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Open Access Article
1 - Evolution of Mazandaran Rural Cultural Landscape During the First Pahlavi Era
Mehrdad Divsalar Mohammad Hossein Farajiha Mohammad Noormohammadi NajafabadiThe first Pahlavi era is a turning point in the historical geography of Mazandaran in the view of landscape school. Major changes occurred in different parts of the geographical landscape of Mazandaran during this period. Urban livelihoods and morphology evolved, modern MoreThe first Pahlavi era is a turning point in the historical geography of Mazandaran in the view of landscape school. Major changes occurred in different parts of the geographical landscape of Mazandaran during this period. Urban livelihoods and morphology evolved, modern reforms took place in agriculture and industry and also the rural cultural landscape changed a great deal. The evolution of rural cultural landscape was influenced by various factors. Research findings indicate that modernization of agriculture, creation of railways, industry, and especially fisheries and rural migration which were influenced by various factors, were the most important components of evolving rural cultural landscape during the first Pahlavi era. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Guidelines of Designing the Urban Agriculture Landscape According to the Persian Garden Prototype
Mohammad Reza KhalilnezhadUrban agriculture encompasses all production activities in urban areas and their surrounding regions. While in the past two decades, worldwide interest in urban agriculture has rapidly increased, Iranian administrations and researchers did not pay adequate attention to MoreUrban agriculture encompasses all production activities in urban areas and their surrounding regions. While in the past two decades, worldwide interest in urban agriculture has rapidly increased, Iranian administrations and researchers did not pay adequate attention to this significant field of landscape and urbanism. Persian garden is one of the main capabilities of Iranian cities in the field of urban agriculture. Although many studies have previously been carried out on the Persian garden, the agricultural landscapes of the historical gardens have yet remained neglected. However, one aspect of the Persian garden that has received little attention is the circumstances of integrating the agricultural and recreational landscapes into the garden design system. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to provide functional suggestions on acquiring the multidimensional identity of the productive landscapes of the Persian garden as a multifunctional open space for the landscapes and green spaces' design projects to be carried out in the future. Landscape architects in Iran are educated and trained to understand design considerations for establishing a public green space. But most of these professionals do not have sufficient experience in utilizing the Iranian tradition of landscaping. For a long time, the agricultural and productive identity of the Persian garden has been forgotten and neglected. Thus, this study seeks to answer the following questions: What spatial features in Persian gardens can provide the criteria for designing new multifunctional landscapes? Based on the Persian garden model, which planning and design considerations should be considered by landscape architects to integrate agriculture into public landscapes? This study was benefited from two research methods, including the design of research and case study. The basic data were collected from library sources, interviews with garden managers, experts and consultants, and some gardeners on seven historic gardens. Field studies were also carried out by the author in three different provinces (South Khorasan, Yazd, and Kerman). Having a specialized toolbox of the guidelines for integrating the agricultural landscape into the development of open spaces can be a significant challenge for landscape designers. This study showed that historical landscapes and Persian gardens can provide local and traditional criteria for planning and designing productive landscapes (consisting of edible and non-edible plants). As a basic guideline, the agricultural fields and the recreational zones should be separated. The second guideline states that access to the edible landscape in the Persian garden has special rules that provide access to the garden fruits under a hierarchical system. Thus, by applying the creativity of the environment design, the agricultural scenery will come to the attention of the visitors in the form of discovery and intuition. Besides, the visual combination of both edible and ornamental plant systems enhances the aesthetic sceneries of the landscape. Therefore, under the experience of the Persian garden, the visual approach to urban agriculture should not be underestimated. The next guideline is the importance of continuing physical separation and visual composition throughout the site and not limiting the application of these guidelines to some places. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Genetically modified foods: Pros and cons for human health
Fatemeh Karami Peyman Mahasti Shotorbani -
Open Access Article
4 - The Perception of Greenhouse Owners about Environmental, Economical and Social Aspects of Sustainable Agriculture in Iran
S. J. F. Hosseini F. Mohammadi S. M. Mirdamadi S. M. Hosseini -
Open Access Article
5 - Agricultural Researchers' Attitudes toward Sustainable Agriculture and its Determinants in ILAM Province, Iran
N. Shiri S.M.K. hashemi A. Asadi Z. Motamedinia -
Open Access Article
6 - Factors Affecting the Partnership between Public and Private Sectors in Developing Agricultural Biotechnology
S. J. Hosseini S. Bahram Nejad -
Open Access Article
7 - Determining Research, Education, and Extension Requirements for Application of the Precision Agricultural System in Iran
M. Omidi- Najafabadi S. Bahramnejad -
Open Access Article
8 - Biogas Technology, Applications, Perspectives and Implications
Sh. Shokri -
Open Access Article
9 - To study employed women's productivity in central offices of Agriculture Bank of Islamic Republic of Iran
هادی رزقی شیرسوار وحید محمودی حمیرا پای خوانIntroduction and Objective : Among effective factors on organization productivity, human resources are of effective and determinant role. Naturally, every organization must make particularly attempt for quality and promotion and optimizing its human resources to ob MoreIntroduction and Objective : Among effective factors on organization productivity, human resources are of effective and determinant role. Naturally, every organization must make particularly attempt for quality and promotion and optimizing its human resources to obtain its outlook and development goals. According to the importance of productivity in management and variation and importance of women role in productivity, a main goal of this research is to study the situation of women productivity in Agriculture Bank. Methods : This study is application in terms of goal and descriptive‐survey in terms of executed method. In this study, statistical population includes all employed women staffs in central o ffices of Agriculture Bank, the number of which is 384 peoples. Sample size of this study was calculated 195 peoples through Kergeksy and Morgan table that related sample were randomly selected through related population. Study tool of this research is Moghimi (2010) standard ques onnaire. Mentioned questionnaire involves in studying productivity in two dimensions in terms of management: human resources and productivity. Justifiability of questionnaire was apparently approved. Assessing questionnaire stability was calculated through Conbach's alpha coefficient after performing preliminary study and verifying variance of questions that this stability score (Cronbach's alpha) was calculated 0.901. Results: According to load factor of each factor and literature of productivity and questionnaire content, obtained factors can be called as follow: first factor: human resources productivity; second factor: productivity is correct in a management views. Conclusions: Obtained results from done research showed that the components of women productivity in Agriculture Bank is assessed in high level in a sample individuals view. But in human resources productivity due to practical average has no significant difference with theoretical average, it can be reasoned that the situation of human resources productivity of employed women in Agriculture Bank is in mediate level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Agriculture Products Insurance Assessment of Iran with Sustainable Agriculture Approach
Hamdollah Pishro Parvaneh. Azizi Roza AzarkamadIn general, insurance is a form of risk management used to hedge against acontingent loss. Agriculture insurance is a special line of property insurance applied toagricultural firms. As well as Agriculture insurance is one of the most efficient waysof managing the risks MoreIn general, insurance is a form of risk management used to hedge against acontingent loss. Agriculture insurance is a special line of property insurance applied toagricultural firms. As well as Agriculture insurance is one of the most efficient waysof managing the risks inherent to farming. Sustainable agriculture integrates threemain goals-environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economicequity. Agriculture insurance is one of sustainable agriculture economics dimension.The aim of the study is to analyzes Agriculture insurance of Iran. The report starts withthe description of sustainable development definition and Sustainable agricultureindexes. Than evaluate the performance of agriculture insurance deals during 2006-2007. Gardens and farms are highly vulnerable, because are low water resources andIran is located on the desert region.The findings of this study show that implementation of agriculture insurance, risk ofoperating in this sector has reduced somewhat. Also performed calculations shows thatthe farmers funds received has been able to produce only 10 percent of the productcost. Other results show that only 12 percent of the garden farm country s have beensubject to insurance. So Iran agriculture is less stable in terms of agriculture insurance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - The study and analizing rolestructure of agriculture rurals of khorgam of roodbar township
Teimour Amarstarting of economic in rurals shuld be known as the result of the making of agriealture in fact agriealture had and has a much role in tgeir economic tissue. Although rural societies don,t adjust this activities but the agricultural role in human settlement, syst Morestarting of economic in rurals shuld be known as the result of the making of agriealture in fact agriealture had and has a much role in tgeir economic tissue. Although rural societies don,t adjust this activities but the agricultural role in human settlement, system of economic production , patter of feeding and many ordinary aspect of population in rural cannot be denied.in this research that is a bout the importance of agricultural in economic system and is a bout the importance of agricultural in economic system and livelihood of rural society, one of the bourdary of rodbar township( guilan province) has been searched . collecting and processing of information has been used in the processof current research and the role of agriculture in the system of income and livelihood of the area of rurals has been evaluated and the necessary soulotion for removing the existing problem has presented. The result of this research show that there is a strong realationchip between the index of population of rural regions and the value of economic production of agricultural, meanwhile operation from the potential area could creat an expectation that in the economic operation of area, agriculture can have a better position than present Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Strategic Planning for Urban Agriculture Development by SWOT (Case Study: Dogonbadan city of GACHSARAN
سجاد Valipoor M.R Akbari کیانوش ZakerhaghighiIntroduction and purpose: Urban agriculture development is important due to the increasing population people in the Earth. Urban agriculture development as an important issue need to planning. So, the purpose of this study is to formulate development strategies for urba MoreIntroduction and purpose: Urban agriculture development is important due to the increasing population people in the Earth. Urban agriculture development as an important issue need to planning. So, the purpose of this study is to formulate development strategies for urban agriculture. Method: The goal of this research is the applicability and method of data collection is survey and control of the experiment. The Study populations are municipality staff in Dogonbadan City of GACHSARAN that is 129 people. The city's geographical position 50 ° 20 'east longitude and 30 degrees 20 minutes north latitude, the average altitude is 709 meters above sea level.The method of data collection was done in two stages, the first stage semi-structured interview method use for identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and second stage questionnaire were survey. The sample size was determined 97 by Morgan Table. Then, SWOT method use to analyze strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats. Result: The result of this research showed in two table of internal and external factors and 36 strategies were presented that can help urban agriculture development. Conclusion: The results showed that the organization cannot responded to opportunities and threats, previous strategies is inappropriate for urban agriculture development. Then, Change in Strategy is necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Investigation of economic, social, cultural and managerial mechanisms in urban agriculture development (Case study of Karaj city)
Moharram-Ali Torabi Seyed Jamal Farajolah-Hosseini Seyed Mehdi Mirdamadi Farhad LashgararaDue to the growing population in cities, one of the most neglected issues is the urban agricultural development. This study seeks to investigate the impact of economic, social, cultural and managerial mechanisms on the development of urban agriculture in the Kraj city. MoreDue to the growing population in cities, one of the most neglected issues is the urban agricultural development. This study seeks to investigate the impact of economic, social, cultural and managerial mechanisms on the development of urban agriculture in the Kraj city. This research is of applied type and after presenting the basics of the subject and research background, the data obtained from the distribution of the questionnaire in the statistical population of 127 experts have been analyzed using Smart-PLS software. Based on the results of this study, the KMO number (greater than 0.7) and the significance number of Bartlett test (<0.05sig) indicate the appropriate factor analysis for the data. The results of this study indicate the appropriateness of all questions in the process of factor analysis and because the number of subscriptions to the questions is more than 0.5, the validity of the questions has been confirmed. Also, after analyzing the results in this study, it was found that four assumptions of this study, including economic mechanisms, social mechanisms, cultural mechanisms and management mechanisms and related items have affected the development of urban agriculture in Karaj. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Fuzzy Analysis of Social context of Economic Development in Agriculture of Iran
mahmoud teimouri hossein akbari hossein mirzaei mohammad mobarakiThe present study is an attempt to explain the the mechanisms and social impacts on economic development in the agricultural sector by extracting the causal and hybrid route. The method of this study is comparative-quantitative and the data set of 31 provinces of the co MoreThe present study is an attempt to explain the the mechanisms and social impacts on economic development in the agricultural sector by extracting the causal and hybrid route. The method of this study is comparative-quantitative and the data set of 31 provinces of the country has been analyzed using the fuzzy logic approach. The results of the necessary and sufficient conditions showed that the condition of economic habitus (credit ethics), economic habitus (low imposed traditionalism), economic habitus (low degree of satisfaction), reciprocal economic action (work), reciprocal economic action (the expansion of instrumental relations) And the reciprocal economic action (calculation) of each alone is a necessary condition and economic habitat (economic rationality) is a sufficient condition for the outcome (agricultural development). In the causal and hybrid causalities, four causal paths of Ali were necessary based on the theoretical and experimental adequacy criteria (coefficient of coverage and adaptability), and the essential causative components that have an appropriate compatibility and coverage index, the condition of economic habitus (credit ethics ) Is common and is introduced as a necessary final condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Analysis of the influence of job satisfaction dimensions on the organizational commitment; the case of experts in Agriculture-Jahad organization of Kermanshah province
Payam Memarbashi Hamideh MaleksaeidiThis survey study aimed to investigate the influence of five dimensions of job satisfaction including satisfaction with the nature of work, satisfaction with colleagues, satisfaction with promotion, satisfaction with the supervisor and satisfaction with wages on the org MoreThis survey study aimed to investigate the influence of five dimensions of job satisfaction including satisfaction with the nature of work, satisfaction with colleagues, satisfaction with promotion, satisfaction with the supervisor and satisfaction with wages on the organizational commitment of experts in the Agriculture-Jahad organization of Kermanshah province. Data for the study was collected using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts in the Agriculture-Jahad organization of Kermanshah province which 265 of them were selected for the study based on the Kerjesi and Morgan sampling table and through stratified random sampling method. Findings of the study indicated the effect of satisfaction with the nature of work, satisfaction with the supervisor, satisfaction with wages and satisfaction with promotion have influence on the organizational commitment. Among these, satisfaction with the nature of work had the most positive and significant effect on the organizational commitment, while satisfaction with promotion had a negative effect on the organizational commitment. Based on the findings of the study, practical suggestions were made to improve the organizational commitment of experts of Agriculture-Jahad organization of Kermanshah Province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - SOAR Strategic Model; A step towards strategic planning of Iran overseas agricultural development
farzaneh Rezaee فرحناز رستمیAbstract Overseas agriculture refers to foreign investment in the agricultural sector through the purchase or lease of land lots on a large scale and exploitation in countries with a good capacity and potential in terms of production facilities and resources. Over the p MoreAbstract Overseas agriculture refers to foreign investment in the agricultural sector through the purchase or lease of land lots on a large scale and exploitation in countries with a good capacity and potential in terms of production facilities and resources. Over the past few years, there have been many actions in the field of Iran Overseas agriculture; however, surveys show that there is a deep lack of information of Iran overseas agriculture and There is still no long-term strategic planning after a few years since the introduction of an overseas agricultural debate. Therefore, in this study, using SOAR model and positivist viewpoint, Overseas agricultural strengths and opportunities were investigated. The method of research in this research is qualitative and in terms of collecting data, descriptive-analytical with the applied nature which is used for data collection from the interview and SOAR model is used for data analysis. The study population consists of 16 experts, relevant authorities and investors. The most important outcomes are expected to be the development of Overseas agriculture, the reduction of pressure on domestic resources, the acquisition of profits for producers, the supply of domestic market with external resources and the establishment of friendly relations between Iran and other countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Analyzing the effect of innovation climate on agriculture experts’ innovative behavior: The mediating role of psychological capital and creative self-efficacy
Saeid Karimi Farzaneh Ahmadi Malek Ahmad Yaghoubi FaraniThe main purpose of this study was to examine the effect of innovation climate on agriculture experts’ innovative behavior by focusing on the mediating roles of psychological capital and creative self-efficacy. The statistical population included all agriculture e MoreThe main purpose of this study was to examine the effect of innovation climate on agriculture experts’ innovative behavior by focusing on the mediating roles of psychological capital and creative self-efficacy. The statistical population included all agriculture experts in Agriculture Organization of Hamedan Province (N=400), from which 178 agriculture experts were selected as the statistical sample. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. The results of structural equation modeling indicated that psychological capital and creative self-efficacy were significantly related to agriculture experts' innovative behavior. In addition, the results showed that innovation climate was directly and positively related to agriculture experts’ creativity. The mediation analysis revealed that creative self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between innovation climate and agriculture experts’ innovative behavior. These findings help to better understand the mechanism of effect of climate innovation on agriculture experts' innovative behavior. The theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Paddy rice farmers awareness towards Organic farming in Langrud County
Fatemeh AskariBozayeh Mohammad Sadegh Allahyari Fatollah Keshavarz Maryam ArmandOrganic farming is more knowledge-intensive than input, and requires improving the knowledge of farmers. Langrud is considered as one of the important counties with a share of about 27% of rice production and one of the areas in demand for organic rice cultivation in Gu MoreOrganic farming is more knowledge-intensive than input, and requires improving the knowledge of farmers. Langrud is considered as one of the important counties with a share of about 27% of rice production and one of the areas in demand for organic rice cultivation in Guilan. The purpose of this study was to investigate the awareness of paddy rice farmers in Langrud regarding organic farming.The statistical population was paddy rice farmers in three districts with 500 people in 2018. The sample size was 211 according to the minimum sample size of Bartlett et al. A simple random sampling method was used to select this sample size. Data were collected by questionnaire. Its face and content validity was based on a survey of opinion leaders and experts. The reliability of the measurement tool was performed by a completing a questionnaire from a sample of 30 people outside the original and calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficients (0/7) .To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, correlation tests and multiple regression were used and analyzed by SPSS22. The results showed that the level of knowledge of 84.8% of the respondents was at a moderate and good level, which indicates the positive tendency of the statistical community to obtain the needed information. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Analysis of technical and managerial solutions to improve fuel efficiency in agricultural conversion and complementary industries in Kermanshah province
jafar yaghoubi sara poorjebrael Aliasghar mirakzadehAgricultural transformation and supplementary industries are one of the most important rural industries. The purpose of this research was to identify technical and managerial solutions to improve fuel efficiency in the conversion and complementary industries in Kermansh MoreAgricultural transformation and supplementary industries are one of the most important rural industries. The purpose of this research was to identify technical and managerial solutions to improve fuel efficiency in the conversion and complementary industries in Kermanshah province. Descriptive survey method was used in this research. A questionnaire used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by a panel of faculty member and related experts. Pre-test and calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were used to measure the reliability (0.71-0.94). Managers of agricultural transformation and supplementary industries units in Kermanshah province formed the population of this study (N=69) and 46 samples were selected using stratified random sampling. Based on exploratory factor analysis, the most important technical solutions to improve fuel efficiency in the agricultural conversion and supplementary industries of Kermanshah province was summarized in six factors including continuous updating of equipment, strengthening the use of equipment to reduce energy loss, automation of ventilation machines, technical management of systems, replacement of fuel with gas and periodical service of equipment. These factors explained 76.14 percent of the total variance of technical solutions. Management solutions to improve fuel efficiency were also summarized in four factors: investment in optimization and renovation, education and information, targeted government interventions with an optimization approach and reforming energy price policies, which explained 75.52% of the total variance of management solutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Strategies for creating employment in the agricultural sector and preventing rural youth migration: A case study of Kaboudar Ahang city, Hamadan
Behrooz Saraei Azita Zand Fahima KhosravaniThe phenomenon of migration of rural youth to cities is one of the most important reasons for not achieving the goals of rural development. Because rural youth are considered as human capital and the lack of employment is an important issue for them that inevitably forc MoreThe phenomenon of migration of rural youth to cities is one of the most important reasons for not achieving the goals of rural development. Because rural youth are considered as human capital and the lack of employment is an important issue for them that inevitably forces most of the youth to migrate. Based on this, the main question of the research was, which factors are effective in creating employment in the agricultural sector and preventing the migration of rural youth, and which ones have more priority? This research was conducted in 12 villages of Kabudar Ahang. The statistical population consisted of 100,000 people in 124 villages, of which 384 young people were randomly selected using Morgan's table. The data was collected through a questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS and PLS software and using the Friedman test. Examining the results of the hypotheses test showed that among the various factors investigated, the economic factor with an average of 3.9 ranks first. This shows that the economic factor is the most important factor of migration from Kabudrahang villages. Also, the geographical-climatic factor has the lowest average of 2.96. It also showed that among the dimensions of employment creation factors, the dimension of establishment of agricultural transformation and supplementary industries with an average of 3.77 and the dimension of handicrafts with an average of 3.63 had the highest and lowest averages, respectively. Employment creation factors strongly predict migration factors by 66%. According to the results of the research, there are several solutions for the development of youth employment in the agricultural sector, among them are the creation of agricultural tourism, the establishment of transformation and complementary industries and packaging, agricultural entrepreneurship, changing the attitude of the youth towards agricultural jobs. and improving productivity Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Peri-urban agriculture and its effect on food security:Analysis of the viewpoint of Farmers in suburbs of Noorabad-e-Mamassani city
Marzieh Kiani Mostafa Ahmadvand Maryam SharifzadehToday, considerable interest in urban agriculture is being manifested by policy makers, government agencies and academics due to its contribution to food security and poverty alleviation in cities. Therefore, this research has evaluated the farmers’ viewpoints reg MoreToday, considerable interest in urban agriculture is being manifested by policy makers, government agencies and academics due to its contribution to food security and poverty alleviation in cities. Therefore, this research has evaluated the farmers’ viewpoints regarding peri-urban agriculture in Noorabad city with an emphasis on the dimensions of food security. The study population consisted of peri-urban farmers of Noorabad who had at least two hectares of cultivated land. Based on the sampling table of Bartlett and colleague, 123 people were selected and distributed randomly with proportional assignment. The findings showed that the studied farmers evaluated urban agriculture in improving the dimensions of effective food security, but the diversity of views was seen among them. Therefore, the studied farmers were classified into two groups (negative evaluator and positive evaluator) using cluster analysis. The findings also showed that these two groups have different attitudes toward urban agriculture. On the other hand, the results showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between the impact of urban agriculture on improving the dimensions of food security (availability, availability, utilization and stability) with the attitude towards urban agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Identifying the challenges and problems of agricultural higher education using grounded theory
فاطمه karimi etemad Jafar Yaghoubi Abdolhamid PapzanThe agricultural higher education system and its institutions have a serious mission for the sustainable development of this sector, considering the vital and pivotal position of the agricultural sector in food security, job creation, environmental protection and rural MoreThe agricultural higher education system and its institutions have a serious mission for the sustainable development of this sector, considering the vital and pivotal position of the agricultural sector in food security, job creation, environmental protection and rural development. Higher education in agriculture, like other sectors of higher education, faces problems and obstacle. The aim of this study was to identify the challenges and problems in higher agricultural education. The aim of this study was to identify the challenges and problems in higher agricultural education. The approach of this research is qualitative and based on the method of basic theory or data base, in which to collect the required information from a semi-structured interview with 32 academic experts, graduates, agricultural entrepreneurs and jihad managers.Agriculture has been used in Zanjan province. By analyzing the text of the interviews, 335 conceptual statements related to the purpose of the research were extracted during open coding. These concepts, in axial coding, in the form of 82 subcategories during axial coding and then into 7 general categories during selective coding. According to this category, the most important obstacles and problems of agricultural higher education include educational-research, structural, economic, individual-skill, cultural-social, administrative-organizational and infrastructural barriers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Identifying and prioritizing factors affecting the use of digital promotion tools by farmers (a case study of Kohgilouye province and Boyer Ahmed)
mohsen mousaei Akbar ZakinegadThe purpose of this research was to identify and prioritize factors affecting the use of digital promotion tools by farmers. The research in terms of division based on the purpose is considred as a developmental research; In terms of classification based on the method o MoreThe purpose of this research was to identify and prioritize factors affecting the use of digital promotion tools by farmers. The research in terms of division based on the purpose is considred as a developmental research; In terms of classification based on the method of data collection can be categorized as a descriptive-survey research; And in terms of the type of data, it is a mixed qualitative and quantitative research.The statistical population of the research consists of professors, agricultural experts and leading farmers who have enough experience in the field of digital agriculture. The analysis method in the qualitative part is the Delphi method and in the quantitative part the analytic hierarchy prosses (AHP) is used to rank the known factors. The results in the qualitative part led to the identification of 6 main factors (economic, individual, educational-extensional, policy making, technical and motivational factors). The ranking results showed that individual factors with weight (0.267) in the first place, educational-promotional factors with weight (0.256) in second place, technical and technological factors with weight (0.187) in third place, motivational factor with weight (0.131) In the fourth place, policy making weight (0.093) is in the fifth place and economic factors with weight (0.065) is in the sixth place. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Modeling factors affecting the acceptance of drone technology among Kermanshah potato farmers (Logit model application)
Mojtaba Shekarbeigi shahpar geravandi Farahnaz RostamiAgricultural development is one of the most important priorities in the national development programs of developing countries. This cannot be achieved without applying and using new technologies in the agricultural sector through precision agriculture. Since the accepta MoreAgricultural development is one of the most important priorities in the national development programs of developing countries. This cannot be achieved without applying and using new technologies in the agricultural sector through precision agriculture. Since the acceptance and application of this type of technology is facing challenges and obstacles; The aim of this quantitative study is to "investigate the factors influencing the adoption of UAV technology in two retrospective and prospective perspectives". The required information was collected in the form of questionnaires made by the researcher among the potato farmers of Kermanshah city. In order to analyze the data, the statistical method of logistic regression was used. The findings indicated that only three variables of perceived risks, the intention to use drones and the perceived need for technology were effective on the acceptance of drone technology, so that by reducing each of these variables, the possibility of increasing the adoption of drone technology among farmers. Potatoes work more. Therefore, holding promotional courses and granting financial facilities to potato farmers can be effective in facilitating the adoption of drone technology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Identifying the obstacles to the export of agricultural products in Hormozgan province using grounded theory
Jafar Yaghoubi Mohammad Behroozi Haydar GholizadehThe agricultural sector as a commercial sector in Iran has important advantages can help as an important economic sector for the development of non-oil exports. Despite having a relative advantage in the production of some agricultural products, this sector unfortunatel MoreThe agricultural sector as a commercial sector in Iran has important advantages can help as an important economic sector for the development of non-oil exports. Despite having a relative advantage in the production of some agricultural products, this sector unfortunately does not have a significant contribution to the country's exports and foreign exchange earnings. According to the above problem, the purpose of this study was to identify the obstacles to the export of agricultural products. The approach of this study was qualitative and grounded theory methodology was used in this study. Data in this study were collected by using semi-structured interviews with 17 exporters of agricultural products in Hormozgan province. By analyzing the content of the interviews, 100 conceptual propositions related to the purpose of the research were extracted during open coding. These concepts were categorized into 22 subcategories during axial coding and then into 6 general categories during selective coding. According to this category, the most important obstacles to the export of agricultural products include Inefficiencies in the production stage of products, policy and legal obstacles, inefficient infrastructure and bureaucracy, hardware and software inefficiency of the customs system, insufficiency and high cost of the sea transportation system, and problems of sales management and transfer of export currency resulting from the restriction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Analyzing the causes and factors influencing the migration of elites from the rural settlements of Cherdavel City Ilam province
Alireza Jamshidi Davood Jamini Saeed Soltani Bahram, the main goal of the current research is to investigate the causes and factors influencing the migration of rural elites in Cherdavel City located in Ilam province. The statistical population of the present study includes all the elites living in rural areas in the ce More, the main goal of the current research is to investigate the causes and factors influencing the migration of rural elites in Cherdavel City located in Ilam province. The statistical population of the present study includes all the elites living in rural areas in the central part of Cherdavel City, and 30 people have been selected and studied as a statistical sample. The tool used in this research includes a researcher-made questionnaire whose content (form) and structural validity and reliability were verified using composite reliability. Data analysis was done through correlation analysis and pattern finding of structural equations using SPSS and Smart PLS software. The preliminary results of the evaluation of the model studied in this research showed that the model has acceptable fit indices. The results of the correlation test showed a significant and negative relationship between the independent variables (natural factors, cultural-social factors, economic factors, service-welfare factors, scientific-educational factors, and psychological factors) with the desire to migrate among the rural elites studied in Cherdavel City of There is the province of Ilam. Also, the modeling of structural equations showed that they had the most influence on the dependent variable, respectively, economic factors (γ = -0.727, t = 42.75), scientific-educational factors (γ = -0.35, 06 t = 9.), natural factors (γ = 0.169, t = 5.6). In general, the independent variables studied have explained 75.6% of the changes in the variance of the migration tendency of the rural elite. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Identify Barriers and Strategies in the Agricultural School Education System in Khuzestan Province (From the Perspective of Students and Trainees)
Mohammad Moradi Ahmad Reza OmmaniThe purpose of this research was to investigate the status of the educational system of agricultural schools in Khuzestan province. The research method was survey. In this research, teachers and students of agricultural schools in Khouzestan province comprised 53 and 80 MoreThe purpose of this research was to investigate the status of the educational system of agricultural schools in Khuzestan province. The research method was survey. In this research, teachers and students of agricultural schools in Khouzestan province comprised 53 and 801 members of the study population. The sample size was 260 students. All teachers were studied. In order to evaluate the validity of the research tool, a panel of experts and reliability of the Cronbach Alpha coefficient were used. According to students' disappointment and worries about the future, the weakness of the students in the lessons and the lack of attention to the quality of education was one of the most important barriers to the educational system in the agricultural schools of Khuzestan.According to the teachers' view, the low level of average years prior to entering the field, disappointment and concern about the future of the job and the lack of educational per capita were the most important obstacles in the educational system of agricultural schools in Khuzestan.Based on the results of factor analysis, a review of the educational structure of the vocational schools, the promotion of equipment and inter-sectoral collaboration, analysis of textbooks with the view of the students and entrepreneurship development, teacher satisfaction and improvement of educational evaluation and increasing the authorities' authority and improving the internship were 5 factors, which totaled 42.542% of variable variations explained the strategies for improving the educational system of agricultural schools. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Identifying Actors Affecting The Sustainability of Micro-Businesses in The Agricultural Sector in Khuzestan Province
Tahmasb MaghsoudiThe purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting the stability of micro-businesses in the agricultural sector of the Khuzestan province. This research is applied; In terms of data collection was Non-experimental and correlational research. The statist MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting the stability of micro-businesses in the agricultural sector of the Khuzestan province. This research is applied; In terms of data collection was Non-experimental and correlational research. The statistical population was all micro-business managers were created after 2005 in Khuzestan province that agricultural credit has used, number to 14,000 units a business of agriculture. The sample size was calculated based on Cochran formula of 185 people. The main instrument for measuring variables, the questionnaire. To determine the validity, content validity method was used. Reliability of the instrument was established by calculating Cronbach's alpha for different parts of the questionnaire (0.86). Between size of business, number of years of activity, the number of people employed, the amount of initial capital, the current output value and sustainability of a business agriculture and there is a significant positive relationship. The results showed those four variables, the amount of investment, size of business, the value of current production and time business activity about 63.3 percent of variance to explain the factors affecting the sustainability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Designing the Sustainability Model of Agricultural Small and Medium-Size Businesses in Kermanshah Province
leila sharafi Roohollah Rezaei Ali Asghar Mirakzadeh Esmaeel KaramidehkordiThis qualitative study was carried out with aim to design the model of sustainability of agricultural small and medium-sized businesses in Kermanshah province. The statistical population of this study consisted of the experts and key informants in Kermanshah province of MoreThis qualitative study was carried out with aim to design the model of sustainability of agricultural small and medium-sized businesses in Kermanshah province. The statistical population of this study consisted of the experts and key informants in Kermanshah province of which 20 persons were selected using the purposive sampling method and snowball technique. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The data collection process was continued until reaching theoretical saturation or usefulness threshold of available information. The software of MAXQDA 11 was used to analyze the data. The results of the study showed that the main dimensions of the sustainability of agricultural small and medium-sized businesses were economic sustainability (including financial performance, self-reliance and financial independence, customer and market performance, and innovation and business development), social sustainability (including social communications and interactions, social responsibility and mutual social trust) and environmental sustainability (including sustainable and healthy production, conservation and optimal utilization of environmental resources and waste management). Additionally, the results of the study indicated that the main factors affecting the sustainability of agricultural small and medium-sized businesses in Kermanshah province were intra-organizational factors (including family and personal factors of the manager, marketing factors, economic-financial factors, production factors and product characteristics, factors related to business characteristics and communication and information factors) and extra-organizational factors (including political-legal, infrastructural-supportive and factors related to extension interventions). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Acceptance of E-commerce in Agricultural Business Enterprises (Case Study of Agricultural Cooperatives)
heshmatollah saadi Zahra i Haji Hashem Ali SanayeiThe purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing the acceptance of e-commerce in agricultural production cooperatives. The statistical population of the study consisted of 1565 Cooperative managers, board members, Experts of Co-operative offices & a MoreThe purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing the acceptance of e-commerce in agricultural production cooperatives. The statistical population of the study consisted of 1565 Cooperative managers, board members, Experts of Co-operative offices & agricultural cooperatives in three provinces of Isfahan, Hamedan and Tehran. 309 of the total population were selected as research samples using the Cochran formula. The results of the analysis showed that the conceptual framework of research has a good fit. Also, three variables of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and the subjective norm with the attitude toward acceptance of e-commerce had a positive and significant relationship. Also, There was a positive and significant relationship between attitude toward acceptance of e-commerce and its usefulness with behavioral intention. Accordingly, in order to develop e-commerce in agricultural production cooperatives, the positive effects of the use of this type of business should be reminiscent and the user concerns reduced from the complexity of this type of business. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Identifying the challenges of entrepreneurial urban agricultural businesses in Zanjan Township using grounded theory
Kolsoum Hamidi Jafar Yaghoubi Mohsen ahadnejad ReveshtyWith the expansion of urbanization and an increase in the unemployed population, agricultural activities within and around the urban areas provide a wide range of business opportunities to urban young people and university graduates, especially in developing and low-inc MoreWith the expansion of urbanization and an increase in the unemployed population, agricultural activities within and around the urban areas provide a wide range of business opportunities to urban young people and university graduates, especially in developing and low-income countries. The development of urban agricultural businesses, like those in other sectors of the economy, always faces problems. The purpose of this study was to identify the challenges of entrepreneurial urban agricultural businesses. The approach of this study is qualitative and grounded theory methodology was used in this study. Information in this study collected by using semi-structured interviews with 23 business owners and entrepreneurs in different agricultural fields have been used in Zanjan Township. By analyzing the content of the interviews, 116 conceptual propositions related to the purpose of the research were extracted during open coding. These concepts were categorized into 22 subcategories during axial coding and then into 7 general categories during selective coding. According to this category, the most important development challenges of urban agricultural businesses include economic, spatial - climatic, legal - institutional, scientific-educational, technological, cultural - social and challenges related to market access and business profitability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Barriers and Obstacles of Producing low Input Pistachio: The Case of Dasht Robat District of Sharbabak
Farangis Sadat Hoseini Dana Mehdi NooripoorThe human being has faced new crisis due to inappropriate and indiscriminate use of chemical materials in the process of agricultural production. Organic/ low-input agriculture has developed as a tool to face with upcoming issues and maintain ecological balance toward s MoreThe human being has faced new crisis due to inappropriate and indiscriminate use of chemical materials in the process of agricultural production. Organic/ low-input agriculture has developed as a tool to face with upcoming issues and maintain ecological balance toward sustainability. Thus, current study used a qualitative research method approach to investigate barriers and problems of organic/ low-input pistachio production in Dasht Robat District of Sharbabak County. Interview technique was used for data collection among key informant people who had adequate information about organic/ low-input products identified via snowball sampling. Results of present study showed that barriers of producing low input pistachio production were economic, market, education, application, production, hygiene, management, policy making, culture and participation. The common components were classified in five groups including application, economic, legal, technical and social factors using axial coding. More detailed findings are presented in the body of the paper. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Identification of the Competencies Required for Urban Agriculture Extension Agents from the Perspective of Agricultural Extension Experts of Zanjan Province
Kolsoum Hamidi Jafar YaghoubUrban agriculture as the new strategy in the process of urban sustainable development and extension is one of the mechanisms of its development. Using efficient and capable manpower is essential for urban agricultural extension. The purpose of this study was to identify MoreUrban agriculture as the new strategy in the process of urban sustainable development and extension is one of the mechanisms of its development. Using efficient and capable manpower is essential for urban agricultural extension. The purpose of this study was to identify the competencies required for urban agriculture extension agents. Descriptive-survey method was used in this study. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by a panel of academic experts. Pre-test and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used to measure the reliability (0.90). Extension agents in Zanjan province formed the population of the study (N=168) and samples were selected using stratified random sampling (n=91). Using confirmatory factor analysis, the competencies required for urban agriculture extension agents were summarized in seven factors including: extension and education planning skills, Innovative and entrepreneurial responsibility, capabilities in ICT and educational technology and urban communication skills, high legal- administrative knowledge, experience and knowledge in education and adult learning, positive attitude to urban agriculture with up to date experience and knowledge and scientific ethics worthy. These factors explained 76.91% of the total variance. Result of F test showed that the views of experts on the first and sixth factor were significant, but the rest were not significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Factors Affecting Farmers’ Satisfaction with New Irrigation Systems in Behbehan Township
Davoud Rouzaneh Masoud Yazdanpanah Masoumeh Forouzani Arman Bakhshi jahromiWater is the major limiting factor for agriculture in an arid and semi-arid region. Demand for available water resources is fast and the competition among the various sectors of the economy for the scarce water is becoming intense. In response to these conditions, pursu MoreWater is the major limiting factor for agriculture in an arid and semi-arid region. Demand for available water resources is fast and the competition among the various sectors of the economy for the scarce water is becoming intense. In response to these conditions, pursuing various innovative technical, institutional and policy interventions to enable the efficient, equitable and sustainable utilization of the scarce water resources. In this regard, many governments introduce new irrigation systems to address water shortage in their agriculture sectors. However, the success of such policy completely depend on farmers’ adoption and this, in turn, depends on farmers’ satisfaction. In light of these facts, the aim of this paper is to investigate and measure farmers' satisfaction with a new irrigation system that ultimately leads to a better understanding of why farmers adopt or reject new irrigation system. To achieve these goals, the survey method is applied as a research method. The statistical populations were farmers who adopted the new irrigation system in Behbehan Township in Khuzestan province in southern Iran. Data were collected using a researcher made questionnaire. Validity questionnaires were approved by a panel of expert and its reliability was approved by a pilot study (0.81-0.94). Structural equation modeling showed that farmers’ satisfaction mainly was determined by value followed by perceived quality. The findings yield public policy and marketing recommendations for stimulating the adoption of new irrigation systems among farmers. The findings yield public policy and marketing recommendations for stimulating the adoption of new irrigation systems among farmers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction of Soldiers in Jihad-e-Agriculture Organizations in Northwest Provinces of Iran
Mohammad jalali Hamideh Malek Saeedi Farzad Eskandari Bijan AbadiThe purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting the job satisfaction of soldiers in the organizations of Jihad-e-Agriculture in the northwest provinces of Iran. The statistical population of the study consisted of soldiers serving in Jihad-e-Agriculture o MoreThe purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting the job satisfaction of soldiers in the organizations of Jihad-e-Agriculture in the northwest provinces of Iran. The statistical population of the study consisted of soldiers serving in Jihad-e-Agriculture organizations in the provinces of East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan and Ardebil. 244 of them were selected by random sampling for the study. In order to collect data, a survey tool was used in the form of a questionnaire and interview. The questionnaire included closed questions and a number of open questions whose formal validity was confirmed by experts. In order to test the reliability of the questionnaire, a pilot study was conducted outside the sample and the Cronbach's alpha coefficients was calculated for different indices. The results showed that the variables of the welfare conditions of the work environment, the relationship between the soldiers, the relationship of officials with the soldiers, the motivation of progress and service motivation have a significant correlation with job satisfaction. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that the variables of achievement motivation, relationship between soldiers and the relationship between officials with soldiers predict about 40% of changes in the job satisfaction of soldiers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Analyzing the Barriers and Challenges of Failure to Achieve the Economic, Social and Cultural Development Goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Agricultural Sector
Golam reza Yavari Vahid AziziThis study aims to investigate the reasons of not achieving the goals of first to fifth programs of social, economic and cultural development of the Islamic republic of Iran in Sector of Agriculture. The statistical population of this study consists of professionals who MoreThis study aims to investigate the reasons of not achieving the goals of first to fifth programs of social, economic and cultural development of the Islamic republic of Iran in Sector of Agriculture. The statistical population of this study consists of professionals who have sufficient information and deep understanding of the case study through Nonprobability Sampling and snowball sampling method, 100 people were identified and studied. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Validity and reliability were confirmed through a panel of specialists and Cronbach's alpha calculation (0.70 to 0.85). Factor analysis method was used to analyze the results. Based on the results, the most important reasons for not achieving the goals of development programs in the agricultural sector respectively are Economic-political barriers, Executive-structural barriers, scientific barriers and Socio-cultural barriers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Assessing Educational Applications of Virtual - Social Networks and Its Social Harms as Perceived by Agricultural Students (the Case of College of Agriculture, Zanjan University)
jafar yaghoubi Vahid MohammadiThe purpose of this study was to study the educational applications of virtual social networks and their social harms from the perspective of agricultural students. Descriptive-correlation method with survey technic was used in this study. A questionnaire was used to co MoreThe purpose of this study was to study the educational applications of virtual social networks and their social harms from the perspective of agricultural students. Descriptive-correlation method with survey technic was used in this study. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. The face validity of the questionnaire was approved by a panel of academic experts. Pre-test and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used to measure the reliability and the value of this coefficient was higher than 0.75. Agricultural students in Zanjan University formed the population of the study (N=1102) and samples were selected using stratified random sampling (n=150). Results showed that educational applications of virtual social networks were summarized in four factors including: teaching notification and exchange of lesson content and teaching assignments, interactive communication of conferences and research resources, Interact with classmates and share news and educational videos, and searching of student affairs and sport and exchange of educational material between students. These factors explained 63.65% of the total variance. Results of confirmatory factor analysis of harms of virtual social networks showed that these harms were summarized in six factors including: insulting ethnicities and religions and spreading verbal intolerance, reducing public confidence and expanding fake identity, waste of time and academic failure, publishing false information and increase unhealthy relationship, reduce in person communication and publishing immoral material. Considering the considerable amount of time spent by students in virtual social networks, regardless of whether it is positive or negative, it is necessary to plan this capacity for optimal and useful training. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Identification of Barriers to Establishment of Entrepreneur University of Agriculture and Natural Resources by Using Grounded Theory Method
Bahareh Abedi Masoud Baradaran Bahman Khosravipour Jafar Yaghoubi Masoud YazdanpanahEntrepreneur University of Agriculture and rural (EUAR) is an important institution for economic development and effective social change. Poor conditions in employment of agricultural graduates indicate a distant in the current situation of country's universities and en MoreEntrepreneur University of Agriculture and rural (EUAR) is an important institution for economic development and effective social change. Poor conditions in employment of agricultural graduates indicate a distant in the current situation of country's universities and entrepreneurial university. The purpose of this research was to identifying barriers to establishment of EUAR in Iran. Grounded theory methodology was used in this study. Information in this study collected by using semi-structured interviews with a sample of 37 members of academic staff in faculties and Universities of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Content analysis of interviews showed; 149 phrases in connection with the barriers to establishment of EUAR were extracted. List of these phrases regard to concept affinity and hierarchy coding in grounded theory grouped in 17 concepts and three categories as follows: Human, inhuman and strategic and infrastructure barriers. The results also showed that the most important obstacles in establishment of EUAR are "strategic infrastructure" and "communication" barriers Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - The Relation between Knowledge Sharing and Innovation among the Department of Extension and Rural Development Students at the College of Agriculture in Tabriz University
Ali ImanzadehKnowledge sharing as one of the aspects of knowledge management can be the most important factors for success in the changing environment of today's complex, especially in knowledge-based organizations. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between kn MoreKnowledge sharing as one of the aspects of knowledge management can be the most important factors for success in the changing environment of today's complex, especially in knowledge-based organizations. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between knowledge sharing and innovation among the department of Extension and Rural Development of college of Agriculture in Tabriz University. it is an applied research and in terms of data collection is correlation survey. According to Morgan table, the sample of this study is 80 students of department of Extension and Rural Development of college of Agriculture and data have been collected by Dixon knowledge sharing model and innovation standardized questionnaires and data were analyzed by software spss18. Statistical Methods such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistics, Friedman test and Pearson's correlation coefficient and One-way analysis of variance)ANOVA( was used. The results show that the between sharing of knowledge and innovation in general and its variables such as ordinal knowledge sharing, sharing of explicit knowledge, tacit knowledge sharing, sharing of strategic knowledge and sharing expertise with innovation is a significant positive relationship. The sharing of knowledge among students of faculty of Agriculture is high, the level of ttendency to innovation is higher. Approaches such as the development of electronic systems, exchange of knowledge and experience by meetings and conferences, documentation of knowledge and experiences is strategies to improve knowledge and sharing of knowledge in of tabriz university faculty of Agriculture students Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - From Social Capital to Job Performance: The Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation in Agriculture Jihad Organization of Hamedan Province
Saeid Karimi Maryam ShahdoustiThe main purpose of this descriptive-correlative study was to investigate the relationships among social capital, entrepreneurial orientation and job performance. The mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation was also analyzed. The statistical population of this res MoreThe main purpose of this descriptive-correlative study was to investigate the relationships among social capital, entrepreneurial orientation and job performance. The mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation was also analyzed. The statistical population of this research consisted of 635 agricultural experts of the Jihade Agriculture organization in Hamedan Province (N=365). According to Krejcie and Morgan’s table, a sample of 242 experts was chosen through random stratified sampling method. Data was collected using standardized questionnaires. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was investigated using Cronbach’s alfa coefficient, with values of 0.83 for entrepreneurial orientation, 0.85 for social capital, and 0.79 for job performance. The results structural equation modeling indicated that social capital and entrepreneurial orientation were significantly related to job performance. In addition, the results of bootstrap procedure showed that entrepreneurial orientation mediated the social capital-job performance relationship. Based on the findings, it could be concluded that investing in social capital is worthwhile, since creating and preserving social capital will increase the employees' entrepreneurial orientation level and their performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - The Impact of Intellectual Capital on Organizational Entrepreneurship (Case Study: Jihad-e- Agriculture Organization of Kermanshah City)
hamideh Malek saeidi Arman Bakhshi Jahromi Nozar MonfaredThe main purpose of this descriptive-correlation research was to evaluate the effect of components of intellectual capital on entrepreneurship, Organization of Jahad-e- Agriculture of Kermanshah Township. The study population included all employees of Organization of Ja MoreThe main purpose of this descriptive-correlation research was to evaluate the effect of components of intellectual capital on entrepreneurship, Organization of Jahad-e- Agriculture of Kermanshah Township. The study population included all employees of Organization of Jahad-e- Agriculture of Kermanshah Township (N = 104) by using Morgan table, that 86 of them were selected as research sample by using random simple sampling method. Data were collected by standard questionnaire which its validity by experts’ poll and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In order to analyze the data from the Spsswin20 Software was used. The results of correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between the components of intellectual capital and organizational entrepreneurship. Based on the results of Enter multiple regression analysis method, 32 percent of the entrepreneurial variance by two components of intellectual capital including human capital and structural capital, is predictable. About the impact of intellectual capital components was found greatest impact on entrepreneurship is structural components. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Sustainability of Guilan Rice Fields and its Effective Factors (Case: Rasht City)
Soodabeh Saraei Hassan AfrakhtehThe present research is a descriptive-correlational study and was done with the aim of assessing the stability of the rice fields in Guilan province and investigating the factors affecting the use of sustainable agricultural methods. The Statistical population of resear MoreThe present research is a descriptive-correlational study and was done with the aim of assessing the stability of the rice fields in Guilan province and investigating the factors affecting the use of sustainable agricultural methods. The Statistical population of research consisted of rice farmers in Rasht city. The data gathering tool was a researcher made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and KMO statistics. Using factor analysis of the main variables of the research, it was indexed. The results showed that a sustained average of rice fields in the study area is to 3.592. This means that the sustainability of the rice fields in the study area is less than average. Independent variables of research were placed in three groups of characteristics, economic and agricultural. The result of the correlation test proves that between variables of education level (0.505), income from rice cultivation (0.283), the type of operating system (0.447), saving inputs (0.378), indigenous knowledge of rice farmers (r =0.121), the amount of technical knowledge of rice farmers (0.289) and knowledge of sustainable agriculture (0.944) with sustainable agriculture, there is a positive and significant relationship but between variables such as age, gender, farming experience, household size, extent of rice fields, non-agricultural employment, Participate in education and promotion classes and access to credit facilities was not found a significant relationship with sustainable agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Barriers of Urban Agriculture Development from Perspective of Agricultural Extension Experts in Zanjan Province, Iran
Kolsoum Hamidi Jafar YaghoubiIn the last century, the growth of urban population, rural population decline and the loss of agricultural lands have caused many problems in these communities. Doing agricultural activities within and around the city is rather new subject that its development leads to MoreIn the last century, the growth of urban population, rural population decline and the loss of agricultural lands have caused many problems in these communities. Doing agricultural activities within and around the city is rather new subject that its development leads to increase urban sustainability. The purpose of this study was identifying factors preventing the development of agricultural activities in the cities and around them. Descriptive survey method was used in this research. A questionnaire used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by a panel of faculty member and related experts. Pre-test and calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were used to measure the reliability (α =0.93). Agricultural extension experts in Zanjan province formed the population of this study (N=168) and 91 samples were selected using stratified random sampling. Based on exploratory factor analysis, the most important obstacles to the development of urban agriculture was summarized in six factors including: lack of legal, financial and educational support, weakness in the agricultural knowledge and expertise and lack of training course, prevalence of pests and diseases and bothering pet animals, lack of relationship between agriculture-related institutions and citizens, lack of suitable land and water for agriculture in city, and tend to apartment building. These factors explained 65.76 percent of the total variance of barriers to urban agriculture development Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Barriers to Effective Use of Virtual Social Networks in Agricultural Extension and Education
Vahid Mohammadi Jafar Yaghoubi Ali Shams Soheil NosratiThe purpose of the study was to investigate the barriers of effective use of virtual social networks in agricultural extension and education activities of Agricultural Jihad Organization of Zanjan province. The instrument for collecting data of this descriptive-correlat MoreThe purpose of the study was to investigate the barriers of effective use of virtual social networks in agricultural extension and education activities of Agricultural Jihad Organization of Zanjan province. The instrument for collecting data of this descriptive-correlation study was a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by a panel of academic experts. Pre-test and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used to measure the reliability (α = 0/87- 0/94). Agricultural experts in Agricultural Jihad Organization of Zanjan province in 2018 formed the population of the study (N=346) and samples were selected using stratified random sampling (n=105). Results of confirmatory factor analysis of barriers to effective use of virtual social networks in agricultural extension and education activities has been summarized in nine factors including: Low relevant and correct agricultural information with low security, administrative and social insecurity and lack of culture of the educational use of social networks, farmer's limited use of virtual social networks, negative organizational and managerial norms in using virtual social networks, financial and legal barriers in organization, inconsistent information and lack of local information, lack of professional and adequate knowledge of experts and outside computers. These factors explained 72.54% of the total variance. Due to considerable amount of useful time that experts and farmers allocated to virtual social networks, it is recommended that to plan for this optimal and useful application of this capacity agricultural extension and education activities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Investigating the Effect of Social Capital and Organizational Commitment on Organizational Learning among Employees of Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization Staffs of Fars Province
Ebrahim Farmandeh Razieh NamdarThe purpose of this quantitative research was to investigate the effective dimensions of social capital and organizational commitment on organizational learning in Fars Jihad-e-Agriculture organization. The statistical population of research consisted of 300 members of MoreThe purpose of this quantitative research was to investigate the effective dimensions of social capital and organizational commitment on organizational learning in Fars Jihad-e-Agriculture organization. The statistical population of research consisted of 300 members of the Fars Agriculture Jihad organization which according to Bartlett et.al. ’s table, a sample size of 124 was selected using stratified random sampling based on organizational sections. Questionnaire was used to collect the data. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and the reliability of the scale used in the study was assessed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient test and the result was 0.94. For primary analysis of data SPSS software was used. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the effects of research variables on the basis of multivariate techniques using the LISREL 8.8 software. The results of correlation test showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between organizational commitment and social capital with organizational learning. Structural equation modeling analysis, showed that hypotheses were approved, with a very good level of model indices (RMSEA = 0.066). The findings show that the three dimensions of social capital, including structural, cognitive, and cognitive dimensions, and two dimensions of organizational commitment, including dimensions of normative commitment and continuous commitment, affect the organizational learning of employees. More precisely, in order to achieve and enhance organizational learning, it is recommended to strengthen the dimensions of social capital of the employees and improve organizational commitment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Analysis of the role of demographic (age and gender) and psychological factors on consumers' attitudes toward the consumption of organic agricultural products in the city of Orumieh
Morteza Maleki Minbashrazgah hooshmand bagheri garbollagh Fatemeh Mohammadi Mohsen EynaliBecause of consumers Increasing tendency to the subjects of health and environmental issues in recent years, using organic products has been increased And this has led to research on the consumption of organic products. The purpose of this study was to investigate the e MoreBecause of consumers Increasing tendency to the subjects of health and environmental issues in recent years, using organic products has been increased And this has led to research on the consumption of organic products. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of psychological and demographic characteristics on consumers' attitudes towards the consumption of organic products. The present study used a survey method to collect data and a correlation method to analyze the data. The statistical population of the study consists of consumers of organic products (garden products, livestock, dairy, fruits, and vegetables organic) in Urmia. Based on Cochran's formula, 141 people were selected as a sample using a simple random sampling method. The questionnaire-based on the Likert spectrum was used in order to collect information. The validity of convergent and divergent validity was used by Lisrel software, In order to fit the reliability, Cronbach alpha was used and its coefficient for all research structures is more than 0.7. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the research data. The findings of this research show that the psychological characteristics (materialism, Hedonic, and Uniqueness) have a positive and significant effect on the attitudes of consumers towards the consumption of organic products, and also this positive attitude towards the intention to purchase organic products has a positive and Meaningful. Finally, there was a significant difference between the attitudes of male and female consumers towards the consumption of organic agricultural products, but there was no difference between the attitudes of different age groups. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Modeling Farmers' Behavior in Optimal Management of Agricultural Water Consumption Based on Smart Climate Agriculture in Pakdasht County: Application of Planned Behavior Theory
Ali Tavassoti Mehrdad Niknami sayed Jamal F Hosseini Maryam Omidi NajafabadiFarmers considered as a main factor in managing agricultural water consumption. Behavioral theories look for the causes of improper use of agricultural water in the behavior of farmers and state that human intention to consume water determines behavior. Therefore, the a MoreFarmers considered as a main factor in managing agricultural water consumption. Behavioral theories look for the causes of improper use of agricultural water in the behavior of farmers and state that human intention to consume water determines behavior. Therefore, the aim of this study was to model the behavior of farmers in the optimal management of agricultural water consumption based on smart climate agriculture using the theory of programmed behavior. The research method was survey. The statistical population was 322 greenhouse owners in Pakdasht County that 51 people selected as the sample size through Cochran's formula. In the field stage, a questionnaire used as the main research tool. Face and content validity as well as the reliability of the research tool were confirmed. The result of the structural equation modeling approach showed the effect of abstract norms on behavioral intention, and the effect of this variable on the behavior of optimal management of agricultural water consumption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Qualitative and quantitative study of free English e-journals for disciplines in Agriculture, Engineering sciences and Art & Architecture
Farshid Danesh Alireza Isfandyari Moghaddam Abolfazl Taheri Marzieh SaeedizadehPurpose: this study aims to determine the most valid free e-journals in English for disciplines in Agriculture, Engineering sciences and Art & Architecture in 2013. Methodology: After determination of free e-journals for disciplines in Agriculture, Engineering scien MorePurpose: this study aims to determine the most valid free e-journals in English for disciplines in Agriculture, Engineering sciences and Art & Architecture in 2013. Methodology: After determination of free e-journals for disciplines in Agriculture, Engineering sciences and Art & Architecture in English from DOAJ, by using a checklist and a qualitative approach all this 1141 journals were evaluated. Then, internet address of selected 819 journals was Survey in order to determine backlinks (in-links) by "Majestic SEO". Also, the revised web impact factor was calculated. Findings: The findings of this study showed that 71.77 percent of English e-journals are qualified. Backlinks analysis indicates that the core journal of Agriculture is "Nutrition Journal". Core journal in engineering sciences include: "The International Arab Journal of Information Technology"; core journals in Art & Architecture include: "International Journal of Design". Base on revised web impact factor, "EFSA Journal "is top journal in Agriculture; "International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences" is top journal in in Engineering; "The Irish Journal of Gothic and Horror Studies" is the best journal in Art & Architecture. Also, the results showed that there is positive correlation between revised web impact factor and in-links. Results: The results of this research can assist researchers and research administrators in universities in order to identify the most valid free e-journals in English for disciplines in Agriculture, Engineering sciences and Art & Architecture. Also, libraries through managing free e-journal, can save user’s time and cost. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Effect of zeolite application in combination with chemical and organic fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of sunflower
مجید غلامحسینی آیدین خدائی جوقان فرهاد حبیب زاده Amir GhalavandIn order to investigate the effects of zeolite in combination with chemical and organic fertilizers, applied inconventional and organic cropping systems, on sunflower quantitative and qualitative traits, an experiment wascarried out in 2011. The experiment was conducted MoreIn order to investigate the effects of zeolite in combination with chemical and organic fertilizers, applied inconventional and organic cropping systems, on sunflower quantitative and qualitative traits, an experiment wascarried out in 2011. The experiment was conducted in the research farm of Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran,Iran, in the base of a randomized complete blocks design with eleven treatments and three replicates. Thetreatments were divided into different groups (chemical, organic and integrated) with and without zeolite. Theresults indicated that different treatments had significant effect on most of the traits such as kernel yield, yieldcomponents, oil yield and nutrient content in the leaves (at the 1% level). The maximum kernel yield (2539 kgha-1), as the most important trait, was found when 50% of required nitrogen was supplied from zeolite compostedcattle manure and the rest was provided by chemical fertilizer (urea). In all nutrition methods, zeolite applicationimproved the oil yield trait. The highest oil yield (1165 kg ha-1) was obtained when 50% of required nitrogenwas supplied from composted cattle manure and the rest was provided by chemical fertilizer (urea) with 9 tonsper hectare of zeolite. Overall, supplying required nitrogen from both chemical and organic sources along withzeolite application can be considered as a great step towards reducing chemical input application to achievesustainable agriculture goals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Application of Satellite Remote Sensing Data in Monitoring Iran's Agricultural and Horticultural Environmental Pollutions (A Case Study of Nitrogen Dioxide)
Mohammad Shojaaddini Ashkan MoosavianBackground and objective: Nitrogen dioxide pollutant has adverse effects on agricultural production, but the levels of this pollutant have not yet been studied for agricultural production areas in Iran. The aim of this research was investigating the atmospheric levels o MoreBackground and objective: Nitrogen dioxide pollutant has adverse effects on agricultural production, but the levels of this pollutant have not yet been studied for agricultural production areas in Iran. The aim of this research was investigating the atmospheric levels of nitrogen dioxide in the main agricultural and horticultural environments of Iran, during the years 2018-2020. The main agricultural provinces were determined with regards to quantitative comparison of reference statistics of areas under cultivation for the agricultural and horticultural lands of Iran as well as the annual agricultural yield of different provinces of this country. Material and Methodology: The average levels of nitrogen dioxide pollutant in the geographical center of five agricultural ecosystems including Khuzestan, Fars, Khorasan Razavi, West Azerbaijan and Mazandaran provinces were calculated based on raw data received in May 2021 from the tropospheric remote sensing satellite (TROPOMI). Data were recorded by the Ozone Assessment Tool (OMI) at intervals of two weeks from the starting plant growing season (spring and summer). Findings: The study of pollutant fluctuations in the first six months of the three years studied showed that the maximum amount of nitrogen dioxide in 2018 with a value of 80 micromoles per square meter belonged to agricultural lands in Fars province. In mid-June 2020, the amount of pollutants emitted from agricultural lands of Mazandaran province increased by more than 400% compared to the same time in 2019 and reached the level of 160 micromoles per square meter. Discussion and Conclusion: Data analysis showed that the mean pollutants of the provinces were not significantly different between the three years but were different between the provinces. Analysis of variance showed that the maximum amount of NO2 pollutants in the cultivation months of the three years was belonged to the agro-horticultural ecosystems of Fars, Khuzestan and Mazandaran provinces with the values of 71, 80 and 160µmol/m2, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Attitudes towards environmental protection by Grounded Theory approach (The Case of: Agricultural students of Razi University in Kermanshah)
Somayeh Shahbazi Somayeh Khosravi Hossain Mehdizadeh Mosayeb GholamiBackground and Objective: The critical global environmental degradation that day on the depth and scope of this crisis increases. If are not serious consideration to solve its, human will face disaster. Higher education institution is expected to provide appropriate tra MoreBackground and Objective: The critical global environmental degradation that day on the depth and scope of this crisis increases. If are not serious consideration to solve its, human will face disaster. Higher education institution is expected to provide appropriate training, knowledge to change attitudes and behaviors of students to provide environmental protection. Method: This research is qualitative and based on Grounded Theory approach, protective attitude towards the environment is studied. Sampling method was purposive and agriculture students were selected and they were interviewed. Central question of this research include aspects of how students? What are their strategies for environmental protection? Findings: The results showed explain the attitude of students towards environmental protection, "environmental destructive activities", "a little knowledge and awareness of environmental," "culture of respect for the environment", "consistently look the environment "," programs that support environmental protection "and" environmental protection educational programs " is. Discussion and Conclusion: The results also showed that one of the students strategies to protect the environment, changing attitudes through educational programs of protect the environment. Therefore, it is suggested that universities establish curricula and courses to promote a culture of respect for the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Suitability Evaluation for Agriculture with Regard to Ecological, Economic Power and Social Demand in Semnan Watershed
mojtaba ghandali kamran shayesteh Mohammad Sadi MesgariBackground and Purpose: Optimal and principled use of natural resources and land use management based on ecological potential, has an important role in environmental management and prevention of environmental degradation in the direction of sustainable development. Howe MoreBackground and Purpose: Optimal and principled use of natural resources and land use management based on ecological potential, has an important role in environmental management and prevention of environmental degradation in the direction of sustainable development. However, ignoring the social need, despite considering the economic and especially the ecological potential in land use planning, leads to inconsistency with the terrestrial reality, which is one of the basic principles of any land use planning. Materials and Methods: In this study, using weighted linear combination method and hierarchical analysis and standardization of criteria using fuzzy sets, in addition to preparing an ecological and economic potential map for agricultural use, the social needs to change land from barren lands to agriculture were also mapped. By combining all of them, a map of the desirability of changing barren lands to agriculture in the Semnan watershed was obtained, which can also be used in modeling land use changes. Results: In this study, unemployment rate and population growth rate in the next ten years as the most important social factors of agricultural land use change, access to roads and electricity as the most important economic factors, and soil and water as the most important ecological resources of agricultural land use were determined. Discussion and conclusions: Considering the social needs and economic potential along with ecological capability, is more in line with the ground reality and can be used in the optimal allocation of agricultural land. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Agricultural Museum Site: An Educational Approach to Promoting Urban Environment
Neda Zarkesh Reza Sameh Mohammad Mehdi ZarrabiBackground and Objective: Nowadays, one of the most important strategies in the face of the increased population of cities is the design of green space in part of the urban structure. Empowerment at the urban and regional levels should meet the needs of life and respond MoreBackground and Objective: Nowadays, one of the most important strategies in the face of the increased population of cities is the design of green space in part of the urban structure. Empowerment at the urban and regional levels should meet the needs of life and respond to the needs of citizens. Agriculture has a valuable heritage in Iran and depreciating it in this rich and talented country not only threatens food security, but also endangers environmental health. Since issues such as population growth and climate change require considering the environment. The purpose of this article is to promote environmental conditions by creating an agricultural museum site and establishing a link between the man-made environment and natural environment in order to provide good conditions for education and create a good environmental culture and expand the recreational space. Methodology: The present study uses a descriptive and analytical research method. After describing the previous studies in this field as well as their function, the approaches and goals related to agricultural education in the city and its suburbs will be discussed and the proposed activities on Agricultural Museum Site will be classified into six factors and their impact on each of the mentioned approaches will be analyzed. Findings: The findings of the research show that urban and suburban agricultural approaches, productive urban landscape, design of ecosystems and performance analysis of each one, including their educational, tourism, recreational, economic, social and cultural roles and climatic changes help promote the quality of the natural environment Discussion and Conclusion: The Agricultural Museum Site is a naturalistic approach and presented as an educational approach to promote the urban environment in this research. Therefore, the allocation of urban and suburban lands to productive lands, such as the Agricultural Museum Site and its proper management as part of the social spaces of cities and a place for social interactions have helped revive the green space and improve the quality of the living environment in the city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Determine Pattern of Sustainability of Environmental Resources (Case Study farming city of Mashhad)
Sadegh Bafandeh Imandoust Kazem Farahmand Massoud homayounifarBackground and Objective: Given the impact of the environment on human life and hence human survival, environmental protection is considered essential. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, it seems obvious to identify the items that provide environmental sustainabi MoreBackground and Objective: Given the impact of the environment on human life and hence human survival, environmental protection is considered essential. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, it seems obvious to identify the items that provide environmental sustainability. Therefore, in this study, we will determine the pattern of resource sustainability in environmental protection. Method: The method used in this research is fractional programming. The fractional programming is the most common type of mathematical programming with relative targets. The purpose of fractional programming is to find the optimum value of a function which contains linear restrictions with respect to the variables. Findings: This study evaluates in two scenarios; in the first scenario it is assumed that all land should be used. Result of this section showed cultivation of barely, alfalfa and silage maize are the optimum cropping pattern in the region to sustain environmental resources. In the second scenarios it is assumed that strategic crops such as wheat, barley and sugar beet cultivation in the list of products exist. Result of this section showed cultivation of wheat, barley, sugar beet, cucumber and alfalfa are the optimum cropping pattern in the region to sustain environmental resources. Discussion and Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the pattern presents cultivation of crops in the area of environmental sustainability is not effective and that major changes must be made. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Evaluation of land capability for developing Agriculture and Range management (Case Study: Tajyar dam basin in East Azerbaijan Province)
Marzieh Alikhah-Asl Nafiseh Rezapoor AndabiliBackground and Objective: In the present era that a variety of changes in the natural environment has been created, we are obliged to plan and manage land on the basis of the actual and potential of study areaʼs land to achieve sustainable development. The aim of this s MoreBackground and Objective: In the present era that a variety of changes in the natural environment has been created, we are obliged to plan and manage land on the basis of the actual and potential of study areaʼs land to achieve sustainable development. The aim of this study is to evaluate the ecological potential for agriculture, range management and determine the consistency of current account agriculture, range management with ecological potential users of this area.Material and Methodology: In this research, first by looking at the different sources and standards, criteria and sub-criteria were selected. The main criteria used in this study include: Soil maps, geology, topography, climate, vegetation, water and land use. Then, layers were evaluated by designing and distributing questionnaires and were weighed by AHP and binary comparison matrix. Finally, all the layers were combined using a weighted linear combination method and the final ecological map can be obtained.Findings: In the final map for the development of agriculture and pasture lands that were taken in 1394, there is not classes 1, 2 and 7of agriculture - range management applications in the final map of these users because the topography, over the rest of the criteria limits the possibility of the agricultural grade 1 and 2 in the study area and from the perspective of range management standards, to the 3rd floor can be seen in the study area. Agricultural Grade 3 is the highest with 31.9% and pasture Grade 3 is the lowest with 11.5% of the land proportion .Discussion and Conclusion: The findings suggest that the combination of AHP and GIS has a high potential for ecological capability evaluation of land for agricultural - range management applications and given that Tajyar dam basin has the potential to develop agricultural activities and pasture In case of exploitation in line with the ecological, local people will be benefited from the effects of the economic expansion of these activities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Effect of Land Use Change from Forest to Agriculture and Abounded of Agriculture on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in Zagros Forest Ecosystem
Masoud Bazgir Mehdi Hydari Nasim Zeynali Mehrdad KohzadeanBackground and Objective: Deforestation and land use change of forests into simple ecosystems is as a global concerning and this problem also increases in Asia during the 20th century.This study aimed to study effect of land use change from forest to agriculture and abo MoreBackground and Objective: Deforestation and land use change of forests into simple ecosystems is as a global concerning and this problem also increases in Asia during the 20th century.This study aimed to study effect of land use change from forest to agriculture and abounded of agriculture on soil physical and chemical properties in Zagros forest ecosystem.Method: We consider similar conditions in terms of physiography by maximum different height in150 m and distancing less than 3 km including undisturbed forest (control), Long-term abounded of agriculture and continues agriculture.Findings: The results of one-way ANOVA showed that all soil physical and chemical properties had significant differences among different land uses. The highest amount of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium found in control and agricultural abounded. According to PCA analysis, control and Long-term abounded of agriculture land uses were strongly correlated with the same direction of the first and second axis. This means that soil attributes in these land uses were similar.Discussion and Conclusion: Results showed that change in land use from Zagros forest into agriculture had distinguished negative effecton soil physical and chemical properties.By doing long-term protection on degraded soil because of land use change can improve soil properties like forest soils conditions. The monitoring of applied management such as conservation management on soil properties according to the distance of plots studied using principal components analysis is possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Assessing the Level of Sustainability in Agricultural Entrepreneurial Activities of Kermanshah Province
Tahmineh Ehsanifar Farahnaz Rostami Nader Naderi شهاب خوش خویBackground and Objective: Examining and identifying the conditions and bottlenecks in the sustainable development of entrepreneurial units are one of the most important issues of today’s planning and policy on entrepreneurial business. According to this point this MoreBackground and Objective: Examining and identifying the conditions and bottlenecks in the sustainable development of entrepreneurial units are one of the most important issues of today’s planning and policy on entrepreneurial business. According to this point this study aimed to investigate the level of sustainability in agricultural entrepreneurial activities in Kermanshah province. Method: This research is an applied and descriptive-survey way of doing it. In order to collect the required data, the two methods of documentary and field (questionnaire) were used. Content validity was evaluated, approved and modified by a group of experts and professors from the Razi University in Kermanshah Department of Agriculture and Entrepreneurship. The validity coefficient for agricultural entrepreneurs and experts questionnaires were calculated, 0.72 and 0.82, respectively. Discussion and Conclusions: The analysis level of entrepreneurial research activity and Analysis Unit and agricultural entrepreneur’s analysis unit was 72 and professionals was 27. To analyze the data, the statistical method and pattern ISDM is used. The results show that the development of entrepreneurial activities in agricultural activities is relatively in a stable level and among the investigated dimensions, economic and social dimensions had the best and the worst stability respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - The Effect of Herbicides and Insecticides on Some of Soil Eco-physiological and Chemical Indices
Akbar Ghavidel Fatemeh Molavi Manijeh EyvaziBackground and Objective: In order to study the effect of pesticides on soil biological quality, three herbicides and insecticides with the highest consumption rates, on soil eco-physiological and chemical indices were investigated.Method: The experiment was carried out MoreBackground and Objective: In order to study the effect of pesticides on soil biological quality, three herbicides and insecticides with the highest consumption rates, on soil eco-physiological and chemical indices were investigated.Method: The experiment was carried out as factorial in a completely randomized design with seven treatments of which were triplicated. The pesticides were applied as constructed by the manufacturer and then the pots maintained in a greenhouse condition for two months. Then, some of the soil eco-physiological and chemical indices were measured after one month and also after two months.Findings: The results showed that in comparison with the application of the pesticides caused a significant decrease in soil bacterial and fungal population, basal respiration, substrate-induced respiration, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, and microbial quotient and a significant increase in soil metabolic quotient. The results also showed that the application of the pesticides has no significant effect on soil organic carbon. The results showed that, although soil eco-physiological indices decreased after one month, the indices increased after two months reaching the level that was before application of the pesticides. The results also showed that 2, 4-D had the highest and Chloropyrifos had the lowest adverse effects on the indices.Discussion and Conclusion: It could be concluded that application of the pesticides which are used in this work decreased soil biological quality short terms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Pathology of Non- Acceptance Conservation Agriculture in Kermanshah Province by Using Paradigm Model
mosayeb gholami amir alibygi abdolhamid papzanBackground and Objective: Problems facing the agricultural sector of Kermanshah province, such as; emissions of greenhouse gases, soil erosion, excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers have caused that in this province and there is no choice but to turn to c MoreBackground and Objective: Problems facing the agricultural sector of Kermanshah province, such as; emissions of greenhouse gases, soil erosion, excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers have caused that in this province and there is no choice but to turn to conservation agriculture. Despite promotional activities and programs to promote conservation agriculture, this has not been well received by farmers, and there are only a handful of farmers who use conservation agriculture. Therefore, the present study deals with the pathology of non-acceptance of conservation agriculture in Kermanshah province. Method: The research community in this research is the experts in the Agricultural conservation Office in Jihad Agricultural Organization of Kermanshah Province. Identification of the samples was done purposefully and using sampling with maximum diversity. The data gathering tool was interviewed and data analysis was content analysis and paradigm model of grounded theory. Findings: The results showed that there are countless factors that prevented farmers from accepting agricultural conservation, including factors such as lack of government support, economic and cultural problems, lack of access to equipment, etc. Discussion: Considering to findings research on the existence of supportive, economic and cultural barriers and the inability of farmers to deal with these dilemmas and problems., Therefore, it is recommended that planners and policymakers extension and develop agricultural conservation by removing barriers and holding suitable training courses and field visits to extension of agricultural conservation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Evaluation the Reasons of Inattention and Ignorance Farmers of Adverse Effects the Chemical Fertilizers (Especially Nitrogen Fertilizer) the Using Focus Group Discussion
Masoomeh Amerian Loghman Ali-Mohamadian Afsaneh MalekhosiniBackground and objectives: Increased population and demand is entails raise the amount of production per unit area. Competition for increased yield is reason excessive use of fertilizer nitrate. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers in addition to the enormous cost for MoreBackground and objectives: Increased population and demand is entails raise the amount of production per unit area. Competition for increased yield is reason excessive use of fertilizer nitrate. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers in addition to the enormous cost for farmer, also leads to harmful effects. These farmers are that at time to act amount the use of chemical fertilizers determine. Therefore, the reasons inattention and ignorance farmers the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers (especially nitrogen fertilizer) the using focus group discussion was studied. Method: The research with participation of 12 of vegetable growers in city of Buchanan (West Azerbaijan) was performed. A total of 5 courses focus group discussions were conducted with duration of 1 hour for each course. Findings: According to the results, the reasons for the of inattention of farmers from the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers in the form of the main 5 themes discussed were as follows, 1- Purpose of the production. 2- The absence of an inorganic or organic criterion for differentiating between healthy products. 3- The elements noted in the product. 4- The performance of agricultural Jihad and research centers in relation to the adverse effects of excessive consumption of nitrogen fertilizer on farms and 5- The farmers' lack of familiarity with organic cultural. Discussion and Conclusion: Culturalization in the community for the purchase and consumption of healthy products, although at a high price, will help many farmers to be interested to the cultivation of healthy crops. Including, monitoring and review experts on the amount of fertilizers used in the fields of vegetables and attracting the attention and satisfaction of farmers can make a significant contribution to reducing fertilizer use in agricultural lands. The production of healthy products is directly related to the health of the general population. Results of this research will play an important role in improving organic culture or safe agriculture in order to produce safe products and devoid of fertilizer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Investigation of Farmers’ Environmental Behavior Components about Bio-Fertilizers Application (The Case of Alborz Province)
Fatemeh Shafiee Ahmad Rezvanfar Mahdieh Sadat MirtorabiBackground & Objective: Nowadays consumption of bio fertilizers as alternative of chemical fertilizers with decreasing environmental hazards has been affected farmers' environmental behavior. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the components of MoreBackground & Objective: Nowadays consumption of bio fertilizers as alternative of chemical fertilizers with decreasing environmental hazards has been affected farmers' environmental behavior. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the components of Alborz province farmers’ environmental behavior about bio fertilizers application. Method: The statistical population was farmers who were using bio-fertilizers that 45 of them were studied by snowball sampling method. The research instrument was a questionnaire that validity of it was obtained by a panel of experts and reliability of scales examined by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (greater than 0.7). Findings: The result indicated that farmers’ environmental behavior about using of bio fertilizers was more than intermediate level. In addition, there is a significant and positive correlation between a total of constitutive components of environmental behavior of the farmers and cultivated area, rate of environmental and economic perception of bio fertilizers application effects and rate of motivation factors for bio fertilizers consumption. Discussion and Conclusions: The results of regression analysis revealed that the variables of: rate of environmental and economic perception of bio fertilizers application effects and rate of motivation factors for bio fertilizers consumption, cultivated area, the rate of access to devices needed for use of bio fertilizers explained about 43% of variation of the dependent variable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Factors related with integrating environment and agriculture into elementary school curriculum by teachers in Zanjan city
Zahra Hooshmandan Moghaddam Fard Ali ShamsBackground and Objective: Integrating environment, agriculture and food in elementary schools' curriculum could create good base of learning for pupils and affect their responsibility level regards environment in the future. Elementary teachers are playing an important MoreBackground and Objective: Integrating environment, agriculture and food in elementary schools' curriculum could create good base of learning for pupils and affect their responsibility level regards environment in the future. Elementary teachers are playing an important role in this decision making process. The purpose of this descriptive- correlational study was to investigate the current teachers' behaviors toward integrating environment, agriculture and food in schools' curriculum and factors related with their behaviors in this regards. Method: The statistical population consisted of all 4359 elementary teachers from that 343 teachers were selected based on Krejcie and Morgan sampling table and applying randomized stratified sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire which its validity was verified by a panel of agricultural education & extension and environment experts. The reliability of questionnaire was obtained by calculating alpha cronbach equals 0.85 for composite index. Findings: The finding revealed that majority of respondents (46.9%) had higher level of integrating environment, agriculture and food in schools' curriculum. Analysis of data revealed that there was a positive significant correlation between teachers' attitude, teaching experience in rural area, age, teaching experience, and number of participated workshops or classes with their integration level. Mann Whitney test applied revealed that teachers with agricultural work experience had higher level of in comparison with teachers of no agricultural work experience. Also male teachers had a higher level of integration behavior in comparison with female teachers. Discussion and Conclusion: Achieving the desired state of integration of environment and agriculture in curriculum by teachers needs targeting and planning by educational system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Dynamic analysis of factors affecting capital management in Iran's agricultural sector
Tara Nikandam Modabber Maryam ooshaksaraie Mehdi Fadaei Eshkiki Keyhan Azadi hir Mohammad reza vatanparastInvestment in the agricultural sector has a significant role in production, employment and exports, despite the extent and potential capacities of the agricultural sector, its competitiveness is very limited. The most important goal of this research is to provide a dyna MoreInvestment in the agricultural sector has a significant role in production, employment and exports, despite the extent and potential capacities of the agricultural sector, its competitiveness is very limited. The most important goal of this research is to provide a dynamic model for investment in the country's agriculture sector, a suitable and effective scenario to improve investment in the country's agriculture sector. By using library studies and interviews of informants, the factors affecting investment in the country's agriculture sector were identified, then by determining the relationships of the research variables and extracting dynamic hypotheses, cause-effect diagrams and flow inventory were formed. Finally, the simulation of the model in Vensim software and the validity of the model was confirmed. Two scenarios were implemented and presented and reviewed until 1410. The results indicate that inflation control has an effective role in investment, through increasing investment in education, research, development and mechanization, it increases production and exports, and also, reducing the cultivation of water-intensive crops and using irrigation technology reduces water consumption. After simulating the model of the first scenario, through investment in mechanization, education and research and development, it can have a greater impact on improving investment in the country's agricultural sector. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - A scalable physical model based on remote sensing in paddy yield estimation
Ehsan Asmar Mohammad H. Vahidnia Mojtaba Rezaei Ebrahim AmiriBackground and Objective: Rice is one of the most strategic plants in Iran. On the other hand, agriculture makes a wide variety of environmental amenities and problems. Thus researches that help the production and sustainable development in this area are significant. Th MoreBackground and Objective: Rice is one of the most strategic plants in Iran. On the other hand, agriculture makes a wide variety of environmental amenities and problems. Thus researches that help the production and sustainable development in this area are significant. The main purpose of this research is the design and development of a scalable remote sensing-based paddy yield model.Material and Methodology: In this study, we used several different images available in Google Earth Engine (GEE) to estimate paddy yield at various temporal (growing seasons) and spatial scales (from 30 m resolution to regional scales). Then, a remote sensing-based light use efficiency (LUE) model integrated with inanimate environmental stressors, was implemented. This operational model was assessed against actual field-level yield data in 2016, 2017, and 2019 growing seasons across more than 691 paddy fields in Gilan province.The efficiency of the current model was evaluated through different statistical measures. The results showed a positive correlation and a signed agreement between the estimated and measured values so that in the studied growing seasons, the average correlation coefficient (R) and agreement index (d) was equal to 0.55. The average RMSE equal to 500 kg/ha, the average MAE equal to 440 kg/ha, and the average NRMSE equal to 0.12, all indicate that the accuracy of the model in estimating crop yield in these locations and years is satisfactory. Also, the submitted model showed the appropriate variability of yield values at the farm scale.Discussion and conclusion: In general, this new approach has confirmed that the use of remote sensing in the GEE is appropriate for estimating crop yield at various temporal and spatial scales, as the current model can be utilized in a wide range of applications such as agricultural management and insurance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - The effect of magnetic field on the physical properties of water and its application in industry,agriculture and so on Water resource management
Amin Raeisi Hesameddin Mehrfar Masoud Torabi AzadBackground and Aims: Magnetic water technology is a topic that has been considered in the field of water and agriculture resources in recent years. One of the applications of magnetic water is soil remediation with minimal use of chemicals and acids. By applying a magne MoreBackground and Aims: Magnetic water technology is a topic that has been considered in the field of water and agriculture resources in recent years. One of the applications of magnetic water is soil remediation with minimal use of chemicals and acids. By applying a magnetic field, ordinary water can be turned into a liquid with special physical and chemical effects. Methods: In this research, using laboratory and simulation methods, the effect of magnetic water on soil remediation was investigated and an operational study was performed in this regard. Results: The results indicated that the specific heat and boiling point of magnetic water decreased and the amount of evaporation increased. Other properties including specific gravity, surface tension, viscosity, electrical conductivity, and solubility also changed. Applying a magnetic field increases the solubility of water and thus activates the nutrients in the soil, and then facilitating the dissolution of insoluble salts in the soil reduces fertilizer consumption by 50%. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of experiments on irrigation with magnetic water on different fields revealed that seed yield increased, and water consumption and pump cost decreased by 44%. Considering that water supply for domestic, industrial, agricultural, etc. is becoming more difficult year by year and imposes heavier costs on the government, the use of magnetic water technology and localization of its technology seem inevitable and could result in save in foreign currency. Keywords: Agriculture; Electric charges; Magnetic water; Water resources Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Measurement and Prioritization of Influencing Factors on Sustainable Agricultural Development from Point of View Jihad Experts of Ardabil Province
Vakil Heidari SarbanConventional farming prevails, especially after World War II due to the use of modern agricultural Institutions increase productivity of agricultural production. It rewards the true values of producers and their products. It draws and learns from organic farming. It wor MoreConventional farming prevails, especially after World War II due to the use of modern agricultural Institutions increase productivity of agricultural production. It rewards the true values of producers and their products. It draws and learns from organic farming. It works on farms and ranches large and small, harnessing new technologies and renewing the best practices of the past. The purpose of this paper is measurement and prioritization of influencing factors on sustainable agricultural development from point of view Jihad experts of Ardabil Province. The statistical population of this survey consists of Jihad Expertsof Ardabil Province. For data collection, it was used the documents, library and internet as the material to investigate the literature background, while utilizing the questionnaire to gather necessary field data, which was formulated, as proposed in different resources, based on the research assumptions and questions. Further, validity of the questionnaire was approved by a panel of experts and scholars the field of sustainable agriculture and agriculture development. Then, 30 questionnaires were completed in the Ardabil Province to determine its reliability through the test, and the Cronbach alpha coefficient was calculated for the total questionnaire equal 0.78 = α using SPSS software package. The study sample consisted of all experts in Ardabil Province, of which 160 were selected by multistage random sampling. For data analysis, SPSS software was used. The research results showed that barriers of educational, environmental, economical and psychological settled in Ardabil province, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Introducing Community Garden and Its Role in Sustainable Urban Development
Sajjad Shamshiri Hassan DarabiUrbanization and urban development is accompanied by serious challenges. Achieving sustainability in this environment is very difficult due to the diversity of interest groups. Among this, occurred a small but effective movement during the same conflict evolved in urban MoreUrbanization and urban development is accompanied by serious challenges. Achieving sustainability in this environment is very difficult due to the diversity of interest groups. Among this, occurred a small but effective movement during the same conflict evolved in urban environments, a reflection of the aspects of sustainable development are considered. Community Garden endogenous movement, micro and limit the role and function at different scales is extremely diverse. Therefore to serve in the process of sustainable urban development. In this context, in attempts to analyze the literature survey, a systematic method based on lifecycle affected by attempts to investigate the nature, role and functions of the community gardens. Community-based survey shows that gardens are the multiple functions that reflect a range of strategies win – win. Community Garden are very affordable but very effective tool for urban administrators(economic, social, environmental) that can provide multiple functions will play their role in improving the quality of urban life.community gardens is clear example of achieve great changes in small movement, based on Chaos Theory that emphasizes the minimum conveniences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Estimate Sustainable indicators of environmental resources in agriculture Mashhad city using Fuzzy fraction programming
Sadegh Bafandeh Imandoust Kazem Farahmand Massoud HomayounifarEnvironment is a key element of sustainable development. Hence in this regard trying to steer development process so that the maximization of value-added economic activities and the dynamic nature does not lose his balance. Thus, according to environmental impact and co MoreEnvironment is a key element of sustainable development. Hence in this regard trying to steer development process so that the maximization of value-added economic activities and the dynamic nature does not lose his balance. Thus, according to environmental impact and consequently. The survival of human life, environmental protection is indispensable. Therefore, it is necessary to recognition items that cause to environmental sustainability. In this paper assign Sustainable model of agricultural resources for protection environment of Mashhad by using fractional programming. This study evaluates in two scenarios; In the first scenario assumed that all land should be used. Result of this section showed cultivation of barely, alfalfa and silage maize are The optimum cropping pattern in the region to sustain environmental resources. In second scenarios assume that Strategic crops such as wheat, barley and sugar beet cultivation in the list of products exist. Result of this section showed cultivation of wheat, barley, alfalfa, are The optimum cropping pattern in the region to sustain environmental resources. Also result of paper showed that limitation farmer to Strategic cultivation wheat and barley in optimum cropping pattern cause to Reduce environmental sustainability indicators. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Surveying Green roofs’ Components
Elma Mohammadi Seyed hamed Mirkarimi Marjan MohammadzadehIn recent years, there has been a great attitude toward creating green roofs in the world and our country. To fulfil consumer expectations different green systems has being introduced. As a result, there are variety of ways in order to implicate green roofs that can mak MoreIn recent years, there has been a great attitude toward creating green roofs in the world and our country. To fulfil consumer expectations different green systems has being introduced. As a result, there are variety of ways in order to implicate green roofs that can make it hard to decide which one to choose. In this paper after surveying and introducing some of the most used ways of creating a green roof and their components, indispensable layers of a green roof were identified and a generalized scheme of them was introduced and shown. These essential layers were respectively: roofing membrane, waterproof membrane, drainage, soil filter, growing medium or soil, and plants. At the end, given that the cost of creating a green roof is one of the important obstacles in its’ propagation, some solutions were offered. Introducing variant layers and their applications will help to choose a suitable structure for a green roof. This choice must be taken according to local conditions like climate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - The Effect of Arson in Agriculture on the Environment (Case study: Esfahan Province)
Jaber Aazami Somayeh PourhashemzehiIran, with twelve percent of the cultivated area, is the third country as the number and diversity of agricultural products in the world, but rankinf above 140 out of the 231 countries in the environmental indicators shows insufficient attention to conservation environm MoreIran, with twelve percent of the cultivated area, is the third country as the number and diversity of agricultural products in the world, but rankinf above 140 out of the 231 countries in the environmental indicators shows insufficient attention to conservation environment. Todays, the arson (deliberately fire) of plant’s residual in Iranian agriculture community, is underway as a culture in farmers. The aims of this study were a review on the previous studies on the reasons of arson in Esfahan province, a description of the effects of arson on environment, a presentation of the positive points of the plant’s residuals for the next harvest and also the applications of those in the different industries. The main reason of arson is originated of preparing shortly of the farm for next planting and destroying pests, especially germ’s insect-eating whereas this action (arson) not only will increase the loss of soil fertility, water and wind erosion, destruction of soil beneficial microorganisms, air pollution caused by the ash, but also will make the surface soil and in continue, will loss the rainwater, causing a severe surface runoff, increase evaporation as same as enter much smoke and many particulate matters from the ash and causes air pollutions. It is noticeable that the residuals can be used in various industries, including pulp and paper, floriculture (such as mushrooms), energy and also the agricultural industry. In this context, the role of education, developing of alternate industries and government incentives are the most important feasible measures Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Blessing and its Equipment in Quran and Hadith
Jamal Farzand vahy Zahra Zaheri Rouhollah ZaheriThis world's equipment is not limited to money and appearance but there is another affair in other world which relates unworldly and moral ones which has precise and adorable relationship with this world's affairs. One of these morals is Bounty or Blessing which has bro MoreThis world's equipment is not limited to money and appearance but there is another affair in other world which relates unworldly and moral ones which has precise and adorable relationship with this world's affairs. One of these morals is Bounty or Blessing which has brought in Holy Quran as Elevated, Blessed, Fortunate and Auspicious about thirty two times. The present paper studies the word "Blessing" and its equipment such as Holy Quran, Pray, Hajj, to Promote Virtue and Prevent Vice, visit the sick, charity, places and times, eatables and drinkables and animals. The method is librarian and the applied main recourse is Holy Quran. Being familiar with the equipment and their application in daily life are the main goals of this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Futures Studies in Weed Sciences (Review of Future Research Needs and Emerging Technologies)
Ebrahim Izadi Darbandi Arash MaghsoodiCompared to other agricultural sciences, weed science is a new science, but it has been considered as an old tradition and method. Weeding was one of the first method in weed control, but with the over of time and the invention of agricultural tools, new methods for wee MoreCompared to other agricultural sciences, weed science is a new science, but it has been considered as an old tradition and method. Weeding was one of the first method in weed control, but with the over of time and the invention of agricultural tools, new methods for weed control were introduced and have been more or less used until. However, Today, challenges have been created in this science, the most important of which are the emergence of herbicide-resistant biotypes, reduction of the effectiveness of old herbicides, the lack of weed management methods and the reduction of the introduction of herbicides with new modes of action. In the future, according to the need, it is important to introduce natural compounds as a suitable option to discover a new site of action and produce bio-herbicides. Also, genetic engineering will be considered as another tool for adjusting the selective properties of herbicides and creating new management methods. Computer science and robotic, which include electronic eyes, sensors for distinguishing crops from weeds, and other tools related to engineering sciences, are also important and needed in weed management that are being developed and processed. Also, combining old methods with new tools can be considered as a suitable option for sustainable management of weeds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - The Use of the Internet of Things Technology in Collecting Environmental Information of Agricultural Lands using Sensor Observation Service
Nima Ghasemloo Ali Akbar Matkan Abbas Alimohammadi Hossein Aghighi babak mirbagheriThe challenges of food production in the 21st century make the employment of modern agricultural technologies increasingly vital due to population growth. The Internet of Things (IoT( is critical in changing traditional technology into modern technology, and it could he MoreThe challenges of food production in the 21st century make the employment of modern agricultural technologies increasingly vital due to population growth. The Internet of Things (IoT( is critical in changing traditional technology into modern technology, and it could help smart agriculture reduce waste and increase output. The integrated use of this technology in large metropolitan or national areas is problematic since data producers employ various formats and standards to implement the IoT. One of the most challenging aspects of utilizing the IoT in agriculture is gathering the collected data and displaying it online and in a standard format. This research has examined a method for receiving information from sensors, storing it, and presenting it in a standard context utilizing IoT technology. The result of this research shows that the sensor's data and their observations can be recorded in a standard format using the standard sensor observation service from the Open Geospatial Consortium. An integrated platform is built using spatial data infrastructure. In fact, using a standard format reduces the number of services requested and the parameters associated with the sensor name, retrieval time, and sensor position. Therefore, the output of sensor observations in the spatial portal of spatial data infrastructure will be more easily accessible than methods that use only web services. The use of spatial data infrastructure makes it possible to display sensor data alongside other spatial layers. Using this method, agricultural environmental data collected using sensors are more easily provided to farmers and decision-makers instantly and online. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Estimation of actual evapotranspiration in pistachio orchards using SEBAL algorithm in three irrigation system
Soheil RadiomBackground and ObjectiveOver the past 100 years, the country has lost about 90 percent of its per capita renewable water. About 90% of the country's renewable water resources are allocated to the agricultural sector. With the increase in the area of pistachio orchards a MoreBackground and ObjectiveOver the past 100 years, the country has lost about 90 percent of its per capita renewable water. About 90% of the country's renewable water resources are allocated to the agricultural sector. With the increase in the area of pistachio orchards and the increase in demand for water on the one hand and the limited water resources in the region, on the other hand, the imbalance between supply and demand for water is sharply increasing. In this regard, the most important step to prevent water loss is the uniform distribution of water on the field, optimal at each stage of growth. About 99% of the water absorbed by the plant is used for evapotranspiration. Therefore, studying this phenomenon can play an important role in determining the water needs of plants. It is difficult to measure the actual evapotranspiration outside the laboratory. Many experimental methods have been developed to estimate actual and potential evapotranspiration using meteorological and climatic data. But most of these methods are only able to estimate potential evapotranspiration and do not estimate the actual amount of it. In contrast, remote sensing methods have been developed that are a good solution for estimating the actual evapotranspiration. Satellite imagery with global coverage and repetitive Acquisition has made it possible to monitor evapotranspiration at the field level and during plant growth. Various studies have been conducted to estimate the actual evapotranspiration of agricultural areas using satellite images, which indicate the acceptable accuracy of these methods. However, most of this research is related to agricultural fields and no significant research has been done to estimate evapotranspiration at the orchards. Vegetation at the farms is uniform and homogeneous compared to orchards, so the estimation of vegetation index, which is one of the inputs of the SEBAL model in orchards is more difficult than agricultural fields, which can affect the final accuracy. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to estimate the amount of evapotranspiration in the pistachio orchard using the SEBAL algorithm and evaluate the accuracy of estimation. Also, this research has beenMaterials and Methods The present research has been carried out in pistachio orchards in Zarandieh city of Markazi province. The gardens had three different irrigation systems including flood irrigation systems, surface, and subsurface drip irrigation systems. Actual evapotranspiration is estimated using water balance and SEBAL algorithm. Meteorological data from Imam Airport Synoptic Station and Landsat8 satellite imagery has been used to estimate evapotranspiration using the SEBAL algorithm. Actual evapotranspiration is estimated at satellite overpass times during the growing season. To select hot and cold pixels in the SEBAL algorithm, the semi-automatic method proposed by Oldmo is used, which minimizes user participation in the selection of hot and cold pixels. To evaluate the accuracy of evapotranspiration estimation, the information of soil moisture sensors in the orchard has been used. 28 sensors measure soil moisture in different parts of the orchard. Using the soil moisture values, the actual evapotranspiration was estimated using the water balance method and used as a reference value.Results and Discussion A comparison of the results of the SEBAL algorithm and water balance method showed that the SEBAl algorithm was able to estimate the actual evapotranspiration in different parts of the orchard with an RMS error of 0.57. In addition, the correlation between the values estimated by the two methods was equal to 0.82, which indicates the appropriate capability of the SEBAL algorithm in estimating evapotranspiration values. The correlation between the actual evapotranspiration estimated from the SEBAL model and the reference evapotranspiration is 0.76. In addition, in the research, changes in the evapotranspiration in different parts of the garden and also gardens with different irrigation systems including flood, surface, and subsurface drips have been investigated. The results show that the orchard with subsurface irrigation had the lowest average of evapotranspiration on different dates. Considering that evapotranspiration is equal to the sum of evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration from the plant, this decrease can be attributed to the decrease in evaporation from the soil surface. In addition, evapotranspiration heterogeneity can be observed in all parts of orchards with the same irrigation system on all dates. For example, in the orchard with a flood irrigation system, parts of the garden show low evapotranspiration, which can be due to the lack of smoothing of the surface and lack of proper moisture in these areas. Obviously, the same amount of moisture accumulates in other parts of the garden and is inaccessible through deep percolation. This uneven distribution is also observed in the garden with a surface drip irrigation system. For example, the middle part of the garden with surface drip irrigation always shows a higher amount of evapotranspiration, which can indicate the loss of water in this part, due to the miss-operation of the dripper. To evaluate the difference in evapotranspiration in different irrigation systems, the average, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation values of evapotranspiration in orchards related to three different irrigation systems have been calculated. The results showed that in all dates, the ranges and standard deviation of evapotranspiration in the flood irrigation system were higher than in other systems, which indicates the lack of uniform irrigation in the orchard. Also, on all dates, the average amount of evapotranspiration in the orchard with a surface drip irrigation system has been more than flood irrigation system. Vegetation in orchards with drip irrigation systems (surface and subsurface) was denser compared to the flood irrigation systems.Conclusion In this study, the actual evapotranspiration of pistachio orchards has been estimated using satellite imagery and the SEBAL algorithm. The results of the study indicate the appropriate accuracy of the SEBAL algorithm in estimating the actual evapotranspiration of the orchards. Compared with the water balance method, the correlation coefficient was 0.82 and the root means the square error was 0.57. In addition, comparing the moisture situation in different parts of the orchard and in orchards with different irrigation systems has shown that by estimating the actual evapotranspiration using satellite imagery, appropriate information can be obtained on how to distribute moisture in the garden. This information provides valuable information on the optimal management of water resources and increases irrigation efficiency. Other results of this research include the significant difference between surface and subsurface drip irrigation methods. The results show that using subsurface irrigation methods can effectively reduce irrigation water loss due to evaporation from the soil surface. The results show that in areas where there is no access to information from soil moisture sensors or direct measurements of evapotranspiration, the use of the SEBAL algorithm and remote sensing methods can provide appropriate information for optimal water management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Analysis Policy-making of permaculture approach in urban planning
Azita Rajabi In recent decades, we have witnessed the rise of theorists in the areas of urban planning and urbanization to its nature and further revival, which is affected by the increasing global pollution and environmental concerns that More In recent decades, we have witnessed the rise of theorists in the areas of urban planning and urbanization to its nature and further revival, which is affected by the increasing global pollution and environmental concerns that have seriously threatened our planet in recent decades and led to sustainable urban development topics, with issues such as preventing local pollution, reducing the consumption of irreversible resources in the settlement consumption system. Human beings, especially cities, pay attention to recycling and reproduction of consumable resources, supporting environmental activities, etc. In this regard, permaculture approach with emphasis on sustainable urban agriculture culture as one of the newest approaches in the world has been considered by scientific circles and urban management. Permaculture movement is part of the biophilic or "nature-friendly city" movement, except that in this approach, emphasizing the cultivation of fruitful food species, waste recycling, reduction and saving of water and soil resources and energy resources, reducing urban waste and maximizing the usefulness due to "synergy among urban residents has been proposed and due to the ease of implementation strategies, it is one of the most important and executive strategies. The most available approaches of communities from environmental problems and the optimal link between the city and nature of the world are taken into account. In this paper, by researching reliable scientific databases, the conceptual analysis of the urban permaculture approach is and by identifying the characteristics and methods of implementing urban aperture based on the review-narrative method, it is attempted to achieve appropriate policy-making solutions based on its correct understanding. Extended AbstractIntroduction: In recent decades, we have witnessed the return of urban planning and urbanization theorists to its nature and further revival, a factor influenced by the increasing global pollution and environmental concerns which have extremely threatened our planet in recent years and led to the broaching of sustainable urban development topics, with issues such as: preventing local pollution and reducing the consumption of irreversible resources in the system of habitation. Human beings pay attention to recycling and reproduction of consumable resources, supporting environmental activities, etc. In this regard, permaculture approach emphasizing sustainable urban agricultural culture as one of the newest approaches in the world has been considered by scientific circles and urban management. One of the foremost capabilities of permaculture is its realization in various types of open and closed spaces, public and private, semi-public and semi-private urban and rural according to the concept of sustainable development, which means combining economic, social and environmental goals to maximize the welfare of the present human being without harming the ability of the next generations to meet their needs (QECD, 2001:11). The concept of permaculture design is the realization of ecological engineering programs "with emphasis on providing healthy food needs of citizens in their living environment and "culture based on environment or canvas" is available in the local settlement. The basis for this eco-ideological approach or "ideology-ecology" provided the basis for this view, which is entirely derived from the geographical perspective of agricultural production without the occurrence of environmental damages and by preserving moral values in both urban and rural spaces. Also, this approach can lead to the promotion of cultural and social exchanges of citizens at the urban level. It can be said that permaculture is in fact a combination of sustainable agriculture and a culture of living in an environmentally friendly way that can be viewed in all aspects of human habitation, from agriculture to ecological construction in cities to appropriate technology that combines an agricultural system and principles of social design. The concept of permaculture is considered one of the major approaches to the realization of sustainable development in urban and rural areas and an exit approach for third world societies from the environmental crises of their polluted cities, the permaculture movement is part of the biofilk or "nature-friendly city" movement, except that in this approach, the emphasis is on cultivating fruitful food species, recycling waste, reducing and saving the consumption of water and soil resources.Methodology: Given the fact that this article is a review article using valid scientific databases, a summary of preliminary and original studies in the field of urban permaculture based on newer articles and global resources has been discussed in this regard; by using new findings in the field of urban planning science based on nature-friendly city view, we present the realization of this issue to review valid articles. International books and opinions of global experts in this field and the summation and classification of the mentioned data in the form of strategy executive approaches are discussed in accordance with the conditions of the environment.Results and discussion: Permaculture is defined as an "excellent" form of organic gardening and as a design system for flexible living and land use based on global ethics and environmental design principles in cities and villages, based on the type of plant species planting within towns and villages, the edge spaces, their proximity and outside are divided into the following six areas: Zero zone within important urban centers, zone one of the closest areas of residential areas and garden zone of salad plants, medicinal plants, soft and delicate fruits (strawberries, strawberries), greenhouse plants, amplified area and vermicompost reservoirs. Permaculture 2nd zone edge range is dedicated to cultivation of perennial plants, fruit bushes and trees, vegetables, large reservoirs of compost, pumpkin and sweet potatoes with less care level. The third zone is dedicated to the cultivation of crops and fruit orchards for domestic and commercial purposes while the fourth zone is considered a quasi-savvy area, which outside the settlements and forage cultivation areas, groves, forests and wetlands, etc. Zone 5 includes wildlife, which is a genetic reservoir of wild species. The first three zones are completely related to human settlement lands and there are solutions for self-reliance of food, creating fun and fruitful green spaces and educating nature-friendly citizens, so the permaculture approach from reaching the stages of compost production at home and preventing waste destruction and utilization of non-drinking water and rainwater gray water to creating gardens in private and semi-public spaces and even public and social farms and farm schools and farm universities to "farm property" or farms in commercial centers can take effective steps towards social self-confidence, optimal consumption, environmental protection, nutrition improvement, cultural promotion of society with the lowest cost and highest productivity and in line with nature and based on health and prosperity brings.Conclusion: The most important results of the realization of urban permaculture strategy can be considered on the basis of the studies conducted by researchers in this field as follows:- Permaculture economic strategy is based on "productive city"; self-employment and economic self-sufficiency of urban neighborhoods, the ability to produce enough food for all people in their areas of life, without the need for external resources reduce the costs of providing food for families, especially low-income classes, and save the cost of providing healthy and fresh fruits and vegetables.- The environmental strategy of this approach is based on the multiple plants and even animal species and is based on biodiversity, biological control of pests, production of compost, conservation of nature, improvement of air and water pollutants, etc. And the ultimate realization becomes a "healthy city".- The social strategy of the city in this approach leads to the promotion of social exchanges in common areas and the exchange of experiences, unity and empathy, appropriate social education of different generations, social mobilization in the direction of healthy life and an intelligent and inclusive society, and by creating sustainable settlements in order to revitalize urban spaces, an effective and feasible step is possible. 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Open Access Article
76 - Haloculture: strategy for sustainable utilization of saline land and water resources
Farhad KhorsandiLand salinization is a major obstacle to the sustainable development of agriculture in arid regions. The demand for food, fiber, fuel and fresh water has increased in the recent decades, particularly in developing nations, due to alarming rise in population. As fresh wa MoreLand salinization is a major obstacle to the sustainable development of agriculture in arid regions. The demand for food, fiber, fuel and fresh water has increased in the recent decades, particularly in developing nations, due to alarming rise in population. As fresh water resources and productive lands for crop production are limited, new strategies for the sustainable utilization of marginal lands and water resources have become urgently necessary. The objective of this article is to propose Haloculture as a holistic approach for the sustainable management of saline resources, enhancement of environmental quality and improvements in socio-economic conditions in less developed salt affected regions. Haloculture refers to the sustainable production of agricultural and industrial products in saline environments. It is essentially an integrated production system that makes use of diverse salt tolerant aquatic species and halophytes to produce different economically and industrially valuable products such as food and fuel and environmental services from the salt affected lands. Although immense socio-economic, industrial and environmental benefits of Haloculture are increasingly becoming evident, careful ecological, cultural and economic considerations are a pre-condition for the successful implementation of Haloculture-led improvements in saline environments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Predicting discharge potential of upper Thal Doab, Indus basin for irrigation through numerical groundwater flow modeling
Hanif Rehman Zulfiqar Ahmad Arshad Ashraf -
Open Access Article
78 - Typology of Experts' Attitudes on Constraints of Conservation Agriculture Development (A Q Methodology )
Shahpar Geravandi Fereshte Moradi Mohamad Hossein BabaeiIn recent years، conservation agriculture has emerged as a multidimensional approach to the sustainable use of water and soil resources and the achievement of sustainable development goals. Despite the efforts، development process of this approach is slow and faces many MoreIn recent years، conservation agriculture has emerged as a multidimensional approach to the sustainable use of water and soil resources and the achievement of sustainable development goals. Despite the efforts، development process of this approach is slow and faces many obstacles. In the present study، an attempt was made to examine the obstacles to the development of conservation agriculture from the mental dimension of the experts of the Research Center. The target population was the experts of Sararud Research Center in Kermanshah in 2019-2020 who were studied purposefully. In this regard, Q methodology was used. This method is one of the mixed research methods. Based on the findings of the Q-factor results، the number and manner of groupings show that the range of mindsets and opinions of experts regarding barriers to conservation agriculture have differences and similarities. Therefore، according to the purpose of studying Q and the criterion of interpretability of factors or groups, 5 categories (technology-centric، tradition-oriented، knowledge-centered, cognitive-centric, institution-centered) of the mentality and beliefs of experts in Sararud Research Center Kermanshah has been obtained. Each group had different mindsets and attitudes about barriers to the development of conservation agriculture. Given the prevailing mental model identified (central institution)، it is recommended that the government provide incentives and grants (loans، etc) to beneficiaries so that they can apply the method conservation agricultural farms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Explaining the Factors Promoting the Development of Conservation Agriculture، Using Factor Analysis (Case Study: Boukan County)
Amir Hmaekhani Loghman Rashidpour Solieman RasouliazarSustainability of agriculture requires a change from conventional methods to efficient methods that, while meeting the growing demand for food, take into account the security of future opportunities and maintain the quality and quantity of natural resources, including s MoreSustainability of agriculture requires a change from conventional methods to efficient methods that, while meeting the growing demand for food, take into account the security of future opportunities and maintain the quality and quantity of natural resources, including soil. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors promoting the development of conservation agriculture of of Boukan County in West Azerbaijan province. This research was descriptive-survey. Statistical population of the study was included all leading farmers of Boukan county (N: 85) that out of them, 70 sample were selected by Cochran Formula. The researcher-made questionnaire was used for data gathering that’s validity and reliability was confirmed by experts and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.82. The research questionnaire consisted of factors facilitating conservation agriculture. The results of factor analysis showed that six factors included; infrastructure, educational, planning, economic and technological could explain about 73% of the variance of the factors promoting conservation agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Identifying the Development Drivers of Emerging green Technologies to Realize Sustainable Agriculture in Iran
Akbar Foruzesh Ahmadreza kasraee Reza Dinpanah mehdi charmchian langeruodiIn an era that has been exposed by growing environmental concerns and the urgent need to review the common methods of producing agricultural products and achieving sustainable agriculture, the use of "green technologies" has emerged as the final solution. The MoreIn an era that has been exposed by growing environmental concerns and the urgent need to review the common methods of producing agricultural products and achieving sustainable agriculture, the use of "green technologies" has emerged as the final solution. The identification of factors driving the development of emerging green technologies to achieve sustainable agriculture was carried out. The type of descriptive-survey research and its statistical population were technology experts in the public and private sectors and users of emerging green technologies, 314 of them based on the table of Karjesi and Morgan by random sampling with proportional assignment. were investigated. The tool of data collection was a questionnaire, the validity of which was obtained by referring to experts in agricultural technologies, and the calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.931) confirmed its reliability.Data were classified by SPSS version 21 software and exploratory factor analysis technique. The results showed that seven factors include the realization of sustainable agriculture, increasing efficiency and productivity in production, improving the form and quality of agricultural products, optimal use of production factors and cost reduction, penetration of green technologies in the agricultural production system, development of technology culture and innovation. In the society and increasing public awareness of emerging green technologies, more than 75% of the total variance of the factors promoting the development of emerging green technologies to achieve sustainable agriculture are explained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - A brief overview on nano-agrochemicals
Abdolmanan Narouei Milad NaroueiIn recent years, nanotechnology has received much attention due to its wide applications in various fields. As the surface area increases, the functional efficiency of the nanostructure also increases. Today, the potential application of nanotechnology in the field of a MoreIn recent years, nanotechnology has received much attention due to its wide applications in various fields. As the surface area increases, the functional efficiency of the nanostructure also increases. Today, the potential application of nanotechnology in the field of agriculture has led to extensive research. The combination of nanotechnology and agriculture is a new tool and leads to the production of nano-fertilizers, nano-herbicides, nano-fungicides, nano-pesticides and nano-insecticides, commonly referred to as nano-agrochemicals. These nano agrochemical have gained a lot of research interest due to their cost-effective and environmentally friendly nature. In addition to the many benefits of nano-agrochemicals in agriculture, they help to replace synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, leading to increased yields of production. However, extensive research is being done in this field. Some of the challenges include accessibility for farmers, cost of production, lack of awareness, impact on the environment, humans, etc. This article reviews the current impacts of nanotechnology in agriculture, agrochemicals and their characterizations and also importance of nanotechnology on sustainable development of agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Organizational Culture Types Model Affecting the Perceived Organizational Performance According to the Role of Organizational Learning (Case Study: Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Agricultural Jihad Organization).
Arash Rahimi firozabad Saeed. Razeghi Amir Kazemi -
Open Access Article
83 - The Meta-synthesis of Dimensions and Challenges of Urban Agriculture
iman gholamian moghaddam Toktam Hanaee -
Open Access Article
84 - The Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in Alleviating the Adverse Effects of Drought, Heat and Salinity Stresses in Crop Plants
Mahroo Mojtabaie Zamani -
Open Access Article
85 - Evaluation Effect of Biological Fertilizer (Nitroxin case study) on Corn (Zea mays L.) Crop Production
Mani Mojadam -
Open Access Article
86 - بررسی شوری املاح محلول وکیفیت آب باغات زیتون شهرستان رودبار
علی لاهیجی علیرضا قدرتیمنطقه لوشان یکی از اقلیم­های خشک جنوبی استان گیلان می­باشد که به دلیل کمی بارندگی(متوسط 250 میلی­متر درسال) و خشکی زیاد برای آبیاری باغات زیتون به آب حاصل از چاه­ها وابسته است، که دارای کیفیت­های متفاوتی می­باشند و شناختی درباره آنها وجود ندارد. Moreمنطقه لوشان یکی از اقلیم­های خشک جنوبی استان گیلان می­باشد که به دلیل کمی بارندگی(متوسط 250 میلی­متر درسال) و خشکی زیاد برای آبیاری باغات زیتون به آب حاصل از چاه­ها وابسته است، که دارای کیفیت­های متفاوتی می­باشند و شناختی درباره آنها وجود ندارد. ازاین جهت این طرح با توجه به گستره زیتون­کاری درمنطقه لوشان شهرستان رودبار، در اولویت طرح­های مدیریت آب و خاک سازمان جهاد کشاورزی قرار گرفت. کیفیت آب تحت تاثیر سنگ بستر و مسیر­هایی که آب از آن عبور می کند می­باشد، برحسب موقعیت مکانی و ساختار زمین­شناسی آن منطقه آب­ها از کیفیت­های مختلفی برخوردار می­باشند؛ که بدین منظور جهت ارزیابی کیفیت این آب­ها حدود 40 نمونه ازآب باغات در منطقه نمونه­برداری گردید. نتایج بررسی­ها نشان داد که 16/62 درصد آب­ها دارای شوری بین 700تا 3000 میکروزیمنس بر سانتی­متر می­باشند؛ و 27 درصد آب­ها دارای شوری بیش از 3000 میکروزیمنس بر سانتی­مترمی­باشند. براساس طبقه­بندی ویلکوکس حدود 13 درصد آب­ها در کلاس C2S1 ، 60 درصد آب­ها در کلاس C3S1 و جزء آب­های شور با اعمال تمهیداتی برای استفاده به حساب می­آیند. 27 درصد آب­ها در کلاس C4S1 و جزء آب­های شور و مضر برای کشاورزی می­باشند. براساس این مطالعه مشخص گردید که شوری در آب آبیاری در بعضی مناطق بسیار بالا بوده که سبب تجمع املاح ، تخریب خاک­ها و کاهش عملکرد خواهد شد و بی­توجهی به این موضوع تهدیدی برای باغات منطقه و اکوسیستم پیرامون خواهد بود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - بررسی بهسازی آب بندان ها در مهار و ذخیره سازی آب های سطحی در استان مازندران
علی باقرییکی از سازه­های ذخیره آب در استان مازندران، آب­بندان می­باشد. آب­بندان در واقع یک استخر ذخیره خاکی و بسیار بزرگ است که از گود کردن و خاک­برداری یک محدوده و ریختن و کوبیدن و ایجاد دیواره دور این محدوده به وجود میآید. آب­های مازاد در فصول غیرزراعی Moreیکی از سازه­های ذخیره آب در استان مازندران، آب­بندان می­باشد. آب­بندان در واقع یک استخر ذخیره خاکی و بسیار بزرگ است که از گود کردن و خاک­برداری یک محدوده و ریختن و کوبیدن و ایجاد دیواره دور این محدوده به وجود میآید. آب­های مازاد در فصول غیرزراعی در آب­بندان­­­ها ذخیره می­شود و در فصول زراعی از آن بهره­برداری می­شود. با توجه به اینکه اکثر آب­بندان­­­ها از قدمت زیادی برخوردار هستند و با وسایل مقدماتی احداث شده­اند دارای عمق کمی می­باشند و دیواره­های آنها از استحکام کافی برخوردار نمی­باشد و با بارش سنگین باران احتمال تخریب دیواره و بروز خسارات وجود دارد؛ و همچنین میزان هدررفت آب از طریق نشت زیاد می­باشد و با ورود رسوبات حجم ذخیره آب در آب­بندانها کاهش یافته است، بنابراین با توجه به موارد ذکر شده آب­بندان­ها نیاز مبرم به لایروبی، افزایش عمق مخزن، تحکیم و تثبیت دیواره دارند. در این تحقیق 7 آب­بندان در سطح استان با مساحت 690 هکتار در نظر گرفته شد و تاثیر بهسازی آنها بر افزایش حجم ذخیره آب و افزایش مهار آبهای سطحی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که پس از بهسازی، حجم ذخیره این 7 آب­بندان 35/19 میلیون مترمکعب افزایش یافت. یعنی برای هر هکتار آب­بندان حجم ذخیره پس از بهسازی بطور متوسط، 28043 مترمکعب افزایش می­یابد. که این افزایش حجم ذخیره برای هر هکتار آب­بندان معادل 7/185 درصد می­باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Qualitative Assessment of Ardabil Plain Groundwater Wells
ابراهیم Fatei سمیه Nedaei-Gilarlo نسیم Seedsadegian S.T Seedsafavian R. SadeghiUnderground water resources of Ardabil plain is used for drinking, industry and agriculture activities in the studyarea. In order to water quality assessment of Ardabil plain wells to use in agricultural purposes water quality of81 deep wells that are utilized for agric MoreUnderground water resources of Ardabil plain is used for drinking, industry and agriculture activities in the studyarea. In order to water quality assessment of Ardabil plain wells to use in agricultural purposes water quality of81 deep wells that are utilized for agricultural irrigation was evaluated. In this study electrical conductivity,sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sulfate, chloride, bicarbonate and total hardness were measured.Studied wells were classified based on the percentage of sodium, EC and sodium adsorption ratio. By means ofPiper Diagram most of Ardabil Plain water is as carbonate type; in these wells are predominant sodium andpotassium. Wilcox diagram showed that 45 % of samples(35 sample) are in middle-saline class, 43.5 % ofsamples(34 sample) in saline class, 11.5 % of samples(9 sample) in very saline class Overall, the risk of salinityis moderate to high and alkalinity risk is lower. These waters are relatively suitable for agricultural uses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - The impact of trade and financial liberalization on export agricultural sector in Iran
Seyed Reza Pournaghi Farid Askarii Ahmad Jafari Samimi Farzaneh khalili -
Open Access Article
90 - Feasibility Study of Application of Precision Agriculture for Productivity of Manufacturing and commercialization Organic Crops
Mohsen Poorzabolzade Azita Zand Sahare Dehyuori -
Open Access Article
91 - Analyzing the Factors Affecting the Sustainable Urban Agricultural Development in Tehran Metropolis (Case Study: 22 Districts of Tehran)
Somayeh Khosravi farhad lashgarara Alireza Poursaeed Maryam Omidi Najafabadi -
Open Access Article
92 - Exploring the Perspective of the Managers in Cairo Municipality Management of Fruit and Vegetable Organization concerning Organic Products Marketing
Hassen Noureddine Benfetta Bouayed Sarra A. Zaky -
Open Access Article
93 - Improving the Food and Agriculture Sector Tehran Stock Exchange by using Artificial Intelligence
Hamid Mir Ramin Zaraatgari Reza Sotoudeh -
Open Access Article
94 - Factors affecting the use of climate-smart agricultural technologies among wheat farmers in Alborz province with a planned behavior approach
Seyed Mohamad Khademi Noshabadi Maryam Omidi Najafabadi Mehdi Mirdamadi -
Open Access Article
95 - Analysis of Farm Management with Emphasis on Agricultural Estate
Jaafaar Nawar Mohammed E. Awad -
Open Access Article
96 - Modeling Spatial and Temporal Changes in Water Resources Quality by Cultivating a Variety of Agricultural Products
Mehrdad Tavakolzadeh Hossein Yousofib Saeid BehzadicGroundwater resources are considered as the main and most important sources of drinking water,agriculture and industry. It is necessary to study the quality change and decline in the balance ofthese resources as a result of improper drawing, inappropriate temporal and s MoreGroundwater resources are considered as the main and most important sources of drinking water,agriculture and industry. It is necessary to study the quality change and decline in the balance ofthese resources as a result of improper drawing, inappropriate temporal and spatial distribution ofwater resources in Iran and low irrigation efficiency in agriculture, has made water the mostlimiting factor of production in agriculture. In the present study, the fields under cultivation withvarious crops were studied in terms of the effect of cultivating different plants on groundwaterresources in the lands of Moghan Agriculture, Industry and Animal Husbandry Company atdifferent time period according to the type of crop cultivated. For this purpose, spatial andtemporal modeling of the change process was carried out. The results showed that due tosuccessive cultivation and the use of crops that need a lot of water for cultivation, water in twowells in the region has become saline and the water level has decreased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - Application of nanoparticles in controlling of phytopathogenic fungi and improving fungicide’s performances
Mohammad Reza Eslahi roghaeh AsadbolandAnnually, 20-40% of agricultural products are destroyed by plant pests and pathogens. Plant disease management depends on pesticides and toxins that are potentially harmful to humans and the environment. Nanotechnology can offer benefits to pesticides, including reduced MoreAnnually, 20-40% of agricultural products are destroyed by plant pests and pathogens. Plant disease management depends on pesticides and toxins that are potentially harmful to humans and the environment. Nanotechnology can offer benefits to pesticides, including reduced toxicity, improved reliability and durability and increased solubility in pesticides that are sparingly soluble in water. This paper examines two trends in the use of nanoparticles in controlling of phytopathogenic fungi: nanoparticles as protectors independently or as nanocarriers for fungicides. Despite the many potential benefits of nanoparticles, few nanoparticle-based products have been commercialized for agricultural applications. The lack of commercial applications can be explained by several factors, including the insufficient number of field studies and the lack of attention to the pest-host system. In other industries, nanotechnology has advanced rapidly, and it seems that the only way to continue advancing nanotechnology applications in agriculture is to understand the fundamental research questions and find scientific gaps for the rational and easy development of commercial nanoproducts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Sustainable food, the main axis of development
Somayeh Farhang Hulighi Fatemeh Heydari Dalanjan Aylin Behdashti KhosrowshahiFood safety is one of the biggest public issues that has been the focus of many experts around the world. Microbiological, chemical and physical hazards can lead to problems in food safety. In order to deal with this group of problems and protect consumer health, fast, MoreFood safety is one of the biggest public issues that has been the focus of many experts around the world. Microbiological, chemical and physical hazards can lead to problems in food safety. In order to deal with this group of problems and protect consumer health, fast, reliable and field deployable diagnostic methods with different requirements are needed. It is one of the necessary measures to prevent its occurrence and ensure food safety. Factors affecting the impact of optimal and positive nutrition include the use of multi-component interventions and gender-sensitive and participatory approaches that consider all areas. On the one hand, due to the diseases transmitted from food to humans and causing disturbances in human health, the ability to detect the presence of contamination in food and water (healthy from unhealthy) is of great importance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Review of integrating IOT and GIS potential to improve agricultural activities
Giti KhoshAmoozAgriculture is an activity which is directly related to food security. Increasing of population and limited resources enhance the importance of this field. Therefore, there is a need to apply smart methods to achieve sustainable development and precision agriculture. In MoreAgriculture is an activity which is directly related to food security. Increasing of population and limited resources enhance the importance of this field. Therefore, there is a need to apply smart methods to achieve sustainable development and precision agriculture. In these methods, a lot of sensors are required to collect data because there are number of geographical, social, environmental and economic factors which affect agricultural activities. So we should deal with a lot of data which most of them have spatial aspects. In the other hand, GIS is a best solution to manage and analysis spatial data. This indicates potential of integrating of GIS and IOT to improve agricultural activities. In previous studies, efficiency of GIS in agricultural activities have been proved. Moreover, in recent studies, applications of IOT in agriculture have been grown significantly. However, few studies have investigated integration of GIS and IOT for this purpose. GIS provides wide variety of tools to manage data. Obtained data from sensors can be classified or data mining methods such as clustering can be applied to discover knowledge. Spatial correlation between different parameters can be calculated based on spatial statistics toolboxes and pie charts and bar charts allow comparison between different parameters in different spatial units such as agricultural parcels, regions, villages and counties.In logistics, GIS can utilize network analysis to offer fastet and or best routes to reduce time and cost of delivering products from producers to users. Moreover, integration of GIS and MCDM is useful for nursery management which are related to different criteria such as temperature, lighting and humidity. In the field of livestock, it is possible to pinpoint location of cattles on map in the moment and calculate their population density. In the field of irrigation, GIS can help us to investigate quality of groundwaters by applying spatial statistics methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - The economic organization of Fatemiyan
hamidreza VerdiThe Economic organizations of Fatemiyan Abstract: Fatimid government (Caliphate) was established at North Africa in 909 AD (297 hegira) and it took power in Egypt in less than seventy years and consolidated the foundations of their government promptly. The present ess MoreThe Economic organizations of Fatemiyan Abstract: Fatimid government (Caliphate) was established at North Africa in 909 AD (297 hegira) and it took power in Egypt in less than seventy years and consolidated the foundations of their government promptly. The present essay is written in order to examine economy of Fatimid caliphate and its effect on stability of their government for more than two and a half century (909-1171) that has been conducted by librarian method and through referring to the valid sources of information. The major hypothesis of this is that the Fatimid could expand their political influence by means of an economic system based on trade, agriculture, and taxation and claim for caliphate over the entire Islamic world. The studied subject is that how Fatimid’s economic system operated and what financial sources they have employed for providing economic requirements and expansion of their sovereignty in Egypt and what objectives they had considered in their mind for developing these sources to acquire revenue. At last, it is expressed as conclusion that the Fatimid have benefitted from an effective and profitable economy in order to develop their political, social, ideological, and for survival of their government. Keywords: Bureaucracy, Economic history, Egyptian trade, Egyptian tax, Agriculture Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Agriculture and landholding System during the Umayyad priod
حمید رضا مطهریAgriculture, as the main way of attaining nutrition for humankind has been always regarded highly by different societies and governments. Umayyad dynasty also realized the great benefits of agriculture and its crucial role in their economic structure. After stabilizing MoreAgriculture, as the main way of attaining nutrition for humankind has been always regarded highly by different societies and governments. Umayyad dynasty also realized the great benefits of agriculture and its crucial role in their economic structure. After stabilizing their rule, Umayyad caliphs made efforts to improve the conditions of agriculture and farming. The present paper will answer the raised question here: What were the policies of Umayyads in the aspect of agriculture and land-holding system? In order to answer the question, different types of land-holding system of Umayyads and their actions on expansion of agriculture in Iraq and Sham are analyzed in this paper. The finding represent Umayyads earn huge income through taxes on land-holding and agricultural products and they exercised different types of land-holding systems. These actions led to preparation of situations for expansion and improvement of agriculture, damns, streams, qanats as well as lands measuring and land tenancy Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Reflections on the Industry's Thought of Khajeh Rashidodin Fazlollah Hamedani
Amir Teymour Rafiei Khajeh Rashidedin Fazlollah Hamedani(645-718 AH, 1246-1318 AD) was the physician, historian, minister and celebrated politician of great Ilkhani Kings like Ghazan Khan and Uljayto. Undoubtedly, he has played a great role in influencing the late Ilkahni Kings con More Khajeh Rashidedin Fazlollah Hamedani(645-718 AH, 1246-1318 AD) was the physician, historian, minister and celebrated politician of great Ilkhani Kings like Ghazan Khan and Uljayto. Undoubtedly, he has played a great role in influencing the late Ilkahni Kings concerning the administration of a series of reformations, specifically in economy, rural and urban developments and the stabilization of tax system. So it seems necessary to study Khajeh Rashid’s social activities both comprehensively and analytically. This study attempts to analyze his economic thoughts implemented in Ghazan Khan’s reign. The following items will seem specific attention: Restoring the dilapidated irrigation network in order to boost agriculture and gardening Renovating the desert lands and supporting the farmers and villagers through the stabilization of tax on their lands (tribute) and the other taxes paid to treasury. Recognition of their land ownership and the return of the farmers who had deserted their lands. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Agriculture and landholding System during the Umayyad priod
hamidreza motahari sadrolloh esmaeilzadehAgriculture, as the main way of attaining nutrition for humankind has been always regarded highly by different societies and governments. Umayyad dynasty also realized the great benefits of agriculture and its crucial role in their economic structure. After stabilizing MoreAgriculture, as the main way of attaining nutrition for humankind has been always regarded highly by different societies and governments. Umayyad dynasty also realized the great benefits of agriculture and its crucial role in their economic structure. After stabilizing their rule, Umayyad caliphs made efforts to improve the conditions of agriculture and farming. The present paper will answer the raised question here: What were the policies of Umayyads in the aspect of agriculture and land-holding system? In order to answer the question, different types of land-holding system of Umayyads and their actions on expansion of agriculture in Iraq and Sham are analyzed in this paper. The finding represent Umayyads earn huge income through taxes on land-holding and agricultural products and they exercised different types of land-holding systems. These actions led to preparation of situations for expansion and improvement of agriculture, damns, streams, qanats as well as lands measuring and land tenancy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - A Novel Model for the Analysis of Interactions Between Governments and Agricultures in a Study of Social Beneficial Externalities Based on the Stackelberg Game: A Case Study on Cotton Production
Mohammad Ali Shafia Sayyede Ashraf Moousavi Loghman Aghdas Badiee Kamran Shahanaghi -
Open Access Article
105 - Strategic Management of the Investment Process in the Agricultural Sector (for Example, Agricultural Enterprises and the Food Industry)
Sergii Zakharin Svitlana Stoyanova-Koval Iryna Kychko Viktoriya Marhasova Iryna Shupta -
Open Access Article
106 - Effects of Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Efficiency in Purslane (Portulaca oleracea)
Seyfollah Fallah Fallah Behjat Omrani OmraniTo investigate the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients from organic and chemical fertilizers sources, on their efficiency in purslane, a field experiment based on complete randomized block design was conducted at the Research Farm of Shahrekord University in 201 MoreTo investigate the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients from organic and chemical fertilizers sources, on their efficiency in purslane, a field experiment based on complete randomized block design was conducted at the Research Farm of Shahrekord University in 2014. Treatments were 13 t.ha-1 broiler litter (T1), 14.4 t.ha-1 broiler litter (T2), 39 t.ha-1 cattle manure (T3), 16.8 t.ha-1 cattle manure + 150 kg.ha-1 urea (T4), four chemical fertilizer levels equivalent to organic manure treatments, 260+86 kg.ha-1 urea +triple super phosphate, respectively (T5), 287+100 kg.ha-1 urea + triple super phosphate, respectively (T6), 260+200 kg.ha-1 urea + triple super phosphate, respectively (T7), 260+100 kg.ha-1 urea + triple super phosphate, respectively (T8) and control (T0). The results showed that T2 treatment produced 8345 kg.ha-1 of dry matter as compared with those of other fertilizer treatments (P<0.05). This indicate that nitrogen and phosphorus efficiencies in T2 treatment were significantly higher than other treatments (P<0.05). In the mean time, nitrogen efficiency in T5 and T7 were not significantly different. However, phosphorus efficiency in T2 (52.6 %) indicated significant difference as compared with the other treatments. Nitrogen physiological efficiency of treatment in T2 (35.02 kg.kg-1) and T8 (31.6 kg.kg-1), and also P physiological efficiency in T1 and T5 were not significantly different. As a whole, the higher N physiological efficiency and also physiological efficiency of phosphorus in broiler litter reflect the ecological role of organic manure application in the production of purslane. This can also help environmental protection, as well as preventing loss of resources and phosphorus accumulation in the cropland soils. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Relationship Between Ecological Awareness and Paddy -Field Knowledge of Women in Bandar- E Anzali With Sustainable Agriculture Critea
H. Chaharsougi-Amin S.M. MirdamadiThe purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between ecological awareness and rice-field knowledge of paddy field women in Bandar- E Anzali and sustainable agriculture criteria observation extent. The research method used descriptive-analytic that is perfor MoreThe purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between ecological awareness and rice-field knowledge of paddy field women in Bandar- E Anzali and sustainable agriculture criteria observation extent. The research method used descriptive-analytic that is performed relative – causal method. The population included paddy field women, over 25 years old in two region. In this research, 275 women were selected with systematic sampling method. Instruments reliability was estimated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient by SPSS/win. The descriptive findings showed that the research's paddy field women have good knowledge regarding ecological awareness and rice-field. Also, they are observing sustainability criteria in farming approximately. The analytic finding showed that there exists significant difference (%1) between the mean of observing sustainability criteria in farming, level of education, kind of ownership to field-rice and kind of used seed. Also, there exists positive significant correlation (p=%99) between age, past record paddy field, the measure of social participation, paddy field annual income, ecological awareness and paddy field knowledge and observing sustainability criteria in agriculture. But there exists negative significant correlation (p=%99) between the measure of paddy field participation and number of member household and observing sustainability criteria in farming. The measure of rice production and paddy field annual income as independent variable have maximum role and rate in analyzing of dependent variable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - The Effect of Vermicompost and Biological Fertilizer Application on Seed Yield and Yield Components of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
علیرضا Rezaee Moadab S.M. Nabavi KalatTo study the effect of vermicompost and biological fertilizers on seed yield and yield components of basil, an experiment based on complete randomized block design with three replications was conducted in Mashhad during cropping season of 2009-2010.The treatments were: MoreTo study the effect of vermicompost and biological fertilizers on seed yield and yield components of basil, an experiment based on complete randomized block design with three replications was conducted in Mashhad during cropping season of 2009-2010.The treatments were: vermicompost, nitroxin (Azotobacter and Azospirillum), bio phosphorus(Pseudomonas and Bacillus), vermicompost + nitroxin, vermicompost + bio phosphorus, nitroxin + bio phosphorus, vermicompost + nitroxin + bio phosphorus, chemical fertilizer (N.P.K), and control (no fertilizer). The results showed that the highest of plant height (57.66cm), lateral branch in plant (17.6 branch), number of flower per plant (38 flower), number of flower cycle per plant (231.6 cycle), number of seed per flower cycle (16 seed), 1000 seed weight (1.89 g) and seed weight per plant (10.22 g) were obtained with vermicompost + nitroxin treatment. But, the difference of this treatment with vermicompost + nitroxin + bio phosphorus treatment, except lateral branch per plant, was not significant. The highest of seed yield (1939.1 kg/ha) and biological yield (15183.3 kg/ha) obtained by using vermicompost + nitroxin + bio phosphorus treatment. This study showed that the effect of biological fertilizer combined with vermicompost on seed yield and yield components of basil was higher than chemical fertilizer and control (no fertilizer). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in the Intercropping with Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) on Different Planting Date
Vahid Ghahramani Ghalejoq Mohammad Taghi Naseripoor Yazdi Reza KamaeiTo evaluate the effect of different planting dates on yield and yield components of Chickpea) Cicer arietinum( in sole cropping and intercropping with Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), an experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design with three replications at R MoreTo evaluate the effect of different planting dates on yield and yield components of Chickpea) Cicer arietinum( in sole cropping and intercropping with Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), an experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design with three replications at Research Farm of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2013. The Treatments consisted of three sole cropping and intercropping dates as foloows: chickpea sole cropping in 13 February 2013 (PP1125), chickpea sole cropping in 22 February 2013 (PP1210), chickpea sole cropping in 16 March 2013 (PP1226), chickpea and cumin intercropping in 13 February (PC1125), replacement intercropping in 22 February (PC1210), replacement intercropping in 16 March 2013. The result showed that the highest chickpea seed yield (1435 kg.ha-1), plant height (38.5cm), number of stems (5.7), R.S-1 (3.166) and 1000-seed weight (377g) were obtained in chickpea sole cropping in 13 February planting date (PP1125). The results in intercropping treatments also showed that the highest LER (2.33) was obtained in March 16 relay intercropping treatment (PC1226) and lowest LER (1.24) in February 13 intercropping treatment (PC1125). According to the result the best dates in this region for sole cropping and intercropping with cumin, whould be second and third week of February. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Effect of Water Deficit Stress and Seed Biopriming on the Physiological Indices and Antioxidant Activity of Tansey (Tanacetum persicum (Boiss.) Mozaff)
Fatemeh Bahmeh Abdolrazagh Danesh-Shahraki Zahra Lorigooini Mahdi GhobadiniaGrowing medicinal plants is important for utilizing their drug precursors, and preserving the genetic resources and diversity in the ecosystem. Tansyis one of the medicinal plants with its valuable therapeutic and antioxidant properties. To investigate the effect of pla MoreGrowing medicinal plants is important for utilizing their drug precursors, and preserving the genetic resources and diversity in the ecosystem. Tansyis one of the medicinal plants with its valuable therapeutic and antioxidant properties. To investigate the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on the physiological indices and antioxidant activity of tansyunder water deficit stress, a factorial pot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design at the Experimental Farm of Shahrekord University in 2016. The factors consisted at water deficit at three levels: full irrigation (control), 75% full irrigation and 50% full irrigation; and seed biopriming treatments at seven levels: non-bacterial inoculation (control), Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus sp. strain A., Bacillus sp. strain B., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida. The results showed that bacterial inoculation treatments had a significant effect on all of the analyzed traits (p≤0.01). Azotobacter chroococcum inoculation had the most significant effect on chlorophyll a and carotenoids contents, biological yield, essential oil yield, and anthocyanin contents (0.020 µmol.ml-1). Bacillus sp. strain A showed a 2.5-fold increase in proline content compared to that of control, and Bacillus sp. strain B had the greatest effect on antioxidant activity (IC50 5.32 μg.ml-1). Moreover, Pseudomonas fluorescence increased the carotenoids content in 50% full irrigation treatment, and Pseudomonas putida had the highest effect on chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents, membrane stability, and leaf relative water content. The results revealed that the inoculation of Tansyseeds with Azotobacter and Pseudomonas bacteria, especially in deficit irrigation practices, is recommended to alleviate the adverse effects of water stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Effect of Planting Date and Nutritional Treatments on Yield and Yield Components of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Sayed Mohammad Reza Tabatabai Hamid Madani Hossein Heidari Sharifabad Ghorban Noormohammadi Farrokh DarvishUse of organic fertilizers is one of the important ways to improve agricultural productions reduce the risk of environmental pollution and to achieve sustainable goals. To compare the effect of different levels of planting date, organic and chemical fertilizers on yield MoreUse of organic fertilizers is one of the important ways to improve agricultural productions reduce the risk of environmental pollution and to achieve sustainable goals. To compare the effect of different levels of planting date, organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of maize, a split plot experiment with eight treatments and three replications was conducted at The Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Research and Sciences Branch, at Varamin, in 2019. Treatments were two levels of planting time (timely planting and late planting) and four fertilizers levels (control, 450 kg.ha-1 urea, 25 ton.ha-1 of compost manure and 15 ton.ha-1 of vermicompost fertilizer). The results showed that all of the traits under except 1000-grain weight were affected by different treatments. Delayed sowing significantly decreased yield and yield components. In most of the traits studied, significant differences between urea, compost and vermicompost treatments were not observed. However, stem diameter, seed content of nitrogen, number of kernel per ear and 1000-seed weight were not affected by the applied fertilizer treatments. Urea and vermicompost increased leaf soluble carbohydrates by (32.9 µg.g-1 FW and 31.9 µg.g-1 FW, respectively) and biological yield by (29.7 ton.ha-1 and 28.8 ton.ha-1, respectively). Also, grain yield increased by the use of compost (6.9 ton.ha-1) and urea (7.3 ton.ha-1) treatments. According to the results of this study, compost and vermicompost fertilizer can be a good alternative to urea in production of corn in Varamin region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - The evaluation of the amount of the villager's attitude towards mechanized agriculture and effective factors on it in Tarom
Jafar Ebrahimi Majid MohammadiAgricultural sector plays a main role in strengthening economic basis of developing countries and the role of mechanized agriculture as well as attitude towards its services has been considered in planning and leading farmers to produce strategic products. In this regar MoreAgricultural sector plays a main role in strengthening economic basis of developing countries and the role of mechanized agriculture as well as attitude towards its services has been considered in planning and leading farmers to produce strategic products. In this regard, the present study titled" the evaluation of the amount of the villager's attitude towards mechanized agriculture and effective factors on it", in Tarom county, is performed. Statistical population in the current study is the villagers of Tarom County and the most of whom are farmers. Among the villages of this county which are more than100 villages (10 villages are in central center and 10 villages are in Chorzagh section), 20 villages and among this 20 villages (statistical population equals to 11000) a total population of 362 patients were randomly selected. The technique used in this study is survey and the instrument is questionnaire which includes 62 questions and its reliability based on Cronbach's alpha is /72. The data analyzed using spss software, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation test, and multivariate regression. The results show that that among personalcharacteristics (age, sex, education, family status, marital status, the quantity of acre) only (education) have a significant relationship with dependant variable and also there is a meaningful relationship between independent parameters (awareness, satisfaction of servicer) and dependent variable (attitude to mechanized agriculture). The hypotheses of study confirmed concluding that the majority of sample size have high attitude towards mechanized agricultural. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Research and Development Spillovers Impact on Productivity (Case study: Iran's agricultural sector)
Seyedsafdar Hoseyni Habib Shahbazi Akram AbasifarResearch and development (R&D) is a suitable strategy for increasing agricultural production and supply and alleviating poverty and food shortages. Research and development affects agricultural productivity and production in several ways. Spillovers of research and MoreResearch and development (R&D) is a suitable strategy for increasing agricultural production and supply and alleviating poverty and food shortages. Research and development affects agricultural productivity and production in several ways. Spillovers of research and development from other sectors and foreign countries has an important role in increasing agricultural productivity. In this study, by using OLS and Almon distribution lag model, agricultural research and development policy and spillovers for the years 1959-2012 are evaluated .The results indicate that agricultural research and development elasticity is 0.311, other sectors research and development elasticity is 0.109, capital input import elasticity is 0.057 and intermediate input import is 0.046. So, supply of agricultural research and development parameter is 0.193, supply of other sectors research and development parameter is 0.068, supply of imported research and development (capital input) parameter is 0.035 and supply of imported (intermediate input) research and development parameter is 0.029.Therefore, agricultural research has more impact than other sectors research (spillovers) on agricultural productivity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Providing planning policies regarding structural empowerment of pounak neighborhood of Qazvin by urban agricaltural approach
Maryam Kavoosi Seyyed Mohammadreza KhatibiIn recent years, in addition to humans who have caused damage and destruction to the environment in various ways, other crises such as the water crisis, which has been very serious in the last century, have made this problem more complicated. In urban environments, gree MoreIn recent years, in addition to humans who have caused damage and destruction to the environment in various ways, other crises such as the water crisis, which has been very serious in the last century, have made this problem more complicated. In urban environments, green spaces are effective in creating a lively and encouraging environment for citizens, But according to this crisis raised in the world, these spaces in the city must be managed in an effective way. On this way, urban agriculture as a suitable approach in urban planning can largely solve the problems caused by environmental crises and lack of food security. Therefore, the unused spaces in the cities are suitable places to implement this approach, if we combine urban agriculture with modern scientific methods, it can be very efficient in the present era and in the direction of increasing Quality of urban life and empowerment of people in cities. This research is of an applied type and its investigation method is descriptive-analytical and based on field studies, library studies, experts' opinion and the opinion of residents of Punak neighborhood. According to the results of this research, which were obtained through the Delphi method and binomial and Friedman tests (spss), urban agriculture has increased social participation in the neighborhood of Punak, and in this regard, it can be seen from the social capital of this neighborhood. By using its effects, the mental health of the residents, especially women and the elderly can be achieved and also the proper use of abandoned and empty lands increases the quality of public spaces and improves security in the neighborhood. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - Climatic potential assessment of areas prone to rain-fed wheat and sugarcane cultivation Case study: Khuzestan province)
Seie Erfan Momen Pour Saeed BazgeerThe aim of this study is climatic-agricultural empowerment of rain-fed wheat and sugarcane cultivation using three methods FAO, Papadakis and UNESCO in Khuzestan province. Areas prone to dryland wheat cultivation have been used. For this purpose, 23-year statistics (199 MoreThe aim of this study is climatic-agricultural empowerment of rain-fed wheat and sugarcane cultivation using three methods FAO, Papadakis and UNESCO in Khuzestan province. Areas prone to dryland wheat cultivation have been used. For this purpose, 23-year statistics (1994-2016) daily climatic data related to temperature, precipitation, sundial, relative humidity and wind direction and speed of 10 synoptic stations in the province were used. The results of this study showed that most parts of the northern and northeastern regions of the province are suitable for dryland wheat cultivation and the southern and southwestern parts were unsuitable in this regard. In the meantime, the efficiency of the two methods of FAO and Papadakis was better than that of UNESCO. One of the remarkable results of this study is the identification of potential areas for sugarcane cultivation in Khuzestan province by the results of two methods, FAO and Papadakis. According to the results of these two methods, the central, southern and southwestern parts of the province are suitable for sugarcane cultivation, while according to the realities of the region, this plant is cultivated only in Ahvaz city. In the case of sugarcane, neither FAO nor Papadakis has been superior in efficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Evaluation of ecological capability of Babolrood basin for agriculture land use using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
امید Karami S.M Hoseini nasr حمید Jalilvand M.H MiryaghubzadehToday, agriculture is one of the main economic sections of the country and economic growth is not possible without agricultural growth. Since agricultural land use requires specific environmental conditions, researchers and experts have paid special attention to the lan MoreToday, agriculture is one of the main economic sections of the country and economic growth is not possible without agricultural growth. Since agricultural land use requires specific environmental conditions, researchers and experts have paid special attention to the land use evaluation for rational development of agricultural and determination of suitable area for agriculture is very important. Regarding the importance of subject, in this study suitable area for agricultural land use in Babolrood Basin-Mazandaran province evaluated. Thus, in first step, criteria and sub-criteria determined. Then by using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and with help of expert's knowledge, criteria and sub-criteria weighted, then the weights integrated with related maps using weighted linear combination technique in GIS environment and final map of agriculture capability provided. Results showed that 3.57 percent of the study area has first-class potential, 8.2, 16.19, and 2.51 percent of the study area has 2, 3 and 4 class's capability for agriculture respectively. Also 69.53 percent of the basin is unsuitable for agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Evaluation of growth Feature of Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum trees using stem analysis
jamshid eslam dost hormoz sohrabi seyed mohsen hoseyniTree growth has a great ecological and economic importance and stem analysis is one of the reliable and widely used methods which is used to study the growth of different attributes of the trees. In the present study, we evaluated diameter, basal area, and height and vo MoreTree growth has a great ecological and economic importance and stem analysis is one of the reliable and widely used methods which is used to study the growth of different attributes of the trees. In the present study, we evaluated diameter, basal area, and height and volume growth of two fast growing species (namely Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum). After falling down the trees, 5 centimeter thick disks at 2 meter intervals were collected and transported to the laboratory. The thickness of the annual rings was measured in two perpendicular directions up to1millimeter precision. The results showed that the highest value of the current growth of diameter of Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum occurred in 4 and 6 year ages, respectively, equal to 1.5 and 5.4 cm and the highest value of the current basal area growth of Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum occurred in 9 and 10 year ages, respectively, equal to 0.1 and 0.14 square meters. Furthermore, the highest value of the current growth of height of Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum occurred in 6 and 9 year ages, respectively, with value of 1.3 m 3.1 m and the highest value of the current growth in the volume of Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum occurred in 8 and 12 year ages, with a value of 0.094 and 0.1 cubic meters, respectively. Finally, there would be concluded that both of these species in such sites can meet the environmental needs such as green spaces as well as economic goals such as commercial wood product. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - The effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria in combination with phosphorus fertilizer on yield of corn hybrids in the northern of Khuzestan
Fateme Nouraki Mojtaba Alavi Fazel Ahmad Naderi Ebrahim Panahpour Shahram LackIn order to study the effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria in combination with phosphorus fertilizer on yield of corn hybrids, the experiment was carried out in the north of Khuzestan province during the summer of 2013-2014 by a split plot design in the form of ran MoreIn order to study the effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria in combination with phosphorus fertilizer on yield of corn hybrids, the experiment was carried out in the north of Khuzestan province during the summer of 2013-2014 by a split plot design in the form of randomized complete block with four replications. Combining biological and chemical fertilizers as main factors at four levels (100% chemical fertilizer, 75%, 50% and 25% chemical fertilizer combined with 100% bio-fertilizer) were used in the main plots and corn hybrids pellets with three levels (S.C 704, S.C Mobin, S.C Karoon) were used in sub plots. In this study the combination of chemical fertilizer with biofertilizer had a significant effect on biological yield at 5% level while the other traits were not significant. Also, the hybrid type had a significant effect on yield components; however, the harvest index was not significant. It seems that combination of chemical fertilizer with biofertilizer was able to increase the performance of single cross hybrids and cross hybrids 704 and Karun while Mobin hybrid showed a lower capability for fertilizer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - Effect of amount of sugarcane compost and nitrogen on quantitative and qualitative yield of corn (Zea mays L.)
Seyed Keyvan Marashi Forogh ZadehomidiConsidering the production of sugarcane compost in some sugarcane companies and the need for using these products as organic fertilizers to reduce the application of chemical fertilizers, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different amounts of su MoreConsidering the production of sugarcane compost in some sugarcane companies and the need for using these products as organic fertilizers to reduce the application of chemical fertilizers, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different amounts of sugarcane compost and nitrogen fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative yield of corn. In this study, split plots were used in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of different amounts of sugarcane compost at three levels of 0, 15, and 30 ton/ha as main plots and nitrogen fertilizer from urea source at three levels of 80, 160, and 240 kg/ha nitrogen as sub plots. Results showed that the effect of sugarcane compost and nitrogen on number of rows per ear, number of seeds per ear, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, and protein yield were significant but the effect of interaction between treatments on all traits were not significant. The maximum grain yield and protein yield were obtaied under 30 ton/ha sugar cane compost and 240 kg/ha nitrogen and the minimum grain yield and protein yield were in non-consuming sugarcane compost and 80 kg/ha nitrogen. In general, the results of experiment showed that increasing the application of sugarcane compost and nitrogen up to 30 ton/ha and 240 kg/ha, had a significant effect on quantitative and qualitative yield of corn and can be considered by farmers and researchers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Performance of Frankenia thymifolia as a ground cover plant species and its effect on physicochemical characteristics of recycled substrates in four different seasons in external green wall systems
Mansoure Jozay Fatemeh Kazemi Amir FotovatIntegrating nature into the buildings through green roofs and walls is considered a sustainable strategy in current city development. However, studies on organic waste growing media that allow appropriate plant establishment in these systems are insignificant and yet ch MoreIntegrating nature into the buildings through green roofs and walls is considered a sustainable strategy in current city development. However, studies on organic waste growing media that allow appropriate plant establishment in these systems are insignificant and yet challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the stability of the Frankenia thymifolia cover plant in four combinations of growing media (30% cocopeat + 65% perlite + 5% vermicompost, 30% leaf litter + 65% perlite + 5% vermicompost, 30% mushroom compost + 65% perlite + 5% vermicompost, and the typical soil used in the green spaces as the control) in the external green wall conditions. The study was a split-plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was the different seasons in four levels, and the second was the growing media in four levels. Also, at the end of the study, the characteristics of the substrates were tested as a randomized complete block design experiment with three replications. The morpho-physiological traits of the Frankenia plant and the physicochemical characteristics under different growing media were significantly different (p≤0.01). The results showed that leaf surface features, leaf water content, chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoid, and all the root-related traits were higher in the plants grown in the organic matter growing medium than those grown in the typical soil. Also, better physicochemical attributes (lower bulk density, porosity, less ash, more air volume, and more acidity) were observed in organic growing medium in comparison with the typical soil. The results of this research confirmed the favorable effect of using washed mushroom compost along with perlite and vermicompost instead of the common imported green wall substrates. It also suggests using the Frankenia in climates similar to Mashhad year-round in the external green wall systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Tehran Metropolitan sprawl and Unsustainable Agriculture in the Peripheral Villages
Nasser ShafieiSabetThe uneven developments of metropolitan Tehran sprawl into peripheral areas resulting chaos and imbalance in natural, economical and social fields and spatial organization of these areas. Across the last three decades, the outcome and effects of imbalance in MoreThe uneven developments of metropolitan Tehran sprawl into peripheral areas resulting chaos and imbalance in natural, economical and social fields and spatial organization of these areas. Across the last three decades, the outcome and effects of imbalance interaction of Tehran in relation to its peripherals ahave resulted in bioenvironmental problems and rapid changes in economical function of villages, transformation of the valuable agricultural land from production form and unsustainable agriculture in the villages surrounding Tehran metropolitan. Thus, this study aimed to explain manner and the rate of agricultural land use changes and unsustainable agriculture and its relation to rural capacities and concentrated settlement policies in the villages surrounding Tehran metropolitan. The results of this study showed that a positive significant correlation was found between variables of rural capacity (number of services and structure), concentrated policies (rate of distributed loan and number of executed construction activities and rate of change in agricultural land uses. Also, a negative significant correlation was found between distance from Tehran metropolitan and cities surrounding it and rate of changes in agricultural land uses. According to this study, the most effective factors in changes of agricultural land uses and unsustainable agriculture were uneven development and metropolitan sprawl. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - An Investigation of the Consequences of the Iranian Land Reform: a Case Study of Maragheh County
reza nezadnaghi Masomeh garadagi nasser sedghi manizheh SadriAbstract The Iranian Land Reform was among the most important programs that were operationalized during the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah and left deep impacts on land ownership, class structure, social mobility, and the composition of the ruling parties. In fact, the la MoreAbstract The Iranian Land Reform was among the most important programs that were operationalized during the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah and left deep impacts on land ownership, class structure, social mobility, and the composition of the ruling parties. In fact, the land reform had social and political goals and its major consequence was the elimination of owners’ political and social influences. The starting point of the program was Maragheh, and the county was acknowledged as the pioneer in this movement. On social dimension, the land reform brought about growth and development for farmers and workers. Findings and results reveal that on political dimension, the land reform weakened owners’ power and at the same, enhanced the influence of the central government and its concentration of power in villages. In its pioneer county, the land reform caused the migration of villagers to the town and a significant number of neighborhoods, such as Mikail Abad, Eshrat Abad, Yousef Abad, and Hashem Abad, were formed in rural areas, which brought about unfavorable social, economic, political, and cultural consequences and created a number of fake jobs in Maragheh. It also resulted in the removal of workforce and losing job opportunities in rural areas that did nothing but destroying agriculture. In the current study, the descriptive-analytical methodology has been applied and the events have been analyzed through applying historical documents, political elites’ memoirs, and interviews with eyewitnesses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Land reform in Azerbaijan with emphasis on endowments
Shahin Asgaryar manizheh Sadri aziz taleei Gharah Gheshlagh Monirh kazemirashedThe government of Mohammad Reza Shah undertook land reforms with the aim of achieving important economic and political results in order to improve the situation of the Iranian villagers and radically change the traditional rural relations. Large landowners and landowner MoreThe government of Mohammad Reza Shah undertook land reforms with the aim of achieving important economic and political results in order to improve the situation of the Iranian villagers and radically change the traditional rural relations. Large landowners and landowners also donated land in or around villages to get rid of the land reform law so that the proceeds could be used for religious and charitable purposes. Among its uses, in addition to religious affairs, was the maintenance and protection of public welfare affairs, such as the protection of canals. Later, with the change of the land reform law, public endowments were subject to sale. Also, the withdrawal of endowments from the supervision of the Ministry of Culture and Arts and the transfer of its affairs to the "Pahlavi Foundation" caused changes in the traditional rural system. This article will analyze the above phenomenon in Azerbaijan based on documents in a descriptive and analytical manner. Findings show that the traditional construction of collective land acquisition and exploitation was broken in many rural areas and in addition to reducing the use of land, disrupted the sale of mass production endowments. With the fragmentation of agricultural lands, in addition to reducing the use of land, mass production, which was known in Iranian villages as Beneh, Sahra, Harath, etc.,; It changed its members to a maximum of 2-4 households, increasing the migration of villagers to cities and turning farmers into wage earners in joint-stock companies and agro-industrial companies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Comprehensive Biophysical-Economic Modeling of Climate and Agriculture (Case Study: Roodshour Watershed)
Abouzar Parhizkari gholamreza yavari abolfazl mahmoodi gholamreza bakhshi khanikiIn this study using panel dataset (combining the time series data related to the climatic variables of rainfall during 1986-2016 and the cross sectional data related to the base year 2015-2016) the comprehensive biophysical-economic modeling of climate and agriculture i MoreIn this study using panel dataset (combining the time series data related to the climatic variables of rainfall during 1986-2016 and the cross sectional data related to the base year 2015-2016) the comprehensive biophysical-economic modeling of climate and agriculture in Roodshour watershed basin was studied. In order to achieve the applied results, modeling is done by combining two parts of the biophysical (the products yield estimation model) and the economic (positive mathematical programming model) under mild, moderate and severe testing scenarios and with advanced programming in the GAMS 24.7 software environment. The results show that after year 2001, behavioral pattern of rainfall climate variable was accompanied with a decreasing trend in the Roodeshoor basin. With occurrence of the climate change resulting from rainfall reduction under mild, medium and intense scenarios, the available water resources decreased 5/75 to 13/8 percent, agricultural products decreased 3/60 to 8/54 percent and farmers' gross profit decreased 2/71 to 8/04 percent. But the economic value of irrigation water increases 5/13 to 12/7 percent ratio to base year. Finally, in order to protection of the water resources in the Roodeshoor basin and coping with the effects of climate change, Redetermination of the rate of water charge to farmers on the basis of equality consideration, fallow-lands and equipping farms to modern irrigation systems were proposed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Terms and words of agriculture and horticulture in Koohshahry dialect
zeinab moridiManoujan city (from Kerman’s province counties) is located Since the farming history is as old as human history, subsistence agriculture and horticulture in the region since ancient times has been through, dut to the importance of agriculture there are MoreManoujan city (from Kerman’s province counties) is located Since the farming history is as old as human history, subsistence agriculture and horticulture in the region since ancient times has been through, dut to the importance of agriculture there are a lot of terms and words in this area. this reserch is dedicated to the explain terms and words of agriculture. The main products cultivated in this region dates, citrus, wheat and barley, which is already low boom because of drought and water less and palm trees of tropical South East today because resistance to water shortage in the area is pronounced of other trees and has its own terms and words, although this fruit of paradise also not spared from the harm of drought. This article offer a part of terminology in various fields of agriculture and horticulture including agricultural products, water and irrigation,variety of plants and trees, metods of collecting product and agricultural tools, word dnd terminology related to the palm and some of other terminology Koohshahry Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Analysis of expressions of planting agricultural products with emphasis on rice in Lori Mamasani dialect
seyed alireza shojaei Ahmad Amiri khorasani Enayatollah sharifpourThis article analyzes traditional agricultural expressions in the Lori Mamasani dialect. Some of these terms have become outdated with the advent of technology, but the middle-aged and older generations know them. Concerns about the annihilation and the need to preserve MoreThis article analyzes traditional agricultural expressions in the Lori Mamasani dialect. Some of these terms have become outdated with the advent of technology, but the middle-aged and older generations know them. Concerns about the annihilation and the need to preserve these words for the future require that they be safe from the effects of time. There are people in Mamasani who still use these words and the surrounding areas who know them. Advances in technology and the abandonment of traditional agricultural tools have led to the forgetting of these words. The text of the article includes description of words specific to traditional agriculture; and more related to the cultivation of rice husk in this city, dedicated to seven topics. They are terms related to water, land, planting and maintenance, pests and weeds, tools, labor and terms related to harvesting. Each section is arranged alphabetically. To understand the meanings better, we have talked to a number of middle-aged and illiterate or illiterate middle-aged people, and after recording audio and notes, we have recorded the pronunciation of the words by transliteration and the meaning of the words, the type of grammar; moreover, the relationship of the words is described. The way some tools are made, and the local names of the small and large parts of the tools are given, are the result of a treasure of mostly Persian words that will be preserved in the future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Terms and expressions of traditional agriculture in Dehaghan with emphasis on planting wheat and barley
Zohreh Asadian Maryam Mahmoodi Parisa DavariDahaghan has been one of the regions with nice climate, fertile and suitable for agriculture since long time ago. Due to the fertility of the Dehaghan land, in the past, people were engaged in the cultivation of wheat, barley, beans, etc. in the form of peasant, lords a MoreDahaghan has been one of the regions with nice climate, fertile and suitable for agriculture since long time ago. Due to the fertility of the Dehaghan land, in the past, people were engaged in the cultivation of wheat, barley, beans, etc. in the form of peasant, lords and small owners in a traditional way, but via modernization of agriculture, this profession has shown a new form. Agriculture has traditionally been associated with certain words and terms that still remain among old people and middle-aged ones. The anxiety of these words and terms destruction and the need to preserve them made the writers to collect these words. Using the field and library method, this research has investigated the words and expressions related to planting and harvesting, wheat farmers' songs, proverbs and the irrigation method of agricultural products relying on the cultivation of wheat and barley in Dahaghan. From examining the set of beliefs as well as common words and expressions among peasant farmers, it becomes clear that this city has a long-lasting and original culture and has preserved a set of rituals, words and expressions very ancient and pure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - The pure Persian words in agriculture from planting to cropping in Javid Mammasani's rigion
jalil nazariIt is tried to introduce and find the ethymology of words, expression and some related phrases to agriculture from planting to cropping in one of the rigions of Mammasani's area (Javid). In order to know the authenticity of the words for researchers from the past of thi MoreIt is tried to introduce and find the ethymology of words, expression and some related phrases to agriculture from planting to cropping in one of the rigions of Mammasani's area (Javid). In order to know the authenticity of the words for researchers from the past of this country, the root of the words is pointed to as much as possible Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - A spatiotemporal analysis of the continent-wide contribution of agriculture in CO2-eq production from 1990 to 2019 using the t-map package of R software
Iman Ahmadi -
Open Access Article
130 - ترکیب شیمیایی و عملکرد اسانس دو گونه ریحان (Ocimum ciliatum L. و O. basilicum L.) تحت کودهای مختلف
جلیل دهقانی سامانی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطی فاطمه ملک پور فائزه رجب زادهBackground & Aim: Iranian sweet basil (Ocimum ciliatum L.) and great sweet basil (O. basilicum L.) belonging to the family Lamiaceae are the most important aromatic, culinary and medicinal herbs, which widely cultivated in many countries. The areal pa MoreBackground & Aim: Iranian sweet basil (Ocimum ciliatum L.) and great sweet basil (O. basilicum L.) belonging to the family Lamiaceae are the most important aromatic, culinary and medicinal herbs, which widely cultivated in many countries. The areal parts especially, stem and leaves of sweet basil before flowering are widely used to enhance the flavor of foods such as salads, pasta, tomato products, vegetables, pizza, meat, soups, marine foods, confectioneries and other products. Experimental: Phytochemical response of two basil species to different fertilizers including C (control), CM (cow manure 20 ton ha−1), CM + CF (cow manure 20 ton ha−1 + chemical fertilizers N.P.K), CM + CF (cow manure 10 ton ha−1+ chemical fertilizers N.P.K), CF (chemical fertilizers, N.P.K), and VC (vermicompost) was evaluated in a factorial experimental based RCBD at the field, Southwestern Iran. The hydro-distillated essential oils were analyzed using GC-FID and GC/MS. Results: Results indicated that interaction effects of fertilizers and basil species had significant influences on some main components such as methyl chavicol (estragole), neral, and geranial. The maximum percentage of methyl chavicol was achieved from the applied CM in green basil. The highest value for essential oil yield was observed from the applied CM + CF. Recommended applications/industries: The application of organic fertilizer can be a promising strategy in achieving sustainable production of medicinal and aromatic plants such as Iranian basil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Aleshtar Groundwater Quality Assessment for Agricultural Use and Drinking
Arash Hashemkhani Hossein EslamiGround water use has increased due to reduced surface water So for use of these waters, the quality of ground water should be studied in terms of agriculture and drinking use. In this study, the chemical properties of ground water of Aleshtar plain in the north west of MoreGround water use has increased due to reduced surface water So for use of these waters, the quality of ground water should be studied in terms of agriculture and drinking use. In this study, the chemical properties of ground water of Aleshtar plain in the north west of Lorestan province according to the suitability of water for drinking and agriculture is verified. 36 ground water samples were taken and the sodium adsorption ratio, electrical conductivity, TDS, pH, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, chloride, sodium, potassium, cation, anion and sulfate was chemically analyzed. Analyzed samples were compared with Schoeller and Wilcox diagrams and observed that most of the samples are suitable for drinking and agriculture. According to Schoeller graph, groundwater quality status of Aleshtar plain is in good condition and is perfectly suitable for drinking use. Also results showed that all samples were classified as C2S1 and slightly salty - suitable for agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Survey Possibility on Reuse of Sanandaj Waste Water Treatment Plan Effluent in Agriculture.
sirvan zareei esmaeil ghahramani saeed dehestani athar bijan noori amir zareiWater shortage, rapid population growth and the need for development in the agricultural sector have led to the fact that water is not disposed of once a day, and solutions to eliminate this limitation of water resources through the treatment and re-circulation of waste MoreWater shortage, rapid population growth and the need for development in the agricultural sector have led to the fact that water is not disposed of once a day, and solutions to eliminate this limitation of water resources through the treatment and re-circulation of waste water due to cheap, permanent and reliable sources, and in Accessibility has been caused. In this regard, the possibility of utilization of effluent from Sanandaj sewage treatment plant in agriculture was considered according to the developed standards in order to overcome the problem of water deficit.This cross-sectional study for 12 months for the feasibility of wastewater treatment plant effluent quality Sanandaj sampling and testing to determine by measuring pH, BOD5, COD, TSS, Na +, Mg2 +, No2-, No3-, K + and Ca2 + by using statistical tests were performed and compared to industry standards.The average removal rate parameters pH, BOD5, COD, TSS, respectively 35/1, 15/88, 6/84 and 88/88 and parameters pH, BOD5, COD, TSS effluent respectively 5/7, 5/10, 5/17 and 4/12 is the pH, BOD5 and COD levels of environmental standards and the EPA but does not meet the EPA standard TSS. Compared with the FAO standard SAR limit was evaluated as good and percent sodium.According to independent t-test, a significant difference between effluent quality and standard values were observed (P <0.01). However, due to the operation Water and chosen the irrigation of sensitive crops, effluent quality suitable for agricultural purposes Supplies is. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Assessing the Water Quality of Groundwater Quality for Use in Agriculture
saadat salehi kahkesh hossein eslami majid razazIn order to use groundwater for agriculture, qualitative studies should be carried out. One of the most commonly used methods for evaluating is Wilcox method. In this research, the quality of groundwater of Golgir plain was investigated using 10 village wells for agricu MoreIn order to use groundwater for agriculture, qualitative studies should be carried out. One of the most commonly used methods for evaluating is Wilcox method. In this research, the quality of groundwater of Golgir plain was investigated using 10 village wells for agricultural use with Wilcox chart. The EC and SAR parameters were evaluated and the samples were transferred to the Wilcox chart. The results showed that all specimens were placed on the C2S1 floor, which are in a small salinity range suitable for farming, so there is no limit to use in agriculture. Also, spatial mapping of EC and SAR parameters was provided by kriging geostatistical grounding method. The results showed that due to low parameters of parameters, there is no specific pattern in spatial changes and there is no need for special management and action, and underground water is the whole range that can be used in agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Effects of savory essential oil on germination parameters of Fusarium infected-seeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
Fatemeh Rahimian Hamid Reza Eisvand -
Open Access Article
135 - The Survey of Agricultural Section Agro-processing Industry in Rural Areas’ Development (Case Study: Central Parts of Bandar-e-Gaz and Nowkandeh)
Ali Akbar Najafi Kani Bahman Sahneh Saleh Arekhi Ameneh MesgariThe World experience shows that Agricultural section agro-processing industry in rural areas are able to increase Rural productions, productivity and The Inter-sect oral relationship and are able to decrease the Regional imbalances. However, the success of processing in MoreThe World experience shows that Agricultural section agro-processing industry in rural areas are able to increase Rural productions, productivity and The Inter-sect oral relationship and are able to decrease the Regional imbalances. However, the success of processing industries in rural areas depends on the best location choice for establishing the industrial activities. In this regard, one of the strategies that had been pursued in rural areas of developing countries and had positive results was the actions in order to industrializing rural areas. The type of this research is practical and the method is Analytical. The Statistical Society in this research is Nowkandeh and central parts of bandar-e gaz that four villages of central parts and two villages of Nowkandeh district and 1681 families are the statistical society of this research that 200 families are selected as a sample society based on Cochran Formula. Data analysis has been done by the use of SPSS and excel software, Chi-square test, Friedman, Mann-Whitney and independent t. Given that rural industry communicates between agriculture and industry and Are effective in creating a balance between rural and urban communities, and decreases the development space, It is necessary for the planners and officials pay attention to Agro industry in rural communities more than before To create new job opportunities and cause income enhancement, increasing the quality of life and reducing rural-urban migration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Analysis of the Effectiveness of Women''''s Role in Different Dimensions of Sustainable Security in Rural Community, Case Study: Tabriz''''s Bagh Maroof of 24,000 People
Sakineh Dehghan Ali Akbar Taghilo Rashid Saeed AbadiThere are different approaches to security. One of them is the social approach. The role of women is very important in this approach. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to find out what the role of women is in creating sustainable social security in the 24,000 Vi MoreThere are different approaches to security. One of them is the social approach. The role of women is very important in this approach. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to find out what the role of women is in creating sustainable social security in the 24,000 Village- Bagh Maroof-. One of the most problematic villages in East Azerbaijan is The Bagh Maroof village and therefore the study of its security is of great importance. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and women over 20 years are the statistical population. The sampling method is random and the sample size is selected by Cochran formula 353 persons. In this study, the data collection tool was a questionnaire. Structural model and Chi-square test are two methods of data analysis. From the results, in addition to reinforcing the theoretical foundations of the research, we can find the effective variables of creating a sense of security through women in the village with a chi-square statistic of 72.96 and the creation of a secure social environment by women in the Bagh Maroof rural community of 44.91 whit a significant level of Zero noted that it had the most and strongest direct relationship with other components of village security. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Evaluation of factors affecting the development of second cultivation in the Shaft Township
تیمور آمار محمد باسط قرشی مینآباد صفیه باقری کودکانیEfficiency of an agricultural activity depends on the use of factors of production and utilization of existing infrastructure in increasing productivity. One of the methods for increasing productivity in agriculture is second cultivation. Second cultivation, the so-call MoreEfficiency of an agricultural activity depends on the use of factors of production and utilization of existing infrastructure in increasing productivity. One of the methods for increasing productivity in agriculture is second cultivation. Second cultivation, the so-called cultivated crops in the land after harvesting the first crop will be cultivated and exploited. Cultivation in the Guilan province with the so-called products of the land is cultivated paddy fields after rice harvest. This study deals second cultivation importance of rural household’s economy in the Shaft city (Guilan Province). In the study of current methods for collecting and processing information (documents and field) using and the role of second cultivation in agriculture, leading the livelihoods of rural areas were evaluated and solutions for existing problems is also presented. The results of this study showed that Shaft Township with 14,330 hectares of paddy and benefit from Infrastructures such as adequate water have appropriate conditions for the development of second cultivation. In addition, factors such as land leveling, human force and satisfaction of the production can appropriate support for increase efficiency this mode of production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Assessment of Rural Employment Developments and Factors Affecting it
mojtaba Ghadiri Masoum Aeij AzmiThe present search is to assess changes in three sections of agriculture, industry and services and to determine the future condition of these three parts in country. The approach and methodology will be documentary in this research. Data including employment condition MoreThe present search is to assess changes in three sections of agriculture, industry and services and to determine the future condition of these three parts in country. The approach and methodology will be documentary in this research. Data including employment condition in agriculture, industry and services separately in different provinces are the indices for economic, industrial, agricultural, and service developments. The analysis and process of information and the measurement of research hypotheses are done through SPSS software. Results indicate that services are replacing agriculture and industrial sections in villages. Immigration has also an important role in this change. Regression analysis shows that this process continues in coming years. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Analysis and Examination of Benefiting level rural areas from agricultural service and assignment of central rural for agriculture service in Izeh Township
صادق الهیاری سیاوش مولایی پاردهAgriculture sector because of its ability in added value and employment on one hand and to provide food security and life of country socio-economic on the other hand, have an important role in an international economic growth. Establishment MoreAgriculture sector because of its ability in added value and employment on one hand and to provide food security and life of country socio-economic on the other hand, have an important role in an international economic growth. Establishment of effective service system for former in rural society to be developed hasan important role. Aim of this research evaluation benefiting level of rural of Izeh county from agriculture service at the base of 25 agriculture index and to assign of central rural at the base of number of agriculture service. The method of research in this survey is descriptive and analytic. And information of the result of census and residence in 1388(2009) and report of center about distribution of rural agricultureservice have been accumulated and regulated. Data analyzing Arc GIs and Spss, too, planning technique of centrality index and Morrisdishar moniousindexhas been used. Result of research with the using of both of method show that in the among of different rural area of Izeh and from the viewpoint of benefiting from agriculture index, have a high difference, where different between the most benefit rural (east rural) toward the poorest rural (east Susan rural) was about five times. At the end, the assignment of difference in benefiting level of rural, proposal for planning and rural development caretaker for omit of any inequality have been prescribed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Effects of Agricultural Practices and Socio-economic Characteristics on Biodiversity in Olamaboro Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria
Gyanden Kughur Mtimbir Iornenge Ismaila Shuaibu -
Open Access Article
141 - Effects of Agricultural Child Labour on Children’s Perception of Farming Occupation in Delta State, Nigeria
Albert Ofuoku Angela Izukanne Emodi -
Open Access Article
142 - Comparative Assessment of Leadership Style of Past Three Vice Chancellors of University of Agriculture, Makurdi
Gyanden Kughur Bini Adiel Dennis Tumba -
Open Access Article
143 - Designing the Structural Equation Model of Agricultural Entrepreneurship Development in Rural Areas of Iran (Case Study: Villages of Marvdasht County)
Mahdi Rahmaninkoshkaki Yaghoub Zarei -
Open Access Article
144 - Training Needs of Agricultural Extension Agents in Delta State, Nigeria
Ajieh P. C Ulakpa J. E -
Open Access Article
145 - Agricultural Extensification and Biodiversity Loss in Ikom Cross River State, Nigeria
Odey Ogah Tsue Peter Terfa Ugorja, Comfort Livinus -
Open Access Article
146 - Extent of Youths’ Involvement in Agricultural Programmes and Projects in South Eastern Nigeria
Hyacinth Nwalieji Margaret Okeke Christopher Uzuegbunam Joseph Udemezue -
Open Access Article
147 - Factors Affecting Tendency towards Organic Production (Case Study: Greenhouse Producers of Tabriz Township, Iran)
Leila Bahrami Nokandeh Javad Mahmoodi Karamjavan -
Open Access Article
148 - A Survey on the Comparison between Precision and Traditional Agriculture by Budgeting Method
Maryam Gharehbeigloo Sahar Dehyouri Azita Zand -
Open Access Article
149 - Extension Workers’ Attitude towards e-Agriculture: A case study from Bangladesh
Mohammad Sarker Asif Kaiser Md. Abdul Miah -
Open Access Article
150 - Analysis of Risks in Financing Agriculture a Case of Agricultural Cooperatives in Benue State, Nigeria
Odey Ogah Felix Ikyereve Francis Ogebe -
Open Access Article
151 - Specialists’ Perception Regarding Effective factors in Development of Organic Agriculture in Ardabil Province
Leila Karpishe -
Open Access Article
152 - Willingness and Motivation of Nigerian Youth to Pursue Agricultural Careers After Graduation
Grace Inegbedion Md. Mofakkarul Islam -
Open Access Article
153 - The Impact of Information and Communication Technology on Agricultural Systems and the Transition to Food Stability and Security (Case Study: Agricultural Jihad Organization, Khuzestan Province)
Mohsen Mousaei Mehrafrooz Sayednezhad -
Open Access Article
154 - Examining the Impact of Lead Farmer Approach on Follower Farmers’ Knowledge and Practice of Conservation Agriculture: A Case Study in Kalira Extension Planning Area, Ntchisi District, Malawi
Daniel Devoted Matemba Dalo NjeraThe Lead Farmer Approach (LFA) has emerged as a vital strategy for agricultural extension services in developing nations like Malawi, aiming to disseminate new technologies and practices among smallholder farmers. This study investigates the impact of LFA on follower fa MoreThe Lead Farmer Approach (LFA) has emerged as a vital strategy for agricultural extension services in developing nations like Malawi, aiming to disseminate new technologies and practices among smallholder farmers. This study investigates the impact of LFA on follower farmers' (FFs) knowledge and practice of Conservation Agriculture (CA) in Malawi. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the study conducted household surveys and focus group discussions in the Kalira Environmental Protection Area, Ntchisi district. Results indicate a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in FFs' knowledge of CA post-LFA, with notable advancements in crop rotation and minimum soil disturbance understanding. The LFA also positively influenced FFs' CA practices, particularly in minimum soil disturbances, permanent ground cover, and integration of agroforestry trees. While intercropping and crop rotation showed no significant change, the overall impact underscores the effectiveness of LFA in enhancing FFs' understanding and adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. The findings contribute valuable insights for governments, development agencies, and researchers working toward promoting CA and sustainable agriculture through the LFA approach, emphasizing its potential scalability and long-term sustainability Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Attitude of follower farmers towards lead farmer approach in facilitating Conservation Agriculture practices in Kalira Extension Planning Area in Ntchisi District, Malawi
Daniel MatembaThis study explores the attitude of follower farmers (FFs) towards lead farmers (LFs) in facilitating Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices in the Kalira Extension Planning Area of Ntchisi district, Malawi. Despite governmental efforts to promote CA through the Nation MoreThis study explores the attitude of follower farmers (FFs) towards lead farmers (LFs) in facilitating Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices in the Kalira Extension Planning Area of Ntchisi district, Malawi. Despite governmental efforts to promote CA through the National Agriculture Policy of 2016, previous studies have indicated low adoption rates. This research employs a mixed methods approach, utilizing surveys and focus group discussions. Results reveal positive perceptions among FFs regarding LFs' competence in training, demonstrations, problem-solving, and other competencies. The majority of FFs perceive LFs as effective in imparting CA principles and conducting demonstrations. LFs' problem-solving abilities and additional competencies are well-regarded by FFs. The study concludes with a call for further research on socio-economic factors influencing sustained CA adoption and recommends establishing a continuous feedback loop between LFs and FFs to enhance knowledge exchange and address evolving challenges in CA practices. The findings contribute to the existing literature and provide valuable insights for agricultural and rural development initiatives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - Understanding the Entailment to Establish the Entrepreneurial University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Iranian Higher Education Universities)
Bahareh Abedi Masoud Baradaran Bahman Khosropour Masoud Yazdanpanah Jafar Yaghobi -
Open Access Article
157 - Factors affecting lead farmers in facilitating conservation agriculture practices in Kalira Extension Planning Area in Ntchisi District, Malawi
Daniel Matemba Dalo Njera -
Open Access Article
158 - Econometric Analysis of Access to Agricultural Extension Workers’ Service and its Implication on Crop Yield in Tigray Region, Ethiopia
Berihun Kassa Hailu -
Open Access Article
159 - Identifying Factors affecting Optimal Management of Agricultural Water
Masoud Samian Karim Naderi Mahdei Heshmatollah Saadi Reza Movahedi -
Open Access Article
160 - Entrepreneurship Approaches in Agricultural Cooperatives
M, Hekmat -
Open Access Article
161 - Combating Agricultural Child Labour for National Development: Implications for the Millenium Development Goals in Nigeria
G.N, Ben-Chendo J. I, Lemchi F.O, Nwosu A, Henri-Ukoha I.U, Nwaiwu -
Open Access Article
162 - Curricula Importance in Enhancing the Capabilities of Agriculture Extension Agents at the Field
Muhammad Israr Nafees Ahmad Dawood Jan Tahir Ali Shah M. M. Shafi Noshad Khan -
Open Access Article
163 - Application of Information and Communication Technology for Dissemination of Agricultural Information among Farmers: Challenges and Opportunities
Riti Thapar Kapoor -
Open Access Article
164 - Effect of Urbanization on Agricultural Production in Abia State
Onwuchekwa Raphael Iheke Ukandu Ihuoma -
Open Access Article
165 - Attitude of Agricultural High School Educators in Khouzestan Province Regarding Sustainable Agriculture
Seyed Ahmad Marashi -
Open Access Article
166 - Enhancing Farmer Productive Capacity: Case of Action Research Based Conservation Agriculture
Christopher Tafara Gadzirayi Never Mafuse Vincent Munyati -
Open Access Article
167 - Role of Agricultural Extension Courses in Adoption of Sustainable Agriculture (Case Study: Wheat Farmers of Shoushtar Township)
Azadeh Noorollah Noorivandi -
Open Access Article
168 - Assessment of the Levels of Awareness and Use of Agricultural Insurance Scheme among the Rural Farmers in Kogi State, Nigeria
Stephen Jimoh Ibitoye -
Open Access Article
169 - Educational, Social, Economical Barriers of Organic Agriculture Implementation
Masoud Samian Karim Nadery Mahdei Heshmatolah Saadi Elham Ansari Masoud Asadi Yaser Mardani -
Open Access Article
170 - Identify the Barriers to the Application of Precision Agriculture in Khouzestan Province, Iran
Atefeh Yazdanifar -
Open Access Article
171 - Information Communication Technologies in Agricultural Extension Delivery of Agricultural Transformation Agenda
Nlerum F.E Onowu E.O. -
Open Access Article
172 - Predicting rainfed barley crop yield using Artificial neural network and fuzzy neural systems in Khorasan provinces-Iran
Ahad Madani Abbas Khasheyi َAlireza khakzad sivakiIn this research, we try to predict the yield of rainfed barley in Khorasan provinces using climatic parameters and two methods of artificial nervous netwework (Ann) and fuzzy neural system (Anfis). Calculations were performed with MATLAB software and then the statistic MoreIn this research, we try to predict the yield of rainfed barley in Khorasan provinces using climatic parameters and two methods of artificial nervous netwework (Ann) and fuzzy neural system (Anfis). Calculations were performed with MATLAB software and then the statistical indices of correlation coefficient (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and full mean error (MAE) were used to evaluate the performance of the models. Last year's yield and rainfall had an effective role in reducing prediction error and increasing correlation coefficient in both Ann and Anfis methods. Last year's yield and evapotranspiration made the Anfis method more accurate than the Ann method. The results of both Anfis and Ann methods for model L inputs, which included rainfall, relative humidity and last year's yield, showed that this model achieved the highest accuracy among the input models. However, in the Anfis method for model E inputs, which included evapotranspiration, rainfall, relative humidity and minimum temperature, the results showed that it was more accurate than the Ann method. The greatest difference in accuracy in estimating yield between the two Anfis and Ann methods was observed with R inputs model, which includes moisture inputs, Dew point temperatures and maximum temperatures. The presence of radiation parameters at the inputs reduced the accuracy of yield estimation in both methods. Overall, the Anfis method was more accurate in estimating yield than Ann. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - Effect of vermicompost and manure on morphological traits, yield and essential oil content of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
Peyman Mohammadzadeh ToutounchiOrganic fertilizers are valuable sources for improving soil quality and increasing crop yield. In order to evaluate the effect of vermicompost and manure application on morphological traits, yield and essential oil of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), a field experiment was MoreOrganic fertilizers are valuable sources for improving soil quality and increasing crop yield. In order to evaluate the effect of vermicompost and manure application on morphological traits, yield and essential oil of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), a field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications in Urmia city in 2019. The experimental treatments included control (T1), vermicompost [5 tons (T2), 10 tons (T3), 15 tons (T4), 25 tons per hectare (T5)], cow manure [10 tons (T6), 15 tons (T7) and 20 tons per hectare (T8)]. According to the results of ANOVA, the effect of the treatments on all studied traits was significant (p≤0.01). Results showed that T5 treatment increased plant height, number of leaves per plant, biological yield, seed yield, essential oil content and essential oil yield in comparison with control 67.81, 60.91, 53.36, 42.86, 109 and 72.95%, respectively. The highest number of lateral branches per plant (15.61) belonged to the T8 treatment, which was not significantly different from the T5. The T4 treatment had the maximum (45.66) flower number per plant among the treatments and this treatment was not significantly different from the T5 treatment. Also, the highest 1000-grain weight (2.72 g) was obtained from T4 treatment, which was in a same statistical group with T5 and T8 treatments. Overall, the results indicated that the application of vermicompost and cow manure had a favorable effect on morphological traits, yield and essential oil content of basil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - The Effect of Biological and Chemical Fertilizer Managing on Morphological Traits and Yield of Corn (Zea mays L.) in Ramhormoz- Iran
Shahin Akbari Mahroo Mojtabaie Zamani In order to evaluate the effect of integrated application of the combined chemical -farmyard manure and bio-fertilizer on yield and yield components of corn (S.C.703), in summer 2016, an experiment was conducted as split plot in randomized complete bo More In order to evaluate the effect of integrated application of the combined chemical -farmyard manure and bio-fertilizer on yield and yield components of corn (S.C.703), in summer 2016, an experiment was conducted as split plot in randomized complete bock design with three replications in Ramhormoz - Iran. The main plots were consisting of four levels of chemical fertilizer (100, 50 and 25% of recommended NPK and no chemical fertilizer application (use of farmyard manure), and sub plots were consisting of three levels (no-inoculation; inoculation of seeds with biofertilizers containing growth-promoting bacteria and phosphate and potassium Solubilizing Bacteria (Azeto Barvar+Phosphate Barvar+Peta Barvar); seed inoculation with biofertilizers containing bacteria+Aspergillus fungus). The highest grain yield belonged to the 100% NPK, but between the two levels of 100 and 50% NPK consumption in terms of plant leaf number, ear length, ear diameter, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row and 1000-grain weight there was no significance difference. Grain yield and yield components were affected by biofertilizer application and there was no significant difference between the two levels of seed inoculation with biofertilizers containing bacteria and seed inoculation with biofertilizers containing bacteria+Aspergillus. In case of non-inoculation of seeds, with 50% reduction of NPK consumption, grain yield decreased by about 24%. However, by inoculation of seeds with biofertilizers containing bacteria and 50% reduction of NPK consumption, grain yield compared to 100% NPK consumption without inoculation Seeds was decreased about 12%. Therefore, co-inoculation of seeds with Azeto Barvar, Phosphate Barvar and Peta Barvar biofertilizers in combination with 50% of the recommended consumption of NPK chemical fertilizer is considered suitable for corn cultivation in Ramhormoz region due to reducing the cost of chemical inputs and preventing environmental pollution Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - آیا شاخص قیمت کشاورزی به نوسانات نرخ ارز در ایران واکنش نشان می دهد؟
محمد عبدی سیّدکلایی امیر منصور طهرانچیان احمد جعفری صمیمی سیّد مجتبی مجاوریاناز آنجایی که برخی از مواد اولیه، کالاهای نیمه­ساخته، واسطهای و سرمایهای در بخش کشاورزی از محل واردات تأمین میشوند بنابراین نوسانات نرخ ارز میتواند روی قیمت تمام شده محصولات این بخش اثر بگذارد. در سالهای اخیر با نوسانات قابل ملاحظهای در نرخ ارز روبرو بودهایم ک Moreاز آنجایی که برخی از مواد اولیه، کالاهای نیمه­ساخته، واسطهای و سرمایهای در بخش کشاورزی از محل واردات تأمین میشوند بنابراین نوسانات نرخ ارز میتواند روی قیمت تمام شده محصولات این بخش اثر بگذارد. در سالهای اخیر با نوسانات قابل ملاحظهای در نرخ ارز روبرو بودهایم که تأثیر بسزایی بر همه بخشها و از جمله بخش کشاورزی داشته است. نرخ ارز از طریق افزایش قیمت واردات مواد اولیه کشاورزی بر افزایش قیمت محصولات کشاورزی مؤثر است. به عبارت دیگر، کاهش عرضه داخلی به دلیل تحریک صادرات محصولات کشاورزی ناشی از افزایش نرخ ارز رابطه فوق را تقویت میکند. در این پژوهش، تأثیر نوسانات نرخ ارز بر شاخص قیمت در بخش کشاورزی ایران با استفاده از روش گارچ چند متغیره مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. نتایج به دست آمده نشان میدهند که در سطح معنیداری یک درصد، تکانههای گذشته نرخ ارز اثر مثبت روی شاخص قیمت بخش کشاورزی دارد. علاوهبر این، بهرغم اینکه نوسانات جاری شاخص قیمت بخش کشاورزی از نوسانات گذشته خود تأثیر نمیپذیرد اما نوسانات گذشته نرخ ارز اثر مثبت بر نوسانات جاری نرخ ارز دارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - عوامل پیشبرنده و بازدارنده تولید مکانیزه توتون در ایران با استفاده از روش دلفی
سید میلاد سمیع زاده سعید فیروزیافزایش هزینه­های کشت مکانیزه توتون از چالش­های مهم در پایداری تولید این محصول در ایران است. بنابراین، توسعه کشت مکانیزه توتون امری ضروری است. در این راستا، عوامل پیش­برنده و بازدارنده توسعه کشت مکانیزه توتون در استان گیلان در ایران از طریق روش دلفی در سه مرح Moreافزایش هزینه­های کشت مکانیزه توتون از چالش­های مهم در پایداری تولید این محصول در ایران است. بنابراین، توسعه کشت مکانیزه توتون امری ضروری است. در این راستا، عوامل پیش­برنده و بازدارنده توسعه کشت مکانیزه توتون در استان گیلان در ایران از طریق روش دلفی در سه مرحله، مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. بر اساس توصیه اساتید دانشگاهی استان گیلان، تعداد نوزده نفر کارشناس خبره از سازمان جهاد کشاورزی استان گیلان و ادارات کشاورزی رشت و شهرستان­های غرب استان گیلان به عنوان اعضاء گروه تحقیق برگزیده شدند. نتایج با استفاده از نرم­افزار SPSS21 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. بر اساس توافق نهایی کارشناسان در آخرین مرحله تحقیق دلفی، 10 عامل برتر از هر گروه، به عنوان پیش­برنده­ها و بازدارنده­ها مرتب شدند. شناسایی و تشویق کشاورزان پیش­رو برای کشت مکانیزه توتون و واردات آخرین فناوری­های کشت توتون و اصلاح آن­ها مطابق با شرایط منطقه، به ترتیب با کسب 37/97 و 74/94 درصد از توافق نهایی کارشناسان گروه تحقیق به عنوان مهمترین پیش­برنده­ها شناسایی شدند. به علاوه، 68/98 درصد از کارشناسان، عامل تحقیقات ناکافی در زمینه مکانیزاسیون کشت توتون و 05/96 درصد از کارشناسان تحقیق، عامل کوچک­بودن مزارع توتون را به عنوان مهمترین بازدارنده­ها معرفی کردند. از این رو، توسعه سیاست­های حمایتی توتون­کاران پیش­رو در زمینه کشت مکانیزه این محصول صنعتی، ارزیابی فنی ماشین­های پیشرفته کشت توتون، کاهش قیمت ماشین­های توتون وارداتی، و حمایت از تحقیقات مکانیزاسیون کشت توتون از مهمترین راهبردهایی هستند که باید مورد توجه متصدیان تولید توتون در استان گیلان در ایران قرار گیرند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - کشاورزی ارگانیک: غذا برای مصرفکنندگان سبز آتی در ایران
یلدا رحمتی غفرانی محمد طالقانی ابراهیم چیرانیدر طول اعصار، کشاورزی دچار تغییرات گوناگونی شده است و همواره انسان مهم­ترین عامل تغییر در آن بوده است. در قرن اخیر به علت رشد روزافزون جمعیت، نگرش اولیه انسان به طبیعت که نگرشی دوستانه بود جای خود را به ارتباطییک طرفه و علیه طبیعت داد؛به­طوری­که کودهای شیمیا Moreدر طول اعصار، کشاورزی دچار تغییرات گوناگونی شده است و همواره انسان مهم­ترین عامل تغییر در آن بوده است. در قرن اخیر به علت رشد روزافزون جمعیت، نگرش اولیه انسان به طبیعت که نگرشی دوستانه بود جای خود را به ارتباطییک طرفه و علیه طبیعت داد؛به­طوری­که کودهای شیمیایی، سموم دفع آفات نباتی،فراورده­های هورمونی و غیره به بخش کشاورزی وارد شدند و به کمک بهره­گیری از ارقام اصلاح شده، جهش­های بزرگی در افزایش تولید محصولات کشاورزی بوجود آمد تا به تقاضای روبه رشد موادغذایی پاسخ داده شود.اما این افزایش تولید، مشکلات زیست­محیطی و بهداشتی برای تولیدکنندگان و مصرف­کنندگان را نیز در پی داشت. افزایش آگاهیمصرف­کننده درباره موضوعات زیست­محیطی منجر به افزایش توجه به مصرف غذای ارگانیک گشته است. این امر موجب افزایش تحقیقات ارگانیک شده است. اغلب این تحقیقات در کشورهای توسعه یافته انجام شده و سهم کشورهای درحال توسعه از آن آندک است. این مقاله اثرات دانش ارگانیک، ادراک از پیامدها، هنجارهای ذهنی، قیمت، اعتماد سبز، اثربخشی ادراک شده مصرف کننده، دسترسی، مزیت نسبی، تمایل به خرید ارگانیک را بر رفتار خرید ارگانیکمصرف­کنندگان ایرانی به­عنوان مصرف­کنندگان یک کشور درحال توسعه بررسیمی­کند. نتایجپژوهش، اثر قیمت، اثربخشیمصرف­کننده و ادراک از پیامدها را بر تمایل به خرید محصولات غذایی ارگانیک تایید می­کند. درحالی­که دانش ارگانیک، اعتماد سبز، قیمت، اثربخشیمصرف­کننده و تمایل موثر بر رفتار خرید ارگانیک شناخته شده­اند. این مقاله کاربردهای نتایج تحقیق برای شاغلان حوزه کشاورزی و بازاریابان مطرح می­کند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - Socioeconomic Determinants Influencing the Willingness of Agriculture Undergraduates to Participate in Agripreneurship in Northwest Nigeria
Aliyu Akilu Barau Gbolagade AdesijiThe study analyzed the socioeconomic determinants influencing the willingness of the agriculture undergraduates to participate in agripreneurship in Northwest, Nigeria. The study employed a questionnaire to obtain primary data. A multistage sampling technique was used t MoreThe study analyzed the socioeconomic determinants influencing the willingness of the agriculture undergraduates to participate in agripreneurship in Northwest, Nigeria. The study employed a questionnaire to obtain primary data. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 150 respondents from the universities under study. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Results show that a majority of the participants were male (68.7%), single (90%), within 21-25 years of age (52.6%), and had no any other tangible occupation (57.3%) besides study. Willingness to participate in agripreneurship was found to be positive among the respondents but not as primary occupation. Family economic status (ranked first) was the major socioeconomic determinants influencing the willingness of agriculture undergraduates to participate in agripreneurship. Examination of the relationship between selected socioeconomic determinants and willingness to participate in agripreneurship revealed a positive significant relationship with gender, community background, family background, family economic status, as well as with ethnicity. This clearly suggests that a number of socioeconomic determinants have considerable influence over willingness of agriculture undergraduates to participate in agripreneurship. The study, then, carries the implication that university agriculture training should be streamlined with today’s realities so as to stimulate the willingness for agripreneurship Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - تدوین راهبردهای توسعه پایدار فعالیت های کارآفرینانه کشاورزی استان کرمانشاه
فرشته فرجی فرحناز رستمی نادر نادری شهاب خوش خویظرفیت­ بالای بخش کشاورزی در استان کرمانشاه به ­دلایلی هم­چون تنوع شرایط آب و هوایی و اقلیمی، دسترسی به زمین­های حاصلخیز و نیروی کار آماده فعالیت توجه بیش از پیش به این بخش را الزامی می­نماید. این پژوهش به منظور دستیابی به راهبرد اصلی توسعه فعالیت­ Moreظرفیت­ بالای بخش کشاورزی در استان کرمانشاه به ­دلایلی هم­چون تنوع شرایط آب و هوایی و اقلیمی، دسترسی به زمین­های حاصلخیز و نیروی کار آماده فعالیت توجه بیش از پیش به این بخش را الزامی می­نماید. این پژوهش به منظور دستیابی به راهبرد اصلی توسعه فعالیت­های کارآفرینانه کشاورزی در استان کرمانشاه انجام شده است. رویکرد مورد نظر در این مطالعه کیفی-کمی بوده که برای تحلیل داده­ها در بخش کیفی از روش تحلیل محتوا و در بخش کمی از روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی در محیط نرم افزار Expert Choice استفاده شد. جامعه مورد مطالعه در بخش کیفی کارآفرینان کشاورزی استان کرمانشاه بودند که از 27 نفر آن­ها مصاحبه عمیق نیمه ساختارمند به عمل آمد، در بخش کمی نیز پرسشنامه­ مقایسات زوجی در اختیار 10 نفر از کارآفرینان، اساتید کارآفرینی و کشاورزی استان قرار گرفت. براساس نتایج پژوهش، راهبرد توسعه­ای "توسعه بازارهای منطقه­ای و بسترسازی برای توسعه شرکت­های کارآفرینانه و ارائه محصولات کارآفرینان کشاورزی استان در نمایشگاه­های منطقه­ای، ملی و بین­المللی" با اولویت نهایی 347/0 به عنوان بهترین استراتژی و راهبرد محافظه کارانه "تدوین سیاست­ها و ایجاد بسترهای مناسب حمایتی از کارآفرینان کشاورزی از سوی دولت و سازمان­ها مثل پرداخت یارانه به تولیدکنندگان و ارائه تسهیلات به کارآفرینان برای سهولت در دسترسی به زمین مناسب جهت انجام فعالیت­شان" نیز با اولویت نهایی 270/0 به عنوان استراتژی جایگزین برای توسعه فعالیت­های کارآفرینانه کشاورزی در استان کرمانشاه انتخاب گردید. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - بررسی عوامل موثر بر بازاریابی محصولات کشاورزی ارگانیک(مطالعه موردی: شهرستان میاندوآب)
Zohreh Jesarati Loghman Rshidpour Soleiman Rasouli Azarدر موقعیت کنونی کشاورزی ارگانیک به سرعت در حال رشد و گسترش می­باشد در حالیکه فقدان دانش و مهارت برای مدیریت یک مزرعه ارگانیک و فقدان فرصت­های بازاری برای محصولات ارگانیک مهم­ترین دلیل برای عدم کاربرد فعالیت­های کشاورزی ارگانیک بوده است. بنابراین هدف کلی Moreدر موقعیت کنونی کشاورزی ارگانیک به سرعت در حال رشد و گسترش می­باشد در حالیکه فقدان دانش و مهارت برای مدیریت یک مزرعه ارگانیک و فقدان فرصت­های بازاری برای محصولات ارگانیک مهم­ترین دلیل برای عدم کاربرد فعالیت­های کشاورزی ارگانیک بوده است. بنابراین هدف کلی این تحقیق تبیین عوامل موثر بر بازاریابی محصولات کشاورزی ارگانیک بود. این تحقیق از نوع تحقیقات پیمایشی- توصیفی و از نظر هدف کاربردی بود. ابزار پژوهش، پرسشنامهای محقق ساخته بود که به منظور تعیین روایی ابزار سنجش، با استفاده از روش اعتبار محتوایی و پایایی آن از آزمون آلفای کرنباخ استفاده شد که مقدار این ضریب 89 درصد بدست آمد. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل کلیه کشاورزانی بود که محصولات ارگانیک تولیدی خود را به میدان تره بار میاندوآب عرضه کرده اند. حجم نمونه با استفاده از جدول مورگان- کرجیسی 148 نمونه تعیین شد و با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری طبقه­ای و تصادفی ساده انتخاب و در نهایت 150 پرسشنامه تکمیل و جمع­آوری شد. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که ارتباط معنی­داری بین بازاریابی محصولات کشاورزی ارگانیک با عوامل آموزشی، عوامل اقتصادی، عوامل اطلاعاتی، عوامل تولیدی و عوامل اجتماعی در سطح 05/0 وجود دارد. همچنین نتایج حاصل از تحلیل رگرسیونی نشان داد که متغیرهای عوامل تولید، عوامل آموزشی و عوامل اقتصادی 53 درصد از تغییرات متغیر وابسته را تعیین کردند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - کشاورزی چندکارکردی: بازآفرینی کشاورزی به عنوان پارادیمی نوین در توسعه کشاورزی و روستایی
Hajar Eftekhari Vahid Shadparvarدر دهه گذشته، کشاورزی چندکارکردی به­عنوان یک مفهوم کلیدی در علم و بحث­های سیاسی در مورد آینده کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی ظهور یافته است. به­طور کلی،MFA اشاره به این واقعیت دارد که فعالیت­های کشاورزی علاوه بر کارکرد اصلی تولید اولیه و حمایت از معیشت رو Moreدر دهه گذشته، کشاورزی چندکارکردی به­عنوان یک مفهوم کلیدی در علم و بحث­های سیاسی در مورد آینده کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی ظهور یافته است. به­طور کلی،MFA اشاره به این واقعیت دارد که فعالیت­های کشاورزی علاوه بر کارکرد اصلی تولید اولیه و حمایت از معیشت روستایی، مزایای دیگری نیز برای محیط زیست مانند حفظ منابع آب و خاک و افزایش امنیت غذایی به­شمار می­رود. این مقاله به بررسی سودمندی MFA به­عنوان یک مفهوم و مسیر توسعه کشاورزی از یک دیدگاه یکپارچه در چارچوب توسعه پایدار می­پردازد. در عین حال، سعی خواهد کرد تا تمایز مفهوم کشاورزی چندمنظوره و کشاورزی متداول به رویکردهای توسعه پایدار را روشن کند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - مدل مدیریت استعداد در شرکتهای دانشبنیان فعال در حوزه کشاورزی استان گیلان
سعید صحت محمدتقی تقوی فرد رضا سلامی مجتبی افشاریانهدف از پژوهش ارائه مدلی برای مدیریت استعداد در شرکتهای دانشبنیان فعال در زمینه کشاورزی در استان گیلانمیباشد. مقاله حاضر، از نظر روش تحقیق کاربردی و از نوع توصیفی و از نظر ماهیت دادهها، آمیخته است. در بخش کیفی، برای گردآوری دادههای کیفی از مصاحبه عمیقنیمه ساخ Moreهدف از پژوهش ارائه مدلی برای مدیریت استعداد در شرکتهای دانشبنیان فعال در زمینه کشاورزی در استان گیلانمیباشد. مقاله حاضر، از نظر روش تحقیق کاربردی و از نوع توصیفی و از نظر ماهیت دادهها، آمیخته است. در بخش کیفی، برای گردآوری دادههای کیفی از مصاحبه عمیقنیمه ساختاریافتهبا خبرگان استفاده شد و برای جمعآوری اطلاعات مورد نیاز نیز از مطالعه مبانی نظری و پیشینه پژوهش بهره گرفته شد. در بخش کمّی برای جمعآوری دادهها، از روش میدانی استفاده شده است. دادههای میدانی نیز با استفاده از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته، جمعآوری گردید. جامعه آماری شامل 150 نفر از مدیران میانی، سرپرستان و معاونین سازمانهای دانش بنیان رشت بود که 108 نفر به عنوان نمونه پژوهش انتخاب شدند. در تجزیه و تحلیل دادههای پژوهش برای اجرای آمار توصیفی از نرم افزار SPSS19 و برای اجرای مدل معادلات ساختاری از نرم افزار Smart PLS3 استفاده شد. نتایج نشانگر آن بود که ابعاد شناسایی شده در زمینه مدیریت استعداد در شرکتهای دانشبنیان عبارتند از: استعدادیابی داخلی، استعدادیابی خارجی، اجتماعیسازی (جامعهپذیر نمودن)، توسعه و حفظ و نگهداری استعدادها. دو مولفه شناسایی شده برای استعدادیابی داخلی شامل شناسایی کارکنان مستعد و انتخاب کارکنان مستعد هستند.سه عامل رهبری تحولآفرین، فرهنگ سازمانی و برند کارفرما، به عنوان عوامل زمینهساز و موثر بر مدیریت استعداد در شرکت­های دانش بنیان شهر رشت شناخته شدند. سبک رهبری تحولآفرین بیشترین تاثیر را بر مدیریت استعداد دارد و برند کارفرما از نظر میزان اثرگذاری بر مدیریت استعداد در رتبه بعدی قرار میگیرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - ادراک کارشناسان کشاورزی نسبت به موانع پذیرش کشاورزی دقیق
اصغر باقری نیر امامیکشاورزی دقیق پتانسیل بالایی برای افزایش محصولات کشاورزی، کاهش هزینه و حفظ محیط­زیست دارد، ولی پذیرش این فناوری­ها با موانعی مواجه است که لازم مورد توجه قرار گیرد. با استفاده از نمونه­ای متشکل از 142 کارشناس کشاورزی، این پیمایش برای شناسایی ادراک کارشناسان نس Moreکشاورزی دقیق پتانسیل بالایی برای افزایش محصولات کشاورزی، کاهش هزینه و حفظ محیط­زیست دارد، ولی پذیرش این فناوری­ها با موانعی مواجه است که لازم مورد توجه قرار گیرد. با استفاده از نمونه­ای متشکل از 142 کارشناس کشاورزی، این پیمایش برای شناسایی ادراک کارشناسان نسبت به موانع کشاورزی دقیق دراستان اردبیل، ایران انجام شد. ابزار جمع آوری داده­ها پرسشنامه­ای بود که روایی آن توسط گروهی از اساتید دانشگاه تایید گردید. یک مطالعه راهنما به کمک 30 کارشناس انجام شد که مقدار آلفا بیانگر پایایی بالای ابزار تحقیق بود. به علت شیوع کووید 19 جمع­آوری داده­ها بصورت مجازی انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که کارشناسان دانش خوبی نسبت به کشاورزی دقیق داشتن. پنج عامل فقدان دانش، موانع اقتصادی، فقدان تعامل بین کشاورزان- ترویج، مساله امنیت داده­ها، و فقدان دسترسی، 34/73 درصد از واریانس موانع پذیرش فناوری­های کشاورزی دقیق را تبیین کرده­اند. باتوجه به فقدان دانش و تعامل ضعیف کشاورز – مروج، لازم است فعالیت­های آموزشی ترویجی برای ارتقای آگاهی­ کشاورزان در زمینه کشاورزی دقیق صورت گیرد. جهت رفع موانع اقتصادی لازم است تسهیلات و اعتبارات لازم برای توسعه و کابرد این فناوری­ها تخصیص یابد. در خصوص موانع امنیت دادهها و عدم دسترسی، دولت و سازمانهای وابسته باید در رفع مشکلات دسترسی به اینترنت اقدام نمایند. همچنین، آموزش و امکانات لازم برای حفظ امنیت داده­ها به کشاورزان ارایه گردد. با توجه به تاثیر ادراک سـودمندی بر نگـرش، لازم است آموزش­های ضمن خدمت بـرای اصلاح دانش و ادراک کارشناسـان نسبت به سـودمندی این فناوریهـا ارایه شـود. مزارع نمایشی کشاورزی دقیق در مراکز تحقیقاتی یا مزارع کشاورزان با تعامل کارشناسان می­تواند موثر باشد Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - بررسی کارایی و بهره وری انرژی در بخش کشاورزی نیوزیلند
مجتبی عباسیان سینا احمدزاده ماشینچی باسیل شارپتحقق توسعه پایدار بستگی به استفاده موثر از منابع انرژی دارد. بهره­وری و کارایی مصرف انرژی از جمله شاخص­های مهمی هستند که در تبیین رفتار ساختار مصرف انرژی بخش­های مختلف اقتصادی یک کشور، برای سیاستگذاری نقش مهمی را ایفا می­کنند. در میان بخش­های اقتصادی Moreتحقق توسعه پایدار بستگی به استفاده موثر از منابع انرژی دارد. بهره­وری و کارایی مصرف انرژی از جمله شاخص­های مهمی هستند که در تبیین رفتار ساختار مصرف انرژی بخش­های مختلف اقتصادی یک کشور، برای سیاستگذاری نقش مهمی را ایفا می­کنند. در میان بخش­های اقتصادی، بخش کشاورزی با توجه به اهمیت به میزان زیادی وابسته به مصرف انرژی به عنوان یک عامل موثر درتولیدات کشاورزی می­باشـد. لذادر این مقاله تلاش شده است ابتدا کارایی وبهره­وری انرژی در بخش کشاورزی محاسبه شده و سپس چگونگی ارتباط بین تولید و مصرف انرژی بخش کشاورزی نیوزیلند با استفاده از الگوی سیستم معادلات همزمان و روش حداقل مربعات دو مرحله­­ای و دادههای سالانه اقتصاد کشاورزی برای دوره زمانی 2017-1990 نیوزیلند مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. نتایج بدستآمده نشان میدهد کارایی مصرف انرژی در بخش کشاورزی نیوزیلند طبق شاخص کارایی انرژی اکثراً مطلوب بوده است. همچنین برآورد معادله انرژی نشان داد که ارزش افزوده بخش کشاورزی تاثیر مثبت بر رشد مصرف انرژی دارد. از دیگر متغیرهای مثبت تاثیر گذار می­توان به نیروی کار بخش کشاورزی و مصرف انرژی دوره قبل اشاره نمود. علامت منفی موجودی سرمایه در معادله بیانگر آن است کهﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ سرمایه گذاری در بخش کشاورزی اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ، در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ مصرف انرژی ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ. Manuscript profile -
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185 - ارزیابی چرخه حیات تولید میوه زیتون در اندازه های مختلف باغ و سامانه های کشت ارگانیک و رایج
سعید فیروزی امیرحسین بازیارهدف از این تحقیق، بررسی اثرات زیست­محیطی تولید میوه زیتون در اندازه­های مختلف باغ و تحت شرایط کشت ارگانیک و معمول، با استفاده از روش ارزیابی چرخه حیات در شمال ایران بود. داده­های تحقیق با استفاده از پرسشنامه و مصاحبه رو در رو از 305 باغدار زیتون در منطقه مور Moreهدف از این تحقیق، بررسی اثرات زیست­محیطی تولید میوه زیتون در اندازه­های مختلف باغ و تحت شرایط کشت ارگانیک و معمول، با استفاده از روش ارزیابی چرخه حیات در شمال ایران بود. داده­های تحقیق با استفاده از پرسشنامه و مصاحبه رو در رو از 305 باغدار زیتون در منطقه مورد مطالعه گرد­آوری شدند. شش گروه تاثیر شامل تخلیه منابع سوخت­های فسیلی، گرمایش جهانی، اسیدیفیکاسیون، اوتریفیکاسیون خشکی، تخلیه منابع فسفات و پتاس مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یک تن میوه زیتون به عنوان واحد عملکردی در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که باغ­های زیتون بزرگ (بزرگتر از 5 هکتار) در تمامی گروه­های تاثیر، بیشترین اثرات زیست­محیطی را در پی داشتند. در مجموع، اسیدیفیکاسیون، اوتریفیکاسیون خشکی و تخلیه منابع فسفات، به ترتیب با شاخص­های نهایی 58/1، 68/2 و 12/3 ، مهمترین گروه­های تاثیر بودند. نتایج تحقیق همچنین نشان داد باغ­های زیتون ارگانیک از نظر زیست­محیطی نسبت به باغ­های معمول، عملکرد زیست­محیطی بهتری داشتند. جایگزینی بخشی از کودهای شیمیایی مورد استفاده بخصوص در باغ­های بزرگ با انواع کودهای بیولوژیک نظیر کودهای دامی برای تغذیه درختان زیتون پیشنهاد شد. همچنین، لازم است یک راهبرد منطقه­ای جهت حرکت به سوی سامانه کشت تلفیقی مناسب طراحی گردد تا اثرات زیست­محیطی تولید میوه زیتون در باغ­های بزرگ منطقه مورد مطالعه کاهش یابد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - راهکارهای کاهش آسیبپذیری کشاورزان و بهرهبرداران بخش کشاورزی در برابر تغییرات اقلیم
عبدالواحد کعبی کوروش روستا سعید محمدزاده رضا برادرانتغییرات اقلیمی در خاورمیانه و ایران همچنین کاهش محصولات کشاورزی و زمینهای زراعی در ایران طی 10 سال اخیر نیز توجه بسیاری از محققان را به خود جلب کرده است. تحقیقات متعددی آسیبهای اقتصادی، زیستمحیطی، روانشناسی- اجتماعی و فنی- زراعی را حاصل تأثیر تغییرات اقلیمی در بخش کش Moreتغییرات اقلیمی در خاورمیانه و ایران همچنین کاهش محصولات کشاورزی و زمینهای زراعی در ایران طی 10 سال اخیر نیز توجه بسیاری از محققان را به خود جلب کرده است. تحقیقات متعددی آسیبهای اقتصادی، زیستمحیطی، روانشناسی- اجتماعی و فنی- زراعی را حاصل تأثیر تغییرات اقلیمی در بخش کشاورزی میدانند. هدف مطالعه بررسی راهکارهای کاهش آسیبپذیری کشاورزان و بهرهبرداران بخش کشاورزی در مواجه با تغییرات اقلیم در استان خوزستان است. پژوهش حاضر طی سه مرحله مطالعه کیفی و یک مرحله مطالعه کمی انجام گردید. جامعه آماری بخش کیفی شامل83 نفر کشاورزان باتجربه و کسانی که بخاطر تغییرات اقلیمی دچار آسیب شده‎اند، 18 نفر کشاورز نمونه معرفیشده توسط سازمان جهاد کشاورزی استان خوزستان همچنین 33 نفر دانشجوی دکتری و 237 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد رشته کشاورزی از دانشگاههای مختلف استان خوزستان و 100 نفر کارشناسان کشاورزی سازمان جهاد کشاورزی بودند. متغیرهای تحقیق نیز در مرحله سوم بررسی کیفی در شش راهکار و سه مانع(چالش) دستهبندی و جهت مرحله کمی معرفی شدند. مرحله چهارم مطالعه مرحله کمی بوده که در آن جامعه آماری پژوهش 384 نفر از کشاورزان و بهره‎برداران بخش کشاورزی استان خوزستان بودند. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعت در مرحله کمی پرسشنامه براساس طیف لیکرت بوده همچنین شیوه انتخاب نمونه در بخش کمی و کیفی از نمونه در دسترس استفادهشده است. یافتههای تحقیق نشان میدهد که آسیبهای اقتصادی تحت تأثیر راهکارهای مختلف ازجمله اقتصادی-مالی-حمایتی دولت، آموزشی-ترویجی، فنی-زراعی و اجتماعی قرارگرفته است. همچنین آسیبهای زیستمحیطی تحت تأثیر راهکارهای اقتصادی-مالی-حمایتی دولت، آموزشی-ترویجی و نهادی زیرساختی بوده و در آخر آسیبهای روانشناسی- اجتماعی و آسیبهای فنی- زراعی به ترتیب تحت تأثیر راهکارهای مدیریتی و فنی-زراعی قرارگرفته است. راهکارهای بیانشده در بعد کاربردی دارای موانع و چالشهایی هستند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - بررسی نقش کشاورزی حفاظتی بر پایداری ساختمان خاک درراستای نیل به مدیریت پایدار
سحر دعایی ابراهیم پذیرا شهلا محمودی علی محمدی ترکاشوندکشاورزی حفاظتی برای جبران نیاز افزایش تولید محصولات کشاورزی براساس فعالیت­های کشاورزی پایدار به عنوان یک جایگزین با هدف افزایش تولید و پایداری محصول همراه با حفظ محیط زیست منظور میشود. در مدیریت پایدار خاک ضروری اسـت کـه کیفیـت خاک ارزیابی گردد. روش خاک Moreکشاورزی حفاظتی برای جبران نیاز افزایش تولید محصولات کشاورزی براساس فعالیت­های کشاورزی پایدار به عنوان یک جایگزین با هدف افزایش تولید و پایداری محصول همراه با حفظ محیط زیست منظور میشود. در مدیریت پایدار خاک ضروری اسـت کـه کیفیـت خاک ارزیابی گردد. روش خاک­ورزی یکی از مدیریتهایی است که به شدت بر ساختمان خاک تاثیردارد. انتخاب درست روش خاک­ورزی بر عملکرد محصول،کیفیت خاک، میزان مصرف نهادهها تاثیر قابل ملاحظهای دارد. انتخاب سیستم­های خاک­ورزی مناسب براساس شرایط هر منطقه از جمله آب وهوا، نوع خاک، نوع بقایای گیاهی، قدرت کششی در دسترس و غیره متفاوت است. پایداری خاک­دانهها یکی ازخصوصیات اصلی موثر برفرسایشپذیری و ویژگیهای اصلی فیزیکی و هیدرولیکی خاک است. شناخت اجزای کنترل کننده پایداری خاک­دانهها برای حفظ ساختمان خاک بسیار مهم است. این تحقیق به صورت مقاله مروری با هدف بررسی نقش خاک­ورزی بر روی پایداری خاک­دانه­ها و ساختمان خاک در دستیابی به توسعه پایدارکشاورزی صورت گرفته است. با توجه به مزیت­های روش خاک­ورزی حفاظتی مطلوب­تراست، جهت توسعه پایدار بخش کشاورزی از این نوع خاک­ورزی استفاده نمود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - تبیین موانع بازگشت به کشاورزی ارگانیک در استان آذربایجان غربی
لقمان رشیدپورهدف از این مطالعه تبیین موانع تبدیل به کشاورزی ارگانیک در استان آذربایجان غربی بود. پژوهش حاضر یک تحقیق توصیفی – پیمایشی، بر مبنای هدف از نوع تحقیقات کاربردی، و بر اساس گردآوری داده ها یک تحقیق میدانی است. برای دستیابی به اهداف مطالعه، گردآوری داده ها با است Moreهدف از این مطالعه تبیین موانع تبدیل به کشاورزی ارگانیک در استان آذربایجان غربی بود. پژوهش حاضر یک تحقیق توصیفی – پیمایشی، بر مبنای هدف از نوع تحقیقات کاربردی، و بر اساس گردآوری داده ها یک تحقیق میدانی است. برای دستیابی به اهداف مطالعه، گردآوری داده ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه و مصاحبه های عمیق از دو گروه کشاورزان ارگانیک کار و کشاورزان متداول کارانجام شد. جامعه آماری شامل 400 نفر از کشاورزان بودند که با استفاده از جدول مورگان انتخاب شدند. برای تعیین نمونه از روش نمونهگیری خوشهای استفاده شد. ابزار پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه محقق ساخته بود که روایی آن توسط یک گروه متخصص شامل متخصصان کشاورزی و توسعه و توسعه روستایی مورد تایید قرار گرفت. از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ برای اندازه گیری پایایی بخش های مختلف استفاده شد و مقدار آن 87/0 تعیین شد. نتایج تحلیل عاملی نشان داد که موانع بازگشت به کشاورزی ارگانیک را می توان در 5 فاکتور شامل، موانع اقتصادی، موانع اجتماعی، موانع حمایتی سیاستی ، موانع اطلاع رسانی و آموزشی و موانع طبیعی طبقه بندی کرد، که این فاکتورها در مجموع 47.8٪ واریانس موانع تبدیل به کشاورزی ارگانیک را تبیین نمودند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - کاربرد تحلیل سلسله مراتبی فازی برای شناسایی و اولویت بندی چالش های اقتصاد مقاومتی در بخش کشاورزی ایران
شایسته آدبی آزاده نورالله نوری وندیهدف اصلی این پژوهش شناسایی و اولویت­بندی چالش­های اقتصاد مقاومتی در بخش کشاورزی ایران است. در این پژوهش از روش پیمایشی با پرسشنامه مقایسات زوجی به عنوان ابزار اصلی استفاده شد. از آنجایی که این مطالعه براساس نظر کارشناسان انجام شده است، 40 نفر از کارشناسان و مدیر Moreهدف اصلی این پژوهش شناسایی و اولویت­بندی چالش­های اقتصاد مقاومتی در بخش کشاورزی ایران است. در این پژوهش از روش پیمایشی با پرسشنامه مقایسات زوجی به عنوان ابزار اصلی استفاده شد. از آنجایی که این مطالعه براساس نظر کارشناسان انجام شده است، 40 نفر از کارشناسان و مدیران ارشد سازمان جهاد کشاورزی استان خوزستان مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. فرآیند تحلیل در این پژوهش یک فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی فازی بود. با روش اکتشافی، مهم­ترین معیارها و زیرمعیارها و چالش­های اقتصاد مقاومتی شناسایی شدند. وزن هر معیار پس از انجام مقایسه­های زوجی در نرم­افزار تحلیل سلسله مراتبی فازی محاسبه و به ترتیب زیر تعیین شد: انعطاف­پذیری اقتصادی با وزن 0.558، ارتقای بهره­وری با وزن 0.320 و تحقق رشد پویا با وزن 0.122. پس از مقایسه زوجی تمامی چالشهای اجرای اقتصاد مقاومتی براساس معیارهای فرعی، نتایج با هم ترکیب شدند و وزن نهایی و اولویت هر چالش مشخص شد. چالش­ها به ترتیب اولویت عبارت بودند از: فضای ناامن اقتصادی برای جذب سرمایه­گذاری داخلی و خارجی (وزن=0.265)، بهره وری پایین نیروی انسانی و سرمایه در کشاورزی با وزن 0.198، نبود سیستم بازاریابی و بازاریابی منسجم (وزن=0.132). واردات گسترده در مقابل صادرات محدود محصولات با (وزن=0.132)، راندمان پایین واحدهای تولیدی کشاورزی (وزن=0.116)، ضایعات زیاد محصولات کشاورزی (وزن=0.093) و تغییر کاربری اراضی مرتبط با کشاورزی (وزن=0.064). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
190 - تعیین و تدوین استراتژی های توسعه بخش کشاورزی افغانستان با استفاده از تجزیه و تحلیل SWOT، ماتریس SPACE و رویکرد QSPM
مجتبی نیک زاد سید صفدر حسینی حبیب الله سلامی امیرحسین چیذری انورالحق احدیاهمیت بخش کشاورزی به عنوان بخش اصلی اقتصاد افغانستان موجب شده است که رشد این بخش همواره به­عنوان هدف سیاست­گذاری­ها و برنامه­ریزی­های کلان ملی و بین­المللی برای توسعه این کشور باشد. با این وجود، علیرغم حمایت­های گسترده ملی و بین­­المل Moreاهمیت بخش کشاورزی به عنوان بخش اصلی اقتصاد افغانستان موجب شده است که رشد این بخش همواره به­عنوان هدف سیاست­گذاری­ها و برنامه­ریزی­های کلان ملی و بین­المللی برای توسعه این کشور باشد. با این وجود، علیرغم حمایت­های گسترده ملی و بین­­المللی این بخش نه تنها نتوانسته از رشد پایدار و قابل توجهی برخوردار گردد، بلکه این کشور را با مشکلاتی از جمله گسترش فقر، کاهش امنیت غذایی، گسترش کشت مواد مخدر رو به رو ساخته است. بنابراین، هدف از این مطالعه تعیین و تدوین استراتژی های جامع و مناسب برای توسعه بخش کشاورزی افغانستان به منظور دستیابی به اهداف اسناد بالادستی توسعه پایدار اقتصادی است. برای این منظور، پس از تعیین چشم­انداز و مأموریت­های بخش کشاورزی افغانستان، بر اساس روش دلفی و ابزار پرسشنامه و با در نظر گرفتن کلیه مؤلفه­ها و عوامل مختلف محیط­های داخلی و خارجی، از چارچوب تحلیلی SWOT برای تعیین استراتژی­های مناسب استفاده شده است. در نهایت، جایگاه استراتژیک بخش کشاورزی توسط ماتریس SPACE تعیین گردید و با کاربرد رویکرد QSPM، استراتژی­های تعیین شده براساس اهمیت و اولویت مرتب شده اند. نتایج نشان می­دهد که استراتژی­های محافظه­کارانه شامل تغییر جهت و بازنگری (بررسی سیاست­های اجرایی بخش کشاورزی افغانستان) بیش از سایر استراتژی­ها ضروری است. این امر بر لزوم تمرکز بر سیاست­های حمایتی و ارزیابی و بازنگری سیاست­ها و برنامه­های اجرایی به منظور غلبه بر ضعف­های گسترده ساختاری و زیرساختی بخش کشاورزی افغانستان با بهره­گیری از فرصت­های متعددخارجی تاکید دارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
191 - Determinants of Smallholder Farmers' Access to Agricultural Extension Channels and their Effects on Awareness and Compliance with Good Agricultural Practices in Kenya
James Mwangi Preston Chitere James KariukiAlthough it is mandatory for smallholder farmers to comply with Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) to participate in French bean farming for export, they lack uniformity in their farming practices. Available literature doesn't show whether farmers’ compliance with MoreAlthough it is mandatory for smallholder farmers to comply with Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) to participate in French bean farming for export, they lack uniformity in their farming practices. Available literature doesn't show whether farmers’ compliance with GAPs is affected by their choices of extension channels and their social status characteristics. A field survey was conducted among 115 farmers who were sampled systematically, and the data was collected by the use of questionnaires. The data were analyzed descriptively and by Chi-square, Pearson's correlation, and regression models to establish the association between social status characteristics of farmers versus extension channels accessed, and its influence on awareness and compliance with GAPs. The study found that farmers' level of access to extension channels had a significant influence on their level of awareness and compliance with GAPs. Field extension workers were the most effective channel of extension. Moreover, gender, asset scores, farm acreage under French beans and income from the sale of French beans were among the social characteristics with significant influence on the type and number of extension channels accessed by smallholder farmers. This study recommends that the dissemination of agricultural innovation messages to smallholder farmers should be guided by studying their social characteristics and paying attention to women and resource-poor farmers. innovation messages should be tailored along available channels of extension to enhance access by a diverse calibre of farmers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - ارزیابی دورههای آموزش شهروندی کشاورزی شهری براساس مدل کرک پاتریک
Soraya Porjavid Alireza Poursaeed Seyed Mehdi Mirdamadiهدف از انجام این تحقیق ارزیابی اثربخشی آموزشهای شهروندی کشاورزی شهری مبتنی بر مدل کرک پاتریک در کشور ایران، شهر تهران بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کل شهروندانی که در سال 1396 در دورههای آموزشی کشاورزی شهری در مراکز گل و گیاه منطقه شهر تهران شرکت کردند بودند، می­باش Moreهدف از انجام این تحقیق ارزیابی اثربخشی آموزشهای شهروندی کشاورزی شهری مبتنی بر مدل کرک پاتریک در کشور ایران، شهر تهران بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کل شهروندانی که در سال 1396 در دورههای آموزشی کشاورزی شهری در مراکز گل و گیاه منطقه شهر تهران شرکت کردند بودند، می­باشد که در مجموع تعداد آنها 160 نفر (160=N) و درقالب دو گروه شاهد (80=n) و گروه کنترل (80=n) بود. اعضای گروه شاهد در دوره­های آموزشی کشاورزی شهری شرکت کردند و گروه کنترل هیچ دوره آموزشی دریافت نکرد. نتایج نشان داد بین وضعیت دانش شهروندان قبل و بعد از شرکت در دوره­های آموزشی تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد (p < 0.01) . همچنین، بیش از 86 درصد از شهروندان میزان اثربخشی دوره­ها را در سطوح متوسط تا بالا ارزیابی نمودند. علاوه بر این، بین گروه مورد و شاهد از نظر سطوح واکنش و رفتار نیز تفاوت معنی داری وجود داشت(p < 0.01) . مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که دوره­های آموزشی کشاورزی شهری برای شهروندان در سه سطح مدل کرک پاتریک اثربخش بوده و در مجموع این دوره مثبت ارزیابی می­شود. بنابراین، به منظور افزایش دانش شهروندان در زمینه کشاورزی شهری، می­توان دوره­های آموزشی مزبور را پیشنهاد نمود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - بررسی مداخلات موثر بر توسعه تولید کشاورزی حساس به تغذیه توسط فرایند تحلیل شبکه ای
مریم مورج حسین شعبانعلی فمی ژیلا دانشور عامری علی اسدیتغذیه هم به­عنوان ورودی و هم نتیجه توسعه پایدار شناخته می­شود، جایی که تولید کشاورزی نیز نقش غیرقابل انکاری ایفا می­کند. استان البرز به عنوان یکی از استانهای بزرگ ایران، با مشکلات متعددی مواجه می­باشد که طی سالهای گذشته بر امنیت غذایی آن تأ Moreتغذیه هم به­عنوان ورودی و هم نتیجه توسعه پایدار شناخته می­شود، جایی که تولید کشاورزی نیز نقش غیرقابل انکاری ایفا می­کند. استان البرز به عنوان یکی از استانهای بزرگ ایران، با مشکلات متعددی مواجه می­باشد که طی سالهای گذشته بر امنیت غذایی آن تأثیر منفی گذاشته است،.به­طوری که اجرای کشاورزی حساس به تغذیه برای رفع این مشکلات ضروری تلقی می­شود. پژوهش حاضر به بررسی مداخلات مؤثر بر اجرای تولید محصولات کشاورزی حساس به تغذیه در استان البرز بر اساس تحلیل تصمیمگیری چندمعیاره (MCDM) برای اولویتبندی این مداخلات و همچنین شناسایی بهترین استراتژی اجرایی برای پیگیری در منطقه پرداخته است. به منظور دستیابی به این اهداف، با استفاده از فرآیند شبکه تحلیلی (ANP)بر اساس مطالعات کتابخانه­ای و اسنادی و مصاحبه با کارشناسان و مراجع، ساختار مدل ANP تدوین شده و مقایسه­های زوجی صورت گرفته است. نتایج نشان میدهد که مهمترین عامل مداخله گر، در ابتدا "تولید درآمد برای تغذیه" و پس از آن "جابجایی، ذخیرهسازی و فرآوری حساس به تغذیه پس از برداشت" ، می­باشد. تصمیم­گیران و مسئولان این استان، باید در اجرای کشاورزی حساس به تغذیه، به این جنبه­ها توجه بیشتری داشته باشند. همچنین، استراتژی پیاده­سازی بلندمدت (6 تا 20 سال) جایگزین بهتری برای هدف­گذاری و برنامه­ریزی تصمیم­گیران و مقامات است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - واکاوی پارادایمی مدیریت محیط زیست در ایران
مهسا فاطمی کورش رضائی مقدم ماتیس واکرناگلچالشها و تغییرات محیطزیستی مهمی بهویژه در حوزه توسعه کشاورزی در ایران وجود دارد. عمده این مسائل به دوران پس از اصلاحات ارضی و پیامدهای نوسازی در کشاورزی محسوب میشود. هدف اصلی از مطالعه حاضر، واکاوی پارادایمی مدیریت محیطزیست در ایران با تأکید بر بخش کشاورزی است. این Moreچالشها و تغییرات محیطزیستی مهمی بهویژه در حوزه توسعه کشاورزی در ایران وجود دارد. عمده این مسائل به دوران پس از اصلاحات ارضی و پیامدهای نوسازی در کشاورزی محسوب میشود. هدف اصلی از مطالعه حاضر، واکاوی پارادایمی مدیریت محیطزیست در ایران با تأکید بر بخش کشاورزی است. این پژوهش با استفاده از تحلیل اسنادی، مطالعه و بررسی مستندات و پایگاههای مختلف دادهای در سراسر جهان با بهرهگیری از تکنیک تحلیل محتوا انجام گرفت. از اینرو، دیدگاههای پارادایمی متنوع و همچنین استراتژیهای متفاوتی که در حیطه مدیریت محیطزیست در سطح دنیا مطرح شده است، مورد مطالعه و بررسی قرار گرفت. سپس ضمن مروری جامع و عمیق بر روند تصویب و اجرای قوانین، دستورالعملها، ضوابط و اقدامات مختلف در زمینه مدیریت محیطزیست، ایران از لحاظ بحث مدیریت محیطزیستی در گذر زمان به سه فاز مختلف شامل اشتیاق نسبت به دستاوردهای نوسازی (1962-1974)؛ آغاز نگرانیها نسبت به مسائل محیطزیستی (1974-2005)؛ و بحران مدیریت محیطزیست (2005 تاکنون) تقسیم شد. در این پژوهش تلاش شده است تا مهمترین مشکلات ناپایداری محیطزیست و همچنین علل عدم موفقیت سیاستهای کلان در این حوزه در سه دوره زمانی مدنظر مورد بحث قرار گیرند. یافتهها نشان داد که دیدگاه فکری نامناسبی در مدیریت محیطزیست ایران حاکم است و از سوی دیگر همچنین ناسازگاری و ناهماهنگی بین دیدگاه فکری و استراتژیهای بکار گرفته شده در دورههای زمانی مختلف، مشاهده میشود. طبق یافتهها، دیدگاه غالب فکری در زمینه مدیریت محیط زیست در گذر زمان، دیدگاه افراطی اقتصادی با تأکید زیاد بر فاکتورهای اقتصادی و نادیده شمردن مسائل محیط زیستی بوده است. بنابراین، شاهد افزایش تخریبهای زیستمحیطی بوده و در مقابل به جای سازماندهی فعالیتهای نظاممند مشارکتی، صرفاً یک سری اقدامات پراکنده و مجزا از سوی نهادهای مختلف انجام گرفته است. در نهایت، راهکار بنیادین در راستای مدیریت پایدار محیطزیست در حوزه کشاورزی، تغییر دیدگاه پارادایمی از تکنولوژیگرایی به سوی زیستبومگرایی است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
195 - بررسی ابعاد موانع ترویج کشاورزی تلفیقی تجاری کوچک مقیاس
ید حسن حسینی خشت مسجدی سحر در یوری سید جمال فرج اله حسینی مریم امیدی نجف آبادیکشاورزان در مقیاس کوچک برای دستیابی به کشاورزی تجاری یکپارچه در مقیاس کوچک با موانع متعددی روبرو هستند. این مطالعه با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی به بررسی موانع کشاورزی تلفیقی تجاری در مقیاس کوچک می پردازد. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه شالیکاران استان گیلان (180106=N) بوده و حجم نمونه Moreکشاورزان در مقیاس کوچک برای دستیابی به کشاورزی تجاری یکپارچه در مقیاس کوچک با موانع متعددی روبرو هستند. این مطالعه با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی به بررسی موانع کشاورزی تلفیقی تجاری در مقیاس کوچک می پردازد. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه شالیکاران استان گیلان (180106=N) بوده و حجم نمونه (422=n) با استفاده از جدول کرجسی و مورگان به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی طبقه ای تعیین شد. ابزار پژوهش پرسشنامه ای بود که روایی آن توسط پانل متخصصان و پایایی آن با ضریب آلفای کرونباخ (89/0) تأیید شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها با نرم افزار SPSS و تحلیل مسیر با نرم افزار Smart PLS انجام شد. نتایج تحلیل مسیر نشان داد که موانع گسترش تأثیر مستقیم بر کشاورزی در مقیاس کوچک (441/0=β) و کشاورزی تجاری تلفیقی (401/0=β) و تأثیر غیرمستقیم بر کشاورزی تلفیقی تجاری در مقیاس کوچک (541/0 = β) و غیر مستقیم (β = 0.91). با توجه به مقدار t، فرضیه تحقیق در مورد موانع گسترش می توان نتیجه گرفت که اثربخشی بین متغیرهای مستقل و وابسته معنادار است. بر اساس نتایج بهدستآمده، استفاده از عوامل ترویجی آگاه، کاهش وظایف غیرگسترشی مروجین و کمک به سازمانهای محلی برای کاهش واسطهها از عوامل ضروری در رفع موانع این نوع سیستمهای کشاورزی است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - تحلیل ریشه ای عوامل محدود کننده کشاورزی چندکارکردی در ایران
محبوبه خیراللهی امیرحسین علی بیگی فرحناز رستمی قبادیبا وجود مطالعات متعدد در مورد کشاورزی چند منظوره، هنوز نمی توانیم توسعه کشاورزی چندمنظوره را در کشورهای در حال توسعه از جمله ایران تایید کنیم. هدف از این مطالعه کیفی، تحلیل علل ریشه ای عوامل محدودکننده چندکارکردی کشاورزی در غرب ایران بود. جامعه مورد مطالعه به صورت هدفمن Moreبا وجود مطالعات متعدد در مورد کشاورزی چند منظوره، هنوز نمی توانیم توسعه کشاورزی چندمنظوره را در کشورهای در حال توسعه از جمله ایران تایید کنیم. هدف از این مطالعه کیفی، تحلیل علل ریشه ای عوامل محدودکننده چندکارکردی کشاورزی در غرب ایران بود. جامعه مورد مطالعه به صورت هدفمند از بین 12 نفر از کارشناسان و کشاورزان چندکاره کشاورزی در شهرستان دهلران انتخاب شد. داده ها با استفاده از مصاحبه های نیمه ساختاریافته در سه مرحله از تحلیل علل ریشه ای بر اساس رویکرد پیشنهادی انجمن کیفیت آمریکا (ASQ) جمع آوری شد. تجزیه و تحلیل مصاحبه ها منجر به شناسایی 19 علت مستقیم در شش دسته، 234 علت سطحی و 12 علت ریشه ای مؤثر بر مشکل شد. بر اساس امتیازدهی و اولویت بندی توسط ماتریس تصمیم گیری GUT (گرانش، فوریت و گرایش) و نمودار پارتو، هشت علت اصلی پیدا شد که عبارتند از: 1) عدم وجود آزمایشگاه های تحقیقاتی. 2) نظارت ناکارآمد بر فرآیند کشاورزی. 3) عدم حمایت تضمینی از کلیه محصولات کشاورزی منطقه. 4) عدم معرفی کشاورزی چند منظوره. 5) عدم تدوین سیاستهای استراتژیک با توجه به موقعیت منطقه. 6) سیاست های ناکارآمد برای تربیت کارشناسان کشاورزی چند منظوره. 7) فقدان برنامه های حمایتی هدفمند. و 8) سیاست گذاری ضعیف برای حمایت از کشاورزان چندکاره. با حذف یا اصلاح علل ریشه ای ذکر شده، نه تنها سایر علل سطحی از بین می روند، بلکه می توان توسعه کشاورزی چندکاره را نیز تسریع کرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - Working Effectiveness of Dissemination Channels as Perceived by Potato Growers
Tahir Munir Butt Muhammad Zakaria Yousuf Hassan Shahbaz Talib Sahi Khalid Mehmood Mashood- ul-Subtain Naeem- ul HassanA research can also reveal the cooperative effectiveness of agencies such as evaluation will lead to discover the weakness and strengths for further improvement of this program. The present study was designed in 2009 especially to see the effectiveness of the working of MoreA research can also reveal the cooperative effectiveness of agencies such as evaluation will lead to discover the weakness and strengths for further improvement of this program. The present study was designed in 2009 especially to see the effectiveness of the working of agricultural extension staff as perceived by farmers in district Okara-Pakistan. The data were collected with the help of a specifically designed and pre-tested interview schedule and total sample was 300 respondents. The results showed that most 45.0% of the respondents belonged to the old age (31-40 years) category and most 30% of the respondents were above illiterate. An overwhelming majority 77.33% of the respondents was in fall radio category. Whereas, only 29.33% of the respondents reported that they had contact with Extension Field Staff. An overwhelming majority 74.33% of the respondents indicated lack of mobility as the major constraints in approaching agricultural extension education services. It was concluded that different mass media were not fully utilized in the area which hindered not only awareness level of the respondents but also adversely effect the adoption level regarding the latest production technology related agriculture sector. On the basis of conclusions it was recommended that for first of all the educational level of the study area should be increased and Government should ensure adequate availability of rural infrastructure facilities to enable more of the dwellers cultivate the habit of utilizing medias channels as source of information in agriculture production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - Assessment the Socio-economic Factors Affecting Rural Youth Attitude to Occupation in Agricultural (Case of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer- Ahmad Province, Iran)
Mohsen Mosaee Ahmadreza OmmaniThe main objective in this causal-correlation field research was to identify effective factors on rural youth’s attitude towards agricultural occupation, in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. Rural youth 15-25 years old in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer- Ahmad provi MoreThe main objective in this causal-correlation field research was to identify effective factors on rural youth’s attitude towards agricultural occupation, in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. Rural youth 15-25 years old in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer- Ahmad province were the population of this study. The technique of sampling was cluster sampling. The technique of data collection is questionnaire. The panel of experts was used to validity of the questionnaire. Corenbach Alpha was used to gain assurance of the reliability of the questionnaire (a=0.79). The results of multivariate regression indicate the variables of type of farming system, rate of relation to organizations, participation in extension and education courses, insurance, age and income have the main role in showing the variations of attitude to agricultural occupation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - The Effect of Agricultural Production Subsidies Reduction in the Economic Variables of Agricultural Sector of Iran: Multifunctional Assessment in CGE Model
Saeed Mehrjou Zahra Kiani-FeyzabadThe production of public goods like amenity value of the landscape, food security, preservation of rural communities and rural lifestyle, by agricultural sector is a subject that has been widely accepted by experts. However, in many policies and political analyses carri MoreThe production of public goods like amenity value of the landscape, food security, preservation of rural communities and rural lifestyle, by agricultural sector is a subject that has been widely accepted by experts. However, in many policies and political analyses carried out, solely the production of private goods by the agricultural sector is paid attention and the important function of public goods production is ignored. Given the importance of multifunctional debate of agriculture in policies analysis, this study examined the effect of agricultural multifunctionality in the simulation of the agricultural production subsidies reduction effects using Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. Simulation results of the effects of agricultural production subsidies reduction in terms of the multifunctionality showed that current practices to support the agricultural sector is non-optimal according to agricultural production and welfarereduction and the optimal level of supports with and without multifunctional agriculture is different. The simulation results showed that the welfare effects of economic reforms in Iran in the agricultural sector in terms of the multifunctionality will be positive. This is on condition that the welfare effects of agricultural reform in terms of the multifunctionality of agriculture are negative. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
200 - Analysis of Constrains Facing Urban Agriculture Development in Tehran, Iran
Soraya Pourjavid Hassan Sadighi Hossein Shabanali FamiThe purpose of the study was to identify the constrains affecting urban agriculture in Tehran, Iran. The statistical population of this study consisted of city dwellers within the 22 municipal districts of Tehran out of which 320 individuals were selected as the sample MoreThe purpose of the study was to identify the constrains affecting urban agriculture in Tehran, Iran. The statistical population of this study consisted of city dwellers within the 22 municipal districts of Tehran out of which 320 individuals were selected as the sample of the study. Cochran’s formula was used to determine the sampling size based on stratified sampling method. A panel of experts confirmed the validity of the questionnaire used in this study. The calculated Cronbach’s alpha for the main sections of the questionnaire was 0.95 and 0.93. Results of the ranking of constrains and challenges revealed that “high start-up costs” and “lack of knowledge among managers and authorities” were among the most important constrains. The results of factor analysis revealed that 7 factors including “education-research”, “infrastructure”, “support”, “regulations and policy making”, “technical”, “financial-economic” and “cultural” explained 67.36 of the variance. Although list of constrains revealed is not perfect, this work paves the way for further research regarding factors influencing urban agriculture. It also provides interesting information for planners about the challenges of urban agriculture development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
201 - ترویج کارآفرینی سازمانی در ایران: شواهدی از کارگزاران ترویج کشاورزی
Nader Naderi Nematollah Shiri Mojgan Khoshmaram Masoud Ramezaniهدف کلی این پژوهش بررسی نقش مدیریت دانش در کارآفرینی سازمانی در میان کارشناسان ترویج کشاورزی شهرستان کرمانشاه بود. جامعه‏ آماری این پژوهش شامل 143 نفر از کارشناسان ترویج کشاورزی مدیریت جهاد کشاورزی و مراکز خدمات کشاورزی شهرستان کرمانشاه بود که 129 نفر از آنان به روش Moreهدف کلی این پژوهش بررسی نقش مدیریت دانش در کارآفرینی سازمانی در میان کارشناسان ترویج کشاورزی شهرستان کرمانشاه بود. جامعه‏ آماری این پژوهش شامل 143 نفر از کارشناسان ترویج کشاورزی مدیریت جهاد کشاورزی و مراکز خدمات کشاورزی شهرستان کرمانشاه بود که 129 نفر از آنان به روش نمونه‏گیری ساده تصادفی برای بررسی انتخاب شدند. ابزار اصلی پژوهش پرسشنامه‏ای بود که روایی آن توسط نظرسنجی از متخصصان و پایایی آن با محاسبۀ ضریب آلفای کرونباخ تأیید شد. به‏منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده‏ها در دو بخش آمار توصیفی (فراوانی، درصد، کمینه، بیشینه، میانگین و انحراف معیار) و آمار استنباطی (تحلیل همبستگی و تحلیل رگرسیون) از نرم‏افزار SPSSWin21 استفاده شد. بر پایه نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه به شیوۀ توأم، مؤلفه‏های مدیریت دانش پیش‏بینی‏کننده‏های اصلی ‏تغییرات واریانس کارآفرینی سازمانی در میان کارشناسان ترویج کشاورزی شهرستان کرمانشاه بودند. نتایج این بررسی دستاوردهای مهمی برای مدیران سازمان جهاد کشاورزی و مراکز خدمات کشاورزی در جهت ارتقای کارآفرینی سازمانی در میان کارشناسان ترویج کشاورزی دارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - Identifying Indicators of Environmentally Sustainable Agriculture in Paddy Fields of Guilan Province
Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand Mohammad Sadegh Allahyari Zahra Daghighi MasulehIn recent years, agriculture has become the prime polluter of natural resources. It is therefore essential to make assessments based on reliable indicators to ensure that an agricultural system remains not only productive, but also ecologically sound. A large area of ar MoreIn recent years, agriculture has become the prime polluter of natural resources. It is therefore essential to make assessments based on reliable indicators to ensure that an agricultural system remains not only productive, but also ecologically sound. A large area of arable land in Guilan province is devoted to rice cultivation so the transition to environmentally sound agricultural practice in paddy fields of the province is an important strategy. The main purpose of this study was to present a new and comprehensive framework for assessing environmentally sound agricultural practice applicable to the paddy fields in Guilan Province. A review of the relevant literature identified environmentally sound indicators that had been used by researchers in recent years. Then some parameters were introduced for examination and prioritization. The proposed structural model includes seven factors and 21 indicators. The target population included university faculty members and researchers who were familiar with the concepts of agricultural sustainability and that were familiar with the Guilan paddy fields. A structural on-line questionnaire was the main instrument used to gather information. Based on experts’ points of view, the coefficient of significance for each of the selected indicators was measured using the Yager fuzzy screening method. The results obtained from structured questionnaires showed that 20 of the 21 indicators were appropriate for assessing environmentally sustainable agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
203 - عوامل موثر بر بکارگیری عملیات کشاورزی پایدار بوسیله شالیکاران (اعضاء تعاونی های تولید روستایی)
Amir Ahmadpourیکی از مهمترین رسالت های تعاونی های تولید روستایی گسترش پذیرش و بکارگیری عملیات کشاورزی پایدار از سوی کشاورزان است، که به عوامل متعددی بستگی دارد. لذا، بر این اساس هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی عوامل موثر بر بکارگیری عملیات کشاورزی پایدار از سوی شالیکاران می باشد. جامعه آماری پژ Moreیکی از مهمترین رسالت های تعاونی های تولید روستایی گسترش پذیرش و بکارگیری عملیات کشاورزی پایدار از سوی کشاورزان است، که به عوامل متعددی بستگی دارد. لذا، بر این اساس هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی عوامل موثر بر بکارگیری عملیات کشاورزی پایدار از سوی شالیکاران می باشد. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کلیه شالیکاران عضو تعاونی های تولید روستایی شهرستان ساری هستند (4160 =N). تعداد 162 نفر از شالیکاران به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی طبقه ای انتخاب شدند (162 =n). داده ها از طریق پرسشنامه گردآوری شد که روایی آن توسط پانلی از متخصصین و پایایی آن با استفاده از آزمون آلفای کرونباخ (93/0) تائید گردید. نتایج نشان داد که بکارگیری عملیات کشاورزی پایدار به­طور کلی خوب است. به علاوه، یافته ها نشان دادند که بین سن، وضعیت استفاده از منابع اطلاعاتی، تعداد اعضای خانواده، میزان زمین برنجکاری، میزان تولید، منزلت اجتماعی، دسترسی به نهاده ها، شرکت در دوره های آموزشی-ترویجی و عوامل اقتصادی با بکارگیری عملیات کشاورزی پایدار از سوی شالیکاران رابطه مثبت و معنی داری برقرار می باشد. نتایج آزمون رگرسیون خطی گام به گام نشان داد که متغیرهای مساحت زمین شالیکاری/ هکتار، تسهیلات اقتصادی، شرکت در دوره های آموزشی-ترویجی و سن/سال توانایی تبیین 8/61 درصد از تغییرات به بکارگیری عملیات کشاورزی پایدار از سوی شالیکاران عضو شرکت های تعاونی تولید را تبیین می کنند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
204 - The Effects of Non-Farm Business in Rural Sustainable Development: A Case Study in Sanandaj's Rural Areas, Kurdistan
Reza Movahedi Hadi Fathi Somaye Latifi LatifiRural economy has an important role in rural sustainable development in every region or country. However, the rural economy in Iran is too much depending on agriculture and development of other rural economy in particular nonfarm activities, has been neglected by Irania MoreRural economy has an important role in rural sustainable development in every region or country. However, the rural economy in Iran is too much depending on agriculture and development of other rural economy in particular nonfarm activities, has been neglected by Iranian rural communities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the role of non-farm business on rural sustainable development in Sanandaj Township. This study was a type of surveying research and employed both questionnaire and interview tools. A four-part questionnaire (with 48 questions) was developed in order to collect data from the respondents. Likert-type responses with five scales were used to assess different sections of the questionnaires. The questionnaires’ reliability was tested by Cronbach’s Alpha technique and it was 76% (a=0.76). A number of 279 families, 181 families with and 98 without non-farm business were selected randomly in 2011. Results of the study showed that non-farm business can contribute to employment growth, income generating, and prevent seasonal and permanent migration from rural areas. Based on the results, non-farm business and non-farm industries need to be strongly invested by financial facilities through rural cooperatives and unions. Additionally, encouraging rural participation is essential in non-farms and industrial activities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
205 - Effective Factors on Women Role in Sustainable Development (Case Study: Marvdasht Rural Areas in Iran)
Seyed Nematollah MousaviThis paper aims to study the role of women in agricultural promotion and its effect on rural development. Research method in this study was based on a survey and the required information was collected through questionnaire from a sample of women especially rural women. MoreThis paper aims to study the role of women in agricultural promotion and its effect on rural development. Research method in this study was based on a survey and the required information was collected through questionnaire from a sample of women especially rural women. The data were analyzed using Logit model. The results showed that women had a major role in farming including producion, conservation, and destructing. The results also showed that women had a great tendency for participating in extension classes to improve their knowledge for sustainable development. Considering the results, it was necessary to provide the life facilities and necessities, awareness women especially rural women with group media and organizing the promotional and educational classes for reaching the sustainable development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
206 - Identifying the Barriers of Sustainable Agriculture Adoption by Wheat Farmers in Takestan, Iran
Shaghayegh KheiriConventional agriculture systems of production often lead to environmental degradation, economic problems and even social conflict. The efficacy of agriculture systems conducive to the economic, environmental and social sustainability of farming operations has been demo MoreConventional agriculture systems of production often lead to environmental degradation, economic problems and even social conflict. The efficacy of agriculture systems conducive to the economic, environmental and social sustainability of farming operations has been demonstrated, yet the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices is not widespread. This study evaluates the barriers of sustainable agriculture by wheat farmers in Takestan using a descriptive–correlation survey methodology. This quantitative study was based on a Researcher made questionnaire designed to elicit the barriers to adoption of sustainable agriculture practices perceived by a sample of 149 wheat farmers in the Takestan (N=268), through a stratified random sampling technique. Instrument validity was confirmed by a panel of experts. The reliability estimated by Cronbach’s coefficient (α=0.905). The data has been analyzed using the SPSS (16). The results revealed that the high cost of sustainable agriculture was the most important barriers in its implementation (M=4.74). The findings of multiple regressions explained that farmer’s attitudes and practices of sustainable agriculture explained 89 percent of the variance of the barriers of sustainable agriculture. Farmer’s attitudes had the most influence on the determination of the barriers of sustainable agriculture (β=0.775). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
207 - Innovation in the Agro-Food Sector: from Technical Innovation-Centred Approaches to Sustainability Transition Processes
حمید البیلالیInnovation is a complex phenomenon and process involving translation of knowledge into new techniques, products, services. It is considered crucial for sustainable agriculture development and achievement of long-term food security. The review describes the diversity of MoreInnovation is a complex phenomenon and process involving translation of knowledge into new techniques, products, services. It is considered crucial for sustainable agriculture development and achievement of long-term food security. The review describes the diversity of innovation and relates it to agro-food sector. It also sheds light on different innovation models and explores their contribution to framing agro-food sustainability transitions. There are many variations in the use of the term ‘innovation’. Typical distinctions encountered in the literature are incremental vs. radical innovation and product vs. process vs. organizational innovation. A significant feature of the development of modern innovation thinking has been a gradual broadening of innovation scope as well as more attention to sustainability. The scope of innovation was broadened to include soft (social/organisation) innovations besides hard/technical ones. In fact, the interest has shifted from technological innovation to disruptive niche innovations fundamental for socio-technical transitions. Moreover, as a recognition of system complexity, frameworks such as the Innovation systems and the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) were developed and promoted. However, despite positive innovation benefits, relationship between innovation and sustainability in the agro-food arena is far from straightforward. Therefore, focus is gradually moving from innovation process to its impacts in terms of sustainability and its contribution to sustainability transitions in agriculture and food systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
208 - مصرف انرژی در مزارع (مورد مطالعه:دهستان دیره، استان کرمانشاه)
نشمیل افشارزاده عبدالحمید پاپ زدن سهراب دل انگیزان مهدی اشجعیاین پژوهش بر میزان مصرف گازوئیل به عنوان یکی از انرژی های تجدیدناپذیر توسط ماشین آلات و پمپ آب کشاورزی در مزارع گندم و ذرت دهستان دیره دراستان کرمانشاه تمرکزکرده است. حجم نمونه در این مطالعه با استفاده از جدول بارتلت تعیین شد. برای انتخاب پاسخ دهندگان، ازروش­های نمو Moreاین پژوهش بر میزان مصرف گازوئیل به عنوان یکی از انرژی های تجدیدناپذیر توسط ماشین آلات و پمپ آب کشاورزی در مزارع گندم و ذرت دهستان دیره دراستان کرمانشاه تمرکزکرده است. حجم نمونه در این مطالعه با استفاده از جدول بارتلت تعیین شد. برای انتخاب پاسخ دهندگان، ازروش­های نمونه گیری طبقه ای تصادفی و سرشماری استفاده شد. نمونه­ها مشتمل بر247 کشاورز گندمکار، 235 ذرت­کار و 57 راننده تراکتور بودند که بر مبنای جدول بارتلت انتخاب شدند. رانندگان کمباین و صاحبان پمپ­های دیزلی آبیاری سرشماری شدند (N = 15، N = 48). ابزار گردآوری داده­ها پرسشنامه بود و تحلیل داده­ها توسط نرم افزار SPSS انجام شد. این یافته­ها نشان داد هم در مزارع گندم و هم مزارع ذرت، آماده­سازی خاک بالاترین مصرف گازوئیل را به ترتیب با 49٪ و 37٪ دارا بود. افزون بر این، مقدار گازوئیل مصرف شده در 3600 هکتار مزارع گندم و ذرت دهستان دیره معادل 6/403852 لیتر/سال معادل MJ 399،346،15 بود. سوزاندن این مقدار از گازوئیل سالانه حدود 094 ,058,1 کیلوگرم CO2 تولید می­کند. به طور کلی، ماشین آلات کشاورزی، پمپاژ آب و آبیاری برای دو محصول عمده­ی دهستان به نحو گسترده ای وابسته به سوخت­های فسیلی و تجدید ناپذیر است که نتیجه­ی آن انتشار مقدار زیادی CO2 می­باشد. این رو، به نظر می­رسد یک سیاست تهاجمی و نوآورانه برای بازسازی و طراحی مجدد سیستم انرژی در بخش کشاورزی در سطح ملی و محلی مورد نیاز جدی کشوربوده و تغییر پارادایم به کشاورزی پایدار و توسعه انرژی پاک و تجدید پذیر در بخش کشاورزی ایران اجتناب ناپذیر است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - Investigating Effect of Development of Agricutural,Industrial, Service and Oil Revenue to ICOR of Agricultural Sector
Zakiyeh Sadeghi Mojtaba Nikzad Mojtaba Bagheri TodshekiIn this study, considering the importance of incremental capital output ratio (ICOR) in agriculture Investment capital and self-sufficiency in this sector in order to grow and being influenced by the past and previous relationships strong agricultural sector productivit MoreIn this study, considering the importance of incremental capital output ratio (ICOR) in agriculture Investment capital and self-sufficiency in this sector in order to grow and being influenced by the past and previous relationships strong agricultural sector productivity growth in other sectors of the economy, especially the effect of oil revenues, was trying to, long-term relationships as well as their adjustment process described by the Autoregressive-Distributed Lag model (ARDL) to investigate.The results also confirm the long-run relationship between the variables of the model show that oil revenues in appropriate path to growth agricultural productivity have beentoo much attention to the industry and imports of agricultural products decreased investment in agricultural productivity.However,the service sector growth by improving marketing activities and financing farmers to improve venture capital productivity in the agricultural sector operates. In the long run, adjusting the intersection, the model indicates improved productivity in the agricultural sector is of capital. Shown the necessary support to the agricultural sector in the short term. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - Investigating Agricultural Productivity Growth and Convergence in Iran and Eastern African Countries
Maryam Shokoohi Mohammad Kavoosi Kalashami Farzad SerajzadehThe issue of convergence or divergence of productivity has important policy for regional poverty reduction and increasing standards of living. If productivity converges to a common level without intervention, there is little need for explicit policies in lagging regions MoreThe issue of convergence or divergence of productivity has important policy for regional poverty reduction and increasing standards of living. If productivity converges to a common level without intervention, there is little need for explicit policies in lagging regions to promote catch up. On the other hand, productivity has divergence trend, then explicit policies would be needed to prevent further lagging of TFP and standard of living. Therefore, with regard to importance subject, this paper in finding out whether Iran and Eastern African countries in agriculture have managed to narrow their productivity gap? The results show that the range changes of average TFP growth lies between -4.9 percent in Rwanda countries and 1.1 percent in Iran and Somalia. The results of convergence test indicate that, from among 9 countries under consideration only five countries, be converging to the mean. Therefore, these countries managed to make better use of new available technologies, thus reaching far greater productivity levels than others. On the opposite, convergence can not be accepted for the rest countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - Factor Analysis of Agricultural Development Indicators from Iranian Agriculture Experts’ Viewpoints
Mohammad Sadegh Sabouri Meysam soloukiAgriculture and its development is the foundation of development in Iran as a developing country. So, it can be regarded as the foundation for economical and social development.The capabilities of agriculture sector are limited and its efficiency is trivial because of n MoreAgriculture and its development is the foundation of development in Iran as a developing country. So, it can be regarded as the foundation for economical and social development.The capabilities of agriculture sector are limited and its efficiency is trivial because of neglecting agricultural development and keeping its support just as a slogan. The transformation of agriculture to a developed, dynamic, efficient environment depends not only on appropriate climate and natural resources but also on human resource development in the relevant sector. The main purpose of the present research was to study and recognize agricultural development indicators from agriculture experts’ viewpoints (including researchers, trainers and extension experts) in six provinces in Iran on the basis of Adjacent Provinces Plan. The study was designed with three phases of theoretical foundations, field operations and data analysis. The statistical population was 863 experts, out of which 198 experts were selected by stratified sampling. The validity and reliability of measurement tool (questionnaire) was analyzed by SPSS software package. The study was a correlation-descriptive study in which factor analysis statistics was used in addition to descriptive statistics. Experts grouped indicators of future agricultural development in nine groups (access to inputs, application of technologies for the development of human resource and sustainability; reduction of losses; economical development; improvement of infrastructures; agricultural mechanization; social status; improvement of marketing; land reform; yield increase). Results about the difference in respondents’ viewpoints revealed significant differences in experts’ viewpoints in six studied province about relevant variables and in their viewpoints about the components of agricultural development (infrastructure improvement, marketing, optimum management and sustainability, human resource development and economical development). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - Use of Computer and Internet in Agricultural Extension as perceived by Extension Workers
Gholamreza Pezeshkirad Zahra Hajihashemi Mohhamad ChizariThe purpose of this study was to determine computer and Internet use in agricultural extension by Extension Workers (EWs). This study used a descriptive-correlational design.Population for the study consisted of all extension workers (N= 320) in Isfahan Province, Iran. MoreThe purpose of this study was to determine computer and Internet use in agricultural extension by Extension Workers (EWs). This study used a descriptive-correlational design.Population for the study consisted of all extension workers (N= 320) in Isfahan Province, Iran. A stratified sampling technique and census was used to select EWs (n = 200). Overall, findings indicate that EWs have access to computers both at work and home. On average, they use computers approximately 6 – 8 hours per week and majority of them use the Internet on average of 1 – 4 hours per week. A majority of them reported “fair to high level” of skills in computer usage. For example, writing CDs, word processing, using computers for file management, and basic computer skills. However, extension agent’s report “no to a low level” of skills relative to using excel, installing software, power point and micro soft access, Photoshop, statistical software, were the skills that EWs did not have. It was proved necessary to conduct a systematic assessment of training needs relative to computer and Internet use. Systematic training should be conducted in the areas that Extension Workers perceived to be less skill. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
213 - Research Performance of Agriculture Faculty Members: A Comparative Study at West Part of Iran
Nematollah Shiri Nader Naderi Ahmad RezvanfarBased on personal and professional characteristics, the present study compares the research performance among faculty members of agricultural colleges in west part of Iran. The statistical population of this study consisted of all faculty members in the agricultural col MoreBased on personal and professional characteristics, the present study compares the research performance among faculty members of agricultural colleges in west part of Iran. The statistical population of this study consisted of all faculty members in the agricultural colleges of universities of Ilam, Razi and Kurdistan at Iran, which 116 faculty members were selected as the sample using the proportionate stratified random sampling method. The main instrument in this study was questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by the panel of experts. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSSWin20 software. Results showed that the present status of research performance among faculty members of agricultural colleges in west part of Iran was weak. Results of mean comparisons showed that there was significant difference between research performance based on age, work experience, academic degree, educational group and gender variables. Findings of this study can pave the way for formulating sound programs in higher agricultural education system to promote research performance among faculty members of agricultural colleges. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
214 - مقایسه مالی روشهای مدیریت بیماری بلاست برنج در شهرستان لنگرود، ایران
محمدرضا صفری مطلق فرزانه فلاح پور سالکویههدف از این پژوهش مقایسه مالی روش­های شیمیایی و زراعی مدیریت بیماری بلاست برنج بود که یک بیماری غالب در شالیزارهای شهرستان لنگرود در استان گیلان است. در مطالعه حاضر، 33 نفر از کارشناسان و 373 نفر از شالیکاران به روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی گزینش شدند. روش جمع­آوری Moreهدف از این پژوهش مقایسه مالی روش­های شیمیایی و زراعی مدیریت بیماری بلاست برنج بود که یک بیماری غالب در شالیزارهای شهرستان لنگرود در استان گیلان است. در مطالعه حاضر، 33 نفر از کارشناسان و 373 نفر از شالیکاران به روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی گزینش شدند. روش جمع­آوری داده­ها به صورت پرسش­نامه­ای بود و داده­های گرد­آوری شده توسط نرم­افزار SPSS مورد ارزیابی قرارگرفتند. در بخش اقتصادی از روش نسبت منافع به هزینه­ها برای تعیین کارآمدترین روش مدیریت بیماری استفاده گردید. تحقیقات حاضر نشان داد براساس قیمت­های سال 1392 و با توجه به هزینه­های مدیریت زراعی در مقایسه با مدیریت شیمیایی در هر هکتار شالیکاری، مدیریت زراعی از نظر مالی با مدیریت شیمیایی قابل­جایگزینی است. همچنین مقایسه ویژگی­های فردی، زراعی و اقتصادی دو گروه کشاورزان استفاده­کننده از روش­های زراعی و شیمیایی توسط آزمون آماری کای­­اسکوئرنشان داد که بین جنسیت، سن و سابقه برنجکاری با روش کنترل انتخابی توسط پاسخگویان ارتباط معنی­داری وجود ندارد ولی بین سطح زیر­کشت و روش مدیریت در سطح 05/0 آماری، ارتباط معنی­داری وجود دارد. علاوه بر این بین نظرات کارشناسان و کشاورزان در مورد روش مدیریت بیماری بلاست برنج، اختلاف معنی­داری وجود داشت. در حالی که کارشناسان استفاده تلفیقی از روش­های شیمیایی و زراعی را توصیه می­کنند، بیشتر کشاورزان از روش­های مدیریت شیمیایی استفاده می­کنند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
215 - تهیه نقشههای به روز شده پوشش گیاهی به وسیله پردازش تصاویر ماهوارهای: یک راهکار در مدیریت پایدار کشاورزی
Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand Shahryar Sobhe Zahediیک عامل مهم در مدیریت اقتصادی و کشاورزی پایدار، محاسبه سطح زیر کشت محصولات مختلف است که واردات کشاورزی بدان وابسته است. برنامه­ریزی مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی، نیازهای کود و سم، آفت­کش­ها و کنترل بیماری­های گیاهی، برآورد تولید کشاورزی، برنامه­ریزی واردات و Moreیک عامل مهم در مدیریت اقتصادی و کشاورزی پایدار، محاسبه سطح زیر کشت محصولات مختلف است که واردات کشاورزی بدان وابسته است. برنامه­ریزی مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی، نیازهای کود و سم، آفت­کش­ها و کنترل بیماری­های گیاهی، برآورد تولید کشاورزی، برنامه­ریزی واردات و مالیات، همه به برآورد سطح زیر کشت و تولیدات کشاورزی ارتباط دارد. یکی از مشکلات بخش کشاورزی ایران، فقدان آمار دقیق از سطح زیر کشت محصولات کشاورزی است که این موضوع در تولیدات باغبانی بیشتر است. در طول زمان، سطح زیر کشت محصولات کشاورزی، باغات و اراضی بایر تغییر می­کند و در نتیجه برآورد عملکرد به خوبی صورت نمی­پذیرد و این مشکلاتی را در برنامه­ریزی و مدیریت ایجاد می­کند. نقشه­برداری زمینی وقت­گیر و پرهزینه است، در حالیکه تهیه نقشه به کمک طبقه­بندی تصاویر ماهواره­ای دارای سرعت زیاد و کم هزینه است. امروزه، تکنیک­های پردازش تصویر در تخمین محصولات و تولید نقشه­های به روز شده توسعه یافته است. یک مشکل اساسی، تداخل بازتاب­های طیفی گیاهان است که روش­های مختلفی توسط محققین برای تمایز پوشش­های گیاهی بر روی تصاویر ماهواره­ای پیشنهاد شده است. در این مقاله، پردازش تصاویر ماهواره­ای در نقشه­برداری پوشش گیاهی متنوع بررسی شده است Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - The Nonlinear Relationship between Bank Credits and Agricultural Employment in Mazandaran Province
Alireza Keikha Farshid Alipour Hamid MohammadiMazandaran province is one of the most important agricultural areas in Iran. Researches findings show that the role of bank credits is really important due to the lack of available funds in agricultural sector. In this study, the relationship between allocation of Agric MoreMazandaran province is one of the most important agricultural areas in Iran. Researches findings show that the role of bank credits is really important due to the lack of available funds in agricultural sector. In this study, the relationship between allocation of Agricultural Bank credits of Iran as professional bank section and agricultural employment was studied in the Mazandaran province based on a threshold error correction model during 1981-2011. The results show that the impact of credits on agricultural employment has been significantly different in upper and lower level of estimated threshold. The estimated threshold is about 44 percent for bank credits. The impact of bank credits on agricultural employment will be significantly negative when they exceeds from the threshold point. The results confirm transfer of capital from agriculture to other sections, resulting in a lack of integrated management for credit allocation system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - تحلیل نقش ابعاد عزت نفس در انگیزه پیشرفت دانشجویان (مطالعه موردی دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه تهران)
دنیا منافی حمید موحد یوسف حجازیهدف اصلی از این مطالعه بررسی نقش ابعاد عزت نفس در انگیزه پیشرفت دانشجویان بود. جامعه آماری این مطالعه دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران بودند، (N=712). بر اساس فرمول کوکران، 175 دانشجو با روش نمونه­گیری سهمیه­ای انتخاب شدند. ابز Moreهدف اصلی از این مطالعه بررسی نقش ابعاد عزت نفس در انگیزه پیشرفت دانشجویان بود. جامعه آماری این مطالعه دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران بودند، (N=712). بر اساس فرمول کوکران، 175 دانشجو با روش نمونه­گیری سهمیه­ای انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده­ها پرسشنامه­ای بود که اعتبار آن توسط جمعی از متخصصان و پایایی آن با ضریب آلفای کرونباخ (α ≥0.7) تأیید شد. نتایج حاصل از آمار توصیفی نشان داد که میزان انگیزه پیشرفت، عزت نفس کلی، عزت نفس خانوادگی و عزت نفس اجتماعی دانشجویان در سطح متوسط و میزان عزت نفس تحصیلی آن­ها در سطح کمی قرار داشت. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل واریانس نشان داد که تفاوت­های قابل توجهی در میان دانشجویان بر اساس سطح اعتماد به نفس و انگیزه پیشرفت وجود دارد. دانش­آموزان با سطوح بالاتری از عزت نفس، انگیزه پیشرفت بیشتری نسبت به دیگران داشتند. علاوه بر این، نتایج حاصل از رگرسیون لجستیک نشان داد که ابعاد مختلف عزت نفس )کلی، اجتماعی و تحصیلی) از توانایی زیادی برای پیش­بینی سطح انگیزه پیشرفت دانشجویان برخوردارند . این عوامل 69.10 درصد از واریانس کل را تبیین کردند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - شناسایی علل موفقیت بنگاه های زودبازده بخش کشاورزی استان سمنان، ایران
فرهاد لشگرآرا علیرضا ترابی مریم امیدی نجف آبادیهدف از انجام این پژوهش بررسی عوامل موثر بر موفقیت بنگاه­های زودبازده بود. این پژوهش از لحاظ هدف کاربردی، از لحاظ گردآوری دادهها، غیرآزمایشی و از دسته تحقیقات همبستگی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل مدیران بنگاه­های زودبازده کشاورزی در استان سمنان بود که از نظر بانک Moreهدف از انجام این پژوهش بررسی عوامل موثر بر موفقیت بنگاه­های زودبازده بود. این پژوهش از لحاظ هدف کاربردی، از لحاظ گردآوری دادهها، غیرآزمایشی و از دسته تحقیقات همبستگی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل مدیران بنگاه­های زودبازده کشاورزی در استان سمنان بود که از نظر بانک کشاورزی استان موفق ارزیابی شده­ بودند و تعداد آنها برابر1932 واحد تولیدی کشاورزی است. با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 125 نفر را به­عنوان حجم نمونه تخمین زده شد. ابزار اصلی گردآوری داده­ها و اندازهگیری متغیرهای پژوهش، پرسشنامه بود. روایی ابزار پژوهش بوسیله گروهی از متخصصان احراز گردید. پایایی ابزار پژوهش با محاسبه ضریب آلفای کرونباخ برای بخش­های مختلف پرسشنامه احراز شد. نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد که 4/6 درصد بنگاهای زودبازده کشاورزی کاملاً موفق بودند و 2/79 درصد آنها موفق و 6/13 درصد آنها نسبتاً موفق بودند. بین میزان تحصیلات، سابقه کار در کسب­وکار، سابقه کار کشاورزی، اندازه بنگاه، سال­های فعالیت بنگاه، تعداد افراد شاغل، ظرفیت اشتغال، میزان سرمایه اولیه، ارزش تولید فعلی، فاصله محل سکونت تا بنگاه، هزینه پرسنلی، میزان سرمایه­گذاری رابطه مثبت و معنی­داری وجود دارد. نتایج تحلیل رگرسیونی نشان داد که هفت متغیر میزان سرمایه اولیه، ارزش تولید فعلی، تعداد سال­های فعالیت بنگاه، تعداد افراد شاغل، اندازه بنگاه، میزان سرمایه­گذاری و متغیر سابقه کار در کسب­وکار در مجموع 7/47 تغییرات متغیر وابسته موفقیت بنگاه زودبازده را تبیین کردند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
219 - Investigation and analysis of the status of tribes and tribal areas of Lorestan province during the years 1366 to 1387
ali moradi mahnaz derikvandiThe main objective of this research is Study and analysis of the situation of tribes and nomads in Lorestan province during 1987 to 2008. In other words, in this research, we try to answer this question: What is the status of the tribes of Lorestan province in the three MoreThe main objective of this research is Study and analysis of the situation of tribes and nomads in Lorestan province during 1987 to 2008. In other words, in this research, we try to answer this question: What is the status of the tribes of Lorestan province in the three decades of 1987, 1998 and 2008? To answer the main question, according to the censuses on nomads during the years 1987 to 2008, variables such as the status of the age and gender of the tribes, the handicrafts situation, the livestock situation, the state of agriculture and gardening, the number of families of tribes and tribes Their independent status, marital status, and nomadic population of the province were studied. The study method in this study is a type of secondary study, in which the required data is already collected and available. The statistical population of this study is data obtained from general census of tribes of Lorestan province which were collected during the years 1987 to 2008. The research findings show that the handicrafts of the nomads of Lorestan are on the upward trend in the dimension of production and sale, and this trend is visible from 1987 to 2008 years. In the field of livestock breeding situation, the livestock has fallen in the dormancy period and has risen in the honeymoon period. Also, the agricultural and horticultural variable has declined due to land area and dry land, and the number of households in the elk and clan is decreasing in the dormancy period and in the ascending course of livestock And the marital status variable also has the highest number of spouses in the spouse's later life. The findings also show that the nomadic population of the province has been decreasing over these three decades. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
220 - The challenges facing cooperative cataloging in the internet environment” a case study about the libraries attached to Education and Research of Agriculture Organization
fahimeh Babolhavaeji Nayer KhalediPurpose : the present study has been performed white the purpose of considering cooperative organizing of library agricultural data of educational centers affiliated to agricultural promotion, education and research organization in internet milieu. Methodol MorePurpose : the present study has been performed white the purpose of considering cooperative organizing of library agricultural data of educational centers affiliated to agricultural promotion, education and research organization in internet milieu. Methodology: The methodology of the Study performance method is descriptive method. Data are collected through questionnaire to consider data organizing, personel, soft ware and hardware issues for data collection, to consider of data organizing , man power, soft ware hardware situations, questionnaire has been used . Data, after collection were analyzed. And its result, by use of descriptive statistical methods (abundance, percentage), were presented in from of table and diagram. Statistical society are combined 55 libraries of research institutions and centers dependent on agricultural promotion education organization, that they use software under Simorgh web for average 4 years. Findings: Findings show that cooperative organizing of agricultural data, during the two stages of cataloging and classification%100 is performed; and in indexing stage %21.6 is done. Conclusion: Obtained results showed that the studied libraries , in performance of mentioned project, were faced with problems such as personnel (with 4.26 degree), financial property (with 4.54 degree), technical property (with 45.50 degree) data cooperative organizing has led to time economy (%43.2), cost similar to speed economy (%54.1) and also integration in use of studied library software (%100). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
221 - Feasibility study of establishment of agricultural national library of Iran
samaneh Nazarnokandeh Mohsen Hajizeinolabedini sudabeh ShapooriObjective: The purpose of this study is to identify feasibility invention of agricultural national library (ANL) in Republic of Islamic of Iran; a case study of manager opinions in agriculture field. Methodology: The research method used was a descriptive MoreObjective: The purpose of this study is to identify feasibility invention of agricultural national library (ANL) in Republic of Islamic of Iran; a case study of manager opinions in agriculture field. Methodology: The research method used was a descriptive and a questionnaire was used to gather data. The statistical population of this study included 75 persons that 41 persons of them were manager directors of agricultural faculties in governmental universities and 34 persons of them were manager directors of agricultural research centers related to agricultural education and research organization. Data was gathered through a questionnaire and its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts in the field of information and agricultural extension and education. Instrument reliability was estimated by calculating Cronbach alpha coefficient. Findings: The finding of this study showed that quick and update information services to students, faculty members, researchers and agricultural specialists through relation with agricultural information databases and other dependent sciences as one of the goals of ANL 98/6% and Agricultural extension and increasing of farmers awareness and literacy level have got 58/8% and Gathering, protecting, organizing and information dissemination related to written and unwritten works about agricultural sciences other sciences as a part of library duties, , have got 95/7% and performance meeting , scientific and special seminars on agriculture and related sciences have got 47/2% As view point of structure style , independent governmental organization have got 48/5% and As view point a private organization have got38/6% . As view point of organization dependent to MSRT have got 42/9% and MCIG have got35/6%. Conclusions: Results showed that for establishment the National Agricultural Library in Iran must be considered number of factors, including objectives, functions, facilities, services, manpower. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
222 - Agriculture productivity effects on the Iran economic Growth
F. DABIRI S. KHoshnevis Yazdi F. ZandiToday,the most important goal of economic countries is achieving to economic Growth through productivity improving productivity improving can be achieved by optimum utilization of the production factors and it plays an important role in continuous economic growth and su MoreToday,the most important goal of economic countries is achieving to economic Growth through productivity improving productivity improving can be achieved by optimum utilization of the production factors and it plays an important role in continuous economic growth and sustainable development. Productivity of factors of production in agriculture sector is very important.Because in Iran,agriculture is the largest production sector after oil and services that has allocated around 20 present of Gross national product and main share of non oil export to it.Moreover,relation between agriculture former and hinder with other sectors will help output growth and employment,by increasing population and limiting resources,require optimum utilization of resources and increasing production factors productivity.In this study,data have been used as annually time series of data for the period of persian data 1350 till persian data1387.And variable of agriculture productivity is computed by using Kendrick index and then influence of agriculture productivity to economic Growth is estimated by model of ARDL and ECM that the test results indicate the signs of estimated coefficients for all variables match with visionary asters and the variable of capital,agriculture productivity,labor have positive and meaningful influence in economic Growth.And Granger causality test showed that there is a overhand relationship from agriculture productivity to economic growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - A Projection of Energy Consumption in Iranian Agriculture Sector
ابراهیم عباسیAbstract Agriculture productions are dependent to fossil fuels and other energy resources. Any damage in providing energy in agriculture sector has significant effect on its output productivity. Statisticsshow that the total amount of energy consumption in the agricult MoreAbstract Agriculture productions are dependent to fossil fuels and other energy resources. Any damage in providing energy in agriculture sector has significant effect on its output productivity. Statisticsshow that the total amount of energy consumption in the agriculture sectorduring 1370-1388 has increased from 1.33 million barrels of crude oil to 4.43 (equivalent to 1.3 times higher). Petroleum products are the main sources of energy consumed in this sector. Inthis paper, in order to forecast the energy consumption, value added of agriculture sector by anARIMA model has been calculated. Then based on the average energy intensity in existing situation (7.0) andfuture years we forecasted three scenarios for energy consumption (Onefavorable and two unfavorable scenarios) up to 1410. High-energy intensity will create social costs and damages to environmental via emission of greenhouse gases. Subsidy payment to energy consumption has led to vulnerability to environmental problem .Inorder to optimize the energy consumption and reduce its intensity in theagricultural sector different strategies should be considered such as decreased in the use of fossilenergy and using new energies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - An Investigation of Risk Structure on the Agriculture Sector using the Optimizing of Combination paid loans to different economic Sectors in Iran’s Bank
اسعد اله رضایی نادر حکیمی پور احمد نریمانی منصوره یزدان خواهAbstract Like other financial institutions, banks optimize their resource allocation according to two main criteria risk and return. For this purpose paid loans to different economic activities and sectors can be considered as their portfolio and we can optimize them&n MoreAbstract Like other financial institutions, banks optimize their resource allocation according to two main criteria risk and return. For this purpose paid loans to different economic activities and sectors can be considered as their portfolio and we can optimize them according to each sectors risk. These sections include 8 general sections: industry and mining, commercial, services, housing, leasing, agriculture, currency and others. For this purpose, we will use the Markowitz model one of the most widely applied tools in stocks market. So In this study, in the theoretical framework of Markowitz model, the expected revenue – variance model was used to determine the optimal portfolio of the bank and its investigation of its function to clearly determine the optimum combination of banks investment in various sectors of economic. Finally, after comparing the actual weights of paid loans at each sections in 1392 and optimal weights in this year, a significant difference between them is evident. Accordingly the maximum gap and difference between the actual weights and optimal values among economic sectors related to agriculture sector with 134 percent difference. This number represents a this sector weakness in refunding the received loans from banks, so that more attention of the government and the central bank is needed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
225 - A Study on the Optimal Cropping Pattern in Iran Using Nonlinear-Fractional Programming
Mohammad Bakhshoudeh Maryam BaghestaniThe purpose of this study is to find optimal cropping pattern in Iran, which maximizes the net income return per cubic meter of water consumed. Our aim is to achieve the efficient utilization of the scarce water resources. For attaining this goal, the method of fraction MoreThe purpose of this study is to find optimal cropping pattern in Iran, which maximizes the net income return per cubic meter of water consumed. Our aim is to achieve the efficient utilization of the scarce water resources. For attaining this goal, the method of fractional programming was applied to data collected from the site of Ministry of Jihad-E-keshavarzi, statistical center of Iran and yearbook of agriculture. This study was performed in two scenarios one under internal prices scenarios and the other under international prices scenario. The ratio of income to water consumed is taking as measure to gauge consistency rate. The findings show that the ratio of income to water consumed in fractional programming is higher than that of in linear programming. In other words, in optimum pattern of cropping the amount of water consumed is reduced considerably .Based on the findings, it can thus be concluded that we can enhance the performance of agricultural sector by adopting the appropriate pricing policies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
226 - Juridical feasibility of weather derivatives using multi-stage ijtihad research method
mohammad talebi mohsen sayar hanieh fadaei wahedThe agricultural industry, which is referred to as a mothers industry, faces many risks, which has reduced investors' willingness to invest in this industry. Some of these risks, including disaster risk, are considered to be the specific risks of this industry. Develope MoreThe agricultural industry, which is referred to as a mothers industry, faces many risks, which has reduced investors' willingness to invest in this industry. Some of these risks, including disaster risk, are considered to be the specific risks of this industry. Developed countries use a variety of instruments, such as weather derivatives, to cover these risks. Weather derivatives, like other derivatives used in financial markets, are based on their base assets, with the difference that the base asset in weather derivatives is the temperature index, rainfall, snowfall, and etc. This research, while reviewing the nature of the weather derivatives, has provided a juridical feasibility study for the implementation of this financial instrument. The research method used in this research is a multi-stage Ijtihadi model. The results of this research indicate that the lack of legal permission to use this instrument is due to the conflict with the principle of the prohibition of fake money and the existence of a dilemma of the underlying asset ineligibility. However fixing the drawbacks and develop Islamic financial instruments in accordance with the Imam's jurisprudence is not far from mind. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
227 - The effect of nitrogen biological and chemical fertilizers on savory in north of Khuzestan
عذرا یزدی شیما علایی حسن رحمانیIn order to evaluate the different treatment of nitroxin bio-fertilizer combined with nitrogen fertilizer on yield of savory an experiment was conducted based randomized complete block design at research farm of Islamic Azad University Branch is located in the north of MoreIn order to evaluate the different treatment of nitroxin bio-fertilizer combined with nitrogen fertilizer on yield of savory an experiment was conducted based randomized complete block design at research farm of Islamic Azad University Branch is located in the north of Khuzestan in 2014-2015. The treatments were 50% chemical fertilizer and 50% bio-fertilizer to irrigation systems, use of 100% bio-fertilizer to irrigation, use of chemical fertilizers by 50% and 50% bio-fertilizer to seed treatment method +Irrigation, seed treatment use 100% bio-fertilizer + irrigation method, using 100% chemical fertilizer, consumption 50% chemical fertilizer and 50% bio-fertilizer to seed treatment method, using 100% bio-fertilizer to seed treatment method and control (without chemical and bio-fertilizer ). In this experiment, it was found that the use of 50% chemical fertilizers with 50% Bio-fertilizer hundred in seed treatment method increases the amount of chlorophyll and the leaf area index. It also uses 100% chemical fertilizer to increase the number of leaves per plant, fresh weight and the height .The maximum of dry weight and yield essential oils in plants grown on 100% bio-fertilizer treatments by seed treatment rates, respectively 0.9933g and 9.02 kg per hectare compared to control. Results of this study indicate that the use of bio-fertilizer alone or combined with chemical fertilizers have a positive effects to improve the growth characteristics and yield on savory planting. Instead of continuous use Chemical fertilizers can be moved by optimized using organic inputs in sustainable agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
228 - Study the effect of plant nourishment with chemical, PGPR and manure fertilizers on agro-physiologic characteristics and weed density of maize
Ehsanolla Zeidali Rahim Naseri Amir Mirzaei Amin Fathi Fereshteh DarabiIn order to study the effect of nourishment with chemical bio-fertilizer and manure fertilizers on agro-physiologic characteristics and weed density of maize , an experiment was conducted a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications a MoreIn order to study the effect of nourishment with chemical bio-fertilizer and manure fertilizers on agro-physiologic characteristics and weed density of maize , an experiment was conducted a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Field Station of Mehran during 2014-2015 cropping season. Nitrogen chemical fertilizer (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% recommended) was assigned as a main plots and Nitroxin bio-fertilizer (Azospirillum brasilense and Azotobacter chroococcum), manure fertilizer (20ton/ha), co-application of manure and bio-fertilizer and check (without application of biological fertilizer and manure) treatment were arranged as a sub plots. Number of grain per row, number of grain per ear, ear length, plant height, a chlorophyll, b chlorophyll, relative water content, weed density and weed dry weed were significantly affected by main effects of nitrogen and co-application of bio-fertilizer and manure. n this study, interaction effct of nitrogen and co-application of bio-fertilizer and manure had effect on row er ear, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. The highest row per ear (20.6 ear), 1000-grain weight (237.3 g), grain yield (11900 kg/ha), biological yield (24690 kg/ha) and harvest index (48.4%) observed in 75 and 100% of nitrogen chemical fertilizer and o-application of bio-fertilizer and manure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
229 - Response of yield and yield components of wheat, barley and triticale to intercropping with legumes under weed interference
Leila Soleimanpour Ruhollah Naderi Ehsan Bijanzadeh Ali Behpoori Yahya EmamIn order to investigate the response of cereals to intercropping with legume in weed competition conditions, a field experiment was performed in 2014-2015 in the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University. Treatments included 10 monoculture MoreIn order to investigate the response of cereals to intercropping with legume in weed competition conditions, a field experiment was performed in 2014-2015 in the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University. Treatments included 10 monoculture (wheat, barley, triticale, pea and bean with and without weeds) and 6 intercropping (wheat + chickpea, wheat + faba bean, barley + chickpea, barley + faba bean, triticale + chickpea and triticale + faba bean with Weeds) which laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results showed that grain yield, biological yield and harvest index in most intercropping treatments was similar to those in weedy monoculture and even in some cases similar to those in weed-free monoculture treatments which it shows that intercropping had a higher efficiency. For instance, grain yield in barley+ chickpea intercropping (6241 kg ha-1) and barley+ faba bean (5333 kg ha-1) was not significantly different from weedy barley monoculture (7313 kg ha-1) and weed-free barley monoculture (7621 kg h-1). Partial LER of cereals, in intercropping treatments except wheat+faba bean (0.39) based on weedy monocultures, was greater than 0.5 and also except intercropping of triticale + chickpea (0.31) and wheat + faba bean (0.41) based on weed-free monocultures was more than 0.5. Barley had a greatest grain and biological yield over all the treatments which it was because of its superior competitive ability against weeds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
230 - Integrated application of biological and chemical fertilizers in maize hybrids (Zea mays L.)
فاطمه نورکی مجتبی علوی فاضل احمد نادری ابراهیم پناهپور شهرام لکFertilizer management plays an important role for obtaining satisfactory yield in maize. On the other hand fertilizer management is essential for achieving to sustainable agriculture. An experiment was laid out in the north of Khuzestan in Iran during 2014. The experime MoreFertilizer management plays an important role for obtaining satisfactory yield in maize. On the other hand fertilizer management is essential for achieving to sustainable agriculture. An experiment was laid out in the north of Khuzestan in Iran during 2014. The experimental design was split plots in randomized complete block (RCBD) design with four replications. Main factor was integrated of chemical and biological fertilizers in four levels that included 100, 75, 50, 25 percent quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus chemical fertilizers and with and without- of biological fertilizers. Sub factor was three types of maize hybrids included single cross 704, single cross 701, single cross mobin. The results showed that the highest and minimum yield of hybrids related to by ranged 13.61, 13.59, 10.81 ton/ha treatments of single cross 701+ 50% chemical +100% biological fertilizers, single cross 704+ 25% chemical +100% biological fertilizers and single cross mobin+ 25% chemical +100% biological fertilizers respectively. And also there were difference between treatments in yield and component yield, the grain and biological yield and number of grain per row in the level of probability 1% significant and other treatments were no significant. Manuscript profile -
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231 - The effect of cultivation and the time of Nitrogen application on yield and weed control in Solanum tubersum var. santeh
manijeh shamsi shahab khaghani sanam safaei chaei kar Mohammad Ali Moshayedi Zahra Rafiei Karahroodi محمود اسلامپورWeeds are one of the main problems in most agricultural ecosystems such as potato. To evaluate the effects of cultivation and the time of Nitrogen application on potato weeds and tuber yield, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plot based on randomized comp MoreWeeds are one of the main problems in most agricultural ecosystems such as potato. To evaluate the effects of cultivation and the time of Nitrogen application on potato weeds and tuber yield, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications at Research Fields of Islamic Azad University, Arak, during 2012-13. Treatments include cultivation (non-cultivation, a week after emergence such as once applied cultivation and one and four week after emergence such as twice applied cultivation) as the main plot along with the time of Nitrogen (urea 300 kg/ha) application (once application at the beginning of the season, split and using at the end of the season) as the sub plot. The results showed that cultivation treatment along with Nitrogen application had a significant effects on tuber yield and weeds density, so that once applied cultivation along with Nitrogen application at the beginning of the season led to reduction of weed density and increasing tuber yield by 15.21% and help to non-chemical control of weeds in stable agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
232 - Combined effect of nitrogenous fertilizer, Nitroxin and vermicompost on yield and yield components of potato(Solanum tuberosum L.) in Damavand
Saghi Katebi مهدی باقی Arash RoozbahaniTo study of combined effect of vermicompost and nitrogen fertilizers, nitroxin on yield and yield components of potato a factorial based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in Damavand city in 2015. The first factor was three MoreTo study of combined effect of vermicompost and nitrogen fertilizers, nitroxin on yield and yield components of potato a factorial based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in Damavand city in 2015. The first factor was three levels of vermicompost including no application (control), application 5 and 10 ton.ha-1 and the second factor was four levels of nitrogen fertilizers and Nitroxin including no application(control),application 100% of the recommended consumption nitrogen fertilizers(150kg.ha-1urea),application nitrogen bio fertilizer (5kg.ha-1Nitroxin)and application 75% of the recommended consumption nitrogen fertilizers(100kg.ha-1urea) and nitrogen bio fertilizer (5kg.ha-1Nitroxin). Analysis of variance showed that vermicompost and integration of nitrogenous fertilizer and Nitroxin in most traits were significant. Results of mean comparison showed that the highest tuber yield of five tons per hectare use of vermicompost (22/52 kg.ha-1) and taking seventy-five percent of the recommended amount of nitrogenous fertilizer with biological Nitroxin (23/8 kg.ha-1). Finally the consumption of 5 tons per hectare use of vermicompost and application 75% of the recommended consumption nitrogen fertilizers (100kg.ha-1urea) and nitrogen bio fertilizer (5kg.ha-1Nitroxin) the results were the best Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
233 - Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal and Azotobacter chroococcum on growth and yield of red bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Hadi Khavari Ghodratolah ShakaramiToday, the emphasis is on stable agricultural, the long-term stability of crop production with minimal impact on the environment. The use of biological fertilizers has been considered in recent years, with the purpose of eliminating or reducing many environmental impact MoreToday, the emphasis is on stable agricultural, the long-term stability of crop production with minimal impact on the environment. The use of biological fertilizers has been considered in recent years, with the purpose of eliminating or reducing many environmental impacts irreparable, caused by indiscriminate use of chemical-based agricultural ecosystems. To study the effect of Mycorrhizal and Azotobacter biological fertilizers on growth and yield of red bean, an experiment in crop year 2016 in Lorestan Beiranshahr, a factorial experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. Parameters studied: mycorrhizal fungi at two levels (inoculated and no inoculated), inoculated with Azotobacter bacteria at two levels: (inoculated and non-inoculated) and red bean (Beiranshahr landrace, Akhtar and Goli Cultivars). The results showed the effect of three factors were significant at probability 1 percent level, plant height, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, seed yield and seed protein yield; And the interaction of three factors (Azetobacter×Mycorrhiza×varieties) on plant height, seed yield and seed protein yield at 5 percent probability level. seed yield in Beiranshahr landrace, Akhtar and Goli Cultivars, increased 56.5, 19.1 and 43.2 Percent Respectively. The highest seed yield was obtained from the combined effect of Inoculation Azotobacter×Mycorrhizal inoculation×Goli Cultivar (298.90 kg. ha-1) plants with form the progressive and unlimited growth. According to the findings of this study, the use of biological fertilizers containing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alone or along with Azotobacter crocococcus can be recommended in red bean cultivation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
234 - Investigation of the Temporal Management of Pistachio Pests Control in Iran
Mohammad Abdollahi Ezatabadi Mahdi Basirat Reza Sedaghat -
Open Access Article
235 - Effects of Bacterial Strains to Inhibit Growth of Phytophthora pistaciae under Different Electrical Conductivities
Moslem Hajabdolahi Mohammad Moradi Seyed Reza Fani -
Open Access Article
236 - بررسی کاربردهای بیوتکنولوژی در صنایع غذایی و کشاورزی
غلامعباس محمدیبیوتکنولوژی استفاده از زیست شناسی برای توسعه محصولات، روش ها و ارگانیسم های جدید است که برای بهبود سلامت انسان و جامعه در نظر گرفته شده است. بیوتکنولوژی که اغلب به آن بیوتکنولوژی می گویند، از ابتدای تمدن با اهلی کردن گیاهان، حیوانات و کشف تخمیر وجود داشته است. بیوتکنولو Moreبیوتکنولوژی استفاده از زیست شناسی برای توسعه محصولات، روش ها و ارگانیسم های جدید است که برای بهبود سلامت انسان و جامعه در نظر گرفته شده است. بیوتکنولوژی که اغلب به آن بیوتکنولوژی می گویند، از ابتدای تمدن با اهلی کردن گیاهان، حیوانات و کشف تخمیر وجود داشته است. بیوتکنولوژی یک علم گسترده است که از فناوری های مدرن برای ساختن فرآیندهای بیولوژیکی، موجودات، سلول ها یا اجزای سلولی استفاده می کند. ابزارهای بالینی جدید، صنعت و محصولات توسعه یافته توسط بیوتکنولوژیست ها در تحقیقات، کشاورزی و سایر زمینه های اصلی مفید هستند. بیوتکنولوژی به قدمت تمدن است. غذایی که می خرید و حیوانات خانگی که دوست دارید؟ با استفاده از انتخاب مصنوعی برای محصولات کشاورزی، حیوانات اهلی و سایر گونه ها، می توانید از اجداد دور ما برای شروع انقلاب کشاورزی تشکر کنید. زمانی که الکساندر فلمینگ آنتی بیوتیک ها را کشف کرد و ادوارد جنر واکسن ها را اختراع کرد، از پتانسیل بیوتکنولوژی استفاده شد. و البته، بدون مکانیسم های تخمیر که به ما آبجو، شراب و پنیر می دهد، جامعه مدرن غیرقابل تصور خواهد بود. این مقاله برخی از کاربردهای بیوتکنولوژی را برای مثال خوراک حیوانات، تولید مثل در آبزی پروری، محصولات مقاوم در برابر آفات، محصولات مقاوم به خشکی، سوخت زیستی، توسعه واکسن، تخمیر، مواد غذایی آنزیمی و کشاورزی خلاصه می کند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
237 - Analyzing Iinflation in Agriculture Using Co-integration Analysis
M. Malek M. ZibaeiMeanwhile in the agricultural sector of developing countries ability and significant capacity in the supply of food and materials to industries is of particular importance, Iran’s economy is no exception. Agricultural sector as one of the major sectors of the econ MoreMeanwhile in the agricultural sector of developing countries ability and significant capacity in the supply of food and materials to industries is of particular importance, Iran’s economy is no exception. Agricultural sector as one of the major sectors of the economy is under the impact of macro economic policies and decisions. In Iran inflation has been one of the most important economic problems in recent decades. For this purpose, in this paper we examine the existence of inflation in agriculture. To achieve this the paid prices and received prices will be evaluated. Using data series 1970-2010 of the central bank and Johansen co-integration test, it was concluded that the paid prices and received prices are cumulative. But a long-term relationship between paid and received prices are not as a one-to-one type. So inflation on the paid prices is more than the received prices. In that case the cost pressure on the farmers, and remove the cost pressures in the agricultural sector is the need for government intervention and superintend of prices Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
238 - Saltgrass, a True Halophytic Plant Species for Sustainable Agriculture in Desert Regions
Mohammad PessarakliOriginal Research Research on Crop Ecophysiology Vol. 9/1, Issue 1 (2014), Pages: 1 -11 Saltgrass, a True Halophytic Plant Species for Sustainable Agriculture in Desert Regions Mohammad Pessarakli Professor. School o MoreOriginal Research Research on Crop Ecophysiology Vol. 9/1, Issue 1 (2014), Pages: 1 -11 Saltgrass, a True Halophytic Plant Species for Sustainable Agriculture in Desert Regions Mohammad Pessarakli Professor. School of Plant Sciences, the University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721, USA * Corresponding author E-mail:pessarak@ag.arizona.edu Received: 4 April 2013 Accepted: 12 November 2013 Abstract Continuous desertification of arable lands due to urbanization, global warming, and shortage of water mandates use of low quality/saline water for irrigation, especially in the regions experiencing water shortage. Using low quality/saline water for irrigation imposes more stress on plants which are already under stress in these regions characterized with saline soils and shortage of water. Thus, there is an urgent need for finding salt/drought tolerant plant species to survive/sustain under such stressful conditions. Since the native plants are already growing under such conditions and are adapted to these stresses, they are the best and the most suitable candidates to be manipulated for use under these stressful conditions. If stress tolerant species/genotypes of these native plants are successfully identified, there would be a substantial savings in cultural practices and inputs in using them by the growers and will result in substantial savings in the currencies of the countries. My investigations at the University of Arizona on saltgrass (Distichlis spicata L.), a euhalophytic plant species, have indicated that this plant has an excellent drought and salinity tolerance with a great potential to be used under harsh and stressful environmental conditions. This grass has multi usages, including animal feed, soil conservation, saline soils reclamation, and combating desertification processes. The objectives of this study were to find the most salt tolerant of various saltgrass genotypes for use in arid and semi-arid regions for sustainable agriculture and biologically reclaiming saline soils. Twelve saltgrass clones were studied in a greenhouse, using the hydroponics technique to evaluate their growth responses in terms of shoot and root lengths and DM weights, and general grass quality under salt stress conditions. Grasses were grown vegetatively in Hoagland solution for 90 days prior to exposure to salt stress. Then, 4 treatments [EC of 6 (control), 20, 34, and 48 dSm-1 salinity stress] were replicated 3 times in a RCB design experiment. Grasses were grown under these conditions for 10 weeks. During this period, shoots were clipped bi-weekly, clippings were oven dried at 65o C and DM weights were recorded, and shoot and root lengths were also measured. At the last harvest, roots were also harvested, oven dried, and DM weights were determined. General grass quality was weekly evaluated and recorded. Although, all the grasses showed a high level of salinity tolerance, there was a linear reduction in their growth responses as salinity level increased. However, there was a wide range of variations observed in salt tolerance of these saltgrass clones. The superior stress tolerant genotypes were identified which could be recommended for sustainable production under arid regions and combating desertification. This grass proved to not only have a satisfactory growth under the harsh desert conditions, but also to substantially reduce salinity level of the rhizosphere, which indicates that saltgrass can effectively be used for biological salinity control or reclamation of desert saline soils and combating desertification processes. Keywords: Salt stress, Arid regions, Saltgrass, Sustainable agriculture, Saline soil reclamation, Combating desertification processes Introduction Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene var. stricta (Gray) Beetle) (Gould, 1993), indigenous to the Southwest, a potential animal feed plant, saline soil reclamation, soil establishment/erosion control, and use as a turfgrass species for lawns/recreation areas, grows in very poor to fair condition soils, in both salt-affected soils and soils under poor fertility as well as drought and harsh environmental conditions (Gould, 1993 O’Leary and Glenn, 1994). Its dominant and most common habitats are arid and semi-arid regions (Marcum et al., 2005 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2010 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2011 Pessarakli et al., 2011a, 2011b Pessarakli et al., 2012). The plant is abundantly found in areas of the western parts of the United States as well as on the sea-shores of several Middle-Eastern countries, Africa, South and Central American countries (Pessarakli et al., 2005 Pessarakli, 2007 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2010 Pessarakli et al., 2011a, 2011b Pessarakli et al., 2012). The species can be manipulated to modify its performance and increase its yield and productivity. This plant has multi-purpose usages. It can be substituted for animal feeds like alfalfa, used for biological reclamation of saline soils, soil conservation and erosion control for covering road sides and soil surfaces in lands with high risks of erosion, and use as a turfgrass species. Recently, the United States Golf Association (USGA) and the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM) have shown a great deal of interest in financing research work on this plant to use it as a turfgrass or for soil erosion control and saline soil reclamation. Most of these research works have been conducted at the University of Arizona and Colorado State University. Consequently, the USGA and the BLM funds for the investigations on this grass species have been allocated to these institutions. Positive and promising results have already been obtained from these studies (Gessler and Pessarakli, 2009 Kopec et al., 2000, 2001a, 2001b, 2006 Marcum et al., 2001, 2005 Pessarakli, 2005a, 2005b, 2007, 2008 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2005, 2006, 2008a, 2008b, 2010 Pessarakli and Marcum, 2000 Pessarakli et al., 2001a, 2001b, 2001c, 2003, 2005, 2008 2011a, 2011b, 2012). Most of the published reports on saltgrass, including those of Sigua and Hudnall (1991), Sowa and Towill (1991), Enberg and Wu (1995), Miyamoto et al. (1996), Rossi et al. (1996), and Miller et al. (1998) are concern only with the growth of this species, usually concentrated only on one grass genotype or the species of a specific location. The objectives of this study were to find the most salinity tolerant of various saltgrass genotypes and to recommend them as the potential species for use under arid, semi-arid, and areas with saline soils and limited water supplies for sustainable agriculture and combating desertification. Materials and Methods Plant Materials Twelve inland saltgrass (Distichlis spicata L.) clones (A37, A49, A50, A60, 72, A86, A107, A126, A136, A138, 239, and 240), collected from different locations in several western states of the United States (Arizona, California, Nevada, and Colorado) were used in a greenhouse experiment to evaluate their growth responses in terms of shoot and root lengths as well as shoot and root dry weights, and visual grass quality under different levels of salinity stress conditions, using a hydroponics technique. Plant Establishment The plants were grown as vegetative propagules in cups, 9 cm diameter and cut to 7 cm height. Silica sand was used as the plant anchor medium. The cups were fitted in plywood lid holes and the lids were placed on 42 cm X 34 cm X 12 cm Carb-X polyethelene tubs containing half strength Hoagland nutrient solution (Hoagland and Arnon, 1950). Three replications of each treatment were used in a randomized complete block (RCB) design in this investigation. The plants were allowed to grow in this nutrient solution for 8 weeks. During this period, the plant shoots were harvested weekly in order to reach full maturity and develop uniform and equal size plants. The harvested plant materials were discarded. The culture solutions were changed biweekly to ensure adequate amount of plant essential nutrient elements for normal growth and development. At the last harvest, 10th week, the roots were also cut to 2.5 cm length to have plants with uniform roots and shoots for the stress phase of the experiment. Salt Treatments The salt treatments were initiated by gradually raising the EC (electrical conductivity) of the culture medium to 6, 20, 34, and 48 dS m-1 by adding Instant Ocean salt to the nutrient solutions, followed procedures used by Pessarakli and Kopec (2005, 2006). The EC of the culture solutions were raised by increments of 6 (first day) and 7 every other day until the desired EC levels were reached. Four treatments were used, including control (EC = 6 dS m-1, several of my salinity stress experiments showed that saltgrass at relatively low level of salinity for this high salinity tolerant halophytic grass performs better than growing in normal condition, therefore, for the control, usually, I use EC = 6 dS m-1), 20, 34, and 48 dS dS m-1 (EC = 48 dS dS m-1 is a good representative of the EC of sea water which is normally between 30 and 60 dS dS m-1). The culture solution levels in the tubs were marked at the 10 liter volume, and the solution conductivities were monitored/adjusted to maintain the prescribed treatment salinity levels. After the final salinity levels were reached, the shoots and the roots were harvested and the harvested plant materials were discarded prior to the beginning of the data collection of the salinity stress phase of the experiment. Then, plant shoots were harvested bi-weekly for 10 weeks for the evaluation of the dry matter (DM) production. At each harvest, both shoot and root lengths were measured and recorded. The harvested plant materials were oven dried at 65o C and DM weights were measured and recorded. The recorded data were considered the bi-weekly plant DM production. At the termination of the experiment, the last harvest, plant roots were also harvested, oven dried at 65o C, and dry weights were determined and recorded. Weekly visual evaluation of the grass quality was also performed and recorded. The data were subjected to Analysis of Variance, using SAS statistical package (SAS Institute, Inc. 1991). The means were separated, using Duncan Multiple Range test. Results and Discussion Shoot Dry Matter (DM) Weight The shoot dry matter (DM) weights of all the saltgrass clones decreased with increased salinity stress level. A marked reduction in shoot dry weights occurred at the higher salinity levels (EC 34 and EC 48 dS m-1) across all the clones (Table 1). For the dry weights of the shoots, the gap between the means of the stressed plants and the control (EC = 6 dS m-1) was wider as the exposure time to salinity stress progressed. Root Dry Matter (DM) Weight The effect of salinity on root dry weight was less severe compared to that of shoot dry mass (Table 2). Similar results were reported on different genotypes/ accessions/clones of this grass in other studies by this author and his co-workers Table 1. Saltgrass shoot dry weight (DM) under salt stress Grass ID Shoot 6 DM (g)* 20 at EC 34 dS m-1 48 A37 1.10cde** 0.57bcde 0.27cde 0.15c A49 1.26bcd 0.77ab 0.32bcde 0.13c A50 1.65ab 0.60bcd 0.21de 0.17bc A60 1.03cde 0.38e 0.17e 0.13c 72 1.38bc 0.82a 0.38abc 0.19bc A86 1.66ab 0.86a 0.26cde 0.14c A107 0.95de 0.52cde 0.30bcde 0.20bc A126 0.83e 0.41de 0.18e 0.15c A128 1.37bc 0.73abc 0.52a 0.30a A138 1.09cde 0.46de 0.36abcd 0.25ab 239 1.67ab 0.88a 0.44ab 0.15c 240 1.94a 0.91a 0.49a 0.24ab *The values are the means of 3 replications of each treatment. **The values followed by the same letters in each column are not statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. Table 2. Saltgrass root dry weight (DM) (cum. values) under salt stress Grass ID Root 6 DM (g)* 20 at EC 34 dS m-1 48 A37 0.74cde** 0.99def 1.10cdef 0.78cd A49 1.61b 1.11cdef 1.56bcd 1.03bcd A50 1.83b 1.65a 1.94abc 0.74cd A60 1.46bc 1.71a 1.31bcde 0.84bcd 72 0.77cde 0.93def 0.72def 0.50d A86 1.06bcde 1.18bcde 0.76def 0.81bcd A107 0.68de 0.84ef 0.53ef 0.68cd A126 0.50e 0.68f 0.26f 0.48d A128 3.46a 1.50abc 2.05ab 1.18bc A138 1.17bcde 0.88def 0.43ef 2.28a 239 1.31bcd 1.30abcd 2.82a 1.21bc 240 3.36a 1.63ab 1.25bcde 1.42b *The values are the means of 3 replications of each treatment. **The values followed by the same letters in each column are not statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. (Marcum et al., 2005 Pessarakli, 2007, 2008 Pessarakli and Kopec, 2005, 2006, 2010 Pessarakli and Marcum, 2000 Pessarakli et al., 2001c, 2005, 2008, 2011a, 2012). Sagi et al. (1997) and Pessarakli and Tucker (1985, 1988) also found the adverse effect of salinity stress was more pronounced on plant shoots than the roots. This is a common phenomenon in halophytic plant species that usually under salinity stress conditions, their shoots are more severely affected than their roots. Clone 240 had excellent root growth at EC 6 dS m-1 and the second highest root production at EC 48 dS m-1 (Table 2), but had poor quality under high salinity level. The same was true for clone 239. Clone A138 had twice the root mass of most other clones at EC 48 dS m-1, but essentially had no green foliage at EC 48 dS m-1 at the close of the test. At EC 6 dS m-1, clone A128 produced twice the test mean average for roots (3.46 g) with fairly good absolute root production afterwards, but showing a significant change in root production as EC levels increased (Table 2). Although the root dry weight was enhanced at the lower level of salinity for most of the clones, there was not statistically significant difference detected between the means of the different treatments (Table 2). Grass Visual Quality Any level of salinity stress had a significant adverse effect on the grass visual quality (Table 3). Quality scores for various clones ranged from 9.7 to 2.6 at different salinity stress levels. At EC 20 dS m-1, quality scores ranged from 5.1 to 9.7 (Table 3) throughout the entire test. As shown in Table 3, all clonal entries had good quality and full maintenance of green tissue retention at EC 6 dS m-1 at the end of the trial. After 10 weeks growth at EC 34 dS m-1 (salinity level equal to that of sea level salinity), entries 239 and 240 were the only clones to have quality ratings of 6 (acceptable quality, on the scale of 1 - 10) or greater (Table 3). These two clones represented the best quality clones at EC 34 dS m-1 at the end of the test. At EC 48 dS m-1, no entries produced an acceptable plant quality (scores of 6 or higher). Most clones decreased in (final) quality as EC increased from EC 6 to EC 48 dS m-1, but the entries 239 and 240 showed a more of typical halophytic response, having an increase in quality at EC 20 dS m-1 over that observed at EC 6 dS m-1 (Table 3). Table 3. Saltgrass visual quality under salinity stress Grass ID General 6 quality* 20 at 34 EC 48 A37 8.0cde** 5.1f 3.3g 2.6e A49 7.7def 6.4d 4.3ef 2.8e A50 8.6abc 7.2bc 5.0cd 4.0bc A60 8.2bcd 5.5ef 3.9fg 3.5cd 72 9.0a 7.4bc 5.9b 4.8a A86 8.5abc 6.7cd 5.7b 3.9bc A107 7.5def 5.9def 5.4bc 4.4ab A126 6.7g 5.3f 4.6de 3.9bc A128 7.1fg 6.2de 5.0cd 3.0de A138 8.6abc 7.9b 5.4bc 4.2ab 239 8.9ab 9.3a 6.6a 4.2ab 240 9.2a 9.7a 7.1a 2.8e *The quality values are the means of 3 replications of each treatment and 10 weekly evaluations. **The values followed by the same letters in each column are not statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. Salt Tolerance Ranking of the Various Clones of Saltgrass Salinity tolerance ranking of the various saltgrass clones used in this study based on shoot DM weight, root DM weight, grass visual quality, or overall ranking considering all the study parameters together, are presented in Table 4. Although there are some minor differences in salt tolerance ranking of the clones when compared based on shoot DM weight, root DM weight, or grass visual quality, the overall ranking is the best representation of the salinity tolerance of the various tested clones. Considering all the study parameters together, there was a wide range of salinity tolerance found among the 12 saltgrass clones. The 240 and 239 clones were the most salt tolerant clones (especially, up to EC of 34 dS m-1) followed by A128, 72, A138. These were closely followed by A50, A86, and A49 in salinity tolerance. A49 clone laid between this and the last group in regards to salinity tolerance. A60, A107, A37, and A126 were among the lowest salinity tolerant grasses which the A126 was the least tolerant clone. Table 4. Salt tolerance ranking of Saltgrass based on shoot weight, root weight, or grass visual quality Tolerance Salt Shoot wt. tolerance Root wt. based Quality on Overall High 240a* A128a 240a 240a A128ab 240ab 239a 239a 239ab 239ab 72ab A128ab 72ab A50ab A138ab 72ab A86ab A60abc A50abc A138ab A138abc A138abc A86bc A50b A50bc A49bc A60bcd A86b A49bc A86bc A49cde A49bc A107cd A37cd A128de A60cd A37cd 72cd A107de A107cd A126d A107cd A37de A37cd Low A60d A126d A126e A126d *The clones followed by the same letters in each column are not statistically significant at the 0.05 probability level. Overall, the results of the shoot and the root dry mass and the visual grass quality showed that the maintenance of green foliage and tolerance under saline hydroponic conditions are under physiological conditions/adjustments that are not totally related to dry matter (DM) production in shoots and roots. This was corroborated by the results that clones which maintained the highest quality under EC 34 dS m-1 exhibited either a large increase in root mass (i.e., clone 239), or only a small increase of the root mass (i.e., clone 240) produced at EC 6 dS m-1. Likewise, clone A138 produced a large increase of its EC 6 dS m-1 root mass at the highest EC level of 48 dS m-1. However, it could not maintain green foliage at 10 weeks of exposure to this high EC. The same was true for shoot DM production that occurred in a more narrow range of values than did root DM production. In short, saltgrass shoot DM weight decreased linearly with increased salinity levels for all clones. For most clones, there was no difference among the root DM of the grass at different salinity levels. Visual quality of the grass followed the same pattern as the shoot DM weight. It decreased linearly with increased salinity levels for all clones. Clones differed greatly in their maintenance of green color retention (quality) as EC levels (salinity) increased. Two clones which produced acceptable quality at the EC level of 34 dS m-1 were clones 239 and 240. No clones could maintain adequate quality color at EC level of 48 dS m-1 after 10 weeks of exposure at this EC level. The difference in salinity tolerance level among the clones was significant. The grasses were separated in several groups with different degrees of salt tolerance. Considering all the study parameters together, there was a wide range of salinity tolerance found among the 12 saltgrass clones. The 240 and 239 clones were the most salt tolerant clones (especially, up to EC of 34 dS m-1) followed by A128, 72, and A138. These were closely followed by A50, A86, and A49 in salinity tolerance. A49 clone laid between this and the last group in regards to salinity tolerance. A60, A107, A37, and A126 were among the lowest salinity tolerant grasses which the A126 was the least tolerant clone. Conclusions In terms of salinity tolerance (quality), green foliage retention was empirically the best assessment of the clonal response to increased salinity. For large scale screening of saltgrass germplasm, the maintenance of green tissue at a specific EC level would seem to be adequate as a simple selection method for salinity tolerance. Shoot and root lengths and dry weights decreased with increased salinity stress. However, shoots were more severely affected by salinity stress than the roots. Grass visual quality was significantly affected (lower quality) as the salinity levels of the culture solutions increased. Overall, the results of this investigation indicate that saltgrass is a very high salinity tolerant species, and the results further suggest that this grass growing even under poor soil conditions (salt-affected desert soils) can be a suitable and beneficial plant species for growth and production in arid regions, and still show a favorable growth. Acknowledgments This study was financially supported by a grant from the United States Golf Association (USGA). References Enberg A, Wu L. 1995. Selenium assimilation and differential response to elevated sulfate and chloride salt concentrations in two saltgrass ecotypes. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 32(2):71‑178. Gessler N, Pessarakli M. 2009. Growth Responses and Nitrogen Uptake of Saltgrass under Salinity Stress. Turfgrass Landscape and Urban IPM Research Summary 2009, Cooperative Extension, Agricultural Experiment Station, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Publication AZ1487, Series P-155, pp 32-38. Gould FW. 1993. Grasses of the Southwestern United States. 6th Edition. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, USA. Hoagland DF, Arnon DI. 1950. The Water Culture Method for Growing Plants Without Soil. California Agriculture Experiment Station, Circulation, 347 (Rev.). Kopec DM, Adams A, Bourn C, Gilbert J.J, Marcum K, Pessarakli M. 2001a. Field Performance of Selected Mowed Distichlis Clones, United States Golf Association (USGA) Research Report #3. Turfgrass Landscape and Urban IPM Research Summary 2001, Cooperative Extension Agriculture Experiment Station, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Publication AZ1246 Series P-126, pp. 295-304. Kopec DM, Adams A, Bourn C, Gilbert JJ, Marcum K, Pessarakli M. 2001b. Field Performance of Selected Mowed Distichlis Clones, United States Golf Association (USGA) Research Report #4. Turfgrass Landscape and Urban IPM Research Summary 2001, Cooperative Extension Agriculture Experiment Station, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Publication AZ1246 Series P-126, pp. 305-312. Kopec DM, Marcum K, Pessarakli M. 2000. Collection and Evaluation of Diverse Geographical Accessions of Distichlis for Turf-Type Growth Habit, Salinity and Drought Tolerance. Report #2, Cooperative Extension Agriculture Experiment Station Service, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 11p. Kopec DM, Nolan S, Brown PW, Pessarakli M. 2006. Water and Turfgrass in the Arid Southwest: Water Use Rates of Tifway 419 Bermudagrass, SeaIsle 1, Seashore Paspalum, and Inland Saltgrass. United States Golf Association (USGA) Green Section Record, A Publication of Turfgrass Management, November-December 2006 Issue (6):12-14. Marcum KB, Kopec DM, Pessarakli M. 2001. Salinity Tolerance of 17 Turf-type Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) Accessions. International Turfgrass Research Conference, July 15-21, 2001, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Marcum KB, Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2005. Relative salinity tolerance of 21 turf-type desert saltgrasses compared to bermudagrass. HortScience 40(3): 827-829. www.ashs.org Miller Deborah L, Smeins FE, James W. Webb. 1998. Response of a Texas Distichlis spicata coastal marsh following lesser snow goose herbivory. Aquatic Botany, 61(4):301‑307. Miyamoto S, Glenn EP, Olsen MW. 1996. Growth, water use and salt uptake of four halophytes irrigated with highly saline water. Journal of Arid Environment, 32(2):141‑159. O’Leary J.W, Glenn E.P. 1994. Global distribution and potential for halophytes. In: Halophytes as a Resource for Livestock and for Rehabilitation of Degraded Lands (V.R. Squires and A.T. Ayoub, Eds.). pp7-19. Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht. Pessarakli M. 2005a. Supergrass: Drought-tolerant turf might be adaptable for golf course use. Golfweek’s SuperNews Magazine, November 16, 2005, p 21 and cover page. http://www.supernewsmag.com/news/golfweek/ supernews/20051116/ p21. asp?st=p21_s1.htm Pessarakli M. 2005b. Gardener’s delight: Low-maintenance grass. Tucson Citizen, Arizona, Newspaper Article, September 15, 2005, Tucson, AZ, USA. Gardener'sdelight:Low-maintenancegrasshttp://www.tucsoncitizen. com/ Pessarakli M. 2007. Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), a Potential Future Turfgrass Species with Minimum Maintenance/Management Cultural Practices. In: Handbook of Turfgrass Management and Physiology (M. Pessarakli, Ed.), pp. 603-615, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Publishing Company, Florida. Pessarakli M. 2008. Nitrogen Nutrition of Distichlis (Saltgrass) under Normal and Salinity Stress Conditions Using 15N. Turfgrass and Environment, United States Golf Association (USGA), p. 70. Pessarakli M, Gessler N, Kopec DM. 2008. Growth Responses of Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) under Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Salinity Stress. United States Golf Association (USGA) Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online, October 15, 2008, 7(20):1-7. http://turf.lib.msu.edu/tero/ v02/n14.pdf Pessarakli M, Harivandi MA, Kopec DM, Ray DT. 2012. Growth Responses and Nitrogen Uptake by Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata L.), a Halophytic Plant Species, under Salt Stress, Using the 15N Technique. International Journal of Agronomy, Volume 2012, Article ID 896971, 9 pages, doi:10.1155/2012/896971. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2005. Responses of Twelve Inland Saltgrass Accessions to Salt Stress. United States Golf Association (USGA) Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online 4(20):1-5. http://turf.lib.msu.edu/tero/ v02/ n14.pdf Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2011. Responses of Various Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) Clones to Drought Stress at Different Mowing Heights. Journal of Food, Agriculture, and Environment (JFAE), Vol. 9(3 and 4):665-668. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2006. Interactive Effects of Salinity and Mowing Heights on the Growth of Various Inland Saltgrass Clones. Turfgrass and Environment, United States Golf Association (USGA), pp. 83-84. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2008a. Establishment of Three Warm-Season Grasses under Salinity Stress. Acta HortScience, International Society of Horticultural Science (ISHS), Vol. 783:29-37. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2008b. Growth Response of Various Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) Clones to Combined Effects of Drought and Mowing Heights. United States Golf Association (USGA) Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online, January 1, 2008, 7(1):1-4. http://turf.lib. msu.edu/tero/v02/n14.pdf Pessarakli M, Kopec DM. 2010. Growth Responses and Nitrogen Uptake of Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), a True Halophyte, under Salinity Stress Conditions using 15N Technique. Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Soils and Ground Water Salinization in Arid Regions, Vol. 2, 1-11, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM, Koski AJ. 2003. Establishment of Warm-Season Grasses under Salinity Stress. American Society of Agronomy-Crop Science Society of America-Soil Science Society of America (ASA-CSSA-SSSA) Annual Meetings, Nov. 2-6, 2003, Denver, CO. Pessarakli M, Kopec DM, Ray DT. 2011a. Growth Responses of Various Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) Clones Under Salt Stress Conditions. Journal of Food, Agriculture, and Environment (JFAE), Vol. 9(3 and4):660-664. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB, Emam Y. 2011b. Relative droughttolerance of various desert saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) genotypes. Journal of Food, Agriculture, and Environment (JFAE), Vol. 9(1):474-478. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB. 2000. Growth Responses and Nitrogen-15 Absorption of Distichlis under Sodium Chloride Stress. American Society of Agronomy-Crop Science Society of America-Soil Science Society of America (ASA-CSSA-SSSA) Annual Meetings, Nov. 5-9, 2000, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB, Kopec DM. 2001a. Drought Tolerance of Twenty one Saltgrass (Distichlis) Accessions Compared to Bermudagrass. Turfgrass Landscape and Urban IPM Research Summary 2001, Cooperative Extension, Agricultural Experiment Station, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Publication AZ1246 Series P-126, pp. 65-69. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB, Kopec DM. 2001b. Drought tolerance of turf- type inland saltgrasses and bermudagrass. American Society of Agronomy-Crop Science Society of America-Soil Science Society of America (ASA-CSSA-SSSA) Annual Meetings, Oct. 27 - Nov 2, 2001, Charlotte, North Carolina, Agronomy Abstract, C05-pessarakli130005-P. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB, Kopec DM. 2001c. Growth Responses of Desert Saltgrass under Salt Stress. Turfgrass Landscape and Urban IPM Research Summary 2001, Cooperative Extension, Agricultural Experiment Station, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Publication AZ1246 Series P-126, pp. 70-73. Pessarakli M, Marcum KB, Kopec DM. 2005. Growth responses and nitrogen-15 absorption of desert saltgrass under salt stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28(8):1441-1452. www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/01904167.asp Pessarakli M, Tucker TC. 1985. Uptake of Nitrogen-15 by cotton under salt stress. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 49:149-152. Pessarakli M, Tucker TC. 1988. Dry matter yield and nitrogen-15 uptake by tomatoes under sodium chloride stress. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 52:698-700. Rossi AM, Brodbeck BV, Strong DR.1996. Response of xylem‑feeding leafhopper to host plant species and plant quality. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 22(4):653‑671. Sagi M, Savidov NA, L’vov NP, Lips SH. 1997. Nitrate reductase and molybdenum cofactor in annual ryegrass as affected by salinity and nitrogen source. Physiologia Plantanum, 99:546-553. SAS Institute, Inc. 1991. SAS/STAT User’s guide. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC. Sigua GC, Hudnall WH. 1991. Gypsum and water management interactions for revegetation and productivity improvement of brackish marsh in Louisiana. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 22(15/16):1721‑ 1739. Sowa S, Towill LE. 1991. Effects of nitrous oxide on mitochondrial and cell respiration and growth in Distichlis spicata suspension cultures. Plant‑Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture (Netherlands), 27(2):197‑201. White RH, Engelke MC, Morton SJ, Ruemmele BA. 1992. Competitive turgor maintenance in tall fescue. Crop Science Journal, 32:251-256. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
239 - The Effects of tillage different methods and plant residues management on agro morphologic characteristic of wheat Var Sardari in dry land condition
mohamad bagher jafari noor ali sajedi masoud GomarianIn order to evaluation of the effect of tillagedifferent methods and crop residue management on agromorphologic characteristicof wheat cv. Sardari in dry land condition, a field experiment was conducted asStrip plot based on randomized complete block design with four re MoreIn order to evaluation of the effect of tillagedifferent methods and crop residue management on agromorphologic characteristicof wheat cv. Sardari in dry land condition, a field experiment was conducted asStrip plot based on randomized complete block design with four replication in2012. Factors examined include tillage in four levels: moldboard plow withdisk, chisel, compound tillage and direct seeding as the main plot and theplant residue management in four levels : burning, grazing, complete stubbleand no stubble as the subplot. Theresults showed that, The minimum spike weight was about 0.69 g was obtaineddirect seeding that as compared withmoldboard plow with disk decreased by 25% . The maximum spike weight was about 0.88g that was obtained in the use of chiselthat as compared with moldboard plow with disk increased by 2% . The highestgrain yield equal to 909.81 kg/ha wasrecorded from direct seeding. Using ofdirect seeding increased grain yield than the use of moldboard plow with disk,chisel, and compound tillage 12, 17, and 24 percent, respectively. Interaction effects of tillage and plantresidue showed that the highest yieldequal to 990.5 and 946.63 kg/ha and was belonged to direct seeding along with the grazing and direct seeding along with burning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
240 - The study of relationship between personal and economic-social characteristics rice-field women in Bandar Anzali township with sustainable agriculture criteria
H. Chaharsough Amin S. M. MirdamadiThe research was descriptive-analytic and was performed with a relative - causal method. The population of this study were rice-field women, over 25 years old, who are living in Sangachin and Abkenar villages - located in Chaharfarizeh County - and Lijareky Hasanroud an MoreThe research was descriptive-analytic and was performed with a relative - causal method. The population of this study were rice-field women, over 25 years old, who are living in Sangachin and Abkenar villages - located in Chaharfarizeh County - and Lijareky Hasanroud and Talebabad villages - located in Lijareky Hasanroud county. In this research, 275 people were randomly selected with systematic sampling method. Questionnaire reliability was estimated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient by SPSS and it calculated as 0.80. The descriptive findings of study showed that the highest of field-rice women participation was in weeding and generally, they are observing sustainability criteria in agriculture. The analytical finding showed that there was significant difference (P<%1) between the mean of observing sustainability criteria in agriculture, regarding the research's villages, level of education, kind of ownership to rice-field and kind of used seed. Also, there was positive correlation (p=%99) between age, years of experience in rice-field, the amount of rice production, rice-field size, the amount of social participation and rice-field annual income with observing sustainability criteria in agriculture. But there exists negative correlation (p=%99) between the amount of rice-field participation and number of household members with observing sustainability criteria in agriculture. The amount of rice production and rice-field annual income as independent variables had the main role in explaining dependent variable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
241 - The Wastewater Quality of the Combined Cycle Power Plant of Montazer Ghaem for Re-using In Agriculture
Marjan Seyed Mousavi Keivan Saeb -
Open Access Article
242 - Evaluating the Effects of Agricultural Activities on Nitrate Contamination at the Kamfirooz District, Shiraz, Iran
Jalal Valiallahi Smaeil Moradi -
Open Access Article
243 - ANALYSIS OF WHEAT CROP PARAMETERS UNDER ALLELOPATHIC WITH REDUCED DOSE OF HERBICIDE APPLICATION
azam ShahWater extracts from allelopathic plants like sorghum, sunflower and brassica having especially when it is used combination with reduced dose of herbicides. A field experiment was carried out to examine the feasibility of using sorghum water extract as a natural weedicid MoreWater extracts from allelopathic plants like sorghum, sunflower and brassica having especially when it is used combination with reduced dose of herbicides. A field experiment was carried out to examine the feasibility of using sorghum water extract as a natural weedicide in rabi season crop (wheat) during 2015-2016 at Agronomy Research Form, . Sorgaab sprays with three different concentration (1:3, 1:4,1:5) in combination with Weedicide in three different levels (1/3,1/2 and 2/3 of the recommended dose), with three application timing (emergence, tillering, 50% at emergence and 50 % at tillering), were tested and compared with hand weeding, unweeded and with weedicide sole. Results of the study showed that the herbicide sole followed by hand weeded plots were more effective among all the treatments for controlling weed dry weight increased grain yield. Sorghum extract sprayed at 1:5 resulted in decreased dry weight (127.2 g m-2), more leaf area tiller-1 (101 cm2), more leaf area index (3.0) and higher grain yield (3727 kg ha-1). Herbicide (affinity) at the rate of 1317g ha-1 and increased leaf area tiller-1 (100 cm2), leaf area index (2.9) and higher grain yield (3665 kg ha-1). Sorghum extract concentration with combination of herbicide sprayed at tillering stage gave reduced dry weight (132), increased leaf area tiller-1 (99 cm2), more leaf area index (2.9) and grain yield (3727 kg ha-1). It is concluded that sorghum extract concentration 1:5 with 1317g ha-1 of herbicide affinity applied at tillering stage is recommended for higher yield and yield components of wheat crop. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
244 - Measure and Evaluate the Performance of Boushehr Province in Sector Agronomy
Yaghoob Zarei Alireza EstelajiAgriculture is the largest agricultural subsection 56 percent of value added,60 percent of employment and 82 percent of this section is devoted to her. The most important human needs such as food grains, legumes, vegetables and fruits are funded through Agriculture subd MoreAgriculture is the largest agricultural subsection 56 percent of value added,60 percent of employment and 82 percent of this section is devoted to her. The most important human needs such as food grains, legumes, vegetables and fruits are funded through Agriculture subdivision. Given the role of plants in human societies can be affected by the acknowledgment that man is different depending on the crops. So that crops directly or indirectly, are the main supplier of food proteins, carbon hydrates fats, vitamins and minerals. Also today, the world's most developed countries of export crops (especially grain exports) l to enter their country of major currencies. Medicinal value of plants, industrial importance, environmental and crop value in restoring physical, chemical and biological soil are other important functions of the crops that their role is undeniable. Accordingly, the present study aims to correct and better exploit the potential capacity of planners and decision-makers in rich countries, with an emphasis on quantitative methods to address zoning and subdivision agriculture compared to 6 in Boushehr province to evaluate their performance, to be analyzed and the degree of deprivation. This study documents the use of resources in 2011; aims to develop agriculture in the province of Bushehr using Excel software Spss and TOPSIS model and assess the analytical approach. Assess the development of the agricultural sector in the region has shown a deep schism between sub cultivated in Bushehr province. So that only the part is developed in subsection vegetables with 0/65. Then placed in the sub grains with an average level of 0/58. In contrast to the results attest to the fact that 4 Subdivision kitchen garden, industrial, forage crops are very poor category. It is believed that due to the diversity of climatic and ecological potential, as well as the important role of agriculture in food security and agricultural economy, Custodians should explore the comprehensive, detailed planning and targeted management, using scientific methods, provide a platform for promoting and achieving self-sufficiency in agricultural production Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
245 - A Study on Knowledge of Farmers on Sustainable Farming Based on Environmental Preservation
aliasghar Saghafi nasim einy masoumeh IssazadehSustainability of production is one of the serious issues that have attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. Assessing the level of farmers' knowledge about sustainable agriculture is a determining factor in the sustainability of production units.Acc MoreSustainability of production is one of the serious issues that have attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. Assessing the level of farmers' knowledge about sustainable agriculture is a determining factor in the sustainability of production units.Accordingly, in order to assess the level of knowledge and attitude of sustainable agriculture among paddy farmers, A sample size study was selected by multivariate sampling method of 241 paddy farmers.A panel of experts, including experts from the Agricultural Jihad Organization, was used to determine the validity.In order to evaluate the reliability criterion, was used Cronbach's alpha coefficient which was calculated for the Knowledge Scale (0.79) and for the Attitude Scale (0.76).The results showed that the level of knowledge and insight of sustainable agriculture was good among farmers. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the variables of age, total land area, area under rice cultivation, annual salary of paddy cultivation and annual income with agricultural knowledge at the level of 99%.However, there was no significant relationship between the variables of number of family members, level of education, number of plots of land and average rice yield with sustainable agricultural knowledge.Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between the variables of family number and education with sustainable agricultural attitude at 95% level.Also, there was no significant relationship between the variables of age, agricultural activity history, rice cultivation history, and total agricultural land area, area under rice cultivation, number of agricultural lands, paddy salary and annual income with attitude towards sustainable agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
246 - Analysis and evaluation of factors affecting the sustainable management of water resources in agriculture.
aliasghar Saghafi nasim einy masoumeh IssazadehWater is the most precious wealth available to mankind, especially in Iran, a large area of which is covered by arid and desert areas. Due to the dry and fragile climate of the country and considering the recent droughts, the importance of water as a vital input is beco MoreWater is the most precious wealth available to mankind, especially in Iran, a large area of which is covered by arid and desert areas. Due to the dry and fragile climate of the country and considering the recent droughts, the importance of water as a vital input is becoming more and more clear. Today, human beings are facing many problems in the process of accelerating development to supply water. This is the case in arid climates where ecosystems involved in water supply are more fragile. With droughts and uncontrolled depletion of water resources, it has put planners in a more critical position. Limited water resources, rapid population growth and the need for more production have made the agricultural sector more in demand than other water-consuming sectors. Therefore, the most important challenge for the agricultural sector in these areas in the current situation is how to produce more food than less water. The results show that the water sector is one of the basic infrastructure sectors of the country that can act as an engine of growth in the economy and cause the growth of other sectors, especially the agricultural sector and related activities. Also the results showed that there is a significant relationship between individual characteristics of farmers and the desire for sustainable management of water resources. The present study was an applied research by descriptive and correlation methods and used factor analysis technique. This research was conducted by documentary and field methods using a questionnaire to determine the factors affecting the sustainable management of agricultural water resources in agricultural lands around Tehran. The statistical population in this study was all managers, experts and experts in the agricultural sector around the city of Tehran. After library and field study, were collected data and then they obtained information was analyzed using SPSS software. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
247 - Optimizing the cultivation pattern of important crops in Miandoab plain
معراج Fallahi سعید Soofizade علی اکبر BaghestaniChoosing the optimal cultivation model that is both environmentally sustainable and suitable for specific climatic conditions in each geographical region can be considered as one of the efficient solutions to solve the challenges and increase the profitability of agricu MoreChoosing the optimal cultivation model that is both environmentally sustainable and suitable for specific climatic conditions in each geographical region can be considered as one of the efficient solutions to solve the challenges and increase the profitability of agricultural activities.For this purpose, in this study, an attempt has been made to design the optimal pattern of crop cultivation in Miandoab plain, which is the fourth most important plain of the country, located in West Azarbaijan province.Optimizing the cultivation pattern was done in the form of two separate goals of maximizing profit and minimizing water consumption.For this purpose, the required data for the three years 2016-2018 were collected from various provincial and national institutions, and the average data of the mentioned three years were used to propose the optimal pattern of crop cultivation in the form of each of the mentioned goals.In this research, 12 important crops cultivated in this plain have been used.The results showed that the two crops of rainfed chickpeas and nut sunflowers, with the cultivation of the entire agricultural lands of the plain with approximately 57 thousand hectares and 5500 hectares, respectively, and a gross profit of 1614 billion rials, were introduced as the optimal model proposed with the aim of maximizing the gross profit.became.In the proposed cultivation model with the aim of minimizing water consumption, the re-cultivation of rainfed chickpeas and nut sunflowers on an area equal to 57.600 hectares and 5300 hectares will result in the optimization of water consumption.In other words, two goals of profit maximization and water consumption minimization will be achieved by sub-cultivating dry peas and sunflower seeds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
248 - Study the Effects of Application of Vermicompost and Mycorrhiza Inoculation on Growth and Yield Parameters of Wheat under Drought Stress Conditions
Allah Bakhsh Safari Mohammad Mirzaei HeydariPresent study was conducted for evaluation of the effect of vermicompost (VC) and mycorrhiza on growth and yield and biochemical traits of wheat under drought stress conditions in greenhouse. Factors include three levels of irrigation, three VC levels (0, 3 and 6 percen MorePresent study was conducted for evaluation of the effect of vermicompost (VC) and mycorrhiza on growth and yield and biochemical traits of wheat under drought stress conditions in greenhouse. Factors include three levels of irrigation, three VC levels (0, 3 and 6 percent) and application and non-application of mycorrhiza. Results of present study showed positive and significant impact of vermicompost and mycorrhiza inoculation on wheat growth traits under drought stress conditions. Also, According to results Highest grain yield by 4.22 ton/ha achieved in control level of drought stress and application 6 percent VC and mycorrhiza and lowest amount obtained in non-application of mycorrhiza and VC by 2.89 ton/ha. Results showed that application of vermicompost and mycorrhiza inoculation caused to increasing proline content in plant and consequently increase in plant resistance to drought conditions which was evident in wheat plant yield and yield components. Organic fertilizers due to long term impacts on soil properties, providing micro- and macro nutrients and maintenance of soil biological properties could be economic and compensate production cost of bio-fertilizers and so make possible continuous and optimal use of agricultural land possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
249 - Study the Effects of Application of Vermicompost and Mycorrhiza Inoculation on Growth and Yield Parameters of Wheat under Drought Stress Conditions
Allah Bakhsh Safari Mohammad Mirzaei HeidariPresent study was conducted for evaluation of the effect of vermicompost (VC) and mycorrhiza on growth and yield and biochemical traits of wheat under drought stress conditions in greenhouse. Factors include three levels of irrigation, three VC level (0, 3 and 6 percent MorePresent study was conducted for evaluation of the effect of vermicompost (VC) and mycorrhiza on growth and yield and biochemical traits of wheat under drought stress conditions in greenhouse. Factors include three levels of irrigation, three VC level (0, 3 and 6 percent) and application and non-application of mycorrhiza. Results of present study showed positive and significant impact of vermicompost and mycorrhiza inoculation on wheat growth traits under drought stress conditions. Also, According to results Highest grain yield by 4.22 ton/ha achieved in control level of drought stress and application 6 percent VC and mycorrhiza and lowest amount obtained in non-application of mycorrhiza and VC by 2.89 ton/ha. Results showed that application of vermicompost and mycorrhiza inoculation caused to increasing proline content in plant and consequently increase in plant resistance to drought conditions which was evident in wheat plant yield and yield components. Organic fertilizers due to long term impacts on soil properties, providing micro- and macro nutrients and maintenance of soil biological properties could be economic and compensate production cost of bio-fertilizers and so make possible continuous and optimal use of agricultural land possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
250 - The effect of mycorrhizal fungi, water stress and year on flower yield and some characteristics of medicinal plant of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) in Yasouj region
Ali RahimiIdentifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal MoreIdentifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been used in many plants to deal with dehydration and drought stress. In this regard, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Yasuj region at years 2015 and 2016. Water stress was considered as the main factor in the form of irrigation after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan class A and mycorrhizal fungus was considered as a secondary factor in the form of no application, application of Glomus mosseae and application of Glomus intraradices. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation and mycorrhizal fungi on flower phosphorus, flower yield, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage was significant. In irrigation levels after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan, the use of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices compared to the absence of fungi respectively increased the yield of plant flowers (30.04% and 27.35 %), (90.2% and 90.98%), (93.21% and 94.1%) and (81.73% and 78.86%), also, at these levels of irrigation, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage flower achieved a significant increase in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus, compared to the absence of mycorrhizal fungus application. Application of both strains of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices in irrigation levels after 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan compared to no application of mycorrhizal fungus, respectively, resulted in a significant increase in the harvest index of Borage flower (44.55% and 43.36%), (13.21% and 15.96%) and (5.6% and 5.41%) and flower phosphorus (44.69% and 20.45%), (150% and 125%) and ( 267.74% and 235.48%). Mycorrhizal fungus was able to moderate the negative effects of drought stress and increase the above-mentioned traits in those irrigation levels, and based on the results of this study, irrigation treatment after 90 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan + the use of Glomus mosseae mycorrhizal fungi is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
251 - Maize- Peanut Intercropping Under Inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum
Siavash Pourjani Hashem Aminpanah mohammadnaghi safarzade vishekaeiIntercropping and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria improve sustainability of agro-ecosystems. To evaluate the effect of Azotobacter (Azotobacter chroococcum) inoculation on productivity of a peanut /maize intercropping system, a two-year study was design as a random MoreIntercropping and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria improve sustainability of agro-ecosystems. To evaluate the effect of Azotobacter (Azotobacter chroococcum) inoculation on productivity of a peanut /maize intercropping system, a two-year study was design as a randomized complete block in a factorial arrangement with three replicates at Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Guilan province. Factors were Azotobacter inoculation [control (non-inoculated) and inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum) and intercropping pattern (Sole cropping of peanut and maize, additive intercropping pattern at three levels (100% peanut + 100% maize, 100% peanut + 50% maize, and 50% peanut + 100% maize), and replacement intercropping pattern at three levels (50% peanut + 50% maize, 67% peanut +33% maize, and 33% peanut + 67% maize). Results showed that gain yields of maize and peanut were significantly affected by Azotobacter inoculation and intercropping pattern. Inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum significantly increased grain yields of peanut and maize by 10% and 16%, respectively. Maximum and minimum of land equivalent ratio (LER) were observed at 100% peanut + 50% maize and 50% peanut + 50% maize, respectively and inoculated intercropped plots with Azotobacter chroococcum had 12-16% grater LER that non-inoculated ones. Regards to impossibility of mechanical weed control by machines in additive intercropping patterns, to obtain the highest productivity in maize/peanut intercropping system, intercropping pattern of 100% peanut + 50% maize along with Azotobacter application will be suitable in fields with low weed density. Otherwise, based on LER and grain yield of peanut, the intercropping pattern of 67% peanut + 33% maize along with Azotobacter application will be suitable. Manuscript profile
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