can be modeled and solved. Keywords:  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

200 - Resources and Chemical Structure of Heavy Metals in Soil and Its Effect on Human Health and the Environment
Hamid Abbasitabar Eisa Solgi Kamran Shayesteh Samar Mortazavi

Background and Purpose: Soil is one of the most important components of the ecosystem, which is a suitable environment for storing nutrients and performing biological and chemical processes, and as a natural filter by storing and transporting pollutants, reduces their h More

Background and Purpose: Soil is one of the most important components of the ecosystem, which is a suitable environment for storing nutrients and performing biological and chemical processes, and as a natural filter by storing and transporting pollutants, reduces their harmful effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the sources, chemical structure and health and environmental effects of some heavy metals in the soil.Material and Methodology: The research method was theoretically and using library resources. First, the sources and then the structure and health and environmental effects of heavy metals in the soil were studied.Results: Results show that heavy metals, unlike organic pollutants, are immutable and non-biodegradable and have physiological effects on living organisms and thus are important in low concentrations. Heavy metals are formed naturally in the soil by pedogenic processes. Human factors such as the development of industrial areas, mining waste, use of chemical fertilizers, animal, pesticides, Sewage sludge and irrigation of agricultural lands with sewage, residues resulting from the burning of coal, petrochemical and atmospheric deposition can increase the concentration of these metals and cause soil contamination with heavy metals.Discussion and Conclusion: Soil plays a very important role in providing food for humans and other organisms, and its contamination by heavy metals can have irreversible effects. Adequate knowledge of the concentration, sources, chemical structure and potential health and environmental hazards of heavy metals is essential to prevent pollution and to select the appropriate method for soil remediation. Creating accessible resources for agricultural production and increasing food security is one of the goals of improving contaminated soils. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

201 - Analysis of preschool textbooks in terms of attention to environmental components
Arezoo porkar khadijeh azar Mahdiyeh Shadpoor Gavabari

Background and Objective: Education is the most effective mechanism for society to deal with the greatest challenge of this century; That is, environmental pollution. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the attention to environmental education in preschool textboo More

Background and Objective: Education is the most effective mechanism for society to deal with the greatest challenge of this century; That is, environmental pollution. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the attention to environmental education in preschool textbooks. Material and Methodology: All Guilan preschool education textbooks were selected as the statistical population of the research and considering the nature of the present study, the entire statistical population was considered as the sample. The Study tools was a content analysis research checklist, including Wisconsin standards of environmental education. Accordingly, in the preschool textbooks, the sub-components related to each of the five key components of the above standards were extracted and each component was formulated into five sub-components. Findings: After coding and counting the frequency of each of the sub-components, using descriptive statistics (frequency, relative frequency and cumulative frequency), the most attention was paid to the field of question and analysis skills (84.72%); then, personal and civil responsibility (6.38%); the skill of action and decision making (5%); the knowledge of natural processes and systems (2.77%); and, finally, the skill of studying environmental issues have allocated the least amount of attention (1.11%). Discussion and Conclusion: Since the attention to the criterias of environmental education in the content of preschool curriculum was not optimal and satisfactory, which is considered as a disadvantage of these books. Therefore, duo to the importance of teaching these issues in preschool education as Basic course in child learning, it is suggested that educational content planners focus more on textbook compilation, revision and incorporation of environmental education indicators and standards into textbooks.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

202 - Analysis of the sensitivity of air pollution emissions of a steel factory to the prevailing wind direction
zahra mansurian Farhad Nejadkoorki

Background and Objective: wrong locations and overloading in the steel industry have led to the creation of environmental problems by this industry. Wind direction, turbulent conditions and fluxes in the atmosphere near the earth's surface are among the most important a More

Background and Objective: wrong locations and overloading in the steel industry have led to the creation of environmental problems by this industry. Wind direction, turbulent conditions and fluxes in the atmosphere near the earth's surface are among the most important atmospheric factors affecting the distribution pattern of air pollutants after leaving their emission sources. The purpose of this study is to model the spread of air pollution in a steel factory under prevailing wind conditions. Material and Methodology: Using meteorological data, prevailing wind conditions, annual and seasonal windrose were modeled by AERMET software. Suspended particles as the most important pollutant in the area of the steel factory were sampled and then analyzed with using the AERMOD model, particle diffusion and dispersion modeling in two time periods of 24 hours and 6 days. Findings: The prevailing winds in this region are in the north, northwest, and southeast directions, and the highest amount of pollution is related to distances of 5000 to 20000 meters from the location of the chimneys and in the direction of the prevailing wind in the region. Also, the amount of air pollution caused by the factory chimney on a 24-hour time scale is lower than the clean air standard. Discussion and Conclusion: In this study, the effectiveness of the AERMOD model in the direction of better management and control of air pollutants and reduction of adverse effects on the environment is investigated, and appropriate solutions to reduce pollution are provided. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

203 - Modeling the emission and spread of air pollutants in Beyhaqi passenger terminal of Tehran under different scenarios
maryam karimi farzam Babaie Hooman Bahmanpour ali mohammadi Mohammad Reza Tapesh

Background and Objective: The purpose of this research is to measure air pollutants (especially PM10) in Beyhaqi Terminal of Tehran and to model the release of this pollutant under various conditions. Material and Methodology: In order to measure the pollutant of suspe More

Background and Objective: The purpose of this research is to measure air pollutants (especially PM10) in Beyhaqi Terminal of Tehran and to model the release of this pollutant under various conditions. Material and Methodology: In order to measure the pollutant of suspended particles with a diameter of 10 microns (PM10), a portable device model Grimm 108/109 was used. In the selected points, sampling was done once a month during the year, three days a month and 3 times a day, and the sampling was done at different times of the day, i.e. morning, noon and evening, according to the increase and decrease of vehicle traffic. And for the purpose of modeling, Austal view, version 7 software was used. Findings: The results showed that the concentration measured in the autumn and winter seasons was higher than the first six months of the year. Since in the standard of the World Health Organization, the daily limit for this pollutant is 50 micrograms per cubic meter, it can be seen that in the first scenario, in some areas (distances less than 300 meters from the source), the concentration of the pollutant exceeded the standard. The rest of the ranges are within the standard range. In the second scenario and based on the emission reduction factor of 70%, it was determined that all areas are within the standard range. Discussion and Conclusion: Finally, reducing the stopping time of cars, not turning on lights and using exhaust absorbent filters will help to reduce the emission of suspended particles. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

204 - Assesment of dispersion of heavy metals (As, Pb, Zn and Cd) in Varamin city water supply network and their spatial distribution pattern by GIS
Delaram Moosavi khatibi Shahram Baikpour alireza Gharagozlu mahdi ramezani

Background and Objective: Drinking water pollution has become one of the most important issues in everyday human life. This study covered a 1580 square kilometers area. In this research, the quality of Varamin drinking water was studied in terms of heavy metal contamina More

Background and Objective: Drinking water pollution has become one of the most important issues in everyday human life. This study covered a 1580 square kilometers area. In this research, the quality of Varamin drinking water was studied in terms of heavy metal contaminants including lead, zinc, arsenic, and cadmium. Material and Methodology: In this study, 30 samples of Varamin drinking water were collected and analyzed using ICP-OES EOP after preparation in the laboratory. The map of heavy metal distribution was prepared using Arc GIS to determine the degree of heavy metal pollution and distribution in the region’s drinking water. Two indices of Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) and Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) based on concentration and heavy metals in the region proportionate to the maximum allowed concentration for drinking were used to determine the degree of regional drinking water pollution. Findings: The results of the study on heavy metal contaminants including lead, zinc, cadmium, copper, arsenic, chromium, and iron using two methods of pollution index evaluation showed that the heavy elements were less than 10 according to Heavy Metal Evaluation method and the pollution degree was low. The results of Heavy Metal Pollution method showed that these elements were at pollution threshold value in most stations under study. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the zoning in this region by inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation in ArcGIS, it was concluded that the highest degree of heavy elements was in northwestern and western part of the city and the lowest degree was in northeastern part of the city. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

205 - Assessment of groundwater pollution sources in the urban environment (Case Study: Tehran Municipality of District 14)
Zahra Shirani Majid Abbaspour AmirHossein Javid Lobat Taghavi

The important issue about groundwater resources includes; understanding the characteristics of thelocal watershed or aquifer, distinguishing cases leading to their contamination and managing them.In this study, during the October 1390 a total of 16 wells were sampled in More

The important issue about groundwater resources includes; understanding the characteristics of thelocal watershed or aquifer, distinguishing cases leading to their contamination and managing them.In this study, during the October 1390 a total of 16 wells were sampled in order to evaluate anddistinguish the quality and menacing agents of district14th, Tehran’s groundwater sources.The concentration of the anions (NO2, NO3, Cl, SO4, CO3 and HCO3), cations (Mg, K, Na), and certainheavy elements like Pb, Cd and Ag, as well as other physical parameters(temperature, color and odor),chemical parameters (pH, EC, TSS, TDS) and MTBE were determined.Factors which were measured on the field were; pH, Electric Conductivity and temperature. The traceelements concentrations were measured by Graphite furnace atomic absorption, anion concentrationsby potentiometric and titration method, cation concentrations (Mg by titration method, K and Na byflaming measurement method) and MTBE concentrations were measured by CP-3800 GasChromatograph.Anion test results manifested an increase of nitrate, sulfate and chloride concentration in the southernand western stations which can be associated with the region’s south-west to north-east slope ,inaddition to the sandy texture of the area. The cation pollution of the East and Northeast wells havebeen manifested and the high increase in the amount of potassium might be related to the clay texture,sewage of the absorption wells and the fertilizers that are used in the parks. Among the heavy metalsonly cadmium had concentrations more than the standard levels.Agricultural activities, municipal wastewater, surface run-offs, eroded soil texture of the area as wellas the geological structure, lack of adequate boundaries in between the drinking and the waste waterwells have caused an increase in the contaminating effects of these sources. MTBE contamination wasnot indicated in any of the wells. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

206 - Evaluation of noise pollution in ditrict 14 of Tehran
Elham Karimi Parvin Nasiri Majid Abasspour Mohamad reza Moghadam Loabat Taghavi

The main source of noise pollution in urban areas is transportation systems. In order to evaluate the level of traffic noise, one of the most populated regions of Tehran, District 14, is chosen. The main reason to choose this area is that there exist a local subways and More

The main source of noise pollution in urban areas is transportation systems. In order to evaluate the level of traffic noise, one of the most populated regions of Tehran, District 14, is chosen. The main reason to choose this area is that there exist a local subways and populated roads like Pirouzi and 17 Shahrivar in this region. In order to illustrate the changes of noise levels, 6 stations in different days of week and various time spans were measured. The result of this stage showed that noise levels during different days of week and different time span during each day and also between three measured noise variables , and doesn’t show a significant statistical difference. But there is significant noise level differences between working days and weakened. Then in the next stage, 91 stations in the specified region were chosen and the noise rate in different weekdays from Saturday to Wednesday in three day times including morning (7-9 AM) noon (12-3 PM) and night (5-8 PM) is measured for each station. Based on the results of this research maximum noise equivalent level (  ) is equivalent to 84.2 dB (A) related to Basij highway, in front of Ghasre Firozeh that is an important highway in the area. And the least ten minutes noise equivalent level is equal to 59.9 dB (A) related to Fajr hospital station. Average equivalent noise levels at all stations were compared with the standard recommended by Iran Department of Environment and in all stations noise levels were higher than that of the standard level. Finally some solutions for decreasing noise pollution are suggested. One of these solutions is using noise barriers in Basij high way, widening the streets of 17Shahrivar, Pirouzi and Khavaran. The related zones are located and shown on the map. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

207 - Survey of Particulate Matter Pollution in Ambient Air of Azandarian Stone Crushing Units
Soheil Sobhan Ardakani Javad Nainian

Mineral activities that have long been considered by humans due to the importance of supplying raw materials have caused many changes in the environment, including air pollution particulate matter. This study was conducted to assess the realesed pollutants from Azandari More

Mineral activities that have long been considered by humans due to the importance of supplying raw materials have caused many changes in the environment, including air pollution particulate matter. This study was conducted to assess the realesed pollutants from Azandarian stone crushing units on the ambient air quality. Particulate matters were collected from 8 selected stations included 5 stone crushing units stack and 3 environmental analysis stations during two seasons in 2013. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. The results showed that maximum mean concentration of particulate matters in the summer and autumn seasons in stone crushing units stack samples were 198.78±68.59 mg/m3 and 199.67±9.00 mg/m3, respectively, and were significantly lower than Iran DOE permissible limits. Also, the mean concentrations of PM2.5 in all environmental monitoring stations except station 3 in the summer season, and the mean concentrations of PM10 in all environmental monitoring stations except station 2 in the autumn season were significantly higher and lower than EPA permissible limits, respectively. Due to the mean concentrations of particulate matters emitted from the Azandarian stone crushing units stack and mean concentrations of PM10 measured in environmental monitoring were significantly lower than national and international permissible limits, so can be admitted the air pollution control equipments such as industrial scrubbers and cyclones are relative efficiency.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

208 - The Control of Impact of Marine Industries on Marine Environment for Sustainable Development
Sayed Naser Saeidi Rahim cheldavi Sayed kazem mousavi jorf

One of the main concern of today human society  is the equilibrium between the effect of two categories that are healthy of marine environment and shore and off-shore wide activity, subjected to sustainable development, although ignoring this  issue may have s More

One of the main concern of today human society  is the equilibrium between the effect of two categories that are healthy of marine environment and shore and off-shore wide activity, subjected to sustainable development, although ignoring this  issue may have short time economic profits and advantage, but this result in long term irreparable losses. however these questions what the purpose of a healthy marine environment is, and what components have should be answered. Marine industries cause to bad effect include some important issues such as noise effects, climate changes, flood risk, air pollution, quality and physical and chemical features of water.  In this study we try to introduce those acts that are applied to control marine activities in developed countries. Finally by contrast of these activities and concept of health environment, the controling and monitoring strategy will be suggested.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

209 - The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of parks and green spaces in city of Tehran (case study)
Hassan ali Laghai Hooman Bahmanpour Farnaz Heidari

The significance of urban green spaces –as publicdomain- in modern urban life patterns and their keyrole in land use systems, providing city inhabitantswith a place for leisure time, decreasingenvironmental contamination and establishinga closer relationship betwe More

The significance of urban green spaces –as publicdomain- in modern urban life patterns and their keyrole in land use systems, providing city inhabitantswith a place for leisure time, decreasingenvironmental contamination and establishinga closer relationship between people and urbanenvironment is distinguished. This paper dealswith the evaluation of parks and green spacesof district 8 in Tehran. The mentioned districtsuffers from shortage of green spaces and parks,although it owns enough resources and land –incomparison with other districts of city. Theoutcome of operated appraisal will be of useto urban managers and designers when theyallocate and utilize resources. In addition, thestudy explains how people use the area. Thispaper is extracted from a survey which wasconducted on the basis of theories about urbanparks, review of corresponding experiences inIran and in the world, and general comparisonbetween the main parks in the district 8 andother districts. Different scales were taken intoaccount when carrying out the appraisal study.The results are presented in two parts: quantitativeand qualitative; they demonstrate the percapita shortage of green spaces in the district 8;moreover, outcomes demonstrate inappropriatedistribution of green spaces and lack of favorableecological function especially in the second halfof the year. Furthermore, the parks do not possesdesirable level of security and on account of thisthe number of people –of different age groupusing the parks has fallen. Deficit in numberand variety of installations and equipment, andsubstandard play grounds are other negativepoints in these sites. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

210 - External costs analysis electricity generation from fossil power plants
Massoumeh torki Zahra abedi

Fossil fuels that are use for power generation in power plants in recent decays are finishing. In addition they are lot of pollution in environment. This pollution different ways are human health and environment. This damage imposes negative external costs that exceed p More

Fossil fuels that are use for power generation in power plants in recent decays are finishing. In addition they are lot of pollution in environment. This pollution different ways are human health and environment. This damage imposes negative external costs that exceed private cost of power plants. The main goal of this paper is to calculated the social cost of Iranian fossil power plants based on coefficient of EPA, world bank and DOE in 1383.social cost of fossil power plant are natural gas power plant, diesel, combine cycle and steam power plants are analyzed. Results show that social cost combine cycle is least and their efficiency is more.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

211 - A Comparative Analysis of the Legal Status of Noise Pollution in Iran and Some Asian Countries.
Farhad Dabiri Parvin Nassiri Noushin Ahan Robaee

Generally, the major factors in producing noise especially in large cities are industrialactivities, constructional equipments and machines, motor vehicles, motorcycles, undergrounds andtramways, airplanes, ships and motorboats.Some Asian countries such as China, Turkey More

Generally, the major factors in producing noise especially in large cities are industrialactivities, constructional equipments and machines, motor vehicles, motorcycles, undergrounds andtramways, airplanes, ships and motorboats.Some Asian countries such as China, Turkey, and Japan have adopted legal measures tocontrol and eliminate the noise pollution Since, the Iranian legal system in the area of noise pollutionsuffers insufficiencies and problems, a comparative analysis of the laws and regulations of Iran and afew selected Asian countries can be helpful for finding the shortcomings as to the control of thepollution in Iran and Tehran. This paper is aimed at identifying the above-mentioned defects throughstudying the legal status of noise pollution in Iran as compared to a few other Asian countries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

212 - Management of practical pollution reduction of Qomrud River
Saeed yarmohammadi Mahmood Sharieat Seyed masood monavar monavari Parvin farshchi

Qomrood is one of the rivers which has little water and it flows in the central part of Iran. This river flows from northern regions of Zargos Mountains and it joins Qarechi river in Masileh area and it flows to salt lake of Qom in north east of the city of Qom. Qomroo More

Qomrood is one of the rivers which has little water and it flows in the central part of Iran. This river flows from northern regions of Zargos Mountains and it joins Qarechi river in Masileh area and it flows to salt lake of Qom in north east of the city of Qom. Qomrood river is 19000 square kilometers and the length of its main branch is estimated to be 288 kilometers. This river flows from south east to north east. The main water of this river is provided by Golpayegan Dam. The main and major length of its region is 3724 meters and its minor length is 810 meters in the exit in Masileh area. Two main Dams of Panzdaheh Khordad dam with 200 million square meters capacity and Golpaygan dam with 46/5 million square meters capacity have been made in front of this river. The existence of agricultural land beside the river causes damages to this river. And the river has been made muddy, and it reduced the quality of the river while river has the least water in summer especially around Bahgherabad Bride is very much polluted. To preserve, and cleaning the Ecosystem of Qomrood river realizing the source of pollution around the river and clarifying the type, and amount of pollution and its entrance to river is very much important. Taking sample in accordance with its flowing and its minor branches, and industrial, and agricultural villages, and cities pollution and making the transportation easy and reaching to these sample making centers in different seasons and these places are selected because of its little distance to these centers of Hydrometers. Approximately, there are 8 to 12 centers in the length of Qomrood river and the amount of BOD5, COD,TURB, TEMP, COND, DO,PH have been tested, and from the objects (IDS) in Emamzadeh Abdullah (a.s) Qaleh cham , Khalajabad Bridge, receive the majority of these objects also the main dark TURB is in Qalehcham region Fara asphalte Bridge, Khalajabad Bridge Hamvarlakhah is more than the other centers and sand washing units cause these activities in this regions. Leading the water to panzdaheh khordad Dam and the water is influenced by salty lands menwhile entering the dirty water of Ro system to be cleaned to be cleaned and in Enghelab Bridge of this one of the reasons of increasing the EC of the water of the river. In the studies it has been clarified that agricultural, industrial, man made, and city pollution has made the Ecosystem of the river dirty. Entrance of pollution to the river causes the increase of chemicals and decrease oxygen of water, and it caused the death of water creatures specially fishes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

213 - Survey of Soil Pollution of Zahedan City Landfill by Heavy Metals (Chromium, Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic) Using Pollution Load Index and Ecological Risk
Fatemeh Bazzi Mohammad Reza Rezaei Mohammad Hossein Sayadi Anari

Abstract Soil pollution and accumulation of heavy metals in soil are one of the most important environmental issues that threaded the life of plants, animals and humans. Heavy metals due to their toxicity, stability and bioaccumulation are the serious environmental poll More

Abstract Soil pollution and accumulation of heavy metals in soil are one of the most important environmental issues that threaded the life of plants, animals and humans. Heavy metals due to their toxicity, stability and bioaccumulation are the serious environmental pollutions. This study aimed to evaluate heavy metals pollution of landfill soil of Zahedan city in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Measurement of heavy metals performed in April 2016 at 10 sites based on common standards, by using of random sampling method. 20 composite samples were collected from surface and depth of the soil. After sample preparation, total amount of Chromium, Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic in the soil samples were extracted by nitric acid and for statistical analysis used the SPSS software version 23. The results of ANOVA on samples of the surface and depth of the soil for these elements have been suggested that there is a significant difference at different stations. The results of PLI study showed that the soil of landfill of Zahedan with PLI value less than 2, has low pollution and the highest pollution in surface and depth of the soil is respectively related to station 2 and 1. The results also showed that heavy metals, Chromium, Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic in surface and depth of the soil with Ecological Risk 203.855 and 236.93 respectively which is located in the category of moderate contamination of Ecological Risk. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

214 - Geochemistry of Heavy Metals in Urban Environments
Ramin Salmasi

With attention to increasing trend of world population, knowledge of interrelationships betweenhuman and urban environment is necessary. Growth and development of urban environmentalgeochemistry caused huge quantity of scientific data has found about geochemical process More

With attention to increasing trend of world population, knowledge of interrelationships betweenhuman and urban environment is necessary. Growth and development of urban environmentalgeochemistry caused huge quantity of scientific data has found about geochemical process of urbanenvironments such as distribution, diffusion, and chemical properties of some toxic elements. Reviewof urban geochemistry in different steps from appearance to today’s important skills, are goals of thispaper. Geochemistry of urban environments gives valuable information. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

215 - A Review of Biotic Indices for Heavy Metals in Polluted Environment
Jaber Aazami Habib Moradpour Naser KianiMehr

The life of fauna and flora was threatened by heavy metals, one of the most problems in the environment. Nowdays, in the world biotic indices were applied to reduce and modify of different pollutants while in Iran, purification of polluted environment was done with phys More

The life of fauna and flora was threatened by heavy metals, one of the most problems in the environment. Nowdays, in the world biotic indices were applied to reduce and modify of different pollutants while in Iran, purification of polluted environment was done with physic-chemical methods. Physic-chemical methods annihilate the biodiversity, pollute the environment and also need to lots of time, cost, equipment and expertise. So, the developed countries presented biotic methods for identification, monitoring, survey and purification because of many advantages including; more precision, less cost, environmental friendly and less equipment. The aims of this article were a review of bio-indices and choose manner of polluted biological modifier e.g. phytoremediation that todays, it is developing. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

216 - Effect of Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acids on Morphological Characteristics and Phytoremediation Capacity of Indian mustard (brassica juncea L) in Nickel Contaminated Soil
Mansoureh Tashakori zadeh Mostafa Alizadeh

Contaminated soil with heavy metal is one of the most important environmental issues in the world. The refining plant is one of the methods of refinement and prevent potential pollution hazards of heavy metals in soil. The purpose of this study, effects of various conce More

Contaminated soil with heavy metal is one of the most important environmental issues in the world. The refining plant is one of the methods of refinement and prevent potential pollution hazards of heavy metals in soil. The purpose of this study, effects of various concentrations of EDTA on some morphological characteristics and the efficiency of EDTA for Increased Ni from soil and to compare their effects for enhancing of Ni extraction with Indian mustard (brassica juncea L). For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with four replications. Soil samples were mixed with 600 mg/kg of nickel sulfate and the seeds were planted in soil of pot. The experimental factor was including 0, 1, 5, 10 and 12 mmol EDTA that after the seed cultivation have been added to the soil. The results of the research showed that The application of different EDTA concentrations decreased morphological characteristics and increased soluble nickel concentrations in soil and transfer it to the inside of the plant and this changes was significant compared to the control treatment. The increase in soluble nickel concentrations in soil and transfer it to the inside of the plant inhibits the absorption of essential elements to the plants shoot and thus, repelled the growing process. In general, Indian mustard (brassica juncea L) due to high nickel resistance can be introduced as a Ni hyper accumulator to EDTA induced phytoextraction technology.  But according to the preventive effects of these substances on the growth of the plant should be used for low concentrations.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

217 - Combination of Magnetic Parameters: An Efficient Way to Discriminate Soil Contamination Sources (A Case Study: The Soils Surrounding Zanjan)
Ali Afashari hossein khademi

The present research was aimed to assess soils in Zanjan province using magnetic susceptibility technique. For this purpose, in an area of 2,000 km2, number of 241 samples was selected in grid manner. Magnetic susceptibility of soil samples was read by using Bartington More

The present research was aimed to assess soils in Zanjan province using magnetic susceptibility technique. For this purpose, in an area of 2,000 km2, number of 241 samples was selected in grid manner. Magnetic susceptibility of soil samples was read by using Bartington MS2 model. To determine the relationship between heavy metals, physicochemical properties and magnetic parameters the principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were considered. According to the results, magnetic susceptibility (χlf) in land uses dry farming, irrigated farming, garden, rangeland and urban area were obtained about 314.0, 265.4, 321.5, 455.6 and 519.2 (10-8m3kg-1) respectively. Frequency dependent mean magnetic susceptibility in for each land uses were found to be 1.5, 2.0, 1.8, 1.2 and 1.1% respectively. As per principal components analysis the first five components were detected where those first to fifth explained about 20.5, 18.1, 16.2, 9.65 and 8.50% of the total variance. Cluster analysis identified two factors: The first factor in clouded magnetic susceptibility, sand, organic matter, EC, cadmium, copper, lead and zinc, the second one was frequency dependent magnetic susceptibility, lime, pH, CEC, silt, clay, chrome, nickel, cobalt and manganese. The formers are most affected by anthropogenic activities and the latter are controlled by parent materials. The spatial distributions of magnetic susceptibility results are quite consistent with the statistical results of magnetic susceptibility in different land uses. The maximum values of magnetic susceptibility was observed in samples of igneous rocks (basalt, porphyritic, granite). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

218 - Investigation of pollution output in felling by chainsaw
Majid Lotfalian Naghimeh Badraghi Hamed Naghavi

Chainsaw is an important instrument in felling. The chainsaws that use in forest are working by gas and all of them have tow-stroke cycle engine. Gas is a combined cycle hydrocarbon with a different ratio in material that burning them is polluting th More

Chainsaw is an important instrument in felling. The chainsaws that use in forest are working by gas and all of them have tow-stroke cycle engine. Gas is a combined cycle hydrocarbon with a different ratio in material that burning them is polluting the air. This study was done in lower height forests of Mazandaran Wood and Paper Industries Co. (MWPI). The aim was study about amount of gas polluting the air from each cubic meter of wood production by chain saw in felling activities. Results show that the average consumption of gas for felling is 81.7 cc/m3 wood and the amount of scattered polluter were: Carbon Oxide 46.7 gr, Nitric Oxide 1.2 gr, Hydrocarbon 5.3 gr, Plumb 0.03 gr, Benzoapyrene 0.0001 gr, and Dust 0.007 gr. The lowest amount of scattered Co2 was 1.2 gr and the most amounts were 14.8 gr for felling each cubic meter of wood. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

219 - Determination of the field amount of air pollution and PSI Index in the parking buses in Tehran city
Nabi Ullah Mansouri Amir Jamshidi Ghasem Abadi

Introduction:    The destructive effects of air pollution on human health no one is wearing. The transport network management solutions to reduce pollution in metropolitan cities, including Tehran, especially buses and bus stop within the city, including place More

Introduction:    The destructive effects of air pollution on human health no one is wearing. The transport network management solutions to reduce pollution in metropolitan cities, including Tehran, especially buses and bus stop within the city, including places where the main air pollutants generated from the point of measurement is important. Methods:    This was a cross-sectional study aims to determine the amount of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter (PM10) in the open air bus stop within the urban areas of East, West and South Tehran is to determine the amount of pollutants and pollution standard index (PSI), air quality in these areas should be assessed. Analyzers using the digital measurement of gaseous pollutants (SAAF22M, SAAC32M, SACO12M, SAO342M) and sampling PM10 (Low Sampler Model: BGIPQ100), the required sample taken from the summer 88 to spring 89. The PM sampling in a 24-hour period, 6 stations to sample the air gaseous pollutants in each 8-hour period (4 samples from each station for 4,5,9 and 11 O’clocks), a total of 6 samples for particulate matter and 144 the sample gases at the end of each season and 24 samples and 576 samples for gases and particles is obtained in one year. Conclusion:    Research result shows that the rate of gas emissions in selected areas, the amount of pollution in any of the sites was not beyond the approved standards. The particulate matter (PM10) pollution levels in the summer and fall of 88 in southern Tehran 152/9 μg/Nm3 and 163/1 μg/Nm3, beyond the standard level.Using the survey results can be useful in devising management strategies to control and reduce emissions with the aim of improving the system utilized.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

220 - Nanotechnology and reduction in air pollution Emissions
Narges Arab Sara Haghighimanesh

The issue of environmental pollution has become a significant issue in today’s world. Environmental pollution, mainly caused by toxicantsm, includes air, water, and soil pollution. The results of this contamination are not only destroying biodiversity, but also en More

The issue of environmental pollution has become a significant issue in today’s world. Environmental pollution, mainly caused by toxicantsm, includes air, water, and soil pollution. The results of this contamination are not only destroying biodiversity, but also endanger human health. Nanotechnology offers many advantages to improve existing environmental technologies and creates new technology that is better than current technology. In this sense, nanotechnology has three main capabilities that can be applied in the fields of environment, including the cleanup (remediation) and purification, the detection of contaminants (sensing and detection), and the pollution prevention. Advances in nano-scale science and engineering showed that many of the current problems involving air quality can be solved. This article gives an overview of application of nano materials in air purification. We highlight recent advances on the development of novel nano-scale materials and processes for reducing emissions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

221 - Estimating amount of agricultural residuals useable in wood and paper Industries (case study: Golestan province)
Roya Fazli Saeed Kamrani Nooredin Nazarnezhad

This study conducted by the purpose of investigating agricultural wastes (usable in wood and paper industry) remained in farm lands which due to factors such as burning caused environmental contamination in Golestan province. In this way, from applicable findings, rema More

This study conducted by the purpose of investigating agricultural wastes (usable in wood and paper industry) remained in farm lands which due to factors such as burning caused environmental contamination in Golestan province. In this way, from applicable findings, remained farm products in Golestan field such as wheat, rice and barely have been used. Study Result showed that about 1/3 of the agricultural plants stem in agricultural field remained and burnt without harvesting, including wheat, rice and barely. In this study, estimating amount of the wastes in one square meter area of the Golestan field randomly and finally in hectare level and total cities have been generalized. Results showed that the highest amount of burnt waste related to wheat straw and the lowest on related to rice straw.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

222 - Studying nitrogen pollutant, mono dioxide carbon and dioxide nitrogen in Aghdasiyeh station during 2012 in Tehran
Narges Arab Seyed Hamed Mirkarimi

Today, with the raise of city population and industrialization of big cities, concentration of air pollutants has increasingly accelerated. Employing more than ten million people and too much focus of industries and factories in geographical area of Tehran along with ge More

Today, with the raise of city population and industrialization of big cities, concentration of air pollutants has increasingly accelerated. Employing more than ten million people and too much focus of industries and factories in geographical area of Tehran along with geographical situation, topography and certain climate condition caused Tehran to be one of the most polluted cities in the world. Due to increase of pollution in cities, awareness with air quality in a period and changes of air pollutants can have key role in urban health management. In the current paper, temporal changes of nitrogen pollutants, nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide in Tehran were reviewed.In this paper data of air pollution monitoring data of Aghdasiyeh station were applied that are under supervision of air quality control Company in order to study changes of pollutants CO, NO2 and O3 in Tehran. Meteorological data and wind speed were gathered from geophysics station in a 12-month period in 2011. First, data required were extracted from raw data and then they were applied based on the research objective.The results of the current research indicate that according to monthly temporal changes of O3 concentration during the period mentioned, the minimum amount is in Dec and the maximum one is in Jun. Average monthly trend of concentration N2 indicated the minimum amount is in Dec and the maximum one is in Jul. And according to CO concentration, the minimum amount is in Apr and the minimum is in Jan and Feb. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

223 - The Effect of Water Pollution on Health Economics: A Panel Data Approach
Parvaneh Salatin Saeed Tajik

Water pollution is chemical, biological, microbic pollution, and pollution by waste materials in lakes, rivers, oceans and underground waters. Pollutants that cause water pollution include a wide range of chemical materials, pathogens, sensory and physical changes like More

Water pollution is chemical, biological, microbic pollution, and pollution by waste materials in lakes, rivers, oceans and underground waters. Pollutants that cause water pollution include a wide range of chemical materials, pathogens, sensory and physical changes like increase in temperature and changes in color. Water pollution, whether biological, that is due to the existence of pathogenic microbes, or chemical, that is due to the existence of polluting chemical materials, causes many illnesses and several disorders to individual or public health. Therefore, the main purpose of this article investigation is the impact of water pollution on death rate and Health Expenditure as indicators of health economics in a the selected European countries. This article is an applied research, causal and inferential research by methodology. The results of the estimation models using Fixed Effect shows that water pollution has a significant and positive effect on death rate and Health Expenditure as indicators of health economics in the selected countries.  The scarcity of water resources and their pollution is an alarm call indicating the shortage of healthy water resources in the future. To counter this crisis, water consumption management is the best option Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

224 - Conversion of poisonous gases for samands car with dual fuel system to innocuous gases with (La,Ce)(Pd,Co,Fe,Mn)O٣ - perovskite catalysts and its comparison to imported catalyst of Iran Khodro
Arsia Khanfekr Kaveh Arzani Ali Nemati Morteza Hossaini

In this project work on Prototype Production ofCatalyst Converter for samand automobiles’ dual fuelsystem. La (Fe,Co,Ce,Pd)O-3 perovskite catalyst withABO3 structure was prepared by the citrate routewithout use of Pt and Rh and only used Pd(2.64 g).Then deposited More

In this project work on Prototype Production ofCatalyst Converter for samand automobiles’ dual fuelsystem. La (Fe,Co,Ce,Pd)O-3 perovskite catalyst withABO3 structure was prepared by the citrate routewithout use of Pt and Rh and only used Pd(2.64 g).Then deposited on ceramic monoliths according to adip coating procedure. Then test catalyst on samandcar with XU7 motors model and measured the amountof emission with (AVL) test at Sapco Company.Compared the catalyst with imported catalysts of Irankhodro company with noble metals such as Pd, Ptand Rh by Euro III standards. In conclusion Perovskitecatalysts reduces emission better than importedcatalysts, with lower emission and price.Monolite of catalysts were characterized by specificsurface area measurements (BET), and X-raydiffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), andcoat characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), LINE SCAN and MAP that illustrate interfacebetween coat and base. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

225 - Investigation components of leachate of municipal solid waste (case study: compost plant of Isfahan city)
Ali Kazemi Habibollah Younesi Nader Bahramifar

The leachate produced of solid waste in uncontrolled landﬁlls can cause many impacts on the environment and human health. In the present study, the samples of leachate of compost plant in Isfahan city were sampled in the winter of 2010. Physicochemical parameters includ More

The leachate produced of solid waste in uncontrolled landﬁlls can cause many impacts on the environment and human health. In the present study, the samples of leachate of compost plant in Isfahan city were sampled in the winter of 2010. Physicochemical parameters including: pH, EC, phosphate, sulfate, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solid (TS), total dissolved solid (TDS), and total suspended solid (TSS) were measured using standard methods and HACK DR 2800. High level of phosphate (624.88), sulfate (1955.55), BOD (32300), COD (68000), TS (86500) TDS (55900), TSS (31600), pH (5.3) and EC (12.9) on the basis of mg/l for all of the parameters except pH and EC was observed. Potential of pollution leachate of compost plant in Isfahan considered to leachate pollution index (LPI (. Leachate Pollution Index (LPI) for Isfahan of leachate was 54.65. This result showed that leachate produced of solid waste of compost plant in Isfahan high potential have for pollution of the surrounding land and water by the leachate Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

226 - Geochemistry of Heavy Metals in Urban Environments
Ramin Salmasi

With attention to increasing trend of world population, awareness of correlation between human and urban environment is necessary. Growth and development of urban environmental geochemistry caused to find huge quantity of scientific data regarding geochemical process of More

With attention to increasing trend of world population, awareness of correlation between human and urban environment is necessary. Growth and development of urban environmental geochemistry caused to find huge quantity of scientific data regarding geochemical process of urban environments such as distribution, diffusion, and chemical properties of some toxic elements. Review of urban geochemistry in different steps from appearance to important skills of recent, is goal of this paper. Geochemistry of urban environments gives us valuable information about heavy metal pollution and health effect of them. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

227 - The Phenomenon of Algal Bloom Problem of Water Resources
Malihe Amini

Red tide is an algal bloom phenomenon which causes a lack of oxygen in the deeper water layers and with consumption of oxygen in the water, conditions for growth and aquatic life will be very hard and also can cause fish death. Algal bloom is a very complex phenomenon. More

Red tide is an algal bloom phenomenon which causes a lack of oxygen in the deeper water layers and with consumption of oxygen in the water, conditions for growth and aquatic life will be very hard and also can cause fish death. Algal bloom is a very complex phenomenon. In some cases, it has quite natural origin and sometimes it is occurred due to anthropogenic activities. In the absence of anthropogenic cause of this phenomenon, there are varieties of factors such as wastewater, agricultural and industrial wastewaters which contains Nitrate and Phosphate and in large quantities used in agricultural fertilizers; important factors affecting the aquatic environment are exacerbated in low-oxygen conditions. Also increase in greenhouse gases, Iron-rich dust, hydrological factors and massive changes in global climate, handling and transport of non-indigenous species through ballast water of ships and many unknown factors are affecting on occurrence of the red tide. Algal bloom could affect the fishes, aquatic organisms, and also could have negative effects on economy and health of the local peoples in the affected region.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

228 - Assessment the Potential of Nutrient Pollution Caused by Household Waste and Livestock (Case Study: Cham Gardalan's dam Watershed)
Parisa Amiri Mehdi Ahmadikalan Fouzieh Beigmohammadi

The purpose of this study is to identify the sources of pollution in the catchment area of Chamgardalan Dam and to determine the potential for contamination of organic matter in the household and livestock waste of the catchment area and finally to provide guidelines More

The purpose of this study is to identify the sources of pollution in the catchment area of Chamgardalan Dam and to determine the potential for contamination of organic matter in the household and livestock waste of the catchment area and finally to provide guidelines for controlling and reducing pollution. After preparing the catchment area using Arc GIS10 software, field visits were conducted to accurately identify the sources of contamination of the catchment area, including villages and livestock units. Then, the contamination potential of organic matter in household and animal wastes was calculated. Then, the contamination potential of organic matter in household and animal wastes was calculated. About 56% of the total nitrogen load and 54% of the total phosphorus load are produced by various dams under the Gol Gol basin, and about 71% of the pollution potential from population centers is under the Gol Gol basin and 17% is under the Chaviz basin. And 12% below the basin. Accordingly, Gol Gol basin, due to the high density of rural population and also having the largest number of livestock and poultry farms in the catchment area, has the highest amount of household and livestock waste compared to the other two sub-basins. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

229 - Environmental Impacts of PET- PTA Petrochemical Industries (Case Study: Mahshahr Economic Special Zone)
saeeid Malmasi seyed ali Jozi seyed masood Monavari elahe Jafarian Moghadam

Petrochemical industries pollutants especially heavy metals affect human health and environment. In this study, impacts of poly ethylene terephthalate petrochemical industries in Mahshahr economic special zone are evaluated with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) by wei More

Petrochemical industries pollutants especially heavy metals affect human health and environment. In this study, impacts of poly ethylene terephthalate petrochemical industries in Mahshahr economic special zone are evaluated with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) by weighting and synthesizing of health human and environmental damage criteria. In this region, main petrochemical industries are constructed close to fiords. Hence pollutants due to these industries have detrimental effects on fiords as most important ecosystem with high biodiversity. Health human damage evaluation is achieved by expressing the impacts of each pollutant on employee and local population health. Environmental damage assessment requires on intuitive expression pollutants density and environmental sensitivity. Finally nine main pollutants are evaluated according to the kind of studied petrochemical industry, TSS, Oil & Grease, COD, Heavy metals, SOX, NOX, CO2, H2S and PM. these pollutants are then compared to derive a environmental scores. Results indicate that water pollution is most important issue and TSS and Oil & Grease with 0.235, 0.326 scores from waste water discharged as highest priority should be controlled in studied area. Air pollution due to gaseous emission is second priority.    Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

230 - Litigation and International Responsibility; Instruments deal with the lack of performing commitments concerning climate change
Seyed Abbas Pourhashemi Sobhan Taiebi Shima Naderi

Creating and articulating the human rights of the people is necessary. Therefore human rights in dealing with environmental problems, not indifferent and more serious issues in the light of environmental considerations within the international legal has institutionalize More

Creating and articulating the human rights of the people is necessary. Therefore human rights in dealing with environmental problems, not indifferent and more serious issues in the light of environmental considerations within the international legal has institutionalized. One of the most important environmental problems of global climate change is caused by the violation of the international obligations of states.However, conventions, protocols and other international documents on climate change with emphasis on the prevention of air and water pollution seems not yet developed, developing and least developed in the implementation of these documents and regulations are in trouble and international agreements output is positive and strong. It is necessary to describe the purpose of the pathology of non-fulfillment of international commitments on climate change, examines the legal framework of the effective tools in this regard, be addressed. Therefore, its Necessitated, Be investigated to Investigating violation of international obligations on climate change. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

231 - Measurement of Mercury Metal Contamination in Muscle Tissue of Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) and Duck (Esox Lucicus) Anzali Wetland and Its Correlation with Weight, Age and Diet
Nader Bahramifar Masoumeh Khosravi Ehsan Attaran

Heavy metals and quasi-metals are among the stable and decomposing elements that threaten their health and human health if there are high concentrations in aquatic tissues. This study was conducted in 2017 with the aim of measuring the level of mercury metal contaminati More

Heavy metals and quasi-metals are among the stable and decomposing elements that threaten their health and human health if there are high concentrations in aquatic tissues. This study was conducted in 2017 with the aim of measuring the level of mercury metal contamination in the oral tissue of carp and duck fish in Anzali wetland, comparing it with the allowable limit of international standards and also examining the correlation between age, weight and diet with the level of contamination of this toxic element. Fish samples were collected from three parts of east, center and west of Anzali wetland. Mercury was measured with an advanced mercury analyzer (Leco AMA 254) according to the EPA6722D-standard method. The mean total concentrations of this metal in carp and duck muscle tissue were measured to be 0.598 and 0.5762 μg / kg dry weight, respectively. A significant linear positive correlation (p <0.001) was observed between mercury accumulation and age and weight of the two species. There was a significant difference between the concentrations of mercury in the muscle tissue of the two species. In general, the amount of mercury in the muscle tissue of fishermen was significantly higher than non-fisherman. The highest concentration of mercury was observed in the samples of the eastern part. A comparison between the concentration of mercury in the two fish and the US Food and Drug Administration's standard threshold for mercury (1 μg / g) shows that the results are below the threshold, while the threshold set by The World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) are more. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

232 - Determination of heavy metal (Lead) concentration in water, gill, liver and muscles tissues of Capoeta capoeta in Palangrood River of Glian
Mojtaba Azimi Ask Shahr Maryam Shapoori

Lead pollution due to toxic effects is one of the biggest problems of natural resources and environment. The current research have been done in winter 2012 till summer 2012, in order to measure the rate of pollution in the heavy metal, lead, in the water and the tissues More

Lead pollution due to toxic effects is one of the biggest problems of natural resources and environment. The current research have been done in winter 2012 till summer 2012, in order to measure the rate of pollution in the heavy metal, lead, in the water and the tissues of Lenkoran (Capoeta capoeta gracilis) fish (liver, gills and muscles) in Palangrood river, located in Abatar city of Somesara, Gilan province. Water and fish samples have been collected from three specific stations. Water sampler and net vetch were used respectively for taking samples from water of the river and catching fish. After carrying out tests on the samples, we analyzed them statistically by excel software; also regression test was used for the study of cohesion. The density of lead in gills, liver and muscles are respectively 50.7 mg/kg, 34.2 mg/kg and 24.3 mg/kg; according to data, lead density is higher than WHO, FAO, USFDA and NHMRC standards. The results are showed that rates of the measured element in the samples higher than limitations of discussed standards and the region is densely polluted with the lead heavy metal. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

233 - Identification of Biosurfactant-producing bacteria in petroleum contaminated soils in the city of Borujerd
Mohsen Mirzaei reza yari Morteza Cheloei

Background and Aim: Biosurfactant is a material valuable in industries such as oil, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, health food, medicine and agriculture industries. The aim of this study was to identify native biosurfactant-producing bacteria in oil contaminated soils. Mate More

Background and Aim: Biosurfactant is a material valuable in industries such as oil, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, health food, medicine and agriculture industries. The aim of this study was to identify native biosurfactant-producing bacteria in oil contaminated soils. Materials and Methods: Sampling of petroleum contaminated soils around the city of Borujerd was done. After dilution and the cultivation, a variety of bacteria isolated. By using multiple tests of specifying biosurfactant-producing bacteria such as hemolysis test in blood agar, emulsification index measurement, destruction of drops, expansion of crude oil, the amount of petroleum hydrocarbons have been parsed biosurfactant-producing bacteria were isolated from other bacteria. The strongest biosurfactant-producing bacterial species were selected according to the screening tests and then was inoculated in Bushnell-Haas Broth medium with gasoline in a shaking incubator. After biosurfactant production and purification of the colony, to identify the genus and species of bacteria, a series of biochemical tests along with PCR of district 16 srRNA and sequencing were performed. Results: With multiple experiments it was found the bacteria produce a significant amount of biosurfactant. After DNA sequencing, in the software review was found that more than 97% genetic similarities is between the bacteria and Bacillus subtilis. Conclusions: Due to the abundance of the bacteria in soil and its ability to produce biosurfactant and extent of oil pollution in Iran, the bacteria can be easily used to eliminate environmental pollution. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

234 - Biological Contamination and Physicochemical Quality of Swimming Pools Water
Elham Damani Rezvaneh Javanmard Parisa Sharifzadeh Ali khosroshiri Nasrin Rezaei

Background and Objectives: Health perspective, swimming pools must have appropriate physical, chemical, and microbial properties and must be desirably maintained. In this research, physicochemical parameters, microbial, and fungal contamination of swimming pools have be More

Background and Objectives: Health perspective, swimming pools must have appropriate physical, chemical, and microbial properties and must be desirably maintained. In this research, physicochemical parameters, microbial, and fungal contamination of swimming pools have been examinedMaterials and methods: In this study, 11 active covered swimming pools were sampled as census. samples were, This cross-sectional study was carried out. Microbial, and fungal contamination and temperature, free residual chlorine, turbidity, oxidation and revival parameters were measured. analyzed with software SPSS V16 was used for statistical analysis.Results: The results showed that out of 27 water samples taken from the pools of Zahedan city in terms of the frequency of parasitic infection, no parasitic samples including worm eggs, trophozoites or intestinal protozoa of pathogenic and non-pathogenic intestinal protozoa were observed. Parasitic and fungal pathogens and the amount of physicochemical factors in the water of the pools were studied, which could be due to the knowledge and attitude of pool managers and managers to the importance of pool water quality to ensure the health of swimmers and monitoring to improve pool water quality (including proper chlorination).Conclusion: The results indicate the It is recommended to continuously disinfect the surrounding environment including the pools platforms. The overuse of chlorine will had a negative impact on the other parameters.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

235 - New Nano-Adsorbents for the Removal of Chromium (III) and Mercury (II) from Aqueous Solutions
Mohammad Alikarami Zahra Abbasi

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

236 - The Relationship Between Teachers' Instruction Procedures and Job Burnout
Azizeh Chalak Parviz Birjandi S. Esmail Hosseini Ahmad Reza Jafari Dehkordi Omid Tabatabaei Sondos Mansouri Amir Farzad Ashouri Mansour Koosha Sahar Najarzadegan Ahmad Reza Lotfi MohammadAli Nadi Mohsen Salimian Fakhri Shatalebi Nader Soleimani Mansoor Tavakoli Omid Tabatabaei Hossein Bagheri Hossein Heidari Tabrizi Zahra Fotovatnia GholamReza Akbari Behrouz Nouri Samani Safura Masaeli GholamReza Zareie Naser Abasszadeh Narges Saeedian

The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between teacher instruction procedure and job burnout. The participants in this study were 140 teachers (males=87,females=53) at secondary schools in Garmsar. Two instruments were used to collect data. The teacher More

The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between teacher instruction procedure and job burnout. The participants in this study were 140 teachers (males=87,females=53) at secondary schools in Garmsar. Two instruments were used to collect data. The teachers' instruction procedure was measured by the use of a researcher made questionnaire (with three dimensions of instruction as direct, semi‐direct and indirect). The job burnout (namely: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and decreased professional efficacy) was measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The data were analyzed using the Pearson product‐moment correlation technique, Chi‐Square test and regression. The major findings were as follows: 1) A signi􀏐icant relationship between total teachers' nstruction procedure and total burnout. 2) A positive relationship between teachers' direct instruction procedure and job burnout. 3) A Negative relationship between teachers' indirect instruction procedure and job burnout. 4) No significant relationship between teachers' semi‐direct instruction procedure and job burnout. 5) A positive relationship was found between teachers' direct instruction procedure with each three dimensions of job burnout (Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment). 6) A signi􀏐icantly negative relationship was found separate between teachers' direct instruction with each dimension of job burnout. 7) There was no relationship between teachers' semi‐direct instruction procedure with each three dimensions of job burnout. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

237 - Investigating the visual pollution of non-heterogeneous land uses in the tourist areas (Case study: Dohezar and Sehezar forests of Tonekabon)
Kobra Melhosseini Darani Samar Mortazavi Seyed Mohsen Hosseini Kamran Shayesteh Samereh Falahatkar

Development requires land, and the most obvious feature of the development, land use change, and hence pollution of the land's landscape. For an investigation into the effect of disturbance on the landscape, land use map, using Landsat satellite image of 2016, is produc More

Development requires land, and the most obvious feature of the development, land use change, and hence pollution of the land's landscape. For an investigation into the effect of disturbance on the landscape, land use map, using Landsat satellite image of 2016, is produced. Calculating the LPI, LSI, MPS and SHDI metrics, the two viewpoints are considered in the case study area. The height of the observer is applied to the DSM map of this region and a visible zone of these points is determined. Therefore, the visual disturbance criterion is examined. According to the man-made and natural uses, this criterion is quantified, considering the above-mentioned metrics. LSI value changes from one to infinity. At the first viewpoint, amounts of the LSI are 21.32, 19 and 2.35 for forest, pasture and mine respectively. Also, in the second one, 7.27, 26.91, 22.24, 1.66, 3.90 and 13.78 are obtained for residential land, forest, pasture, aquaculture, agriculture and rocks. Small LSI numbers of mine, aquaculture and agriculture, being about one, indicates the presence of a human in these areas. The results of MPS and SHDI metrics show that the natural land use of pasture and forest are cut by the man-made of mine. From the second viewpoint, forest, pasture and rocks, having large and close MPS numbers, give a natural face to the landscape. The presence of agriculture, residential and aquaculture with small MPS values, being different from the natural land use, causes a lack of naturalness and disturbance in this part of the region. This study could develop the new and basic method for the understanding of landscape changes in the planning and management fields. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

238 - Modeling the relationships between urban green space, air and noise pollution and temperature using landscape metrics
Shirkou Jaafari Afshin Alizadeh Shabani Mazaher Moeinaddini Afshin Danehkar Amir Alambeigi

Green space has an important role in the quality of urban environments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between urban green space, air and noise pollution and temperature in Tehran using landscape metrics approach. For this purpose, the gr More

Green space has an important role in the quality of urban environments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between urban green space, air and noise pollution and temperature in Tehran using landscape metrics approach. For this purpose, the green space map was prepared and updated and then landscape metrics were calculated. Then, through interpolated of annual mean data, the air and noise pollution maps were extracted, while the temperature map was prepared by the regression method. Finally, the required information from the prepared maps was extracted for 52 study units and was analyzed using structural equations modelling. The results indicated green space has a decreasing effect on air and noise pollution and temperature. As per unit increase in standard deviation of green space, 0.509 units in the standard deviation of temperature, 0.462 units in the standard deviation of noise pollution and also 0.831 units in the standard deviation of air pollution decrease were observed. For green space construct, the indices of cohesion and patch density had the highest role and the area index had the lowest role in decreasing air and noise pollution and temperature. The highest and lowest amounts of green space construct effect on the air pollution were related to particles less than 2.5 microns and sulfur dioxide, respectively. The Cronbach's Alpha value was 0.807 and the Composite Reliability coefficient of 0.808 indicates high reliability and Average Variance Extracted of 0.523 represents a high convergence validity in the air pollution constructs. In the green space construct, the variance inflation factor value indicates a noncollinearity error. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

239 - Investigation of spatial and temporal changes in atmospheric aerosol using aerosol optical depth in Southeastern Iran
Maryam Mirakbari Zohre Ebrahimi Khusfi

10.30495/girs.2020.674954

Background and ObjectiveThe Aerosol Optical Depth index is one of the most commonly used indicators for assessing air pollution in various regions, especially arid and semi-arid areas. The arid and semi-arid regions are the main sources of dust particles. Due to locatin More

Background and ObjectiveThe Aerosol Optical Depth index is one of the most commonly used indicators for assessing air pollution in various regions, especially arid and semi-arid areas. The arid and semi-arid regions are the main sources of dust particles. Due to locating in the arid and semi-arid region, Iran faces dust storms several times over the year, which have caused irreparable environmental and socio-economic damages to different parts of the country. The southeastern of Iran is one of these regions that is affected by dust storms in the first half of the year (early spring to late summer) due to 120-day winds, and large amounts of sand and dust particles enter the atmosphere each year. Therefore, it is important to study the temporal and spatial changes of suspended particles in the atmosphere, of which dust is a major part of aerosols in these regions. In fact, knowing the temporal and spatial changes of suspended particles can be helpful in providing appropriate solutions to reduce the damages caused by these particles. In this study, due to lack of ground-based aerosol gauge station, aerosol optical depth feature was considered based on the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) product of MODIS sensor to monitor and analyze spatial and temporal changes of aerosol concentrations in Iran during a period of 18 years. Annual, monthly and seasonal temporal changes of AOD were investigated using pre-whitening Mann-Kendall trend test. Materials and MethodsThe daily MODIS level-4 AOD data have been used in this study. The AOD data were obtained from the earth explorer website USGS in 6570 frames for 2001- 2018  and these data were extracted in NetCDF format with programming in Matlab software as annual, seasonal and monthly time series for 13 synoptic stations in the study area. PM10 concentration data were used to validate the AOD product of MODIS. In order to investigate the temporal and spatial changes of aerosol concentrations. The AOD zoning maps were prepared using inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method based on the mean values of AOD. Based on the IDW method, each point/ station has a local effect that decreases with increasing distance, places close to the measuring point will have more weight. Finally, the temporal trend changes of AOD data were determined using the Mann- Kendall trend test in the different time scales. Results and Discussion The results obtained from the validation of AOD data indicated that there was a strong and acceptable relationship between aerosol optical depth and PM10 concentration data at 95% significant level. Therefore, it can be concluded that the AOD data have a good accuracy to investigate and analyze the changes in suspended particles in the atmosphere in the study area. The spatial distribution of AOD in the study area showed that the western and central regions (Kerman, Baft, Sirjan, Rafsanjan) had the lowest concentration of aerosol during the period of 2001- 2018. While, the northeastern, eastern and southern regions (Sistan and Baluchestan province) have been affected by higher concentrations of aerosol. The amounts of AOD have varied from 0.14 to 0.53 in the study period that occurred in the years of 2016 and 2003, respectively. The findings of temporal changes of annual AOD series indicated that the atmosphere suspended particles had the highest amount in the years of 2001, 2003, 2008, 2009 and 2012 at the Zabol, Zahak, Zahedan, Khash and Iranshahr regions, respectively. The seasonal mean AOD had the most concentration in the summer and spring seasons while the autumn and winter had the lowest aerosol concentration. The monthly AOD series showed that the increasing variations of atmosphere suspended particles starts in April and then increases in June and has decreasing changes in July. The results of Mann- Kendall trend test indicated that changes trend of annual aerosol optical depth was decreasing in the most regions except in the Rafsanjan station so that the AOD changes had significant downward trend a 5% level in the Zahedan, Zahak, Zabol, Saravan and Bam stations. The Mann- Kendall statistic of monthly AOD series showed the most frequency of significant trend occurred in May, June, July and October, respectively in the study region. The monthly trend of AOD indicated decreasing changes of aerosol during the study period. As in May, June, July, August, November and February, the concentration of aerosols had a downward trend in the most study stations. The seasonal changes of AOD showed a decreasing trend in aerosols in the summer and spring, while there was an increasing trend in the autumn season. Conclusion One of the available sources to access the aerosol optical depth data is the MODIS sensor. Based on our findings, there was an acceptable relationship between AOD product of MODIS and PM10 data obtained from ground-based aerosol gauge stations in the study region. The results of this study showed that the annual mean AOD varied from 0.14 to 0.53 which highest and lowest values occurred in the years of 2003 and 2016, respectively. Annual trend of AOD showed the concentration of aerosols was decreasing in most regions. The decreasing trend can be due to the decline of dust events resulted from an increase in vegetation cover in the study area. The monthly and seasonal mean AOD showed the concentration of aerosols had the lowest value during the autumn and winter in November, December, January and February, while in the summer and spring, the aerosols had the highest concentration in May, June and July. However, the temporal changes of monthly and seasonal AOD were decreasing in the most study regions. Generally, our findings showed the western part of the study area, located in Kerman province, had been faced the lower concentration of aerosols than the eastern part, located in Sistan province, during the study period. In general, the declining of aerosol concentrations in some of the study areas could indicate an improvement in air quality in these regions. It seems that the implementation of appropriate executive and management methods in this region, which has been considered by many managers and decision-makers in recent years, have had a significant effect on the reduction of air pollution. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

240 - Spatial distribution mapping of heavy metal pollutants in soils of different areas of Alborz Dam basin in Mazandaran
Ali Cherati araei Behnoush Jafari Gorzin Mohammad Ismaeil Kamali

10.30495/girs.2022.697066

انباشتگی فلزات سنگین در خاک یکی از چالش‌های زیست‌محیطی است که زندگی گیاهان، حیوانات و انسان‌ها را تهدید می‌نماید. در این تحقیق تهیه نقشه‌های پراکنش فلزات سنگین (کادمیم، سرب، نیکل، روی، آهن، منگنز و مس) و ارزیابی وضعیت آلودگی در اراضی زراعی حوضه زیر سد البرز در استان ماز More

انباشتگی فلزات سنگین در خاک یکی از چالش‌های زیست‌محیطی است که زندگی گیاهان، حیوانات و انسان‌ها را تهدید می‌نماید. در این تحقیق تهیه نقشه‌های پراکنش فلزات سنگین (کادمیم، سرب، نیکل، روی، آهن، منگنز و مس) و ارزیابی وضعیت آلودگی در اراضی زراعی حوضه زیر سد البرز در استان مازندران انجام شد. برای این منظور تعداد 215 نمونه خاک مرکب سطحی از عمق 30-0 سانتی‌متری تهیه گردید. مقدار عناصر کادمیم، سرب و نیکل با عصاره‌گیر Na2EDTA 05/0 مولار و مقدار سایر عناصر شامل روی، مس، آهن و منگنز قابل جذب با عصاره‌گیر DTPA عصاره‌گیری و با دستگاه جذب اتمی اندازه‌گیری شد. پس از بررسی نرمال بودن داده‌ها، بهترین مدل نیم‌تغییرنما بر اساس کمترین مقدار خطای برازش انتخاب شد. نقشه‌های توزیع مکانی به روش کریجینگ معمولی در محیط GIS تهیه شد. نتایج نشان داد که بهترین مدل‌های نیم تغییرنما برای داده‌های مورد بررسی، مدل‌های کروی و نمایی بوده است. میانگین غلظت فلزات سنگین مضر گیاه شامل کادمیم، سرب و نیکل در خاک‌های منطقه به ترتیب 6/0، 5/11 و 9/4 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم می‌باشد که کمتر از حد اکثر غلظت مجاز است. میانگین غلظت سایر فلزات سنگین مورد نیاز گیاه شامل روی، مس، منگنز و آهن در خاک‌های منطقه به ترتیب 13/1، 9/3 و 8/14 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم می‌باشد که نه تنها کمتر از حد اکثر غلظت مجاز است بلکه در برخی مناطق کمبود عنصر روی و منگنز مشاهده شد. همبستگی بین سه عنصر کادمیم، سرب و نیکل معنی‌دار و مثبت بود. بین درصد آهک خاک با کادمیم، سرب، نیکل و روی ارتباط منفی و معنی‌دار وجود دارد. با افزایش آهک خاک، تحرک فلزات سنگین کادمیم، سرب، نیکل و روی به شدت کاهش یافته و موجب رسوب آنها در خاک می‌شود. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

241 - Effect of digital elevation model in air pollution modeling using AERMOD
Zahra Khebri Narjes-Sadat Mousavian Nadoushan Farhad Nezhadkurki Nabiollah Mansouri

Accordance with the importance of air pollutants and their effects on human health, assessment of air pollutant emission model's accuracy is significant. One of the models that widely used is AERMOD which is a permanent prediction model. The purpose of this research was More

Accordance with the importance of air pollutants and their effects on human health, assessment of air pollutant emission model's accuracy is significant. One of the models that widely used is AERMOD which is a permanent prediction model. The purpose of this research was evaluated the accuracy of AERMOD model, with and without application of topography. To achieve this goal, model ran with 24 hour meteorological data from Yazd synoptic station as input data and EAF stack monitoring data of I.A.S.Co. as the on-site data. Also, Global maper software version 13 was used for creating model's requirements for DEM format with different resolutions of 30, 50 and 90 meters. After that, model ran on both situations, flat and non-flat area (with applying topography), and then results compared together. The results indicated that the average concentration of pollutant in condition using topography is 0.036 µg/m3 higher than condition without usage topography. Also, the results showed the maximum concentration of pollutant in the case without using AERMAP, is 1 µg/m3 in opposite direction to the prevailing wind, in stack western direction and with using AERMAP, the maximum concentration is equal to 17.5 in prevailing wind direction in stack eastern and south eastern direction. Furthermore, by usage DEM with different resolutions, little difference was found in the mean concentrations predicted by the model. The result is that without implementation of AERMAP, the prediction was not sufficiently accurate. Furthermore, AERMAP could also be run with DEM 90 m and finally model could run. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

242 - Multivariate geostatistical analysis in assessment of aerosols (Case study: Bushehr)
Tayebeh Tabatabaei Abdolreza Karbassi Faramarz Moatar Seyed Masoud Monavari

The mean aerosols samples in three periods of ten stations were taken from Bushehr region, to characterize the spatial variability and concentration of As, Cd, Co, Fe, Ni, Pb and V. The geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS) techniques were applied, and t More

The mean aerosols samples in three periods of ten stations were taken from Bushehr region, to characterize the spatial variability and concentration of As, Cd, Co, Fe, Ni, Pb and V. The geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS) techniques were applied, and the disjunctive kriging was used to map the spatial patterns of the seven heavy metals. Meanwhile, Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation matrix (CA) were used for the data processing. The results of Nug/Sill ratios for the seven metals showed that spatial dependent is moderate (0.25-0.75), that indicative the effects of natural factors such as parent material and topography. Meanwhile, the disjunctive kriging technique was used to quantify their concentration distribution. Combined with the results of PCA, 7 heavy metals could be divided into 3 factors. D1 was the metals, i.e., As, Co, Ni, Pb, V. Cd was in D2, Fe in D3. This results show the concentrations of 7 heavy metals were mainly controlled by the external factors. These results will contribute to the management of regional environment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

243 - Study of heavy metals concentration Copper, Zinc and Arsenic soil using RS and GIS techniques (Case study: Kaboudarahang, Razan and Khonjin- Talkhab catchment in Hamedan province)
Loghman Khodakarami Alireza Soffianian Elahe Mohamadi Towfigh Noorollah Mirghafari

In this study, we investigated the effect of agricultural land concentrations of heavy metals including Copper, Arsenic and Zinc and mapping of soil contamination potential the elements in the areas studied using the collected data, GIS, Geo-statistics and remote sensin More

In this study, we investigated the effect of agricultural land concentrations of heavy metals including Copper, Arsenic and Zinc and mapping of soil contamination potential the elements in the areas studied using the collected data, GIS, Geo-statistics and remote sensing were conducted. First, using 135 surface soils (0-20cm) classified random systematic sampling in the region area 7262 square kilometers were collected and total element concentrations, soil characteristics, including the pH and organic matters were measured. Interpolation for heavy metals concentrations were done by geo-statistics methods, and assisting location correlation analysis, interpolation suitable method was chosen using MAE and MBE function. For heavy metals concentration maps, Copper and Zinc, we used Ordinary Kriging and exponential model and for Arsenic Ordinary Kriging and Spherical models. For analyzing the metal's concentration distribution maps of pollution time series satellite images were used.  For this purpose, five time series of satellite images of IRSP6 sensor Awifs (6 March, 3 April, 27 April, 9 June, 18 July and 16 August) were prepared. Using conventional classification methods and advanced satellite imagery maps of Land Use in 2009 was prepared. Finally fuzzy classification method map due to having the higher kappa coefficient as a final land use map was selected. Site analysis of studied heavy metal interpolation maps assisted by GIS and remote sensing assistive showed that Copper and Zinc have geological and agricultural origins. And Arsenic has originated from bedrock, but agricultural activities according to excessive consumption of chemical fertilizers can increase most of these elements in soil. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

244 - A smart clinical Lab Assistant: From design to build
Saba Sadeghi Bigham Golsa Salari Fatemeh Rezaeian Maryam Davoudi

Introduction: Nowadays, scientific laboratories are moving towards becoming intelligent. However, reading the test steps and recording the findings is often still done by paper note-taking, which can cause the transfer of microbial (parasites, fungi, viruses, bacteria) More

Introduction: Nowadays, scientific laboratories are moving towards becoming intelligent. However, reading the test steps and recording the findings is often still done by paper note-taking, which can cause the transfer of microbial (parasites, fungi, viruses, bacteria) and chemicals (such as acrylamide and radioactive substances) contamination to the researcher's personal devices and notes. This sometimes even leads to the spread of pollution to spaces outside the laboratory. The purpose of this study is to design and implement an intelligent voice-controlled tool that can carry out the testing and recording of findings with voice commands to software designed on the researcher's mobile phone without the need to touch.Method: The proposed design consists of two parts, software, and hardware. Its "hardware" or "remote control" part consists of a PCB board that enables the control to connect to the mobile Wi-Fi through its ESP32 Wi-Fi module. Next to this board, a keyboard is designed which consists of 4 operation keys. For the software part, C Sharp programming language was used and it was developed using the Xamarian framework to design an Android application. This application provides the functionalities to perform an experiment.Findings: First, the correct operation of 4 keys was tested by the computer test, and by pressing each of the keys, the words Next', 'Previous', 'Record', and 'Play/Stop' appeared on the software installed on the laptop, which showed the command It is running correctly. In addition, upon exiting the software on the computer, the control lamp would also turn red, which indicates the correct disconnection. In the following, this test was repeated using a mobile phone with the Android operating system, which showed the correct communication and correct operation of the four operating keys.Discussion: In general, the designed laboratory audio assistant has been able to minimize the problem of transferring contamination to personal devices and researcher's notes when working with laboratory protocols and record findings with a new method. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

245 - Study on Gill Tissue Lesions in Kutum (Rutiluskutum) Fry During Exposure to Heavy Metals, Iron and Zinc
Nikta Mehdipour syeid Ali Akbar Hedayati MohammadReza Imanpour

Inroduction & ObjectiveThis studyaimed to investigate the effects of heavy metals such as iron and zinc on the gills of fish Rutiluskutum.Inthis regardMaterials and Methods:120kutum were prepared with laboratory conditions testing in 30 days at concentrations of FeCl2 1 More

Inroduction & ObjectiveThis studyaimed to investigate the effects of heavy metals such as iron and zinc on the gills of fish Rutiluskutum.Inthis regardMaterials and Methods:120kutum were prepared with laboratory conditions testing in 30 days at concentrations of FeCl2 19.5 mg/L and ZnCl2 3.9 mg/L.Tissue samples were caught at three periods of 7, 15 and 30 days.ResultsThe results indicate that with the progresses of exposure time for iron, damage to gill tissue were more severed such as hypere mia and hemorrhage, fractures and connectivity of secondary lamella and secondary lamella shortening, bladegill, lamella of swollen multi-cellular. So in 30 days , the maximum deta chmentw as seen in primary and secondary lamella. Conclusion: The amount of gill tissue damage of various concentrations metals were as follows: Fe>Zn respectively and in zinc treatment was increased. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

246 - Investigation of Staphylococcus aureus infection in traditional cheeses of Karaj city
Nazanin Khakipour Hamed Mohammadi

10.30495/qafj.2022.1963511.1032

Cheese is a product consisting of fat and milk protein, along with calcium and phosphorus that are combined with milk protein in various ways. Due to the importance of cheese consumption among the people of Iran and considering that this product is one of the most impor More

Cheese is a product consisting of fat and milk protein, along with calcium and phosphorus that are combined with milk protein in various ways. Due to the importance of cheese consumption among the people of Iran and considering that this product is one of the most important dairy products and according to available statistics, about 20% of the milk produced in the dairy industry is converted into cheese, of which the share of production Traditional cheese is about 80%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of contamination of traditional cheeses offered in different areas of Karaj. The present descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the summer of 1398 by sampling different parts of the north, west, east, south and center of Karaj . Four types of bulk cheeses of Tabriz Ligvan, lactic, white and gypsum in five geographical areas with three replications were examined for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. The results shows the contamination of traditional cheeses and its different areas, although the rate of contamination in the west was higher than other areas. Among the regions, the eastern region with the lowest level of pollution among other regions and the presence of contamination only in gypsum cheese, was identified as the least dangerous region. In contrast to the existence of high pollution in all four types of cheese studied in the west. based on the results, this part of Karaj was introduced as the most dangerous area in the consumption of traditional cheeses. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

247 - Study The Effect of Reducing the Toxicity of Oil Pollution by Crude Oil-Degrading Bacteria Symbiotic with the Gastropod Isolated From the Persian Gulf on the Quality of Seafood
Nasrin Ansari Farokh Rokhbakhsh-Zamin Mehdi Hassanshahian Majid Askari

10.30495/qafj.2021.685564

The Persian Gulf is the most important marine environment in the world. Because annually about 25000 oil tankers transfer in this Gulf and oil spill and pollution are so much in this area. The relationship between marine animals and degrading bacteria not well understan More

The Persian Gulf is the most important marine environment in the world. Because annually about 25000 oil tankers transfer in this Gulf and oil spill and pollution are so much in this area. The relationship between marine animals and degrading bacteria not well understand. The aim of this study is the characterization of symbiont crude oil-degrading bacteria in some Gastropods in the Persian Gulf. Gastropods were collected from five stations at the Persian Gulf. Symbiont crude oil-degrading bacteria were isolated from collected Gastropod by enrichment in ONR7a medium after 4 subcultures. The isolated bacteria were identified by biochemical and molecular methods. The effect of reducing the toxicity of heavy metals and the total amount of petroleum hydrocarbons on farmed fish and shrimp meat was investigated by decomposing bacteria. The degradation of crude oil was determined by spectrophotometry methods for each strain. In this study, 2 crude oil-degrading bacteria IAUK3585, IAUK3586 were isolated from Gastropod. The efficient strain that had the Thalassospira profundimaris and strain IAUK3586 the efficient strain that had the highest crude oil degradation belonged to genera. The results of reducing the toxicity of heavy metals and the total amount of petroleum hydrocarbons proved that the total amount of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in the pond with decomposing bacteria compared to the pond without decomposing bacteria and oil contamination and the pond without any These conditions were significantly reduced. This result proves that the decomposing bacteria that coexist with the abdomen have a significant effect on increasing the quality of fish and shrimp meat. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

248 - A comprehensive study on the effect of moisture content on coal spontaneous combustion tendency
Amir Saffari Farhang Sereshki Mohammad Ataei

10.30495/ijes.2020.674671

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

249 - Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in soil and water resources around Taknar copper mine (NE Iran)
Mahsa Khosaravi saeed saadat Rahim Dabiri

10.30495/ijes.2020.675578

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

250 - Contamination of arable topsoil by organic and inorganic pollutants around petroleum products handling facilities
Gregory Sikakwe Bennet Ilaumo

10.30495/ijes.2022.1943042.1663

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

251 - Evaluation and assessment of water and surficial sediments quality in Kebir-Rhumel Wadi, NE Algeria
Fouzia Hizir Abderrezak Krika Farès Kessasra Fouad Krika

10.30495/ijes.2022.1951927.1720

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

252 - Accumulation of lead, antimony and arsenic in soil and water in Khunik gold prospecting area, Eastern Iran
Saeed Saadat Maliheh Zafarimoghadam Aliasghar Ariaee

10.30495/ijes.2022.1950343.1711

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

253 - Using remote sensing data and GIS to evaluate air pollution and their relationship with land cover and land use in Baghdad City
B. Mohammed Hashim M. Abdullah Sultan

The research used the satellite image (Landsat 7 ETM ) within the thermal infrared sixth band (TIR6) and geographic information system (GIS) to determine the air pollution and its relationship with the land cover (LC) and land use (LU) of Baghdad city. Concentration of More

The research used the satellite image (Landsat 7 ETM ) within the thermal infrared sixth band (TIR6) and geographic information system (GIS) to determine the air pollution and its relationship with the land cover (LC) and land use (LU) of Baghdad city. Concentration of total suspended particles (TSP), lead (Pb), carbon oxides (CO, CO2), and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were obtained from 22 ground measuring stations, where the stations are classified into industrial, commercial and residential and are distributed within the city of Baghdad. The digital number (DN) corresponding to the sites of groundtruth stations for measuring air pollutants was converted to the values of the spectral radiation (Lr), brightness temperature sensor (T) and land surface temperature (LST) of the satellite image (Landsat 7 ETM +) within TIR6. The results indicated a significant correlation between air pollutants and satellite image data have also shown results of the spatial analyst air pollutants and the satellite image data by using GIS and supervised classification results. They show a relationship between the concentration of air pollutants and land surface temperature with the land cover and land use classification (LC, LU) for Baghdad city. The results of the research gives evidence of a link between air pollutants derived from the measurement stations of ground and satellite data within the range of Thermal IR. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

254 - Feasibility Study on Reducing Lead and Cadmium Absorption in Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) With Using Active Carbon
Solmaz Divani Farzad Paknejad Hossein Ghafourian Mojtaba Alavifazel Mohammad Reza Ardakani

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

255 - What is Green Chemistry?
Mehrdad Brun

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

256 - Investigation of Nitrate Concentration in Drinking Water of Different Regions of Mashhad
Ali Javid Sadaf Fathi Fatemeh Asadollah nezhad

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

257 - استفاده از پودر کربن فعال در فن آوری لجن فعال جهت بررسی اثر تصفیه پذیری فاضلاب صنعتی پتروشیمی در مقیاس آزمایشگاهی جهت پالایندگی آب برگشتی
محمد رضا فرشادی روحالله مختاران جواد احدیان

به منظور تعیین ویژگیهای دو سیستم تصفیه فاضلاب به روش لجن فعال، هوادهی گسترده و افزودن پودر کربن فعال به واحد هوادهی در مقیاس آزمایشگاهی و مقایسه عملکرد آنها در کاهش بار آلی ناشی از بنزن و اتیلندیکلراید در فاضلاب مصنوعی مقایسهای صورت گرفت؛ و دو سیستم More

به منظور تعیین ویژگیهای دو سیستم تصفیه فاضلاب به روش لجن فعال، هوادهی گسترده و افزودن پودر کربن فعال به واحد هوادهی در مقیاس آزمایشگاهی و مقایسه عملکرد آنها در کاهش بار آلی ناشی از بنزن و اتیلندیکلراید در فاضلاب مصنوعی مقایسهای صورت گرفت؛ و دو سیستم که یک سیستم با استفاده از پودر کربن فعال و سیستم دیگر بدون استفاده از پودر کربن فعال میباشد در مقیاس آزمایشگاهی با حجم هوادهی 9 لیتر و واحد ته نشینی 4 لیتر طراحی و ساخته شد. با استفاده از یک فاضلاب مصنوعی با ترکیب شیمیایی معلوم مبتنی بر بنزن و اتیلندیکلراید با میزان  COD بین 300 تا 1100 میلیگرم بر لیتر، دو سیستم فوق به مدت 6 ماه مورد بهرهبرداری قرار گرفتند. در دوره بررسی، بازدهی کاهش و حذف مواد آلی و تغییرات مواد جامد مخلوط و نیز مواد جامد معلق فرار مایع مخلوط در هر دو سیستم در شرایط مختلف تغییر غلظت ورودی همراه با ثابت نگهداشتن مقدار پودر کربن فعال ایرانی به میزان 2500 میلیگرم بر لیتر و زمان ماند هیدرولیک و جامدات به ترتیب برابر با 18 ساعت و 15 روز صورت گرفت. یافتههای حاصل از این پژوهش نشان میدهند که پودر کربن فعال انتخابی برای جذب اتیلندیکلراید و بنزن در بارهای 400 و 700 میلیگرم بر لیتر نسبت به بارهای 900 و 1100 میلیگرم بر لیتر بهتر عمل نموده است. همچنین مشخص گردید که استفاده از پودر کربن فعال در سیستم با پودر باعث ناسازگاری سریعتر سیستم نسبت به سیستم لجن فعال در واحد هوادهی، میزان مواد جامد معلق فرار، مایع مخلوط و مواد جامد معلق مایع مخلوط بهتر از سیستم بدون پودر کربن فعال میباشد. در صورت افزایش درصد حذف COD در سیستم، میزان مواد فوق نیز افزایش پیدا میکنند. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

258 - پهنه ‌بندی کیفی رودخانه‌های کارون، دز و کرخه با استفاده از شاخص‌های کیفی آب
مرجان سالاری حیدر زارعی فریدون وفایی مجتبی زارع صفت

رودخانه‌ها به عنوان یکی از منابع اساسی تأمین آب برای مصارف گوناگون از جمله کشاورزی، شرب و صنعت مطرح می‌باشند. از این‌رو پایش کیفیت این منابع با توجه به خشکسالی‌های اخیر و توسعه شهری و روستایی یکی از وظایف مهم در حیطه مدیریت محیط زیست محسوب‌ می‌گردد. در این مطالعه نمونه‌ More

رودخانه‌ها به عنوان یکی از منابع اساسی تأمین آب برای مصارف گوناگون از جمله کشاورزی، شرب و صنعت مطرح می‌باشند. از این‌رو پایش کیفیت این منابع با توجه به خشکسالی‌های اخیر و توسعه شهری و روستایی یکی از وظایف مهم در حیطه مدیریت محیط زیست محسوب‌ می‌گردد. در این مطالعه نمونه‌گیری به صورت فصلی از نه ایستگاه رودخانه‌های کارون، دز و کرخه در یک بازه زمانی یکساله از مهر ماه 1389 تا شهریور ماه1390مصادف با فصول گرم و سرد انجام گردید. پارامترهائی نظیر درجه حرارت، هدایت الکتریکی، اکسیژن محلول، pH، کدورت، BOD و COD به همراه غلظت آنیون‌ها و کاتیون‌ها اصلی و پارامترهای میکروبی اندازه‌گیری گردید. داده‌های حاصل از مطالعه با استفاده از شاخص ملی کیفیت NSFWQI، کمیسیون کنترل آلودگی هند، نسبت یونی و شاخص ویلکاکس مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. آنالیز پارامترهای اندازه گیری شده با توجه به شاخص NSFWQI حاکی از آن است که در هر سه رودخانه شاخص کیفیت کل در شش ماهه اول کمتر از 50 و بیانگر کیفیت بد می‌باشد. همچنین در شش ماهه دوم بیشتر از 50 و بیانگر کیفیت متوسط می‌باشد. طبقه بندی و تعیین کیفیت آب رودخانه با توجه به استاندارد کمیسیون مرکزی کنترل آلودگی هند نیز تقریباً با نتایج حاصل از روش NSFWQI همخوانی دارد. همچنین نتایج نسبت یونی نشان داد حداکثر غلظت مربوط به یون‌های کاتیون سدیم- منیزیم و حداقل غلظت مربوط به یون آنیون کلر می‌باشد. با توجه به رده‌بندی صورت گرفته بر‌اساس شاخص ویلکاکس، نتیجه حاصله، مطلوب بودن آب مذکور جهت آبیاری در صورت مدیریت کنترل شوری و استفاده از زهکشی مناسب زمین می‌باشد. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

259 - پیش‌بینی ضریب پخش آلودگی در رودخانه ها با استفاده از مدل ترکیبی شبکه عصبی و الگوریتم ژنتیک
عباس پارسایی امیر حمزه حقی آبی امیر مرادی نژاد

فرایند پخشیدگی آلودگی در رودخانه‌ها بسیار پیچیده است. مدیریت صحیح کیفیت آب رودخانه نیازمند داشتن اطلاع دقیقی از ضریب پخشیدگی آلودگی است. توسعه مدل‌های تجاری جهت شبیه سازی عددی انتقال آلودگی در مجاری روباز مستلزم محاسبه ضریب پخشیدگی می‌باشد. هرچقدر دقت پیش بینی و محاسبه More

فرایند پخشیدگی آلودگی در رودخانه‌ها بسیار پیچیده است. مدیریت صحیح کیفیت آب رودخانه نیازمند داشتن اطلاع دقیقی از ضریب پخشیدگی آلودگی است. توسعه مدل‌های تجاری جهت شبیه سازی عددی انتقال آلودگی در مجاری روباز مستلزم محاسبه ضریب پخشیدگی می‌باشد. هرچقدر دقت پیش بینی و محاسبه این پارامتر بیشتر باشد دقت و صحت مدل‌های مدل سازی نیز بیشتر می‌شود و درنهایت برنامه ریزی و تصمیم گیری های مدیریتی متناسب، با دقت و اطمینان بیشتری انجام خواهد شد. روش‌های فراوانی برای محاسبه ضریب پخشیدگی وجود دارد ازجمله روش‌های تجربی، تحلیلی و ریاضی. روش‌های تجربی به علت خطای زیاد، مورد توجه قرار نگرفته‌اند. روش‌های تحلیلی و ریاضی با منظور کردن فرضیات ساده سازی در مراحل مدل سازی، نیز علی رقم پیچیدگی محاسبات، نتایج قابل قبولی را ارائه نداده اند. بنابراین ارزیابی روابط تجربی به توسعه مدل شبکه عصبی چند لایه پرداخته شده است. معادلات تجربی در بهترین حالت دارای دقتی برابر با ( ) که مربوط به فرمول ارائه شده توسط کاشفی پور و توکلی زاده است. برای تخمین دقیق تر ضریب پخشیدگی مدل شبکه عصبی چند لایه توسعه داده شده است. دقت مدل شبکه عصبی در مراحل آموزش و آزمایش به ترتیب برابر با  بوده است. درادامه برای افزایش دقت و کارایی مدل شبکه عصبی، بهینه سازی ضرایب وزنی مورد نیاز شبکه عصبی با استفاده از الگوریتم ژنتیک انجام شده است که عملکرد آن در مراحل آموزش و آزمایش به ترتیب برابر با  می باشد. نتیجه نهایی نشان می دهد که می توان دقت مدل شبکه عصبی توسعه داده شده را بدون افزایش تعداد سلول و یا تعداد لایه ها، تا حدود 19 درصد افزایش داد. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

260 - ارزیابی آلودگی آب زیرزمینی محدوده مطالعاتی مرند تحت شرایط استفاده مجدد پساب شهری در کشاورزی با استفاده از GODS
فرناز سلامتی امیرحسین کوکبی نژاد محمدعلی حسن پور

محدوده مطالعاتی شهرستان مرند در 45 درجه و 46 دقیقه طول شرقی و 38 درجه و 26 دقیقه عرض شمالی قرار دارد و در شمال غرب استان آذربایجان شرقی و در 60 کیلومتری شمال غرب شهرتبریز واقع است . متاسفانه در سالهای اخیر توسعه کشور ها، از جمله ایران موجب بهره برداری بیش از پیش و استفا More

محدوده مطالعاتی شهرستان مرند در 45 درجه و 46 دقیقه طول شرقی و 38 درجه و 26 دقیقه عرض شمالی قرار دارد و در شمال غرب استان آذربایجان شرقی و در 60 کیلومتری شمال غرب شهرتبریز واقع است . متاسفانه در سالهای اخیر توسعه کشور ها، از جمله ایران موجب بهره برداری بیش از پیش و استفاده نادرست از منابع آب زیرزمینی شده و این امر باعث کاهش این منابع و عدم کنترل میزان آلاینده ها که به دلایل مختلف ایجاد شده اند، زمینه آلودگی این منابع ارزشمند را فراهم آورده است. درتحقیق انجام گرفته ، سعی شده با استفاده از روش جی او دی اس و با استفاده از نقشه های آرک جی ای اس ، ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞﻫﺎی زﻣﻴﻦآﻣﺎری و نقشه رتبه بندی منطقه غیر اشباع ، نقشه تغییرات عمق اب زیرزمینی ، نفشه رتبه بندی محیط خاک،نقشه رتبه بندی محیط آبخوان و نقشه آسیب پذیری کمی وکیفی در آبخوان  مرند و نقشه آسیب پذیری اراضی کاربری محدوده مطالعاتی ترسیم شده و با توجه به اهمیت و حساسیت موضوع ارزیابی الودگی آبخوان مرند مطالعه شود و نتایج حاصل از ارزیابی آلودگی استفاده مجدد از پساب شهری در کشاورزی ، حاکی از این است بخش شرقی دشت با وجود جمعیت  زیاد ساکن در منطقه دارای آلودگی بیشتری نسبت به غرب دشت  که بیشتر زمین های کشاورزی است ، می باشد و براساس مدیریت الودگی در محدوده مطالعاتی بهتر است از پساب تصفیه شده در غرب دشت برای ابیاری زمین های کشاورزی استفاده گردد. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

261 - Identification and Prioritization of SOx Emission Reduction Technologies Case study:Iranian Thermal Power Plants
Shirin Azizi reza radfar Hanieh Nikomaram ali Rajabzadeh

Thermal power plants play a major role in the production of air pollutants, with significant consumption of fossil fuels. Sulfur oxides are among these pollutants.So far, none of Iran's thermal power plants have been equipped with technologies to reduce and control sulf More

Thermal power plants play a major role in the production of air pollutants, with significant consumption of fossil fuels. Sulfur oxides are among these pollutants.So far, none of Iran's thermal power plants have been equipped with technologies to reduce and control sulfur oxide emissions. Due to the necessity of reducing pollutants caused by fuel combustion in power plants of the country, and imposing high social costs due to the excessive emission of pollutants,This paper seeks to play an effective role in managing the emission of this pollutant by presenting a strategy to prioritize and select sulfur oxide-lowering technology with an investment approach in Iranian thermal power plants. . In this study, fuzzy Delphi technique was used to select the criteria for effective investment in technology and Simultaneous evaluation of criteria and alternatives (SECA)was used to rank SOx-lowering technologies. The results showed that dry scrubber technologies, regenerable process, corona discharge, sorbent injection process and absorption technology were the first to fifth priority of of technology selection, respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

262 - The international responsibility of the Persian Gulf countries for marine pollution caused by oil and gas extraction from the perspective of international marine environmental law.
mohamad masouri azade mirzaei elnaz Heravi

Marine environmental international law is one of the trends in international law that tries to oblige governments to comply with the necessary laws and measures needed to maintain biological resources, organisms and the health of the seas. The presence of rich oil and g More

Marine environmental international law is one of the trends in international law that tries to oblige governments to comply with the necessary laws and measures needed to maintain biological resources, organisms and the health of the seas. The presence of rich oil and gas resources in the sensitive and strategic region of the Persian Gulf and its environmental characteristics have recognized this region as one of the most important strategic regions in the world, which is exposed to severe environmental pollution and destruction. . The creation of these pollutions should result in civil responsibility for the polluting country under the title of international responsibility, which was the purpose of establishing an organization called RAPMI. In this article, an attempt has been made to deal with the issue by combining the articles of the Human Rights Commission and the 1978 Kuwait Convention, that if a government causes environmental pollution to enter the Persian Gulf due to oil and gas extraction, its responsibility. How is the country compared to other countries? This responsibility, which can be called the "responsibility of international marine environmental rights, needs to hold more international gatherings and meetings in order for it to become more and more realistic. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

263 - Evaluation and presentation of solutions to reduce heavy metals in groundwater of Garmsar plain
Moslem Soltanian Hossein Hassanpour Darvishi Seyed Habib Musavi Jahromi Mohammad Nasri

Iran is one of the water-scarce countries in the world. The management of available water resources is one of the most important issues in water engineering. Part of the water in the surface and underground is combined with heavy metals and their quality is reduced. Thi More

Iran is one of the water-scarce countries in the world. The management of available water resources is one of the most important issues in water engineering. Part of the water in the surface and underground is combined with heavy metals and their quality is reduced. This article examines the quality of water resources in Garmsar plain. The required data was obtained in the field from wells and soil of the region and GMS software was used for modeling. In the following, a solution is presented to improve the existing situation and the result is compared with the current situation. The results showed that Scenario 2 had the greatest impact on the reduction of heavy metals and on the other hand Scenario 4 had the least impact on the values. If the solution is used, the amount of heavy metals in the water of Garmsar plain will be reduced. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

264 - Assessing the potential of groundwater resources quality in the villages of Damavand city
maryam Zerang Lida Salimi Mojtaba Sayadi

Awareness of the quality of water resources is essential for assessing pollution trends for each region. The study area is located in the villages of Damavand city in Tehran, which is used to study the water quality parameters . Within 8 months , from January to August More

Awareness of the quality of water resources is essential for assessing pollution trends for each region. The study area is located in the villages of Damavand city in Tehran, which is used to study the water quality parameters . Within 8 months , from January to August 2016, has focused on sampling and measuring physical parameters (Ec, TDS, turbidity, pH, hardness and alkalinity) of the water from 11 wells in the villages of Damavand city, which was chosen according to the location of the village's residential texture and its proximity to agricultural areas as sample wells. Also, by sampling and analyzing for two times, the quality of each parameter in the studied area and finally a qualitative map for each parameter was prepared. The results of this study suggest that given the fact that the southern marginal areas of Damavand area, especially the village of Wadan, have the highest concentration in most water quality parameters, this area can be considered as a narrow zone of high-risk man-made pollution hazard due to the rise of the rock floor and reduced permeability. In addition, the state of governance of the village of Wadan at the end of sedimentation basin has caused the role of the effectiveness of natural (geological) and hydrogeological factors in this section to be quite evident, the effects of which are increasing the concentration of physical parameters in this area.  Due to the fact that some of the qualitative parameters have been observed in the groundwater resources of the area and, on the other hand, the only source of water supply in the Damavand area is groundwater, it is necessary that the quality of drinking water of the inhabitants of the area should always be considered. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

265 - Assessment of heavy metal in the sediments of Bandar Abbas
mahsa astani Ali Mashinchian Moradi Pargol Ghavam Mostafavi

Due to increasing urbanization and industrial development, environmental pollution has increased and heavy metals are one of the most groups of pollutant. Sediments act as indicators of heavy metal in coastal environment, they are the main reservoir of heavy metals. Ino More

Due to increasing urbanization and industrial development, environmental pollution has increased and heavy metals are one of the most groups of pollutant. Sediments act as indicators of heavy metal in coastal environment, they are the main reservoir of heavy metals. Inorder study about environmental pollution and the andemic species, sediments and T. mutabilis samples were collected from 5 transects (South Golshahr, Khaje Ata, Posht-e- shahr, Jahanbar rahe Se, Soro) of the Bandar Abbas (NE Persian Gulf) in cold and warm season, and the metal concentrations were determined for them. Metals contents were analyzed by using ICP-MS. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 18.0 software. The highest amount of metals belongs to Fe, Al, Mn in warm and cold season. Sediment quality was measured by Contamination Factor. Cd, As, Hg, Zn, Cu & Pb levels in sediments from all transects higher than the recommended values of standard (USEPA ,1996; ROPME, 2003). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

266 - Assessing of heavymetals pollution in the agriculture soil ‎south of Bardaskan (Khorasan Razavi province)‎
mohammad ebrahim fazel valipour

Considering the development of industry and technology, the accumulation of inviromental contaminants,especially heavy metals in the soil led to increasing concern about food security.The aim of  this study was to investigate the concentration of heavy metals in th More

Considering the development of industry and technology, the accumulation of inviromental contaminants,especially heavy metals in the soil led to increasing concern about food security.The aim of  this study was to investigate the concentration of heavy metals in the surface soils of agricultural lands south of Bardaskan located in Khorasan Razavi. The soil samples were taken from depth of 10 to 30 cm soil by filed assessment.The dominant soil texture is gravelsandy and PH 7.3 and subalkaline. Mean total concentration of Cd,Cu,Mn and Mo were0.66,251,2176,6.67(ppm).The highest values of Igeo,EF and CF indicators were found for Cu(0.6),Mo(6.26) ,Mo(4.44).Pollution index calculated using the average of total CF was 2.36,indicating the medium contamination class in the area. High concentration of heavy metals Cu,Mo,Mn and Cd in the south of Bardaskan can be a threat to agricultural land in this area. geological structures such as faults, and human activities such as mining, agriculture, and industry can provided the necessary grounds  for soil  contamination with heavy metals and increase the concentration of heavy metals in the agricultural soil of the region. Monitoring the pollutants concentration in the agricultural soils as well as in agriculutral products is essential to conserve natural resources and ensure the food security. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

267 - Investigating the Pollution of Heavy Metals at the Bottom of Solid Waste Landfill in Yazd
sara gilvari Ali Reza Mazloumi Bajestani Syed Abolfazl Kashfi Hamid Reza Rahim Del

In today's growing world that explosive population growth it has an endemic growth of residual and its specific contamination, the environmentalists' minds are concerned about the extent to which the material can endanger the environment, water, soil and More

In today's growing world that explosive population growth it has an endemic growth of residual and its specific contamination, the environmentalists' minds are concerned about the extent to which the material can endanger the environment, water, soil and air. The unhealthy disposal of solid waste on different organisms at different concentrations and pollution intensities will produce different effects. The purpose of this study, environmental assessment Yazd solid waste landfill for this purpose, environmental sampling of the environmental elements of the current landfill site and determine the composition of municipal solid waste was done. The results of the well water analysis showed a slightly higher concentration of some of the investigated elements in the lower reaches of the burial site than the World Health Organization's (2008) standard for drinking. Soil analysis results showed a slight increase in the concentration of some elements in and near the landfill (in the direction of the slope of the layers), compared to the Canadian standard (2004) for agriculture. The analysis of the well water in the control and sample samples was lower (far from the burial site), and the concentration of the elements was close to the normal range. In relation to the analysis of leachate, the parameters are not consistent with the irrigation and agricultural standards of the Water Pollution Control Agency (2011). Finally, it can be said that the results of the analyzes did not show the widespread and critical effects of burial on the environment, especially the urban environment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

268 - Evaluation of changes the Arsenic element concentration in groundwater in Shiraz and Gharebagh
Mahdi Hoshyar A.V Agasi یوسف KHalaj amir hoseini

The study region is Shiraz and Gharehbagh plains in Fars province. Most significant water requirments,especially drinking water in these regions supply are supplied with groundwater resource. In order toestimating of Arsenic contamination between water resource of the r More

The study region is Shiraz and Gharehbagh plains in Fars province. Most significant water requirments,especially drinking water in these regions supply are supplied with groundwater resource. In order toestimating of Arsenic contamination between water resource of the region has been done sampling from25 resource during 4 periods in a year. These sample were analyzed with ICP method. After laboratoryinvestigating and the comparison of outcomes to WHO standard detected highly contamination withArsenic in groundwater. With using of contamination zonation maps of Arsenic concentration in theseregions distribution of this element could be observed easily. The distribution of the abovementionedelement has not equal in different periods of sampling but significant point is increasing of itsconcentration at 2-3 month after sufficient rainfall. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

269 - Environmental assessment of soil pollution Forumad with heavy metals using sequential extraction
Majid Otari RAhim Dabiri Salime Eshaghi Eil Begi Hojat ollah Joghatai

Extraction of mineral resources and mining can be lead to soil contamination by heavy metals. To determination of the origin of the metals in the sediments in Forumad chromite mine, the sediment samples were taken and analyzed using the sequential extraction method. Ana More

Extraction of mineral resources and mining can be lead to soil contamination by heavy metals. To determination of the origin of the metals in the sediments in Forumad chromite mine, the sediment samples were taken and analyzed using the sequential extraction method. Analysis of soil samples showed that the concentration of chromium and nickel in sediment is higher than that of global shale. Chromium and nickel in soil distribution map of the region shows that the highest concentration of chromium and nickel in samples from inside the mine tailings deposits of chromite Forumad been harvested according to the average concentration of chromium and nickel in the global shale, the top the amount of chromium in the sediment was attributable to mining activities. Our study shows that Nickel and Chromium with more than 45% concentration are interchangeable phase, which indicating anthropogenic source. Mining activity plays an important role in increasing the concentration of these elements as interchangeable phase. Cd, Pb, Zn and Fe with more than 30% concentration in residual phase, are related to lithogenic source. The results of the sequential extraction method are compatible with the pollution index in the area. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

270 - Environmental management of water resources in Robat KarimVillages
Nooshin masoomi bousjin Reza arjmandi Mojtaba sayadi

As providing the quantitative and qualitative supply of safe and healthy drinking water is one of the most important responsibilities of all governmental organizations.There fors,according to the climatic conditions of our country,which is located in the semi-arid geogr More

As providing the quantitative and qualitative supply of safe and healthy drinking water is one of the most important responsibilities of all governmental organizations.There fors,according to the climatic conditions of our country,which is located in the semi-arid geographical part of the world,with rainfall les them 250mm and improper utilization and consumption of underground resources of water supplies in different fields in cluding agriculture,industry and social services,has brought about dramatical challenges to provide the country with healthy dirinking water.so constant bio- environmental and qualitative threats of this limited quantitative sources of water have endangered the safety and health of the people and other exploiters. so here in addition to identifying either of any environmental challenges in terms of their sources and causative organisms and its effectiveness on the health and safety of the in habitants of the villags and towns of RobotKarim , we have classified them in the forms of maps,GIS actions, ultimately providing institutional solutions to organize the challenges to minimize the deleterious effects in the future.This way we hope to provide the chances of permenant development of the target villages Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

271 - Heavy Metal Concentration Zoning in Soil of the Hiered Gold Exploration Area
Shahram Baikpour , Mahsa Eskandari Omid Ardabili

The Hired mining area south of Birjand, South Khorasan province has been identified as the center of mineral pollution accumulation and it has been attempted to map the soils of the study area from their geochemical and environmental map. The maximum concentrations of A More

The Hired mining area south of Birjand, South Khorasan province has been identified as the center of mineral pollution accumulation and it has been attempted to map the soils of the study area from their geochemical and environmental map. The maximum concentrations of Arsenic and Antimony were 5550 and 910 ppm, respectively. The enrichment factor (EF) for Arsenic, Antimony and Cadmium are 1.89, 2.05 and 0.03, respectively. This indicates the average contamination of the two elements Arsenic and Antimony and the lack of contamination of the area with Cadmium. According to the I-geo index, the degree of contamination of Arsenic and Antimony elements was 1, indicating a moderate contamination of the two elements in the region and less than 1 for Cadmium. Pollution Index (PI) for the Arsenic and Antimony elements in the area was moderate and for the Cadmium element, indicating that the soils of the study area were classified as non-polluted to moderately contaminated and most of this contamination is in the adjacent soils of the mine. In general, the soils of the study area have high levels of trace elements (above the natural background value) and if not controlled in the future, the pollution will reach a critical level and cause many problems for the inhabitants of the area. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

272 - Assessing of heavymetals pollution in the agriculture soil south of Bardaskan (Khorasan Razavi province)
mohammad ebrahim fazel valipour

Considering the development of industry and technology, the accumulation of inviromental contaminants,especially heavy metals in the soil led to increasing concern about food security.The aim of  this study was to investigate the concentration of heavy metals in th More

Considering the development of industry and technology, the accumulation of inviromental contaminants,especially heavy metals in the soil led to increasing concern about food security.The aim of  this study was to investigate the concentration of heavy metals in the surface soils of agricultural lands south of Bardaskan located in Khorasan Razavi. The soil samples were taken from depth of 10 to 30 cm soil by filed assessment.The dominant soil texture is gravelsandy and PH 7.3 and subalkaline. Mean total concentration of Cd,Cu,Mn and Mo were0.66,251,2176,6.67(ppm).The highest values of Igeo,EF and CF indicators were found for Cu(0.6),Mo(6.26) ,Mo(4.44).Pollution index calculated using the average of total CF was 2.36,indicating the medium contamination class in the area. High concentration of heavy metals Cu,Mo,Mn and Cd in the south of Bardaskan can be a threat to agricultural land in this area. geological structures such as faults, and human activities such as mining, agriculture, and industry can provided the necessary grounds  for soil  contamination with heavy metals and increase the concentration of heavy metals in the agricultural soil of the region. Monitoring the pollutants concentration in the agricultural soils as well as in agriculutral products is essential to conserve natural resources and ensure the food security. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

273 - Geochemical Modeling of Heavy Metals Pollution, Emphasizing on Cu-Pb by Using Remote Sensing in South of Kashan
Mehran Farahmandian Ali Ghasemi Sohrab Afshari Mahdi Shabankareh

Structurally, south of Kashan is a part of Orumieh-dokhtar zone. Late stage fluids of the Oligo-Miocenegranodiorite have been influenced Eocene volcanic rocks, that caused argillic, sericitic, propyllitic, calc-silicate,iron oxides and silisification alteration zones. B More

Structurally, south of Kashan is a part of Orumieh-dokhtar zone. Late stage fluids of the Oligo-Miocenegranodiorite have been influenced Eocene volcanic rocks, that caused argillic, sericitic, propyllitic, calc-silicate,iron oxides and silisification alteration zones. Based on the cluster analysis of samples, the elements can bedivided into two groups of Cu-Co-Cd and Pb-Zn-As. Distribution of the metals in the two groups has a goodadaptation with argillic and calc-silicate alteration zones respectively. According to ICP-MS analysis, minimumand maximum of Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, As and Co is (1.5-459), (1-623), (>2.97), (14-413), (0.5-21) and (1.5-17) ppmcorrespondingly. On the basis of the soil standard, there is some Cu & Pb contamination. Combinedmultiplicative calculation show good correlation with both argillic as well as clac-silicate alterations and Cu &Pb pollution. Kriging estimation has been documented maximum Cu & Pb anomalies occurred in the southernpart of area, on igneous rocks. Field relationship, remote sensing data and geostatic calculations stronglysupport; granodiorite body has been generated Cu & Pb pollution. Otherwise fluids caused hydrothermalalteration, which enriched those elements. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

274 - Mineral deposit in south-west Tehran (south of Boeenzahra) and its environmental pollution effects
Saeedeh Senemari Seyed Naser Mousavi

Lak is a half mountainous area located about 40 km south of Boeenzahra and at about 140km south-west ofTehran. The area is mainly covered by igneous rocks. The geological study shows that mineral deposit includesandesite to basalt igneous rocks. The andesite units conta More

Lak is a half mountainous area located about 40 km south of Boeenzahra and at about 140km south-west ofTehran. The area is mainly covered by igneous rocks. The geological study shows that mineral deposit includesandesite to basalt igneous rocks. The andesite units contains rich veins of lead and zinc. Various miningactivities in the past such as surface extraction, transportation and weathering activities have increased thepotential for distribution of heavy minerals in the soils around Lak area. Based on the completed studies heavyminerals in plant tissues and human were which identified which is shown in the result among certain variouspatients in the human population Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

275 - Production scheduling for lime stone open pit mines with special emphasis on lime stone saturation factor to reduce environmental impacts of cement industry (Case study: Tehran cement factory)
Ebrahim Safarlo arash ebrahimabadi Afshin Akbari

   Since cement industries are among the polluting industries, efforts should be made to reduce the environmental pollution of this industry by planning and optimizing its raw materials. With this approach, considering the close proximity of Tehran's cement p More

   Since cement industries are among the polluting industries, efforts should be made to reduce the environmental pollution of this industry by planning and optimizing its raw materials. With this approach, considering the close proximity of Tehran's cement plant to the capital, it was decided that with the optimization of the planning of production of mines, the supplier of raw materials of this plant with the aim of reducing the amount of waste and pollutants to improve the activities of the factory stepped up in this direction Optimization of extraction and adjustment of raw materials was used in research methods in operations, especially linear programming. The most important sources of raw material supplies to the Bibishahrbanoo, Mesgarabad, Lapehzanak and Chehelghez mines (as CaO, Fe2O3 and Al2O3 fractionation compensators in the form of iron ore and bauxite stones). Cement production is based on the setting of calcium saturation modulus, silica modulus and alumina modulus, among which the calcium saturation modulus is the most important factor in the composition of raw materials. In this plan, the issue of short-term production planning, the modulus adjustment, and the determination of the contribution of each resource in the supply of feed to the factory becomes a very attractive engineering problem, which requires the solution of this issue in terms of environmental and engineering indicators. Based on data gathered from geological maps and exploratory boreholes, as well as the analysis of surface samples of the studied areas, the set of mines was divided into 31 utilizable blocks. Then, by coding in the Lingo software environment, the extraction of blocks based on cement modulus was prioritized. The results of analyzes in production planning showed that the amount of calcium saturation modulus in the optimum setting is 82.12% and the minimum amount of elemental (MgO) is 2.69%, which is the result of the Tehran cement complex and causes the least amount of environmental pollution. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

276 - Influence of environmental resources on water pollution and sediment of river bed caused by waste dump at Agh-Dareh mines
Reza Shirinabadi Ehsan Mosavi

As there are mines in Takab, an area situated in the southeast of western Azerbaijan- Iran, and the acidic canals produced in mines and waste dumps as well as layers and marl formations with high permeability around this area, the produced canals provide the conditions More

As there are mines in Takab, an area situated in the southeast of western Azerbaijan- Iran, and the acidic canals produced in mines and waste dumps as well as layers and marl formations with high permeability around this area, the produced canals provide the conditions of releasing heavy metal elements which will bring about defects on the environment and the rivers of this area.  The results of the chemical analyses and the studies indicate that mining activities have affected the natural situation of this area and they have also made several malformations in this area. On the other hand, the climatic rainfalls and the topographical conditions of this area have directed chemicals to penetrate into the area and rapidly contaminate there. Due to the samples taken from two distinct parts of the waste dump, it is indicated that the contamination in this area is mostly caused by chemicals containing arsenic, antihuman and mercury. The southern part of the rivers is highly contaminated. These malformations are mostly observed in sediments and the water of this area.  In fact, the regional farming has been deeply affected. As a result, detecting the contaminated areas and proposing alternatives such as making suitable bedding for waste dump establishments and controlling the waste water by building concrete bulkheads can be considered as the most important solution to overcome the aforementioned proble Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

277 - Health risk assessment of fluoride and nitrate in Lar area, south Iran
masume nikbakht Mohsen Rezaei Ata Shakeri

Reducing the quality of ground water in arid and semi-arid southern regions of Iran, most of the pollution is geogenic source and human source. Among the many harmful contaminants, nitrate and fluoride contamination are more spread. In this study, in order to evaluate f More

Reducing the quality of ground water in arid and semi-arid southern regions of Iran, most of the pollution is geogenic source and human source. Among the many harmful contaminants, nitrate and fluoride contamination are more spread. In this study, in order to evaluate fluoride and nitrate concentrations and compare the results with national and international standards, health risk assessment was conducted in non-cancer diseases in the aquifer of Lar. In this study, more than 17 wells in two wet seasons (May) and the dry season (September) were sampled. Selected wells used primarily for agriculture. Anions values, Cl, and Cations Ca, K, Na, Mg, using APHA were analyzed in the laboratory. The human health risk assessment using indicators Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was measured. The average concentration of fluoride and nitrate in the wet season F=2.9 NO3=19.7 and the dry season F=1.8 and NO3 = 16.3ppm, respectively. Risk factor (HQ) and CRlim (maximum water) was calculated for the elements fluorine and nitrate. The results show that the measured concentration for nitrate and fluoride elements in some samples taken over the limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water and hence the aquifer for domestic water use for people and especially the reported amounts of fluorine is dangerous for children Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

278 - Relationship Between Heavy Metals and Some Soil Physico-Chemical Properties in Garangochay Watershed
ramin salmasi

Heavy Metal contamination in Garangochay watershed was reported. Primary experiments of the stream water samples showed Heavy Metal concentrations were several times higher than standard ones. The purpose of this research is that with attention to Heavy Metal pollution More

Heavy Metal contamination in Garangochay watershed was reported. Primary experiments of the stream water samples showed Heavy Metal concentrations were several times higher than standard ones. The purpose of this research is that with attention to Heavy Metal pollution of the water samples, are the soils polluted with these metals. If answer is positive, which soil properties are related to these metals?  For this purpose, after field investigations and the soil sampling and analyses of soil physico-chemical properties and heavy metals, correlation coefficients and cluster analyses of data were determined. Results showed that Cu with OC and Al, Cr, and Mn with clay percentages of soil samples had positive correlation. Five main clusters were determined with cluster analysis that was in agreement with correlation coefficients. Positive correlations between clay and OC of the soil samples with some metals indicate that these 2 soil components with metals fixing, reduce their release into environment. Other researches are necessary to determine geology and anthropogenic sources of these metals. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

279 - The Effects of Granting Subsidies to Agricultural Inputs on Iranian Households' Welfare and Environment by Emphasis on Computable General Equilibrium Model
Fariba Azik Seyed Nematollah Mousavi Bahaeddin Najafi

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

280 - The feasibility of using Landsat OLI images for water turbidity estimation in Gandoman wetland, Iran
Ghazal lotfi mozhgan Ahmadi Nadoushan Mohammadhadi Abolhasani

Change detection of wetlands is one of the essential requirements for the management and assessment of wetlands. Monitoring water quality is a crucial issue for assessing the environmental consequences of human interventions in wetland ecosystems. The present study aims More

Change detection of wetlands is one of the essential requirements for the management and assessment of wetlands. Monitoring water quality is a crucial issue for assessing the environmental consequences of human interventions in wetland ecosystems. The present study aims at studying the capability of satellite images in assessing the water turbidity and comparing their capability with that of ground sampling. Four stations in four directions were chosen in Gandoman wetland, located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Samples were taken three times in the wetland with the intervals of 30 days from September to December 2017. The turbidity index was calculated and the relationship between the data obtained from ground-based measurement and from satellite images was studied using linear regression analysis and correlation coefficient. The comparison between the amounts of turbidity observed in different stations in different months revealed that the turbidity value was at its highest point (214.49 NTU) in station number three in September, and its lowest point (2.25 NTU) in station number four in October and, therefore, there was a significant difference between the values (p<0.05). The results were also indicative of a significant correlation between the measured amounts of turbidity and the reflectance values of blue and red bands in the satellite images. Remote sensing techniques can overcome the limitations of traditional methods and be used as appropriate substitutes in monitoring the quality of water. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

281 - Effects of clay minerals in soil pollution
Peyman Azizi

  In addition to providing nutrients, soil also has a purifying property. This characteristic of the soil is obtained as a result of the physical (infiltration and movement of water through the pores), chemical (surface absorption, etc.) and biological properties o More

  In addition to providing nutrients, soil also has a purifying property. This characteristic of the soil is obtained as a result of the physical (infiltration and movement of water through the pores), chemical (surface absorption, etc.) and biological properties of the soil (decomposition and decay of organic matter). Clay minerals are cation exchangers and have an important effect on the storage capacity and mobility of heavy metals in the soil. There is a positive relationship between cation exchange capacity and heavy metal absorption. Kaolinite mineral does not show a significant correlation with the amount of heavy metals and forms the weakest cation-clay bond. Studies have shown that there are no polluting elements with this mineral. Minerals of the smectite group are strong cation exchangers and their presence can affect the mobility of toxic elements. Studies confirm the positive correlation between the presence of vermiculite and heavy metals, which is probably due to the higher specific levels and bonding capacity of this type of mineral. Minerals that have variable electric charge, such as iron and aluminum oxides, which have various charges from positive to negative depending on soil pH, have a large storage capacity. Surface absorption and release of heavy metals in soils is significantly controlled by the amount and proportion of secondary oxide minerals. Therefore, phyllosilicate and oxide clay minerals are effective as a surface absorbing agent for the correction and treatment of potential environmental pollution, and the capacity of trapping and surface absorption of heavy metals by them can be an important parameter for evaluating the geochemical vulnerability of an ecosystem. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

282 - Numerical Simulation of Pollutant Dispersion from an Industrial Stack
Nima Amoozadeh Hadi Kargar Sharif Abad

Environmental pollution is one of major ahead problems. To know the manner of dispersion of pollution and effecting parameters on it can be so useful to manage and reduce its effects. In the present work a two-dimensional geometry used to simulate a stack and the disper More

Environmental pollution is one of major ahead problems. To know the manner of dispersion of pollution and effecting parameters on it can be so useful to manage and reduce its effects. In the present work a two-dimensional geometry used to simulate a stack and the dispersion domain. A CFD based approach used to investigate the effect of stack height, pollutant’s exit velocity and wind velocity, on the dispersion. Results show that in shorter stack the concentrate of pollutants on earth surface is more than longer one. However pollutants rise is not significant during moving and the maximum concentration is in the stack height limits. The higher wind velocity increases dispersion rate and exit velocity causes more rise of pollutants. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

283 - Study and simulation effective parameters on combustion and pollutant formation in diesel engines
بهادر شعبانی Hadi Kargar Sharifabad

In this study, CFD modeling combustion engine software is used FIRE to optimize its performance. A three-dimensional model of the processes that formed in the cylinder made of air-fuel mixture, injection and combustion. The three-dimensional model, all chemical species, More

In this study, CFD modeling combustion engine software is used FIRE to optimize its performance. A three-dimensional model of the processes that formed in the cylinder made of air-fuel mixture, injection and combustion. The three-dimensional model, all chemical species, the density of air and fuel injection nozzles with full specification is intended to be Properties precise mixing of air and fuel, ignition, spray penetration, and penetration premixed combustion at different times and in accordance with The piston is achieved. Select the model for optimal fuel injection (injection management, Injector hole number, time of injection and spray angle) to achieve the best fuel economy and lowest emissions are used. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

284 - Study and conducting appropriate approaches for noise reduction and presenting an equation with plans for predicting noise reduction (case study: tune boundary stations in Semnan province)
Ehsan Jamshidi alireza arghavan sadegh tarahomi

In gas pressure reduction stations, due to the equipment installed and the geographic location of the station, in order to maintain the safety and health of the station, appropriate measures are needed to measure noise and reduce noise. Due to the high noise pollution, More

In gas pressure reduction stations, due to the equipment installed and the geographic location of the station, in order to maintain the safety and health of the station, appropriate measures are needed to measure noise and reduce noise. Due to the high noise pollution, the TBS gas pressure stations are compared. Therefore, in this research, an appropriate model and a mathematical program to analyze the intensity level of sound at different intervals from the source of sound and various frequencies and different sound power in a non-insulated state and in insulated mode, by changing the surface density of the insulator, it examines the effect of reducing the level of sound intensity. The most important results are: Reduces the intensity of the sound by increasing the distance from the sound source. Voice intensity increases with increasing sound power at identical intervals from the sound source. As the distance from the sound source increases, the intensity of the sound decreases with decreasing frequency. With increasing insulating surface density, the level of sound balance decreases at identical intervals. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

285 - Risk assessment and management of sports venues related to air pollution zoning Using Geographic Information System (GIS)
باقر morsal davood panahimirshekar

The purpose of this study is to assess and manage the risk of sports venues related to air pollution zoning using GIS. This research is cross-sectional in terms of execution time and applied in terms of outputs, and descriptive-analytical and comparative in terms of ana More

The purpose of this study is to assess and manage the risk of sports venues related to air pollution zoning using GIS. This research is cross-sectional in terms of execution time and applied in terms of outputs, and descriptive-analytical and comparative in terms of analysis. In this study, sports venues in the northwest of Tehran were surveyed in total. In order to enter the data, kriging method was used. After estimating the average data concentration of pollutants, zoning was performed for all stations using Kriging method by ArcGIS software. The basis for measuring the amount of pollutants was adjusted based on the Air Quality Index (AQI). The results showed that the air quality index was healthy throughout the study area but no clean study areas (0-50) were reported. Pollutants showed that the distribution of pollutants did not follow a balanced pattern. The relationship with risk assessment using the William Fine method is a risk rating of 150, which indicates the state of emergency and the "average risk level" and it is necessary to pay attention as soon as possible. They are fossils and are the most important pollutants. Therefore, in order to reduce air pollution, urban constructions, design of networks and communication axes should be considere Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

286 - Investigating the pollutant distribution of fine suspended PM2.5 particles in sports spaces in different areas of Tehran based on the model of sustainable development
UNES VAZIRI jalal jamalinasab mohamad ali atefi hasan sadeghpoor ali shorgashti

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the pollutant distribution of suspended particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 microns in sports spaces in Tehran. This research is practical in terms of output. At first, relevant data were collected and analyzed through pol More

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the pollutant distribution of suspended particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 microns in sports spaces in Tehran. This research is practical in terms of output. At first, relevant data were collected and analyzed through pollutant measurement stations in the area. It was classified based on Kriging interpolation. Finally, based on the air quality index table, the importance level of health safety was classified and the corresponding map was prepared. Through the IO technique, the location layer of sensitive and vulnerable uses was placed on the surface of the area and the pollutant layer. The results showed that district 10 of Tehran municipality with an average concentration of 42 micrograms per cubic meter is the most polluted area in terms of this pollutant in Tehran. also; The highest amount of PM2.5 pollutant is related to the central and southern half of the region. also; The most polluted month of the year was November with an average concentration of 56 micrograms per cubic meter. This area has had 104 unhealthy days for sensitive groups in terms of air quality index based on the type of pollutants. The environmental and health risk assessment for this pollutant indicates that according to the William Fine method, risk number 105 has been determined, which represents the average level of risk. therefore; It requires corrective and emergency measures to control the risk. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

287 - Environmental Investigation of Ancient Bones Basis on the Amount of Lead (Case study: Gohar Tepe)
Parastoo Masjedi Khak Mostafa Khazaei Kouhpar Farhang Khademi Nadoushan Mahdi Sabzali Alireza Goudarzi Goudarzi

Lead is a microelement naturally present in trace amount in all biological materials, in soil, water, plants and animals. It has no physiological function in the organism. The main source of lead contamination are smelting works, application of wastewater treatment slud More

Lead is a microelement naturally present in trace amount in all biological materials, in soil, water, plants and animals. It has no physiological function in the organism. The main source of lead contamination are smelting works, application of wastewater treatment sludge’s to soil, transportation, rain, snow, hail and other. Lead enters the organism with food and air and tends to accumulate more in hard tissue than in soft tissue. Bone lead levels increase with age at rates dependent on the skeletal site and lead. In this research we analyzed teeth samples of 9 humans of Bronze Age from Gohar Tepe in north of Iran. These samples were analyzed for Lead by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry to establish levels of this element in area. Our objective is to find out if Lead can prevent forming a settlement in site.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

288 - The Role of selected plants planted in the green spaces of Tehran city for removing Air particulated matters
Elham Rajabbeigi Seyed Mohammad Jafari Ramin Erfanian Salim

10.30495/zisti.2022.1965526.1133

Aim: Particulate matters are among the most important air pollutants in urban environment which cause heart and respiratory diseases. Plants play a major role in aerosol removal. In this study, some of important shrub species of urban green space were investigated for t More

Aim: Particulate matters are among the most important air pollutants in urban environment which cause heart and respiratory diseases. Plants play a major role in aerosol removal. In this study, some of important shrub species of urban green space were investigated for their ability of reducing air particulate matter pollutants.Material and Methods: In present study, effect of five shrub species (including privet, oleander, barberry, cotoneaster, Spindle tree), which most planted in Tehran city and their roles to aerosol sedimentation, was investigated. Therefore, leaf surface pollutants were collected and weighed and evaluated relative to the leaf surface. Results: The results showed that barberry collects pollutants more than other mentioned plants, while the efficiency of oleander is less than other species. Conclusion: It seems that the morphology of plant leaves is effective in pollutant absorption. In addition, the amount of aerosol in air can affect the efficiency and absorption of suspended particles. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

289 - Land Use and the Efficiency of Transportation Laws with Regard to Air Pollution in Tehran Metropolitan Area
Vahid Moshfeghi Gholamreza Haghighat Naeini Mitra Habibi

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

290 - Evaluation of Noise Pollution in the Architectural Site Analysis Process based on Environmental Impact Assessment Matrix
Mehrdad Azizi Mahmud Rezaei Vahid Ghobadian

10.22094/soij.2022.1942754.1452

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

291 - Application of Wind Energy in Urban Regional Planning Toward Ecological Sustainability(Case Study: Hashtgerd)
Mehrdad Mazloomi Azin Farzam

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

292 - Examination of Mercury pollution on urban built environment with regard human health and emphasis on drinking water (Case study: Drinking water of Alborz Industrial city)
Mohammadreza Sadeghi Moghaddam

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

293 - Antibiotics in the environment: An overview of the sources, distribution, occurrence, effects, fate and risk assessment of antibiotics in the environment
Ahmad Asl hashemi

Antibiotics are one of the largest groups of medicinal compounds that are used in medicine and veterinary medicine. These compounds, despite having positive effects in preventing and treating diseases in humans and animals, also have adverse effects on the environment. More

Antibiotics are one of the largest groups of medicinal compounds that are used in medicine and veterinary medicine. These compounds, despite having positive effects in preventing and treating diseases in humans and animals, also have adverse effects on the environment. Recently, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics and the subsequent entry of these compounds into the environment have led to an increase in concerns at the global level. These compounds are not traditionally considered environmental pollutants, however, there are concerns about the emergence of these compounds in aquatic systems, due to their biological effects and potential risks to the environment and health. It is human. Conventional water and wastewater treatment processes are not designed to remove small amounts of chemicals such as antibiotics. Therefore, the entry of these compounds into the environment from different sources leads to the pollution of plants, animals, and water and soil environments and also creates problems for public health. In addition, the presence of these medicinal compounds in the environment leads to the development of antibiotic-resistant pathogens that potentially threaten the functioning of the ecosystem and human health. Then, the occurrence and the ways of their entry into the environment, as well as the negative effects of antibiotics on the environment and human health, were surveyed. Finally, the topics related to their fate and management and risk assessment of antibiotics in the environment were studied. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

294 - Impact of thermal pollution on life: its sources, destructive effects and preventive measures
mojtaba jamiati

Thermal pollution is a rapid change in temperature in a natural body of water. This pollution is often caused by the discharge of heated water from an industrial facility or other human activities into the water. Thermal pollution is one of the most widespread and impor More

Thermal pollution is a rapid change in temperature in a natural body of water. This pollution is often caused by the discharge of heated water from an industrial facility or other human activities into the water. Thermal pollution is one of the most widespread and important pollutions and depends on various factors such as soil erosion, deforestation, flowing water and natural factors. Among the effects of warming waters and thermal pollution can be a decrease in the amount of dissolved oxygen in water, disruption of natural systems and stress in aquatic life, damage to larvae and fish eggs in rivers, increase in disease in aquatic life or even the death of damaged organisms that They have limited tolerance towards it, bleaching of corals, migration of living organisms from their environment and other environmental changes. The main causes of thermal pollution are thermal or nuclear power plants, industrial effluents such as oil refineries, pulp and paper factories, chemical factories, steel and smelting factories, sewage effluents and biochemical activities. Heat pollution is a global phenomenon that has become a major concern of people around the world because of its severe long-term consequences. However, heat pollution is a real and persistent problem in modern industrial society. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

295 - Effects of heavy metals on children's health
Ahmad Asl hashemi Fatemeh Yaghoobi roodposhti Gholamhossein Safari

Children are more susceptible and vulnerable to environmental pollutants relative to adults. Due to their unique physiological and behavioral characteristics, children are easier to be exposed to environmental pollutants than the general population. Children are more se More

Children are more susceptible and vulnerable to environmental pollutants relative to adults. Due to their unique physiological and behavioral characteristics, children are easier to be exposed to environmental pollutants than the general population. Children are more sensitive to chemical exposure as their organs are still developing and not yet mature and their immune systems and detoxification mechanisms are weaker than adults. The purpose of this study is to investigate the types of heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic), their sources, possible routes of exposure and entry of heavy metals into children's bodies, the vulnerability of children to heavy metals and the adverse effects of heavy metals on children's health. Entry of heavy metals to the body occurs through inhalation of contaminated air, dermal absorption, consumption of contaminated food, and drinking of contaminated water. Exposure of children to heavy metals has adverse impacts on their health. The entry of heavy metals into children's bodies affects not only the physical development of children but also their nervous system, kidneys, and bones. Exposure to heavy metals during pregnancy and childhood leads to unfavorable brain development and increases the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders and so-called autism in children. Many of these metals lead to mental retardation and neurological disorders in children due to memory problems and low IQ. Because of the detrimental health effects of heavy metals on children, efforts should be made to curb their pollution or release to the environment through stringent laws and regulations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

296 - Heavy metal wastewater treatment techniques: A review
Mehrab Fallahi-Samberan Sameneh Khodadadi

Heavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. With the rapid development of industries such as metal plating facilities, mining operations, fertilizer industries, tanneries, batteries, paper industries and pesticides, etc., heavy More

Heavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. With the rapid development of industries such as metal plating facilities, mining operations, fertilizer industries, tanneries, batteries, paper industries and pesticides, etc., heavy metals wastewaters are directly or indirectly discharged into the environment increasingly, especially in developing countries. Many heavy metal ions are known to be toxic or carcinogenic. These toxic heavy metals should be removed from the wastewater to protect the people and the environment. The treatment of heavy metals is of special concern due to their recalcitrance and persistence in the environment. Toxic heavy metals of particular concern in treatment of industrial wastewaters include zinc, copper, nickel, mercury, cadmium, lead and chromium. In recent years, various methods for heavy metal removal from wastewater have been extensively studied. This paper reviews the current methods that have been used to treat heavy metal wastewater and evaluates these techniques. These technologies include chemical precipitation, ion-exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, coagulation-flocculation, flotation and electrochemical methods. It is evident from the literature survey articles that ion-exchange, adsorption and membrane filtration are the most frequently studied for the treatment of heavy metal wastewater. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

297 - An Interval Type-2 Fuzzy-Markov Model for Prediction of Urban Air Pollution
Aref Safari Rahil Hosseini Mahdi Mazinani

10.22094/jcr.2023.1983189.1297

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

298 - Effective factors in an optimal design of an air purifier façade to equip the existing buildings’ facades in urban spaces with a high pollution factor, (Case study: Pars Hospital in District 6 of Tehran)
Ehsan Najaf Zadeh fatemeh amirian Amin alah Ahadi

10.22094/lsj.2023.704904

This study aims to design an air purifier façade as a secondary skin façade for the five-story Pars Hospital. The main purpose of this study is to equip the existing buildings’ facades in urban areas with a high percentage of air pollution by an air More

This study aims to design an air purifier façade as a secondary skin façade for the five-story Pars Hospital. The main purpose of this study is to equip the existing buildings’ facades in urban areas with a high percentage of air pollution by an air purifier skin to increase the lifecycle of facades and improve those buildings’ users’ well-being. To choose the case study, three factors were taken into consideration. First, based on the statistics of the air quality monitoring stations, district 6 of Tehran was selected as one of the most polluted and sensitive areas of the city. This is rooted in its central location in the structure of the city, the concentration of administrative, commercial, educational, and recreational zones, as well as the high volume of daily traffic in it. Then, this research focuses on the medical centers and hospitals located in this area and specifically along Keshavarz Boulevard, which is home to many medical centers and hospitals, and from this point of view, it is one of the sensitive and fragile axes in front of air pollution. Eventually, among the medical centers located on this axis, Pars Hospital was selected as the case study due to its specific visitors, patients with respiratory and lung malfunctions, and their priority need for fresh air. Simulation based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used as the research method. In this process, through several stages of simulation and analysis of different parameters with the use of Energy Plus software and Design Builder user interface (v6.1.0.6), an optimal design is presented for a secondary skin, accompanied by a significant increase in air velocity and a decrease in the concentration of pollutants. At simulation time, attention to the studied climate and considering the principles of passive design, are the most important factors in determining the optimal behavior of the building façade, for this purpose in the simulation process, weather information of Tehran city will be used as a database using Energy Plus software with Design Builder user interface.Findings are:1- The optimal distance of the cavity is 150 cm, if the depth of the cavity is less than 150 cm, the cavity of the double-skin façade will benefit more from the stack effect and lead to more heating of the cavity, and if the depth of the cavity is higher than 150 cm, the cavity of the double-skin façade, will not benefit from the stack effect and the temperature of the cavity will decrease, but according to the simulations if the depth of the cavity is considered to be 150 cm, the temperature and size of the cavity will be suitable for growing air pollution absorbing plants and also, the amount of air circulation is done well. 2- For equal distribution of airflow in the cavity, this space should be separated by the floors. 3- Optimal ventilation mode is outside to inside. In this ventilation mode, the purpose is to provide, clean air for breathing, reduce the concentration of pollutants in the cavity, and remove pollutants and polluted air from Pars Hospital. With the increase of fresh air exchange, the concentration of air particles also decreases. 4- The ratio of the area of the air inlet and outlet openings to that of the wall should be 0.075 so that while increasing the speed of the airflow, the age of air in the cavity will be reduced. 5-The optimal form of the secondary skin is grooved in the direction of the wind. With an optimal design of an air purifier skin, the speed of natural airflow in the cavity can be increased and the concentration of pollutants can be reduced. the curved grooves on the facade cause suction and direct the airflow upwards like an air channel, which causes the airflow to continue and increase its speed on the facade. with an optimal design of an air purifier skin, the speed of natural airflow in the cavity can be increased and the concentration of pollutants can be reduced, Research findings in these 5 modes have the most optimal form and function. It should be noted, that the influence of the variables is dependent on others. and all these variables together follow a specific purpose. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

299 - Measuring the comfort of night lighting and light pollution in the comfort environments of commercial complexes
Parisa Mardi Ali Asgari

10.22094/lsj.2023.705331

Statement of the problem: visual pollution in the informal sociable environments of contemporary commercial places, while reducing the physical quality of spaces and social interactions, can lead to irreparable damages due to the lack of awareness of the users of being More

Statement of the problem: visual pollution in the informal sociable environments of contemporary commercial places, while reducing the physical quality of spaces and social interactions, can lead to irreparable damages due to the lack of awareness of the users of being in a polluted area and the immeasurable glare, inappropriate contrast, or the presence of direct light. be made This issue is more critical in commercial food courts, which in the last decade have had a high share of attracting the audience and creating human connections due to the nature of pauses and stops similar to comfort spaces.Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the design of the environments in question and especially the environments with the potential to pause for customers in the commercial building, focusing on identifying the points and conditions that aggravate visual pollution, conducting research in three examples of informal collective spaces in commercial-office places in Tehran. has doneResearch method: The current research is practical in terms of its purpose, which is applied-practical research in terms of the exploratory view of identifying the problem of the spaces in question. Also, in order to measure the current situation based on mathematical models and photometric evaluation of space, it is causal-experimental mixed research from the point of view of nature and method. The method of collecting information in this research is field due to the need for visual perception and environmental photography, and in order to choose more suitable spaces for measuring glare, non-random sampling has been used as described above. For this purpose, the intensity of illumination is analyzed with the help of the luminance spectrum resulting from the dynamic imaging of the Lupine meter software during photography.The spaces studied in the research were three food courts of Shemiran Center, Seven Center, and Sam Center in Tehran during the period of using artificial light (after sunset) which were chosen non-randomly due to the spatial characteristics and availability of access to collect the necessary data. . The effective components of artificial light disturbance are displayed in each of the samples. As mentioned before, in addition to the light source, its type, and arrangement, other environmental factors such as materials are important in terms of the present reflective effect. In order to estimate the amount of reflection of materials, the dominant materials in these environments, such as metal, cement, glass, stone, plaster, wood, brick, and concrete, are numbered and displayed in percentage calculations.Conclusion: Comparing the analysis performed by Lupine Meter software, it was observed that generally spotlighting, especially spotlighting on the bright surface of the ceiling or walls, causes maximum glare in direct or peripheral view due to the functional enhancement of light with background reflection. On the other hand, after spotlighting, transparent surfaces and windows with a high reflection coefficient caused more glare when faced with inappropriate lighting angles.Also, based on the points made in all three food courts, it was found that glare and light pollution are more in the parts related to the central parts and less in the corner parts. This importance has also shown the maximums and minimums of the evaluations by intensifying the transparent walls in the centers and the cloudy walls at the edges of the space.These results, while confirming the importance and priority of "material type", "polished material reflection coefficient", "color", "installation angle", "arrangement" and "chosen lamp and light type" in previous research, intensify the factors and their synergy in Showed together.It is obvious that the current research has been carried out due to the limitations of studies on the basis of artificial light and the hours of field harvesting after sunset (no use of natural light) as well as the establishment of the space of the selected food courts on the fourth and fifth levels and regardless of the external artificial lighting of the background. This issue can be considered for future research. Also, as mentioned at the beginning of the article, the present research was formed with the aim of improving the environmental quality of sociable spaces in commercial-office buildings, which can be measured and compared in qualitative methods and based on the perceptive votes of the audience. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

300 - Investigating the Role of Environmental Education of Local Communities on Environmental Performance of Citizens of District 5 of Tabriz Municipality
Shabnam Rahmanpour Mohammad Ebrahim Ramezani

This study intended to investigate the effect of environmental educationof local communities on bioenvironmental performance of citizens’ ofdistrict 5 of Tabriz municipality. This study was a semi-experimentalsurvey research. Research method was a semi-experimenta More

This study intended to investigate the effect of environmental educationof local communities on bioenvironmental performance of citizens’ ofdistrict 5 of Tabriz municipality. This study was a semi-experimentalsurvey research. Research method was a semi-experimental through pretest,post-test with control group. The Population of the study is citizensof district 5 of Tabriz city. This city was selected because of availabilityof related information and references. Sample size was 60 people ofcitizens of district 5 of Tabriz, from whom 30 people were grouped inexperiment group and 30 people in control group. In this study, data wasgathered through a researcher-made questionnaire which its validity wasconfirmed by supervisor and related experts, and its reliability wascalculated through Cronbach Alpha (0.81) which is acceptable. Resultsshowed that, environmental education of citizens of region 5 of Tabrizhas positive effect on waste, water consumption, pollution, energyconsumption and maintenance of environment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

301 - Zoning pollution of Bahoush River using biodiversity of macrobenthos (Boushehr province)
فرشاد قنبری عبدالرحیم پذیرا فاضل امیری سعید مغدانی محمد ساکی انتظامی

The purpose of this study is to determine the diversity and the accumulation of macrobenthos of Bahoush River and assess the condition of water quality using Welch's index. Sampling was done in summer and winter seasons during 2012 year. Sediment sampling was done three More

The purpose of this study is to determine the diversity and the accumulation of macrobenthos of Bahoush River and assess the condition of water quality using Welch's index. Sampling was done in summer and winter seasons during 2012 year. Sediment sampling was done three times for each station. Macrobenthos samples were collected using van veen grab with 0.025 cross-section, (they were fixed using 5% buffered formalin) so were counted and identified in the laboratory. Further, physicochemical parameters of water including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), water salinity was measured at each station. The diversity index was examined using Shannon-Weiner formula. Dominant index was examined using Simpson formula. Species richness was examined using Margalof formula and water quality was assessed using Welch index. The identified samples were composed of 13 genus, 10 families and 3 classes. The most identified species in stations belongs to Caenidae, Lymnaeidae and Chironomidae families. The results of the study indicated that according to the identified samples and Welch index, water quality in Bahoush River was medium. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

302 - Effect of different recovery times on some Indicators of metabolic enzymes in liver and gill tissue and blood biochemical factors in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) as a result of the sub lethal concentration of ammonia
هاشم خندان بارانی حسینعلی دهمرده محمدرضا حیدری

Ammonia is the most toxic compounds of nitrogen which is a serious problem in the aquaculture industry. In this study, we investigated the effect of sub lethal concentration of ammonia on the activity of tissue enzymes and some blood biochemical parameters and recovery More

Ammonia is the most toxic compounds of nitrogen which is a serious problem in the aquaculture industry. In this study, we investigated the effect of sub lethal concentration of ammonia on the activity of tissue enzymes and some blood biochemical parameters and recovery ability of common carp. The total of 80 common carps (mean body weight of 50±4.5 g) was divided randomly into four groups of 20 each. Group I: 96 hours under the expose of ammonia, Group II: 96 hours under the expose of ammonia and serving a 24-hour recovery period, Group III: 96 hours under the expose of ammonia and serving a 7-day recovery period and Group IV: were reared in normal freshwater and served as the control. From each group to assess the biochemical and enzymatic factors of tissue and blood samples were collected. The results showed that ammonia significantly increased the activity of enzymes AST, ALP and LDH in both tissues But significant increase in ALT activity were observed in any of these tissues (P<0.05). After seven days of enzyme activity was significantly decreased in the gill tissue And this process were observed in liver enzymes AST and LDH but ALP activity after seven days of recovery, still significantly higher than the control group(P<0.05). Ammonia is also significant decreases in serum protein while the amount of cortisol and glucose increased. All of these factors have returned to normal after a seven-day recovery period. The ammonia can cause changes in the activity of metabolic enzymes in the liver and gill damage to the tissues and some biochemical parameters in serum of common carp and proper conditions (absence of ammonia) can be significant improvement in the texture of the fish. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

303 - Detection of acute toxicity and the effects of Pesticide Cypermethrin on Hematological indices of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Richardson1845)
محسن تجری سیدعلی اکبر هدایتی حامد کلنگی میاندره عبدالرضا جهانبخشی

In this study, the effects of agricultural pesticide cypermethrin on some hematological indices of silver carp were investigated. At First, the range of concentrations of cypermethrin in order to determine LC50 of silver carp at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours respectively were More

In this study, the effects of agricultural pesticide cypermethrin on some hematological indices of silver carp were investigated. At First, the range of concentrations of cypermethrin in order to determine LC50 of silver carp at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours respectively were determine. Then, according to the LC50 result, another experiment was designed to induce a lethal concentration of this substance to hematological indices of silver carp. In order to analyze the data, software spss analyzer was used. During experiment, none of the control fish were dead. LC50 of Cypermethrin for silver carp was 1.27 ± 0.31. Fish were exposed for 96 hours and tested Cypermethrin significant changes in white and red blood showed an increase in lymphocytes was reduced, but also the hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCH, MCHC, MCV and increased neutrophil (P<0.05). The results indicate that Cypermethrin has an extremely high toxicity to silver carp and as far as possible should prevent the entry of the toxin into aquatic ecosystems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

304 - Survay the Coliform pollution in the Shafarood river of Guilan Province
S. Khatib haghighi A. Ghane M. Nahrvar

            In this survey, in order to study the Coliform pollution of Shafarud River, two layers from surface and sediment were sampled in five stations. Sampling was done seasonally during a year. The pollution b More

            In this survey, in order to study the Coliform pollution of Shafarud River, two layers from surface and sediment were sampled in five stations. Sampling was done seasonally during a year. The pollution by standard diagnosis of Coliform was completely examined. The most pollution was found in sediment layer of delta area. Besides, the highest Coliform count was seen during summer amounting to (44.2) Coliform in 100 cm3 and Fecal Coliform (22.1) in 100 cm3 river water. In summer, due to the high temperature, growth of bacteria is more than ever and in the delta area, because of calm flowing of water and it is passing through the city and agricultural centers, and entering garbage into it, the amount of pollution has been apparently reached a high level in comparison with other parts of the rivers with rapid flowing of water. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

305 - The Legitimacy of International Criminal Courts in Dealing with Environmental Crimes Caused by Oil Pollution from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence
Housin Foroughenia Ali Ashrafian

10.22034/ijrj.2020.671701

Environmental pollution caused by petroleum is one of the issues which is spreading today and causing irreparable damages, while the domestic courts of some countries, especially Islamic countries, are not able to or are less willing to prosecute the cases beyond their More

Environmental pollution caused by petroleum is one of the issues which is spreading today and causing irreparable damages, while the domestic courts of some countries, especially Islamic countries, are not able to or are less willing to prosecute the cases beyond their borders because of religious and legal barriers. Some of these crimes, especially environmental, are committed by the natural or legal persons of the Islamic countries or on the territories of these countries which have caused problems of jurisdictional conflict and other issues. The findings of the present study show that in the case of the exercise of international jurisdiction over the oil pollution offense, if the forensic investigators conclude that the investigation of such a crime would bring benefits to the Islamic Republic of Iran, such as bilateral agreements and acceptance, the legitimacy of referring disputes to the judgment of non-Muslims will be permitted. Therefore, this article examines the jurisdiction of international criminal tribunals in the cases dealing with environmental pollution caused by petroleum materials in the light of international law and present regulations in Islamic Sharia with a consideration of the theory of expediency set forth in Imamiyah jurisprudence. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

306 - Health assessment of heavy metals pollutions in some of imported and cultivated rice of Karoon River (Case study: Shadegan city)
A. Skandari M. Mohammadi Rozbahani Kh. Payandeh

10.30495/jfh.2019.669312

Heavy metals are one of the most important pollutants that enter the soil in various ways and thus reach agricultural crops. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals in rice grown in farms of Karoon River (from Shadegan city) and to compa More

Heavy metals are one of the most important pollutants that enter the soil in various ways and thus reach agricultural crops. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals in rice grown in farms of Karoon River (from Shadegan city) and to compare their risk assessment with Indian imported rices. To this end, four farms were studied in the village of Umme-Ghazlan (Ahvaz-Darkhovein), and the samples were taken during December 2017. Local soil and rice samples were collected from two points in each farm and three replications were used to determine the concentrations of heavy metals. A total of 24 cultivated rice samples together with 24 soil samples were obtained. Two samples of imported Indian rice, were also tested with 18 replications. The mean concentrations of heavy metals of lead, nickel, arsenic and cadmium in rice samples of downstream farms of Karoon River were 60.40, 28.05, 23.44 and 14.26 mg/Kg, respectively. The contamination levels in the case of imported rice samples were 57.77, 23.24, 15.79 and 9.76 mg/Kg dry weight, respectively. EDI values of lead, cadmium, nickel and arsenic metals among the four tested farms were higher than imported rice. The highest index of EDI in imported rice was related to lead (90.70) and the lowest one was to cadmium (15.33). EDI values of nickel and arsenic were in the second and third ranks. Among the farms, the lowest index of EDI (17.16) was related to cadmium (farm 1) and the highest level (98.31) was related to lead (farm 4). Based on the results, the risk of local rice samples were estimated higher than India's imported ones. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

307 - Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and heavy metals in packaged white shrimp (Metapenaeus affinis) in Tehran
سحر Atefi Sedrini A. Jamshidi J. Hassan

10.30495/jfh.2020.1891310.1259

Heavy metals can easily contaminate the aquatic environment, especially shrimp. Considering the high nutritional value of shrimp and the importance of assessing its wholesomeness, this study aimed to determine the amount of some heavy metals (zinc, lead, arsenic, cadmiu More

Heavy metals can easily contaminate the aquatic environment, especially shrimp. Considering the high nutritional value of shrimp and the importance of assessing its wholesomeness, this study aimed to determine the amount of some heavy metals (zinc, lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, copper, chromium, mercury, manganese, and titanium) and Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in shrimp samples in Tehran, during winter of 2017. A total of 120 samples of shrimp packaged from 10 equal weight packages with similar production date and size which packed by 5 different companies randomly sampled. To determine the amount of heavy metal concentration, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry and to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon gas chromatography were used. All of the heavy metals measured in this experiment were found below the standard specified by the World Health Organization. The highest mean concentrations of heavy metals were related to zinc (6193.4 ppb), copper (1597 ppb), and arsenic (496 ppb), respectively, and the lowest mean concentrations were related to cadmium (4.8 ppb). Naphthalene (1.2ppb), acenphetylene (0.14 ppb), chrysene (7.6 ppb), and acenaphthene (5.32ppb) were present in the samples of collected shrimp, the values of which were determined higher than standard except for acenphetylene. Additionally, there was no significant difference between heavy metals and PAHs in cultivated and marine samples. In general, the consumption of these shrimps is not dangerous for humans in terms of heavy metals. However, due to the possibility of transmitting PAHs through the human food chain, contamination with PAHs can be considered as a warning for excessive consumption of shrimp. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

308 - Study of quality characteristics, microbial contamination, heavy metals and toxins in different types of internal and imported rice
S. Naji-Tabasi A. Verdian H. Zamani L. Asghari SH. Shirzaei

10.30495/jfh.2021.1912384.1290

Rice is one of the major food commodities for half of the world's population. In Iran, rice is a strategic product that is the main strength of the people after bread, and it is expected this product supplies with appropriate quality and placed in the household basket. More

Rice is one of the major food commodities for half of the world's population. In Iran, rice is a strategic product that is the main strength of the people after bread, and it is expected this product supplies with appropriate quality and placed in the household basket. In this study, qualitative characteristics, amount of impurities, the concentration of heavy metals (cadmium, arsenic, and lead), microbial growth (mold and yeast), aflatoxin concentration, and pesticides in rice crop in different regions of Mazandaran (three species Tarom, Shiroodi, and Neda), Gilan (three species of Tarom, Ali Kazemi and Hashemi), three samples of organic rice (first crop, second crop and brown), and rice imported from Pakistan (three brands) and Indian rice (two brands) Was examined. The longitudinal range of increase was found to be 6.68-7.62, 7.60-7.62, 6.68-7.62, 6.50-7.00 and 5.80-6.20 mm for Pakistan, Indian, Mazandaran, Gilan and organic cultivars. Indian cultivars A, B, and Gilan (Hashemi) had the lowest, and Pakistani cultivar A had the highest impurities. Most of the perfumes belonged to Gilan (Talesh) and Mazandaran (Tarom). The highest starch gelatinisation and lowest amount of heavy metals were observed in Iranian cultivar samples. According to general estimates, the highest amount of heavy metals was measured in Pakistani rice, followed by Indian and then Iranian rice. The concentration of Aflatoxin in all samples, except for Pakistan samples, was lower than the detection limit. According to the results, the sample of organic rice with the least consumption of pesticides, the minimum amount of heavy metal, microbial and mycotoxin contamination is recommended to ensure public health. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

309 - Assessment of Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and Cr in vegetables grown around Zanjan
A. Afshari H. Khademi

This study was conducted aimed to assess the potential risk of heavy metals on human health resulting from consumption of vegetables. To this end, the vegetables grown around town and industrial center of Zanjan were sampled randomly. Plant samples were digested using h More

This study was conducted aimed to assess the potential risk of heavy metals on human health resulting from consumption of vegetables. To this end, the vegetables grown around town and industrial center of Zanjan were sampled randomly. Plant samples were digested using hydrochloric acid (HCL) 2 M and concentration of elements (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and Cr) were recorded by atomic absorption. Obtained means of heavy metals in all vegetables (N= 32) for Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cr is 98.8, 31.9, 19.3, 4.4 and 2.3 mg/kg, respectively. The highest amount of metal pollution index (MPI) in the basil and the lowest was observed in the garden cress (respectively 16.46 and 4.88). Daily intake (EDI) for zinc, copper and chromium in all age groups was lower than the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI). This amount for nickel was 2, 1.6 and 1.3 %, and for Pb 28.1, 22 and 19 % higher than PTDI in children, adults and seniors, respectively. The potential risk (THQ) was calculated in all age groups as Pb>>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr. The potential risks (THQ) of chromium, nickel and zinc were calculated lower than 1, for copper a bit more of 1 and for lead much higher than 1. Health index (HI) for children, adults and the elderly was estimated 31.331, 24.58 and 21.14, respectively, with the largest contribution of the lead (89.7%). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

310 - Evaluation of polluting industries effects on soil heavy metals (Case Study: Ilam Cement Factory)
Batool Nouroozi Noredin Rostami Mohsen Tavakoli Mahmood Rostami nia

Nowadays, environmental pollution with heavy metals has become a global issue. Heavy metals can enter the environment through human and natural resources. Soil can hold environmental pollution and these pollutants can be checked by chemical analysis. The purpose of this More

Nowadays, environmental pollution with heavy metals has become a global issue. Heavy metals can enter the environment through human and natural resources. Soil can hold environmental pollution and these pollutants can be checked by chemical analysis. The purpose of this field survey is assessment of soil pollution by heavy metals around Ilam Cement factory. In this regard, a total of 20 soil samples taken in different directions and the concentration of Zinc, Cobalt, Manganese, Molybdenum, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Chromium and Nickel in soil samples was measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. In order to better understand about distribution of heavy metals, Geoaccumulation Index, Contamination Factor, modified Contamination Degree, Pollution Load Index methods applied. Results showed that although the concentration of all of heavy metals in the study area is less than standard but the correlation coefficient (R2) of elements in different directions show that the highest correlation coefficient for elements is in the North West direction of study area which is in agreement with main winds direction in the region. So wind direction is effective in elements distribution and their concentration decreased with distance from the factory. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

311 - Modeling land use map locations to produce a maps of noise pollution; (Case Study: Yasouj)
Alireza Parvizian Hajar Ahmadi Said amanpour Abdulmutallab derakhshan

The absence of abnormal noise and acoustic comfort in the workplace and people's lives . No sound and acoustic comfort in the environment can harm people's mental imbalance; The main objective of this research modeling land use map locations to produce a maps of noise p More

The absence of abnormal noise and acoustic comfort in the workplace and people's lives . No sound and acoustic comfort in the environment can harm people's mental imbalance; The main objective of this research modeling land use map locations to produce a maps of noise pollution is Yasouj. This study is descriptive and analytical in nature and in terms of purpose. Library and field study, no data were collected to determine the spatial distribution of land adjacent to extract acoustic comfort Map of the location database was used. In this study, the main variable is the distance as the basis for assessing the compatibility or incompatibility of establishment is from the perspective of proximity and vicinity. To analyze the information, software (Excel and GIS) is used. The model used in the analysis (FAHP) is a survey of five experts. Data analysis showed that among the four districts, the two most contaminated area and the area in between the four lowest infection is Yasouj areas. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

312 - Investigating the Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Renewable Energy on Environmental Disasters in OECD Countries
Abdulrahim Hashemi dizaj Zahra Faturechi Hamed Najafi

Today, economic growth and development in all countries, although positive and constructive goals appear, but has negative effects on other sectors and areas, including the environment. In recent years, a topic that has attracted much attention is the discussion of the More

Today, economic growth and development in all countries, although positive and constructive goals appear, but has negative effects on other sectors and areas, including the environment. In recent years, a topic that has attracted much attention is the discussion of the negative side effects of globalization and trade liberalization and its effects on environmental degradation. It has made the environment more obvious. On the other hand, energy demand and economic development are increasing due to the need to meet basic human needs and productivity. However, efforts to meet global energy demand have led to the use of unsustainable environmental energy resources that have had an impact on environmental degradation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of foreign direct investment in non-renewable energy on environmental degradation by examining the pollution shelter hypothesis in OECD member countries during the years 1990-2019. For this purpose, PMG ARDL test was used to obtain long-term and short-term relationships between research variables and Granger causality test was used to investigate the causal relationship between variables using composite data. Increased foreign direct investment in non-renewable energy and economic growth, along with education and population size, support the pollution shelter hypothesis, but foreign direct investment in renewable energy in OECD countries has rejected the halo hypothesis. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

313 - Investigation the potential of MODIS and Sentinel 5 sensors in estimating the amount of air aerosols (A Case Study: Khuzestan Province)
Hamidreza Ghafarian aboozar kiani فهیمه ARABI ALI ABAD

Air pollutants in Iran's metropolitan areas are among the serious challenges for managers, which also threatens the health of citizens. Monitoring air pollution is an important task in public health. Also, the unavailability of ground station data is often prevented due More

Air pollutants in Iran's metropolitan areas are among the serious challenges for managers, which also threatens the health of citizens. Monitoring air pollution is an important task in public health. Also, the unavailability of ground station data is often prevented due to the lack of network of ground monitoring stations to know the exact amount of air pollution in different parts of the country. Therefore, the use of remote sensing images in continuous monitoring of air pollutants due to their low cost and low manpower, will be appropriate and cost-effective. In this research, Sentinel 5 satellite images and MODIS sensors have been used for analytical study to detect the average trend of changes and spatial distribution of dust in Khuzestan province. The aim of this study was to use relatively high-resolution satellite data for local monitoring of air quality/air pollution and to investigate the relationship between Sentinel and MODIS image sensors. Findings indicate significant amounts of AOD in several parts of the study area such as Ahvaz, Abadan, Khorramshahr, BandarMahshahr and Bavi. Also, a small amount of fine dust is seen in the southeastern, eastern and northeastern cities of the province. According to the results of this research, as we move from the southeast, east and northeast and move towards the southern and western parts of the province, the amount of fine dust increases. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

314 - Temporal and spatial analysis of air pollutants in East Azerbaijan province
Batool Zeynali Elham Molanouri Shiva Safari

The intensification of air pollution under the influence of various factors, including population growth and urbanization, is the concern of activists in this field. It is necessary to check the pollutants carefully using precise techniques. In this study, elements of N More

The intensification of air pollution under the influence of various factors, including population growth and urbanization, is the concern of activists in this field. It is necessary to check the pollutants carefully using precise techniques. In this study, elements of NO2, CO, and Particulate Matter effective in air pollution were analyzed spatially and temporally (monthly, annually) using the TROPOMI instrument of Sentinel 5 sensor in East Azerbaijan province. Investigations showed that in the cold season, more areas of the region experience the presence of CO and NO2 pollutants, which are mainly caused by fossil fuels, industries, and residential areas. But their concentration is high in the hot and cold seasons respectively. Evidence shows that in densely populated areas, we are facing high concentrations and the presence of NO2. A high concentration of suspended particles is also seen in the summer season. According to the findings, all three elements have a high distribution in the cold season; on the other hand, the concentration and spatial distribution of pollutants is influenced by factors such as weather, topographical conditions, and industrial centers. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

315 - Investigating the vulnerability of Khanj plain aquifer - Larestan fissure using drastic model
Abdolrasool Ghanbari

Groundwater is the second largest source of fresh water in the world. About a third of the world's population depends on this resource. Existence of important sources of diffuse and point pollutants, due to human activities on the ground and the penetration of these pol More

Groundwater is the second largest source of fresh water in the world. About a third of the world's population depends on this resource. Existence of important sources of diffuse and point pollutants, due to human activities on the ground and the penetration of these pollutants into the aquifer, reduces the quality of groundwater. Vulnerability assessment is a low-cost method in identifying areas prone to pollution that plays a key role in the management of water resources. It is a suitable management tool to prevent groundwater pollution. For this research, the hydrogeological parameters of the drastic model include water depth, net nutrition, aquifer environment, soil environment, topography, effects of unsaturated area and hydraulic conductance, stinging pain. Larestan fissure, located in the south of Fars province, was studied. Arc GIS software was used to prepare vulnerability maps by overlapping hydrogeological layers. According to the findings of this study, the groundwater of the study plain is at high risk of contamination, so that about 62% of the area is in moderate to high vulnerability. These areas are generally located downstream and in the center of the plain. Considering that groundwater is the most important water source in the region, prevention of pollutants entering groundwater by creating quality protection zones around water sources and observing the rules of discharging pollutants to receiving sources, is an effective solution. To maintain the quality of these resources. Important management tools such as vulnerability maps and quality privacy are important for planning for proper deployment of land uses and their management on the aquifer. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

316 - An analysis of the air pollution caused by the industrial town of Rajah using from the matrixmethod (case study of Reja Babol region)
mohammad Motamedi ahmad araeeyan

Today, the issue of pollution caused by industrial settlements is a very important issue in environmental studies, which have a significant impact on the ecosystem of the region where industrial settlements are built. In this research, the effect of pollution caused by More

Today, the issue of pollution caused by industrial settlements is a very important issue in environmental studies, which have a significant impact on the ecosystem of the region where industrial settlements are built. In this research, the effect of pollution caused by the factories of Rajah Babol industrial town on the air of the town is investigated and we try to find solutions to deal with it by presenting suitable scenarios. First, similar domestic and foreign studies were reviewed. SPI and AQI indices were introduced and their limits and corresponding classification were determined. Finally, by using the concept of Leopold's matrix, possible scenarios were introduced to minimize the pollutants in Reja industrial town. The results show that the harmful effects of suspended corn and pollutants can be significantly reduced by controlling the quality of smoke emitted from industrial-production factories and expanding green space. Index of pollution standards, information related to the concentration of ozone pollutants on the surface of the earth, suspended particles. It provides carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. The results of the questionnaire show that the worst possible scenario is the relocation of the industrial-production unit, and the best scenario is the use of vegetation and green space in the areas of the industrial town. Another suitable scenario is to control the smoke coming out of factories by optimizing fuel consumption and using suitable filters. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

317 - Investigating the concentration of heavy metals and soil pollution indicators in west of Tehran
Fataneh Valinejad Tabrizi Azadeh Arbaby Reza Borna

The expansion of urbanization and the development of cities along with the rapid increase in population, the development of industrial activities and the excessive consumption of fossil fuels have greatly increased pollution and have turned this issue into one of the en More

The expansion of urbanization and the development of cities along with the rapid increase in population, the development of industrial activities and the excessive consumption of fossil fuels have greatly increased pollution and have turned this issue into one of the environmental issues in recent decades. Tehran metropolis is one of the cities with high air pollution, which can be deposited in the soil and observed in the long term. In this research, in order to evaluate the concentration of heavy elements from the soil of the three areas of the 21st district of Tehran municipality, 10 samples were prepared with three repetitions and a total of 90 samples. Sampling was performed from a depth of 0-20 cm with three replications. Degree of pollution, pollution load index, and ecological risk index were used to assess pollution. Comparison of the concentrations of heavy elements and the trend of their changes showed that the accumulation of these elements has been created in the soil surface. The mean concentrations of the studied elements in zones 2 and 3 were higher than zone 1 (P-value < 0.05). Based on the results, the concentration of the studied elements in regions of two and three were higher than area one (P-value <0.05). Also, the pollution index being higher than one, indicates a high concentration of heavy elements compared to the background concentration in the studied area. The results of this research showed that due to the increasing development of urban and industrial areas in west Tehran, the soil of this area is highly exposed to heavy elements. Therefore, it seems necessary to regularly monitoring the soil of the region in terms of heavy elements and to carefully check the origin of these elements. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

318 - Evaluation of the effects of air pollution on some physiological parameters of Pyracantha crenulata var. kansuensis in clean and contaminated areas of Tehran
طاهره Zafarim Maryam Bikhof Torbati Farhang Moraghebi Roya Razavizadeh

Air pollution has different effects on living organisms. Since plants facing different environmental conditions cannot move, they are forced to cope with difficult conditions and withstand a series of physiological and morphological changes. This study was done to inves More

Air pollution has different effects on living organisms. Since plants facing different environmental conditions cannot move, they are forced to cope with difficult conditions and withstand a series of physiological and morphological changes. This study was done to investigate the effects of air pollution on some physiological indices of P. kansuensis plant. These indicators included chlorophyll pigments, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and protein content. The results showed that chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and proteins in the contaminated area as compared with the clean area increased significantly. But anthocyanin content in the clean area did not change significantly compared to the contaminated area. Also, analysis of catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in the polluted regions showed a significant increase in comparison with the clean regions. Therefore, air pollution in Tehran can have adverse effects on photosynthetic efficiency of plants and air purification. functions of the plants which are one of the goals of the green spaces in major cities in addition to the beauty of urban space.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

319 - The effects of air pollution on some morphological and physiological characteristics of Platanus orientalis L. leaves in Tehran
Sayyedeh Mahdokht Maddah

Plantain (Platanus orientalis L.)is an important tree used in green space in Tehran. Due to severe air pollution in Tehran, these trees experience early fall in recent years. The present study in an attempt to find the causes of this phenomenon, measured leaf area, dry More

Plantain (Platanus orientalis L.)is an important tree used in green space in Tehran. Due to severe air pollution in Tehran, these trees experience early fall in recent years. The present study in an attempt to find the causes of this phenomenon, measured leaf area, dry weight, stomata conductance, stomata resistance, relative leaf humidity, relative chlorophyll concentrations, and the values of calcium, magnesium, lead, and cadmium. Leaves were collected from three regions in Tehran:  Sadra Park  as a clean region, Al-Mahdi Park as the polluted region 1, and Avesta Park as the polluted region 2. Results showed that air pollution causes significant reduction in leaf area and increase in stomatal conductance in Al-Mahdi Park. The highest amounts of magnesium and lead were also observed in Avesta Park plantain leaves. The highest value of cadmium in leaves was recorded in Sadra Park region.  No significant differences were observed in the other traits under study at the collection sites. It seems plantain is able to absorb heavy metals. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

320 - The pollution effect of Kermanshah petrochemical industry on some growth and physiological characteristics of Pinus eldarica Medw. and Cupressus sempervirens L.
Nayer Mohammadkhani زهرا نورعلی زاده

Natural and artificial forests absorb air pollutants and reduce pollution in addition to wood production. This study investigated the role of Polchahr forestation region in Kermanshah was investigated in reducing pollution due to petrochemical industry and also the effe More

Natural and artificial forests absorb air pollutants and reduce pollution in addition to wood production. This study investigated the role of Polchahr forestation region in Kermanshah was investigated in reducing pollution due to petrochemical industry and also the effect of zinc and chromium on physiological characteristics and growth of Pinus eldarica Medw. and Cupressus Sempervirens L. The plantation area in Petrochemicals factory (infected site) and a plantation area around Petrochemicals (control site) were designated for the study. Results showed that the concentration of the two elements in roots and stems of both species in the infected site were significantly higher than the control site. Also in the area infested with the two elements, the shoot and root lengths of Pinus eldarica Medw. species decreased significantly compared to the control area while in Cupressus sempervirens L. only root length in the contaminated area was significantly difference from the control areas. Moreover, results showed that in the infected area, total chlorophyll, and proline and sugar contents in the leaves of the Pinus eldarica Medw. and Cupressus sempervirens L. species were significantly different compared to the disinfected area. In general, reduction in the pollution with zinc and chromium was more in Pinus eldarica Medw. than in Cupressus sempervirens Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

321 - The pollution effect of Kermanshah petrochemical industry on some growth and physiological characteristics of Pinus eldarica Medw. and Cupressus sempervirens L.
Ali Rostami M. Asgari

Natural and artificial forests absorb air pollutants and reduce pollution in addition to wood production. This study investigated the role of Polchahr forestation region in Kermanshah was investigated in reducing pollution due to petrochemical industry and also the effe More

Natural and artificial forests absorb air pollutants and reduce pollution in addition to wood production. This study investigated the role of Polchahr forestation region in Kermanshah was investigated in reducing pollution due to petrochemical industry and also the effect of zinc and chromium on physiological characteristics and growth of Pinus eldarica Medw. and Cupressus Sempervirens L. The plantation area in Petrochemicals factory (infected site) and a plantation area around Petrochemicals (control site) were designated for the study. Results showed that the concentration of the two elements in roots and stems of both species in the infected site were significantly higher than the control site. Also in the area infested with the two elements, the shoot and root lengths of Pinus eldarica Medw. species decreased significantly compared to the control area while in Cupressus sempervirens L. only root length in the contaminated area was significantly difference from the control areas. Moreover, results showed that in the infected area, total chlorophyll, and proline and sugar contents in the leaves of the Pinus eldarica Medw. and Cupressus sempervirens L. species were significantly different compared to the disinfected area. In general, reduction in the pollution with zinc and chromium was more in Pinus eldarica Medw. than in Cupressus sempervirens Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

322 - Elimination of Ni pollutant combined with petroleum using microalga Calothrix sp. isolated from oil polluted regions
Maryam Ameri Neda Soltani Ladan Baftechi Mehdi Bolfion seyede mehri javadi Behnaz Bagheri

Pollution with heavy metals, especially those combined with petroleum, is one of the major environmental problems. These pollutants contaminate soil, water, and related ecosystems and cause problems for the flora and even humans. Considering the potential of microalgae More

Pollution with heavy metals, especially those combined with petroleum, is one of the major environmental problems. These pollutants contaminate soil, water, and related ecosystems and cause problems for the flora and even humans. Considering the potential of microalgae for elimination of petroleum pollution and reduction of various heavy metals contaminations, this study was carried out using Calothrix sp., isolated from polluted areas with the aim of investigating the reduction of nickel as well as studying some physiological behaviors of microalgae. Experiments were designed using the Design Expert software and factors such as PH (pH4-9), nickel concentration (5-100 mg/L), and time (30-120 min) were considered. Results showed that at pH 8, 80.74 mg/L nickel concentration, and 48.24 min the highest nickel uptake (69%) was observed. Treatment of algal biomass with different chemical and physical factors in various forms, such as immobilization or use of its metabolites could improve and facilitate the absorption process and paves the way for the potential application of these microalgae in subsequent purification systems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

323 - Influence of Pretilachlor on some physiological properties in Chlorella vulgaris
Hamid Salehian Mahdie Shakeri Maryam Salehian

10.30495/iper.2021.679548

Micro algaes have a major role in food chains and aquatic ecosystems. Among the mono cellular algaes in the paddy fields which locted in Mazandaran state, Chlorella vulgaris is an important species in Chlorophyta phylum. Influence of herbicides as the most serious parti More

Micro algaes have a major role in food chains and aquatic ecosystems. Among the mono cellular algaes in the paddy fields which locted in Mazandaran state, Chlorella vulgaris is an important species in Chlorophyta phylum. Influence of herbicides as the most serious particle of pesticides on the algaes is very considerable. Thererfore this study is performed in orther to determination effect of pertilachlor on the some properties of Chlorella vulgaris. Nine treatments (0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 300 mg herbicide per 1 liter) prepared in one litter bottle, then 100 cc algae solution and stock culture was added, next this system aerated. Treatments with three replications during 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were investigated. After treating, effect of pretilachlor on the desity, chlorophyll a concentration, activity of catalase, peroxidase, ascorbat peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase enzymes and lipidic peroxidation were examined. Herbicide increasing at the all times resulted in significant reduction about cellular density (p < 0.0001). Maximum and minimum cellular density was measured in the control (without herbicide) and 300 mg pertilachlor treatment, respectively. The less Chl a consentration was obsereved in the most dose herbicide. Activity rate of quadruple enzymes in long term (9 days), indicated significant loss with increasing herbicide dose. Also lipidic peroxidation in all treatments was more relative to control. In this study was shown enzymes activity in high pretilachlor concentrations was not enough that can prevent the reactive oxygen species and this material was targeted by herbicide. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

324 - Enhancing bioavailability of lead for phytoremediation of contaminated soils
Zahra Arabi مهدی Homaee M.E Asadi

In this study the influence of enhancing synthetic chelate (HEDTA) were investigated on lead (Pb) solution in contaminated soils. The Pb phytoextraction capability of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) before and after chelating was also studied. The experiment was conducted More

In this study the influence of enhancing synthetic chelate (HEDTA) were investigated on lead (Pb) solution in contaminated soils. The Pb phytoextraction capability of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) before and after chelating was also studied. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete factorial design, with three replicated for each treatment. The Pb treatments (as PbCl2) were consisted of 0 (control), 50, 100, 600 and 1000 mg Pb kg-1 soil. When plants were fully grown, the chelating agent HEDTA was added to Pb treatments in concentration of 1.5, 5 and 6 mMkg-1 soil, respectively. The control treatments was received no chelate. Ten days later, some samples were taken from the plants and soils to measure lead concentrations after applying the chelate. The results indicated that in all treatments, the concentrations of soluble Pb in soil were more than the control treatment. In all treatments, Pb concentrations in plant shoots and roots were increased by increasing Pb concentrations in the soil solution. In current study, Pb concentration in radish shoots and roots, after enhancing HEDTA was larger than control. The collected data were also showed that Pb uptake by radish roots was larger than that of shoots. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

325 - The effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on survival and pigments of cyanobacteria isolated from Abadan
ندا Soltani, لادن Baftehchi sh Shokravi

Remediation of petroleum polluted soil and water is very important. One of the pathways of oil remediation is usage of microalgae and cyanobacteria. In this research the effects of oiled based drilling mud waste (including 70% gasoline) on survival, growth and pigments More

Remediation of petroleum polluted soil and water is very important. One of the pathways of oil remediation is usage of microalgae and cyanobacteria. In this research the effects of oiled based drilling mud waste (including 70% gasoline) on survival, growth and pigments of three cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria+Calothrix, Nostoc, Calothrix) in mix and unialgal forms were investigated. These cyanobacteria were isolated from soil of Arvand-rood in Abadan city. Results indicated that biomass of first sample was three fold of other samples. Growth rate in first sample was increasingly. In second and third samples, growths were decreased and reach to stationary phase after one week. All samples survived in treated experiments and oil compound did not have any toxic effects of them. Chlorophyll contents were similar to biomass and in first sample were three fold of others. Totally, results showed the resistance and potential of these species to degradation of oil pollution. Also these results are the first report from oil polluted fields of Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

326 - The Zoning of Air Quality in 22 Districts of Tehran Using GIS and Geostatistical Methods
fariba soleimani Abbas MalekHoseini

Air pollution, as one of the most important environmental problems in cities, is a reflection of the reversal of unsustainable human activities in urban systems. Recognizing the problems caused by pollution in cities, the inefficiency of urban programs based on traditio More

Air pollution, as one of the most important environmental problems in cities, is a reflection of the reversal of unsustainable human activities in urban systems. Recognizing the problems caused by pollution in cities, the inefficiency of urban programs based on traditional approaches in dealing with its effects and accurate prediction of contaminated areas as part of the appropriate steps can provide useful information for planners to address this issue. In this paper, due to the air pollution problems, in order to accurately identify the status of the 22 districts of Tehran and the pollution process, appropriate zoning maps during the years 1395-1959 are presented. The goal is to move from not-real results to realism. The research method is a "descriptive-cross sectional" study, in which the annual average spatial analysis (AQI) presented by the air pollution sensing stations in Tehran is studied. At first, daily average air pollution was calculated based on the AQI index in Tehran during the aforementioned years, and then in the GIS software, the IDW methodology is used to obtain air pollution zoning maps. Also, the Spearman correlation coefficient model was used to analyze the relationship between two random variables and elevation. Then, by analyzing these maps, the most polluted urban areas and its causes were stated. The results showed that the highest air pollution in Tehran during these years were the central and southwestern parts of Tehran; moreover, there is no significant relationship between height factor and air pollution in Tehran. Thus, using the identification and generalizability of the theory of this research on contamination, finally, with regard to the more polluted districts of Tehran, effective systematic solutions were presented.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

327 - Interactions of Transportation, Economic Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Iran
mahsa kalantarzadeh fatemeh zandi Mohammad Khezri Bijan Safavi

10.30495/eco.2021.1902006.2375

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the interrelationships between transportation (rail and air), economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Iran during the period 1362-1397 using time series data and the system of simultaneous equation approach. The findin More

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the interrelationships between transportation (rail and air), economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Iran during the period 1362-1397 using time series data and the system of simultaneous equation approach. The findings show a positive correlation between transportation (rail and air) and economic growth, as well as between transportation (rail and air) and carbon dioxide emissions. Another finding of this study is that economic growth has a significant effect on increasing carbon dioxide emissions, but increasing carbon dioxide emissions has no effect on economic growth. Based on the results, the creation and development of infrastructure related to the type of transportation in order to improve the country's economic growth is proposed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

328 - The Role of Economic and Environmental Policies on Preventing Air Pollution
Marziyeh Sadat Vahabzadeh Moghadam Karim Eami Farzaneh Haju Hassani

10.30495/eco.2023.1976456.2719

The purpose of the article is to investigate the role of economic and environmental policies on preventing air pollution using the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model during the period of 1990-2019. Based on the results of the model, the economic policy More

The purpose of the article is to investigate the role of economic and environmental policies on preventing air pollution using the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model during the period of 1990-2019. Based on the results of the model, the economic policy shock causes a sudden increase in economic growth and consumption and then their decrease; However, the economic policy shock increases air pollution. The shock of environmental policies, firstly, increases consumption and economic growth and then decreases them. Investment also decreases as a result of the shock of environmental policies. Based on the results of variance analysis, the role of economic policies for the country's economic situation and creating air pollution is greater than environmental policies. The role of environmental policies in reducing air pollution is less than the role of economic policies in increasing air pollution. It is suggested that when the government increases its expenditures, it imposes green taxes or carbon emission taxes at a lower rate than the increase in government expenditures so that the economic growth of the country will continue to be maintained along with the reduction of environmental pollution. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

329 - Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Air Pollution and Public Health Expenditures - A Dynamic Panel Data Approach
maryam fattahi Abbas Esari hosein sadeghi hosein asgharpour

Abstract This study intends to investigate the effect of air pollution on public health expenditures and to identify the most important factors affecting the relationship between air pollution and public health expenditures. The scope of the study is the developing cou More

Abstract This study intends to investigate the effect of air pollution on public health expenditures and to identify the most important factors affecting the relationship between air pollution and public health expenditures. The scope of the study is the developing countries during 1995-2011. For this purpose, a dynamic panel and Generalized Method of Moments are used. The empirical results indicate that there is a robust and significant relationship between air pollution, per capita income, urbanization, government size, aging dependency and public health expenditure and unemployment have a negative but significant effect on public health expenditures. Also, per capita income, urbanization and education have significant effect on the relationship between air pollution and public health expenditures. That is, the effects of air pollution on health expenditures in the countries with higher per capita income, higher urbanization rates and lower education levels are significantly higher than other countries.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

330 - Environmental Impact Assessment of Economic Activity in Iran: An Input-output Approach
Zahra Nasrolahi Zohreh Ahmadi Samaneh Eshrati

The experiences represented that the economic development along with irregular use of environment and ecological pollution make serious problems in developed countries. Economic activities will be mixed with increasing consumption of energy and emissions of greenhouse g More

The experiences represented that the economic development along with irregular use of environment and ecological pollution make serious problems in developed countries. Economic activities will be mixed with increasing consumption of energy and emissions of greenhouse gas. Considering the importance of economic activities in developing countries, the relationship between economic activities and pollution will be so much significant. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the link and relation between economic activities and air pollution using input-output table in Iran, and so, to determine the sectors increasing air pollution more. The findings explained that transportation has the highest role in air pollution. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

331 - Optimal Economic Model of Cultivation to Reduce the Impacts of Environmental Pollution in Mazandaran Province
Majid Ghorbani Abolfazl Mahmoudi mohsen shookat fadaei Mohammad Khaledi

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the position of rapeseed and soybean oils in optimal cultivation pattern of Mazandaran province in two social and market conditions. For this purpose, the calibrated linear programming model has been used to reduce environment More

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the position of rapeseed and soybean oils in optimal cultivation pattern of Mazandaran province in two social and market conditions. For this purpose, the calibrated linear programming model has been used to reduce environmental pollution based on data from the year 1396-97. The results of the market model showed that the use of water, machinery and capital for production of crops in the province, in particular, oilseeds were more than needed and the same amounts of production could be obtained by using smaller amounts of these inputs. Gained. Also, given the limitations and available resources, soybean cultivation should be reduced by 45% and canola cultivation by 18% to achieve the optimal model. The results of the social model showed that the production of oilseeds in the province would only be possible with government support for the agricultural sector. The results suggest that instead of focusing on subsidies for fertilizers and chemical pesticides, other areas such as technical knowledge promotion, insurance, warehousing, transportation, commodity exchange, standardization, export, package Classify and grade these supports. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

332 - Study of Pollution Abatement Policy by Using Comparative Static Analysis and Endogenous Growth Model: Case Study of Iran Economy
sharareh majdzadeh tabatabaei ali hosein ostadzad

Abstract In past decade, paying attention to the environment sustainability has been an important macroeconomic goal in different countries by moving towards a low-carbon economic growth. Therefore, this paper attempts to design and calibrate an endogenous growth model More

Abstract In past decade, paying attention to the environment sustainability has been an important macroeconomic goal in different countries by moving towards a low-carbon economic growth. Therefore, this paper attempts to design and calibrate an endogenous growth model and use comparative static analysis to study the policies such as promoting green R&D, imposing an eco-tax, subsidizing less polluting factors of input for pollution abatement and then, to control the pollution effects on Iran economy. The results represent that the government can adjust the behavior of agents in order to reach a sustainable economic growth with the help of appropriate policies, and so to choose an optimal decision in the allocation of resources. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

333 - Analyzing the Effects of Fiscal Decentralization and its Environmental Consequences in Iran Provinces
Azad Khanzadi maryam heidarian Sara Moradi

Abstract This study analyzes fiscal decentralization policies and its environmental consequences, during the period 2005-2015. The results of GMM estimation show that revenue decentralization has negative and significant relationship with pollution. Also other variables More

Abstract This study analyzes fiscal decentralization policies and its environmental consequences, during the period 2005-2015. The results of GMM estimation show that revenue decentralization has negative and significant relationship with pollution. Also other variables results indicate positive relationship between industrialization and energy productivity with pollution. By increasing the relative density of population, pollution is reduced. The results of Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis also indicate rejection of this hypothesis. In addition, presence of multiplication of the neighboring matrix in dependent variable causes an increase in pollution in the provincial level and this indicates the spatial environmental effects in the country's provinces. It is suggested that local governments determine their own financial resources, in this case it can be targeted and based on new revenue resources such as green economy, it can define businesses that which they reduce pollution.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

334 - Investigating Methods of Electronic Waste Management and Recycling of Ever-Increasing Electronic Wastes with Emphasis on Eco-Friendly Processes
Saman Madanian Sayed Mohammad Ali Zanjani

Electronic waste (E-waste) consists of obsolete electrical or electronic devices. Electronic waste recycling is of importance when it comes to protecting resources and environment. Today, nearly 1.3 billion tons/year of waste is produced worldwide, which is expected to More

Electronic waste (E-waste) consists of obsolete electrical or electronic devices. Electronic waste recycling is of importance when it comes to protecting resources and environment. Today, nearly 1.3 billion tons/year of waste is produced worldwide, which is expected to increase to 4.3 billion tons/year by 2025. E-waste from old PCs is predicted to increase to 500 percent over a decade, and by 2020, compared to 2007, the disposal of cell phones will be increased by almost 18 times. Understanding and distinguishing different components of E-waste can help their efficient recycling. Sophisticated electronic devices contain approximately 60 different elements, which include valuable and hazardous materials. The most valuable component of E-waste is PCB, which contain many hazardous materials besides valuable metals. To prevent human and environmental poisoning, it is necessary to analyze the properties and compounds of different materials in E-waste and to find ways of re-managing it using healthy and environmentally friendly processes. In this paper, we focus on the general E-wasteland problems, such as the classification of E-waste, its constituents, various eco-friendly waste management and recycling processes, as well as considering valuable metals extraction. Despite many efforts to develop the recycling technology, this technology has many disadvantages due to the complexity of E-waste treatment systems. Therefore, the disadvantages of each process are discussed by considering technical problems and environmental protection level. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

335 - Industrial Measuring of Pollution Effects on the Operation of High Voltage Insulations
Mohammad Mehdi Ghanbarian Mohammadreza Shariati Mohammad Mohammadi

High voltage insulators are exposed to different ambient and climate conditions the interactions of ambient condition and insulator contamination led the insulators themselves become a proper medium for conduction of current, leaving their effects on the power system. P More

High voltage insulators are exposed to different ambient and climate conditions the interactions of ambient condition and insulator contamination led the insulators themselves become a proper medium for conduction of current, leaving their effects on the power system. Presently, approximate and empirical numbers are used to determine the level of contamination of the insulation. As a result ,creep internals in some area do not accord to ambient conditions and are below the design level. In this power by periodic ESDD and NSDD measurements, two method  direction dust gauge DGG are used to measure the intensity of the ambient pollution on the insulator and OLCA to display and record the leaking current as appropriate criteria for the degree and type of pollution. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

336 - Evaluation of groundwater quality in Dayyer city Bushehr using groundwater quality index (GQI)
Zahra Mojarad Abdul Rahim Pazira Tayebeh Tabatabaie

10.30495/jonass.2021.1922476.1006

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

337 - Air quality and its impact on climate change in major urban areas across Cairo and Moscow cities
Mohammad Ali Ghoveh Nodoushan Seyedeh Mahtab Pormazar

10.30495/jonass.2023.1963930.1049

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

338 - Layered double hydroxides: Novel nanocatalysts for combustion of gaseous toluene from polluted air
Sepideh Naghel-Danaei Seyed Ali Hosseini Aligholi Niaei

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

339 - Investigating the attitudes of Meybodi citizens towards air pollution and social factors affecting it
manouchehr alinejad masoud hajizadeh meymandi kamal rashidinejad

In the present age, neglect of the environment and neglect of it is spreading rapidly. Efforts to develop and urbanize and ensure human well-being have disadvantages and benefits for humans and nature, and one of the disadvantages caused by society and citizens is air p More

In the present age, neglect of the environment and neglect of it is spreading rapidly. Efforts to develop and urbanize and ensure human well-being have disadvantages and benefits for humans and nature, and one of the disadvantages caused by society and citizens is air pollution. Because citizens can be effective in reducing and increasing air pollution through their behaviors, and behavior is also influenced by attitudes. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the attitudes of Meybodi citizens towards air pollution and social factors affecting it. This research is of descriptive, analytical and survey type and the statistical population of this research has been the citizens of Meybod city 16 years and older. The sample size is 420 people and the respondents were randomly selected in several stages. The results of explanatory findings show that there is a significant relationship between age, marital status, education level, residence status, income and citizens 'attitudes toward air pollution, but there is no relationship between gender and citizens' attitudes toward air pollution. . There is also a positive and direct relationship between lifestyle, cultural capital, social network and a significant negative relationship between profit-oriented and the dependent variable. The results of regression analysis show that the remaining variables in the regression model determine 19% of the variance of the dependent variable and lifestyle variables, profit orientation and age, respectively, play the most important role in the research regression model. Play. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

340 - Investigating the attitudes of Meybodi citizens towards air pollution and social factors affecting it
Masood Hadjizadeh Meymandi manouchehr alinejad Kamal Rashidinejad

10.30495/uss.2021.689295

Nowadays, neglecting the environment and overlooking its problems is spreading rapidly. Efforts to develop and urbanize and ensure human well-being have disadvantages and benefits for humans and nature, and one of the disadvantages caused by society and its members is a More

Nowadays, neglecting the environment and overlooking its problems is spreading rapidly. Efforts to develop and urbanize and ensure human well-being have disadvantages and benefits for humans and nature, and one of the disadvantages caused by society and its members is air pollution. In this research, the theoretical approaches of Bourdieu's lifestyle and cultural capital, Castells social networks theory and the biosphere of Habermas and others have been used. Since citizens can be effective in reducing air pollution with their attitudes and behaviors, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the attitudes of Meybod citizens towards air pollution and social factors affecting it. This research is a descriptive, analytical and survey type and the research population consisted of citizens 16 years and older, of which, using Cochran formula, 420 people were chosen via a multi-stage random sampling procedure. Findings showed that there was a significant relationship between the variables of age, marital status, education level, residence status, income and citizens 'attitudes toward air pollution, but there was no relationship between gender and citizens' attitudes toward air pollution. There was also a positive and direct relationship between lifestyle, cultural capital, social networks and a significant negative relationship between profit-orientedness and the dependent variable. The results of regression analysis showed that the remaining variables in the regression model determined 19% of the variance of the dependent variable and the variables of lifestyle, profit orientation and age, respectively, played the most important role in the regression model. The results showed that the citizens of Meybodi put an emphasis on the priority of preserving the environment in spite of income and profit from working in factories, and also the category of lifestyle has a greater share and weight in explaining the dependent variable, which if strengthened together with cultural capital can change the attitude of citizens towards air pollution and environmental protection. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

341 - Broiler Performance in Response to Phytate and Supplemented Phytase
M.F. Khalid M. Hussain A.U. Rehman M.A. Shahzad M. Sharif Z.U. Rahman

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

342 - A zwitterion metal-organic framework for Fluoride removal from aqueous solution
Mostafa Aliakbari mahdi Borghei Roya Mafi Gholami

Abstract: Excess fluoride is one of the water pollutants in the world, which is removed from the water by chemical methods to produce sludge, and other methods such as R.O. also have problems in electricity consumption and wastewater disposal. Metal-organic complexes ar More

Abstract: Excess fluoride is one of the water pollutants in the world, which is removed from the water by chemical methods to produce sludge, and other methods such as R.O. also have problems in electricity consumption and wastewater disposal. Metal-organic complexes are one of the newest adsorbents used in the separation of anions. In this study, MOF 1 was used to remove fluoride from aqueous solution. Existing factors such as pH, contact time, adsorbent amount and temperature were examined. Based on the results, the MOF synthesized in acidic media absorbs more fluoride ions. Contact time of up to 20 minutes has a significant effect on the removal of fluoride ions and then its effect is greatly reduced. The amount of adsorbent used is up to saturation and the water environment has no significant effect on the absorption of fluoride ions. Also, the results of kinetic studies confirm the pseudo-second-order kinetic model for fluoride adsorption reactions in the presence of MOF1. Also in this research, zinc metal is used as a zebrafish as a central metal with the aim of reducing the environmental MOF. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

343 - Environmental risks Assessment of the Construction Project using the EFMEA Method with Emphasis on the risks affecting water pollution
Ebrahim Nohani eraj charlangbadil

The purpose of this paper was to Environmental risks Assessment of the Construction Project using the EFMEA Method with Emphasis on the risks affecting water pollution. In this study, through field visits to the construction project, the project activities were fully id More

The purpose of this paper was to Environmental risks Assessment of the Construction Project using the EFMEA Method with Emphasis on the risks affecting water pollution. In this study, through field visits to the construction project, the project activities were fully identified and then the environmental risks were identified. In order to estimate the amount of risks, according to experts, checks and tables, the EFMEA method was used. Following the work process, solutions and control measures were presented and the risk number was recalculated. According to the results of this study, the highest number of risks was related to secondary accidents (250) and the lowest number of risks was related to manual freight transport activity (8). After presenting control measures, it was observed that the numerical value of environmental risks, especially risks affecting water pollution has decreased. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

344 - Simulation of Distribution and Source Determination for Groundwater Quality Pollutants (Case Study: Nobandegan Plain)
syed amir bijan elhamian gholamreza rakhshanderoo Amirhoseini Javid

Due to the population growth and their agricultural needs, access to water is considered a serious crisis. The objective of this paper is to simulate groundwater resources in Nobandegan plain, Fars, as a case study, to obtain the path and intensity of groundwater flow, More

Due to the population growth and their agricultural needs, access to water is considered a serious crisis. The objective of this paper is to simulate groundwater resources in Nobandegan plain, Fars, as a case study, to obtain the path and intensity of groundwater flow, and to determine the distribution and origin of groundwater quality pollutants using GMS software. First, groundwater flow hydraulics in the plain has been simulated, calibrated and validated. Then, having the intensity and direction of groundwater flow in the plain and its interaction with adjacent aquifers, the distribution of qualitative pollutants has been investigated and simulated. Finally, combining groundwater quality and quantity information, possible origin of pollutants in the plain has been investigated and determined. Maximum values for groundwater hardness and salinity in the plain were 1272 (mg / l.CaCO3) and 3178 (µ mho / cm), respectively, which are relatively high and indicate low groundwater quality in the plain. However, pollutant levels decreased in the central areas of the plain where the aquifer thickness increases and some dilution takes place. Groundwater quality is saline in terms of salinity and very hard in terms of hardness. Investigating land use over the plain shows that the possible origins of groundwater pollution are dense agricultural activities in the northern areas, and location of Nobandegan city and villages there. Pollutants concentration in central plain decreased, apparently due to the lack of any city, village, or agricultural activity, in addition to aquifer thickness increase there. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

345 - A zwitterion metal-organic framework for Arsenic removal from
Mostafa Aliakbari Mehdi Borghei Roya Mafi Gholami

Abstract: Because of its significant toxicological effects on the environment and human health, arsenic (As) is a major global issue. In this study, a zirconium-based metal-organic framework, {[Zn3L3 (BPE) 1.5]•4.5 DMF}n , was synthesized using both solothermal and More

Abstract: Because of its significant toxicological effects on the environment and human health, arsenic (As) is a major global issue. In this study, a zirconium-based metal-organic framework, {[Zn3L3 (BPE) 1.5]•4.5 DMF}n , was synthesized using both solothermal and mechanochemical methods and successfully applied in the arsenic removal reaction. Adsorption efficiency was high in the presence of this MOF and equilibrium was achieved within 20 minutes for As (III) and As (V) at a concentration of 1 mg / l of contaminants. The maximum adsorption efficiencies of As (III) and As (V) at pH 7 were 62 and 81%, respectively. The adsorbent showed high stability in the pH range of 2-12 and the adsorbent can be recovered for at least nine consecutive periods without significant reduction in its efficiency. The adsorption process can be described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the adsorption mechanism was of the electrostatic interaction type. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

346 - Performance of purslane (Portulaca oleracea) in nickel and cadmium contaminated soil as a heavy metals-removing crop
Mehrab Yadegari

10.30495/ijpp.2018.540891

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

347 - Analysis of the physiological responses of the plane and willow trees against air pollution in Tehran .
Sayyedeh Mahdokht Maddah Farhang Moraghebi

10.30495/ijpp.2015.539650

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

348 - Analysis of the relationship between urban green space and air pollution with emphasis on urban ecology (Case study: Tehran)
Maryam Ghorbanpour Saeed Sedaghatnia Nader Zali

IntroductionAir pollution as one of the most important factors affecting the environment, especially in large cities has caused many problems for residents. On the other hand, green spaces as one of the emphasized elements in urban ecology, play an important role in red More

IntroductionAir pollution as one of the most important factors affecting the environment, especially in large cities has caused many problems for residents. On the other hand, green spaces as one of the emphasized elements in urban ecology, play an important role in reducing air pollution. Therefore, studying the type and intensity of the relationship between urban green space and air pollution can show the extent of the impact of urban greenery on pollutants.GoalThe main purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between green space and changes in air pollutants by regions in the metropolis of Tehran with an emphasis on urban ecology.MethodologyThis research is descriptive-analytical by nature and applied in terms of results and mixed (quantitative-qualitative) in terms of methodology. In this research, the method of interpolation functions in ArcMap 10.7 software and regression analysis in SPSS 21 software have been used. To integrate the current situation of the variables with regression relationship and determine the priority of action by regions, qualitative coding has been done at four levels from high to low.Geographical area of researchA case study of the research is the metropolis of Tehran.Results and DiscussionThe findings indicate that there is an inverse and significant relationship between green space and CO, SO2 and PM2.5 pollutants. With 95% confidence level, the impact of green space on CO, SO2 and PM2.5 pollutants based on Beta coefficient is -0.500, -0.508 and -0.452, respectively. The results of qualitative coding of the current situation of variables with regression relationship show that regions 9, 10, 18 and 21 due to the low level of green space and high concentrations of these pollutants, are in the first priority category to apply suggestions. ConclusionThe results showed that the presence of green space does not affect the changes in the concentration of all air pollutants. It only affects CO, SO2 and PM2.5 in Tehran. Finally, despite the need for suggestions aimed at controlling air pollutants, the focus of this study is on green space-based suggestions to reduce air pollutants based on the priority of actions by regions. These suggestions are presented in the form of top-down and bottom-up approaches in two short-term and long-term periods. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

349 - Explanation of pollution underground water, to result of unsuit industry installation, using GIS and IRS, “Case study: Zanjan province”
esmaeil nasiri

In recent year, ecological problem of industry town is on of the important subject in different area of Iran. Because this location case pollution underground water. In this article have tray with using remote sensing and geography information system(GIS) and with integ More

In recent year, ecological problem of industry town is on of the important subject in different area of Iran. Because this location case pollution underground water. In this article have tray with using remote sensing and geography information system(GIS) and with integrate method the position industry town of zanjan province analyzed. First with using of geology, topography maps, aerial photo, deposit maps and with regard to pizometry information, underground water map have designed and position of town industry relative to underground water in GIS software have intergraded. The results showed that: all unit industry in zanjan province are upend under ground water that product over 4088 M.M waste water. With regard absorb soil and speed , movement a great wastewater without enter into environment and create pollution in under ground water. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

350 - اثر امواج صوتی بر پاسخ‌های فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی گیاه مریم گلی (Salvia splendens)
سلیم حیدری محسن کافی سپیده کلاته جاری مونا شفقتیان نفیسه ملاکریمی

گیاهان به دلیل غیر متحرک بودن به طور اجتناب ناپذیری تحت تاثیر استرس‌های محیطی هستند. امواج صوتی یکی از عوامل محیطی است که بر گیاهان اثر می‌گذارد. این مطالعه بهمنظور درک رابطه بین گیاهان و امواج صوتی و پاسخ‌های آن‌ها که تاکنون ناشناخته مانده است طراحی More

گیاهان به دلیل غیر متحرک بودن به طور اجتناب ناپذیری تحت تاثیر استرس‌های محیطی هستند. امواج صوتی یکی از عوامل محیطی است که بر گیاهان اثر می‌گذارد. این مطالعه بهمنظور درک رابطه بین گیاهان و امواج صوتی و پاسخ‌های آن‌ها که تاکنون ناشناخته مانده است طراحی گردید. برای این منظور گیاه مریم گلی (Salvia splendens)، یکی از گیاهان رایج در فضای سبز، تحت تاثیر امواج صوتی با فرکانس 1000 هرتز و شدت 90، 100 و 110 دسی بل به مدت یک ماه و هر روز یک ساعت قرار گرفت. گیاهچه‌ها از بذرهای کشت شده در محیط کشت MS بدست آمد و هر 20 روز یک بار واکشت صورت گرفت. زمان آغاز تیمار 15 روز پس از کشت بذور بود. نتایج اندازه‌گیری صفات رشدی و آنتیاکسیدانی نشان داد که امواج صوتی با افزایش شدت صوت در فرکانس 1000 هرتز موجب افزایش رشد گیاه شدند. بیشترین طول ریشه، طول ساقه، وزن خشک، وزن تر در تیمار 110 دسی بل بدست آمد. امواج صوتی منجر به افزایش محتوی پروتئین و آنزیمهای آنتیاکسیداتیو کاتالاز، پراکسیداز و آسکوربات پراکسیداز شد. محتوی مالوندیآلدهید بهعنوان شاخص تخریب غشای سلولی با افزایش شدت صوت افزایش نشان داد. بهطور کلی، گیاه مریم گلی با افزایش رشد و بهبود صفات فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی به تنش امواج صوتی پاسخ داد. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

351 - Assesment of Air Pollution Tolerance Index of Higher Plants Suitable for Green Belt Development in East of Esfahan City, Iran
A. Abed Esfahani H. Amini N. Samadi S. Kar M. Hoodaji M. Shirvani K. Porsakhi

Development of a green belt with suitable plant species around the source of emission can mitigate the atmospheric contamination. Selection of such plant species are required to combat air pollution based on their tolerance level. Present study was undertaken to evaluat More

Development of a green belt with suitable plant species around the source of emission can mitigate the atmospheric contamination. Selection of such plant species are required to combat air pollution based on their tolerance level. Present study was undertaken to evaluate the tolerance level of higher plants in East of Esfahan city, Iran, during 2011 in terms of assessing Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI). Leaf extract of nine plant species showed elevated levels of pH, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll and relative water content. Stress metabolites like ascorbic acid and chlorophyll of certain plant species exhibits different levels of sensitivity and tolerance towards air pollution. Dust deposition on leaf surfaces was estimated to observe the extent of particulate deposition. The highest and the lowest deposition rates were observed in Morus alba and Cercis siliquastrum, respectively. Among the nine different plant species examined, APTI value is maximum in Morus alba suggesting its higher tolerance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

352 - Cadmium Toxicity: The Investigation of Cd Toxic Level In Different Organs of Cherry Tomato Plant and The Effect of Cd Accumulation
Shahrzad Salehi Eskandari

This research was done in hydroponic environment in greenhouse at 3 stages (vegetative, flowering and full product) in 5 concentrations of Cd (0.1, 0.3, 0.9, 2.7, and 10 mm) for investigating physiological and biological effects. This study revealed that the increase of More

This research was done in hydroponic environment in greenhouse at 3 stages (vegetative, flowering and full product) in 5 concentrations of Cd (0.1, 0.3, 0.9, 2.7, and 10 mm) for investigating physiological and biological effects. This study revealed that the increase of Cd concentration in understudy treatments causes the 49% reduction of sugar solution in 10 mm treatment. On the other hand, the gradual increase of Cd in cultivation caused the increase of starch, reduction of photosynthesis and blockage of carbon cycle enzymes. Furthermore, in heavy metal stress conditions of vegetative stage, Cd has negative effects on the protein amount of total treatments in p=0.01 signified level. When treatment starts, the amount of protein reduced until 33% in 0.1 mm concentration and this reduction can be seen also in other treatments. In contrast, in flowering stage the amount of protein is increased compared to the control. The study of different heavy metal concentration effects showed that plants are more sensitive to Cd (2-20 times more than others). The Generalized Linear Model variance test of aerial and underground plant organs traced the high level of Cd concentration in root in10 mm concentration. This increasing process in p=0.001 level also was seen in root, leaf, and fruit. The accumulation of Cd expressed high speed of Cd transport from the soil to upper organs of tomato, and this process reduced the amount of solvable sugar and protein. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

353 - Distribution of Lead and cadmium Levels in the soil of Borkhar District of Isfahan province
A, Gandomkar M, Hadi

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

354 - The growth of Matricaria chamomilla L. affected by cadmium and lead in greenhouse and field conditions
Mohammad bagheri Hamid Reza Javanmanrd Mohammad Reza Naderi

10.2./jpps.2021.684935

 The use of medicinal plants in contaminated soils with heavy metals is of significance for the bioremediation of the environment and for plant growth. The effects of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) on the growth of roots and aerial parts, and the number of flowers in M More

 The use of medicinal plants in contaminated soils with heavy metals is of significance for the bioremediation of the environment and for plant growth. The effects of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) on the growth of roots and aerial parts, and the number of flowers in Matricaria chamomilla L. were investigated in greenhouse and field conditions using 10-kg pots containing polluted soil with Cd (0, 10, and 40 mgkg-1) and Pb (0, 60 and 180 mgkg-1) in 2018-2019 in Isfahan (Khorasgan) Islamic Azad University. The effects of the experimental treatments including metal concentration was significant at 5% level, growth stage and location, plant tissue and their interactions significantly affected plant growth (dry weight) was significant at 1% level. Increasing Cd and Pb concentrations decreased number of flowers in the field and increased it in the greenhouse. Plant growth significantly decreased by increasing heavy metal concertation was significant at 5% level as at the first, second and third contamination levels, it was equal to 480.39, 416.00, and 399.33 g, respectively. The highest plant growth was resulted at flowering (500.78) and tillering (511.67 g), significantly at 5% level higher than that of stemming (283.28 g). Compared with Pb (407.44 g), increasing Cd concentration, resulted in significantly at 5% level higher reduction (333.11 g) of plant growth. It is possible to grow Matricaria chamomilla L. in heavy metal polluted soils for the bioremediation of the environment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

355 - The study of the right to social health in relation to noise pollution caused by aircraft traffic in the country
ali faghih habibi

health right of emerging issues in the rights, but with the development of scienceand open new fields joined the issue into a new challenge. since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and so far, four Geneva conventions on major issues in the field More

health right of emerging issues in the rights, but with the development of scienceand open new fields joined the issue into a new challenge. since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and so far, four Geneva conventions on major issues in the field of morality and bio - patients ' rights has been proposed that could indicate the sensitivity and the necessity of special attentionto the right and well - being. including the cases that could endanger public health, environmental pollution. The present study on the health of people right in front of the audio and chemical pollution caused by aircraft movements. The methodology used in the present study of descriptive and analytical type. In order to collect data from the library method is used. material obtained by using the method of analysis and analysis and analyze the content. results indicate thatdomestic laws on environmental and human health had faults and manyrestrictions and the laws cannot human health in front of environmental pollutionincluding pollution caused by aircraft movements. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

356 - A Sociological Research of Noise Pollution and Noise Control with Urban Green Space Expansion
Narmineh Moeinian

AbstractThe purpose of the present study is noise pollution as an environmental, social and urban problem, with the dimensions, quantity and quality of noise pollution and the definition and its physical, psychological and social conditions which are viewed through medi More

AbstractThe purpose of the present study is noise pollution as an environmental, social and urban problem, with the dimensions, quantity and quality of noise pollution and the definition and its physical, psychological and social conditions which are viewed through medical sociological perspectives and also proposing possible solutions to challenge these problems. Among the solutions urban green space design based upon the natural environmental approach is more desirable. This study is a deep analytical and quantitative research which its data was collected through corpus and documentary methods. Social environmental approaches pertaining the medical sociology and also ecological renewal theory have been applied as a theoretical framework. The findings show that noise pollution is one of the most important problems which seriously threatens physical, mental health and human social relations, to reduce these problems urban green space expansion design and devoting attentions towards it are seen as a base solution of the problems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

357 - مدیریت پایدار منابع آب زیرزمینی با استفاده از برنامه ریزی چندمعیاره (مطالعه موردی دشت کاشمر)
سمیه شیرزادی لسکوکلایه رضا اسفنجاری کناری

پدیده خشکسالی و پیامدهای آن باعث کاهش سطح آبهای زیرزمینی، فقدان تغذیه مناسب خاک، خشک شدن منابع آب سطحی و برداشت بیشتر از منابع آب زیرزمینی می‌شود که در مجموع این موارد باعث انتقال آب شور به آبهای زیرزمینی میشود و ظرفیت برداشت از سفره آب زیرزمینى را محدود More

پدیده خشکسالی و پیامدهای آن باعث کاهش سطح آبهای زیرزمینی، فقدان تغذیه مناسب خاک، خشک شدن منابع آب سطحی و برداشت بیشتر از منابع آب زیرزمینی می‌شود که در مجموع این موارد باعث انتقال آب شور به آبهای زیرزمینی میشود و ظرفیت برداشت از سفره آب زیرزمینى را محدود کرده و کیفیت آب را کاهش می‌دهد. در این مطالعه از روش VIKOR  برای تعیین بهترین راه حل قابل اجرا بر اساس معیارهای انتخاب شده شامل وضعیت بارش باران منطقه در طول سالهای مختلف، نفوذپذیری خاک، شاخص شیب زمین و شاخصهای کیفیت آب از جمله  SAR، RSC و شوری جهت تعیین کیفیت منابع آب زیرزمینی دشت کاشمر و محدودیتهای استفاده از زمین به کار گرفته شد. نتایج نمونه برداری در دشت کاشمر نشان داد که کیفیت آب در مسیر زیرزمینی دشت کاشمر از شمال به جنوب کاهش می‌یابد. استفاده بیش از حد از منابع آب زیرزمینی، سبب افت سطح آب زیرزمینی و افزایش شوری، کاهش کیفیت آب کشاورزی و محدودیت استفاده از زمین شده است. افزون بر این، نتایج مدل در سال های 1389 و 1393 نشان داد که اگر شکل فعلی برداشت بیرویه منابع آب زیرزمینی ادامه یابد، این امر منجر به حرکت شوری به مناطق بالادستی با شوری کم میشود. بنابراین، برای مدیریت پایدار منابع آبهای زیرزمینی، کنترل برداشت بی‌رویه و به حداقل رساندن آسیب به سطح آبهای زیرزمینی شهرستان ضروری است، کارشناسان تغییر الگوی کشت در زمینهای کشاورزی و استفاده از روشهای کم آب آبیاری را پیشنهاد دهند. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

358 - Vulnerability of Khash-Plain Aquifer, Eastern Iran, to Pollution Using Geographic Information System (GIS)
Ali Ahmadi Mohammad Aberoumand

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

359 - Role of Green Resource Management in Advancement of Green Supply Chain (Case Study for Environmental Engineering)
Parisa Khosravi Dariush Ahadi Ravoshti Kazem Hashemimajd

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

360 - The role of COVID-19 pandemic in environmental changes: A brief study
Mehdi Koohdarag Dariush Ahadi Ravoshti

10.30495/geotech.2020.680489

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

361 - A survey on information pollution in common data-bases of Islamic Azad University of Tehran Science & Research Branch in retrieving library information from the viewpoint of postgraduate students
fahimeh Babolhavaeji nafiye Gorjizade

Objective: The main purpose of this study is determining the information pollution in data bases shared by the Islamic Azad University, Tehran Science and Research Branch in library Information Retrieval from the viewpoint of postgraduate students and is determining the More

Objective: The main purpose of this study is determining the information pollution in data bases shared by the Islamic Azad University, Tehran Science and Research Branch in library Information Retrieval from the viewpoint of postgraduate students and is determining the average information pollution  in content of abstracts, bibliographic information, keywords and  contamination caused by writing. Methodology: The methodology in this research is documental and analytical survey .Two societies of research include five database: Emerald, Pro Quest, Science Direct, ISI Web of knowledge, Scopus and graduate students of Library and Information Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Science and Research branch. For this study two different questionnaires were used. Findings: The findings showed between the mean score of pollution Factors of bibliographic data to separate databases are significant differences. So that Proquest in this category is in the first place. It also was determined. the mean score of pollution factors in the abstract   of five databases, is no significant difference database. But ISI Web of knowledge Had little  more pollution than others. Comparison of pollution in the keyword information shows the mean scores between pollution factors to separate data bases are no significant different , so that Emerald has more pollution. It also was determined between the mean score pollution factor caused by writing data exists significant difference. So that in this group Science Direct is in the first place. Conclusion: Although these five bases are  studied in the humanities, but the results showed each database does  not meet all user needs entirely. To reduce pollution using standard thesaurus, fix any spelling mistakes and inappropriate information with competent judgment, reduce the contradictory information, stained bias and  biased information, misleading and unfounded is recommended.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

362 - The Relationship Between Air Pollutionand Anatomical and Development of the Laurus nobilis L. Plant and Two Effective Enzymes on This Relationship
Hamideh Sanaeirad Ahmad Majd Hossein Abbaspour Maryam Peyvandi

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effect of air pollutants, which is the stressful factors and by human intervention, on some of anatomical and development of the Laurus nobilis L. plant and its relation with Peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzy More

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effect of air pollutants, which is the stressful factors and by human intervention, on some of anatomical and development of the Laurus nobilis L. plant and its relation with Peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes. Therefore, perfectly similar samples in terms of age and storage conditions were chosen from two clean area (Jamshidieh Park in northern Tehran) and contaminated area (Besat Park located in southeast of Tehran and near to the South Terminal) and in one day and in every region 4 bushes were harvested as 4 repetitions. Leaf area, types and numbers of stomata, sectioning of leaf, stems and roots was done and the amount of activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes was investigated. Enzymes'activity, the number of stomata per mm2 of leaf and leaf level in samples of contaminated area was increased significantly (pr<0.01) and anatomical and development revealed changes,suggesting the activation of protective mechanisms in these plants under air pollution stress, and also observed responses are regarded as adaptive and compensative to the adverse effects of air pollution . Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

363 - Influence of air pollution in part of Arak city on anatomical structure of spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.)
zohreh jafari Maryam Dehghan

Background and Purpose: Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is an annual plant belonging to the Chenopodiace family, whose cultivation history reaches two thousand years in Iran. The idea of this study was to investigate changes in the structure of spinach plant anatomy in t More

Background and Purpose: Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is an annual plant belonging to the Chenopodiace family, whose cultivation history reaches two thousand years in Iran. The idea of this study was to investigate changes in the structure of spinach plant anatomy in the dense part of the contaminated air Arak city. Analysis method: Spinach seed samples simultaneously in two groups of control and treated, In two parts with clean air (Haftadgholeh Arak National Park )and condensation(Iralko Park Aluminum Factory) from air pollution in the city were planted. After growing Cotyledons leaves and Original leaves , the plant specimens were fixed in Alcohol -Gycerin solution . After sectioning and double coloring with Methylene blue and Zaghic Carmen, specimens were photographed by Photomicroscope then anatomical structure Changes were studied. Result and discussion: The changes in the anatomical structure of leaves of spinach showed that in samples that were grown in the dense portion of the city Compared to the control samples, had thicker cuticle and the structure of protective trichomes were abundant. Chlorenchyma have been irregular and stored parenchyma were full of Calcium oxalate crystal deposition. Finally, we can conclude that Plant samples of the air polluted city were stressed by air pollution which is likely have adversed effects on the quality of plant food. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

364 - Investigating the effects of sound pollution of the railway transport on the stem’s anatomical structures of plants Centaurea cyanus (Centaurea hyalolepis Boiss.) and Marian thistle (Silybum marianum L.)
م kolahi mehdi Aabbaspour Gholam hossein Farsian naserzadeh

Many Studies indicated the effect of environmental factors stress such as heavy elements, harmful radiation, acid rain, salt etc. on the plants, but noise stress in plants has rarely studied. Audible sound wave technology has recently been applied to plants at various p More

Many Studies indicated the effect of environmental factors stress such as heavy elements, harmful radiation, acid rain, salt etc. on the plants, but noise stress in plants has rarely studied. Audible sound wave technology has recently been applied to plants at various physiological growth stages e.g. seed germination, callus growth, endogenous hormones and mechanism of photosynthesis and transcription of certain genes. The aim of this research was survey effects of sound waves caused by railway transport on anatomic structures of Centaurea cyanus (Centaurea hyalolepis Boiss) and Marian thistle (Silybum marianum L.). Free hand sections were taken and stained in carmine and methyl blue. Thin cut sections were observed under the research microscope (Olympus) fitted with digital camera and attached with computer. The evaluation of cross-sectional, anatomy of plant tissue was done through taking micro-photographs. Our results indicated that remarkable changes has been seen in the anatomic structure of stem treatment plant in comparison with control plants such as increasing the chromaticity of cambium layers, enhancing the thickness of the sclerenchyma bundle sheath in the xylem tissues and improving the collenchymas layer of hypodermis. The sound waves of railway transport may increase of diameter and number of cell stability tissues (Sclerenchyma, collenchyma) stem of plant. Anatomical structure of plants, under the influence of the sound waves and noise pollution caused by rail transportation as an environmental stress changes fitted plants tissues. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

365 - Liability for Environmental Damage in Iranian and International Law
Azin Rahmanian ایرج گلدوزیان سیدباقر سیدباقر میرعباسی

Civil liability in environmental damages is one of the new legal institutions that has increasingly attracted the attention of private lawyers and legislators. Today, due to the fact that pollution in Iranian law has become very high, this will cause many risks and loss More

Civil liability in environmental damages is one of the new legal institutions that has increasingly attracted the attention of private lawyers and legislators. Today, due to the fact that pollution in Iranian law has become very high, this will cause many risks and losses, including large financial losses and irreparable damage to health. It is very necessary and vital to anticipate the appropriate rules and regulations in this field. The first theory in the theory of environmental pollution responsibility is the theory of fault. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the responsibility of environmental damage in Iranian and international law. Although governments today are responsible for their own harmful actions, since the civil liability of the government in Iran is based on fault, it is difficult to compensate for many of the damage done to the environment. Therefore, it was better to consider pure responsibility for the perpetrators of environmental damage and pollution. Damage to the environment and the resulting damage is one of the problems faced by today's society, and that the environment has been seriously damaged in various ways on a daily basis, but regardless of the damage to a particular person, it has been left without compensation. And no one bears this responsibility, so due to the need to compensate for any loss or damage, in most legal systems, the study, evaluation and discussion of civil liability for environmental damage, will have a special place in jurisprudence. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

366 - Determination of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and investigation of sources in sediments in Anzali Lagoon
L. Salimi P. Eghtesadi Araghi S. Jamili A. Motalebi M. Rabbani

The objective of this study is to determine oil pollutants (PAHs) and investigate PAHsource in the sediments of Anzali Lagoon (in Mahrozeh & Selke stations) that can beof high importance from monitoring. Therefore, sampling is made in two wet and dryseasons at Mahro More

The objective of this study is to determine oil pollutants (PAHs) and investigate PAHsource in the sediments of Anzali Lagoon (in Mahrozeh & Selke stations) that can beof high importance from monitoring. Therefore, sampling is made in two wet and dryseasons at Mahrozeh & Selke stations. Finally, making use of GC, the relatedanalyses were performed to determine PAHs. The results showed that mean PAHs insediments of Mahrozeh were 34.839 in dry season and 61.439 ng/g dw in wet season,and in Selke were 80.432 in dry season and 45.439 ng/g dw in wet season. Theamounts of PAHs in Mahrozeh & Selke stations were lower than PAHs in sedimentsof the Persian Gulf countries, (except of UAE and Oman sediments).and also PAHsin Mahrozeh & Selke stations were lower than sediments of Caspian Sea. The sourceof PAHs in Mahrozeh & Selke sediments were both pyrogenic andpetrogenic.Statistical examinations didn’t show significant differences betweenPAHs in sampling seasons. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

367 - Study of concentration of heavy metals (Lead ,Copper, Zink & Chromium ) in Soft tissues of marine Gastropod Thais mutabilis in intertidal zone of Bandar Abbass
A. Vosoughi L. Salimi M. Ebrahimi R. Safaiy

To determine the heavy metals Zinc, Lead, Chromium and Copper in soft tissues of Thais mutabilis (gastropod) in three transect of tidal coast of Bandar Abbas, sampling was done in winter of 1389 (2011). Each Transect had three stations; Upper, mid and lower tidal zone. More

To determine the heavy metals Zinc, Lead, Chromium and Copper in soft tissues of Thais mutabilis (gastropod) in three transect of tidal coast of Bandar Abbas, sampling was done in winter of 1389 (2011). Each Transect had three stations; Upper, mid and lower tidal zone. Sampling was done randomly with 0.5 square meter quadrate. Each area was sampled 9 times. The samples were analyzed for determination of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu). The results showed that in the gastropod, zinc (577/18 ±438.9 ppm) was at the highest concentration between the heavy metals and Lead (0/17±0/6 ppm) was at the lowest. Generally, the highest concentration of Zinc (9/438±18/577), Lead (8/0±67/0) and Chromium  (8/0±23/1) in soft tissues of gastropod was in Golshahr jonobi station, and the highest concentration of copper (6/134±77/88) was in the Posht shahr station. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference (P≤0/05) in the concentration of chromium metal in soft tissue of gastropod in Golshahr jonobi transect with Soro. However, there is no significant difference between the concentrations of lead, copper and zinc in samples of soft tissue of gastropod in each transect (P≥0/05). The concentration of lead and chromium in this aquatic environment is lower than admissible range (WHO, 1985). It shows that the input of pollution containing these metals to this environment is low. The concentration of heavy metals such as zinc and copper is higher than admissible range (WHO, 1985) in every 3 transect. The result of bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Zink, Lead, Copper, and Chromium) in soft tissues of Thais mutabilis (Gastropoda) exhibited the following order: Zn> Cu> Cr >Pb. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

368 - Oil Pollution and its Source in Sediments and Gammarus in Southern Shores of the Caspian Sea
E. Shirvani Mahdavi P. Nejatkhah Manavi A. Janparvar Aydani

In this study, the amount and type of oil pollution in Pantogammarus maeoticusand sediment of the southern shores of the Caspian Sea in four stations (Sari, Chalus, Anzali, Astara) in June 2015 were investigated. Samples were taken from sediment and Gammarus. and were f More

In this study, the amount and type of oil pollution in Pantogammarus maeoticusand sediment of the southern shores of the Caspian Sea in four stations (Sari, Chalus, Anzali, Astara) in June 2015 were investigated. Samples were taken from sediment and Gammarus. and were frozen and delivered to the laboratory. Oil pollution analysis of samples was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The amount of hydrocarbons in Gammarus of the Chalus station was significantly different (P<0/05) in comparison with the other three stations. The highest pollution level (10±0.1 ppm) was in Gammarus of Chalus station. There was no significant difference in the hydrocarbon levels of sediments in four stations. To determine the nature and source of contamination, the molar mass of hydrocarbons was investigated. In Astara and Anzali stations the molar mass of hydrocarbons were less than 20 and hence had petrogenic origin. In Sari and Chalus stations the molar mass of hydrocarbons were more than 20 and therefore had indigenous and human origin. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

369 - Determination of heavy metals (As,Se,V,Mo,Hg,Ni,Cd,Pb and Fe) in the muscle tissues of Esox lucius of Anzali lagoon
L. Salimi A. Mehdinia P. Hasani Shafigh

Anzali Lagoon is an internationally protected lagoon located in west-south of Caspian Sea which has special ecologic, economic, social importance with vast diversity of plants and animals. According to entrance of contaminants into this lagoon, concentration of several More

Anzali Lagoon is an internationally protected lagoon located in west-south of Caspian Sea which has special ecologic, economic, social importance with vast diversity of plants and animals. According to entrance of contaminants into this lagoon, concentration of several heavy metals in muscle of Esox lucius fish have been investigated in this study.  First stage of sampling from three stations of lagoon, have been fulfilled at dry season of September and second stage have been implemented at rainy season of November 2010. In each season nine samples of fish have been collected and transported to laboratory in freezed condition. Evaluation and measurement of heavy metal concentration has been fulfilled by Graphite furnace atomic absorption equipment. Maximum mean concentration of Hg, Ni, Se, Zn, Al, and Fe have been detected in the summer and maximum mean concentration of Cu has been detected in the winter. Maximum mean value of Hg, Ni, Zn,Al in Abkenar, maximum mean value of Se in Siah Darvishan and maximum mean value of Cu, Fe in Komeh Aghajani have been detected, while concentraton of Mo, Cd, V and Pb are equal in the three above mentioned stations.  Statistical analysis of this study has been fulfilled by SPSS, V14 software. Pearson correlation test, showed a positive strong correlation between temperature and the amount of Fe (r=0.83, P<0.05). Only significant difference in concentration of Fe has been obtained between summer and winter seasons (P=0.016, df=16, P<0.05). Significant difference in concentration was detected only for Hg between Abkenar and Komeh Aghajani  stations (P=0.05).This study shown that, the concentration of Ni, Hg, and Cd in the muscle of Esox lucius are high and it is considered as a serious warning. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

370 - Evaluating of Heavy Metal Contamination of Hg, Cd and Ni in Muscle Tissue and Skin of Ilish fish (Tenualosa ilisha) in Khuzestan Province
sahar jalili S. Rahimi

The aim of this study was to determine the accumulation of heavy metals (nickel, mercury and cadmium) in muscle and skin tissue of Tanoalosa ilisha in Khuzestan province (Karun River, Arvand Rud River, Bahrakan). For this purpose, after determining the stations by GPS, More

The aim of this study was to determine the accumulation of heavy metals (nickel, mercury and cadmium) in muscle and skin tissue of Tanoalosa ilisha in Khuzestan province (Karun River, Arvand Rud River, Bahrakan). For this purpose, after determining the stations by GPS, sampling of the Tanoalosa ilisha fish was performed using a fishing trip. After catching fish randomly, fish were placed in contact with ice in standard conditions and quickly transferred to the laboratory. Subsequently, the samples were evaluated for measuring the factors of this study based on international standard methods. The results of this experiment showed that the highest concentrations of heavy metals evaluated in this research (nickel, cadmium and mercury) were at the Bahrakan station and the lowest concentration of metals were in the Arvand Rud station. Generally, the concentration of nickel metal found in the fish muscle in Karun was 1±162.11 ???and Arvandroud  Rud station, 0.0±908.09, was higher than the FDA limit. However, nickel in the Tanoalosa ilisha fish skin was higher than the permissible level in all three stations, 1±901.219, 1±588.22. 1±222.15. Regarding cadmium levels in muscle tissue at the Bahrekan and Karun stations, 0.0±547.08, 0.0±421.05, were higher than the WHO and below the FDA recommendations, but at Arvand river the levels were lower than WHO and FDA limits. However, the cadmium content of the endangered fish of all three stations, 0.0±648.106, 0.0±494.07, 0.0±340.09 was higher than the WHO standard and was below the FDA standard. The accumulation of mercury metal in skin tissue and Tanoalosa ilisha fish muscle in all three stations was lower than the FDA and FAO limits. In addition, the amount of elemental accumulation in fish skin was more intense than in muscle tissue. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

371 - Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater in the north of Qazvin Plain
B. Talebi N. Sajjadi T. Sharmad

Groundwater has become the most important natural resource in recent years due to lack of rainfall and less surface water. In this Study, the effect of geological and agricultural activities on groundwater resource area in north of Qazvin Plain has been studied. For thi More

Groundwater has become the most important natural resource in recent years due to lack of rainfall and less surface water. In this Study, the effect of geological and agricultural activities on groundwater resource area in north of Qazvin Plain has been studied. For this research to study the qualitative parameters, 17 wells were sampled in 2013. Initially for estimation of the impact of geology on groundwater samples, water type and saturation index (SI) of various minerals were studied, then the impact of human factors on groundwater resources in the North of Qazvin plain was investigated by using linear regression analysis. Results showed that the amount of dissolved minerals from the west to the east of the study area is on the rise. Ions of sodium, bicarbonate and sulfate are dominant ions, mostly as a result of the dissolution of halite, gypsum and carbonate which entered the groundwater. Linear regression analysis showed that high correlation of nitrate, sulfate, chloride, potassium, and total dissolved solids (TDS) reflects the impact of agricultural activities on groundwater. Nitrate concentration was found to be much higher than WHO 2011 standards (50 ppm) in western (335 ppm) and eastern (103 ppm) parts of study area as a result of agricultural activities. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

372 - Study of nitrate waters of the southern basin of the Caspian Sea from Amirabad to Salman Shahr in (Mazandaran Province) in summer
N. Ahmadi R. Noorbakhsh M. Faragi

This study performed in Caspian Sea in order to estimate nutrients nitrate factors (pH, temperature and salinity) from April to October 2008. Sampling was done in southeast Caspian Sea in five transects in 45 stations on surface water, 5 and 10 meter depths based on nat More

This study performed in Caspian Sea in order to estimate nutrients nitrate factors (pH, temperature and salinity) from April to October 2008. Sampling was done in southeast Caspian Sea in five transects in 45 stations on surface water, 5 and 10 meter depths based on national standard. The mean concentration of nitrate was 5.37, 8.87 and 0.47 mg/l in first transect, it was 5.81, 9.98 and 0.76 mg/l in second transect, and 5.31, 11.76 and 0.71 mg/l in third transect, 5.40, 11.38 and 0.69 mg/l in fourth transect and 14.28, 14.89 and 2.09 mg/l in fifth transect. The concentration of nitrate was increasing from Salman Shahr to Amirabad. There was significant differences in nitrate concentration in transects (P<0.05), but the other parameters were not significantly different among surface, 5 and 10 m waters (P>0.05). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

373 - Qualitative and quantitative analize of PAHs in Esox lucius of Anzali Lagoon
L. Salimi A. Motalebi A. Mehdinia S. Ghorbani

Concentrations of PAH’s known as carcinogenic compositions were studied in the muscle of Pike fishes (Esox lucius) in Iranian international wetland of Anzali in year 2010. Fifteen samples were taken at three stations of Mahruzeh, Koumeh Aghajani and Siah darvishan More

Concentrations of PAH’s known as carcinogenic compositions were studied in the muscle of Pike fishes (Esox lucius) in Iranian international wetland of Anzali in year 2010. Fifteen samples were taken at three stations of Mahruzeh, Koumeh Aghajani and Siah darvishan in dry (early September) and wet (early December) seasons. Some environmental parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen and water temperature were also measured at the same time. Biometry and age determination were done for each sample prior to their preparation for measurement of PAH’s concentrations using HPLC method. Acenaphtene with the concentration of (31.9 ± 11.37 ppb) and Benzo[a]pyrene with (0.2 ± 0.1 ppb) were the highest and lowest recorded concentrations in each season respectively. In both seasons, significant negative correlations (P<0.05) were observed between Naphthalene and Acenaphtene with fish age (2 year and under 1 year) and also between Benzo[b]fluoranthene and Benzo[ghi]perylene with dissolved oxygen. In both seasons, significant correlation were observed between dissolved oxygen and pH with PAH’s while  between PAH’s and fish weight it was significant only in cold season (P<0.05).Considering the 52.63 ppb (dry weight) as the highest measured concentration of PAH’s in this study and 30 µg/kg (wet weight) as the maximum allowable contamination level for aquatic organisms it can be concluded that the PAH’s concentration in Pike’s muscle is almost within the allowable limit in Anzali Wetland.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

374 - Evolution of States' obligations in protecting biodiversity in international open waters
Pegah Nik Far Lialestani Hasan Savari Mohammed Hussain ramezani Ali Mashhadhi

10.30495/alr.2022.1928333.2065

Field and Aims: Biodiversity is one of the main elements of environmental care and the source of human life on the planet and includes plants and animals that live and interact in water, land and air. As technological advances provide more opportunities to exploit the n More

Field and Aims: Biodiversity is one of the main elements of environmental care and the source of human life on the planet and includes plants and animals that live and interact in water, land and air. As technological advances provide more opportunities to exploit the natural resources of the oceans, so do threats to biodiversity. Due to the importance of marine biodiversity in areas outside the national jurisdiction and the increasing use of its resources, the international community's concern for the protection of biodiversity in these areas has increased. Gaps in the legal system of maritime areas outside national jurisdiction double the need for effective action to protect the marine environment in these areas.Method: This research has been conducted in terms of practical purpose and in terms of gathering information by documentary method and through the study of valid laws and sources, and the obtained information has been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manner.Findings and Conclusions: In order to protect this marine environment, there is a need for the adoption of rules and regulations at the international level, which should be respected by the subjects of international law, because despite the multilateral agreements, conventions and agreements, there is still a binding mechanism. Regarding the protection of the environment, there are no high seas, therefore, given the current commitments of governments in the field of biodiversity protection in the high seas, the need for the adoption of a binding document is felt more than ever. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

375 - The relationship between government policies on environment, expenditures and Good Governance.
Katayon Jalalian Jamshid Pajoyan

This research is trying to analyse and recognize the variables effecting OECD countries environment. As an index for measuring the environment pollution, we use CO1 emission, than using a panel data econometrics model to analyse the effects of economics growth and Good More

This research is trying to analyse and recognize the variables effecting OECD countries environment. As an index for measuring the environment pollution, we use CO1 emission, than using a panel data econometrics model to analyse the effects of economics growth and Good Governance on CO1 emission. The results show no considerable effects from these variables. Considering the history of using Green Tax in these countries, we used an econometrics model to see the effect of Green Tax on CO1 emission in OECD countries. The outcome supports the strong effect of Green Tax on CO1 emission in OECD countries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

376 - Dust Particles and Aerosols: Impact on Biota “A Review” (Part III)
Victor R Squires Elahe Karami

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

377 - Use of Festuca ovina L. in Chelate Assisted Phytoextraction of Copper Contaminated Soils
Mahdieh Ebrahimi Fernando Madrid Díaz

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

378 - Overview the Factors Affecting the Discharge of Contaminated Insulators and Intelligent Change Some of Them to Reduce the Discharge Intensity
Yadullah Shafiei Faramarz Faghihi Amir Hossein Salemi Hossein Heydari

10.30495/ijsee.2022.1966860.1226

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

379 - Smart Management of Pollution in Integrated Energy Systems
Gholamreza Sarlak Javad Olamaei Mohamad Dosaranian-Moghadam

10.30495/ijsee.2022.1949195.1165

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

380 - A Novel Market Optimization Model in order to Minimizing Environmental Cost Caused by Plants
Mehdi Nourinezhad Soodabeh Soleymani Hosein Mohammadnezhad Shourkaei

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

381 - Study of the Heavy Metals Amounts in the Soils and Crops around the Region of Shahr-e-Kord
Mehrab Yadegari

To study of the amounts of heavy metals in Shahr-e-Kord industrial town, the experiment was conducted during 2014 and 2015. Although in most cases plants which grow in agricultural soils including heavy metals, they keep more metals in their tissues. However, the main o More

To study of the amounts of heavy metals in Shahr-e-Kord industrial town, the experiment was conducted during 2014 and 2015. Although in most cases plants which grow in agricultural soils including heavy metals, they keep more metals in their tissues. However, the main objective of implementing and investigating this research was to clarify the amount of absorption of heavy metals such as Nickel (Ni), Plumb (Pb), Chromium (Cr) and Cadmium (Cd) in agronomy crops inclusive: Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Canola (Brassica napus), Sojak (Scariola orientalis), Tragacanth (Astragalus sp) surroundings of Shahr-e-Kord industrial industrial-town. Therefore after the accomplishment of the required studies (climatic and edaphic), sample stations have been accidentally chosen at the distance of 100, 300, 600, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000 meters from the North, South, East and West of research area. Sampling of aerial, land construction and soils existed in this region has been done. There was a significant difference between amount of heavy metals in Range plants and Agronomy plants. Analyzing the soils from sample stations indicated that the maximum concentration existed among metals regularly related to Ni (1926 µg/Kg), Cd (504 µg/Kg), Pb (122 µg/Kg) & Cr (78 µg/Kg). However the concentration of heavy metals especially Cd and Ni was leaser than global standard but had high density in this region, therefore to decrease of pollution must contemplate for planting of Tragacanth and Sojak plants as range plants that accumulate of heavy metals. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

382 - بررسی مشکلات و راهکارهای مدیریت کاربرد سموم کشاورزی جهت دستیابی به توسعه پایدار
نجمه عظیمی زاده عباس پرور

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10461049

در سال های اخیر با توجه به افزایش جمعیت جهان و نیاز به تولید غذای بیشتر، رشد چشمگیری در مصرف آفتکش های شیمیایی در کشورهای توسعه یافته و به ویژه درحال توسعه دیده شده است. گرچه سموم شیمیایی از اجزاء ضروری کشاورزی مدرن است، اما یکی از منابع مهم آلودگی زیست محیطی نیز محسوب More

در سال های اخیر با توجه به افزایش جمعیت جهان و نیاز به تولید غذای بیشتر، رشد چشمگیری در مصرف آفتکش های شیمیایی در کشورهای توسعه یافته و به ویژه درحال توسعه دیده شده است. گرچه سموم شیمیایی از اجزاء ضروری کشاورزی مدرن است، اما یکی از منابع مهم آلودگی زیست محیطی نیز محسوب می شوند. مقاوم شدن گونه های آفات و بیماری ها و علف های هرز به سموم شیمیایی، مسمومیت ها، تخریب و فرسایش شدید خاک، آلودگی های آب ها، تاثیر سوء بر موجودات غیر هدف، تهدید سلامت انسان و تخریب محیط زیست از مهم ترین آثار این مواد شیمیایی هستند. در این راستا، مدیریت تلفیقی آفات (IPM) به عنوان یکی از فناوری های حفاظت کننده در کشاورزی پایدار معرفی می شود، این به معنی استفاده صحیح، منطقی و اصولی از آفتکش ها به عنوان ابزاری قدرتمند در کنار سایر روش هاست. بنابراین، باید به حداقل رساندن مصرف سموم شیمیایی، کاهش دوز مصرف سموم و مصرف به موقع آن ها، استفاده از آفت کش های انتخابی، غیرشیمیایی و سازگار با محیط زیست و در نهایت معرفی و بکارگیری شیوه های مدیریت تلفیقی آفات در دستور کار قرار گیرد که این روشی جهت دستیابی به توسعه پایدار در کشاورزی است. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

383 - Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals Risk of Consuming Fish Species from Oguta Lake, Imo State, Nigeria
Verla Andrew wirnkor Opara Alexander Iheanyichukwu Enyoh Christian Ebere Verla Evelyn Ngozi Ohazurike Natheniel C Okoro U. Kingsley Ibe Francis Chizoruo Ahuocha Pauline Amaka

10.22034/jchr.2020.584959.1017

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

384 - Effect of silica Nanoparticles on Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Under Salinity Stress
Manizheh Kalteh Zarrin Taj Alipour Shahram Ashraf Maryam Marashi Aliabadi Alireza Falah Nosratabadi

10.22034/jchr.2018.544075

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

385 - Characterizing Changes of Heavy Metals in the Soils from Different Urban Location of Borujerd, Lorestan Province, Iran
Eisa Solgi Abolfazl Khodadadi Mohsen Mohammadi Galangashi

10.22034/jchr.2017.544182

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

386 - Induction of Oxidative Stress and Anatomical Changes by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Medicago sativa L.
Leyla Jafari Maryam Khoshsokhan-Mozaffar Elahe vatankhah

10.22034/jchr.2018.544199

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

387 - Theoretical Study of Relation among Structural Parameter and Water Decontamination Behaviors of some Drugs in Presence of Carbon Nanotube
Vahhab Fattahimehr Farhad Khamchin Moghadam Hadi Khatami Mashhadi

10.22034/jchr.2018.544201

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

388 - Changes Germination, Growth and Anatomy Vicia ervilia in Response to Light Crude Oil Stress
Bahareh Lorestani Nasrin Kolahchi Mahshid Ghasemi Mehrdad Cheraghi

10.22034/jchr.2018.544056

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

389 - Survey the Effect of Oil Pollution on Morphological Characteristics in Faba Vulgaris and Vicia Ervilia
B. Lorestani N. kolahchi M. Ghasemi M. Cheraghi N. Yousefi

10.22034/jchr.2018.543998

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

390 - Tolerance and Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Descurainia sophia L.
Hoda Karamooz Akbar Safipour Afshar Fatemeh Saeid Nematpour Saeid Nematpour

10.22034/jchr.2016.544129

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

391 - The Effect of the Unpleasant Odor of Gohar Rood River in Rasht on the Quality of Life of Human Communities
Azadeh Mohammadi golrang Fatemeh Shariati Shahab Shariati Mehdi Assmar

10.22034/jchr.2021.1911778.1198

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

392 - Lead Contamination in Playgrounds in Tuzla (Bosnia and Herzegovina)-environmental and Children Health Risk Assessment
Maida &Scaron;ljivić Husejnović Esmeralda Dautović Adaleta Softić

10.22034/jchr.2020.1908960.1176

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

393 - Pollution Assessment of Trace Metals in Ground Waters (Case Study: Meshgin Shahr County)
Nafiseh Rezapour Andabili Mahsa Safaripour

10.22034/jchr.2020.1902942.1150

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

394 - Ecological Risk Assessment and Pollution Models of Trace Metal Concentrations in Road Dust in parts of Enugu, Southeastern Nigeria
Chigozie Bright Ichu Jushua Ifeanyichukwu Ume Alexander Iheanyichukwu Opara Francis Chizoruo Ibe

10.22034/jchr.2021.1896397.1116

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

395 - Heavy Metals Contamination and Distribution in Drinking Water from Urban Area of Mashhad City in Northeast Iran: Implications for Water Quality Assessment
Batoul Zarif Gharaati Oftadeh Belin Tavakoly Sany Hossein Alidadi Mohammad Zangouei Reza Barati Atefeh Naseri Mohammad Tafaghodi

10.22034/jchr.2021.1931089.1312

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

396 - Measurement of the Toxic Trace Elements in Commercial Wheat Flours: Potential Health Risk via Dietary Intake
Seyyed Mohammad Ali Noori Reza Zadehdabagh Nahid Najafi Leila Tishezan Mehrnoush Zerehpoush Seyed Mohammad Hosein Mousavi Jazayeri Mohammad Hashemi Seyedeh Belin Tavakoly Sany

10.22034/jchr.2021.1935256.1354

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

397 - Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy metals in Cow Milks from Selected Local Government Areas of Kano state, Nigeria
S. Nasiru S.M. Dambazau M. Garba Abba Babandi A.M. wudil

10.22034/jchr.2022.1934016.1345

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

398 - Spatial Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Sediments of Lake Qarun Wetland, Egypt
Yasser El-Amier Hala Fakhry El-Sayed F. El-Halawany Hatem K. Adday

10.22034/jchr.2022.1933091.1334

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

399 - Source of Microplastic Pollution Within Human Stool in the Surabaya River Basin Area
Edza Wikurendra Sofi Aini Imre Nagy Globila Nurika Novera Herdiani Shamsul Shamsudin

10.22034/jchr.2022.1940009.1406

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

400 - Environmental Survey on Microbial Contamination in Two Public Hospitals in Qazvin
Mohadeseh Choubdar Shagahyegh Mousavi Zohreh Naghdali Faezeh Mohammadi Milad Mousazadeh Ahmad Nikpey

10.22034/jchr.2022.1897883.1126

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

401 - Metal Pollution and Ecological Risk in Water from Chanomi Creek, Warri, Niger Delta, Nigeria
Amarachi Onyena Joseph Nkwoji Lucian Chukwu Emeka Ifediba Onyenmechi Afonne Dokuboba Amachree

10.22034/jchr.2023.1986623.1751

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

402 - Evaluation of Metal Concentration (Hg, Zn, Cu, Co, Sn, Ag, Cr and Ni) in Influent & Effluent water of Dental Clinics' units
Mohammadreza Malekipour Esfahani Farzaneh Shirani Maryam Ahmadi Shima Ghaderi

10.22034/jchr.2022.1959189.1555

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

403 - A Comparison of Bird Feathers and Plant Leaves as a Biological Tool for Assessing Air Pollution by some Heavy Elements
Asaad Alhesnawi

10.22034/jchr.2023.1927565.1294

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

404 - Trace Metals Content of Soil around a Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite in Gombe, Nigeria: Assessing the Ecological and Human Health Impact
Mohammad Sulaiman Jonnie Asegbeloyin Janefrances Ihedioha Ebube Oyeka Esther Oji

10.22034/jchr.2019.668183

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

405 - Adsorption and Removal of Pollutants (dyes) from Wastewater Using Different Types of Low-cost Adsorbents: A review
Ahmed B. Mahdi Aseel M. Aljeboree Ayad F. Alkaim

10.22034/jchr.2021.682032

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

406 - The Evaluation and Comparison of Single- and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Removal of Heavy Metals from Water
Seyyedeh Sepideh Feyz Farhad Khamchin Moghadam

10.22034/jchr.2019.669295

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

407 - Removal of Toxic Congo Red Dye from Aqueous Solution Using a Graphene Oxide/Poly (Acrylamide-Acrylic acid) Hydrogel: Characterization, Kinetics and Thermodynamics Studies
Rafid Q. Kmal Aseel M. Aljeboree Layth S. Jasim Nadher D. Radia Ayad F. Alkaim

10.22034/jchr.2022.690303

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

408 - The Study of Fishes in Gamasiab River of the Kermanshah Province and the Effect of Pollution on Their Dispersion
شهره امینی سحر بیوکانی جعفر سرخوش

In this survay that was conducted from July 1388 in 6 months, to identify fish species composition and their abundance in Gamasiab river of the Kermanshah Province and study of effect of industrial pollutions on dispersion of species, monthly sampling had been done on t More

In this survay that was conducted from July 1388 in 6 months, to identify fish species composition and their abundance in Gamasiab river of the Kermanshah Province and study of effect of industrial pollutions on dispersion of species, monthly sampling had been done on the fishes by cast net in 3 stations. Studied stations were determined from up to down of the river, respectively: station 1 was in upside of the river nearness Samangan-e-sofla village, station 2 in Chehr bridge region and station 3 was in Sorkheh-deh region. In this project, to catch the samples only used from cast net with 1.5 cm meshes. According to the results of studying on the 486 fish speciments, 25 species of 5 families were identified: Minnows (Cyprinidae), River Loaches (Balitoridae), Catfishes (Sisoridae), Catfishes (Bagridae) and Spiny eels (Mastacembelidae) which had 20, 2, 1, 1 and 1 species in the studied region, respectively. Among identified families, Cyprinidae were the dominant fishes in whole of region and after that were Balitoridae. Also the results showed that the minimum caught species were in station 2 or near the source of polluting of the river and the maximum species found in station 3 or far from the source of pollution. In the other hand, industrial pollution and the waste of factories were effected on the dispersion of fishes and due to decrease the diversity of them and distance of the pollution due to increase the diversity of fishes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

409 - Comparison of the Toxic Effects of Pars 2 and Gamlen as Oil Pollution Dispersants on Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Sima Nikbakht Mahnaz Sadat Sadeghi Mozhgn Emtyazjoo

10.22034/ascij.2022.1957620.1386

Oil pollution has become one of the main challenges facing marine ecosystems. Oil spills from oil tankers, marine accidents and emissions from oil platforms have always been known as oil pollution in the marine environment. In this research, the toxicity of Pars 2 dispe More

Oil pollution has become one of the main challenges facing marine ecosystems. Oil spills from oil tankers, marine accidents and emissions from oil platforms have always been known as oil pollution in the marine environment. In this research, the toxicity of Pars 2 dispersants, Gamlen, oil and combination of oil with each of these dispersants on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was investigated. These experiments were carried out on common carp (500 ± 37.50 grams) in the same laboratory conditions. The number of deaths in each treatment was counted every 24 hours. The number of casualties was entered in Excel software and the LC50 values of each combination were calculated using Probit specialized software. The obtained values were analyzed by SPSS statistical software. Based on the statistical results, the toxicity level of Gameln dispersant was evaluated to be much higher than that of Pars2 dispersant. Considering the fact that the higher the LC50 value, the less toxic the substance is, it can be concluded that the Pars2 dispersant is more toxic than the Gamlen dispersant. The value of LC50 cannot be the only indicator of the quality of a dispersant. RET calculated for Pars2 dispersant was higher than the amount calculated for Gameln dispersant. According to the obtained information, it seems that the Gamlen dispersant has more efficiency and less toxicity for aquatic animals than the Pars2 dispersant. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

410 - Comparing the effect of aerobic exercise in clean and polluted air on the responses of interleukin-6 and Reactive Protein-C in the active people
Naser Rabbani Farzaneh Taghian

10.30486/epp.2022.1965631.1000

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

411 - Evaluating the effectiveness of green marketing of socio-economic organizations in reducing environmental pollution
Hojjat Nazari Sadegh Zibakalam Mohammad Reza Parvin

10.22034/ap.2021.1913943.1083

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

412 - Identifying Anthropogenic Factors of Groundwater Pollution through Students’ Opinion in Rural West Bengal
Archan Mitra Biplab Chowdhury

10.22034/ap.2019.668547

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

413 - Validation of Networking Approach in Environmental Policy in IRAN to Decrease Environmental Pollution by Factor Analysis Method
Seyed Hossein Hosseini Karam Allah Daneshfard Gholam-Reza Memarzadeh Tehran Hooman Bahmanpour

10.22034/ap.2019.668486

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

414 - Identify Ways to Reduce Noise Pollution in Aircraft Hangars
Alireza Bagheri fatemeh razavian Behnoush Khoshmanesh

10.22034/ap.2019.668487

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

415 - Investigation of Ambient Aromatic Volatile Organic Compounds in Mosimi Petroleum Products Depot, Sagamu, Nigeria
ismail muhibbu-din

10.22034/ap.2020.1892154.1060

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

416 - Waste Water Pollution zoning of sensitive coastal-marine areas with an environmental protection approach (Study area: Boujagh International Park and International Wetland)
Atefeh Mahdi Dariush Karimi Parvin Farshchi Mostafa Panahi

10.22034/ap.2021.1910782.1080

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

417 - Comparison of the application of Heavy metals adsorption methods from aqueous solutions for development of sustainable environment
Hamid Gooran Ourimi Mehdi Nezhadnaderi

10.22034/ap.2020.1902797.1066

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

418 - Typology of Environmental Crimes in Iran (Case Study: Crimes Related to Environmental Pollution)
Hossein Rabani Askar Jalalian Mansoor Pournouri

10.22034/ap.2020.1903703.1067

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

419 - Assessing the risk of environmental pollution caused by tourism activities (recreation - sports) in natural environments of Shahrood County
Sepideh Hosseini Dinani SEYED MOSTAFA TAYEBI SANI Bagher Morsal Ali fahiminejad

10.22034/ap.2020.1904167.1072

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

420 - Investigation of physicochemical properties of water in downstream areas of selected dams in Aras catchment and water quality assessment (Case study: Aras catchment in the border area of Iran and Armenia)
Ebrahim Safizadeh Dariush Karimi Hamid Reza Gahfarzadeh Seyed Abbas Pourhashemi

10.22034/ap.2021.1912491.1082

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

421 - Arsenic and Lead Removal from Water by Nano-photocatalytic Systems (A Review)
Shaghayegh Sadr Amir Ershad Langroudi Arezoo Nejaei Ahmad Rabiee Nabiollah Mansouri

10.22034/ap.2021.1924078.1094

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

422 - Measurement of sound level in sports clubs with the approach of maintaining the health of athletes
Ling-Hsiang Chang Hooman Bahmanpour Ali fahiminejad

10.22034/ap.2021.1923139.1089

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

423 - Qualitative Zoning of Groundwater to Assessment Suitable Drinking Water Using GIS Software in Mohammad Shahr, Meshkinshahr, and Mahdasht in Alborz Province
atousa abbasi Lobat Taghavi Mahdi Sarai Tabrizi

10.22034/ap.2021.1907787.1076

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

424 - Application of Steam Enhanced Extraction method on BTEX contaminated soil in a Nigerian petroleum depot and Automobile workshop sites in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria.
ismail muhibbu-din isaac ayodele

10.22034/ap.2021.1931233.1107

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

425 - Impact of Climatic Changes and Global Warming on Water Availability
Shabbir Hussain Muhammad Aslam Mohsin Javed Manzar Zahra Haroon Ejaz Khadeja-al- kubra Iqra Mushtaq

10.22034/ap.2021.1926893.1100

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

426 - Investigating the place of international law in the protection of the marine environment against Transportation of hazardous chemicals
Hooman Fathi Seyed Bagher Mirabbasi Mansoor Pournoori

10.22034/ap.2022.1942517.1120

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

427 - A Strategic Management Plan for Reducing Air Pollution Using the SWOT Model: A Case Study of District 2 of Tehran Municipality
Reza Moghadam Seyed Ali Jozi Rokhshad Hejazi Mojgan Zaeimdar Saeed Malmasi

10.22034/ap.2021.1928790.1105

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

428 - An Interval Type-2 Fuzzy LSTM Algorithm for Modeling Environmental Time-Series Prediction
Aref Safari Rahil Hosseini

10.22034/ap.2022.1963124.1133

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

429 - Zoning of the southern coastal region of the IRAN based on Pollution of water resources (Case study: Minoo Island)
Hamid Rahmati parvin farshchi Mansoor Pournoori

10.22034/ap.2022.1951890.1128

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

430 - Risk assessment of PM2.5 on the health of citizens (Case study: district 10 of Tehran)
Maryam Ahmadi Askar Jalalian Ali Faghih Habibi

10.22034/ap.2021.1939797.1117

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

431 - Investigating the role of origami algorithm in facades of high-rise buildings to reduce visual pollution and improve urban landscape quality
Tabassom Tabasi Amir Farajolahi Rod Vahid Ahmadi Hamid Reza Shoaei

10.57647/j.jap.2023.0702.16

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

432 - Investigation of wet spraying system to control dust pollution in mines (A case study )
Mahmoud Makkiabadi Sara Yaghoobi Mohammad Saleh Haj Mohammadi

10.22034/ap.2022.1960859.1131

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

433 - Assessment of BTEX Concentrations Along Hakim Expressway: A Case Study from Milad Tower to Resalat Tunnel
arsalan keramat shahrzad khoram nejadian farid gholamreza fahimi samira ghiasi

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

434 - Pollution and environmental risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in surface sediments of Zayandeh-Rood River, Isfahan Province, Iran
Raed Shwetir Marwah Atefeh Chamani

10.22034/ap.2023.1992681.1165

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

435 - The Relationship between Cadmium Pollution, Soil Biology, and Atropa Belladonna Growth
Maria Del Carmen Delgado Laime CESAR RUBEN CASTRO LOPEZ Roger Oswaldo Poccohuanca-Aguilar Juan-Jes&uacute;s Garrido-Arismendis Linda-Katherine Carrillo-De la Cruz

10.57647/j.jap.2023.0702.17

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

436 - Investigating the effect of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) on Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria as an indicator of water contamination
Noushin i Osouleddin Amir Hesam Mahlooji Mohammad Abdollahzadeh

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

437 - The Concentration of Heavy Metals in Precipitated Particles on the Leaves of Street Side Trees in the Urban Environments (Tehran– Iran)
Sara Abbasi Habib Ali Mohammadian Seyed Mohsen Hosseini Nematollah Khorasani Abd al-Reza Karbasi Atekeh Aslani

10.22034/apj.2017.1.1.18

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

438 - A Photographic Investigation of Tehran's Light Pollution from North and East Directions
Seyed Hamed Mirzakhalil Sepehr Arbabi Bidgoli

10.22034/apj.2017.1.1.1824

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

439 - A Review on National and International Legal Documents on Combating Sand and Dust Storms
Manijheh Ganjalinejhad Farhad Dabiri Sahar Zarei Seyed Ali Salehpour

10.22034/ap.2018.538375

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

440 - Comparing the Components of Children's Physical Fitness in Relation to the Role of Air Pollution in Tehran, Iran
Masoud Imanzadeh Amir Dana Zynalabedin Fallah Amir hamzeh Sabzi Manouchehr Tatari Hasan Gavyar

10.22034/apj.2017.1.1.3439

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

441 - Statistical Analysis of Dez River Water Quality, Southwest of Iran
Naser Ebadati

10.22034/apj.2017.1.1.4660

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

442 - Prediction of Ground-Level Air Pollution Using Artificial Neural Network in Tehran
Afshin Khoshand Mahshid Shahbazi Sehrani Hamidreza Kamalan Siamak Bodaghpour

10.22034/apj.2017.1.1.6167

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

443 - Control of Air Pollution by Shell (Architectural Solutions to Control Air Pollution in Ahvaz)
Anahid Sasan Reza Behbehani Hassan Ebrahimy Asl

Environmental pollution caused by climate change and human factors caused by the increase in the world's population and as a result of the uncontrolled development of cities, has caused problems in settlements. These include declining quality of living environment and r More

Environmental pollution caused by climate change and human factors caused by the increase in the world's population and as a result of the uncontrolled development of cities, has caused problems in settlements. These include declining quality of living environment and residential buildings. This research has sought to control environmental pollution in the building space as the main goal. In order to solve this problem, construction shells have been selected as a solution and three different types with three different approaches of biological shells, intelligent moving shells and two-shell facades have been studied, analyzed and proposed. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of this research, combined methods and using different sciences have been used to do it. The research is applied in nature, to explain the theoretical framework and collect data, as well as to select the influential components, it has benefited from the study of the background effective on the subject, as well as the field method. In order to obtain the number of pollutants entering the building in each of the models, the simulation method has been used using related software. Data analysis and evaluation has been done through simulation method. One of the results of this research was to present a model to be used in the city of Ahvaz in order to control environmental pollution. At the end, after observing the analysis of the studied indicators in the current state of the building, the proposed models were also analyzed and reviewed and the results were presented in the form of a diagram. Comparing the current situation with the first model, the number of environmental pollutants, both outside the building and adjacent to the building wall and inside the building, has decreased significantly. This is despite the fact that the reduction of pollutants has increased compared to the current situation with the second model, and the proposed measures and model have been fully effective Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

444 - Artificial Intelligence in Standard Localization of Green Buildings in Iran
Mohamad Rajabi Javad Majrouhi Sardroud Ali Kheyroddin

Residential buildings consume a major part of energy, soil and natural materials and play a large role in environmental pollution. Energy consumption in Iran is increasing by 270% in the last 20 years. One of the basic solutions to reduce use of fossil fuels, soil and n More

Residential buildings consume a major part of energy, soil and natural materials and play a large role in environmental pollution. Energy consumption in Iran is increasing by 270% in the last 20 years. One of the basic solutions to reduce use of fossil fuels, soil and natural materials is the implementation of green buildings. Green buildings reduce the use of natural sand and soil and are generally replaced by micro-produced waste from various industries and mines. Unfortunately, unlike many countries in world, Iran does not have a native green standard and most investors do not have information about benefits of this type of building. In this research, using opinions of experts in the first stage to identify the advantages and obstacles of the implementation of green buildings and in the second stage, using 6 green standards of the world, a total of 68 items in 5 seasons of site, water, energy, materials and the quality of the indoor environment. It has been identified for the native green standard in Iran. The results of 103 questionnaires indicate that the lack of knowledge about green buildings is the biggest obstacle and the high potential of renewable energy production is introduced as the biggest necessity for the implementation of green buildings. Also, among the total number of green standard items, the optimal performance of energy consumption and the use of renewable energies have been identified as the most influential parameters. Finally, based on artificial intelligence, the total green standard score has been calculated. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

445 - Effect Biochar on the absorption of lead in phytoremediation of contaminated soils by maize (Zea mays L.)
Omid Haji Najafi Mohammadreza Momayezi Hossein Ali Sheibani1

Biochar as a process of pyrolysis of organic compounds and having specific characteristics which can absorb the material, leaching of nutrients and heavy metals affect. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Biochar the amount of Pb in the plant maize (Zea mays L More

Biochar as a process of pyrolysis of organic compounds and having specific characteristics which can absorb the material, leaching of nutrients and heavy metals affect. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Biochar the amount of Pb in the plant maize (Zea mays L.) in a greenhouse at the research farm of Islamic Azad University of Varamin in crop year 1394 was conducted. Factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three replications. Pb at a concentration of zero, 50, 100 and 200 milligrams per kilogram of lead sulfate salt supply Pb SO4 (respectively P0, P1, P2 and P3) as well as taking Biochar (charcoal made from almond wood) with a ratio of zero, 20 and 40% (respectively B0, B1 and B2) were considered as treatments. The results showed effects Biochar the weight of fresh and dry biomass, biomass, fresh root, stem and leaf concentration of lead in the five-percent probability level was significant. The results showed Biochar effects on fresh and dry weight, root fresh weight, the concentration of lead in roots and leaves were significant at the level of five percent. The highest shoot dry weight of the treatment (no biochar) and 50 mg Pb kg with 1.431 hot and the lowest shoot dry weight of 200 milligrams of lead per kilogram of treatment and lack of biochar with hot 0.261 at the root of the treatment of 100 mg Pb kg and 40 wt% biochar with 1.368 mg per kg and the lowest lead concentration at the root of the control (no lead) and 20 percent by weight biochar with 0.617 mg kg and the highest lead concentration in stems from the treatment of 200 mg Pb kg (and lack of biochar) with (1.239 mg kg) and the lowest concentration of lead in the stem of the treatment (no lead) and 20 percent by weight biochar (1.001 g) and the highest concentration of lead in leaves of treatment, 40% biochar with 1.941 mg per kg and the lowest lead concentration in leaves related to the treatment of 100 mg per kg of lead and 40% biochar with 0.166 mg kg. The results of this study suggest that lead pollution is causing negative effects on morphological and physiological characteristics of corn.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

446 - Survey the Amount of Heavy Metals in species leaf around cement production industries (Case study: Payvand Golestan cement factory)
Keivan Saeb Solaiman Ghorbanzadeh Saeed Kardar Robabeh Khadami

Air pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems in Golestan. Each day, a tremendous amount of toxic and fatal gases, different kinds of pollutants, perilous floating particles produced by cars, factories, industrial workshops, power plants and residentia More

Air pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems in Golestan. Each day, a tremendous amount of toxic and fatal gases, different kinds of pollutants, perilous floating particles produced by cars, factories, industrial workshops, power plants and residential buildings are added to the air. Largely due to the increasing demand for cement, cement production industries around Golestan have increased their daily production. Toxic gases and hazardous particulates that release into environment from cement factories have considered as the environmental problems. Cement factory emissions into air cause serious air pollution and affect the plant and animal life in the environment. This  study characterized the levels of heavy metals of the leaves near a cement factory. The concentration of eight se lected heavy metals(Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Bi, Ba) were measured on 24 leaves from Quercus and Paliurus  spina and Phragmitesaus tralis samples (1-2 m) collected near a cement plant via inductively coupled plasma/mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). SPSS whit 0.05 was used for statistically data analyzing. Results showed The average concentration of heavy metals from Quercus and Paliurus spina and Phragmitesaustralis samples Were not statistically significant in other words, the absorption is the same. There is a significant difference in the cd with Paliurus spina. In other words, Paliurus spina absorb cadmium from others. The concentration of toxic metals in the leaves of plants studied area of heavy metals in the air and leaves the adsorption   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

447 - Comparison of Disgust Propensity Sensitivity, Emotion Regulation and Mindfulness in people with and without Washing/Pollution Obsession
jila hasani abdollah omidi zahra zanjani

Washing/pollution obsession is one of the most common types of obsessive-compulsive disorders in the world. When faced with certain situations, people with this disorder are more prone to experience disgust and have more trouble in resisting their negative emotions, and More

Washing/pollution obsession is one of the most common types of obsessive-compulsive disorders in the world. When faced with certain situations, people with this disorder are more prone to experience disgust and have more trouble in resisting their negative emotions, and in obsessive situations, they act with lower awareness and a more judgmental view. The purpose of this research was to compare the disgust propensity sensitivity, emotion regulation and mindfulness in people with and without washing/pollution obsessions. For this purpose, during a comparative study, 30 people with washing/pollution obsession and 30 people without washing/pollution obsession were selected by convenience sampling method and evaluated in terms of disgust propensity sensitivity, mindfulness and emotion regulation. The results of statistical analysis showed that people with washing/pollution obsessive compulsive disorder experience more disgust propensity sensitivity and have less mindfulness skills. The findings of this research indicate the importance of emotional and cognitive functions of these people in their more effective functioning. Manuscript profile

List of Articles pollution

Sanad

Links

Related Centers

Technical Support

Official pages