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Open Access Article
1 - Investigating statue and importance of the environmental sustainability subjects in bachelor of Architecture
Javad Ahmadi Mohsen Faizi Masume AhmadiEducation of sustainable architecture seeks proficiencies for students in order to design buildings with high energy efficiency since in current situation; environmental problems have attracted a lot of attention. Studies all over the world, demonstrate that the best w MoreEducation of sustainable architecture seeks proficiencies for students in order to design buildings with high energy efficiency since in current situation; environmental problems have attracted a lot of attention. Studies all over the world, demonstrate that the best way of saving energy through architecture is designing buildings with high energy efficiency in the light of appropriate and reasonable education. Studies all over the world have suggested that in order to reduce effects of pollutions caused by non-appropriated architecture, education and presenting main solutions for improving its methods should be considered as educational program or educational method. This education usually starts from undergraduate programs. But in Iran all efforts are summarized in one or two-credit courses and this is inadequate for gathering knowledge about new energies for bachelors. So, it seems that cognition of current situation and deficiencies is necessary. The main question of this study is that, to what extent sustainable subjects take into consideration in Iranian universities’ Curriculum and to what context the current problems are related. The solution could be found in the content of subjects related to nature and energy. Today, with an emphasis on sustainable development and coexistence with the environment, education of various sectors of applied science have found their direction and the result of this attitude can be seen in educational system of developed countries. Education can have the most important role in promoting and improving environmental sustainability issues and implementing them correctly. Educating sustainability topics is a new field which has only a little part of common educational courses. The purpose of this qualitative case study is investigating the importance and placement of environmental sustainability subjects, since educating sustainability topics is a new field which has only a little part of common educational courses in Iran. In other words, this case study research tries to investigate the importance and position of courses related to sustainability and their application in architectural design projects. Using attributive method, we compare the subjects approved by the Ministry of Science, with three successful foreign universities in terms of education of environmental sustainability, in order to extracting problems and presenting suggestions. Results indicate that students’ level of satisfaction about the content and applicability of issues related to environmental sustainability in undergraduate curriculum is low and sustainability topics does not have appropriate position in educational system of architecture, so it is necessary to review the presentation of these courses. It seems that, new topics and courses such as energy economy and energy policies should be considered for architects and engineers in order to cover the main subjects in energy decision makings. Because sustainable architecture is a pervasive issue and is not only dedicated to issue of reducing energy and materials consumption. There are fields like architectural technology, green architecture, smart architecture and also environmental design, behavioral architecture, economy-oriented architecture and so on. The seminal result of this study revealed the academic education in the bachelor of architecture needs to be more attended than before especially in the terms of sustainability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Restoring the Qanats as a Traditional Water Transfer System: A Sustainable Approach
amin mahan Reihaneh Khorramrouei Ahmad Nasiri -
Open Access Article
3 - Qualitative zoning of groundwater to assessment suitable irrigation water using GIS in Kelachai Region
Ali Moghimi Kandlousy Amin Mohebbi Tafreshi Ghazaleh Mohebbi TafreshiWater quality must be tested before it can be used for agricultural purposes since difficulties might arise in terms of increased soil salinity, decreased soil permeability, and decreased water absorption by plant roots; leading to reduced agricultural productivity. The MoreWater quality must be tested before it can be used for agricultural purposes since difficulties might arise in terms of increased soil salinity, decreased soil permeability, and decreased water absorption by plant roots; leading to reduced agricultural productivity. The aim of this study was to used Arc GIS (for graphical representation of the qualitative parameter's variations) as well as the conventional diagrams and parameters used for agricultural water quality classification for studying and zoning agricultural water quality in Kelachai Region in Iran. Results showed that the quality of all samples was classified as excellent for agricultural purposes in terms of the following parameters and diagrams: MR, SAR, Na%, RSC, pH, KR , CR, PS (just for w6 and w8), Wilcox diagram (except for w5), Gordon diagram just w7, w14, and w15, and Doneen diagram(except for w13,w14,w15) . In terms of correlation, the most and least correlations were found to exist between Na% and KR, and EC and PI parameters respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Collective Management of Wells and its Challenges in Soltanieh
پریسا نجفلو jafar yaghoubi jaefar nikbahkhtThe purpose of this study was to analayze the collective management of wells and its challenges in Soltanieh County. Grounded theory methodology was used in this study.The study population consisted of activists of 533 public wells in Soltanieh county. Data in this stud MoreThe purpose of this study was to analayze the collective management of wells and its challenges in Soltanieh County. Grounded theory methodology was used in this study.The study population consisted of activists of 533 public wells in Soltanieh county. Data in this study was collected by using semi-structured interviews with a sample of activists in the collective management of wells in Soltanieh County. Content analysis of interviews showed 57 open coding and 20 subcategoris in connection with challenges of participatory management of wells. Finally, two thematic categories were identified including procedural challenges and outcomes. The procedural challenges are the five axes of social barriers, knowledge and attitude weakness, financial barriers, reduced water reserves and weaknesses in government implementation. These challenges also have negative consequences for agriculture and the rural community. These are unwilling to equipping the farm with pressurized irrigation, willingness to dig an illegal well and doing office work with bribes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Factors Affecting Water Users' satisfaction with the performance of irrigation and drainage network plains of VARAMIN
Masoume Afshani Mahdi Sarai Tabrizi Mostafa TeimooriSatisfaction of users in interaction with the irrigation and drainage network is one of the important concerns of executives and officials in the field of agriculture and water. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting water users' satisfaction in the MoreSatisfaction of users in interaction with the irrigation and drainage network is one of the important concerns of executives and officials in the field of agriculture and water. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting water users' satisfaction in the area of Varamin irrigation and drainage network using a questionnaire by field-documentary method and random sampling. The statistical population of users and water users under the network coverage and sample size (Cochrane relationship) was determined to be 98 people. It was a questionnaire that the validity of the research tool was completed by completing 30 prototypes, and the reliability was assessed with the opinion of university professors and experts. Education, level of water ownership, positive and significant exploitation system, age, agricultural history and type of cultivation have a negative and significant effect. Receiving water, preventing frequent visits, reducing costs and optimal distribution of water in the covered lands, lack of effective inter-organizational cooperation in land consolidation and obtaining permits, insufficient irrigation and drought information, indicate the level of impact on user satisfaction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Analysis of farmers' behavior in using low pressure irrigation technology based on the development of the decomposed theory of planned behavior
arezo mokhtari hesari roholah rezaei Hossein shabanali fami ali nematiThe present study aimed to analyze the Farmers' Behavior in Using Low-pressure Irrigation System. This qualitative study is performed in East Azarbaijan province. The statistical sample population consists of 393 farmers out of 112010 farmers of East Azarbaijan province MoreThe present study aimed to analyze the Farmers' Behavior in Using Low-pressure Irrigation System. This qualitative study is performed in East Azarbaijan province. The statistical sample population consists of 393 farmers out of 112010 farmers of East Azarbaijan province. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire that face validity and convergent validity were used to assess the validity of the questionnaire. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the mean of variance extracted was acceptable for the studied structures (AVE≥0.522). Also, the combined reliability value was suitable for all structures (CR≥0.785). The SPSS version 20 and AMOS version 21 were used to analyze the data. In order to better understand the main factors influencing the behavior of low-pressure irrigation systems, the research model was based on the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB) and extended. In this study, two variables of moral norm and self-identity have been added to the initial model of the decomposed theory of planned behavior, which has made it more complete and comprehensive. The results of using structural equation modeling showed that EDTPB had a suitable effectiveness and efficiency to predict farmers' behavior in using low-pressure irrigation system. In addition, variables including compatibility, advantages, facilitators, self-efficacy, attitudes, moral norms, self-identity and behavioral control were explained 72% of the variance changes. Also, the variables of benefits and adaptation explained 33% of the variance of attitudes towards the use of low pressure irrigation system and the variables of self-efficacy and facilitators explained about 21% of the variance of farmers' behavioral controling of the application of low pressure irrigation system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Analysis of organizational challenges in the development of the use of modern irrigation systems with an emphasis on the modernized low-pressure irrigation system
arezo mokhtari hesari Alireza NematiOptimal management of water resources is a necessity in response to increased pressure on limited water resources around the world. This will be possible to a large extent by using technologies that increase water productivity. Due to the development of technologies to MoreOptimal management of water resources is a necessity in response to increased pressure on limited water resources around the world. This will be possible to a large extent by using technologies that increase water productivity. Due to the development of technologies to improve water productivity faces several challenges, so the current study aimed to determine and analyze organizational challenges in Development of Application of Low Pressure Irrigation System in East Azerbaijan Province. Data collection was performed using semi structured interview method. We conduct an interview with experts of irrigation, soil and agricultural extension sectors as well as famers who had a purposeful use of technics. In order to achieving appropriate research validity, we applied triangulation -data sources and monitored them by the experts. Statistical analysis was performed using MAXQDA software version 10 based on basic theory including open, oriented and optional coding stage. The result indicates that based on there were 8 main categories, 24 sub-categories as well as 165 conceptual units. Organizational challenges were infrastructural barriers (21/82%), economic barriers(21/21%), difect in monitoring and evaluation(16/97%), cognitive-educational barriers(13/33%), low levels of participation and cooperation(9/70%), political barriers(9/09%), poor research(6/06%), and lack of employee motivation(1/82%). According to the respondents, the most frequency was related to insufficient allocated budget, lack of supervision over private companies and farmers' financial weakness. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Factors Affecting on Achievement of Water User Associations (Irrigation Network of Qazvin Plain)
Iraj Rashvand mehdi Mirdamadi Farhad LashgararaNowadays, the water issue become one of the major crises in the world and has proven its key role in making life better for the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the success of watersheds in Qazvin plain irrigation network. The st MoreNowadays, the water issue become one of the major crises in the world and has proven its key role in making life better for the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the success of watersheds in Qazvin plain irrigation network. The statistical population of this study was 160 members of the hydropower organization (farmers) of Qazvin plain. A simple random sampling method was used and the Cochran formula was used to determine the statistical sample size of 90 utilization. The data gathering tool was a standard questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability was determined by Cronbach's alpha coefficient for different parts of the questionnaire aboveα =./72 obtained. The results of correlation analysis show that there is a positive and significant relationship between educational level variables and land ownership with the success rate of water supply system. On the other hand, there is a negative and significant relationship between the history of membership in the water supply organization and their assessment of the success rate of the water supply organization at a 99% confidence level. The results of a multiple regression analysis indicated that the variables of social and managerial characteristics can predict 54 percent of the variability in the success rate of the water supply organization Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Solutions for Development of Application of Low Pressure Irrigation System in East Azarbaijan Province
Arezoo Mokhtari Hesari Rouhola Rezaei Hossein sh. famiThe current study aimed to determine and analyze Solutions of low-pressure irrigation system in the East Azarbaijan Province. Data collection was performed using semi structured interview method. We conduct an interview with experts of irrigation, soil and agricultural MoreThe current study aimed to determine and analyze Solutions of low-pressure irrigation system in the East Azarbaijan Province. Data collection was performed using semi structured interview method. We conduct an interview with experts of irrigation, soil and agricultural extension sectors as well as famers who had a purposeful use of technics. In order to achieving appropriate research validity, we applied triangulation -data sources and monitored them by the experts.Statistical analysis was performed using MAXQDA software version 10 based on basic theory including open, oriented and optional coding stage. The result indicates that based on there were 6 main categories, 25 sub-categories as well as 171 conceptual units. Effective measures should be taken into consideration in order to develop the low-pressure irrigation system. The results showed that measurements including creating educational-promotional mechanisms, reducing administrative complexity, improving farmers' participation, long-lasting monitoring, follow-up and consulting during and after implementation, financial supports and creating infrastructure activities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Assessment of CERES-Wheat Model in simulation of varieties of wheat yield under different irrigation treatments
زهرا سعادتی معصومه دلبری Ebrahim Amiri مهدی پناهی محمد حسین رحیمیان مسعود قدسیThe simulation models of yield response to water are expected to play an increasingly important role in the optimization of water productivity (WP) in agriculture. In this study, the CERES-Wheat model was used to simulate of wheat yield response under different irrigati MoreThe simulation models of yield response to water are expected to play an increasingly important role in the optimization of water productivity (WP) in agriculture. In this study, the CERES-Wheat model was used to simulate of wheat yield response under different irrigation-cultivar treatments with three irrigation treatments in main plots and Five wheat cultivars in sub plots consisted of C1:C-75-5, C2: C-78-4, C3:C-78-8, C4: C-79-6 and C5: C-79-16 in Mashhad region during the years of 2002-2003 and 2003-2004. According to the results, the relative root mean square error of grain yield simulation by CERES-Wheat model was 7 and 10 % for 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 years, respectively. Because, the relative root mean square error was less than 10 percent, so done well simulation. Also, the root mean square error calculated for grain yield for both years was less than 10 percent of the observed mean. The results are indicating a good match to the simulation results of the model. The value water productivity based on crop evapotranspiration and irrigation water value in I3-C-79-6 treatment has the value highest for both years of 2002-2003 and 2003-2004. Therefore, the noted irrigation management (I3) and wheat cultivar (C-79-6) can be recommended in the study area. The overall findings of this study to confirm the optimal performance of the model CERES-Wheat in the growth process simulation and the water impact on yield in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Evaluation of the sunflower yield, water productivity and soil salinity simulation under water and salinity stresses using the AquaCrop model
moazam khaleghiThe AquaCrop model is a powerful tool for the simulation of crop response to the different quantitative and qualitative management of irrigation that advanced by FAO. In this study, the latest version of this model (v. 6) was evaluated for simulating sunflower yield, wa MoreThe AquaCrop model is a powerful tool for the simulation of crop response to the different quantitative and qualitative management of irrigation that advanced by FAO. In this study, the latest version of this model (v. 6) was evaluated for simulating sunflower yield, water productivity and soil salinity under different irrigation management using saline water. Field data were collected in order to calibration and validation of model during two crop years (2014 and 2015). The experiment was conducted as a factorial design in completely randomized blocks including two factors: the quantitative irrigation management in two levels (full irrigation and partial root zone drying irrigation in 75%) and the qualitative irrigation management in three levels (non-saline water, saline water and non-saline and saline water alternation), with three replications. While a significant reduction of 3.1-32% in grain yield were observed under water-saving irrigation treatments compared to FI (4706.7 and 4367.2 kg ha-1 in 2014 and 2015, respectively), the PRD1 treatment resulted in a slight reduction of 3.1% and 5% in grain yield, in 2014 and 2015, respectively. FI had the highest WPET (0.90 and 0.89 kg m-3 in 2014 and 2015, respectively), and PRD1, PRD3, FSI, SI and PRD2 treatments ranked next. Sensitive analysis result showed that the model sensitivity to the volumetric soil water content at soil saturation and field capacity point, maximum canopy cover, HIO, time to flowering, time to CCx and CGC is more than other input parameters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - The evaluation of effect of increase irrigation efficiency along with increased acreage on the return water and underground water storage using SWAT model
فرشته بتوخته Farhad Misaghi Hossein DehghanisanijThe continued increase in demand in arid and semi-arid countries, increasing the gap between supply and demand for water in the future. Therefore, in these areas, especially in the agricultural sector an urgent need for water resources management, demand management and MoreThe continued increase in demand in arid and semi-arid countries, increasing the gap between supply and demand for water in the future. Therefore, in these areas, especially in the agricultural sector an urgent need for water resources management, demand management and allocation is to avoid critical situations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing irrigation efficiency along with the development of cultivation on return water, and the reserves of underground water using SWAT model. SWAT model is a conceptual and half- distribution model at the basin scale that has high computational efficiency. After the simulation basin during the period 2005 to 2014 in base conditions and perform calibration and validation of model outputs, two scenarios of increased irrigation efficiency without increasing the area under cultivation and increasing irrigation efficiency along with increased cultivation was introduced to the models. Based on the results, by increase irrigation efficiency, the water used in agricultural production decreased from 330 million cubic meters per year to 186 million cubic meters per year in base conditions. Also the volume of return flow to the area decreased of 133 million cubic meters per year in base scenario to 0.22 and 1.96 million cubic meters per year in the scenario of increased irrigation efficiency without increasing the area under cultivation and increasing irrigation efficiency along with increased acreage respectively. The return of the amount of water feeding the aquifer from 29.6% in basic conditions with increasing irrigation efficiency reaches zero. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Operational management of agricultural bore wells in paddy fields
Hamideh noory sara Pashankpoor Abdol Majid Liaghat Arezo Nazi Ghameshloo Mohammadreza YazdaniIn this research, an operational simulation model was developed to indicate the importance of agricultural bore wells as an irrigation water resource and sustainable management of them to supply irrigation demand of paddy fields. The main approach of this research was b MoreIn this research, an operational simulation model was developed to indicate the importance of agricultural bore wells as an irrigation water resource and sustainable management of them to supply irrigation demand of paddy fields. The main approach of this research was based on maximum using of local water resources (e.g. wells, ponds). In the proposed model, crop evapotranspiration, irrigation requirement and interval and water head in soil and bore well are daily calculated based on input data and simulation equations. Then, using of obtained irrigation scheduling and considering the limitation of minimum permission level in bore well, water harvesting days from bore well, pumping discharge and time, pond water in fields and runoff are calculated. Simulation of groundwater level fluctuation in the out of paddy rice growing season in unsaturated condition of soil was computed by Hydrus-1D. The model was run for paddy fields of Rasht Rice Research Institute for normal year; The results indicated that 10 irrigation events were required that six and four of them were supplied by bore well and canal, respectively. The obtained results in the studied paddy fields showed that shallow groundwater level was discharged by precipitation in the out of paddy rice growing season and raised from depth of 4.85 m to 1.82 m. Therefore, operation of bore wells during paddy rice growing season as well as considering minimum permission water head does not cause considerable groundwater drawdown and unsustainable operation Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Effect of Deficit Irrigation, Partial Irrigation and Superabsorbent Polymer on Yield and Yield Components of Corn (cv. KSC703)
Fayaz Aghayari Fatemeh Khalili Mohammad Reza ArdakaniTo study the effect of deficit irrigation, partial irrigation and superabsorbent polymer on yield and yield components of corn, a field experiment was carried out in factorial split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at Resear MoreTo study the effect of deficit irrigation, partial irrigation and superabsorbent polymer on yield and yield components of corn, a field experiment was carried out in factorial split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch, Iran in 2014-2015 growing year. Deficit irrigation with three levels including irrigation with 100, 75 and 50 percent crop water requirement, furrow irrigation methods with two levels including partial irrigation (fixed alternate furrow) and conventional furrow irrigation that were located in the main plots and superabsorbent polymer with two levels including non-use superabsorbent polymer and used of superabsorbent (30kg/ha) that were located in the sub plots. Grains yield in partial irrigation method as compared to conventional furrow irrigation in condition of 100% crop water requirement decreased (38.5%). However difference of grain yield between fixed alternate furrow irrigation and conventional furrow irrigation in condition of irrigation with 75% and 50% crop water requirement was not significant. The use of superabsorbent saved irrigation water consumption by 13.4% during the growth period. According to a 26% reduction in the amount of irrigation water during the growing season in partial irrigation method, for achieve of corn grain yield in condition of irrigation with 75% and 50% crop water requirement can be used from partial irrigation method (alternate furrow irrigation) instead of conventional furrow irrigation method in the studied area. Also, along with partial irrigation method, to raise the water use efficiency can be used superabsorbent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Evaluating the Performance of Biocomposite Pipes as a Subsurface Irrigation Method in Culturing Panicum (Panicum antidotale)
saeed rangrizi hosseinali bahrami mehran kianirad aboozar shojaaddiniConsidering the limited access to fresh water resources and intense plant respiration and high evapotranspiration in deserts and arid regions, subsurface irrigation seems to be the most appropriate method for cultivation. The aim of this study was finding a proper subsu MoreConsidering the limited access to fresh water resources and intense plant respiration and high evapotranspiration in deserts and arid regions, subsurface irrigation seems to be the most appropriate method for cultivation. The aim of this study was finding a proper subsurface irrigation to supply moisture for plant roots using bio-composite water pipes to supply water for panicum. Experimental design was factorial experiment conducted based on completely randomized block design with three replications in the Faculty of Agriculture in Tarbiat Modarres University in 2015. Main factors included subsurface irrigation using three types of bio-composite water pipes manufactured P3, P8, P9, subsurface irrigation using subsurface porous clay capsules and flood irrigation (control treatment). Secondary factors included three drought stress levels of 25, 50, and 100% of soil field capacity (FC). Results showed that, subsurface irrigation treatment using water pipe P8 and drought stress level of 25%, and FC decrease for 12.68%, was the lowest water consumption in irrigation. In addition, in subsurface irrigation, height, wet and dry weights were significantly different at %1 level compared to flood irrigation. Therefore, with regard to responsiveness of panicum water demand to subsurface irrigation using bio-composite water pipes, and considering the results of this research using subsurface irrigation by bio-composite water pipes, it is recommended to optimize water consumption for urban areas located in arid and semi-arid regions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Soil nitrate transport in subsurface drip irrigation with different lateral spacing under turfgrass culture using municipal wastewater
سید حسن طباطبائی سیدمحمد موسویThe main objective of this study was determination of the effects of water quality, installation depth and space of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) laterals on soil nitrate under turfgrass culture at the experimental farm of the Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. MoreThe main objective of this study was determination of the effects of water quality, installation depth and space of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) laterals on soil nitrate under turfgrass culture at the experimental farm of the Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. Split Split Plot was employed as the experimental design with experimental arrangement of completely randomized block design including 16 treatments and three replications. Treatments included two types of water quality: fresh water (W) and treated wastewater (WW), two installation spacing of SDI laterals (45 and 60 cm) and four depths of placement of SDI dripper (15, 20, 25 and 30 cm). Soil samples were collected from two layers (0-30 and 30-60 cm) and analyzed for No3- at the end of the experiment. The ANOVA results show that interaction of irrigation water quality × lateral spacing × installation depth of SDI laterals was significant on No3- concentration in the layers. The results indicated that irrigation with the wastewater as compared to fresh water causes higher No3- concentration. The No3- concentration in the first and second layers increased by increasing lateral spacing. Also in the first layer, by increasing of lateral depth No3- concentration decreased at first, then increased, whereas in the second layer with increasing lateral depth, decreased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Investigation of effective factors on water use efficiency of border irrigation at actual and extensible root zone depth of wheat in Hamidieh (Khuzestan)
Arash Tafteh محمدرضا امداد سعید غالبیThis study was conducted to investigate changing of border dimension and the root zone depth in Hamidieh Khuzestan on water application efficiency. Soil of site has heavy soil texture (Clay Loam) and investigation in three farms base of usual method of farmer and MoreThis study was conducted to investigate changing of border dimension and the root zone depth in Hamidieh Khuzestan on water application efficiency. Soil of site has heavy soil texture (Clay Loam) and investigation in three farms base of usual method of farmer and direct measurement to calibration of WIN-SRFR model in 2015 was applied. The effective depth of root development of wheat (Chamran verities) 100 days after planting date (Late February ,After flowering) about 40 cm and water application efficiency in border irrigation in farmer situation about 30% were determined. The simulation results by this model in condition of 40 cm root zone depth and 50 cm net depth of irrigation water show that with 18 lit/s discharge, 3-3.5 h cutoff time and border dimension with 180 m length and 10 m width, the possibility of increasing water application efficiency is up to 40% is provided. If root zone depth and net depth of irrigation water increase respectively 50cm and 70 mm (In condition of improving soil) can be water application efficiency increased to 50% in proposed condition that percent relative increase is about 33% more than farmer situation. So by applied convenient operation plowing and soil emendation and also correction of border dimension and irrigation management can be increase percent relative increase of water application efficiency up to 66 percent in comparison of farmer condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - The Effect of irrigation management on the available lead(Pb) in soil and accumulation in shoot of rice
امیر رحمانی سامانی Mahdi Ghobadinia عبدالرزاق دانش شهرکی سیدحسن طباطبایی محمدحسن صالحیLead (Pb) is an environmental pollutants and cause of serious effects on human health due to the properties of accumulation, toxic and long-lasting. In this study, different water level management, including flood irrigation, control water level in 20 and 36 cm below th MoreLead (Pb) is an environmental pollutants and cause of serious effects on human health due to the properties of accumulation, toxic and long-lasting. In this study, different water level management, including flood irrigation, control water level in 20 and 36 cm below the soil surface and intermittent irrigation in rice cultivation were studied on amount of available Pb in a soil and accumulation in shoot of rice plants. The experiment was performed under the completely randomized design and with three replications at Shahrekord University. The results showed that the effect of irrigation management on the amount of available Pb in soil and accumulation in shoot was significant (p<0.01). Moisture content in the root zone, have greater effect on uptake and translocation of this element in soil and plant parts. Use intermittent irrigation management (including flood irrigation and so stop, until decrease water table used by plant to 4cm under soil surface), water table control in 20cm under soil surface (50% irrigation) and water table control in 36cm under soil surface (10% irrigation) compared to flood irrigation, led to decrease 8.78%, 21.53% and 40.09% in the available Pb in soil respectively, and decrease 26.71%, 35.82% and 52.01% in the Pb uptake in the stems and leaves and 15.80%, 44.19% and 49.28% decrease in the Pb uptake in the seed respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Effect of soil surface water repellency on the evaporation rate from three soils with different textures
Shahram Shahmohammadi Kalalagh حسین بیرامیReducing irrigation losses due to surface evaporation by using water repellent soil surface can help in maintaining water in the current situation that our country is suffering from water deficit. In this research, the effect of creating a water-repellent layer on the s MoreReducing irrigation losses due to surface evaporation by using water repellent soil surface can help in maintaining water in the current situation that our country is suffering from water deficit. In this research, the effect of creating a water-repellent layer on the soil surface in the form of anti-evaporation mulch layer was evaluated on three soil textures (sandy loam, loam and clay loam). For this purpose, soils artificially hydrophobized by Stearic acid at four different concentrations and water drop penetration time method to obtain four different degrees of water repellency. And its effect on the rate of surface evaporation from the small lysimeters (with height and diameter 30 cm) located at the ground was investigated in the form of water-repellent layer with three-centimeter thickness. All experiments were conducted at a field in Marand area (latitude: 38° 25' 16.87'' N and longitude: 45° 47' 30.30'' E) in summer 2016. The experiments were performed in a completely randomized design with five treatments degree of water repellency and three replications. After analysis by SPSS and Duncan test (5% level), the average comparison carried out between evaporation in the different water repellency degrees for three soils. The results showed that the surface the water-repellent layer significantly decreased the amount of evaporation in the mentioned three soils. Also, the surface evaporation reduction rate was increased with increasing the water repellency degree. The maximum reduction of evaporation with increasing in the water repellency degree compared to the control treatment (zero degrees of water repellency) was 78.3 %, 42.2 % and 30.1 % in the sandy loam, loam and clay loam soil, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - The effect of geocomposite sheets on the wetting pattern in subsurface irrigation system
فاطمه Heshmati Mahdi Ghobadinia M.R Nouri S.H tabatabaeiClogging of emitters is one of the main problems in subsurface drip irrigation. The objective of this study was investigation of effect of Geocomposite on wetting pattern in subsurface irrigation system. This research was conducted in lysimeters located at Shahrekord Un MoreClogging of emitters is one of the main problems in subsurface drip irrigation. The objective of this study was investigation of effect of Geocomposite on wetting pattern in subsurface irrigation system. This research was conducted in lysimeters located at Shahrekord University research field. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 10 treatments and three replications of three factors. The first factor of experiment was geocomposite shape with the same area on two levels (shape square with dimensions (4 × 4) square centimeters and rectangular with dimensions (2 × 8) square centimeters), the second factor was combination of geocomposite material on two levels (two layers of geotextile on both sides of Geonet and The second level, a layer of geomembrane and a layer of geotextile on both sides of geonet), the third factor of placement in the soil at on two position (horizontal and vertical) and emitter with envelopment (in two position horizontal and vertical) were used as control. The ground wet and wet the maximum of soil depth profiles were measured. The results was showed that geocomposite of shape square with dimensions (4 × 4) square centimeters for a layer of geomembrane and a layer of geotextile on both sides and how to align horizontally in the soil wet ground level by lowering the 21.55 percent and increased 17.1 percent wet the soil deep profile compared to control (emitter with envelopment horizontally in the soil) is the most effective and best conditions on wetting profiles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Simulation of sugar beet growth under water stress using AquaCrop model
Zahra Saadati Masoomeh Delbari مهدی پناهی Ebrahim AmiriSimulation models that illustrate the effects of water on crop yield are useful tools to optimize water productivity and improve farm level water management. In this study, the performance of AquaCrop model to simulate canopy cover, biomass and yield of the sugar beet a MoreSimulation models that illustrate the effects of water on crop yield are useful tools to optimize water productivity and improve farm level water management. In this study, the performance of AquaCrop model to simulate canopy cover, biomass and yield of the sugar beet and soil water content under six irrigation treatments was evaluated. The irrigation treatments were consisted of full irrigation (T1) as control, removing last irrigation (T2), applying irrigation water at 10% greater than control (T3), applying irrigation water at 10 (T4), 20 (T5) and 30% (T6) less than control. The experiment was conducted at Aleshtar in Lorestan province during growing seasons of 2014 and 2015, using a randomized complete block design. The first and second year’s data were used for calibrating and validating of the model, respectively. Evaluation of the model was performed using the coefficient of residual mass, root mean square error, normalized root mean square error, index of agreement and coefficient of determination. According to the results, the normalized root mean square error in the canopy cover and soil water content simulations for calibration was 5.18 to 9.41 percent and 9.91 to 17.23 percent, respectively and for validation was 6.64 to 9.2 percent and 12.36 to 25.77 percent, respectively. Also, the normalized root mean square error in the yield and biomass simulations for calibration was 7.3 and 8.67 percent and for validation was 7.69 and 9.82 percent, respectively. The results indicated a good performance of the AquaCrop Model in simulating the canopy cover development, biomass and yield of sugar beet and soil water content under different irrigation managements. Therefore, the AquaCrop model can be used to explore management scenarios to improve the sugar beet water management over the study region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Evaluation of the different levels of water supply in pistachio gardens using SEBAL algorithm (The case study of Sirjan Plain)
Alireza Badiehneshin Masoud Parsinejad Hamideh NooryRegarding the development trend of pistachio gardens in many provinces and the severe shortage of water resources in these areas, the supply of water requirement of pistachio is not feasible. In order to optimize management in water shortage conditions, it is necessary MoreRegarding the development trend of pistachio gardens in many provinces and the severe shortage of water resources in these areas, the supply of water requirement of pistachio is not feasible. In order to optimize management in water shortage conditions, it is necessary to evaluate the different levels of water supply during pistachio growth stages. The purpose of this study is determine the water supply status at different stages of pistachio growth using satellite images and SEBAL algorithm in Sirjan Plain. The actual evapotranspiration of pistachios was estimated using the SEBAL algorithm and Landsat 8 images. The result of this model was validated with Landsat 7 images. This model could calculate actual evapotranspiration of pistachio the same as other research with 20% error (0.6 mm/day). The results showed that supply of water in the third stage of growth (at the peak consumption) due to increased pistachio water requirement, insufficient water supply led to 30% deficit irrigation in Sirjan plain. In order to better irrigation management, production can be increased by reducing irrigation in the second stage and increasing irrigation in the third stage. The rate of deficit irrigation in the Sirjan Plain was 17% and it was in the tolerable threshold for the pistachio. The results show that the pistachio tree is resistant to deficit irrigation (up to 26%) in low salinity levels. In high water salinity (4000 μmho / cm), the effect of deficit irrigation and salinity is combined and pistachio production is rapidly reduced due to deficit irrigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Evaluation of AquaCrop to simulate saffron (crocus sativus l.) yield under different water management scenarios and zeolite amounts
Niazali Ebrahimipak Mohsen Ahmadee Aslan Egdernezhad Abbas Khashei SuikiThis research was conducted to evaluate AquaCrop to simulate saffron (Crocus sativus L.) yield and biomas under water management and zeolite amounts using collected data during 2013-2015. Treatments consisted of irrigation (traditional: I1, deficit irrigation as 70% moi MoreThis research was conducted to evaluate AquaCrop to simulate saffron (Crocus sativus L.) yield and biomas under water management and zeolite amounts using collected data during 2013-2015. Treatments consisted of irrigation (traditional: I1, deficit irrigation as 70% moisture depletion: I2 and full irrigation: I3) and zeolite rates (0: Z0, 0.5: Z1, 1: Z2 and 2: Z3 as weight percentage) divided into two groups. The first group (consisted of 70% data) was used to calibrate and the second one (consisted of 30% data) was considered to validate the accuracy of AquaCrop. The highest differences between measured and simulated data was found in traditional irrigation. Mentioned differences in some treatments with zeolite decreased. Nevertheless, there was no significant relation between those results. RMSE, MBE and NRMSE values for saffron yield were 0.48 (kg.ha-1), -0.21 (kg.ha-1), 0.09, respectively. These values for biomass were 151.9 (kg.ha-1), 74.2 (kg.ha-1) and 0.13, respectively. The aforementioned results showed that AquaCrop had a good accuracy to simulate saffron yield and biomass. Efficiency of the model was found in an appropriate range so that values of EF for calibration and validation stages were 0.32 and 0.42 for saffron yield, respectively, and were 0.99 and 0.99 for saffron biomass, respectively. Regarding the results, AquaCrop had a sufficient precision to simulate saffron yield and biomass under different irrigation and zeolite amounts. As an accurate crop growth model, it is recommended to use this model for simulating saffron yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - The Effect of Zeolite and Geohumus on plant vegetative features (Nitraria schoberi) and Some Soil Properties in Desert Ecosystem
fatemeh zareian mohammad jafari SeyedAkbar Javadi Ali TaviliIran has a warm and dry climate and its annual rainfall is 250 millimeter.Therefore,in Iran with the low rainfalland its very unsuitable distribution, the effective use of modern technology to improve the use of water resources efficiency in limited water resources is v MoreIran has a warm and dry climate and its annual rainfall is 250 millimeter.Therefore,in Iran with the low rainfalland its very unsuitable distribution, the effective use of modern technology to improve the use of water resources efficiency in limited water resources is vital.One of these solutions to protect and store moisture is the use of super absorbent and soil reformer.In this research,the effect three levels of zeolite(0,10and15weight percent)and four levels of superabsorbent geohumus(0,100,150,250gr) and irrigation(normal irrigation,low irrigation)on the vegetative properties of Nitraria schoberi in seedling cultivation on the field, as well as the effect of these materials on some properties of soil were investigated. In order to evaluate the effect of each factors including irrigation, type and level of superabsorbent addition on the studied characteristics, the data were analysis using SPSS-22 software and the data were analyzed according to the analysis of variance table and the mean comparison of the treatments was doneby Duncan's comparison test. The results showed that the use of superabsorbent in this study had a significant positive effect on growth indices of seedlings includingheight, large diameter, small diameter and collar diameter of Nitraria schoberi seedlings in comparison with control sample.The highest amount of vegetative indices by normal irrigation was respectively(60.22cm,67.33cm,13.88cm,6mm)andThe lowest amount was associated to, low irrigation treatment (control).In addition, the use of superabsorbent had a positive effect on some properties of the soil. In other words, the addition of the superabsorbent to the soil reduced the Electrical Conductivity(1/39dS/m), reducing the Bulk Density(1/46g/cm³)of the soil Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Investigating the effect of subsurface irrigation system, sprinkler and superabsorbent polymers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of turf grass
Marziye Rashidi حسینعلی بهرامی حجت قربانی واقعیThe irrigation of turf grass is the major factor to water consumption in advanced urban area. Therefore, reduce water consumption using subsurface irrigation system could be a new strategy for optimization of water requirement. The purpose of this study was to investiga MoreThe irrigation of turf grass is the major factor to water consumption in advanced urban area. Therefore, reduce water consumption using subsurface irrigation system could be a new strategy for optimization of water requirement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of subsurface irrigation system, sprinkler and superabsorbent polymers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of turf grass. Experimental design was a split -plot with three replication in agriculture faculty of Tarbiat Modares university in 2014. During the experiment, some factors such as applied water volume, wet and dry weight of sprouts, sprouts length, color and length of roots were measured to express the differences between irrigation methods. The results showed that, without using superabsorbent polymer, subsurface irrigation could reduce 41% of water consumption compared to sprinkler irrigation. Meanwhile this reducing consumption was 51% using superabsorbent polymer treatment. Also, length of roots in buried porous clay capsules irrigation was significantly different at%5 level in comparison to sprinkler irrigation. The superabsorbent application had significant effect on increasing root growth but the other index, wet weight, length and color of Sprouts had no significant effect. According to the results of this research, application of buried using buried porous clay capsules is recommended in order to optimize water consumption for urban area located at arid and semi-arid regions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Effect of partial root-zone drying irrigation and plant density on yield and water productivity of forage corn
Hossein Sahradi Fayaz AghayariTo study the effect of different methods of partial root-zone drying irrigation and plant density on yield and water productivity of forage corn a field experiment was carried out in split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at MoreTo study the effect of different methods of partial root-zone drying irrigation and plant density on yield and water productivity of forage corn a field experiment was carried out in split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at soil and water research institute, Karaj, Iran in 2014-2015 growing year. Different irrigation methods in three levels: I1: conventional furrow irrigation, I2: intermittent alternate furrow irrigation, I3: the fixed alternate furrow irrigation that were located in the main plots and plant density in three levels: D1: 75000 plants per hectare, D2: density of 85,000 per hectare, D3: density of 95,000 plants per hectare that were located in the sub plots. Results showed that the highest water productivity of Grain yield was achieved in treatment of the intermittent alternate furrow irrigation which showed 21.6 % significant increase in comparison to conventional furrow irrigation. Generally, method of intermittent alternate partial irrigation was a significant advantage compared to other irrigation methods in order to increase water productivity. The highest water productivity for biological fresh yield (11.97 kg.m-3) and WP for biological dry yield (3.91 kg.m-3) was achieved in treatment of the intermittent alternate furrow irrigation and density of 85,000 plant per hectare that increased 27.2% and 31.2% as compared to control treatment, respectively. Thus, method of partial root-zone drying irrigation (intermittent alternate) and density of 85,000 plants per hectare to increase productivity of forage corn is suggested in Karaj area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Optimal nitrogen fertilizer consumption under sprinkler irrigation system in different seeding density and wheat cultivars in Karaj
Ghasem Zarei Hamidreza Salemi Hamidreza ُSharifiThe large area of wheat cultivation in Iran is located in arid and semi-arid regions and due to water shortage in end growing stage, there is competition between wheat and other crops for water allocation. In these conditions, using suitable seeding density and modern i MoreThe large area of wheat cultivation in Iran is located in arid and semi-arid regions and due to water shortage in end growing stage, there is competition between wheat and other crops for water allocation. In these conditions, using suitable seeding density and modern irrigation systems for yield increasing is important. Although Nitrogen is the most important element for quantity and quality of wheat, but over using of Nitrogen base fertilizers causes leaching, decreasing fertilizers use efficiency and groundwater contamination. This research was conducted during two years with Split Factorial Design experiment. The treatments of this experiment were: Three fertilizers application methods (conventional fertilizers application with full recommended amount, fertigation method with sprinkler irrigation and full recommended amount, and fertigation method with sprinkler irrigation and 70% nutrition recommended), three wheat variety (Pishtaz, Shiraz, and Bahar) and three plant density (300, 400, and 500 seed in each square meter). In this study the amount of water use, fertilizer requirement in case of fertigation, suitable density and variety of wheat under these conditions (sprinkler irrigation and fertigation) were determined and recommended for the region. Statictical test was used for identifying of data variation uniformity. Since the variation uniformity hypothises verified, the combine analysis of data was possible. Therefore, combine statistical analysis for two year were used. Maximum grin yield 6065, 5786 and 5943 kg/h were belonging to Pishtaz, fertigation method with sprinkler irrigation and full recommended amount and 400 seed density per square meter, respectively. Minimum grin yield 5517, 5708 and 5576 kg/h were belonging to Shiraz, fertigation method with sprinkler irrigation and 70% nutrition recommended fertigation and 500 seed density per square meter, respectively. Mean intraction effect comparison between fertigation methods, varieties and seed densities showed that maximum grin yield (6307 kg/h) was belonging to Pishtaz, fertigation method with sprinkler irrigation and full recommended amount fertigation and 400 seed density per square meter. However, minimum grin yield (5359 kg/h) was belonging to Shiraz, fertigation method with sprinkler irrigation and 70% nutrition recommended fertigation and 500 seed density per square meter. The most protein percentage were belonging to Shiraz variey, fertigation method with sprinkler irrigation and full recommended amount fertigation and 300 seed density per square meter. Also the leats protein percentage were belonging to Bahar variey, fertigation method with sprinkler irrigation and 70% nutrition recommended and 500 seed density per square meter. Maximum grin yield (5786 kg/h) and protein (20.8%) was belonging to fertigation method with sprinkler irrigation and full recommended amount, respectively. The amount of produced grin per appllied one kg Urea were 15.4, 15.5, and 22.8 kg in three fertilizer treatments, respectively. Therefore, the Nitrogen use efficiency in fertigation with 70% nutrition recommended (fertigation method with sprinkler irrigation and 70% nutrition recommended) was high. Results showed that the fertigation method with sprinkler irrigation and 70% nutrition recommended, Pishtaz variety and 400 seed density per square meter were suitable treatments in this experiment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Effect of mineral superabsorbent on some characteristics of soil and growth parameters of onion (Allium cepa) under limited irrigation
Elnaz Sabbagh Tazeh Nasrin Sadeghian Younes RameshkniaNowadays, using superabsorbent polymers such as pumice is one of practical approaches to increasing water storage in soil and increasing irrigation efficiency. To investigate the effects of pumice on chemical and physical characteristics of soil, growth parameters MoreNowadays, using superabsorbent polymers such as pumice is one of practical approaches to increasing water storage in soil and increasing irrigation efficiency. To investigate the effects of pumice on chemical and physical characteristics of soil, growth parameters and irrigation schedule of onion, an experiment in CRD design as factorial with three factors including: 1) soil type (with two raters: a) sandy loam and b) clay loam, 2) irrigation schedule (with two rates: a) 7 and b) 4 days) and 3) pumice (with four rates: 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 percentage by weight) and three replications was conducted. Results showed that increasing pumice rate could increase bulb dry matter, bulb diameter and bulb height. Pumice also could increase seales number in bulb, p and K concentration in plant and also available P and K concentration and CEC in soil. Pumice application in both soils, increased soil salinity, but in none of soils, soil EC was not more than 5 dS/m. Pumice application in both soils could decrease soil pH and compaction significantly. There was no significant difference between 5% and 7.5% of pumice rates, in bulb dry matter in sandy loam, height and diameter of bulb in clay loam, P and K concentration of onion and soil, CEC, compaction, salinity in sandy loam and drainage salinity. Between irrigation rates was no significant difference in none of properties, in treatments that received pumice. It can be concluded that using 5% pumice in soil, we can increase irrigation schedule of onion from 4 to 7 days. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Investigating the basil production functions under the conditions of simultaneous water stress and salinity
Mahshad Sadaat Farahbakhsh Mahdi Sarai Tabrizi Hossein BabazadehThe lack of water and soil resources and their salinity are important points in the agricultural sector. Investigating the interactions between salinity and irrigation on plant yields is important in order to improve soil management and water use in arid and semi-arid r MoreThe lack of water and soil resources and their salinity are important points in the agricultural sector. Investigating the interactions between salinity and irrigation on plant yields is important in order to improve soil management and water use in arid and semi-arid regions. The purpose of this study was to study and evaluate the production functions of Basilicum L. in Mazandaran mass cultivar under simultaneous stress conditions of water and salinity. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted on a hectare research site in the Dushantepheh research center of Tehran. In this study, we used microplate weight-drainage to determine the rate of evaporation-transpiration of basil plant. Factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four irrigation treatments including complete irrigation (FI), irrigation with 40 (DI40%), 60 (DI60%) and 80 (DI80%) water requirements of the plant and three subsoil treatments Irrigation water with a conductivity of 175/1 (S1), 3 (S2) and 5 dS / m (S3) for two consecutive years of 1395 and 1396 was carried out. The results showed that the basal plant yield reduction was 3.1 dS / m for irrigation water salinity and 10% for grazing line slope. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Simulation of growth and yield and evaluation of rice production productivity under irrigation management and planting date using Aquacrop model
Pooya Aalaee Bazkiaee Behnam Kamkar Ebrahim Amiri Hossein Kazemi Mojtaba Rezaei Soheil AkbarzadehIn order to evaluate the Aquacrop model and investigate the productivity of rice production under irrigation management and planting date, a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications was carried out on a local cultivar (H MoreIn order to evaluate the Aquacrop model and investigate the productivity of rice production under irrigation management and planting date, a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications was carried out on a local cultivar (Hashemi) in Rice Research Institute of Iran, in Rasht during 2016-2017. Irrigation interval was considered as the main factor in four levels including full flooding, 5, 10 and 15 days irrigation intervals, and transplanting date was assigned to subplots at three levels (April, 21st, May, 11th and May, 31st). Simulated and observed values of grain yield and biological yield were evaluated based on coefficient of determination, T-test, root mean square error (RMSE), Model efficiency (EF), mean bias error (MBE) and normalized root mean square error (RMSEn). The results showed that normalized root mean square error of the grain yield and biological yield were 9% and 5%, respectively. Based on the productivity and reduction in the yield of rice, flooding irrigation was the most efficient in April, 21th planting date. According to the correlation coefficient upper than 0.7 and Model efficiency upper than 0.6, the AquaCrop model had a good accuracy in simulating grain yield and biological yield, therefore AquaCrop model can be used to support the results of experiments under irrigation management conditions and different planting dates. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - The effect of rainbow trout ponds washing on wastewater quality and performance of central control for drip irrigation system
Arsalan Faryabi Eisa Maroufpoor Behzad Ghorbani Barzan Bahrami KamangarThe operation of fish ponds washing increases the risk of using these wastewater in drip irrigation by raising the amount of suspended solids and organic matter in the wastewater. In this paper, three drip irrigation treatments were performed. For each treatment, Netafi MoreThe operation of fish ponds washing increases the risk of using these wastewater in drip irrigation by raising the amount of suspended solids and organic matter in the wastewater. In this paper, three drip irrigation treatments were performed. For each treatment, Netafim and Microflapper emitters were used with 4, 8 and 12 l/h discharges. During a season, 42 irrigation events were conducted with conventional water (as control) and fish farming effluent (with depletion and without depletion of tubes). Several samples were collected from wastewater, in the usual mode and in washing the fish ponds, in three replicates. The physical, chemical and biological properties of all samples were measured and compared. The filtered materials by sand and grid filters of the control and wastewater systems were analyzed by Master Sizer device. The results showed that washing has a significant effect on the concentration of suspended solids (p < 1%) and the concentration of organic matter (p < 5%). But the effect of washing on the concentration of nitrate and the number of bacteria in the wastewater is small and negligible. The results also showed that the discharge of 8 L/h Microflopper emitters had a significant correlation (p < 1%) with pond washing in both effluent treatments, and the discharge rate of Microflapper emitters was more correlated with the washing operations compared to the Netafim emitters. The results also showed that the efficiency of grid filters are more than sand filters when fish farm effluent is using, and the presence of these filters is more necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Hydraulic analysis of sprinkler irrigation network using WaterGEMS software
Younes Shokrian-Fard Shahram Shahmohammadi KalalaghIn this research, sprinkler irrigation network of Sysan area located in Bostanabad city in Azarbayjan Province was analyzed using WaterGEMS software. This irrigation network based on the position of the main, sub-main and lateral pipes divided into three A, B, and C zon MoreIn this research, sprinkler irrigation network of Sysan area located in Bostanabad city in Azarbayjan Province was analyzed using WaterGEMS software. This irrigation network based on the position of the main, sub-main and lateral pipes divided into three A, B, and C zones and with regard to irrigation interval, the number of sets and sprinklers, 9 scenarios were defined. Hydraulic parameters (pressure and velocity) were analyzed in the nodes and the pipes before and after optimization with WaterGEMS, respectively. The hydraulic analysis indicated; based on the required pressure of the sprinkler operation (40 m-H2O) and the maximum supply pressure of the selective pump (70 m-H2O), there was no problem or limitation in supplying the network pressure. In the other words, the pressure aligned with standards. While according to permissible velocity in the sprinkler irrigation pipes, the critical velocities were observed in 4 scenarios in zone B and in 5 scenarios in zone C. By applying the necessary changes in the diameter of the pipes and provided that the pressure variations aligns with standards (less than 20%), the velocities were optimized and aligned with standards. Given that the hydraulic parameters were optimized by decreasing pipe diameter, the optimally designed system with WaterGEMS software led to a decrease of 7.3% in costs compared to the designed and implemented system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Estimation of infiltaration parameters and Manning roughness coefficient under continuous and cutback flows
Keyvan Zarakani Hadi Ramezani Etedali Peyman Daneshkar ArastehSurface irrigation is still main irrigation system in agricultural land, so it is necessary to finding a solution for improving these systems. Manning roughness coefficient and infiltration parameters are the most important parameters in evaluation of surface irrigation MoreSurface irrigation is still main irrigation system in agricultural land, so it is necessary to finding a solution for improving these systems. Manning roughness coefficient and infiltration parameters are the most important parameters in evaluation of surface irrigation systems. Infiltration parameters play an essential role in the evaluation and design of irrigation systems; therefore, it is necessary to estimate these coefficients, accurately The purpose of this study was to estimate infiltration parameters and manning roughness coefficient in continuous and cutback flows during the first three irrigation events using INFILT, SIPAR_ID and EVALUE models. The results showed that the average relative error percentage in the INFILT, SIPAR_ID and EVALUE models were 16.6, 5.2 and 11.2, respectively, and the maximum errors were 1.6, 0.7, and 1.1 m3, respectively. The SIPAR_ID model has less error than the other two models. These models also had higher accuracy in estimating infiltration in the border irrigation than furrow irrigation. The US Soil Conservation Service (SCS) also proposed a Manning roughness coefficient for fallow furrows in the first irrigation 0.04, which is very different from the estimated values of the SIPAR_ID model from 0.038 to 0.09. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Evaluation of CWSI for Three of Corn Cultivars under Drip Irrigation Regimes (The Lands of Khuzestan Northern)
پیمان لالوند ali heydar nasrolahi محمد Kh مهری سعیدی نیاThis study was conducted to evaluate the CWSI index in different cultivars of maize under drip irrigation Strategies at Safi Abad Agricultural Research Center, north of Khuzestan province. Irrigation management factors included T100 (100% water requirement), T75 (75% wa MoreThis study was conducted to evaluate the CWSI index in different cultivars of maize under drip irrigation Strategies at Safi Abad Agricultural Research Center, north of Khuzestan province. Irrigation management factors included T100 (100% water requirement), T75 (75% water requirement) and T50 (50% water requirement) were in main plots and maize hybrids including Single Cross 704 (SC), Mobin (M) and Karun (K) were subplots. High and low baseline relationships were estimated for all three cultivars with high accuracy (R2 <0.8) during the growing season. CWSI index varied from 0.01 to 0.46 for different treatments and at different growth stages. The results of statistical analysis showed that the difference of water stress index of maize was not significant between different cultivars but the effect of irrigation management on it was significant at 1% probability level. Accordingly, CWSI values of 0.17, 0.15, and 0.12 were estimated for corn growth and development, middle and end stages, respectively, to determine drip irrigation time using this index. In addition, the results showed that there was a high correlation between CWSI and maize yield and were derived the relationships to estimate yield by using this index. Based on these relationships, Caron hybrid had the highest sensitivityto water stress, with the coefficient or slope of grain and biological yield reduction against water stress were 21% and 47% respectively than were higher from other two cultivars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Model of optimal allocation of water and land to agricultural crops in deterministic and stochastic conditions
Ebrahim ,Valizadegan Asadollah Dindar SoohaAbstractTo deal with different water conditions, a model was developed to determine the optimal irrigation level and the optimal cropping area for major agricultural crops in lands of Moghan irrigation and drainage network in downstream of Aras Dam. In this model, in th MoreAbstractTo deal with different water conditions, a model was developed to determine the optimal irrigation level and the optimal cropping area for major agricultural crops in lands of Moghan irrigation and drainage network in downstream of Aras Dam. In this model, in the stochastic conditions, with considering the uncertainty of required water supply, decision variables (optimal irrigation levels and optimal planting area in certain time steps) are obtained using stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) method. Expected value of the maximum profit from planting crops is considered as the return function. Also in deterministic conditions, the model was run by considering 4 scenarios. The results show the superiority of cropping pattern and optimal irrigation levels (even in water deficiency conditions) in terms of all studied factors compared to the common cropping pattern (even without water deficiency) in the region. Minimum value for factor of the required water per hectare is related to scenario 2 (cropping of low water requirement crops with pressurized irrigation in deterministic conditions) which is equal to 5368.14 m3. This factor in scenarios 1, 3 and 4 is 9079.78; 13496.25and 9211.73 m3 respectively and in the common cropping pattern in the region is 10900m3. Maximum value for factor of profit per hectare is related to scenario 2, equal to 102 million Rials. The mentioned factor for scenarios 1, 3 and 4 are 96.5, 73 and 89.5 million Rials, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Estimation of water requirements of Robinia pseudoacania and Ailanthus altissima Mill For afforestation under different water stresses (Case study: Robat Karim town)
Mohammad Asgari Vahid Etemad Abdolmajid Liaghat Pedram Attarod Mohsen Javanmiri PourSince the creation of green space depends on the availability of water and dedicated water for irrigation of urban green space, green belts and afforestation in arid and semi-arid climates. Water availability has great value and should be used optimally with high effici MoreSince the creation of green space depends on the availability of water and dedicated water for irrigation of urban green space, green belts and afforestation in arid and semi-arid climates. Water availability has great value and should be used optimally with high efficiency. For this reason, in order to save water, planting species that need less water and at the same time have optimal growth efficiency has always been as an executive policy. The aim of current study is to estimate the water requirement of tree species in the field and greenhouse under different water stresses in Robat Karim town of Tehran province. This research has been done in both space of greenhouse and field by saplings of Robinia pseudoacania and Ailanthus altissima Mill and it was done in a completely random design in the field and greenhouse. This research has two stages and each stage consists of several phases. In the first stage, respectively soil field capacity, determining of MAD, determining water requirement of saplings through evapotranspiration were examined and in fact, by determining the water requirement of saplings, the irrigation cycle was determined. In the second stage, the studied saplings were subjected to water stresses 2, 4 and 6 days after reaching MAD and at each period, the physical characteristics data of the saplings were collected. Generally, the results of this study have shown that Robinia pseudoacania has a higher water requirement and more irrigation cycles in the field and greenhouse than Ailanthus altissima Mill. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Study of salinity distribution in cultivated soil profile under drip irrigation
leila mirzaeialamuti Bijan Nazari Abbas Sotoodehnia Hadi Ramezani EtedaliConservation of soil and water resources in arid and semi-arid countries is a serious concern for salinity. The present study was carried out in a completely randomized block design to investigate soil salt accumulation in tape irrigation. Treatments included: “su MoreConservation of soil and water resources in arid and semi-arid countries is a serious concern for salinity. The present study was carried out in a completely randomized block design to investigate soil salt accumulation in tape irrigation. Treatments included: “surface plaque tape”, “semi-subsurface plaque tape in 10 cm depth of soil”, “surface tape”, “semi-subsurface tape in 10 cm depth of soil” and “surface tape with mulch”. Salinity of irrigation water was 2 dS/m with Forage Maize cultivation. The results of salinity analysis indicate that salt distribution in 15-20 cm depth soil and in 10-15 cm space from dripper had highest value. Also in confidence level of 95 %, in all of treatment in 0, 15 and 30 cm space of dripper and 0-20 cm depth of soil level there were different in salt but in another depth (20-40 and 40-60 cm) there weren’t any different also, in use of drip tape irrigation system in soil texture silt-loam discrete kind of tape and location of installation, mainly salt distribution happen between 0-15 cm space of dripper and 0-20 cm depth of soil level and we have to do leaching. In this research, surface tape with mulch treatment had the highest yield and lowest water use between studied treatments. This treatment reduced the amount of salt accumulation by 10.39% on average compared to other treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Effect of Irrigation Management on Yield and Yield Components of Different Rice Genotypes (Case Study: Amol)
Mojtaba Zabihpour Roushan ali bagheri Reza Asadi Davod Akbari Nodehi Fazl Shirdel ShahmiriBackground and Aim: At this day and age continuous flood irrigation during the crop growth period in the paddy fields of northern Iran has caused high water consumption (WC). Due to the lack of water resources in Iran, proper irrigation management is necessary to reduce MoreBackground and Aim: At this day and age continuous flood irrigation during the crop growth period in the paddy fields of northern Iran has caused high water consumption (WC). Due to the lack of water resources in Iran, proper irrigation management is necessary to reduce WC in different rice cultivars. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of irrigation management on yield and yield components of four rice genotypes.Method: The experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three iterations at the research farm of the Iranian Rice Research Institute, Mazandaran Deputy (Amol). In this experiment, rice genotypes at four levels (G1: Toloo, G2: Tarom, G3: Tisa and G4: Shiroudi) as main factor and irrigation at six levels (I1: continuous flooding (CF) from transplanting to 20 days after 50% flowering and then cutting irrigation, I2: CF from transplanting to 15 days after 50% flowering and then cutting irrigation, I3: CF from transplanting to 10 days after 50% flowering and then cutting irrigation, I4: CF from transplanting to 5 days after 50% flowering and then cutting irrigation, I5: CF from transplanting to flowering stage and then cutting irrigation and I6: Intermittent irrigation from transplanting to 10 days before harvest and then cutting irrigation) were considered as sub-factors. At physiological maturity, the yield and yield components such as plant height, panicle length, total number of tillers per hill, number of filled grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight were measured.Results: The results showed that the highest and lowest grain yield were 6765 and 4255 kg.ha-1 from Toloo and Tarom cultivars, respectively. Application of I1 resulted in maximum grain yield (6291.8 kg.ha-1), while with the application of I5, yield decreased by 17.4%. Application of I6 while producing optimal grain yield (5911 kg.ha-1), can have a good ability to reduce WC in paddy fields, so it was selected as the best irrigation management option in case of water shortage for irrigation.Conclusion: According to the results, intermittent irrigation from transplanting to 10 days before harvest and then cutting irrigation in rice plant in the study area will have acceptable yield in water deficit conditions and to achieve maximum yield, Toloo cultivar as a suitable genotype is suggested. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Determining the Amount of Water Use and Evapotranspiration of Bean Using Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes Methods under the Conditions of Drip and Furrow Irrigation
Ali Abdzad Gohari Fatemeh Keykhaei Niazali EbrahimipakBackground and Aim: Due to the limitation of water resources, proper use of water is necessary, and the use of appropriate irrigation methods in fields is an appropriate strategies to use water. Water stress can affect crop yield in the field. Therefore, the correct met MoreBackground and Aim: Due to the limitation of water resources, proper use of water is necessary, and the use of appropriate irrigation methods in fields is an appropriate strategies to use water. Water stress can affect crop yield in the field. Therefore, the correct method of irrigation and management of water consumption is one of the basic issues in farms. The deficit irrigation strategy with the water requirement supply approach can be considered as a practical and efficient technique to ensure more crop yield, without compromising the physiological processes and yield. Therefore, the scope of this research is to estimate the amount of water consumed and the amount of evapotranspiration of the bean plant with the aim of evaluating the field conditions and comparing it with Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods. Method: The present study aims to determine the amount of water use and evapotranspiration of bean using Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods and based on the inverse solution of the yield production function in Markazi Province and at the Khomin Bean National Research Station at an altitude of 1930 meters above sea level with a length of 49 degrees and 57 minutes of latitude and 33 degrees and 39 minutes of latitude were implemented in 2016 and 2017. In this experiment, the irrigation treatment including furrow and drip-tape as the main factor and, the values of water requirement including 100, 75 and 55% of water requirement as a sub-factor and in the form of split plots in the form of randomized complete blocks design were done in three replications. Cultivated variety was of native type and its planting time was on the 10th and 9th of June respectively in the first and second year. Drip irrigation tapes were placed on the stacks and irrigation was carried out in the same way until the seedling was fully established in the stage of emergence of the third three leaves. Results: The highest seed yield with an average of 2683 kg/ha was obtained in the furrow irrigation method and by providing 100% of the water requirement. In evaluating evapotranspiration, the root mean square error (RMSE) in Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods were 0.160, 117.8 and 0.185 mm respectively and the root mean square normal error (RMSEn) were 0.448, 0.330 and 0.518 percent respectively. The index of agreement or compatibility (d) in Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods were 0.295, 0.600 and 0.081% respectively. In the investigation of irrigation water amounts, the root mean square error (RMSE) in Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods was 156.7, 117.5, and 181.3 mm, respectively, and the root mean square normal error (RMSEn) was 0.446, 0.335 and 0.516 percent respectively. The index of agreement or compatibility (d) in Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods were 0.324, 0.602 and 0.118% respectively. Conclusion: In general and according to the statistical results, Tafteh, Pasquale and Raes methods had an acceptable estimate of the amount of irrigation water and the amount of evapotranspiration in the furrow and drip conditions under different amounts of water requirement. Therefore, they can be used as appropriate tool in the estimation of water use in the studied area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Study the Long-Term Effects of Industrial and Agricultural Uses on the Fluctuations of the Groundwater Level of Shazand Plain
Siamak Amiri Ahmad Rajabi Saeid Shabanlou Fariborz Yosefvand Mohammad ali IzadbakhshBackground and Aim: Nowadays, by increasing the water demand in different sectors, the withdrawal amount from groundwater resources is increasing leading to more drawdown of Markazi province aquifers. One of the most suitable methods for the optimal management of ground MoreBackground and Aim: Nowadays, by increasing the water demand in different sectors, the withdrawal amount from groundwater resources is increasing leading to more drawdown of Markazi province aquifers. One of the most suitable methods for the optimal management of groundwater resources is the analysis of the behavior of aquifers in various conditions using mathematical models. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of withdrawal for agricultural and industrial consumptions on the groundwater level of the Shazand plain located in Markazi Province and the impact of a 20% increase in irrigation efficiency of farms in the case of the development of under pressure and low-consumption systems using the GMS numerical model. Method: First, the conceptual and numerical model of the Shazand aquifer was executed in the GMS software and calibrated in the steady state. Then, the model was recalibrated in a transient state for the statistical period from October 2015 to September 2019. To examine the reactions of the model to the changes of important and effective parameters, the sensitivity analysis of the model was performed and the model was verified for the statistical period of October 2019 to September 2021. Then, the changes in the groundwater level in the aquifer under two reference management scenarios and increasing irrigation efficiency were investigated and compared. In the reference scenario assuming the continuation of the current conditions and in the efficiency increase scenario assuming a 20% increase in irrigation efficiency, the simulation of changes in the groundwater level in the entire Shazand plain for the upcoming 20 years from October 2021 to September 2041 was carried out. Results: Based on the obtained results, the RMSE error value related to the steady state recalibration is about 0.7 meters and the average RMSE error value in the transient state in all months of simulation in two recalibration and validation periods is less than 0.6 meters, which shows the high accuracy of the model in simulating the groundwater level in the whole plain. The sensitivity analysis showed that the changes in specific yield and hydraulic conductivity parameters have the greatest effect on the fluctuations of groundwater in the whole plain. The results showed that in the reference scenario, the drop in the groundwater level at the end of the 20-year operation period is 3.95 meters. In the scenario of a 20% increase in efficiency, with the reduction of extraction from wells due to the increase in irrigation efficiency, the amount of drop will reach 2.76 meters, in which case the amount of drop will be mitigated by 1.2 meters. Conclusion: According to the results, the highest drop in the groundwater level in both reference and increase in efficiency scenarios in the central areas of the plain is 9.2 and 6.9 meters, respectively, and the lowest drop in the western areas of the plain is 1 and 0.5 meters, respectively. Considering that the agricultural sector has the greatest impact on the level drop in the aquifer in the central areas of the plain, it is better to focus management plans to control withdrawal from the aquifer, such as increasing efficiency or modifying the cultivation pattern, on this sector. In case of the implementation of systems under pressure and increasing efficiency in the plain, the amount of drawdown in the region will be mitigated to some extent, but the problem will not be solved and it is necessary to implement supplementary programs to cultivate high consumption plants instead of high consumption crops and in the industry sector instead of extracting groundwater, treated municipal wastewater should be used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Effect of longitudinal furrow slope on nitrate distribution in surface fertigation
Parivash Raeisiyanfard Dashtaki Sayed Hassan Tabatabaei Mohammad Reza Nouri Emamzadei Ali Reza Hossein PurNon-uniform distribution which occurs during manual fertilizing is one of the biggest problems of surface irrigation. This issue needs more research in the field of surface fertigation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the roles of slope and fertigation timing in fu MoreNon-uniform distribution which occurs during manual fertilizing is one of the biggest problems of surface irrigation. This issue needs more research in the field of surface fertigation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the roles of slope and fertigation timing in furrow irrigation. Urea fertilizer was used and nitrate was selected to be the reagent ingredient in order to study the distribution of fertilizer. The research was conducted in agricultural research field of Shahrekord University. A completely randomized block design was employed with four treatments and three replications. The treatments were Control treatment (natural slope, fulltime fertigation) and three periods of fertigation that were first half, second half and fulltime fertigation. Slope changes, fertigation duration, soil depth of the sampling and distance from the furrow beginnings effects were studied on nitrate distribution in the soil. The LSD test was used for statistical analysis. The results demonstrated that slope had a very significant effect on nitrate distribution and storage in the soil (P<0.01). Also, Changes in fertigation timing and duration caused variation in nitrate distribution and the second half fertigation treatment had the highest nitrate distribution uniformity and absorption of 1653.53 mg/kg. Studying simultaneous effects of fertigation timing, soil depth and distance form beginnings of the furrows exhibited that they had no significant impact on each other. Finally, slope and fertigation timing were reported to be the effective factors in the nitrate storage and distribution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Evaluation of efficiency of long-term weather data in trickle and sprinkler irrigation management
Samia Amiri Mahdi Gheysari Bita MovavejalahkamiProper estimation of crop water requirement is very important for water resource conservation in Iran. However, in most studies in Iran, the estimation of evapotranspiration is based on long-term weather data. However, use of simultaneous weather data of a non-agricultu MoreProper estimation of crop water requirement is very important for water resource conservation in Iran. However, in most studies in Iran, the estimation of evapotranspiration is based on long-term weather data. However, use of simultaneous weather data of a non-agricultural weather station may underestimate or overestimate the crop water requirement. Therefore, it is essential for irrigation specialist to be aware of the error of evapotranspiration calculated by long-term weather data. The objective of this study was to evaluate accuracy of evapotranspiration of reference crop using long-term weather data in comparison with simultaneous weather data in drip and sprinkler irrigation. The period was designated to be from 1995 to 2009 in Isfahan weather station, Kabootarabad weather station and Shahid Beheshti airport weather station. The maximum value of n-RMSE using long-term weather data in comparison to simultaneous weather data were 24% for trickle irrigation and 18% for sprinkler irrigation management, 22% in spring, 20% in summer, 44% in fall and 56% in winter. According to results of this study, the application of long-term weather data in deficit irrigation management is not recommended. On the other hand, due to sensitivity of trickle irrigation to water stress, the application of long-term weather data for estimating of evapotranspiration in irrigation scheduling is not recommended. Finally, application of automatic weather stations and simultaneous weather data for accurate irrigation management particularly in deficitirrigation management in critical situation of water shortage is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Effect of deficit irrigation and water salinity on soil salinity distribution and date plants vegetative growth
Majid Alihouri Abd Ali Naseri Saeed Boroomand-Nasab Alireza KianiDeficit irrigation and suitable usage of saline water resources is such as optimization ways in water consumption and increasing water productivity. This experiment was carried out in factorial method based on randomized complete design with three replications for inves MoreDeficit irrigation and suitable usage of saline water resources is such as optimization ways in water consumption and increasing water productivity. This experiment was carried out in factorial method based on randomized complete design with three replications for investigation of deficit irrigation and water salinity effects on Barhee date palm juvenile plants vegetative growth. The treatments were three irrigation depths of 100%, 85% and 70% water requirement and three irrigation water salinities of 2.3, 8 and 12 dS/m. The plant water requirement was determined based on soil moisture deficiency. Soil salinity was measured with sampling from soil different depths. The results showed soil salinity had a direct and significant connection with irrigation water salinity. The soil salinity in irrigation water salinity of 12 dS/m was 1.73–1.84 times greater than water salinity of 2.3 dS/m. The soil salinity was reduced with increasing soil depth. The irrigation depth had significant effect on leaf number, leaf length and leaflet number, while irrigation water salinity had significant effect on leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, leaflet number and truck perimeter. Interaction of irrigation depth and irrigation water salinity had significantly effects on all vegetative characteristics except leaf chlorophyll and leaflet width. Increasing growth characteristics of I1S1 treatment were 1.3-3.6 times greater than I3S3 treatment. The highest Barhee date palm juvenile plants vegetative growth obtained from I1S1 treatment that was on significant with I2S1 treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Accuracy assessment of volume balance model solution methods in estimation of advance phase of furrow irrigation
Sonia Zebardast Hamed Riahi Farsani Sayyed Hasan TabatabaeiNowadays optimal management and conservation of water and soil resources seems to be more essential than ever before. The issue of surface irrigation systems as a major consumer of water in the country is very important. Accurate prediction of the advance phase is impor MoreNowadays optimal management and conservation of water and soil resources seems to be more essential than ever before. The issue of surface irrigation systems as a major consumer of water in the country is very important. Accurate prediction of the advance phase is important for the design and evaluation of these systems. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of solving methods of Volume Balance Model (VBM) in the estimation of the water advance of furrow irrigation. In this study, Michel, Philip, Power functions and Return functions solving methods were used and also new models were proposed. For each method, a computer program was written in Matlab and to measure the precision of solving Methods mentioned above, gathered data of seven fields in two-time irrigation (A: water-soil and B:middle growth) in Chaharmahal and Bakhtyari province were used. The statistics of solving methods mentioned were obtained by use of root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient residual mass (CRM) and model efficiency factor (EF). The results showed that Michel method has a lower RMSE (27.6 and 57.6 meters values for two-time irrigation respectively) and CRM (0.06 value) and the higher EF (-1.07 value) than the other solving methods of volume balance model. Other methods have close results for RMSE (33.3 and 61.4 meters values for two-time irrigation), CRM (0.21 value) and EF (-2.65 value). As a result, the best method to solve VBM is Michel's method. Accurate determination of infiltration coefficients and selection of infiltration equation are effective factors for model accuracy. Therefore, considering subsurface shape factor effect, the best suggestion for this coefficient is Kiefer equation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Simulating water and soluble salts in deficit irrigation for some crops
Shabnam Alinejad Feridon KavehOne of the most efficient strategies for optimal use of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions is the so-called deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation by reducing number of irrigation or lowering volume of applied water in each irrigation may cause rela MoreOne of the most efficient strategies for optimal use of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions is the so-called deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation by reducing number of irrigation or lowering volume of applied water in each irrigation may cause relative yield reduction per unit of farm. This may also cause salt stress in addition to water stress. In arid and semi-arid regions, this may reduce soluble salt leaching from the root zone, especial when growing salt sensitive crops, which causes further yield reduction. It is understood that in these regions leaching salts by providing adequate drainage is the normal practice to cope with water and salinity stresses. In this research using steady state calculation and management salt balance model (SaltMod), the effect of deficit irrigation was studied for four salt tolerant and salt sensitive crops in a long period (20 years) to find out the effect of salt and water stresses on yield of these crops. The salt tolerant crops were wheat and sugar-beet, and salt sensitive crops were corn and sugarcane which are important cultivated crops in Khuzistan province of Iran. Long time changes in soil profile and drainage water was also calculated and simulated. The results of this study showed that in a representative soil of arid-region (central Khuzistan area) with very high salt content upon installing drainage system and required leaching to bring root zone salinity to normal range (ECe < 4 dS/m), there is a good chance to continue wheat and sugar-beet cultivation with normal deficit irrigation (around 20 percent) for a long time. However it was not possible to use normal deficit irrigation for maize and sugarcane for more than a few years without complete crop loss. Increasing salinity of root zone showed the above process very clearly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Simulating wetting front in drip irrigation using HYDRUS-2D
Neda Khanmohamadi Sina BesharatQuantitative perception of soil hydraulic behavior has important impact on optimal soil and water resources conservation. Understanding of this behavior in drip irrigation system is a real task for researchers. The geometry of moisture pattern created by trickles in soi MoreQuantitative perception of soil hydraulic behavior has important impact on optimal soil and water resources conservation. Understanding of this behavior in drip irrigation system is a real task for researchers. The geometry of moisture pattern created by trickles in soil is one of the important criterions in drip irrigation system. Several important parameters such as soil hydraulic functions, drip discharge and irrigation time directly influence the dimensions of created wetting front. The objective of this study was to determine the wetting front dimensions created by point sources. For examining HYDRUS-2D software capability, a T-tape drip irrigation method with 2.388 cm/hr discharge and maximum depth of 70 cm was conducted in the Urmia University experimental field. At the end of irrigation experiment, the water distribution condition in soil was determined by gravimetric soil sampling method. When performance of simulation model confirmed to be accurate enough for simulation purposes, six different discharges with trickle function of maximum 30 h, was conducted by the software. Some simple relationships were obtained by using Buckingham π theorem. These equations determinate the depth and maximum diameter of soil by using soil hydraulic conductivity, drip discharge and irrigation time. The obtained correlation coefficients (0.993 and 0.970) and mean absolute error values (1.177 and 1.706) for determining the depth and maximum diameter of soil confirmed the capability of these semi empirical equations for calculating moisture pattern geometry dimensions. Consequently, these derived equations can be used for design and optimal management of drip irrigation system in the studied conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - The effects of lateral flushing on clogging of PCJ and Uniram drippers in terms of using treated wastewater
Azime Asgari Mahdi Gheysari Fateme SafarianNowadays, the use of wastewater in irrigation of agricultural crops for the protection of water resources and eliminating the water crisis and shortages and also to reduce environmental hazards caused by increased production of wastewater has increased. Drip irrigation MoreNowadays, the use of wastewater in irrigation of agricultural crops for the protection of water resources and eliminating the water crisis and shortages and also to reduce environmental hazards caused by increased production of wastewater has increased. Drip irrigation system is the best method for using wastewater; however, emitter clogging is the biggest problem with drip irrigation systems. Lateral flushing is one of the appropriate tasks for control of emitter clogging. The objective of this study was to investigate the amount of clogging of PCJ (2 L/h), PCJ (4 L/h), and UniRam (3.5 L/h) emitters in terms of use of treated wastewater and also to determine the effects of lateral flushing on reducing or eliminating emitter clogging. For this purpose, the changes of relative discharge rate, emission uniformity, Christiansen’s uniformity coefficient and the statistical uniformity coefficient of studied emitters for use of treated wastewater and lateral flushing, during the 504 hours of irrigation, were investigated. The results showed that the amount of emitter clogging of studied emitters in terms of use of treated wastewater was not considerable. Generally, PCJ (2 L/h), PCJ (4 L/h), and UniRam (3.5 L/h) emitters respectively with 6.4, 0.9 and 0.5 percent of flow reduction were more sensitive to clogging. Lateral flushing reduced emitter clogging. Additionally, the performance of studied emitters in the indices of relative discharge rate, emission uniformity, Christiansen’s uniformity coefficient and statistical uniformity coefficient during the test was in the range of good to very good. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Drip Discharge Selection Based on Moisture Distribution Analysis
Abolfazl Nasseri Hossein Babazadeh Saeed NakhjevaniMoisture distribution in soil is one of the most important principals in drip irrigation designs. The moisture distribution analysis was applied to select drip discharge. This is usually performed based on engineering skills. The objectives of this study were MoreMoisture distribution in soil is one of the most important principals in drip irrigation designs. The moisture distribution analysis was applied to select drip discharge. This is usually performed based on engineering skills. The objectives of this study were to model and analyze moisture distribution and to introduce a discharge selection procedure. Consequently, an experiment was carried out in which the drip system was selected to be point source including discharges of 2 to 8 lhr-1. The wetted patterns from drips were measured and analyzed for onion, potato and tomato. The obtained results showed that the most suitable discharges to irrigate onion, potato and tomato were 2 lhr-1 (with one day interval, 6 hr application time), 2 (with one day interval, 7 hr application time) and 8 lhr-1(with 3 day interval, 2 hr application time), respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Economic productivity analysis of water and nitrogen fertilizer for tea production with sprinkler irrigation system
Kourosh Majd Salimi Ebrahim AmiriConservation of soil and water resourcesis the most importantce factor in protection of ecosystem and agricultural product. Due to limited soil and water resources, methods that can optimize the use of water and fertilizer in tea farms are very important. In this study, MoreConservation of soil and water resourcesis the most importantce factor in protection of ecosystem and agricultural product. Due to limited soil and water resources, methods that can optimize the use of water and fertilizer in tea farms are very important. In this study, to analyze theeconomic productivity of water and nitrogen fertilizer in supplemental irrigation in tea farms, split plot experiment, with six levels of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 kg N ha-1 (N0 to N5) and five irrigation levels consisting of full irrigation (I4), deficit irrigation (I1, I2, I3) and no-irrigation (I0) in four replicates (2008-2010) were conducted. The Results indicated that the highest economic productivity of water and nitrogen fertilizer is obtained with supplemental sprinkler irrigation (3424 m3) and 200 kg N ha-1 application. Increase or decrease in the amount of nitrogen recommended in full irrigated, reduce economic productivity of water and fertilizer. The best economic productivity of water and fertilizer in deficit irrigation was obtained with application of 200 and 100 kg N ha-1, respectively. In rainfed or no irrigation condition, application of 100 kg N ha-1 can be recommended to achieve maximum economic productivity in tea farms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Calibration of CERES-Barley model using inverse modeling method under deficit irrigation conditions
Behnam Ababaei Mahdi Sarai Tabrizi Bahman Farhadi Bansouleh Teymour Sohrabi Farhad MirzaeiCrop simulation models are used for understanding plants response to the change of surrounding environment and to evaluate crop physiological and morphological characteristics to enhance crop production and to contribute to the efficient use of water and soil resources. MoreCrop simulation models are used for understanding plants response to the change of surrounding environment and to evaluate crop physiological and morphological characteristics to enhance crop production and to contribute to the efficient use of water and soil resources. Yet, the evaluation of these models is a prerequisite for their use in assessing different management strategies. In this study, CERES-Barley from DSSAT software package (version 4) was calibrated by using inverse modeling method and PEST model. This study was conducted with 11 experimental treatments each with three replicates in the form of complete randomized block design. The irrigated treatments were consisted of 100 (T100), 90 (T90), 80 (T80), 70 (T70), 60 (T60), 50 (T50), 40 (T40), 30 (T30), 20 (T20), and 10 (T10) percent of crop water requirement. The rainfed treatment was consisted of one irrigation at planting (November 1st) and the other at first spring (April 8th) before introducing water stress. The results indicated that the model could reasonably well simulate these amounts up to T50 with acceptable accuracy. The calculated SRMSE statistics between T50 and T100 treatments for the simulated grain yield, straw yield, and total crop yield was 5.5, 10.9, and 3.6 percent, respectively. The corresponding R2 values were obtained to be 95, 69, and 93 percent, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Estimation of Production Function and Water Use Efficiency on Eggplant in Drip Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilizer
Ali Abdzad Gohari Ebrahim Amiri Amin AlizadehAccess to irrigation scheduling and water and nitrogen management effects on growth of eggplant, because it When can increase the yield of the proper management of water and fertilizer is needed. The present study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of reducin MoreAccess to irrigation scheduling and water and nitrogen management effects on growth of eggplant, because it When can increase the yield of the proper management of water and fertilizer is needed. The present study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of reducing water consumption at eggplant plants using drip irrigation tape (Tape) and Appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer and its effect on crop yield and the production function and Crop coefficient (Kc) and Crop drought resistance factor (Ky), in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the city of Astaneh Ashrafiyeh in 2010 crop year. Main plots consisted of non-irrigated (dryland) and drip irrigation management, 60, 80 and 100% of crop water requirement and two minor amounts of nitrogen including zero, 90, 120 and 150 kg.N.ha-1 were applied. The results showed that Drip irrigation at 100% of crop water management with the application of 120 kg.N.ha-1 produced maximum yield was with 51.9 ton.ha-1. WUE values varied in the range of 4.20 to 11.42 kg/m3 in relation to nitrogen management and irrigation had a greater effect on yield. Crop coefficient obtained during the growing season varies for Eggplant was between 0.8 to 0.9 while resistance factor was Ky =1.06. The results showed that there were significant differences in plant height and length of the roots in irrigation management, and content management across the product nitrogen. But yield, number of leaves, length and width of the product and water use efficiency of eggplant were affected by the amount of irrigation water and fertilizer and their interactions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Simulating soybean irrigation scheduling using BUDGET model
Mahdi Sarai TabriziPrecise prediction and scheduling of plant irrigation water can increase water use efficiency while preventing possible periodical stress. In this study, the performance of BUDGET model in irrigation scheduling was assessed and compared with real data unde MorePrecise prediction and scheduling of plant irrigation water can increase water use efficiency while preventing possible periodical stress. In this study, the performance of BUDGET model in irrigation scheduling was assessed and compared with real data under soybean deficit irrigation water management under two consecutive years 2008 and 2009. The experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete blocks design in four furrow irrigation treatments each with three replicates. The treatments include full irrigation, (control), conventional deficit irrigation at 50% and 75% of the soil moisture deficit compensation, and partial root drying treatment at 50% of the soil moisture deficit compensation. The results indicated that the performance modeling indices of RMSE and CRM in 2008 were 3.91 and -0.18 and in 2009 were 4.76 and -0.11, respectively. The obtained EF index was 0.69 and 0.78 in 2008 and 2009, respectively, indicating that the model performed acceptable predictions of crop yield. The overall results revealed that the use of BUDGET model by adjusting crop coefficients in different growth stages, soil and plant characteristics can provide more acceptable outputs. Further, the sensitivity analysis indicated that BUDGET model is less sensitive to irrigation water depth and initial soil water content in the full irrigation treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Impact of weekly flushing on hydraulic performance of emitters when using treated wastewater
Mehrnaz Zardari Parviz FathiLimitation of water resources in countries that are located in arid and semi-arid areas, urbanization development and population growth and pressure on conventional water resources, besides the difficulties and sanitation costs, caused more attention towards using waste MoreLimitation of water resources in countries that are located in arid and semi-arid areas, urbanization development and population growth and pressure on conventional water resources, besides the difficulties and sanitation costs, caused more attention towards using wastewater in agriculture. Several investigations have shown that among different irrigation methods, drip irrigation has the best compatibility with wastewater applications. However, emitters clogging is the most important disadvantages of wastewater application in drip irrigation. To investigate the effect of weekly flushing on performance of emitters when using treated wastewater, a physical model of drip irrigation system was designed and constructed. Consequently, four prevalent types of emitters including Microflapper, Netafim, Emitting pipe and Antelco were selected and used. The results showed that flushing management treatment cause to increase the discharge rate, distribution uniformity, absolute distribution and Christiansen uniformity coefficient and to reduce the coefficient of variation of all the emitters when treated wastewater was applied. However, this increasing was depended on the type of emitters, such that the largest impact was obtained on Antelco emitter. The result further showed that Netafim and Microflapper dripper, with 8.5 and 27.8 percents, respectively, have the minimum and maximum discharge reductions when treated wastewater was used. Netafim dripper had high performance when flushing management practice was applied and it proven to have better performance than other emitters for long time period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Assessing Darreh-rood river water quality for irrigation using sustainable conservation approach and CCME-WQI model
Azim Ashayeri Abdolreza Karbasi Akbar BaghvandWater quality management is a key element for maintenance of sustainable irrigation systems. Index-based appraisal of water quality can be used to demonstrate progress towards the targets, by plotting trends in the temporal and spatial variations of water quality. This MoreWater quality management is a key element for maintenance of sustainable irrigation systems. Index-based appraisal of water quality can be used to demonstrate progress towards the targets, by plotting trends in the temporal and spatial variations of water quality. This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of Darreh-rood river located in Moghan region (NW-Iran) for irrigation purpose, using CCME-WQI model. Consequently, four sampling points were selected to collect the river-water samples on a half-yearly frequency sampling related to low and high flow basis (2 times year). Water samples were analyzed for 30 parameters including basic physicochemical, nutrients, biological and heavy metals. Afterwards, levels targeted by researchers along with measured parameters, were included in the model. Three factors including F1 (scope), F2 (frequency) and F3 (amplitude) were determined and normalized. Results showed that the suitability of river water quality for irrigation purpose is in class B (categories: Good and Good/Fair), during low-flow and high-flow periods, respectively. In conclusion, the consequences of this model as a diagnostic tool, necessitates to be considered the best management practices (about 12 to 18 percent BMPs) for conserving and improving the river-water quality and to develop future sustainable mitigation plans. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Laboratorial evaluating of physical anti-clogging performance of Micro flapper, Corona and Eden emitters in drip irrigation
Chanour Abdi Parviz FathiUsing pressurized irrigation is one of the most effective practices for conservation of water resources. Emitters clogging are the most important problems in operating drip irrigation system which reduces the emission uniformity and irrigation efficiency. Evaluating the MoreUsing pressurized irrigation is one of the most effective practices for conservation of water resources. Emitters clogging are the most important problems in operating drip irrigation system which reduces the emission uniformity and irrigation efficiency. Evaluating the anti-clogging performance of emitters and clogging thresholds, are the first and most important step in optimal design of irrigation water filtration system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical anti-clogging performance of three types of pressure compensation emitters including Micro flapper, Corona and Eden in laboratorial scale. For this purpose, a physical model of drip irrigation system with water and sand mixing tank was established and the discharge rate of emitters by various concentration and particle sizes was measured at eight phases. The average discharge, clogging rate and uniformity coefficient indices were calculated for the three types of emitters in different phases. The result showed that Corona and Eden emitters with 12 and 37 percent of clogging rates have the best and worst performances, respectively. The results also indicated that the uniformity coefficient of corona emitters is larger than 95% in all phases during the experiment. Based on the results of the study, Corona emitter stand as the best physical anti-clogging performance and it can be recommended to be use in farms and gardens. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - The effect of irrigation regime and manure on water use efficiency and yield of potato in Jiroft
Atefeh Afshar Ali Neshat GholamReza AfsharmaneshConsidering the limited resources of water and dominant draughts, deficit irrigation is an important strategy to obtain the product in water shortage conditions. Deficit irrigation aims to produce more products from less water. Therefore, an experiment was con MoreConsidering the limited resources of water and dominant draughts, deficit irrigation is an important strategy to obtain the product in water shortage conditions. Deficit irrigation aims to produce more products from less water. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the impact of deficit water and poultries manure on the performance, performance components, and water use efficiency of potato in Jiroft. The experiment was conducted in strip-plot form in the complete random blocks design with three replications. Three water levels as a main factor including 100, 75 and 50 percent of plant water requirement and four manure levels as secondary factor including 0, 5, 10 and 15 Ton ha-1 were considered. The results indicated that different levels of irrigation and poultries manure on both water use efficiency and potato yield were (1%). Also, the impact of different levels of irrigation and the poultries manure on the weight of potato tuber is significant. Moreover, the interaction of the irrigation regime and poultries manure on water use efficiency and potato yield was not significant. Furthermore, the effect of different levels of irrigation and poultries manure alone on the plant height was not significant, but their interaction was significant. Though the effect of different irrigation levels on the percentage of dried material of tuber was not significant, the impact of different levels of poultries manure, and the interaction of irrigation regime and poultry manure on tuber dry matter was significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Deficit irrigation simultaneously with reduced available water the solution to conservation of water resources in Qazvin plain
Abozar Parhizkari Mohammad Mahdi Mozaffari Mohsen Shokatfadaee Abolfazl MahmoodiIn the present study first the agricultural production functions was estimated based on three techniques of full irrigation and deficit irrigation 5 and 10 percent in order to presentation of the practical solution to conservation of surface and underground water MoreIn the present study first the agricultural production functions was estimated based on three techniques of full irrigation and deficit irrigation 5 and 10 percent in order to presentation of the practical solution to conservation of surface and underground water resources in Qazvin plain. The optimal amounts of cropping pattern were determined in Qazvin province by a non-linear programming model. Then, the effects of deficit irrigation was investigated on cropping pattern, water used and farmer’s gross marginal simultaneously with reduced available water under scenarios 10, 20, 30 and 40 percent. To estimating of the agricultural production functions was used Ordinary Least Squares method and Eviews software. The non-linear programming model was solved in GAMS software. The results of estimated production functions showed that deficit irrigation 5 percent creates a slight decrease in products yield. But, deficit irrigation 10 percent has the negative effect on yield of most products. The results of non-linear programming model showed although use of deficit irrigation 5 percent simultaneously with reduced available water policy creates the slight decrease in farmer’s gross marginal but this technique helps to maintain and sustainability of surface and underground water resources of Qazvin plain strongly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Evaluating effect of particles diameters on physical clogging of drip irrigation tapes
Shilan Hasanzadeh Arnaei Parviz FathiTape drip irrigation is one of the relatively new methods which can be considered as an effective tool in improving irrigation efficiency as well as agricultural and horticultural crop production. The so-called physical clogging of emitters is the most important problem MoreTape drip irrigation is one of the relatively new methods which can be considered as an effective tool in improving irrigation efficiency as well as agricultural and horticultural crop production. The so-called physical clogging of emitters is the most important problem in tape drip irrigation system that causes decreasing of emission uniformity and increasing of operating costs. Despite appropriate filtration system, some fine particles with less than 0.1 mm in diameter (minimum diameter of the screen filter mesh) can cross through the filters, causing the emitter clogging. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of fine particle diameters on emitter clogging in drip irrigation tapes system. The result indicated that the effect of fine particle diameter on emitters clogging is statistically significant (at 1% level of significance). The results also indicated that by reducing the particle diameters, emitter clogging is increased. Such that the maximum clogging can occur by particles that have less than 0.037 mm diameter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - The study of oil-contamination groundwater due to Shazand Refinery
Abdorreza Vaezi hir Sanaz Qobadiyan Alireza GolmohamadiBackground and Purpose: Shazand oil refinery, as the biggest producer of gasoline in the Middle East, is located 22 km to the Southwest of Arak and the Northeast of Shazand plain. Due to presence of various storage tanks of crude oil and oil products, processing unites MoreBackground and Purpose: Shazand oil refinery, as the biggest producer of gasoline in the Middle East, is located 22 km to the Southwest of Arak and the Northeast of Shazand plain. Due to presence of various storage tanks of crude oil and oil products, processing unites and conveyance lines of oil products, it is very possible the leakage of pollution from tanks and conveyance lines into the soil and groundwater. Shazand plain aquifer is an unconfined and consists of coarse-grained alluvial deposits with a flow direction from the refinery to the agriculture wells which are located at the center of plain. Hence, groundwater contamination, which was resulted from the oil pollution of Shazand refinery was investigated. Material and Method: In this study, 16 wells were sampled in study area on Jun 2015 and they delivered to laboratory for analyzing. Compound BTEX and MTBE analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID[1]). To investigate contamination in study area, results of analyses of BTEX and MTBE were compared with valid standards of drinking and agriculture water. Result: The results show that 6 wells are polluted at the East and South of refinery and the east and Northeast of petrochemical complex. A part of the groundwater contamination was due to atmospheric washout and the other part relates to leak from utilities, tanks and conveyance lines. Discussion & Conclusion: Considering the already existing and the other possible forms of contamination in the area, it is proposed that before taking, the exact source of contamination be identified and proper measures to clean the area be chosen based on expert opinion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Impact of Untreated Municipal Wastewater Irrigation on Heavy Metal Accumulation in Topsoil and Subsoil
Eisa Solgi Mehdi Shahverdi Nick mehdi ramezaniBackground and Objective: Due to the shortage of freshwater for irrigation, wastewater has been used in agricultural irrigation as an important supplement and alternative water resources in recent decades. Irrigation of fields with wastewater can cause potential contami MoreBackground and Objective: Due to the shortage of freshwater for irrigation, wastewater has been used in agricultural irrigation as an important supplement and alternative water resources in recent decades. Irrigation of fields with wastewater can cause potential contamination with heavy metals to soil crops and groundwater, therefore pose a threat to human health and food safety. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of irrigation with untreated municipal wastewater on the accumulation of cadmium lead (Pb), (Cd), copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) in topsoil and subsoil and top soil properties. Method: In the present study in order to collection of topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (0-40 cm) samples from south of the Borujerd city, 13 fields irrigated with untreated wastewater and 7 fields irrigated with well water were selected with same soil texture. Soil samples were analyzed by the standard methods for Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM). Findings: Findings indicated that untreated wastewater irrigated soil contained higher concentrations of all heavy metals in topsoil (with the exception of Cu) and in subsoil, compared to well water irrigated soil. Trend of depth variations of metals in irrigated soil followed this form: 1-With wastewater: Pb and Cu in subsoil>topsoil; Cd and Zn in topsoil > subsoil and 2-With well water: Pb and Cu in topsoil > subsoil; Cd and Zn in subsoil > topsoil. Discussion and Conclusion: It seems that light soil texture has been resulted to transport of the metals to deeper soil layers. Overall, the concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn were lower than the FAO/WHO standards in soil, while Cd higher than this. Thus, in order to ensure food safety and use of wastewater for irrigation, continuous monitoring and pollution control is required. Besides, if treatment of wastewater is done appropriately, accumulation of heavy metals in soils and crops will occur less. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Super Absorbent Polymer Effects on some Chemical and Physical Properties of Soil and Nutrients Releasing from Manure in Different Humidity Levels
Elnaz Azizvand Elnaz Sabbaghe taze Maryam Haji rasouliBackground and Objective: Considering the limited water resources and organic matter deficiency in Iran, joint application of super absorbent polymer and organic manure can be effective option to improve soil physical and chemical properties, fertility and maintenause o MoreBackground and Objective: Considering the limited water resources and organic matter deficiency in Iran, joint application of super absorbent polymer and organic manure can be effective option to improve soil physical and chemical properties, fertility and maintenause of water storage. The purpose of this study was investigation the effect of super absorbent polymer on the amount of releasing of nutrients from manure in low humidity levels. Method: An experiment was conducted in a factorial form based on a completely randomized design with 18 treatments and three replications. The first factor was amendment type and amount including six levels consists of a) no amendment (C), b) super absorbent polymer in rate of 0.2 % W/W (AS0.2), g) super absorbent polymer in rate of 0.4% W/W (AS0.4), d) manure in rate of 2%W/W (M), m) combination of super absorbent polymer in rate of 0.2% W/Wand manure in rate of 2% W/W (AS0.2+M), h) combination of super absorbent polymer in rate of 0.4%W/W and manure in rate of 2%W/W (AS0.4+M). The second factor was humidity with three levels including 80 % (h1), 70% (h2) and 60% (h3) of field capacity. Findings: Results showed that application of super absorbent polymer in rate of 0.2% W/Wand manure in rate of 2% W/W was more effective in improving chemical soil properties such as increasing available phosphorus, available potassium, field capacity and cation exchange capacity and decreasing available sodium. In most cases there was not significant difference between super absorbent polymer in rate of 0.2% W/Wand manure in rate of 2% W/W and super absorbent polymer in rate of 0.4% W/Wand manure in rate of 2% W/W. Discussion and Conclusion: Regarded to results it can be suggested that joint application of super absorbent polymer in rate of 0.2%W/W and manure in rate of 2%W/W was the best treatment in low humidity levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Increasing the efficiency of consuming cotton water using refined domestic sewage water under the conditions of applying different irrigation levels
Ali Neshat Farzin ForouzeshBackground and Objective: The water resources restriction introduces the water use efficiency in the agricultural section. In this study, an experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of MoreBackground and Objective: The water resources restriction introduces the water use efficiency in the agricultural section. In this study, an experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of refined sewage on the performance and performance elements of cotton in the city of Kerman. Material and Methodology: The experiment treatments were considered as three percent water requirement of plant as main factors: I1 =100, I2=85, and I3 =70 and two water quality as secondary factors: Q1 = well water and Q2 = domestic refined sewage. Findings: The results showed that the 15 percent deficit-irrigation in comparison with the full water requirement when the domestic refined sewage is used in providing the full water requirement of the plant caused 14.8 percent increase in the water use efficiency and economizing 2405m3 water in conditions and the crop performance and morphologic characteristics remain constant relatively.Discussion and Conclusion: Accordingly, the refined sewage can face the water deficit problem of the country and increase the efficiency of irrigation. Also, the 15 percent deficit irrigation in comparison with the full providing of water requirement is recommended in the cotton planting in the Kerman province in order to economize the water use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Evaluation of Sustainable Agricultural Patterns for Irrigation with Wastewater Treatment Plant's Effluent from Sabzevar
Seyed Mehdi Hosseinishad Mohammad Hadi Mehdinejad Esmail NasrabadiBackground and Objective: A large part of the water used in big cities change as wastewater. Due to lack of water resources, municipal wastewater treatment plant's effluent can use as one of the important sources of new water in order to the development of green spaces, MoreBackground and Objective: A large part of the water used in big cities change as wastewater. Due to lack of water resources, municipal wastewater treatment plant's effluent can use as one of the important sources of new water in order to the development of green spaces, green belt in around cities and agriculture purposes. Material and Methodology: In this analytical-descriptive study, the degrees of compatibility of various crops with water used in irrigation were studied. For surveying a suitable pattern by wastewater treatment plant's effluent for irrigation agriculture, the quantity and physical and chemical properties of wastewater treatment plant's effluent in sabzevar city have been analyzed. Findings: The results showed that the quantity of wastewater treatment plant's effluent is daily 2000m3. Due to having hot and dry climate and included sand and light soil, crops such as barley, corn, millet, forage, cotton and alfalfa and discreet wheat are good. Discussion and Conclusion: to cropping of legumes and vegetables due to viral and parasitic pollution were avoided and the warm climate in the region which is an increase of salts in the soil surface is avoided. The best irrigation method is subsurface irrigation system. To expand the area under crops in the region was caused stabilizing soil and reduce the adverse effects from winds on the lives in sabzevar city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Investigation effect of the developing salinity water on the quality of irrigation water and soils physicochemical characteristics of pistachio cultivation of Sirjan area
Ali Neshat Ali ZeinadiniSirjan area is one of the important agricultural areas in Kerman province. Sirjan-zeidabad plain is themost important area of agriculture in Sirjan city and the most of it is allocated to culture pistachio. Inrecent three decades, high application of ground waters, cont MoreSirjan area is one of the important agricultural areas in Kerman province. Sirjan-zeidabad plain is themost important area of agriculture in Sirjan city and the most of it is allocated to culture pistachio. Inrecent three decades, high application of ground waters, continued droughts and serious evaporationcaused the decrease of groundwater level that resulted moving salinity water from the Kheirabad saltpan to nearly pistachio lands. The moving salinity water in this area caused the undesirable quality ofirrigation water, change of physicochemical characteristics and decreasing pistachio yield. In order toperform this research, first, topographical maps (1:25000) and satellite pictures of area were applied.Then a number of studied points were chosen and samples of soils and waters at any point were sent tolibrary. At next step, regression of relationships between soil and water considering differentparameters such as EC, pH, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl and HCO3 was confirmed by using Excel software.Results showed that all parameters of irrigation water, except PH, have direct effect on factors in soil.This subject shows the effects of unknown waters on changing the quality of soil characteristicsespecially land salinization. The measured parameters volumes, in areas under effect of developing ofsalinity water, were unusable for cultivation based on FAO standards The pistachio orchards whichhad no problems of salinity, had economic production. Also, results showed that time has effect onundesirability of irrigation waters. Finally, for every studied area there was a completed questionnairein order to predict new ways of removing the problems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Impact of Irrigation by Municipal Sewage on Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil
Masoud Tabari Azade SalehiImpact of irrigation with municipal sewage on accumulation of soil by heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb and Cd) was investigated in two artificial stands Eldar pine (Pinus eldarica Meadow.), 1) irrigated by municipal sewage and 2) irrigated by well water in the suburban area MoreImpact of irrigation with municipal sewage on accumulation of soil by heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb and Cd) was investigated in two artificial stands Eldar pine (Pinus eldarica Meadow.), 1) irrigated by municipal sewage and 2) irrigated by well water in the suburban areas of Tehran. In each stand, soil profiles were dug and soil samples taken from depths of 0-15, 15-30 and 30-60 centimeter. Municipal sewage and well water were sampled daily (3 days in each month) from early June to late November. Results indicated that municipal sewage had significantly (P < 0.01) higher amounts of Fe, Mn, Cr and Pb compared to well water. Level of these heavy metals in municipal sewage was upon the internationally recommended (WHO) maximum permissible limits set for land use. Application of municipal sewage resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in the concentrations of soil Fe, Mn, Cr and Pb. These heavy metals showed their greatest values in the upper layer of soil (0-15 cm). The concentration of soil heavy metals, with the exception of Pb, was below the critical limits. Cd was not detected in water and soil samples. With regard to high concentration of heavy metals in sewage, it was concluded that the long-term use of municipal sewage in irrigation might enriched soil with heavy metals to concentrations that may pose potential environmental and health risks. Hence regulations about the utilization of sewage in irrigation should consider in order to: 1-Control the content of heavy metals that may be added to soil and 2- Minimize the risk of negative effects to ecosystem health. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Using Price Factor in Agricultural Water Consumption Management With Emphasis On Environmental Problems: Case Study Fars Province
Hossein Gharadaghi Hamid Mohammadi Parviz HaghjooThe purposes of this study are to determine marginal value of irrigation water, estimation of priceelasticity of water demand and distinguish different method of water pricing. Then, the required datawere obtained from 127 farmers which were selected from 24 villages of MoreThe purposes of this study are to determine marginal value of irrigation water, estimation of priceelasticity of water demand and distinguish different method of water pricing. Then, the required datawere obtained from 127 farmers which were selected from 24 villages of Fars Province by samplingmethod. Results showed that:One percent increasing in water price in 1-5 region for group of farmers who own less than 10 hectares(owning hectares<10), decreases the water demand 0.51 , 0.77, 0.97, 0.61 and 0.72 percent,respectively. For the farmers groups who own more than 10 hectares (owning hectares>10), increasingone percent in water price in 1-5 region, decreases the water demand 0.9, 0.48, 0.56, 0.62 and 0.66percent. Water price had significant effects on water demand in all regions and estimated more than%89.For the farmer group owning more than10 hectares in the first regions, increasing one m3 of extraapplied water in summer and autumn season, increased farmers’ income between116 and 505 IR.Rialrespectively, and in that irrigation season applying water was limited. For the farmers group owningless than10 hectares, marginal value of irrigation water for 1-5 regions estimated 65 , 148 , 190, 230and 102 IR.Rial and for the farmer groups owning more than10 hectares, marginal value of irrigationwater for 1-5 regions estimated 208 , 113, 77, 69 and 120 IR.Rrial. Thus, government could presentnon-price policies (encouragement of water carriers, presenting related information, water pricing) inorder to decrease water pollution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Studying Impact of Increase in Water Usage Efficiency on Cropping Pattern Change with Emphasis on the Policy Makers and Environmental Objectives in Fars Province
Hamid Mohammadi Alireza Sargazi Valiollah SaraniBackground and Objective: Low water use efficiency, in addition to wasting scarce water resources, also increases water flow and environmental pollution. Analyzing the effect of increasing water use efficiency can be a useful tool for policy makers. This study aimed to MoreBackground and Objective: Low water use efficiency, in addition to wasting scarce water resources, also increases water flow and environmental pollution. Analyzing the effect of increasing water use efficiency can be a useful tool for policy makers. This study aimed to analyze the effects of increasing irrigation efficiency among farmers in Fars province. Method: In this study, multi-objective planning approach was used. Findings: Result showed that Impact of increased irrigation efficiency on cropping pattern and producer's objectives including gross margin and risk as well as its impact on environmental aspects including water and chemical fertilizer use was studied. Employment is also another objective. Regarding the multidimensional impacts, multi objective programming was applied. Discussion and Conclusion: Scenario analysis showed that increase in irrigation efficiency increases gross margin, chemical fertilizer use and diversity in cropping plan. However, it failed to incorporate in risk reduction. It was also found that increase in irrigation efficiency dose not increase employment. In general, the society will be benefited from improvement in irrigation efficiency if the increase of gross margin is considered as the main goal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - The role of deficit irrigation in compromising environmental – economical goals of cropping pattern in Fars Province
Hamid Mohammadi Parviz Haghightjo Alireza SargaziBackground and Objective: The purpose of this research is the role of deficit irrigation in compromising environmental – economical goals of cropping pattern in Fars Province. Method: This technique is considered as a strategy to increase profitability. However, i MoreBackground and Objective: The purpose of this research is the role of deficit irrigation in compromising environmental – economical goals of cropping pattern in Fars Province. Method: This technique is considered as a strategy to increase profitability. However, in addition to profitability goal, many studies have focused to optimize water and fertilizers consumption as environmental objectives. Current study investigates the rule of deficit irrigation in a model that compromises the economic and environmental objectives. Fasa city in Fars province were selected as the study area since placed in warm climate field and affected by water stress. A Fuzzy nonlinear programming model were used to compromise the goals of maximum gross margin and minimum chemical fertilizer and water consumption for a representative farm in study area. This model was subjected to yield response functions to water and other constraints. Findings: The results showed that the representative farm is inefficient to select cropping pattern in comparison to compromised goals model. This comparison also revealed there is a the possibility for increasing income of representative farm by applying full irrigation to gain potential yield and reducing cultivation area for considering the available water restrictions. Discussion and Conclusion: Although, increasing of gross margin is conflicted by decreasing water consumption and partly by reducing fertilizer use, but generalizing the results of representative farm to the whole city showed that implementation of this model will add the revenues about 94 billion Rials in total area. While the positive environmental outcomes such as reducing about 4.6 million cubic meters of water and 7,246 tons of chemical fertilizer would be the other results of implementing this model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Nutrition Properties of Soil and Leaf of Eldar Pine Trees Irrigated by Municipal Effluent
Azadeh Salehi Masoud Tabari KochksaraeiMunicipal effluents can often contain significant concentrations of organic and inorganic nutrients. There is potential for these nutrients to be used as a fertilizer source when the water is recycled as an irrigation source. Therefore, long-term irrigation with municip MoreMunicipal effluents can often contain significant concentrations of organic and inorganic nutrients. There is potential for these nutrients to be used as a fertilizer source when the water is recycled as an irrigation source. Therefore, long-term irrigation with municipal effluents can add large amounts of nutrients to the soil and plant. A case study was undertaken to assess the impact of municipal effluent irrigation on macro and micro-nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) concentration of soil and leaf of eldar pine (Pinus eldarica Medw.) trees, in south of Tehran. For this purpose, Data were collected using technique of systematic random sampling with 4 replicates in two 15 year-old-artificial eldar pine stands 1) under irrigation of municipal effluent and 2) irrigated with well water. Municipal sewage and well water were sampled daily (3 days in each month) from early June to late November. Results indicated that the concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in municipal effluent and leaf of trees irrigated with municipal effluent were significantly greater compared with those of well water treatment. Application of municipal effluent resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in the concentrations of soil macro and micro-nutrients. The nutrients showed their greatest values in the upper layer of soil (0-15 cm). Irrigation using municipal effluent did not result in toxicity of nutrients in tree leaf and soil. The macro and micro-nutrient contents of leaf were correlated with their respective value in soil. It might be concluded that the municipal effluents could be utilized as a source of water and nutrients in afforestations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - The effect of waste water on physical and chemical features of soil
Vahid Yazdanee Bijan Ghahreman Kamran Davudee Ebrahim FazeliField and purpose According to huge utilization of domestic and urban wastewaters in planting and agricultural fields around big cities, now a days local researches about this field and observing different outcomes from irrigation by waste water, has got a great importa MoreField and purpose According to huge utilization of domestic and urban wastewaters in planting and agricultural fields around big cities, now a days local researches about this field and observing different outcomes from irrigation by waste water, has got a great importance. Procedure In this research we have used discharging waste water of filtration plant of Parkand Abad of Mashhad (BOD=169.5 & TSS=138 & SAR=14.6) and water of the well (EC=740 micro M per second) as samples. Irrigation and experiments were performed in fields of 4 square meters, which were surrounded by the soil of farm. With waste water and water of the well, fields were irrigated one to five times and every time the amount of irrigation was 150 mm. After that, by using concentric cylinders, absorption potentiality and full hydraulic conduction was estimated. The other chemical and physical parameters of the soil in the fields are presented in standard book of measuring methods. Findings Irrigation with wastewater effects density of the soil and decreases the amount of it. So much so that with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 times increase of wastewater irrigation, relatively we had 2, 6.6, 4, 15.7 and 17.6 percent decrease in density of the soil. Also with increase of irrigation times by wastewater, ions of sodium, phosphorus, nitrates and nickel were increased as well. The maximum increase was seen in nitrates ions (38%) and sodium (84%). The amount of absorption potentiality in irrigated fields with water and wastewater was less than the fields which were not irrigated at all. Besides this absorption was even less in the fields which were irrigated by wastewater. Also from the second irrigation on, because of formation a seleh layer, absorption was suddenly reached to its maximum rate (0.34 mm per minute), which absorption was controlled by this seleh layer. One of the most important reasons of seleh layer formation was existence of sodium particles in wastewater which were absorbed in the soil. It seems that sodium ion causes scattering particles of soil, so due to these fact small particles fills the pores and prevent absorption of water in the soil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - The Interaction of Zeolite and Pitting on the Concentration of Nutrition, Root Length and Stem Height of Agropyron elongatum L. under Various Drought Levels
Davoud Akhzari Mohammad YarmohammadiBackground and Objective: One of the ways in Iran to deal with drought stress is the use of new techniques for water storage in the soil. The aim of this study was to study the effect of pitting and zeolite application on growth and physiological triates of Agropyron el MoreBackground and Objective: One of the ways in Iran to deal with drought stress is the use of new techniques for water storage in the soil. The aim of this study was to study the effect of pitting and zeolite application on growth and physiological triates of Agropyron elongatum in drought stress conditions. Method: An experiment conducted based a randomized complete block design. Initially, the seeds were cultivated in a greenhouse in a pot and after 3 months the seedlings were transferred to a field outside the greenhouse and treatments were applied to them, for 6 months. The applied treatments included: pitting consisting of two levels with pitting and no pitting, zeolite in two levels with zeolite (50 g per seedlings) and no zeolite and 4 levels of irrigation including FC irrigation, 1/2 FC, 1/4 FC and without irrigation (as control treatment). Findings: The results showed that by applying pitting and zeolite, the concentrations of calcium, copper, potassium, manganese, sodium, zinc, phosphorus, stem weight, root weight, stem height and root length increased significantly. The concentration of iron in the case of without pitting increased more and increased from 2.3 to 17.2 mg / kg in the without pitting treatments. Discussion and Conclusions: The results showed that simultaneous application of the three treatments (pitting, zeolite, and drought) had a significant interaction effect and further increase the measured parameters. It can be concluded that the use of pitting and zeolite has a positive effect on growth and physiological characteristics of Agropyron elongatum. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Improvement of leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll concentration (SPAD) soybean by Fe, Zn and Mn nano-chelates foliar application under limited irrigation conditions
Mohammad Saeed VagharObjectives: Maintaining the balance of nutrients leads to increase yield so the essential elements should be available enough in the process of plant nutrition. This experiment was performed by foliar application of iron, zinc, and manganese nano-clates under limited ir MoreObjectives: Maintaining the balance of nutrients leads to increase yield so the essential elements should be available enough in the process of plant nutrition. This experiment was performed by foliar application of iron, zinc, and manganese nano-clates under limited irrigation conditions to improving leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll concentration.Methods: The two years experiment was conducted (2016-2017). The main plot included four levels of irrigation: full irrigation, irrigation withhold at flowering stage, podding stage, and grain filling period. The subplot included eight levels of foliar application with Fe, Zn, Mn, Fe+Zn, Fe+Mn, Zn+Mn, Fe+Zn+Mn nano-chelates, and distilled water (control).Results: Drought stress reduced leaf area index significantly. The highest reduction was obtained from the interaction of control treatment and cessation of irrigation in the pod stage, which was 31.5% less than the full irrigation treatment. Foliar application of Zn+Mn was more successful in modulating drought stress and increased leaf area index by 49.4% compared to the control. Irrigation cessation in flowering stage increased chlorophyll concentration by 11.2% and decreased it by 16.5% in pod stage. With the application of Fe+Zn nano-chelate increased on leaf chlorophyll concentration in the pod stage and grain formation by 38.8% and 39.1% compared to the control and was recognized as the best treatment.Conclusion: In limited irrigation conditions, foliar feeding of Fe, Zn and Mn nano-chlates is a suitable solution and compatible with water crisis and can improve soybean yield by modifying drought stress and improving leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll concentration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - The effects of nitrogen and irrigation interval on broomrape (Orbanche aegyptiaca) damage reduction in host plant (Cucumis sativa L.) in greenhouse condition
Mehrnoush Eskandari Torbaghan Masoud Eskandari TorbaghanIn order to study the effects of nitrogen and irrigation interval on Broomrape (Orbanche aegyptiaca) damage reduction in cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.), an experiment with two factors, nitrogen (urea in three levels 100,200 and 300 Kg/ha) and irrigation interval (with thr MoreIn order to study the effects of nitrogen and irrigation interval on Broomrape (Orbanche aegyptiaca) damage reduction in cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.), an experiment with two factors, nitrogen (urea in three levels 100,200 and 300 Kg/ha) and irrigation interval (with three levels 3,6 and 9 day) in three replications was performed in the greenhouse of Northern Khorasan Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center. The results showed that the growing velocity was maximum in the treatment of 200 Kg N/ha. However, height and the number of cucumbers were lower. The effect of irrigation interval on the number of flowering days was significant, whereas nitrogen fertilizer did not have a significant influence on this parameter. Hence, irrigation level rising caused reduction in the number of flowering days. Maximum length and diameter of cucumber was observed in the treatment of highest nitrogen level and minimum irrigation interval or the treatment of lowest nitrogen level and medium irrigation interval. The maximum number of cucumbers and weight was obtained in maximum nitrogen and irrigation interval. In addition, rising irrigation interval caused the number of cucumber increase and decrease in cucumber weight. The maximum wet weight of shoot and root was observed in the highest nitrogen treatment. On the other hand, the maximum wet weight of shoot and root was derived from the highest nitrogen and medium irrigation treatment and the highest nitrogen and minimum irrigation interval treatment, respectively. The comparison of water percent in wet and dry weight of shoot showed that the highest value was observed in 300 and 100 Kg N/ha treatments respectively. Maximum shoot/root ratio was observed in the treatment of 100 Kg N/ha and a six-day irrigation interval. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - A review of some studies on the effects of various irrigation methods on some oilseeds
Mostafa Mobasher Najme YazdanpanahAbout 70% of the world's population's food comes directly from crops, of which the important role of oilseeds can not be denied. Oil consumption in Iran has increased in recent years due to population growth and per capita consumption, so that considering the per capita MoreAbout 70% of the world's population's food comes directly from crops, of which the important role of oilseeds can not be denied. Oil consumption in Iran has increased in recent years due to population growth and per capita consumption, so that considering the per capita consumption of 14 kg, about 750,000 tons of oil is needed annually. However, less than 10% of this oil is produced domestically. Due to this issue, oil production through rapeseed cultivation has been considered in recent years. Drought is a threat to the successful production of crops worldwide. Drought occurs when a combination of physical and environmental factors causes internal stress in a plant and reduces production. Water stress has a negative effect on many plant processes, including photosynthesis, evaporation, accumulation and allocation of precursors, and causes a significant reduction in crop production. Therefore, one of the ways to maximize water use efficiency and increase yield per unit of water consumption is low irrigation, in which the crop is subjected to water stress at a certain stage of development or throughout the development season. On the other hand, the positive effects of potassium in increasing the resistance of plants to dehydration stress have been reported by researchers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - A review of some studies on the effect of irrigation and fertilizer management on soybean yield
Amir Nikakhtar Najme YazdanpanahThe amount of water required by the plant is an important factor in the growth of soybeans and has a significant effect on its yield. The amount of soil moisture for optimal growth of each plant should have an optimal level that getting more or less than this optimal le MoreThe amount of water required by the plant is an important factor in the growth of soybeans and has a significant effect on its yield. The amount of soil moisture for optimal growth of each plant should have an optimal level that getting more or less than this optimal level, plant growth decreases and soybean yield is affected by the total number of pods per shrub, the number of seeds per pod and the weight of each seed To investigate the effect of drought stress on physiological traits of soybeans; Drought stress reported a significant reduction in the amount of the photosynthesis and grain yield Increasing irrigation and rain water consumption efficiency is affected by the correct application of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen. In addition, nitrogen deficiency after water shortage is the most important factor in reducing crop production, especially cereals. Among the yield components, the number of pods per node was significantly affected by nitrogen fertilizer, so that by increasing the amount of nitrogen, the number of pods per node was increased. In general, optimizing water and fertilizer consumption in crops, especially oilseeds, can increase agricultural production as well as save water resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Evaluation of groundwater suitability for the domestic and irrigation purposes in Konaro Ophiolitic Area, Iranshahr, SE Iran
Baseer Ahmad Barahouei Mohammad Reza Noura Mohammad Elyas Moslempour Rahim Dabiri -
Open Access Article
77 - Evaluation of Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L) Cultivars in Terms of Irrigation Interruption and Delay Planting Date
Peyman Davami Mojtaba Alavifazel Shahram Lak Davood Habibi Afshin MozaffariIn order to evaluate the physiological and biochemical characteristics of rapeseed (Brassica napus L) cultivars in terms of irrigation interruption and delay planting date، an experiment was implemented in two crop years as a factorial split-plot in the form of a random MoreIn order to evaluate the physiological and biochemical characteristics of rapeseed (Brassica napus L) cultivars in terms of irrigation interruption and delay planting date، an experiment was implemented in two crop years as a factorial split-plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj region. In the present study، irrigation in two levels including normal irrigation (80 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) and irrigation cut-off from the stage of sowing and pod formation stages in two levels including Sep، 26 and Oct، 26 was placed in main plot and four winter rapeseed cultivars including Tassilo، Elvise، Neptune and Okapi were placed in subplots. According to the results، the highest content of chlorophyll in both planting dates (Sep. 26 and Oct. 26، respectively، with values of 1.59 and 1.88 mg. g-1 FW) and under normal irrigation conditions belonged to Elvise cultivar. The results showed that irrigation cut-off reduced the relative water content of leaves and increased leaf proline، soluble protein content and soluble carbohydrate content. Elvise and Neptune cultivars had the highest grain yield under normal irrigation conditions with 3346 and 3220 kg / ha، respectively، and under irrigation cut-off conditions، with a mean of 3211 and 3081 kg / ha، respectively. According to the Stress Tolerance Index (STI)، Elvise cultivar was identified as the most tolerant cultivar under dehydration stress in the pod formation stage onwards. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Comparison of Mechanical, Agronomic and Chemical Methods for Control of Echinochloa Crus-galli, Amaranthus Retroflexus and Convolvulus Arvensis Weeds of Corn Fields
Ahad Madani Amirhossein Fiuzi Masoud AminiIn order to evaluate the efficiency of non-chemical and chemical methods and their simultaneous use to control of weeds (Echinochloa Crus-galli, Amaranthus Retroflexus and Convolvulus Arvensis) in maize, a split plot experiment was conducted in the randomized complete b MoreIn order to evaluate the efficiency of non-chemical and chemical methods and their simultaneous use to control of weeds (Echinochloa Crus-galli, Amaranthus Retroflexus and Convolvulus Arvensis) in maize, a split plot experiment was conducted in the randomized complete block design in three replications and implemented at Varamin-Iran. The main factor (A) was non-chemical treatments consisted of three levels: AM: Irrigation before sowing (agronomic), AC: cultivator (mechanical) and A0 (without agronomic or mechanical operations). Sub-factor was (H) of chemical treatments include three levels of HFS (Foramsulfuron (at a rate of two liters per hectare, HNS (nicosulfuron at a rate of 1.5 liters per hectare), HA + G (atrazine and Gazaprim) and H0 (manual weeding by hand), respectively. The number of Amaranthus Retroflexus and Convolvulus Arvensis weeds (compared to the control) decreased by about 90% with the irrigation before sowing (Am) or cultivator (AC), and the increase in yield (compared to the control) was about 55-60%. While the non-chemical treatments (agro-mechanical) had no effect on reducing the number of Echinochloa Crus-galli weed. Nicosulfuron herbicide, similar to hand weeding (H0), controlled more than 90% of the Amaranthus Retroflexus and Convolvulus Arvensis weeds, but only 70% of the Amaranthus Retroflexus and Convolvulus Arvensis weeds. There was no significant difference in terms of corn grain yield (8000-8500 kg / ha) between hand weeding (H0) and nicosulforn herbicide (HNS) in plots in with agro-mechanical operations. However, in plots where agro-mechanical operations (A0) were not performed, hand weeding (H0) had 12.5% higher corn grain yield compared to Nicosoluren herbicide application (HNS). Therefore, for Echinochloa Crus-galli, a combination of Irrigation-nicosulfuron and cultivator-nicosulfuron treatments is proposed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Study the Effect of Irrigation Cycle and Size of Mother Corms on Flower Yield and Daughter Corms in Saffron
Hadi Ahmadi Masood Amini Farshid Vazin Ahad MadaniIn order to study the effect of irrigation cycle and size of mother corms on flower yield and daughter corms in saffron, an experiment was conducted in Ghaen region in 2016 crop year using a split plot design. The main factor was irrigation cycles (2, 3 and 4 weeks) and MoreIn order to study the effect of irrigation cycle and size of mother corms on flower yield and daughter corms in saffron, an experiment was conducted in Ghaen region in 2016 crop year using a split plot design. The main factor was irrigation cycles (2, 3 and 4 weeks) and the secondary factor was the size of corm (less than 4 g, 4 to 8 g, 8 to 12 and 12 to 16 g). The interaction effect of irrigation cycle and pistachio size on flower-related traits was insignificant and on female pistachio-related traits was significant. In mother corms less than 4 g and 4 to 8 g, irrigation cycle had no effect on the dry weight of daughter corms produced per square meter. Irrigation of mother corms 8 to 12 g and 12 to 18 g every two weeks, respectively, produced 3689 g and 4230 g of female corm per square meter, which increased by 7.5 and 9, respectively, compared to the four-week irrigation cycle. / 4% of this adjective. In mother corms less than 4 g, the two-week irrigation cycle increased the number of female corms per square by 7.5% compared to the four-week irrigation period and decreased the diameter of female corms by 9.5%, but in other sizes of mother corms There was no difference between irrigation cycles in terms of number of female corms per square meter and diameter of female corms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Evaluation of Different Yields of Barley (Hordeum vulgar L.) Under Drought Stress Conditions
Hasan Majdinasab Mohammad MotamediIn order to investigate the effects of drought stress on grain yield, biological yield, yield components and harvest barley index of Gohar cultivar, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design in the experimental farm of Shushtar Azad University. F MoreIn order to investigate the effects of drought stress on grain yield, biological yield, yield components and harvest barley index of Gohar cultivar, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design in the experimental farm of Shushtar Azad University. For this purpose, in field conditions, drought stress treatment at five levels was applied as irrigation interruption in the stages of tillering, stem emergence, flowering, seed filling and no irrigation interruption (control treatment). The amount of water consumed was measured by a volume meter. The results showed that there was a significant difference between drought stress treatments in all studied traits except harvest index. Stress-free treatment produced the highest grain yield by producing the highest biological yield, number of spikes per unit area and number of grains per high spike and suitable 1000-grain weight. In terminal stress conditions or cessation of irrigation in the grain filling stage after non-stress conditions had a higher yield than other stages. The study of correlation coefficients showed that among the yield components, the number of spikes per unit area had the highest correlation (0.63) with grain yield. In this experiment, the lowest grain yield was obtained in the cut-off treatment at the flowering stage, which indicates the sensitivity of this stage of plant growth to dehydration stress Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Investigates the Physiological and Biochemical Aspects of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Cultivars under Drought Stress and Delayed Planting Date
Peyman Davami Afshin Mozaffari -
Open Access Article
82 - Assess Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Super Absorbent Ploymer on Crop Production and Growth Indices of Corn under Dry and Warm Climate Condition
Mahshid Kazempor Saeid Zakernejad -
Open Access Article
83 - Multivariate Statistical Analysis to Yield of Canola under Drought Stress and Spraying of Gibberellin and Salicylic Acid
Abbas Maleki Amin Fathi -
Open Access Article
84 - Assess Effect of Drought Stress and Potassium Sulfate on Agronomic Characteristics of Mung bean Genotypes at North of Khuzestan Province
Naser Zarifinia Ahmad Ali Shoushi Dezfuli -
Open Access Article
85 - Response of Yield and Morphophysiological Characteristics of Corn (SC 704) to Different Source of Potash Fertilizer under Deficient Irrigation Situation (at South West of Iran)
Sattar Kazemi Keyvan Marashi -
Open Access Article
86 - Assessment the Effect of Water Stress and Calcium Silicate on Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Yield in North of Iran
Alireza Daneshmand Alireza Safahani -
Open Access Article
87 - Assessment Effect of Water Deficit Stress and Foliar Application of Zinc Sulfate on Seed yield, Grain Protein and Antioxidant Enzymes
Mojtaba Afshari -
Open Access Article
88 - Assessment Effect of Chitosan Foliar Application on Total Chlorophyll and Seed Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Under Water Stress Conditions
Mohammad Hadi Masjedi Arash Roozbahani Mahdi Baghi -
Open Access Article
89 - Evaluation Impact of Different Irrigation Regime and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Qualitative Characteristics of Wheat
Morteza Mohamadi Kamran Mohsenifar Abdolali Gilani -
Open Access Article
90 - Assessment Effect of Different Irrigation Regime and Fertilizer Combinations on Seed Yield, Radiation Use Efficiency and Biochemical Parameters of Corn
Mohammad Nasri Mansoreh Khalatbari -
Open Access Article
91 - The Relationship between Every-other Furrow Irrigation and Foliar Application of Zinc on Physiological Indices in Two Sweet Corn Genotypes
Babak Peykarestan Mehrdad Yarnia Hamid Madani Vahram Rashidi Hossin Heidari Sharif Abad -
Open Access Article
92 - Effect of Terminal Drought Stress on Seed Yield and Its Components of Rapeseed Cultivars
Peyman Davami Mojtaba Alavi Fazel Davood Habibi Afshin Mozaffari -
Open Access Article
93 - Evaluation Effect of Salicylic Acid and Glycine Betaine on Quantitative Properties of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) under Drought Stress Conditions
Babak Maghsoudi Damavandi Sara Shirzad -
Open Access Article
94 - Investigation Effect of Different Irrigation Regime and Super Absorbent Poly-mer on Seed Yield and Morphological Traits of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Mahshid Kazempor Saeed Zakernejad -
Open Access Article
95 - Assess Effect of Water Deficit Stress and Clinoptilolite on Corn (Zea mays L.) Crop Production
mojtaba alavifazel Hojatollah Sohrabi Najme RazmandehBACKGROUND: Zeolite materials can reduce losing soil moisture in arid and semi-arid regions by soil physical improvement. These storage tanks absorb water provided by irrigation and rainfall and reduced permeability of soil. In drought stress condition, water saved in t MoreBACKGROUND: Zeolite materials can reduce losing soil moisture in arid and semi-arid regions by soil physical improvement. These storage tanks absorb water provided by irrigation and rainfall and reduced permeability of soil. In drought stress condition, water saved in the polymer is gradually depleted and reduces need for re-irrigation. OBJECTIVES: This research was carried out to evaluate effect different level of water stress and Clinoptilolite on effective traits on Corn seed yield. METHODS: This study was done via split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2021-2022 agronomic years. The main factor included Irrigation cycle based on evaporation from class A evaporation pan (I1: 50 mm evaporation or none stress or control, I2: 75 mm evaporation or Moderate stress, I3: 100 mm evaporation or severe stress). Also different level of Clinoptilolite (C1: control, C2: 4 and C3: 8 t.ha-1) belonged to subplots. RESULT: According result of analysis of variance effect of different level of water deficit and Clinoptilolite on all studied traits (instead harvest index) were significant but interaction effect of treatments was not significant. Compare different level of Clinoptilolite showed that the maximum amount of seed yield (4837.78 kg.ha-1), biologic yield (10486.7 kg.ha-1) and water use efficiency (1.5 kg.m-3) belonged to 8 t.ha-1 and lowest amount of mentioned traits were for control treatment. Mean comparison result of different level of water deficit indicated that maximum amount of measured traits was noted for control and minimum of those belonged to severe stress treatment. CONCLUSION: Adding Clinoptilolite to the soil under water stress conditions caused a 14% increase in biological yield and a 20% increase in corn seed yield in compare to the condition of not using this mineral. So that the consumption of 8 t.ha-1 of zeolite led to produce highest seed yield and it dose advised to farmers in studied region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - تاثیر استفاده از سوپر جاذب، بر عملکرد و اجزا عملکرد ذرت دانه ای سینگل کراس 704 در شرایط آب و هوایی لرستان
یدالله یوسفی فرد علی عصاره منوچهر کلهرکمبودآبیکیازمهمترینمشکلاتیاستکهدرمناطقخشکو نیمه خشکبهوفورتجربهمی شود.کمبودآب بهعنوانفاکتوریمحدودکننده،رشدوتوسعه یپوششگیاهیدراینمناطق رابامحدودیتروبرومی سازد. با توجه به اینکه ایران کشوری کم آب و خشک است، استفاده از راهکارهایی جهت کاهش مصرف آب و استفاده بهینه از مقدار آب Moreکمبودآبیکیازمهمترینمشکلاتیاستکهدرمناطقخشکو نیمه خشکبهوفورتجربهمی شود.کمبودآب بهعنوانفاکتوریمحدودکننده،رشدوتوسعه یپوششگیاهیدراینمناطق رابامحدودیتروبرومی سازد. با توجه به اینکه ایران کشوری کم آب و خشک است، استفاده از راهکارهایی جهت کاهش مصرف آب و استفاده بهینه از مقدار آب موجود، راه حل بسیاری از مشکلات خواهد بود. یکی از این راه کارها، استفاده از مواد سوپر جاذب جهت افزایش جذب و نگهداری آب است. در این تحقیق، تاثیر سوپر جاذب استاکوزورب بر حجم آب قابل مصرف برای یک دوره رشد، کارآیی مصرف آب و عملکرد دانه و اجزای عملکرد ذرت دانه سینگل کراس 704 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. تیمارهای آزمایشی، شامل آبیاری کامل بر اساس عرف منطقه (1T )، تیمار کم آبیاری با مصرف75درصد نیاز آبی گیاه (2 T) ، تیمار کم آبیاری به همراه مصرف سوپر جاذب (3(T و تیمار کم آبیاری به همراه مصرف سوپر جاذب و محلول پاشی سولو پتاس( 4 T) بود.در اعمال سطوح آبیاری، آبیاری برای تیمار شاهد، هنگامی صورت گرفت که 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی تخلیه شده باشد. برای اعمال تیمارهای کم آبیاری، تخلیه 75 درصد رطوبت FC مبنای کم آبیاری قرار گرفت. نتایج این مطاله نشان داد که استفاده از سوپر جاذب استاکوزورب بر عملکرد دانه، ارتفاع بوته، قطر ساقه، تعداد ردیف دانه در بلال، عملکرد بیولوژیک و وزن هزار دانه در سطح 5 درصد معنی دار می باشد. همچنین بیشترین کارایی مصرف آب، مربوط به تیمار 4 T و کمترین کارآیی مصرف آب، مربوط به تیمار 1 T می باشد. این نتایج نشان دهنده آن است که در صورت استفاده از پلیمرهای سوپر جاذب، علاوه بر افزایش عملکرد محصول، کارآیی مصرف آب نیز افزایش پیدا می کند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - بررسی کاربردهای مختلف پساب شهری اراک با استفاده از فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی
رضا جعفری نیا جواد وروانی مهدی فولادی پناهبحران آب در مناطق خشک و نیمه­خشک ایجاب می­کند که در زمینه کاربرد پساب­های شهری و استفاده از آن بررسی­های جامعی صورت گیرد. در این تحقیق با انجام فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی در سال 1393 با توجه به وزن نسبی معیارها که پس از تکمیل پرسشنامه و تهیه ماتریسهای او Moreبحران آب در مناطق خشک و نیمه­خشک ایجاب می­کند که در زمینه کاربرد پساب­های شهری و استفاده از آن بررسی­های جامعی صورت گیرد. در این تحقیق با انجام فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی در سال 1393 با توجه به وزن نسبی معیارها که پس از تکمیل پرسشنامه و تهیه ماتریسهای اولیه، نرمال و نتایج حاصل از آن مشخص شد، بیشترین معیار محدودکننده، معیار کیفیت پساب و سپس نسبت سود به هزینه است که بالاترین درصد وزن نسبی به آنها اختصاص داده شد (22 و 5/21 درصد به ترتیب). معیارهای بعدی به ترتیب با ارجحیت 2/20، 6/14، 5/11 و 4/10 درصد به ترتیب شامل پذیرش مردمی، سیاست­های حمایتی دولت، پتانسیل منطقه نسبت و فاصله منطقه مصرف از تصفیه خانه اولویت بعدی قرار دارند. گزینه آبیاری اراضی کشاورزی با ارجحیت 5/27 درصد برترین رتبه را به خود اختصاص داد که نشان میدهد مصرف پساب شهری اراک باید برای استفاده در آبیاری اراضی کشاورزی در اولویت قرار گیرد. گزینه دوم نیز مربوط به احیاء و توسعه مراتع حاشیه کویر میقان با ارجحیت 20 درصد می­باشد. گزینه­های بعدی به ترتیب با ارجحیت 7/18، 8/17 و 9/15 درصد به ترتیب شامل جنگل و فضای سبز، تغذیه سفره های آب زیرزمینی و صنعت در اولویت­های بعدی قرار دارند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - برآورد و بررسی آبدهی مطمئن مخزن سد اکباتان بر اساس سطح اعتمادپذیری نیازهای شرب و کشاورزی شهر همدان
کوشا خاتونی رضا فرزادبا رشد روز افزون خشکسالی­ های اخیر در کشور، مدیریت صحیح و درست منابع آب و اولویت ­بندی تخصیص بخصوص در شهر­هایی که وضعیت بحرانی قرار دارند از مسائل مهم و ضروری هستند. مقدار تخصیص آب در سدهای مخزنی در ماه­ های مختلف با توجه به ذخیره مخزن تعیین می ­شود. Moreبا رشد روز افزون خشکسالی­ های اخیر در کشور، مدیریت صحیح و درست منابع آب و اولویت ­بندی تخصیص بخصوص در شهر­هایی که وضعیت بحرانی قرار دارند از مسائل مهم و ضروری هستند. مقدار تخصیص آب در سدهای مخزنی در ماه­ های مختلف با توجه به ذخیره مخزن تعیین می ­شود. بنابراین هدف از انجام این پژوهش، برآورد و بررسی میزان اعتمادپذیری سد مخزنی اکباتان شهر همدان بر اساس نیاز آب شرب و کشاورزی است؛ که با توجه به آماره­ی بارش­ های سالانه این حوضه و مدل کردن شبیه ­سازی آبدهی مطمئن در محیط نرم ­افزاری MATLAB به بررسی این امر مهم و اساسی می ­پردازد. نتایج تحقیق نشان می ­دهد با شبیه­ سازی آبدهی مطمئن سد اکباتان، آبدهی این مخرن با توجه به داده آماری بارش، با هدف تـامین ۹۰ درصد نیـاز شرب و 80 درصد نیاز کشاورزی مخزن سد قادر به تامین این نیازها خواهد بود و می­توان گفت مدل آبدهی تعریف شده در این تحقیق با توجه به توانایی در کاهش کمبودها و جلوگیری از وقوع کمبودهای شدید، جهت تهیه منحنی فرمان بهره­ برداری از سدهای مخزنی مناسب می ­باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - ارزیابی سیستم آبیاری قطره ای در منطقه گچساران
محمد رضا خالویی حیدر علی کشکولی داود دهکردی آبیاری قطره‎ای یکی از انواع آبیاری موضعی می‎باشد که به عنوان یکی از پربازده‎ترین انواع سیستم‎های آبیاری تحت فشار شناخته می‎شود. آبیاری قطره‎ای بر خلاف آبیاری سطحی و بارانی، می‎تواند کود را نیز همراه آب، به پای گیاه برساند و باعث افزایش More آبیاری قطره‎ای یکی از انواع آبیاری موضعی می‎باشد که به عنوان یکی از پربازده‎ترین انواع سیستم‎های آبیاری تحت فشار شناخته می‎شود. آبیاری قطره‎ای بر خلاف آبیاری سطحی و بارانی، می‎تواند کود را نیز همراه آب، به پای گیاه برساند و باعث افزایش عملکرد گیاه و افزایش بازده استفاده از کود گردد. در این تحقیق 5 طرح آبیاری قطره‎ای در منطقه گچساران مورد بررسی و ارزیابی قرار گرفت. سپس پارامترهایی نظیر DU، CU، EU، AELQ و PELQ برای هر کدام از طرح‎ها محاسبه گردید نتایج نشان داد که مدیریت و نگهداری سیستم آبیاری قطره‎ای بسیار مهم بوده، چنانچه بیش‎ترین میزان DU و CU مربوط به طرح‎هایی بود که مدیریت و نگهداری بهتری را از سیستم آبیاری قطره‎ای خود داشته‎اند. همچنین طرح‎هایی که فاقد سیستم کنترل مرکزی بودند، شاهد ته‎نشینی و انسداد در لوله‎ها و قطره چکان‎های سیستم آبیاری قطره‎ای خود بودند. در برخی از سیستم‎های آبیاری قطره‎ای طرح‎ها، که مدیریت و نگهداری ضعیف بود، با تحلیل منحنی تغییرات دبی و فشار لترال‎ها در طول مانیفلد، این نکته بدست آمد که لترال‎هایی که از ابتدا و انتهای مانیفلد منشعب می‎شدند، تغییرات فشار و دبی در آن‎ها خیلی زیاد بود که باعث کاهش میزان CU و DU در سیستم آبیاری قطره‎ای می‎شد Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - ارزیابی یکپارچه اثرات افزایش راندمان آبیاری و کاهش آورد بر شاخص هیدروانرژی سیستم منابع آب حوضه آبریز توسط مدل مفهومی WEAP (مطالعه موردی شبکه آبیاری دز - سد مخزنی دز)
بهزاد نویدی نساج نرگس ظهرابی علی شهبازیامروزه تولید برق جهان به شدت به منابع آب وابسته شده است. مطالعات صورت گرفته نشان میدهد که بروز گرمایش جهانی و تغییرات اقلیمی اثرات بسیار مهمی را بر منابع آب موجود به منظور تولید انرژی برقابی به همراه خواهند داشت. با توجه به اینکه سد مخزنی دز واقع در حوضه آبریز دز به صو Moreامروزه تولید برق جهان به شدت به منابع آب وابسته شده است. مطالعات صورت گرفته نشان میدهد که بروز گرمایش جهانی و تغییرات اقلیمی اثرات بسیار مهمی را بر منابع آب موجود به منظور تولید انرژی برقابی به همراه خواهند داشت. با توجه به اینکه سد مخزنی دز واقع در حوضه آبریز دز به صورت همزمان تولید کننده هیدروانرژی و تامین کننده آب مورد نیاز اراضی کشاورزی پاییندست میباشد، هدف پژوهش حاضر برآورد میزان کمی اثر بهبود راندمان در شبکه های آبیاری و کاهش آورد به سد دز بر مقدار هیدروانرژی تولیدی سالانه در سد نیروگاه دز میباشد. به این منظور با شبیهسازی یکپارچه حوضه آبریز دز، اثر اعمال بهبود راندمانهای 5، 10، 15 و 20 درصد و همچنین کاهش آورد رودخانه دز در سطح 5 و 10 درصد در دو افق زمانی کوتاه و بلندمدت مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که در بلندمدت به تبع افزایش نیاز و افزایش سازههای هیدرولیکی، میزان هیدروانرژی در حدود 115 گیگاوات ساعت کاهش مییابد. نتایج همچنین نشان داد که بهبود راندمان میزان هیدروانرژی را بین 2 الی 6 گیگاوات ساعت در هر سال افزایش میدهد. در تحلیل نتایج میزان هیدروانرژی تولیدی وابستگی شدیدی به آورد رودخانه دز داشت به طوری که در سناریوهای کاهش آورد، افت یکباره در تولید هیدروانرژی رخ داده است و میزان آن به ازای کاهش آوردهای 5 و 10 درصد به ترتیب 140 و 296 گیگاوات ساعت کاهش یافته است. Manuscript profile -
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101 - شبیه سازی و آشکارسازی نوسانات جریان آبراهه ای با شدت خشک سالی با بهره گیری از مدلWEAP
ارمین بنی بیات حسین قربانی زاده خرازی حسین اسلامی صائب خوش نواز بهروز دهان زادهدر این مطالعه نیاز به انتقال آب در سطوح مختلف توسعه کشاورزی در قالب طرح انتقال آب از سولگان (ونک) به خان‎میرزا مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در تمامی سناریوهای این گروه اجرای طرح انتقال آب از سولگان به دشت خان‎میرزا (طرح سد ونک) در نظر گرفته شده است. سناریوهای اجرا شده Moreدر این مطالعه نیاز به انتقال آب در سطوح مختلف توسعه کشاورزی در قالب طرح انتقال آب از سولگان (ونک) به خان‎میرزا مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در تمامی سناریوهای این گروه اجرای طرح انتقال آب از سولگان به دشت خان‎میرزا (طرح سد ونک) در نظر گرفته شده است. سناریوهای اجرا شده در مدل WEAP شامل اجرای طرح تغذیه مصنوعی و همچنین افزایش سطح زیرکشت و افزایش راندمان آبیاری برای به تعادل رسیدن بیلان دشت خان‎میرزا می­باشد. نتایج سناریو اول نشان داد که برای به تعادل رسیدن بیلان آب زیرزمینی دشت باید سالیانه حداقل 45 میلیون مترمکعب آب از سولگان به دشت خان‎میرزا انتقال داده شود. نتایج سناریوی دوم نشان داد که در صورت انتقال کامل آب سولگان به خان‎میرزا می­توان میزان سطح زیرکشت اراضی را تا 21000 هکتار توسعه داد. نتایج سناریوی سوم نشان داد که در صورت انتقال کامل آب سولگان به خان‎میرزا و اجرای کامل طرح آبیاری تحت فشار می­توان علاوه بر تعادل بخشی آبخوان خان‎میرزا، میزان سطح زیرکشت اراضی را تا 26000 هکتار توسعه داد. همچنین سناریوی چهارم نشان داد که در صورت انتقال کامل آب سولگان به خان‎میرزا (یعنی انتقال رقم 200 میلیون مترمکعب در سال) و اجرای کامل طرح آبیاری تحت فشار و اجرای طرح تغذیه مصنوعی سالانه 10 میلیون مترمکعب، می­توان میزان سطح زیر کشت اراضی را تا 30000 هکتار توسعه داد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - برآورد شاخص های کارایی مصرف آب کشاورزی در شبکه آبیاری گتوند
بهنام شجاعی ستار کاظمی افشین سرکهکی علی عصارهدر این پژوهش کارایی مصرف آب با دو شاخص عملکرد به ازای هر واحد آب مصرفی (CPD) و درآمد ناخالص به ازای هر واحد آب مصرفی برای محصولات الگوی کشت موجود شبکه آبیاری گتوند در شمال استان خوزستان، با استفاده از داده­ های واقعی الگوی کشت و با برآورد نیاز آبی در چهار سنار Moreدر این پژوهش کارایی مصرف آب با دو شاخص عملکرد به ازای هر واحد آب مصرفی (CPD) و درآمد ناخالص به ازای هر واحد آب مصرفی برای محصولات الگوی کشت موجود شبکه آبیاری گتوند در شمال استان خوزستان، با استفاده از داده­ های واقعی الگوی کشت و با برآورد نیاز آبی در چهار سناریوی مختلف برای تحقق راندمان آبیاری، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد، بیشترین مقدار شاخص CPD مربوط به محصولات هویچ و چغندرقند بود. کمترین مقادیر CPD مربوط به محصولات کنجد و آفتابگردان به دست آمد. همینطور بیشترین مقدار شاخص BPD به ترتیب به محصولات توت­ فرنگی و بامیه اختصاص یافت. کمترین مقادیر BPD به ترتیب متعلق به محصولات زیتون و آفتابگردان بود. همچنین متوسط شاخص CPD شبکه آبیاری گتوند برای سناریوهای تحقق راندمان آبیاری 30، 35، 42 و 54 درصد، به ترتیب برابر 0.92، 1.08، 1.44، 1.85 کیلوگرم در مترمکب آب بدست آمد. مقادیر متوسط شاخص BPD شبکه آبیاری گتوند برای سناریوهای تحقق راندمان آبیاری 30، 35، 42 و 54 درصد، به ترتیب برابر 34699، 40482، 53326 و 68563 ریال در مترمکعب آب مصرفی بود. مطابق داده ­های موجود، مقدار متوسط درآمد در واحد سطح برای الگوی کشت منطقه برابر 451.6 میلیون ریال در هر هکتار حاصل گردید. Manuscript profile -
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103 - بررسی تأثیر کمآبیاری و شوری آب آبیاری در مراحل مختلف رشد بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد هیبرید ذرت KSC-500 در اقلیم اهواز
امیر سلطانی محمدی حیدرعلی کشکولی احمد نادری سعید برومندنسب این تحقیق به منظور بررسی اثر کم­آبیاری و شوری آب آبیاری در مراحل مختلف رشد بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ذرت دانهای رقم 500KSC- در اقلیم شهرستان اهواز و در فصل زراعی 90-1389 اجرا گردید. تحقیق در سه آزمایش مستقل و هر یک در قالب کرت­های خرد شد More این تحقیق به منظور بررسی اثر کم­آبیاری و شوری آب آبیاری در مراحل مختلف رشد بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ذرت دانهای رقم 500KSC- در اقلیم شهرستان اهواز و در فصل زراعی 90-1389 اجرا گردید. تحقیق در سه آزمایش مستقل و هر یک در قالب کرت­های خرد شد و نیز در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه سطح آبیاری و سه سطح شوری، در سه تکرار و در سه مرحله رشد رویشی (آزمایش یک)، گل­دهی (آزمایش دو) و بعد از گل­دهی (آزمایش سه) انجام شد. تیمارهای آبیاری، شامل I1، I2 و I3 به ترتیب معادل 100، 75 و 50 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه و تیمارهای شوری، شامل S1، S2 و S3 به ترتیب معادل شوری آب رودخانه کارون در روز آبیاری (S1)، S2=S1+1 و S3=S1+2 دسی­زیمنس بر متر بود. نتایج نشان داد که اثر متقابل کم­آبیاری و شوری آب آبیاری در هر سه آزمایش بر صفات مورد مطالعه (تعداد دانه در بلال، وزن 100 دانه، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیکی و شاخص برداشت) معنیدار نبود. اما با افزایش کم آبیاری و شوری آب آبیاری، میانگین صفات مورد بررسی کاهش یافت. حداکثر عملکرد دانه، در آزمایش، یک از تیمار I2 و برابر با 2/5 تن در هکتار به دست آمد و در آزمایش­های دو و سه، حداکثر عملکرد دانه به ترتیب 8/5 و 2/6 تن در هکتار از تیمار I1 حاصل شد. در شرایط تنش شوری، حداکثر عملکرد دانه، از تیمار S1 به دست آمد که برای آزمایش یک، دو و سه به ترتیب، برابر با 3/5، 5/5، 7/6 تن در هکتار بود. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده، حساس­ترین مرحله رشد نسبت به کم­آبیاری و شوری آب آبیاری، مرحله بعد از گل­دهی ارزیابی شد. Manuscript profile -
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104 - اثر سوپرجاذب بر روند طولی گیاه نخودفرنگی تحت شرایط تنش خشکی
فرحناز احمدی نورالدین وند داود خدادادی دهکردیدر این تحقیق اثر سوپرجاذب بر رشد طولی گیاه نخودفرنگی تحت شرایط تنش خشکی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. طرح آزمایشی به صورت طرح فاکتوریل در قالب بلوکهای کامل تصادفی بود. فاکتورهای مورد بررسی در این پژوهش شامل: تیمارهای آبیاری، که در دو سطح 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه (I1) و 75 درصد ن Moreدر این تحقیق اثر سوپرجاذب بر رشد طولی گیاه نخودفرنگی تحت شرایط تنش خشکی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. طرح آزمایشی به صورت طرح فاکتوریل در قالب بلوکهای کامل تصادفی بود. فاکتورهای مورد بررسی در این پژوهش شامل: تیمارهای آبیاری، که در دو سطح 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه (I1) و 75 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه (I2) بودند. فاکتور دوم سطوح کاربرد سوپرجاذب بود که در سه سطح تیمار کنترل (S0)، 5/0 درصد وزنی از خاک گلدان (S1) و 1 درصد وزنی از خاک گلدان (S2) بودند. فاکتور سوم محل کارگذاری سوپرجاذب درون گلدان بود؛ که شامل کارگذاری سوپرجاذب در 10 سانتی‎متر اول خاک گلدان (O)، کارگذاری سوپرجاذب در طول محدوده ریشه در گلدان (M) و کارگذاری سوپرجاذب در 10 سانتی‎متر آخر خاک گلدان (U) بودند. بعد از اعمال تنش خشکی، هر 15 روز یکبار و طی شش مرحله ارتفاع گیاه اندازه‎گیری شد. با توجه به نتایج این تحقیق، درصورتی‎که محل کارگذاری سوپرجاذب در 10 سانتی‎متر آخر خاک گلدان (U) باشد، از مرحله دوم اندازه‎گیری به بعد، رشد طولی گیاه افزایش یافت و در اکثر مراحل، هنگامی که آبیاری به میزان 75 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه (I2) و سوپرجاذب به مقدار 5/0 درصد وزنی از خاک گلدان (S1) بود، رشد طولی گیاه نخودفرنگی به حداکثر مقدار خود رسید. Manuscript profile -
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105 - شبیهسازی عملکرد دانه و جذب نیتروژن در برنج تحت مدیریت آبیاری و نیتروژن
آذین نصرالله زادهپژوهش حاضر بهمنظور ارزیابی این مدل، بهصورت کرتهای خردشده در قالب بلوک کامل تصادفی بر روی رقم هاشمی با سه تکرار در دو سال زراعی انجام شد. عامل اصلی آزمایش شامل آبیاری در 2 سطح (غرقاب، آبیاری نوبتی 10 روز) و عامل فرعی نیتروژن در 3 سطح (شاهد، 50 و 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار) Moreپژوهش حاضر بهمنظور ارزیابی این مدل، بهصورت کرتهای خردشده در قالب بلوک کامل تصادفی بر روی رقم هاشمی با سه تکرار در دو سال زراعی انجام شد. عامل اصلی آزمایش شامل آبیاری در 2 سطح (غرقاب، آبیاری نوبتی 10 روز) و عامل فرعی نیتروژن در 3 سطح (شاهد، 50 و 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بود. ارزیابی مقادیر شبیهسازی و اندازهگیری شده عملکرد دانه، بیولوژیک، نیتروژن دانه و کل با استفاده از پارامترهای ضریب تبیین، آزمون t، RMSE و RMSEn انجام گرفت. نتایج نشان داد مقدار ریشه میانگین مربعات خطای نرمال شده بین 8 تا 13 درصد، شبیهسازی مقادیر ماده خشک و نیتروژن جذبشده در شرایط آبیاری و کود نیتروژن متغیر است. عملکرد با ریشه میانگین مربعات خطای 254 تا 261 کیلوگرم در هکتار و ریشه میانگین مربعات خطای نرمال شده 8 تا 9 درصد شبیهسازی شد. مقادیر ضریب تبیین برای عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک، نیتروژن دانه و نیتروژن کل به ترتیب برابر با 85/0، 91/0، 79/0 و 84/0 بود. مدل مقدار نیتروژن دانه و کل را بیشتر از مقدار اندازهگیری، شبیهسازی نمود. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که میتوان از مدل ORYZA2000 برای پشتیبانی نتایج پژوهشهای تحت شرایط محدودیت آبیاری و نیتروژن استفاده کرد. Manuscript profile -
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106 - تغییرات شوری اعماق خاک در اثر آبیاری با آب شور
وحید یزدانی سپیده یکه باش محمد سلطانیاین تحقیق به منظور بررسی تاثیر شوری آب آبیاری بر کیفیت خاک در سطح و اعماق انجام گرفت. در این تحقیق از نسبت­های مختلف سنگ نمک طبیعی و آب چاه با دبی 35 لیتر در ثانیه (در مختصات ً5/39 َ27 º59 و ً2/39 َ27 º36) به منظور ایجاد شوری­های متفاوت در Moreاین تحقیق به منظور بررسی تاثیر شوری آب آبیاری بر کیفیت خاک در سطح و اعماق انجام گرفت. در این تحقیق از نسبت­های مختلف سنگ نمک طبیعی و آب چاه با دبی 35 لیتر در ثانیه (در مختصات ً5/39 َ27 º59 و ً2/39 َ27 º36) به منظور ایجاد شوری­های متفاوت در شرایط کشت کلزا استفاده شد. در شرایط ماندگار، در یک غلظت مشخص از آب آبیاری، توزیع متفاوت در جذب آب سبب توزیع متفاوت شوری در خاک می­شود. بر این اساس، از معادلات تابع جذب آب نمایی، ذوزنقه­ای و الگوی جذب جهت بررسی تغییرات شوری استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد با افزایش زمان بعد از کاشت و اعمال تیمار­های مختلف آبیاری، مقدار شوری عصاره اشباع خاک در اعماق مختلف خاک افزایش می­یابد. در 3 تاریخ اولیه مقدار تفاوت در EC عصاره اشباع خاک خیلی زیاد نیست و در تاریخ 4 و 5 نمونه‎برداری (یعنی 102 و 118 روز بعد از کشت کلزا) مقدار تفاوت­ها بیشتر می­شود. دلیل تفاوت کم در تاریخ‎های 56، 71 و 87 روز بعد از کشت کلزا، وجود بارش در این مدت می­باشد. در 71 روز بعد از کشت کلزا مقدار EC عصاره اشباع در اغلب تیمار­ها کاهش داشت و از روند افزایشی پیروی نمی­کرد که دلیل آن وقوع بارش در بازه اول الی 15 خرداد بود؛ که باعث آب‎شویی املاح شده و EC عصاره اشباع خاک کاهش یافته است. البته باید اشاره داشت که در تیمار I4 چنین روندی مشاهده نمی­گردد. زیرا کم‎آبیاری شدید در این تیمار باعث تجمع املاح در سطح خاک شده است که بارش­ها تنها سطح خاک را آب‎شویی نموده و املاح را به اعماق پایین‎تر منتقل کرده است. نتایج نشان داد که مدل ذوزنقه­ای قادر به پیش‎بینی شوری عصاره اشباع خاک نمی­باشد. این روش شوری عصاره اشباع خاک را بسیار بیشتر از واقعیت برآورد می­کند و نتایج آن تنها در شوری 5/0 دسی زیمنس بر متر تاحدودی قابل قبول است. در مقابل، نتایج دو مدل دیگر یعنی مدل نمایی و مدل تابع جذب، نتایج مناسب‎تری را ارائه دادند. مدل نمایی در این سه سطح آبیاری دارای دقت قابل قبول­تری نسبت به مدل تابع جذب بود. Manuscript profile -
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107 - اثر رژیمهای کم آبیاری و نانوذرات سیلیکا بر عملکرد و شاخص بهرهوری آب در گیاه کاهو (Baby lettuce Vivian)
شکور طافی عبدالرحیم هوشمند ناصر عالم زاده انصاریرشد جمعیت و افزایش مشکلات زیست محیطی، تقاضای آب آبیاری در بسیاری از مناطق جهان را افزایش داده است. فناوری نانو تاثیرات زیادی در تولید پایدار محصولات کشاورزی داشته و می‎تواند خطرات زیست محیطی را کاهش داده و فرصت‎هایی برای تولید محصولات جدید فراهم کند. این تحقیق ب Moreرشد جمعیت و افزایش مشکلات زیست محیطی، تقاضای آب آبیاری در بسیاری از مناطق جهان را افزایش داده است. فناوری نانو تاثیرات زیادی در تولید پایدار محصولات کشاورزی داشته و می‎تواند خطرات زیست محیطی را کاهش داده و فرصت‎هایی برای تولید محصولات جدید فراهم کند. این تحقیق با هدف بررسی عملکرد و بهره­وری مصرف آب تحت شرایط رژیم­های کم­آبیاری و نانوذره سیلیکا انجام شد. مطالعه حاضر بر روی گیاه کاهو رقم baby lettuce Vivian در سه سطح ­آبیاری 75، 85 و 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه، سه سطح کاربرد نانوذره شامل: 0، 50 و 100 میلی­گرم بر لیتر به صورت تغذیه ریشه­ای در سه تکرار انجام شد. این طرح در قالب کرت­های خرد شده نواری و با طرح پایه بلوک­های کامل تصادفی تحلیل شد. براساس نتایج، بیش­ترین میزان پارامتر عملکرد کل به ترتیب در تیمار I100F100برابر 88/87 گرم بر بوته و کم­ترین میزان در تیمار I85F50با 47 گرم بر بوته به ثبت رسید. هم­چنین بالاترین عملکرد زیست­توده در تیمار I100F50 ثبت شد که برابر 33/61 گرم بر بوته بود و پایین­ترین عملکرد زیست­توده نیز در تیمار I75F100 گزارش گردید که برابر 26 گرم بر بوته بود. تیمار I100F50 با 53/20 کیوگرم بر مترمکعب بیش‎ترین بهره­وری مصرف آب را داشت. بالاترین و پایین­ترین شاخص برداشت در این پژوهش، به­ترتیب برابر 68/74 و 61/52 درصد بود. Manuscript profile -
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108 - بررسی مبادله آب مجازی و تأثیر آن بر بهره وری آب در اراضی تحت پوشش شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی میاناب شوشتر
افشان فارغ زاده اصلان اگدرنژادآب اولین و اساسی ترین عامل محدود کننده تولید محصولات کشاورزی است و بدون شک، بحران آب به عنوان یکی از چالش های بین المللی مورد توجه دولت ها و جوامع بشری می باشد. با توجه به اینکه آب مجازی برای اولین بار به عنوان راهی برای مقابله با کمبود آب در کشورهای دارای منابع آب محدو Moreآب اولین و اساسی ترین عامل محدود کننده تولید محصولات کشاورزی است و بدون شک، بحران آب به عنوان یکی از چالش های بین المللی مورد توجه دولت ها و جوامع بشری می باشد. با توجه به اینکه آب مجازی برای اولین بار به عنوان راهی برای مقابله با کمبود آب در کشورهای دارای منابع آب محدود مورد استفاده قرار گرفت، لذا کشورهای با آب کم باید به واردات مواد غذایی از کشورهای دارای آب فراوان به منظور صرفه جویی در منابع محدود آب بپردازند. بنابراین آب مجازی می تواند در کشورهای کم آب مانند ایران به عنوان راهکاری برای کاهش فشار بر منابع آب در نظر گرفت. لذا توجه به مقوله آب مجازی به عنوان راهکاری جهت مدیریت مصرف آب در شرایط بحرانی کم آبی می تواند ضروری به نظر برسد. هدف از این پژوهش، محاسبه آب مجازی محصولات کشاورزی بوده و پس از شناسایی جریان آب مجازی و برآورد میزان آن، شاخص های میزان صادرات، واردات و خالص مبادله آب مجازی، بهره وری، شدت مصرف آب در منطقه و وابستگی یا خودکفایی منطقه به آب مورد نیاز بررسی شده است. محصولات مورد مطالعه در این پژوهش، صیفی جات شامل خیار و گوجه فرنگی بوده که اطلاعات مورد نیاز از سال 1390 الی 1396 جمع آوری شد. نتایج نشان داد، صیفی جات جزء محصولات کم مصرف با بهره وری آب بالا قرار دارند و صادرات آب مجازی در مقایسه با واردات آب مجازی بیشتر بوده و خالص آب مبادله آب مجازی 32/7838- مترمکعب در هکتار است. همچنین شدت وابستگی به آب در منطقه پژوهش در طول دوره افزایشی بوده و در کل از نظر تأمین آب مورد نیاز برای تولید محصولات کشاورزی (خیار و گوجه فرنگی) خودکفا می باشد. Manuscript profile -
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109 - تاثیر مصارف و راندمان شبکه های آبیاری بر تولید انرژی برقابی در حوضه کارون
حمیدرضا ماجدی حسین فتحیان علیرضا نیکبخت شهبازی نرگس ظهرابیدر این پژوهش مدل­سازی تلفیقی حوزه کارون بزرگ با ظرفیت نیروگاهی ۱۰۵۰۰ مگاوات با سناریوهای چندمنظوره در راستای شبیه­سازی تخصیص منابع و هیدروانرژی و کاهش تولید گاز گلخانه­ای مورد توجه قرار گرفت. شبیه­سازی و توسعه مدل یکپارچه WEAP در یک بازه زمان Moreدر این پژوهش مدل­سازی تلفیقی حوزه کارون بزرگ با ظرفیت نیروگاهی ۱۰۵۰۰ مگاوات با سناریوهای چندمنظوره در راستای شبیه­سازی تخصیص منابع و هیدروانرژی و کاهش تولید گاز گلخانه­ای مورد توجه قرار گرفت. شبیه­سازی و توسعه مدل یکپارچه WEAP در یک بازه زمانه پنجاه ساله در کنار توسعه مدل MODFLOW در پهنه­های آبرفتی که با رودخانه دارای اندرکنش می­باشند امکان بررسی سیستم یکپارچه منابع آب حوضه را میسر نمود. پس از واسنجی و صحت­سنجی مدل تلفیقی لینک شده ، چندین سناریو اجرا گردید. مولفه­های تحت پوشش این سناریوها شامل تامین مصارف داخلی و خارجی حوضه، اثر استفاده تلفیقی منابع آب، اثر افزایش راندمان شبکه­های آبیاری در شرایط حداکثر کردن تولید انرژی پاک برقابی و حداقل کردن افت آبخوان در شرایط کم آبی ناشی از خشکسالی بود. در این راستا سناریو دوم با تولید میزان 15282 گیگاوات ساعت انرژی ضمن تامین بهینه نیاز آینده و نیاز زیست­محیطی به عنوان سناریو برتر بهره­برداری، حداقل انتشار گاز گلخانه­ای در حوضه را به دنبال خواهد داشت. Manuscript profile -
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110 - ارزیابی سیستم آبیاری قطره ای گونه های درختی بادام و گردو با ارائه مدل ریاضی
رضا صالحی سینا عطارروشن رمضانعلی پوررستمی سیامک کاتبی فرتحقیق حاضر بر روی سیستم آبیاری قطره‎ای در منطقه شهمیرزاد از توابع استان سمنان که با وسعت 700 هکتار با محصول گردو و بادام اجرا شده، انتخاب گردیده و سیستم از نظر طراحی، اجرا و مدیریت بهره‎برداری، مورد بررسی و ارزیابی قرار گرفته و مدلی ریاضی برای آن تهیه گردید. ورو Moreتحقیق حاضر بر روی سیستم آبیاری قطره‎ای در منطقه شهمیرزاد از توابع استان سمنان که با وسعت 700 هکتار با محصول گردو و بادام اجرا شده، انتخاب گردیده و سیستم از نظر طراحی، اجرا و مدیریت بهره‎برداری، مورد بررسی و ارزیابی قرار گرفته و مدلی ریاضی برای آن تهیه گردید. ورودی مدل شامل فشار و انرژی در ابتدای سیستم و قطر لوله‎های بکار رفته بوده؛ و با استفاده از روابط و معادلات پیوستگی و نیز معادلات انرژی و افت، میزان افت در لوله‎ها، سرعت جریان، فشار، دبی و انرژی را در قالب جداول و نمودار ارائه می‎دهد. کارآیی مدل و سناریوهایی که می‎توان در این مدل ارائه نمود و نیز پارامترهای ارزیابی بر اساس دستورالعمل اداره حفاظت خاک امریکا (SCS) که توسط استاندارد ASAE توصیه شده، می‎باشد. سیستم با متوسط یکنواختی ریزش 74/85 درصد در مانیفلد (EUm) و متوسط ضریب کاهش راندمان (ERF) 64/0 و متوسط یکنواختی ریزش 87/54 درصد در سیستم (EUs) و پتانسیل راندمان کاربرد (PELQ) به مقدار 88/49 درصد می‎باشد. با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده از ارزیابی که در چند مرحله انجام شد، سیستم در مرحله اجرا و مدیریت بهره‎‎برداری دارای اشکالات زیادی بوده و ضعیف ارزیابی می‎شود. بالا بودن ضریب تغییرات ساخت قطره چکان‎ها (26 درصد) و ضعف مدیریت سیستم، به دلیل کم بودن پتانسیل راندمان کاربرد، در این تحقیق مشاهده شد. Manuscript profile -
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111 - ارزیابی سامانههای آبیاری بارانی کلاسیک ثابت با آبپاش متغیر استان اصفهان
مسعود فرزام نیا حسین دهقانی سانیجدر این تحقیق سامانههای آبیاری بارانی کلاسیک ثابت با آبپاش متحرک اجرا شده در 15 مزرعه استان اصفهان مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. بهرهبرداران از سامانههای مذکور رضایت نسبی داشتند و معتقد بودند تغییر سامانه از آبیاری سطحی به آبیاری بارانی باعث کاهش مصرف آب و افزایش سطح زیرکشت Moreدر این تحقیق سامانههای آبیاری بارانی کلاسیک ثابت با آبپاش متحرک اجرا شده در 15 مزرعه استان اصفهان مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. بهرهبرداران از سامانههای مذکور رضایت نسبی داشتند و معتقد بودند تغییر سامانه از آبیاری سطحی به آبیاری بارانی باعث کاهش مصرف آب و افزایش سطح زیرکشت و در نتیجه کسب درآمد بیشتر شده است ولی عملکرد در واحد سطح و کیفیت محصولات را کاهش داده است. اکثر مزارع در مناطق بادخیز بودند، متوسط تلفات بادبردگی 20 درصد بود. مقادیر متوسط یکنواختی پخش آب و ضریب یکنواختی سامانهها بهترتیب 58 و 65 بود و به سه گروه کیفی "ضعیف"، نسبتاًخوب و خوب دستهبندی شدند. مقادیر حداکثر، حداقل و میانگین برای راندمان پتانسیل کاربرد کمترین ربع (PELQs) بهترتیب 72، 19 و 48 و برای راندمان کاربرد کمترین ربع (AELQs) بهترتیب 66، 14 و 41 درصد یود. اکثر مزارع دچار کمآبیاری بودند و نزدیکی مقادیر دو پارامتر اخیر بههمین دلیل است. با توجه به نتایج بهدست آمده، مواجه بودن مملکت با کمبود آب و انرژی، خرده مالکی بودن اکثر اراضی و از همه مهمتر محدودیتهای اقلیمی، استفاده از سامانههای مذکور نمیتواند، بدون مدیریت و نظارت دقیق، کارآمدی لازم را داشته باشد. بهتر است سامانههای آبیاری بارانی با فشار متوسط (آبپاشهای کوچک) و یا بهطورکلی سامانههای کمفشار جایگزین آنها شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - مقایسه روشهای یک نقطهای و دو نقطهای در برآورد پارامترهای نفوذ در آبیاری جویچهای
جواد جعفری فرشید تاران رضا دلیر حسن نیا امیر حسین ناظمینفوذ یکی از مهم­ترین پارامترهای هیدرولیکی مؤثر در آبیاری سطحی و از مشکل­ترین پارامترهای قابل تعیین در مزرعه می­باشد. معادلات نفوذ در تشریح هیدرولیک جریان و طراحی سیستم­های آبیاری سطحی به کار می­روند. اما تعیین پارامترهای این معادلات مستلزم وقت و هزین Moreنفوذ یکی از مهم­ترین پارامترهای هیدرولیکی مؤثر در آبیاری سطحی و از مشکل­ترین پارامترهای قابل تعیین در مزرعه می­باشد. معادلات نفوذ در تشریح هیدرولیک جریان و طراحی سیستم­های آبیاری سطحی به کار می­روند. اما تعیین پارامترهای این معادلات مستلزم وقت و هزینه زیادی است و به این منظور معمولاً از روش­های تخمین این پارامترها استفاده می­شود. در این مطالعه برای به دست آوردن پارامترهای معادله نفوذ از سه روش ورودی-خروجی به عنوان مبنا و روش­های یک نقطه­ای شپارد و همکاران و دو نقطه­ای الیوت و واکر استفاده شد و دقت دو روش یک نقطه­ای شپارد و همکاران و دو نقطه ای الیوت و واکر در تخمین حجم آب نفوذ یافته ارزیابی گردید. به این منظور از داده­های مربوط به دو مزرعه­C1201 و E201 کشت و صنعت هفت تپه با سیستم آبیاری جویچه­ای و در شرایط مختلف مزرعه­ای با طول و دبی­های ورودی متفاوت استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که روش دو نقطه­ای الیوت و واکر در تخمین نفوذ تجمعی با خطای نسبی 08/8 درصد برای مزرعه C1201 و خطای نسبی 85/12 درصد برای مزرعه E201 دارای دقت بیشتری نسبت به روش یک نقطه­ای شپارد و همکاران بود. همچنین این روش در تعیین مرحله پیشروی با خطای نسبی 03/4 درصد برای مزرعه C1201 و 41/6 درصد برای مزرعه E201 دارای بیشترین دقت بود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - بررسی شیب خط نشت در خاکریز کانالهای آبیاری شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی دشت میاناب با استفاده از مدل SEEP/W
فرخ فلاحت حسین فتحیان بهروز دهانزادهیکی از مشکلات شبکههای آبیاری موجود پدیده نشت و تراوش میباشد. مسئله تراوش آب و کنترل آن در کانالهای آبیاری یکی از مهمترین مسائل در طراحی، ساخت، نگهداری و بهرهبرداری از اینگونه کانالهاست. در این تحقیق، میزان و خط آزاد نشت از کانال آبیاری و زهکشی میاناب واقع در حوضه کارون Moreیکی از مشکلات شبکههای آبیاری موجود پدیده نشت و تراوش میباشد. مسئله تراوش آب و کنترل آن در کانالهای آبیاری یکی از مهمترین مسائل در طراحی، ساخت، نگهداری و بهرهبرداری از اینگونه کانالهاست. در این تحقیق، میزان و خط آزاد نشت از کانال آبیاری و زهکشی میاناب واقع در حوضه کارون با استفاده از مدل ریاضی دو بعدی Seep/w شبیهسازی شد. نتایج نشان میدهد که زمانی که عمق جریان در کانال اصلی برابر و یا بیشتر از 69 / 1 متر باشد، خط آزاد نشت دیواره پائین دست خاکریز را قطع میکند و احتمال ایجاد پدیده Piping وجود دارد. با افزایش عمق جریان آب در کانال اصلی، شیب خط نشت افزایش مییابد. ضریب هدایت هیدرولیکی تاثیری بر خط آزاد نشت ندارد و تنها عاملی که روی خط آزاد نشت تأثیر میگذارد، رقوم سطح جریان آب در کانال اصلی میباشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - مطالعه شاخص بهرهوری آب، در مزارع سیب زمینی دشت همدان ـ بهار
محمد رضا قاسمی نژاد صفر معروفیمحدودیت منابع آب، عدم برنامه­ریزی آبیاری و استفاده نامطلوب از آب، عامل اصلی محدود کننده توسعه کشاورزی در ایران است. در این پژوهش، زمان و میزان آب آبیاری، به­منظور افزایش بهره­وری آب، در مزارع سیب­زمینی دشت همدان – بهار، تعیین گردید. بدین منظور، سه Moreمحدودیت منابع آب، عدم برنامه­ریزی آبیاری و استفاده نامطلوب از آب، عامل اصلی محدود کننده توسعه کشاورزی در ایران است. در این پژوهش، زمان و میزان آب آبیاری، به­منظور افزایش بهره­وری آب، در مزارع سیب­زمینی دشت همدان – بهار، تعیین گردید. بدین منظور، سه مزرعه سیب­زمینی در بخش­های مختلف دشت، در سال زراعی 90-1389 انتخاب و با استفاده از تانسیومتر و بلوک­گچی، مصرف آب اندازه­گیری شده و نهایتاً شاخص بهره­وری آب (WUE) با استفاده از حجم آب مصرفی (W) و عملکرد محصول (Y) محاسبه شد. بر اساس اندازه­گیری­های انجام شده، حداقل و حداکثر میزان آب مصرفی، در مزارع تیمار، به­ترتیب 4481 و 7500 مترمکعب و نیز در مزارع شاهد نیز، به­ترتیب 5092 و 8279 مترمکعب در هکتار بوده است. نتایج نشان داد که با آموزش برنامه­ریزی صحیح مصرف آب، عملکرد محصول سیب­زمینی به مقدار قابل ملاحظه­ای (13 درصد) افزایش، می­یابد. این افزایش، با کاهش 1/13 درصد میزان آب مصرفی در تمامی مزارع مورد مطالعه همراه بوده­است و در نتیجه کارایی مصرف آب نیز 29 درصد افزایش یافت. نتایج نشان داد که میتوان از تانسیومتر به­عنوان یک ابزار مناسب جهت بهبود مدیریت آبیاری با آموزش آن به زارعین استفاده نمود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - Survey of Irrigation Systems Management in Landscape in Abhar Township
Amir Abedini Sahar dehyouri Azita zandThe purpose of this research was the survey of irrigation systems management in the landscape in Abhar Township from the view of experts. The type of research is descriptive-correlation and analytical research that is done through survey method. Statistical population o MoreThe purpose of this research was the survey of irrigation systems management in the landscape in Abhar Township from the view of experts. The type of research is descriptive-correlation and analytical research that is done through survey method. Statistical population of research is engineers, experts and observers of the landscape that they are 65 persons that they collected by census method as the statistical population, because of a small and limited population. The main tool of this research is a questionnaire that its validity was confirmed by using the panel of experts and masters in the irrigation systems management field and its reliability is done through pre_test (Cronbach alpha= 0.8164). Research findings showed that irrigation systems management in the landscape is at a high level from the view of experts. This variable is obtained from compilating of design, implementation, operation, and maintenance irrigation systems management in the landscape. The results of the research shown that exist a significant positive correlation between management factor, the technical factor, the educational factor, the institutional and organizational factors and the economic factors with irrigation systems management in the landscape. The results of analysis regression are indicated to three variables, management factor, the technical factor, and the educational factor well explain for 64/0% changes in irrigation systems management in the landscape. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Study of irrigation effect wastewater on soil salinity by using satellite image ( case study : Birjand treatment)
سعید مرگان عباس خاشعی سیوکی علی شهیدی مصطفی یعقوب زادهA severe shortage of water resource in south Khorasan province caused, water resource managements use waste water for irrigation agriculture lands. Soil salinity is one of the pervasive phenomena in the word that due to its adverse effects on the growth of plants and th MoreA severe shortage of water resource in south Khorasan province caused, water resource managements use waste water for irrigation agriculture lands. Soil salinity is one of the pervasive phenomena in the word that due to its adverse effects on the growth of plants and the final product has become one of the main challenges in the field of natural resource management. In this study attempted to investigate effects of long-term irrigation with wastewater of Birjand refinery on soil salinity characteristic, taken effective step to inhibit this phenomenon and, more importantly, management and conservation of water resources. Since evaluating effects of irrigation with wastewater on soil salinity requires access to soil salinity information before and after constructing the refinery building, and we have no information about soil salinity in the past, so to finding out soil salinity information in the past year’s, the option of using satellite images was selected. For this purpose, satellite images of the study area were downloaded from USGS site, and using PCI-Geomatica software bands of Landsat satellite merged together to create one image that is prepared for studying. Because satellite image contains raw information and hard to interpretation alone, so using some soil salinity indices is required for reach this goal. With an assessment of correlation between gathered information from different soil salinity indices and actual EC amounts, it was found that SI-1 with root square equal to %84 have the most correlation with actual amounts of EC values. Then with making a meaningful relation between this salinity index and EC can achieve a comprehensive relationship to extract data related to soil salinity obtained from satellite images. Results of this study represented that irrigation with waste water generally have not devastating effects on soil salinity and in most cases caused decreasing about 3% to 5% of soil salinity in sampling points. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Designing and Dismounting an Intelligent System of Irrigation Management for Greenhouse based on Delphi Software
Davood mohammadi pirmorad -
Open Access Article
118 - Reflections on the Industry's Thought of Khajeh Rashidodin Fazlollah Hamedani
Amir Teymour Rafiei Khajeh Rashidedin Fazlollah Hamedani(645-718 AH, 1246-1318 AD) was the physician, historian, minister and celebrated politician of great Ilkhani Kings like Ghazan Khan and Uljayto. Undoubtedly, he has played a great role in influencing the late Ilkahni Kings con More Khajeh Rashidedin Fazlollah Hamedani(645-718 AH, 1246-1318 AD) was the physician, historian, minister and celebrated politician of great Ilkhani Kings like Ghazan Khan and Uljayto. Undoubtedly, he has played a great role in influencing the late Ilkahni Kings concerning the administration of a series of reformations, specifically in economy, rural and urban developments and the stabilization of tax system. So it seems necessary to study Khajeh Rashid’s social activities both comprehensively and analytically. This study attempts to analyze his economic thoughts implemented in Ghazan Khan’s reign. The following items will seem specific attention: Restoring the dilapidated irrigation network in order to boost agriculture and gardening Renovating the desert lands and supporting the farmers and villagers through the stabilization of tax on their lands (tribute) and the other taxes paid to treasury. Recognition of their land ownership and the return of the farmers who had deserted their lands. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - The Effects of Irrigation Regimes on Second Cropping of Three Soybean Genotypes in Moghan Region
M. Rostamzadeh Kaleybar, M. Farboodi A.H. Hoseinzadeh Moghbeli N. RazmiTo determine the effects of different irrigation regimes on second cropping of three soybean genotypes (Glycine max L.), an on farm split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications was carried out at Moghan Agricultural and Natural Res MoreTo determine the effects of different irrigation regimes on second cropping of three soybean genotypes (Glycine max L.), an on farm split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications was carried out at Moghan Agricultural and Natural Resources Center during summer, 2010. The seeds were planted in a plot with 6 rows 60 cm wide, 250 cm length and plants 3 cm apart on the rows. The main plots comprised 4 irrigation regimes: I1=60 mm, I2=90 mm, I3 =120 mm and I4=150mm evaporation from class A pan) and sub-plots soybean genotypes (Williams, Linford and L17). The traits recorded were plant height, number of nodes, pods and seeds per plant, 1000 seeds weight, seed yield, height of first pod, number of empty pods, leaf number, lateral branches number (productive), pods length, inter-nodes distances, chlorophyll content, stem weight, pods weight, green leaf and roots weights. Analysis of variance of the data showed that there were significant differences among characters (like plant height, node number, pod number, inter node distance, pods weight, chlorophyll context volume and roots weight) and irrigation treatments The I1 treatment had the highest yield and node number, while the I4 treatment resulted in the least plant height and nodes number. Also I2 treatment produced the highest pods number while the treatments I4 resulted in the least pot number. Highest chlorophyll content was obtained under I4 treatment but under I2 treatment it was the least. The highest pod weight was obtained from I3 treatment and it was the least under the I4 treatment. The highest root weight was resulted from using I2 treatment and the lowest from I4. Also, ANOVA showed significant differences for plants height and inter nodes distances among genotypes (p<0.01). The highest plants and longest inter-nodes belonged to Linford and the shortest to L17. There were positive and significant correlation between yield and 1000 seed weight (p<0.01). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Effect of Different Irrigation Regimes on Agronomic Characteristics and Grain Quality in Selected Rice Genotypes (Oryza sativa L.)
Masoumeh Habibi Pooria Mazloom Morteza Nasiri Ali Eftekhari Morteza MoballeghiThe occurrence of water shortage and drought stress during plant growth, is caused yield loss as well as the grain quality of rice genotypes. Hence, this experiment was conducted to determine eefects of different irrigation methods on rice grain yield and several import MoreThe occurrence of water shortage and drought stress during plant growth, is caused yield loss as well as the grain quality of rice genotypes. Hence, this experiment was conducted to determine eefects of different irrigation methods on rice grain yield and several important grain quality traits such as amylose percentage, degree of milling and gelatinization temperature in Rice Research Institute of Iran (Mazandaran Branch, Amol) in 2017. Experiment carried out as split plots using randomized complete blocks design with main factor of irrigation methods in three levels of flooding irrigation, alternate wetting and drying method up to 10 (AWD10) and 20 (AWD20) cm below the soil surface and sub-factor with ten rice genotypes. The results showed that different irrigation treatments were statistically significant on garin lenghg before cooking, crash grain, amylose content and gelatinization temperature. Among the genotypes, Neda with average of 6901.7 kg.ha-1 had the highest grain yield, harvest index 44.2%, milling efficiency, degree of milling 72.3% and healthy garin 65.3%. The highest degree of milling (90%), grain length after cooking (13.2 mm), elongation ratio (2 mm) and Gelatinization temperature (5.6) belong to Vandana, IR74428-153-2-3, Firozan and IR70416-53-2-2 genotypes, respectively. In general, considering to the important quantities and qualities traits of genotypes in irrigation regime treatments were not different from flooding method, therefore, the studied genotypes are recommended for planting in areas with lack of irrigation water. It should be noted that Neda genotype is introduced as a superior genotype due to increase of sevral important quantities and qualities traits compared to other genotypes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Some Morphological Characters and Yield of Common Field Bean (Vicia faba.L)
لیلی Golchin S. Zehtab Salmasi J. Shafagh KolvanaghTo evalauate the influences of irrigation time with wastewater of Iran mayhes factory (producing leaven) on some morphological characters and yield of faba bean, a factorial experiment carried out on the base of randomized complete block design (CRBD) in Iran Mayehs fac MoreTo evalauate the influences of irrigation time with wastewater of Iran mayhes factory (producing leaven) on some morphological characters and yield of faba bean, a factorial experiment carried out on the base of randomized complete block design (CRBD) in Iran Mayehs factory farm in spring2012. Experimental factors consisted of irrigation times at 3 levels I1 = one irrigation with determined amount of wastewater, I2 = two irrigations with determined amount of wastewater, I3 = irrigation during the growth period of plants with determined amount of wastewater) and wastewater concentration at 6 levels (P0 = irrigation with normal water (control), P15=15% wastewaters + normal water, P30= 30% wastewaters + normal, P45= 45% wastewaters + normal water, P60= 60% wastewaters + normal water, P100= all wastewater) with three replications. Results showed that the effect irrigation numbers on traits such as plant height, number of pods per plant and seed yield was significant. Results also revealed that the effect of weastwater concentration on1000seed weight was significant. The interaction of number of irrigations by weastwater concentrations on stem dry weight was also signification. Evaluation of different treatments showed that 45 percent concentration of wastewater was increased traits under study. It seems, that controlled irrigation of bean with wastewater of factory (producing yeast) can be effective in improving its yield in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Effect of Supplementary Irrigation and Foliar Application of Zinc Sulfate on Seed Yield and its Components of Chickpea in Arak, Iran
V. Borzabadi I. FarahaniTo consider supplementary irrigation and application of different level of Zinc sulfate on yield and yield components and some physiological traits of chickpea c.v. "Hashem", this research was This study carried out in a split plot experiment based on randomized complet MoreTo consider supplementary irrigation and application of different level of Zinc sulfate on yield and yield components and some physiological traits of chickpea c.v. "Hashem", this research was This study carried out in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications at the Research Farm of the Islamic Azad University of Arak.. Treatments applied consisted of two levels (supplementary irrigation and rain-fed condition) and three rates of the foliar zinc sulfate application (12, 24 and 36 grams). Results showed that the effects of supplementary irrigation and foliar application of fertilize grams/liter on seed yield and biological yield were significant at 1% level of probability. Highest seed yield (567.2 kg/ha) was obtained from applying supplementary irrigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Effect of Different Methods of Chemical Weed Control Irrigation Regimes on Weed Biomass and Safflower Yield
M. Matinfar S. Seyfzade A.H. ShiraniRad M.A. Baghestani M. MatinfarIn order to investigate the effects of different weed control methods and moisture regimes on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), a field split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with 4 replications was conducted in Takestan Iran, during growing sea MoreIn order to investigate the effects of different weed control methods and moisture regimes on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), a field split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with 4 replications was conducted in Takestan Iran, during growing seasons of 2007-8. Three irrigations regimes (normal irrigation, restricted irrigation at stem elongation and restricted irrigation at flowering stage) were assigned to the main plots and nine chemical weed control method (complete hand weeding, treflan with 2 L/ha as pre plant herbicide, sonalan with 3 L/ha ad pre plant herbicide, estomp with 3 L/ha as pre plant herbicide, gallant super with 0/75 L/ha as post emergence herbicide, treflan with 2 L/ha as pre plant herbicide+ gallant super with 0/75 L/ha as post emergence herbicide, sonalan with 3 L/ha as pre plant herbicide + gallant super with 0/75 L/ha as post emergence herbicide estomp with 3 L/ha as pre plant herbicide + gallant super with 0/75 L/ha as post emergence herbicide and without hand weeding) to sub- plots. At the end of growing period traits like number of head per plant, number of seed per head, 1000 grain weight, percent of seed oil, yield of seed oil and grain yield were measured. Results indicated that treflan + gallant super treatment in restricted irrigation at stem elongation stage had the lowest dry weight of weeds. In this study maximum grain yield (2927 Kg/ha) was achieved from hand weeding + usual irrigation treatments. In general treflan + gallant super treatment was the most effective treatment on safflower yield and weed control. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Evaluation of the Response of Bread Wheat Genotypes to Supplementary Irrigation with Respect to Grain Yield and some Agronomical and Physiological Traits
M. Kheiri M. Roostaei E. Zadhassan R. Dastbari R. Eslami M.B. Khorshidi BenamIn order to study the effect of supplementary irrigation on grain yield of 20 advanced bread wheat lines from population of recombinant inbred lines, selected from Azar2/87Zhong291, this experiment was conducted using randomized block design with three replications unde MoreIn order to study the effect of supplementary irrigation on grain yield of 20 advanced bread wheat lines from population of recombinant inbred lines, selected from Azar2/87Zhong291, this experiment was conducted using randomized block design with three replications under supplementary irrigation during 2008-09 seasons at the Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI) of Maragheh. Characters under study were: days to heading, plant height, days to maturity, 1000 kernel weight, tiller number, spike length, seed number per spike, spikelet number per spike, peduncle length, leaf sheath length, grain and biologic yields. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes with respect to the most of the traits studied. Results showed that the lines No. 4 and 16 with 3400 and 3680 kg/ha grain yield were significantly superior under supplementary irrigation conditions. Based on the results the traits such as leaf sheath length, seed number and spike weight, tiller number and HI showed positive and significant correlation with grain yield. Path analysis indicated that leaf sheath length, seed number per spike and 1000 kernel weight were important traits to select lines for high yield potential under supplementary irrigation condition, but days to maturity showed negative effect on grain yield. As a whole, the line no. 16 (Azar2/78Zhong291-53) with high yield (3680 kg/ha) under supplementary irrigation, early maturity, 1000 kernel weight and HI, can be selected as a suitable genotype. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Effect of Mycorrhizae Species on the Quantitative and Qualitative Charachteristics of Soybean (Glycine max L.) under Different Irrigation Systems
Nadia Dorostkar Alireza PirzadTo evaluate mycorrhizal symbiosis of soybean plants (Glycine max L. cv. Williams) under different irrigation systems, a split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at Urmia University in 2015. Treatments w MoreTo evaluate mycorrhizal symbiosis of soybean plants (Glycine max L. cv. Williams) under different irrigation systems, a split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at Urmia University in 2015. Treatments were irrigation systems (drip and sprinkler irrigation) assigned to main plots, and mycorrhizal fungi species (non-inoculated as control,Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices andSimiglomus hoi) to sub-plots. Results indicated that the highest plant height, pod weight, seed yield, 100 seed weight, number of nods per stem, biological yield, harvest index of oil, oil percent and oil yield were obtained by using drip irrigation. The highest LWR (ratio of leaf/aerial parts weight) and SPAD (chlorophyll index) were observed in sprinkler irrigation system. The significant interaction effects were exhibited variable responses of soybean plants to mycorrhizal species under irrigation systems. The highest photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll-a, -b and total chlorophyll) and carotenoids were obtained from AMF-inoculated plants under sprinkler system, regardless of fungal species. The highest leaf phosphorus belonged to inoculated plants (F. mosseae) in sprinkler irrigation system. All fungi species increased leaf protein, similarly. While the leaf potassium did not show significant differences with non-AMF inoculated control plants. Despite highest root colonization with R. intraradices under sprinkler irrigation system, colonization by all three species of fungi under both irrigation systems were higher than non-AMF inoculated soybean plants. In both irrigation systems, the ratio of fatty acids (unsaturated fatty acids which were four times higher than of saturated fatty acids) in AMF-inoculated plants were equal to that of non-mycorrhizal control soybean. Regardless of different responses of soybean plants to mycorrhizal species, biological seed and oil yields, under drip irrigation system were about 23, 53 and 84% higher than that of sprinkler irrigation system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - The Effects of Different Irrigation Regimes on the Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Three Soybean Cultivars (Glycine max)
N. Razmi J. Iran nejad H. Khanzadeh B. Soheili MogaddamTo study the effect of different irrigation regimes on morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivars, this experiment was conducted at Moghan Agricultural Research Center during 2009-2010 in Iran. The experiment was split plot based on randomized MoreTo study the effect of different irrigation regimes on morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivars, this experiment was conducted at Moghan Agricultural Research Center during 2009-2010 in Iran. The experiment was split plot based on randomized complete block design, with 3 replications. The main plots consisted of four irrigation regimes: I1, I2, I3 and I4 indicating irrigation after 60, 100, 140 and 180 mm evaporation from class A pan respectively and 3 soybean cultivars named Linford, L17 and Williams assigned in the sub plots. Results of combined analysis showed that with increasing irrigation intervals from I1 to I4 reduced growth period, plant height and leaf area index (LAI), number of nodes, branches and internodes significantly. Physiologic characteristics such as chlorophyll contain of leaves and relative water content (RWC) were also affected by irrigation regimes. LAI in I1 was 4.94 reduced inI4to 3.70.Plant height of soybean cultivars were declined by 21% in I4 (irrigation after 180 mm evaporation) as compared to I1 (irrigation after 60 mm evaporation). Soluble proline content of the leaves and electric conduction (EC) on the other hand increases significantly. There was significant differences among cultivars concerning the vegetative and physiological characteristics. Willams and L17 cultivars produced the highest numbers of nodes (15.5) and internode length (4.95cm) receptivity. The maximum proline content (65.6 µmol/F.W) and relative water content (67.65%) belonged to Linford cultivar. Interaction of irrigation regimes and cultivars was significant on plant hieght, LAI and proline content. Linford cultivar had more soluble proline under water limited condition and maintained higher LAI and plant height in I4 treatment as compared other treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Effect of Supplementary Irrigation on Yield, Yield Components and Protein Percentages of Chickpea Cultivars in Ilam, Iran
A. Maleki A. Heidari A. Siadat A. Tahmasebi A. FathiIn order to study the effect of supplementary irrigation on yield, yield components and protein percentages of three cultivars of chickpea an experiment carried out as split plot, based on randomized complete blocks design, with three replications in Ilam, in 2009-2010 MoreIn order to study the effect of supplementary irrigation on yield, yield components and protein percentages of three cultivars of chickpea an experiment carried out as split plot, based on randomized complete blocks design, with three replications in Ilam, in 2009-2010 growing season. Irrigation treatments were: control, without irrigation (I0), irrigation at the stage of %50 blooming, irrigation at the stage of %50 flowering, irrigation at the stage of pods filling, which were allocated to main plots and genotypes, ILC482, Filip93-93 and local variety to sub plots. Irrigation treatments had significantly effect on seed and biological yields, harvest index, pod numbers per plant, seed numbers per pod and 100 seed weight. The Filip93-93 produced highest (1140.51 kg/ha) and the local variety lowest seed yields (1056.98 kg/ha).Irrigation at the stage of pod filling and blooming increased by seed yield %41.3 and %29.3 respectively as compared to control .Irrigation at the pod filling period produced the highest seed yield. The Filip93-93 produced highest yield (1263.31 kg/ha) when the field irrigated at pod filling stage and the local variety at control treatment (without irrigation) the lowest seed yield (893.26 kg/ha). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - The Role of Salicylic Acid and Chitosan Foliar Applications under Drought Stress Condition on Some Physiological Traits and Oil Yield of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
Ayoub Amiri Sedigheh Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi Parviz Yadollahi Dehcheshmeh Alireza SirousmehrTo study the effects of drought and foliar applications of salicylic acid and chitosan on some physiological traits and oil yield of safflower under drought a split plot experiment with three replications based on a randomized complete block design was conducted at the MoreTo study the effects of drought and foliar applications of salicylic acid and chitosan on some physiological traits and oil yield of safflower under drought a split plot experiment with three replications based on a randomized complete block design was conducted at the University of Zabol, Iran. Treatments were three levels irrigations at 25, 50 and 75% of soil available water assigned to main plots, and four levels of foliar applications of salicylic acid and chitosan (control, 0.424 g/liter of salicylic acid, 5 g/liter of chitosan and mixed application of salicylic acid and chitosan) to sub-plots. Water stress reduced oil yield and phosphorus, potassium and calcium contents of shoot. Oil yield was decreased with increasing drought stress by 11% as compared to that of control. Severe water stress also increased the amount of sodium in seed, but its effects on nitrogen and iron control of shoot, membrane stability index and relative humidity were not significant. Foliar application of salicylic acid and chitosan increased macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) and micronutrients (calcium and iron). Seed oil yield was not affected by foliar spray. In general, combined application chitosan and salicylic acid on traits under study was effective. It can be suggested that combined application of chitosan and salicylic acid could be effective in growing safflower at this region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - The Effect of Drought Stress on Agrophysiological Traits of Corn (Zea mays L.) Cultivars in Khoy Condition
MirHamid Aboutalebi Abdollah Hasanzadeh Ghorttapeh Amir Fayaz MoghadamOver use of water and unnecessary limitation irrigation water, both affects economic production of corn. Therefore, it is necessary to use different irrigation regimes in order to determine the most suitable irrigation interval with minimum effect on yield. To study the MoreOver use of water and unnecessary limitation irrigation water, both affects economic production of corn. Therefore, it is necessary to use different irrigation regimes in order to determine the most suitable irrigation interval with minimum effect on yield. To study the effect of different irrigation regimes on forage and grain yield of three varieties of maize, an experiment was carried out at the Research Center of Khoy, a province of west Azarbaijan, in 2008. The experiment was carried out with four replications in an form of split plot based on randomized complete block design. The main plot consisted of four levels of irrigation intervals (I1, I2, I3 and I4) of corn plots, irrigated after 60, 90, 120 and 150 (mm) evapotranspiration pan. Subplots consisted of three varieties of corn (SC704, Maxima524, Jeta600). In this experiment, different features of maize varieties were analyzed and measured at milk stage (R3) as forage. Results showed that by increasing irrigation cycle and as a result decreasing water using in four levels of irrigation, traits like forage yield, ear weight, plant height, stem and leaf weight, ear leaf area and relative water content have decrease in treatment according to decrease in water used. Among three the varieties under study, Maxima524 due to lower growing period as compared to the other two varieties, used low water volumes while yielded equal to the other two varieties. Overall, results showed that Maxima524 based on irrigation after 90 mm evaporation is found to be low water user against optimal performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Evaluation of 20 Barley Genotypes under the Terminal Drought Condition
H. Tajalli S.G. Mousavi R. Baradaran M.H. Saberi E. ArazmjooTo study the response of barley genotypes to terminal drought stress, 20 promising barley genotypes were compared under two stress and non-stress conditions, in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural MoreTo study the response of barley genotypes to terminal drought stress, 20 promising barley genotypes were compared under two stress and non-stress conditions, in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Center of Southern Khorasan during 2007-2008 growing season. Drought stress levels consist of control (complete irrigation) and irrigation up to the 50% heading stage. Results showed that skipping irrigation at 50% heading stage resulted in 14.64 reduction in seed yield and 8.12 percent in biological yield compared to control condition. Spike length, plant height and flag leaf area in drought condition decreased by 12.4, 7.65 and 24 percent against complete irrigation treatment. Also, irrigation up to the 50% heading caused increasing of chlorophyll index and cell membrane permeability and declining of relative water content of flag leaf. There weren’t any significant differences among barley genotypes in terms of biological yield but the highest and lowest grain yield achieved from genotype number 18 (5997.2 kg.ha-1) and genotype number 16 (3420.8 kg.ha-1) respectively. Cultivar number 5 and 13 had the highest rate of chlorophyll index, and also number 8 had the highest relative water content (80.7%) in flag leaf. Based on the results of this study, genotypes number 18 and 20 had higher yields in both normal and drought stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - Determinination of the Environmental Effects of Bean Production by Life Cycle Assessment Method in Yasuj (by Comparing Sprinkler Irrigation Method Versus Flooding)
Madineh Vahabipoor GolamReza Sabzghabaei Solmaz DashtiIndustrialization of todays societies, resulted in increased use of machinery and excessive use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides in agriculture. Life cycle assessment is one of the environmental assessment methods that is used to assess processes, products and ser MoreIndustrialization of todays societies, resulted in increased use of machinery and excessive use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides in agriculture. Life cycle assessment is one of the environmental assessment methods that is used to assess processes, products and services. Life cycle assessment method in this study is used to evaluate the environmental effects of bean production with sprinkler and flood irrigation methods in the crop year of 2016-2017 using the effects of global warming, acidification, land euotrophication, depletion of fossil, phosphate and water resources exploited in Yasuj city. The results showed that the final index of the three groups of environmental impact factors (global warming, acidification and land euotrophication) in rainfed more than flood farming and the indices of the three groups of resource depletion effects (fossil, phosphate and water depletions in both croppimg system. The environmental indices for sprinkler, flooding and flood irrigations were 0.634, 0.513, 1.14 and 2.26 respectively. Elimination of unnecessary operations in the planting process and reduction of fuel consumption, irrigation in the last hours and the beginning of the day when evaporation is low, the use of biological methods to remove pests and attention to general recommendations for chemical fertilizers can be effective in reducing environmental effects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Evaluating Yield and Morphological Traits Response of Some Millet Accessions to Stopping off Irrigation at Flowering Stage
A. Nakhaei M.R. Abbasi E. ArazmjooTo evaluate the response of 13 millet accessions to skip irrigation at terminal growth stage, two separate experiments based on randomized complete block design with three replications conducted at the Agricultural Research Center of Birjand, Iran, in 2005 and 2006. Irr MoreTo evaluate the response of 13 millet accessions to skip irrigation at terminal growth stage, two separate experiments based on randomized complete block design with three replications conducted at the Agricultural Research Center of Birjand, Iran, in 2005 and 2006. Irrigation was stopped in the first experiment at 10% flowering while irrigation was conducted as usual, in the second experiment once every 7 days. Combined analysis of variance showed that stopping at flowering time irrigation leads to reduction in all investigated traits, especially dry forage and grain yield. Accession numbers 15-143 (Southern Khorasan accession) and 15-24 (Yazd) produced highest grain and dry forage yield in both years and accession number 15-132 (Hamadan) had the lowest yield against all the others. According to the results of this study and considering the severe reduction of grain and dry forage yield recommending deficit irrigation treatment, at flowering would not be feasible at Birjand region. Also, number 15-131 (Southern Khorasan) accession had an acceptable grain yield and dry forage on both irrigation regimes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Fesibility Study on Increasing Water Use Efficiecy in (Thymus vulgaris L.) in Different Planting Pattern and Partial with Using Biochar
Kiomars Fakhri Saeed Sayfzadeh Mansour Sarajooghi Seyed Alireza Valad Abadi Ismail Hadidi MasoulehThe purpose of this field was to study the effect of biochar application and different planting patterns in different irrigation regimes on the growth and yield of thyme essential oil. The studied treatments include irrigation (irrigation of all furrows, irrigation of f MoreThe purpose of this field was to study the effect of biochar application and different planting patterns in different irrigation regimes on the growth and yield of thyme essential oil. The studied treatments include irrigation (irrigation of all furrows, irrigation of furrows as one in constant and one in variable (biochar (non-application of biochar and application of biochar at 8 tons per hectare) and planting pattern (single row cultivation) Thyme and cultivation of two rows of thyme) on the growth and yield of the thyme plant. This experiment was carried out in two cropping years of 1397 and 1398 in the form of split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the highest yield of flowering branches was obtained in the treatment of irrigation of all furrows + application of biochar with mean of 1701 kg. ha-1. In this study, the highest yield of essential oil with 24.7 kg. ha-1 was obtained in the treatment of furrow irrigation as a constant interval + application of biochar + cultivation of two rows of thyme. Based on the results of this study, the application of biochar and two-row cultivation caused a significant increase in the yield of thyme essential oil. In general, despite the decrease in growth and yield of thyme dry matter, furrow irrigation treatments as one-to-one variables increased essential oil yield by significantly increasing the percentage of essential oil and reducing water consumption. Biochar treatment also had a positive effect on all vegetative and functional traits of thyme. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Improvement of Physiological Growth Indices and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max L.) by Replacing some of Nitrogen with Phosphorus under Moisture Stress
Farasat Sadeghi Mohammad Ali AboutalebianTo study some growth indices of soybean under moisture stress by replacing nitrogen with phosphorus, a field experiment was conducted at the Research Station of Bu-Ali Sina University during the 2017-2018 growing season. The experiment was carried out in a split-factori MoreTo study some growth indices of soybean under moisture stress by replacing nitrogen with phosphorus, a field experiment was conducted at the Research Station of Bu-Ali Sina University during the 2017-2018 growing season. The experiment was carried out in a split-factorial arrangement of treatments based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots consisted of three levels of irrigations (irrigating after 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan). Two levels of nitrogen replacement with phosphorus and without replacement and two levels of phosphorus replacement and without phosphorus replacement assigned to subplots. The results showed that simultaneous replacing of nitrogen and phosphorus in all irrigation levels increased physiological growth indices of leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate. Moisture stress reduced growth rate of the crop significantly. Results also showed that crop growth rate increased 35 to 45 days after planting and reached to its maximum level after 65 days after planting date. After this period, the crop growth rate of soybean decreased and reached to zero about 95-100 days after planting. The highest dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate were obtained from irrigation after 60 mm evaporation and nitrogen-phosphorus simultaneous placement application. According to the results, simultaneous replacing nitrogen and phosphorus, reduced the negative effect of moisture stress on soybean growth indices. Nitrogen replacement with phosphorus increased grain yield by 11.4% as compared to non-replacement of nitrogen with phosphorus and yielded 3855.88 kg.ha-1. In this research, nitrogen replacement with phosphorus under irrigation after 90 mm evaporation prevented significant oil yield loss as compared to irrigation after 60 mm evaporation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - The Effect of Biochar and Humic Acid Rates on some Phophysiological Characteristics and Grain Yield SC704 Corn (Zea mays L.) Hybrid Under Water Deficit stress
Armaghan Charkhab Many Mojaddam Shahram Lack Tayyeb Sakinejad Mohammad Reza DadniaTo evaluate the effect of different rates of biochar and humic acid applications on physiological characteristics and grain yield of single cross 704 hybrid corn under water deficit stress, a split split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with t MoreTo evaluate the effect of different rates of biochar and humic acid applications on physiological characteristics and grain yield of single cross 704 hybrid corn under water deficit stress, a split split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, was conducted during two years (2017-19) at Ahvaz. The main plot devoted to water deficit stress, with three levels irrigation (after depleting 30, 40, and 50% of field capacity as optimum irrigation, moderate stress, and severe stress, respectively) and sub-plot to biochar with 2 levels, non-application of biochar (control) and application of 4 tons per hectare of biochar, and the sub-sub plots to humic acid with 4 levels non-application of humic acid (control), and application of 2, 4, and 6 liters per hectare of humic acid. The results showed that the interaction effect of water shortage by biochar stress and water shortage by humic acid stress on grain yield, 1000-grain weight, number of grains per ear, superoxide dismutase, chlorophyll index and catalase were significant at 1% probability level. Under severe stress conditions grain yield (36.54%), number of grain per ear (36%) and leaf area index (30.36%) decreased and activity of superoxide dismutase (37.7%) increased. Acidic acid had a significant effect on all traits under study. The highest grain yield (8995.18 kg.ha-1) was related to irrigation treatment after 40% depletion of field capacity and application of 4 tons per hectare of biochar. Based the results obtained application of 4 liters per hectare of humic acid under moderate moisture stress conditions, could be recommended in arid and semi-arid conditions to save water consumption and reduce the effects of water deficit stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Simulation of the Effect of Irrigation Management on Yield, Biomass and Water Use Efficiency of Canola (Brassica napus L.) Using AquaCrop Model
Afsaneh Gholami Aslan Egdernezhad Niaz Ali EbrahimipakThe aims of this study is evaluate AquaCrop in simulating rapeseed yield, biomass and water use efficiency under different irrigation amounts (E1, E2, E3 and E4, indicating water supply of 50, 75, 100 and 125 mm from the evaporation pan, respectivly) was performed in th MoreThe aims of this study is evaluate AquaCrop in simulating rapeseed yield, biomass and water use efficiency under different irrigation amounts (E1, E2, E3 and E4, indicating water supply of 50, 75, 100 and 125 mm from the evaporation pan, respectivly) was performed in three cropping years (Y1, Y2 and Y3 representing the first, second and third years, respectively). In order to calibrate this model, the data collected from the first year used for calibration and data for the second and third year were used for validation. The results showed that AquaCrop had an overestimated error (MBE< 0) to simulate all three parameters studied. The accuracy of AquaCrop was excellent for simulating yield and biomass (NRMSE <0.1) and good for water use efficiency (NRMSE <0.2). The mean differences between simulated and observed yield, biomass and water use efficiency water were 0.19 t.ha-1, 0.78 t.ha-1 and 0.05 kg.m-3, respectively. Based on the results, use of AquaCrop to simulate rapeseed yield, biomass and water use efficiency is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Yield and Physiological Response of Red Bean Genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Cutting Irrigation off at Different Growth Stages
Shadi Sadat Mohajerani Mojtaba Alavi Fazel Hamid Madani Shahram Lack Adel ModhejWater deficit and graduall reduction of available water resources are the limiting factors of crop production. To investigate the effect of water deficit stress on yield and components of some red bean genotypes a split plot experiment in the form of randomized complete MoreWater deficit and graduall reduction of available water resources are the limiting factors of crop production. To investigate the effect of water deficit stress on yield and components of some red bean genotypes a split plot experiment in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch. The treatments consisted of full irrigation (control), cutting irrigation off during flowering stage, cutting irrigation off of pod filling stage and three genotypes of red bean (derakhshan, goli, and D81083). The results showed that the effect of cutting off irrigation during the growth stages on biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod was significant. The results also showed that the highest seed yield belonged to the full irrigation (control) treatment, where D81083 and goli produced higher yields than derakhshan. Highest grain yield was belonged to goli at full irrigation (control) treatment. Among the genotypes under study, D81083 had the lowest amount of reduction equal to 60 percent during cutting off irrigation at flowering stage. Number of seeds per pod decreased when irrigation was cutted off during the flowering stage. Derakhshan produced higher yield than the other genotypes and its seed per pod decreased by 38 percent. The results also revealed that red bean genotypes were very sensitive to deficite water stress. As a whole D81083 and goli genotypes were higher yielders than Derakhshan under limited water conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Evaluation of Growth Indices and Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Forage Amaranth in Comparison with Forage Millet
Naser Zareh Bahram Amiri Hamid Reza Miri Omid Alizadeh Reza HamidiDrought is one of the major factors limiting productivity in agriculture and nutrition management, including the use of potash fertilizers, plays an important role in plant resistance to drought. In order to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of f MoreDrought is one of the major factors limiting productivity in agriculture and nutrition management, including the use of potash fertilizers, plays an important role in plant resistance to drought. In order to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage amaranth in comparison with forage millet, a split factorial experiment was designed and conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016 and 2017 in Saadatshahr region of Fars province. In this experiment, three irrigation intervals (5, 10 and 15 days) were used as the main factor, potassium fertilizer (50, 100 and 150 kg.ha-1) and forage plants (amaranth and millet) as sub-plots. The results of mean comparison of two-year combined analysis showed that amaranth had significantly more height, stem diameter, inflorescence length, number of leaves per plant, dry forage yield, ash percentage, crude protein and carbohydrate content than millet. Increasing the irrigation interval reduced the height, stem diameter, inflorescence length, number of leaves per plant, 1000-seed weight, percentage of crude fiber, dry matter yield, ash percentage, and soluble carbohydrates. By increasing potassium fertilizer level, plant height, stem diameter, inflorescence length, number of leaves per plant, percentage of crude fiber, dry forage yield, ash percentage, crude protein percentage, ADF percentage and NDF percentage in the plant decreased. In general, it can be concluded that amaranth plant has higher yield and drought tolerance than millet and the application of 150 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer can be recommended to achieve higher yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - Variation of Agronomic Traits and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes Using Subirrigation
Hossein Sabouri Hojat Ghorbani Vaghei Mohammad Reza Jafarzade Razmi Mohsen Rezaei Mahnaz Katozi Somayeh SanchouliTo evaluate variation of agronomic traits and chlorophyll fluorescence in rice genotypes using subirrigation, as randomized completely block design with three replications was conducted in 2013-2014. During the growth of seedlings in the treasury, the main plot was prep MoreTo evaluate variation of agronomic traits and chlorophyll fluorescence in rice genotypes using subirrigation, as randomized completely block design with three replications was conducted in 2013-2014. During the growth of seedlings in the treasury, the main plot was prepared according to the experimental design in the plots. Transplantation was carried out after 4-3 leaves with the selection of healthy and uniform seedlings on June 20th. In the method of flood irrigation, the land was prepared as usual. To prepare subirrigation treatments, each plot was removed to a depth of 40 cm and porous clay capsules were used. The irrigation system consisted of three main pipelines (the number of irrigation treatments), one valve head and one volume meter installed on each main pipe. The main tubes were spread along the floor and the water needed for each treatment was taken using 16 mm tubes at the beginning of each plot. By placing the pressure gauge at the beginning of the pipelines, the system pressure was modulated in the subirrigation irrigation system. Significant differences detected between genotypes in all traits at 1% probablity. HHZ1-DT3-Y1Y1, HHZ 22-Y3-DT1-Y1, HHZ 6-DT1-LI1-LI1, IR14L110 and HHZ 23-DT16-DT1-DT1 had the highest grain weight. These genotypes in terms of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, it is evident that these genotypes are in terms of parameters such as Y (II), ETR, qP, qL, NPQ, Fm, Fv / Fm and F'v / F'm were high and were low in terms of qN, NPQ and Fo parameters. High yield genotypes and high photosynthetic potency can be used to cultivation and breeding programs in subirrigation stress areas. Therefore, these genotypes can be of further studies to be used as genotypes with low water requirements. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Effects of Water Deficit Stress and Biological and Chemical Fertilizers on Yield and Yield Components of Two Sorghum Cultivars
Nushin Mohamadzamani Omidali Akbarpour Mani Mojaddam Tayeb Sakinejad Alireza ShokuhfarSorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) is one of the most important forage crops in the cereal family. Due to its adaptation to arid condition and high-water use efficiency, it may produce satisfactory seed yields in arid conditions. The present study was conducted in Khorram MoreSorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) is one of the most important forage crops in the cereal family. Due to its adaptation to arid condition and high-water use efficiency, it may produce satisfactory seed yields in arid conditions. The present study was conducted in Khorramabad province during two crop years of 2016 - 2017. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with split-factorial arrangement with four replications. The stress factor was assigned to main plots through three levels of irrigation, normal irrigation, and irrigation at vegetative and reproductive stages, and sub-factor to subplots, consisted of three levels of biofertilizer, soil NPK application, soil vermicompost application, and vermicompost and chemical fertilizer combining with Sepideh and Kimia cultivars. Initially, combined analysis of variance was performed. Due to the lack of significant year effect and its interaction effects by different factors, analysis of variances was performed on two years data. The effects of stress and the interaction effects of cultivar by stress and fertilizer on some traits were measured. It was found that the quantitative, qualitative and phonological indices of sorghum were directly negatively affected by stress at the reproductive stage. On the other hand, the effect of vermicompost fertilizer on the studied traits was significant and positive. Sepideh possessed the highest vahues for those traits except for protein percent, in comparison to Kimia. Grain yield was about 8 ton at irrigation-interrupt during vegetative stage for Sepideh and 4.36 t.ha-1 for Kimia, but grain yield at irrigation-interrupt during reproductive stage was 7.67 and 4.45 t.ha-1 for Sepideh and Kimia, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - The Effect of Mycorrhizal Inoculation of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) on its Yield and Some Physiological Characteristics Under Drought Conditions
Madineh Bijhani Parviz Yadollahi Mohammad Reza Asgharipour Moslem HeydariTo study the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plants and on its growth and yield under drought stress conditions a greenhouse experiment was carried out in split plot using a randomized complete block design at Zabol Univers MoreTo study the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plants and on its growth and yield under drought stress conditions a greenhouse experiment was carried out in split plot using a randomized complete block design at Zabol University green house in 2013. Treatments were three drought stresses: control, mild stress and severe stress (70, 50 and 30% FC) assigned to main plots, and three species of mycorrhizal treatments (Glomus intraradices, G. versiform, G. mosseae and non-inoculation as control) to sub-plots. The effects of drought on all traits under study were significant, and reduced number of leaves per plant, plant height, root length, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll by 15.6, 7.6, 10.7, 2.5 and 8.4 % and increased proline and carbohydrates by 38.6 and 17.7 % as compared with the control. Mycorrhizal treatments did not affect the amount of carbohydrates and proline content significantly. Interaction of mycorrhiza and drought stress was significant on grain yield, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll. Among the mycorrhizal strains G. mosseae affected the traits significantly under drought conditions. The results suggested that mycorrhizal treatments of plants at different drought stresses could improve grain yield of fenugreek and reduce the negative effects of drought by increasing photosynthetic pigments and other quantitative and qualitative traits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Effect of Drought Stress During Phenological Stage and Biofertilizer and Nitrogen Application on Yield and Yield Components of Corn (KSC 704)
M. Ashkavand M. Roshdi J. Khalili Mohaleh F. Jalili A. HosseinPourTo study the effect of cutting irrigation and application of biofertilizer and nitrogen on yield and yield components of corn single cross hybrid, an experiment was carried out in Satloo Agricultural and Natural resources Research Station of west Azarbaijan, 2009-2010. MoreTo study the effect of cutting irrigation and application of biofertilizer and nitrogen on yield and yield components of corn single cross hybrid, an experiment was carried out in Satloo Agricultural and Natural resources Research Station of west Azarbaijan, 2009-2010. This experiment was arranged as split plot based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications.Four irrigation factors including I1, I2, I3 and I4, respectively: cutting irrigations at stem elongation, blossom and seed filling stages and normal irrigation assigned to main plots and fertilizer treatments consisted of Nitoxin + 50% urea (F1 ), Niragin + 50% urea (F2 ), and without biofertilizer application + 100% urea (F3 ) were allocated to sub plots.Results indicated that the effect of cutting irrigations had negative and significant effects on all characteristics; Fertilizer treatments on the other hand had significant effect only on seed numbers per ear, 100 seeds weight and seed yield. The highest seed yield was obtained under normal irrigation and treatment of Nitragin + 50% urea (12320.7 kg/ha and 11100.5 kg/ha) respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Evaluation of Yield and Yield Components of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in Different Treatments of Irrigation Distance and Sowing Date
Sahar Keyvan Rad Hamid Madani Hossein Heidari Sharifabadi Mojtaba Mahmoudi Ghorban NourmohamadiTo evaluate different irrigation regimes and planting dates on plant height, stem diameter, yield, and yield components of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) a split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks with three replications was conducted in Karaj during MoreTo evaluate different irrigation regimes and planting dates on plant height, stem diameter, yield, and yield components of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) a split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks with three replications was conducted in Karaj during 2017 growing season. Experimental treatments were irrigation intervals (8, 10 and 12 days) as a main plot, and planting dates with three levels (4th, 18th of June and 2th July) as a sub-plot. The results of analysis of variance showed that the main effect of irrigation interval was significant on all traits under study. Planting date treatment had a significant effect only on plant height, stem diameter, number of plant branches, number of plant leaves, number of fruits, fresh fruit yield and dry fruit yield. The interaction of irrigation interval treatment and planting date had no significant effect on the trails under study. The highest chlorophyll concentration (3.68 mg.g-1 FW), plant height (100.4 cm), number of branches (3.1), number of leaves per plant (24.8), number of fruits per plant (10.5) and fresh fruit yield (4023 kg.ha-1) were belonged to the irrigation interval of 8 days. Irrigation interval of 12 days decreased by 30.4, 21.7, 21.3 and 28.4 % in stem diameter, fruit length, fruit diameter and dry fruit yield, compared to irrigation interval of 8 days interval, respectively. The highest plant height (99.2 cm), number of branches (2.5), number of leaves per plant (23.3) and number of fruits (9.77) were observed of June 4th planting date. The highest fruit yield was obtained in June 18th planting. Based on the results obtained it can be concluded that irrigation interval of 8 days is recommended to achieve maximum fruit yield and to shorten the length of growing period, saving in water consumption and maximum yield performance in the Karaj region, the date of 18th June is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - Effect of Drought Stress and Straw Mulch of Wheat on Morpho-Physiological Characteristics of Sesame
Jahanbakhsh Behzad Nejad Zeinolabedin Tahmasebi Sarvestani Ahmad Aien Ali Mokhtassi BidgoliTo study the response of sesame plant under water deficit condition to the management methods, a factorial split experiment using a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Jiroft Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Educa MoreTo study the response of sesame plant under water deficit condition to the management methods, a factorial split experiment using a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Jiroft Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center in 2015. Irrigation treatments were soil field capacity, permanent wilting point, root development depth and percent availability water to sesame (with four levels: 100, 80, 60 and 40% of the required water). Ecotypes used, were Halil, Borazjan 2 and local population of Jiraft. In this experiment, wheat straw mulch used with two levels: (without using mulch and using 7.5 tons of mulch per hectare). The results showed that simple effects of drought stress and mulch and the interaction of drought stress × mulch on all measured traits were significant at the probability level of 1%. The interaction of drought stress × ecotypes × mulch was significant only for number of branches and oil percentage. The highest and lowest seed yield and oil percentage were belonged to Haleil and Borazjan 2 ecotypes, respectively. Use of 7.5 tons straw mulch per hectare resulted in improving the means of measured traits as compared to that of control. The highest percentage of oil was obtained from Halil ecotype by using straw mulch and irrigation level of 100% (53.10%), but its difference with irrigation level of 80% (52.9%) was not significant. In general, the results showed that the using of straw mulch of wheat reduced positively the effects of water deficits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Study on Dragons head (Lallemantia iberica L.) Landraces Under Supplementary Irrigation and Rainfed Conditions
Manouchehr Farzi Khoshnood Alizadeh Mousa ArshadLallemantia iberica is an annual, herbaceous and drought tolerant plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae, which is cultivated for its seeds. Diversity of 12 dragons head landraces were studied for phenotypic and genotypic variations using agro-morphological traits and some MoreLallemantia iberica is an annual, herbaceous and drought tolerant plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae, which is cultivated for its seeds. Diversity of 12 dragons head landraces were studied for phenotypic and genotypic variations using agro-morphological traits and some drought tolerance indices. Field study was conducted in the spring of 2013 as a randomized complete block design with three replicates in Maragheh. Results of analysis of variance showed that there was significant difference among the studied landraces for all agro-morphological traits under study between the experimental sites. Combined analysis for grain yield showed that there were significant differences between the experimental sites. The average grain yields were in the range of 730 to 1380 kg.ha-1 under complementary irrigated condition and from 360 to 680 kg.ha-1 under rainfed conditions. Kalibar and Nazarlo landraces for all parameters were highly drought tolerant. Cluster analysis grouped these populations into three distinct clusters. The results also indicated that plant height and days to flowering under complementary irrigation and main branches under rainfed conditions exhibited highest correlations with seed yields. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Effect of Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels on Physiological Characteristics of Four Varieties of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Farshad SorkhiThis field study was conducted in a factorial split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on physiological characteristics of four varieties of barley (Hordeu MoreThis field study was conducted in a factorial split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on physiological characteristics of four varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare) during 2012 in Azad University of Miandoab. Irrigation levels were full irrigation, cutting off irrigation at boot stage (code 40 scale zadoks) and cutting off irrigation at flowering stage (code 60 scale zadoks). Nitrogen levels were 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg ha-1. Varieties under study were ‘Makuyi’, ‘Valfajr’, ‘Sahra’ and ‘Jonoob’. Traits studied were seed yield, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content of flag leaf and proline content of flag leaf, and peducle length. The results showed that highest grain yield, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content of flag leaf and proline content were obtained by using 80 kg.ha-1 nitrogen. Data collected also showed that at 80 kg.ha-1 nitrogen and full irrigation, the highest and lowest grain yield, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content of flag leaf belonged to ‘Makuyi’ and Jonoob, respectively. However, cuuting off irrigation at boot stage resulted in highest and lowest grain yield, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content of flag leaf to Jonoob and Valfajr, respectively. Cutting off irrigation at flowering stage decreased grain yield and increased proline content in ‘Makuyi’ and ‘Valfajr’. However, lowest reduction in grain yield, and highest increase in proline content were measured in ‘Sahra’ and ‘Jonoob’ varieties. Decreasing slope of regression curves was higher in ‘Makuyi’ and ‘Valfajr’. This indicates that cutting off irrigation at flowering stage reduced yield and increased proline content of these varieties compared to ‘Sahra’ and ‘Jonoob’. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - The Roles of A200 Super Absorbent Rates on Yield of Burley 21 Tobacco under Different Irrigation Treatments
مهرداد Molavi S. Mohammadi S. Sharafi E. Namvar RezaeiIn order to study the effect of different levels of irrigation and different rates of A200super absorbent on dry leaf yield of tobacco burley21, a factorial experiment with four replications was conducted in RCB, during crop season of 2010. The levels of irrigations )80 MoreIn order to study the effect of different levels of irrigation and different rates of A200super absorbent on dry leaf yield of tobacco burley21, a factorial experiment with four replications was conducted in RCB, during crop season of 2010. The levels of irrigations )80, 120 and 160 mm evaporation from A pan( and four levels of super absorbent (0, 5, 10 and 15 g.m-1). Increasing irrigation interval length from 80 to 160 mm evaporation from pan decreased plant height, dry leaf yield and total income by 13, 10 and 15%, respectivly. Application of 5, 10 and 15 g.m-1 of super absorbent compared to control increased dry yield of leaf by 4, 7 and 10%, and total income by 7, 8 and 13%, respectively. Results also showed that application of 1 kg of super absorbent (costed at least 120000 toman/kg) increased total income by 2580 toman. In general, delayed irrigation decreased quantity and income of tobacco. On the other hand, application of super absorbent increased quantity, quality and income of tobacco as compared to the control treatment, since super absorbent is expensive, its application would not be economical and it is thus not recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Evaluation of Yield, Harvest Index, and Water Use Efficiency of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Different Treatments of Irrigation and Sowing Date
Arameh Zand-Silakhoor Hamid Madani Hossein Heidari Sharifabadi Mojtaba Mahmoudi Ghorban NourmohamadIn order to evaluate different irrigation regimes and planting date on yield, water use efficiency, and harvest index of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdarjffa L.), an experiment was conducted in form of split plot in randomized complete blocks with three replications in Karaj in MoreIn order to evaluate different irrigation regimes and planting date on yield, water use efficiency, and harvest index of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdarjffa L.), an experiment was conducted in form of split plot in randomized complete blocks with three replications in Karaj in 2017. Experimental treatments included irrigation round (Irrigation intervals of 8, 10, and 12 days) as a main plot, andplanting date treatments at three levels of 4th June, 18th June, and 2th July as a sub-plot. Results showed that the main effect of irrigation treatments was significant on all traits except harvest index. Planting date had a significant effect only on plant height, stem diameter, biological yield, flower water use efficiency, and sepal water use efficiency. The interaction of irrigation treatment levels and planting date only made a significant difference in biomass water use efficiency. Also, the flower harvest index was not affected by any of the applied treatments.The greatest plant height (181.2 cm), stem diameter (2.91 cm) and biological yield (14.6 t.ha-1) were obtained in the irrigation interval of 8 days. The highest sepal water use efficiency of (0.18 g.L-1), flower water use efficiency (0.034 g.L-1) and sepal harvest index (11.12 %) were observed in the irrigation interval of 12 days. The irrigation interval of 10 days had the highest sepal yield (1.59 t.ha-1) and flower yield (307.7 kg.ha-1).Delay in planting caused a decrease of 12, 16, and 7% in plant height, stem diameter, and biological yield, respectively and increase in the sepal water use efficiency and biological yield water use efficiency by 22 and 20%, respectively compared to optimum planting time. The highest biological yield water use efficiency (2.41 g.L-1) was obtained in irrigation interval of 12 days and one month delay in planting. Based on the obtained results, irrigation interval of 10 days is recommended to achieve maximum flower yield and sepal yield, increase the flower water use efficiency and sepal harvest index. Also, in order to shorten the cultivation period and save water consumption, the date of 18th June is recommended for plant cultivation in Karaj. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Mitigating the Effect of Drought Stress on Potato Cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.) by Spraying them with Potassium Humate
A. Hoseini M.B. Khorshidi Benam D. HassanPanah F. ShekariTo evaluate the effect of potassium humate (PH) on drought stress in potato cultivars (Kaizer, Agria and Satina) a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications was performed. Main factor was irrigation regimes, 1- irrigation every MoreTo evaluate the effect of potassium humate (PH) on drought stress in potato cultivars (Kaizer, Agria and Satina) a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications was performed. Main factor was irrigation regimes, 1- irrigation every 7 days without PH application, 2- irrigation every 7 days + PH application, 3- irrigation every 10 days without PH application and 4- irrigation every 10 days + PH application, in which 250 ml of PH diluted in 300L water and plants were sprayed in three stage of plant growth: full emergence, before and after tuber initiation. Results showed that increasing irrigation interval decreased stem number per plant from 3.5 to 2.5, days to flowering from 60 to less than 50 days, , and tuber yield from 45 to less than 35 ton.ha-1. Cultivar×irrigation interaction in all attributes were not significant. The highest tuber yield produced by Kaizer (55 t.ha-1) when plants were irrigated every 7 days irrigation + PH application and lowest by Agria (20 t.ha-1) in 10 days irrigation interval without applying PH. Kaizer not only produced high yield but also produced higher yield in every 7 or 10 days irrigation without PH application: 50 and 20 ton.ha-1, respectively. It seems that Kaizer could be a proper choice to be planted in drought prone regions like Ardabil. Applying PH resulted in increasing yield from 25 to 50 t.ha-1 under water deficit condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Effects of Seed Priming on Morphophenological and Yield Characteristics of Different Lentil Genotypes (Lens culinaris L.) under Rain-fed and Supplemental Irrigation Conditions
N. Pakbaz M. Barary A. A. Mehrabi A. HatamiTo study the effects of seed priming on Phenological and morphological characteristics of different lentil genotypes (Lens culinaris L.) under rainfed and supplemental irrigation condidions, a field experiment was conducted at the Research Field of the Faculty of Agricu MoreTo study the effects of seed priming on Phenological and morphological characteristics of different lentil genotypes (Lens culinaris L.) under rainfed and supplemental irrigation condidions, a field experiment was conducted at the Research Field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University in 2011–2012. The experiment used was a split- factorial based on RCBD with three replications. The main plots were allocated supplemental irrigation and rainfed conditions and sub plots to the factorial of different lentil genotypes (Gachsaran, Kimia, ILL6037, landrace) and seed priming treatments (Control, hydro, Kinetin, KNO3, PEG 8000). The results showed that genotypic effects, on almost all characteristics were significant at 1% probability levels. The triple interaction was significant at 1% probability levels fornumber of leaves and number of secondary branches, number of flowers and number of dried flowers per plant and also plant dry weight. Seed primings of landrace genotype with KNO3 for morphological characteristics and ILL 6037 with this chemical for seed yield under rain-fed conditions were the best treatment conbinations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Effect of Different Deficit-Irrigation Methods on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Wheat (Parsi Cultivar)
Nadia Jafari Fayaz Aghayari Farzad PaknejadTo study the effect of different deficit-irrigation methods on yield and water use efficiency of wheat under different water applications a field experiment was carried out in split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at the Re MoreTo study the effect of different deficit-irrigation methods on yield and water use efficiency of wheat under different water applications a field experiment was carried out in split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at the Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch, Iran in 2014-2015 growing year. Deficit irrigation with three levels were I100: use of 100% wheat water requirement, I75: use of 75% wheat water requirement and I50: use of 50% wheat water requirement, which were assigned to the main plots and irrigation methods with three levels, consisting of M1: conventional furrow irrigation, M2: fixed alternate-furrow irrigation and M3: periodic alternate-furrow irrigation which were assigned to the sub plots. The results showed that by using 100% wheat water requirement grain yield in the fixed and periodic alternate-furrow irrigation methods decreased by 21.8 and 23.7 percents as compared to conventional furrow irrigation method, respectively. The highest water use efficiency for grain yield (1.63 kg.m-3) was obtained when 75% wheat water requirement and fixed and alternate-furrow irrigation methods and the lowest water use efficiency for grain yield (1.24 kg.m-3) was obtained when to 50% wheat water requirement, with conventional furrow irrigation method, was used. Also, the highest water use efficiency for biologic yield (4.38 kg.m-3) was obtained at 50% wheat water requirement, with fixed alternate-furrow irrigation method, that decreased 31.5 percent as compared to I100M1. According to the results of this study, the application of alternate furrow irrigation with 75% crop water requirement can be used to increase water use efficiency for wheat yield in the studied area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - The Effect of Foliar Application of Manganese Sulfate on Some Physiological Characteristics and Grain Yield of Wheat under Different Irrigation Regimes
farhad farahvash Fatemeh Hashemzade Farshad SorkhilaleloTo study the effects of spraying manganese sulfate on some physiological characteristics and seed yield of tetraploid and hexaploid varieties of wheat under different irrigation regimes a factorial split plot experiment based on completely randomized design with three r MoreTo study the effects of spraying manganese sulfate on some physiological characteristics and seed yield of tetraploid and hexaploid varieties of wheat under different irrigation regimes a factorial split plot experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted at the Research Station of Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Iran, in the fall of 2013. Irrigation regimes were considered as main factor in three levels, including irrigation at every 7 days (control), cutting off of irrigation at stem elongation (code 30 scale Zadoks) and cutting off of irrigation at booting stage (code 45 scale Zadoks), manganese sulfate fertilizer as sub factor including not spraying, spraying with 50% and 100% concentrations of recommended rate based on soil analysis (with 0.005 concentration) and sub sub factor in four levels, including two levels of each hexaploid (Pishgam and Alvand) and tetraploid (Cheheldaneh and Saji) wheats. The results showed that irrigation regimes significantly affected translocation of dry matter of flag leaf internode, leaf relative water content, duration and rate of seed filling, leaf proline content, water use efficiency and seed yield. Cutting off of irrigation at both stages and also not spraying of manganese sulfate reduced seed yield, rate and duration of seed filling.Cutting off of irrigation at stem elongation stage reduced leaf relative water content (by 33%) as compared to control treatment. Also, cutting off of irrigation increased praline content of leaf, cutting off of irrigation at stem elongation stage increased amount of leaf proline content from 5.35 to 8.34 micro moles per gram. Irrigation at 7 day intervals increased seed filling duration in comparison of cutting irrigation, by 36 days. The highest water use efficiency (0.0018 kg/m3) with total volume water use (2.4 m3) was achieved with the irrigation at 7 day intervals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
153 - Response of Bread Wheat Varieties to Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer under Different Irrigation Treatments
Parisa Ghahremani Soleyman Mohammadi Hashem HadiThe assessment of water deficit stress and timing of nitrogen fertilizer application effects on seed yield and its components in bread wheat cultivars were carried out in a an split split plot experiment based on RCB design with three replications was carried out. Exper MoreThe assessment of water deficit stress and timing of nitrogen fertilizer application effects on seed yield and its components in bread wheat cultivars were carried out in a an split split plot experiment based on RCB design with three replications was carried out. Experimental factors consisted of different levels of irrigation (full irrigation, stopping irrigation at heading and anthesis stages) that were assigned to main plots, and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer applications (F1: 20 and100 kg/ha at sowing and tillering stages respectively, F2: 20 and 100 kg/ha at sowing and booting stages respectively, F3: 20, 50 and 50 kg/ha at sowing , tillering and booting stages respectively, F4: 20 , 50 and 50 kg/ha in sowing, tillering and heading stages, respectively) to sub plots and five bread wheat cultivars (Zarrin, Pishgam, Urum, Zare and Mihan) to the sub sub plots. The results showed that mean yield of cultivars was 7.5 t/ha and it was decreased to 6.5 t/ha at stopping irrigation. The highest and lowest yield belonged to Mihan (8.1 t/ha) and Zarrin (5.7 t/ha) cultivars, respectively. Highest yield belonged to Mihan cultivar (9.4 t/ha) under full irrigation and F4 fertilizing treatments. Under deficit water stress condition at heading and flowering stages, the Mihan cultivar produced the highest yield with 8.3 and 8.6 t/ha at F3 and F4 treatments, respectively. Pishgam, Zare and Mihan cultivars responded properly to F2, F3 and F4 fertilizing treatments when irrigation stopped at heading stage, in comparison with F1 fertilizing treatment. Based on drought tolerance indices, Mihan and Pishgam identified as high performance cultivars under both stress and non-stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - Evaluation of Maize Response to Less Irrigation Management Using SWAP Model
Ebrahim Amiri Fahimeh ShirshahiThis study was conducted to evaluate the response of hybrid varieties of maize (single cross 260) under drip irrigation treatments in the Fars province in 2012 and 2013 at the Experimental Field of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz. Irrigation levels were 20, 40, 60 and MoreThis study was conducted to evaluate the response of hybrid varieties of maize (single cross 260) under drip irrigation treatments in the Fars province in 2012 and 2013 at the Experimental Field of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz. Irrigation levels were 20, 40, 60 and 80% deplection of moisture contents and experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design. The triats measured were leaf area index, dry matter yield and total biomass in 2012 and the measurements were repeated in 2013 to validate the use of SWAP model. The results showed that simulated yield changes by the use of model, at different levels of irrigation levels in the farm, corresponded with the yield changes in the field. Statistical indices including correlation coefficient (greater than 0.9), t-test (greater than 0.05), the root mean square error and normalized root mean square error (RMSEn) equal to 1.9-6.9, indicate good performance for grain yield and total biomass by using the SWAP model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Evaluation of Soil Chemical Properties Affected by Irrigation with Industrial and Urban Treated Wastewaters
Yahya Choopan Somayeh EmamiA comparative research was carried out in agricultural land of Bori-Abad of Torbat-Heydarieh to evaluate the effect of irrigation with industrial (sugar factory wastewater) and urban treated wastewaters on soil chemical properties. In this study, a factorial experiment MoreA comparative research was carried out in agricultural land of Bori-Abad of Torbat-Heydarieh to evaluate the effect of irrigation with industrial (sugar factory wastewater) and urban treated wastewaters on soil chemical properties. In this study, a factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with three replications (R) was carried out in a field experiment. The treatments were five treatments: well water (T1), urban treated wastewater, (T2), combine 33% water and 66% treated wastewater, (T3), raw wastewater of sugar factory, (T4) and combine water and wastewater with a mixing percentage of 1 to 7 (T5), at 0-40 cm of soil in 2013-2014 year. The results were statistically analyzed indicated that the parameters of acidity, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were measured in different groups and a significant difference was observed, but all of the parameters are the standard values for irrigation of crops. The highest and lowest amount of soil salinity in T4 and T5 treatments with 4.2 and 3.9 dS/m, were observed. Also, the highest amount of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in T2 and T3 treatments with 1.06 mg/Kg, 490 mg/Kg and 7.85 mg/Kg. According to the results of the comparisons, can be concluded that irrigation with industrial and urban treated wastewaters no harmful effect on the soil properties of the studied area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - Evaluation of irrigation levels and application of superabsorbent polymers on ecophysiological characteristics of rangeland plant Capper (Capparis spinosa L.)
Amin allah Bagherifard Yousef Hamidoghli Mohammadhasan Biglouei Mehrorang GhaediTo evaluate the effects of using various levels of superabsorbent and irrigation regimes on yields of Capparis spinosa plant an experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Field of Emamzadeh Jaafar Gachsar MoreTo evaluate the effects of using various levels of superabsorbent and irrigation regimes on yields of Capparis spinosa plant an experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Field of Emamzadeh Jaafar Gachsaran in 2015. The main factor consisted of three irrigation regimes (once in a month, once every two months, and no irrigation) and a sub-factor at four levels of superabsorbent by Tarawat A200 applications (no superabsorbent, 75, 150, and 225 g/plant). Results revealed that the highest number of branches, collar diameter, height, and chlorophyll belonged to the plants irrigated every two months with 150 g superabsorbent and the highest value of carotenoids was observed in control plants. The highest plant survival rate was observed in 225 g/plant superabsorbent treatment alone. Irrigation levels had positive effects on the morphological characteristics of the plant so that the irrigation level of once every two months had more yield than the other levels. Findings suggest that the application of superabsorbent material in dry land condition could increase the yield by mitigating the effects of the drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - Alleviatory activities of salicylic acid and chitosan in burdock plant (Arctium lappa L.) under drought stress
Reza Noora Ali reza SafahaniSalicylic acid and chitosan improve the plants’ resistance against drought stress through various mechanisms. To date, no information is available about the simultaneous effect of drought stress, chitosan, and salicylic acid onthe biochemical and physiological res MoreSalicylic acid and chitosan improve the plants’ resistance against drought stress through various mechanisms. To date, no information is available about the simultaneous effect of drought stress, chitosan, and salicylic acid onthe biochemical and physiological responses of burdock (Arctium lappa L.) plant. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in a split plot form based on randomized complete block design with four replicates at the experimental farm of the Agriculture Faculty of Payame Noor University in Isfahan, during two successive years (2017-2018). Treatments included irrigation as the main factor at three levels (40%, 60%, and 80% hereafter called I1, I2 and I3, respectively), based on a predefined level of maximum allowable depletion of the threshold of available soil water, and four levels of foliar applications as the subplots (control, 5 g/liter of chitosan, 1 mg/liter of salicylic acid, and combined application of salicylic acid and chitosan hereafter called S1, S2, S3, and S4, respectively). Results indicated that the reduction of irrigation water, I2 and I3 treatments, compared to I1 treatment increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, the content of reactive oxygen species, and content of mucilage in burdock plant. The mucilage content in root showed an increase by 61%, and 110% in I2 and I3, respectively, in comparison with I1 regardless of foliar applications. Also, application of chitosan and salicylic acid led to improved chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters, plant water status, and the uptake of nutrients. Burdock photosynthesis rate was higher in S2-S4 than S1 regardless of irrigation levels (on the average 1.9, 2.9, and 2.4 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1, respectively). It is therefore suggested that application of chitosan and salicylic acid could be effective in growing burdock under drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - Effect of water deficit stress and application of humic and salicylic acid on physiological traits, yield and yield components of corn
Seyyed Moosavi hossain Ragh araIn order to study the effect of water deficit and the application of humic and salicylic acid on physiological traits, yield and yield components of corn, an experiment was carried out as a split-plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at MoreIn order to study the effect of water deficit and the application of humic and salicylic acid on physiological traits, yield and yield components of corn, an experiment was carried out as a split-plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the research field of Islamic Azad Universityof Birjand, Iran in 2014. The main factor was irrigation in three levels (supply of 33, 67 and 100% water requirement) and the sub-factor was humic and salicylic acid application in 4 levels (application of humic acid, salicylic acid, humic + salicylic acid and no application). The results of variance analysis showed that irrigation significantly affected traits of physiological, seed yield components and yield but humic acid and salicylic acid application significantly affected chlorophyle index, stomatal conductivity, 1000-seed weight and seed yield. Also, interaction effect of irrigation and humic acid and salicylic acid was no significant on measured traits. Chlorophyle index, stomatal conductivity, ear number per m2, row number per ear, seed number per row, seed number per ear and 1000-seed weight significantly decreased by 15.6, 35.6, 41.2, 14.1, 33.9, 61.8 and 40%, respectively with the decreas of water requirement from 100 to 33%. Seed yield and biological yield in treatment of 100% water requirement supply, had significantly superiority 3.9 and 2.4 times, respectively as compared with treatment of 33% water requirement supply. Chlorophyle index by 7.5, 7.7 and 8.9%, 1000-seed weight by 22.5, 26.6 and 20.7% and seed yield by 26.5, 18.5 and 21.7%, significantly increased with application of humic acid, salicylic acid and humic acid + salicylic acid respectively as compaed with no application of this acids. The results showed that supply of 100% water requirement and independent application of humic acid or salicylic acid can increase seed yield of corn. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - Effect of spraying zinc sulfate solution on yield and enrichment of sweet corn (Zea mays var saccharata) varieties under different patterns of periodic irrigation
Babak Peykarestan Taiebeh BasakiThis experiment was carried out in order to evaluate interaction effect of irrigation and zinc foliar application on physiological enrichment indices of two hybrids of sweet corn as the split plot factorial in the form of randomized complete block design with three repl MoreThis experiment was carried out in order to evaluate interaction effect of irrigation and zinc foliar application on physiological enrichment indices of two hybrids of sweet corn as the split plot factorial in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications in the experimental field of Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University of Arak in 2014 and 2015. All furrow irrigation (control, I1) and every other furrow irrigation (I2), and alternative every other furrow irrigation (I3) as the main plot and solution spraying levels including Zn 1 (No injection Zn), Zn 2 (Drop Zn) and Zn 3 (Fast Zn) were the subplots. Also, sweet corn (Zea mays var saccharata) varieties (sweet and ultra-sweet) were considered as the subplots. Parameters under investigation included plant height, seed yield, one thousand seed weight, harvest index, seed Zn content and leaf proline content. Interaction effects of the treatments increased plant height by 33%, grain yield by 27%, one thousand seed weight by 21%, and harvest index by 13%. The highest amount of cannable grain yield was observed in periodic irrigation, zinc fast in Challenger hybrid while the lowest amount was recorded in every other furrow irrigation treatment without zinc and Chase Hybrid. The highest level of grain zinc content was observed in the alternative irrigation zinc fast treatment in the Challenger hybrid while the lowest level was recorded in every other furrow irrigation without zinc in Chase hybrid which showed significant difference at p≤0.01. The highest interaction of effects was observed in the alternative irrigation treatment, zinc fast, and Challenger cultivar with average harvest index and lowest was observed in every other furrow irrigation, drop Zinc, and Challenger cultivar. According to the results of this study, in low irrigation conditions, application of alternative irrigation pattern and Zinc-fast foliar application in Challenger cultivar is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - The effect of mycorrhiza fungi on the morphological characteristics, phenolic compounds. and chlorophyll fluorescence of Borage (Borago officinails L.) under draught stress
علی Rahimi Sh Jahanbin امین Salehi هوشنگ FarajiDrought is one of the factors that affect medicinal plants. On the other hand, the role of mycorrhiza fungi was effective in improving the performance of some medicinal plants exposed to draught stress. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in a ra MoreDrought is one of the factors that affect medicinal plants. On the other hand, the role of mycorrhiza fungi was effective in improving the performance of some medicinal plants exposed to draught stress. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Boyerahmad region during 2015 - 2016. The experiment factors consisted of irrigation levels (main plot) as irrigation after S1 =30, S2 =60, S3 =90, S4 =120 and S5 =150 mm water evaporation from evaporation pan class A and mycorrhiza fungi (sub plot) consisted of non-inoculation (NG), inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi species of Glomus mosseae (GM) and Glomus intraradices (GI). Results showed that the effect of year on the studied traits of Borage was not significant. The effect of drought stress on leaf area index of Borage was significant and in the irrigation after 30 and 60 mm evaporation the highest LAI was obtained. The application of mycorrhiza fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices increased the amount of phenols of Borageby %13 and% 9, respectively as compared with the plants not inoculated with mycorrhiza fungi. Increase in the drought from 30 mm to 150 mm decreased evaporation, height, number of tributaries and chlorophyll fluorescence, but the application of mycorrhiza could increase the studied characteristics of Borage under drought stress conditions and decrease the negative effects of stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
161 - Effect of plant density on some growth and physiological responses, and antioxidant enzymes activities of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under different irrigation levels
Mohammad Barzali Mohammad Nasri Maziyar Karimi FarIn order to investigate the effect of different levels of plant density and irrigation on some morphologic and physiologic responses and antioxidants activities in chickpea cv. Hashem, an experiment was conducted at Goonbad-e-Kavoos region during 2012-2013 cropping seas MoreIn order to investigate the effect of different levels of plant density and irrigation on some morphologic and physiologic responses and antioxidants activities in chickpea cv. Hashem, an experiment was conducted at Goonbad-e-Kavoos region during 2012-2013 cropping season. Treatments were arranged as split plot in randomized complete block design with four replications. Different irrigation regime levels (rainfed without irrigation, irrigation at flowering stage, and irrigation during pod filling stage) were assigned to main plots and sub-plots comprised of different plant densities (20, 30, 50, and 70 plants/m2). Results showed that different irrigation regimes significantly affected traits except for days to 50% flowering and plant height but plant density factor had significant impacts only on days to 50% flowering, plant height, days to physiologic maturity, seed yield, biologic yield, and leaf chlorophyll index. Results showed that irrigation caused significant increase in leaf relative water content and leaf chlorophyll index while it decreased grain protein content, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Maximum and minimum grain protein contents were produced in no-irrigation and irrigation during pod filling stage, respectively. Meanwhile, the maximum and minimum grain yield was gained by irrigation at flowering stage and rainfed without irrigation, respectively. Under plant density levels, the maximum and minimum grain yield was produced in 70 plants/m2 and 20 plants/m2, respectively. Irrigation at flowering stage × 70 plants/m2 had the highest grain yield among all treatments of the study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - The effect of potassium on the yield and concentrations of microelements in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) under drought stress
seyed morteza zahedi Farzad Rasoli Gholamreza GohariIn order to study the effect of drought stress and application of potassium on seed yield, some biochemical characteristics, and the content of micronutrients such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) in cowpea, a factorial experiment was carried out in randomiz MoreIn order to study the effect of drought stress and application of potassium on seed yield, some biochemical characteristics, and the content of micronutrients such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) in cowpea, a factorial experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with three replications in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Iran in 2016. Treatments were water stress at two levels (normal or 100% and 50% field capacity) as the first factor and potassium at five levels (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg/kg) as the second factor. Results showed that drought stress reduced the growth parameters and the concentration of the elements in plants while application of different levels of potassium increased shoot dry weight, yield, and carbohydrate by adjusting the effects of drought stress. Also, application of 120 mg potassium in stress conditions caused an increase in the concentration of Cu, Zn and, Mn. Findings seem to suggest that potassium improves growth characteristics in cowpea by decreasing the undesirable consequences of drought stress. Therefore, application of potassium sulfate is recommended as a strategy to mitigate the effects of draught stress in cultivation of cowpea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - The effect of zinc sulfate and gibberellic acid on gas exchange and white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)performance under drought stress
Arefe Abbasi Abbas Maleki Farzad Babaei Hossmand Safari Alireza RanginDrought stress is one of the main factors in reducing the usefulness of various plants, especially legumes, so it is necessary to use methods that can reduce the effects of stress on the plant. In order to investigate the effect of zinc and gibberellin on the biochemica MoreDrought stress is one of the main factors in reducing the usefulness of various plants, especially legumes, so it is necessary to use methods that can reduce the effects of stress on the plant. In order to investigate the effect of zinc and gibberellin on the biochemical and physiological characteristics of white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in drought stress conditions, an experiment in the form of double-plotted plot with a randomized complete block with three replications in two locations (Islamabad West Research Station). Kermanshah province, and Khorramabad research station in Lorestan province. Experimental factors include irrigation at 3 levels of 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan as the main plot, zinc sulfate solution at 4 levels 0, 1.5, 3.5 and 4.5 ml/liter and 2 levels Gibberellin spraying and spraying were used as sub-plots. Data analysis and comparison of average data by Duncan's method was performed at 5% level by SPSS software. The results showed that the main effect of drought stress and zinc sulfate foliar application was significant on all traits, and the main effect of gibberellin foliar application on all traits was significant except for yield and transpiration rate. The interaction of zinc sulfate, stress and gibberellin had all significant properties. The highest grain yield was related to normal irrigation treatment and consumption of 4.5 ml/l of zinc at, which differed from the treatment of moderate stress and consumption of 1.5 ml/l of zinc and the use of gibberellin. It did not make much sense. The lowest grain yield in the severe stress treatment and the use of 3.5 milliliters per liter on the gibberellin spray solution. In general, seed yield increased both in drought stress and non-stress conditions, so according to the results, it is recommended to consume 4.5 ml/l of zinc sulfate and Gibberellin foliar application to reduce the effects of drought stress on bean cultivation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
164 - The effect of growth-promoting bacteria on yield and some biochemical characteristics of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) under drought stress conditions
Maedeh Yousefian Shahaboddin Mirinejad Zahra RahamiAn approach to overcome drought stress is using growth-promoting bacteria. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Azospirillum growth-promoting bacteria under drought stress on yield and biochemical characteristics of Nigella sativa L. in the crop year MoreAn approach to overcome drought stress is using growth-promoting bacteria. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Azospirillum growth-promoting bacteria under drought stress on yield and biochemical characteristics of Nigella sativa L. in the crop year 2019-2020 in Servak village of Yasouj province in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province. The experiment was performed as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was irrigation in three levels (irrigation after using 30% soil moisture (control), irrigation after using 60% soil moisture, and irrigation after using 90% soil moisture) and the sub-factor of Azospirillum growth-promoting bacteria in two levels (no inoculation and inoculation of seeds with bacteria). Results showed that inoculation of growth-promoting bacteria increased yield and carbohydrate under moderate stress conditions. In high stress conditions, carotenoid and malondialdehyde had significant changes. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids had significant changes under both moderate and severe stress. On the other hand, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids had significant changes in both moderate and high stress. The highest concentrations of total chlorophyll (1.01 mg / g fresh weight) and carotenoids (0.77 mg / g fresh weight) were observed in irrigation after consuming 30% soil moisture and inoculation with bacteria. The highest yield (1072 kg / ha) was observed under consuming 30% soil moisture and bacteria. Measuring the rate of plant growth is suggested at different stages to determine the effect of stress in each period to get a perfect interpretation of the effect of stress on the plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
165 - The effect of humic acidic and cycocel on yield, yield components, and photosynthetic material remobilization of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under end-of-the-season drought stress conditions
Maryam Shirvanian Mani Mojaddam Shahram Lack Mojtaba Alavifazel Seyed Keyvan MarashiIn order to investigate the effect of humic acidic and cycocel on yield, yield components, and remobilization of wheat photosynthetic materials under end-of-the-season drought stress conditions, a split factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete b MoreIn order to investigate the effect of humic acidic and cycocel on yield, yield components, and remobilization of wheat photosynthetic materials under end-of-the-season drought stress conditions, a split factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in field in Ahvaz during two years (2017-19). The main factor of drought stress at the end of the season with two levels of normal irrigation and cessation of irrigation in the post-pollination stage, cycocel with three levels of water as a control, 1.5 g/l, and 3 g/l, and humic acid with three levels of non-foliar application (water as control), 2 liters per hectare, and 4 liters per hectare were factorial sub-factors. Results showed that the interaction of end-of-the-season drought stress and cycocel on grain yield and number of grains per spike was significant. The highest grain yield (4840.5 kg ha-1) was obtained by applying 3 g/l cycocel under normal irrigation conditions, which did not show a statistically significant difference from the application of 3 g/l cycocel under drought stress at the end of the season. Application of humic acid had a positive and significant effect on all test traits. The highest grain yield, number of grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight were obtained from the application of 3 liters per hectare of humic acid under normal irrigation conditions. Under end-of-the season drought stress, the current photosynthesis and the share of current photosynthesis decreased by 29% and 10%, respectively while remobilization and contribution of remobilization increased by 16% and 34%, respectively. In general, to increase the rate of grain yield under optimal conditions and reduce the drop in stress conditions, growth regulators such as cycocel by a concentration of 3 g/l and organic acid fertilizer by the concentration of 4 liters per hectare are recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - Effectes of supplemental irrigation on grain yield and its components of bread wheat genotypes in Gorgan
ولی Arazi M.J Mirhadi مهدی Kalateh Arabi M.E AsadiGrain yield and its components of twenty genotypes of bread wheat evaluated and compared under rainfed and two Supplemental Irrigations at Gorgan agricultural research station in 2006-2007. a field experiment was conducted at two separate design , in a randomized comple MoreGrain yield and its components of twenty genotypes of bread wheat evaluated and compared under rainfed and two Supplemental Irrigations at Gorgan agricultural research station in 2006-2007. a field experiment was conducted at two separate design , in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications.Different morphological traits including: No-grain per spike, spike per meter square , spikelets/spike, 1000 kernel weight , kernel yield were evaluate after implementation of supplemental irrigation and non irrigation in two different experiments on twenty genotypes of bread wheat. Results of simple variance analysis showed that there was a significant different between genotypes at 1 level under supplemental irrigation and non irrigation. Results of complex variance analysis showed that there was a significant difference between some traits at 1 level. Meteorology citation shows that it rains about 350 mm from November 2006 to June 2007 and rainfed environment obtained adequate water and its kernel yield reached to high possible level. The supplemental irrigation environment derived water from two sources. In this respect in soil of experiment formed deep crusting and thus damaged roots, washed mineral materials and restricted kernel yield. At supplemental irrigation and rainfed, there was a positive correlation between kernel yield with ear/m2 and thousands kernel weight. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - Effect of two irrigation methods and two types of fertilizers on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Rosa damascene Mill. extract
Reza Dehghani Bidgoli Zahra Abdolahpoor Maryam AkhbariPhenolic compounds (flavonoids, tannins, and anthocyanins) are the most important natural antioxidants. Rosa damascene Mill. is one of the most natural medicine, which has been used in Iranian ancient and were cultivated traditionally in different parts of Iran. & MorePhenolic compounds (flavonoids, tannins, and anthocyanins) are the most important natural antioxidants. Rosa damascene Mill. is one of the most natural medicine, which has been used in Iranian ancient and were cultivated traditionally in different parts of Iran. The present study was conducted to investigate the quantitative and qualitative properties of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Rosa damascene Mill. under the influence of two types of fertilizers (livestock manure and fertilizer), as well as two irrigation methods (flushing and dripping) in Kashan university (2015). The total phenolic, flavonoidal, alkaloids, tannin contents and the antioxidant activity were measured by spectrophotometer and DPPH methods, respectively, then all data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 19 and analysis of variance. The results of the phytochemical test confirmed the presence of secondary compounds such as tannin, anthocyanin and flavonoids, and the absence of alkaloids in the extract of this species. Also, the total flavonoid content in the sample used for chemical fertilizer was slightly higher than the other samples. The Livestock manure and flood irrigation treatments showed the highest and lowest phenolic compounds respectively and drip irrigation treatment had the most antioxidant properties. The results of this research were showed that the irrigation and nutrition can be controlled the production, quantity and quality of secondary compounds in plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - Effect of irrigation frequency on yield and chemical compositions of the essential oil from Salvia officinalis L.
najmeh vosoughi Masoud gomaria Prof. Abdollah Ghasemi Pirbalouti shahab khaghani fatemeh MalekpoorDrought stress is as one of the most important limited factors that in agriculture systems can cause damage to growth, yield and secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants. A filed experiment to study on effect of irrigation frequencies, including 4, 6, and MoreDrought stress is as one of the most important limited factors that in agriculture systems can cause damage to growth, yield and secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants. A filed experiment to study on effect of irrigation frequencies, including 4, 6, and 8 every days on quantity and quality of the essential oil from the aerial parts of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) was done based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications at the research field at Islamic Azad University of Shahrekord, southwestern Iran in 2016. The leaves of sage were harvested at early flowering and the essential oil from the dried leaves was subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The essential oils under different treatments were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Results indicated that irrigation frequencies levels had significant effects on essential oil yield and percentages of 1,8-cineole (as the main constituent in the oil), limonene and α–humulene. The highest yield of the essential oil and the maximum contents of 1,8-cineole (11.05%), limonene (2.67%) and α–humulene (1.32%) were obtained from treatment of eight every days of irrigation. Probably, it seems that increased irrigation intervals (mild drought stress) can be effective in quantitative and qualitative properties of essential oil from sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
169 - Effect of L-phenylalanine foliar application on the growth, morphophysiological and phytochemical characteristics of red or chili pepper (Capsicum anuum) under different irrigation treatments
Samira Asghari Lalemi Prof. Abdollah Ghasemi Pirbalouti Fariborz Moattar Faezeh RajabzadehThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L-phenylalanine foliar application on morpho-physiological and phytochemical properties of red pepper under different irrigation treatments (type and amount) in the filed experimental at Goldaru Herbal Pharmaceutical C MoreThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L-phenylalanine foliar application on morpho-physiological and phytochemical properties of red pepper under different irrigation treatments (type and amount) in the filed experimental at Goldaru Herbal Pharmaceutical Company, Isfahan as a split-split plot experimental in the randomized complete block design (RCBD) in 2018. Experimental factors included: moisture conditions (optimum and reduced irrigation), irrigation methods (drip and flood irrigation) and different levels of the foliar application (negative control; positive control or water as solvent; L-phenylalanine at 2000 and 4000 ppm). The results indicated that the highest the plant height was related to the application of 2000 ppm phenylalanine optimum irrigation (69.3 cm), the highest values of the fresh and dry fruit weights were related to 2000 ppm L-phenylalanine × reduced irrigation × drip irrigation (6.60 g/m2) and L-phenylalanine (at 2000 ppm) × optimum and reduced irrigation × drip irrigation (2.18 g/m2), respectively. Results of the biochemical traits showed that the highest degree of intensity was under L-phenylalanine (at 2000 ppm) × reduced irrigation × flood irrigation (449 g/m2). In addition, the maximum values of vitamin C and total phenol were related to the water foliar application × optimum and reduced irrigation conditions (0.82 and 0.72 mg/g dry weight) and the water foliar application × reduced irrigation × drip irrigation (2.15 mg GAE/ g dry weight), respectively. In general, the results of this study showed the negative effect of drought stress or reduced irrigation on the growth traits of red pepper, however, reduced irrigation enhanced the degree of intensity, vitamin C and total phenol. In conclusion, the foliar application of L-phenylalanine (at 2000 ppm) could improve the quality and reduced the negative effects reduced irrigation on the growth and yield of red pepper under arid and semiarid climate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
170 - modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran: Pahlavi's era
Shayan Karamirehabilitation program changed the old system of traditional irrigation. Theconsequences of modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran are themain issue of the present paper. By studying this issue, the analysis of the reasons for themodernization and Morerehabilitation program changed the old system of traditional irrigation. Theconsequences of modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran are themain issue of the present paper. By studying this issue, the analysis of the reasons for themodernization and the explanation of the strategic conditions of the irrigation systemmodernization program, are as the objectives of this research. The present study has aqualitative approach. Data was collected from the archives of documents and otherlibrary resources, based on targeted sampling. To analyze the data, the grounded theorymethod is used. The findings show that, under the conditions of insufficient averageannual rainfall, it was imperative to use artificial irrigation techniques in agriculture. Thedevelopment of commercial agriculture, and the expansion of planting of crops, led tomore attention to artificial irrigation systems. The use of pressurized irrigation systems,along with other traditional irrigation techniques, is one of the most important strategicplans in modernizing the irrigation system. Modern damming, deep and semi-deepexcavation, irrigation network development and rehabilitation, and the integration oftraditional irrigation systems in regional irrigation administrations, including theactivities of an independent irrigation firm in western Iran. Increasing the level ofcultivation of cash products, such as opium, beet and cotton, was based on the importantimplications of modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran, utilizingmodern irrigation knowledge, increasing irrigation efficiency, reducing tension andimproving social relations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Analysis of expressions of planting agricultural products with emphasis on rice in Lori Mamasani dialect
seyed alireza shojaei Ahmad Amiri khorasani Enayatollah sharifpourThis article analyzes traditional agricultural expressions in the Lori Mamasani dialect. Some of these terms have become outdated with the advent of technology, but the middle-aged and older generations know them. Concerns about the annihilation and the need to preserve MoreThis article analyzes traditional agricultural expressions in the Lori Mamasani dialect. Some of these terms have become outdated with the advent of technology, but the middle-aged and older generations know them. Concerns about the annihilation and the need to preserve these words for the future require that they be safe from the effects of time. There are people in Mamasani who still use these words and the surrounding areas who know them. Advances in technology and the abandonment of traditional agricultural tools have led to the forgetting of these words. The text of the article includes description of words specific to traditional agriculture; and more related to the cultivation of rice husk in this city, dedicated to seven topics. They are terms related to water, land, planting and maintenance, pests and weeds, tools, labor and terms related to harvesting. Each section is arranged alphabetically. To understand the meanings better, we have talked to a number of middle-aged and illiterate or illiterate middle-aged people, and after recording audio and notes, we have recorded the pronunciation of the words by transliteration and the meaning of the words, the type of grammar; moreover, the relationship of the words is described. The way some tools are made, and the local names of the small and large parts of the tools are given, are the result of a treasure of mostly Persian words that will be preserved in the future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Terms and expressions of traditional agriculture in Dehaghan with emphasis on planting wheat and barley
Zohreh Asadian Maryam Mahmoodi Parisa DavariDahaghan has been one of the regions with nice climate, fertile and suitable for agriculture since long time ago. Due to the fertility of the Dehaghan land, in the past, people were engaged in the cultivation of wheat, barley, beans, etc. in the form of peasant, lords a MoreDahaghan has been one of the regions with nice climate, fertile and suitable for agriculture since long time ago. Due to the fertility of the Dehaghan land, in the past, people were engaged in the cultivation of wheat, barley, beans, etc. in the form of peasant, lords and small owners in a traditional way, but via modernization of agriculture, this profession has shown a new form. Agriculture has traditionally been associated with certain words and terms that still remain among old people and middle-aged ones. The anxiety of these words and terms destruction and the need to preserve them made the writers to collect these words. Using the field and library method, this research has investigated the words and expressions related to planting and harvesting, wheat farmers' songs, proverbs and the irrigation method of agricultural products relying on the cultivation of wheat and barley in Dahaghan. From examining the set of beliefs as well as common words and expressions among peasant farmers, it becomes clear that this city has a long-lasting and original culture and has preserved a set of rituals, words and expressions very ancient and pure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - اثر اسید جاسمونیک بر راندمان و ترکیب شیمیایی اسانس دو نژاد بومی ریحان ایرانی (Ocimum basilicum) تحت تنش خشکی
فاطمه ملک پور اعظم سلیمی عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطیمقدمه و هدف: ریحان Ocimum basilicum یک گیاه دارویی است که به طور وسیعی در بعضی کشورها کشت می شود و به صورت تازه و خشک شده برای افزایش عطر و طعم سالاد، سس، ماکارونی، شیرینی و سایر محصولات به کار می­ رود. در این پژوهش، اثر محلول پاشی اسیدجاسمونیک و کمبود آبیاری Moreمقدمه و هدف: ریحان Ocimum basilicum یک گیاه دارویی است که به طور وسیعی در بعضی کشورها کشت می شود و به صورت تازه و خشک شده برای افزایش عطر و طعم سالاد، سس، ماکارونی، شیرینی و سایر محصولات به کار می­ رود. در این پژوهش، اثر محلول پاشی اسیدجاسمونیک و کمبود آبیاری بر عملکرد و ترکیبات اسانس دو نژاد بومی ریحان ایرانی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. روش تحقیق:تیمارها شامل اسیدجاسمونیک (کنترل، 200 و 400 میکرولیتر) و تنش خشکی (بدون تنش، 30 و 60 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) بود که بر اساس یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. ترکیبات اسانس حاصل از قسمت های هوایی توسط GC-FID و GC/MSشناسایی گردید. نتایج و بحث: نتایج نشان داد که سطوح مختلف اسید جاسمونیک و آبیاری اثر معنی داری بر عملکرد و برخی از اجزای اصلی اسانس داشت. بالاترین میزان اسانس با تیمار 400 میکرولیتر اسید جاسمونیک به دست آمد. درصد برخی از ترکیبات شیمیایی اسانس گیاهان، تحت تنش خشکی بالاتر از گیاهان بدون تنش بود. محلول پاشی اسید جاسمونیک به طور قابل توجهی میزان ترکیب متیلچاویکول را افزایش داد، اما میزان ترکیبات جرماکرنD، آلفا-کادینول، دلتا کادینن را کاهش داد. توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی:از آنجایی که اسانس ریحان به ویژه ترکیب متیل چاویکول در صنعت داروسازی و عطرسازی کاربرد دارد و دارای خواص درمانی نظیر خاصیت ضدویروسی، ضدباکتریایی و ضداسپاسم می باشد، می توان از الیسیتور اسیدجاسمونیک برای افزایش خصوصیات درمانی ریحان بهره جست و میزان اسانس و ترکیب متیل چاویکول را در گیاه افزایش داد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - Irrigation Water Pricing with Hedonic Approach (Case Study Ramhormoz City Farmers)
Mohammad Aghapour SabbaghiIn the process of economic development with population growth and agricultural development, access to water resources will be necessary. Water as the most scare factor in agricultural production, is the main limiting factor in agricultural activities in the country. The MoreIn the process of economic development with population growth and agricultural development, access to water resources will be necessary. Water as the most scare factor in agricultural production, is the main limiting factor in agricultural activities in the country. These factors motivate the value of water as economic good and also effective tools for water demand. In this research that has been done in 2013-2014, the agricultural water value has been calculated with use of estimates Hedonic function for Ramhormoz farmland. In this study sampling was random and the number of samples was88. According to the results, the economic value of irrigation water in the study area is 43177265 Rials per hectare and per cubic meter is 4544.97 .Also results show that the distance from cities, villages and main roads has a negative impact on the price of agricultural land and soil fertility, well, proximity to the river and the land integration have a positive effect on the price of agricultural land in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - Assessment of Changes in Groundwater Quality and Quantity of Mianab Shushtar Plain after the Construction of Irrigation and Drainage Network
mehrdad kakolaki Hossein EslamiIrrigation and drainage networks construction are affecting the quality and quantity of groundwater. This study aims to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative changes of Mianab Shushtar plain aquifer after the construction of irrigation and drainage network in 2008. MoreIrrigation and drainage networks construction are affecting the quality and quantity of groundwater. This study aims to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative changes of Mianab Shushtar plain aquifer after the construction of irrigation and drainage network in 2008. First by checking annual hydrograph of the plain, the changes of ground water storage volume during years of before and after the implementation of irrigation and drainage network were evaluated. During 2005-06 to 2008-09 in the third year, 6.4 million cubic meters of underground water reservoir storage volume decreased and from 2008-09 to 2013-14, 9.07 million cubic meters of underground water storage volume has been added. With comparison in the same period, it was found that change in the reservoir is largely influenced by the amount of annual precipitation. Then calculate the groundwater balance, factors affecting the reservoir volume changes were studied. The results showed that 2008-09 and 2009-10 balance was -3.59 and 5.44. Most important factor in changes in groundwater reservoir was the amount of annual rainfall and operation of the network had not a significant impact in increasing the groundwater level. In the following to investigate qualitative changes of underground water sources, the Wilcox diagram for two years before and after the construction of irrigation and drainage network was used. The results showed that due to high groundwater level before the network operation, more sampling points was in class of too salty and unusable for agriculture. Therefore network operation had not significant effect in the quality of groundwater resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
176 - The Establishment of Public Participation in the Management of Irrigation Networks Gotvand and Aqeeli
Saeb Khoshnavaz Hamed Mahmoudi KoohiAssignment or transfer of irrigation management can be considered in a general definition (reducing government's role) and (D beneficiaries of water) in irrigation management. Participation process that empowers operators at all stages of the program, the opportunity to MoreAssignment or transfer of irrigation management can be considered in a general definition (reducing government's role) and (D beneficiaries of water) in irrigation management. Participation process that empowers operators at all stages of the program, the opportunity to comment and monitor them during the planning and implementation of intervention programs. The aim of this study was to investigate the establishment of public participation in irrigation networks and Aqil Scroll down and analyze the factors influencing participation of farmers in irrigation networks management. According to statistics provided by the number equal to the population of farmers organizations roughing 4220 people live in this study are as a population study. Since the sampling is done in two irrigation network with its own characteristics. The sampling used in this study will be stratified random sampling and in each of the sampling network to fit in the middle and upstream or downstream network to be deployed will be selected to determine the sample size of the population, Morgan table was used. The sample size was estimated at 364 and finally 351 questionnaires were collected and analyzed After completing the questionnaire, quantitative data contained in the questionnaire were encoded and were analyzed by SPSS software. Statistical analysis of the data used for this section include: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics is after all Thzyh and data analysis research hypotheses were accepted. Therefore, it was concluded that, compared with the participatory management of irrigation networks and drainage Karun more effective public administration performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
177 - Investigate and Compare the Performance of Channel and Low Pressure Polyethylene Pipes for Hydraulic (Case Study: Plain of Shush)
Mahmoud Malekpour Behrooz DahanzadehIran is one of the countries that is weathered in most of its regions with hot, dry and semi-arid weather. According to the average rainfall in the world, which is 860 mm in Iran and 240 mm in Iran, rainfall in Iran is very low.Meanwhile, with the increase and construct MoreIran is one of the countries that is weathered in most of its regions with hot, dry and semi-arid weather. According to the average rainfall in the world, which is 860 mm in Iran and 240 mm in Iran, rainfall in Iran is very low.Meanwhile, with the increase and construction of wells and the abundance of underground water reserves, the surface of these waters has fallen sharply, with increasing population, it is necessary to use modern methods of irrigation for optimal use of aquifers and cemeteries.For this reason, in this study, a case study was carried out in Araez Plain, located in the city of Susa, and compared the implementation of canal and one of the newest methods of irrigation, polyethylene low pressure pipe, using hydraulic, using the basics of design, maps, documents Contract, books, articles, pamphlets, calculations, hydraulic modeling, observations and field visits from the stages of material supply, implementation, duration of implementation.The results showed that due to lower water losses and optimal water use, the speed of operation and ease of implementation, the delivery of water to operators in shorter time, less land plots, and the optimal use of hydraulic hydraulics, polyethylene low pressure pipe Canal is preferable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - Review and Compare of Hydraulic and Low-Pressure Polyethylene Canalet and Pipe Run
mahmoud malekpour Bfhrooz DahanzadehIran is one of the countries that most of it has a warm climate, dry and semi-dry.The average rainfall in the world that is 860 mm and 240 mm in Iran Rainfall precipitation in Iran is very low . Meanwhile, with the increase and construction of wells excessive and uncont MoreIran is one of the countries that most of it has a warm climate, dry and semi-dry.The average rainfall in the world that is 860 mm and 240 mm in Iran Rainfall precipitation in Iran is very low . Meanwhile, with the increase and construction of wells excessive and uncontrolled exploitation of reserves of underground water in the water level drastically gone down and our country grew and population growth, it is necessary for the optimal use of water resources and Precipitation of modern methods of irrigation. That's why in this case study on the plain Arayez located in the city of Susa to investigate and compare the performance of your channel and one of the modern irrigation techniques the pipes of low pressure polyethylene hydraulically using the principles of design, drawings, documents Treaty, books, articles, pamphlets, calculations, hydraulic modeling, observations and field surveys of the materials, performance, time has run out. The results showed that due to fewer losses of water and efficient use of water, speed of operation and high ease of implementation, water delivery to beneficiaries in a shorter time, toss less land and more efficient use of hydraulic head water pipe of low pressure polyethylene on channel is preferred. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - Evaluation of superabsorbent effect on some of the yield components of corn under drought stress conditions in the Khuzestan province
Davoud Khodadadi Dehkordi mohsen solimani babarsad Kamran MohsenifarThe aim of this study was the impact evaluation of superabsorbent on some of the yield components of corn (SC704) under drought stress conditions. The experimental design was according to split plot method in a randomized complete block design that was done with 12 trea MoreThe aim of this study was the impact evaluation of superabsorbent on some of the yield components of corn (SC704) under drought stress conditions. The experimental design was according to split plot method in a randomized complete block design that was done with 12 treatments and three replications in Hamidiyeh region, Khuzestan, Iran. In this study, three different depths of irrigation were considered as the main treatment including I1, I2, I3 as 100, 75 and 50 percent of water requirement of plant, respectively and different levels of superabsorbent were used as secondary treatment including S0, S1, S2 and S3, equal to 0 (control), 15, 30 and 45 gr m-2, respectively. According to the results, the independent effect of irrigation treatments at 1% level was significant on the number of grains per row and at 5% level was significant on ear length of corn. But, this effect at 5% level was not significant on the number of grain rows and grain protein percentage of corn. The independent effect of superabsorbent treatments at 1% level was significant on the number of grains per row. But, this effect at 5% level was not significant on the number of grain rows, ear length and grain protein percentage of corn. It was concluded that using superabsorbent with applying the less water, achieving the more yield components. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - Reuse of Treated Sanitary Sewage and Agricultural Water Drainage as Alternative Sources for Irrigation of Aghili Plain Vegetables
Hossein Soltani Kazemi Ehsan DerikvandDue to the scarcity of water in Iran and the growth of population and urbanization, planning for optimal use of water resources and recycling of water from unconventional sources has become more necessary. This study aimed to reuse refined sanitary sewage and agricultur MoreDue to the scarcity of water in Iran and the growth of population and urbanization, planning for optimal use of water resources and recycling of water from unconventional sources has become more necessary. This study aimed to reuse refined sanitary sewage and agricultural water drainage as alternative sources of irrigation for vegetables. For this purpose, 6 species of seed; red radish, sugarcane, coriander, savory, dill and leek were sown and studied in three replications: 1-irrigation with well water, 2-irrigation with agricultural drainage, and 3-irrigation with treated wastewater. Each seed was seeded at 100 g in 3 replications. Soil quality, heavy metals in soil, water pollution and parasitic tests and water hygiene were measured at different stages. Vegetable weight and height were also measured at harvest time to compare three replications. The results showed that the weight and height of the vegetables in the three replications were not significantly different, but the growth size of the vegetable was higher than the other two replications. Environmental standards for agricultural irrigation were achieved after wastewater treatment, but the amount of heavy metals in soil after irrigation was slightly increased and soil salinity decreased. Finally, it is recommended to conduct continuous health and quality control tests to avoid wasting water from agricultural water drainage for irrigation of vegetables and the use of purified sanitation in special cases. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - Impact evaluation of the superabsorbent polymer on the yield and some growth factors of green pea plant under drought stress conditions
Babak Karimian Nemati Davoud Khodadadi Dehkordi Kamran MohsenifarIn this research, the effect of superabsorbent polymer on the yield and some of the growth factors of green pea plant under the drought stress was investigated. The experimental factors included: irrigation treatments at two levels of 100% water requirement (I1) and 70% MoreIn this research, the effect of superabsorbent polymer on the yield and some of the growth factors of green pea plant under the drought stress was investigated. The experimental factors included: irrigation treatments at two levels of 100% water requirement (I1) and 70% water requirement (I2) by the plant. The second factor included the levels of superabsorbent application which included three levels of control treatment (S0), potting soil with a weight percentage of 1 (S1) and potting soil with a weight percentage of 2 (S2). The third factor was the location of superabsorbent application which included its application at the upper 10 cm of potting soil (O), the area around the root length within the pot (M), and at the 10 cm lower end of the potting soil (U). According to the results, the largest amounts of root length, root dry weight, plant dry weight, grain dry weight and number of pods per plant were achieved when the irrigation water amount was equal to 70% of the plant water requirement (I2), the superabsorbent amount was equal to 1% of the potting soil (S1) and the superabsorbent was at the 10 cm lower end of the pod (U) and the largest amount of number of grains per pod occurred at I2S2U treatment and their differences were significant at 5% level compared to the control treatment. The presence of the superabsorbent at the surface and middle of the pot had not been much effective in providing water and nutrients for the plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Detection of runoff fluctuations with Drought Severity in Case of Increase in Efficiency and Reduction of Area under Cultivation and Artificial Recharge Plan
Armin Shah Bayat Hossein Ghorbanizadeh kharazi hossein eslami Saeb Khoshnavaz Behrouz DahanzadehThe present study aims at investigating the groundwater reservoirs in Khanmirza Plain under drought conditions in regard of the fluctuations in the rivers leading to Khanmirza Basin using WEAP Software. In order to actualize this goal, 2007 was chosen as the base year. MoreThe present study aims at investigating the groundwater reservoirs in Khanmirza Plain under drought conditions in regard of the fluctuations in the rivers leading to Khanmirza Basin using WEAP Software. In order to actualize this goal, 2007 was chosen as the base year. Then, the scenarios were evaluated within a 30-year time span (2007-2037) using the WEAP model. The results of the first scenario showed that at least 50% is required for bringing about balance in the water level of Khanmirza Plain’s aquifer through implementing a plan for reducing the area under cultivation. The second scenario shows that not only the plain does not reach a stable balance state but also the water needs of the farmlands cannot be perfectly supplied by the implementation of pressurized irrigation and increasing the irrigation efficiency in the entire plain. Moreover, the third scenario is also reflective of the insufficiency of the implementation of an artificial recharge plan on Khanmirza Plain for reaching balance in the groundwater. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - Evaluation of operation of the first and second units of Dariun Shushtar irrigation and drainage network by classical method
Mohammadreza Gohari Behbahani Mohammad hossein purmohammadiIn order to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the management of operation and maintenance of irrigation and drainage networks of Daryun 1 and 2, the mentioned network was examined using the classical evaluation method. For evaluation in the model, the indicators MoreIn order to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the management of operation and maintenance of irrigation and drainage networks of Daryun 1 and 2, the mentioned network was examined using the classical evaluation method. For evaluation in the model, the indicators were divided into five windows: technical, service-management, environmental, social and economic. 66 required indicators of the model were identified. To weigh the indicators, a specialized questionnaire of pairwise comparisons of the index was designed and provided to the experts.According to the results of the questionnaires, 11 matrices were prepared for each section and then a matrix was prepared for each group. The internal numbers of the mentioned matrix were obtained from the geometric weight average of each 11 matrices.Finally, the weight of window indicator indices was calculated by special vector calculation method by Maple software, then the numerical value of different window indices was calculated using SAW model.Based on the results obtained from the model calculations, the environmental window with a score of 0.956 is in the first place and its evaluation is good. The evaluation of the network in social, service-managerial, technical fields with scores of 0.864, 0.853, 0.827 in the next categories, respectively It is located and evaluated as average and the network has the lowest rank in economic fields with a score of 0.768. In general, it can be said that the performance of Dariun irrigation and drainage network with a score of 0.853 is generally average. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - Evaluation of yield and yield components of different bread wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions in Sanandaj region
Ali Asghar Babai Heidar Ali kashkuli Davoud Khodadadi DehkordiIn order to investigate the effect of drought stress on yield and yield components of four bread wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plots based on randomized complete blocks in three replications at Sanandaj Grizzah Agricultural Research S MoreIn order to investigate the effect of drought stress on yield and yield components of four bread wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plots based on randomized complete blocks in three replications at Sanandaj Grizzah Agricultural Research Station. In this experiment, irrigation cessation as the main treatment at four levels, including cessation of irrigation in the spike stage, cessation of irrigation in the flowering stage, cessation of irrigation in the milking stage and normal irrigation, and bread wheat cultivars as a sub-treatment in four levels, including Sions were Gascogen, Zarrin and Alvand. The results of this study showed that irrigation cut-off treatment led to a significant reduction in traits such as spike length, 1000-seed weight and grain yield, but traits such as number of seeds per spike, number of spikelets per spike and number of seeds per spike were not significant. The results also showed that Alvand and Zarrin cultivars were the most resistant cultivars to different levels of stress, respectively. In addition, normal irrigation had the best results in increasing the yield and yield components of bread wheat cultivars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - Technical and economical comparison of canal irrigation systems, low pressure and pressure pipes (Case study; arayez 2&3 project, Shush city)
ebrahim alipour Mohammad hossein purmohammadiWater consumption in agriculture, increasing irrigation efficiency, and reducing water consumption against the constant yield of the crop are very important. Therefore, the study of water consumption efficiency in different irrigation methods has a significant role in t MoreWater consumption in agriculture, increasing irrigation efficiency, and reducing water consumption against the constant yield of the crop are very important. Therefore, the study of water consumption efficiency in different irrigation methods has a significant role in the macro-agricultural and industrial planning of the country. In the present study, the efficiency of gravity irrigation systems (channelet), low pressure, and pressure irrigation in the lands north of Karkheh Khuzestan (arayez 2&3 project) has been investigated. The results showed that the irrigation efficiency in the pressurized irrigation method was the highest so the total efficiency in the pressurized irrigation system is 64.2% higher than channelet irrigation and 55.8% higher than low-pressure irrigation. Also, irrigation efficiency in low-pressure irrigation methods is about 5.3% higher than in channelet irrigation. Economical studies and analysis of different irrigation systems showed that although the initial cost of setting up a pressurized irrigation system is higher than gravity and low-pressure irrigation, in a long time, it will be economically viable while the return on investment in this project is maximum 5 years. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - Effect of Irrigation Interval on Establishment and Vegetative Growth of Sayer Date Palm Suckers
Majid Alihouri Aziz Torahi Hadi Moazed Irrigation practice is one of most effective factor on establishment and suitable growth of date palm suckers. The water stress after sucker planting will dry date suckers. This study was carried out in a randomized complete blocks design with six treatments and More Irrigation practice is one of most effective factor on establishment and suitable growth of date palm suckers. The water stress after sucker planting will dry date suckers. This study was carried out in a randomized complete blocks design with six treatments and three replications: namely irrigation after 2, 3 and 4 days in first, second and third months, respectively, 7 days in summer and autumn seasons and 10 days in winter season; irrigation after 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 mm evaporation from class A pan in first, second, third and fourth months and the rest of year, respectively; irrigation after 30, 45, 60 and 75 mm evaporation from class A pan in first, second and third months and the rest of year, respectively; irrigation after 45, 60 and 75 mm evaporation from class A pan in first and second months and the rest of year, respectively; irrigation after 60 and 75 mm evaporation from class A pan in first month and the rest of year and irrigation after 75 mm evaporation from class A pan. The water requirement was calculated based on FAO pan method. The sucker growth characteristics such as establishment percent, plant height, number of leaves, leaf length and width, number of leaflets, leaflet length and width and truck diameter were measured. The results showed that irrigation interval treatments had significant effect on number of leaves, number of leaflets, leaflet length and width. The most vegetative growth of sucker obtained from irrigation after 45, 60 and 75 mm evaporation from class A pan in first and second months and the rest of year, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - Influence of drought stress and Chitosan on fatty acid compounds of rapeseed varieties
Morteza Rezaeizadeh Saeid Sayfzadeh Amir Hossein Shirani Rad Seyed Alireza Valadabadi Esmaeil Hadidi Masouleh -
Open Access Article
188 - Effects of different irrigation methods and hormone application on water use efficiency, yield, and leaf biochemical traits in potato
Atefeh Pourasadollahi Adel Siosemardeh Farzad Hosseinpanahi Yusef Sohrabi -
Open Access Article
189 - Medicinal pumpkin responses to Thiobacillus and sulfur under water stress.
Sadegh Masoodi Leila Hakimi -
Open Access Article
190 - Effects of Paclobutrazol and 24-Epibrassinolide on some morphological and biochemical characteristics of Salvia Officinalis under different irrigation regimes
Elham Maghsoudi Hossein Abbaspour Abdollah Ghasemi Pirbalouti Sakine Saeidi-Sar -
Open Access Article
191 - A study of the ifissues and problems of the exploitation of the irrigation and drainage networks and significance of people’s participation( Case study: Ardak dam basin )
alireza bani vaheb esmat mazlomTo provide the food necessities have been a major priority of government projects through recent decades. So, development of agriculture has been considered as a pivot. The lack of water resources because of rising the demand in agriculture, industry, drinking water an MoreTo provide the food necessities have been a major priority of government projects through recent decades. So, development of agriculture has been considered as a pivot. The lack of water resources because of rising the demand in agriculture, industry, drinking water and environment (as a result of growing population) has brought up the maximum utilization of existing water resources and the improvement of exploitation and production. In country such as Iran, which water contains a limit potential, the development of agriculture is dependent to it. Thus the existing utilized water and the utilizable one do not meet agriculture development process and growing population’s food. So management of optimum utilization of water along with demand management are important factors to make possible the firm development in economy and agriculture. Leaving the management of systems to private sector or utilizers and their participations are of the proper policies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - Pressure Irrigation: A Step Twed Rural and Agricultural Development (Case Study: Villages of Aliabad katol Township)
علی اکبر نجفی کانی ام البنین زنگانهI regard to the low irrigation efficiency in our country, the necessity of reconsidering agricultural methods and creating a proper system for water resources management such as encouraging the farmers to use this technology and MoreI regard to the low irrigation efficiency in our country, the necessity of reconsidering agricultural methods and creating a proper system for water resources management such as encouraging the farmers to use this technology and extending modern irrigation system is inevitable. using modern irrigation methods with high productivity not only causes an increase in the total area under cultivation and the crop yield per unit area, but also plays an important role increasing farmers income and ultimately improving other qualitative indexes and living standards of rural households. The present study based on this concept attempts to examine the effect of modern irrigation techniques on productivity increase,cropping pattern change and production increase. It also evaluates the role of the government in encouraging and extending modern irrigation technology and its effect on the socio-economic conditions on rural households. To do this the farmers of the city Aliabad Katol irrigation their farms with traditional and modern methods were selected as the sample population and then were compared. Statistical tests such as correlation analysis, independent t-test and Mann Whitney test were used to compare and measure the variables. The obtained results show a significant difference between the two populations under study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - Evaluating the influences of pressurized irrigation system on the charging of farming structure, cropping pattern and yield
عبدالحمید نظری رضا منافی آذر عبداله عبدالهیMassive allocation of administration power and governmental funds and after several years from use and expansion of pressurized irrigation systems in the country calls for the strengths and weaknesses of this plan identifying primary targets and use them according MoreMassive allocation of administration power and governmental funds and after several years from use and expansion of pressurized irrigation systems in the country calls for the strengths and weaknesses of this plan identifying primary targets and use them according to as a strategy for future. This study was produced in order to evaluation of influences of pressurized irrigation systems of the cropping pattern and yield of crops. Based on the results these systems were designed large- scale farms and administration of them on the small-scale farms reduce territorial integrity and the number of pieces of land among famers. The other hands the cultivater aread of sugar-beet in creased strongly with the rainy irrigation systems. The results of the Evalution of pressurized irrigation systems on the production of crops under cultivation showed that the average production of wheat, barley and sugar-beet has increased respectively 1.31, 0.52 and 31.84 tons per hectare. In general the changing of crops pattern and efficiency per unit area is significantly associated with implementation of pressurized irrigationn. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - Urban Poverty Challenges and Necessity Approach Community Strategies inInformal Strategies in Informal Settlement (Case Study of Besem in ZanjanCity)
esmaeil nasiriInformal settlement is speacial and physical poverty mark in urban space. Urban poverty is collection translated poverty from rural society (by migration to city) and poverty produced in urban (by movement intercity).on of strategies for well-being is Attention to Appro MoreInformal settlement is speacial and physical poverty mark in urban space. Urban poverty is collection translated poverty from rural society (by migration to city) and poverty produced in urban (by movement intercity).on of strategies for well-being is Attention to Approach community. Approach develop community in 1990 decide with world bank for Reduce of urban poverty. This approach important attention to function and people section and is a partnership, guidance development local in informal settlement. This article will attention with research of urban poverty challenges in informal settlement with necessity approach community.Data received from questioner and lab study and used to statistical test and person metod and spsssowthwar ,research indices on 380 person of guardian Asessmend. Result from statistical analysis show that: undesired position economic, social, physical, and Access to service urban person test pearson test between unpartenyship and urban poverty is 0/21 and statistical results show: attention to people approach with Beta=0/43 and partenship of people in make decision and carrying program (t=2/9) will be necessity of approach community in reduce of urban poverty. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
195 - کاربردسوپرجاذب و مالچ بر برخی صفات گل جعفری (Tagetes erecta) تحت تناوب آبیاری
حیدر العبیدی زهرا کریمیان لیلا سمیعی علی تهرانیفرکمبود آب مانعی مهم جهت توسعه و گسترش منظر شهری در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک جهان است. این روزها مواد آلی و مصنوعی می­توانند بدون کاهش در کیفیت و کمیت منظر شهری با هدف کاهش در مصرف آب مورد استفاده قرار گیرند. به منظور مطالعه اثر برخی انواع مالچ بر کاهش دور آبیاری بر روی گ Moreکمبود آب مانعی مهم جهت توسعه و گسترش منظر شهری در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک جهان است. این روزها مواد آلی و مصنوعی می­توانند بدون کاهش در کیفیت و کمیت منظر شهری با هدف کاهش در مصرف آب مورد استفاده قرار گیرند. به منظور مطالعه اثر برخی انواع مالچ بر کاهش دور آبیاری بر روی گیاه فصلی پرطرفدار گل جعفری در خاورمیانه آزمایشی در طی سالهای 1395 تا 1396 در شهر مشهد انجام شد. در این آزمایش دو تیمار شامل نوع مالچ (خاک معمولی به عنوان شاهد، مالچ تنه درخت خرما، مالچ پلاستیک و سوپرجاذب) و دور آبیاری (3، 6 و 9 روز) اعمال شد. برخی صفات مورفولوژیکی، بیولوژیکی، فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی در این آزمایش مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. در اغلب صفات، دور آبیاری هر سه روز یکبار در مقایسه با دورهای 6 و 9 روز یکبار افزایش معنی­داری را نشان داد. اما در صفت ارتفاع گیاه، تعداد گل و نرخ فتوسنتز هیچ تفاوت معنیداری بین دورهای آبیاری 3 روز و 9 روز مشاهده نشد. یافتهها نشان میدهد که سوپرجاذب و در مرتبه بعدی مالچ تنه درخت خرما با دور آبیاری هر 9 روز یکبار میتوانند برای گل جعفری در شهرهای خشک و نیمهخشک پیشنهاد شوند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - اثر کمبود آب روی خصوصیات رشد و گلدهی گل آهار
K&uuml;rşad Demirel Gökhan Çamoğlu Arda Akçal Hakan Nar Fatih Kahriman Levent Gençمنابع آب در سال­های اخیر روبه کاهش هستند و دلیل آن گرمایش زمین است. به­همین دلیل نیاز به مطالعات بیشتر در خصوص تعیین اثر محدودیت آب روی گیاهان وجود دارد. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین اثر سطوح آبیاری مختلف روی گلدهی و خصوصیات رشد آهار انجام شده است. این پژوهش در Moreمنابع آب در سال­های اخیر روبه کاهش هستند و دلیل آن گرمایش زمین است. به­همین دلیل نیاز به مطالعات بیشتر در خصوص تعیین اثر محدودیت آب روی گیاهان وجود دارد. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین اثر سطوح آبیاری مختلف روی گلدهی و خصوصیات رشد آهار انجام شده است. این پژوهش در مرکز تحقیقات حفاظت گیاهی در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه چاناک کاله ان سکیز مارت در ترکیه انجام شد. بدین­منظور گیاهان آهار در گلدان خارج از گلخانه در چهار تیمار آبیاری مختلف 100 درصد (I-100 شاهد)، 75 درصد (I-75)، 50 درصد (I-50) و 25 درصد (I-25) کشت شدند و کاهش رطوبت خاک به­وسیله حسگرها پایش شد. داده­ها و اختلاف واریانس با PCB-Biplot آنالیز شدند. نتایج نشان داد که تفاوت معناداری در تیمارهای مختلف آبیاری در صفات اندازه­گیری شده مشاهده شد. در پایان آزمایش مقدار آب آبیاری و مقدار مصرف آب گیاه به­ترتیب 8/142- 1/28 و 4/144-9/33 میلی­متر بدست آمد. تنش آبی اثر منفی روی رشد و خصوصیات زراعی آهار گذاشت. البته، مشاهده شد که کیفیت گل­ها حتی در شرایط کاهش آب تا 25 درصد، علیرغم کاهش رشد بوته، کاهش نشان نداد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - Evaluation the Effects of Superabsorbent on Qualitative Characteristics of Lawn
F. Sheikhmoradi I. Argi V. Abdosi A. EsmaeiliWater sources optimizing required a suitable irrigation program. Different material can use to increase water use efficiency. Superabsorbent is one of the materials where used in around the world. These materials put in the soil and absorb water so that reserved water i MoreWater sources optimizing required a suitable irrigation program. Different material can use to increase water use efficiency. Superabsorbent is one of the materials where used in around the world. These materials put in the soil and absorb water so that reserved water is usable by plant in the time of drought stress and they can reduce stress and lead to prevent yield loss. Therefore, the experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of different superabsorbent and irrigation cycles on lawn. A split plot experiment based on randomized block design with three replications was used. Irrigation cycles and superabsorbent amounts used as main-plot and sub-plots respectively. Four irrigation periods (1, 2, 4 and 6 days) and four superabsorbent amounts (0, 20, 25 and 30 g/m2) were used as experimental treatments. One-day irrigation interval and zero superabsorbent amounts were used as control. Lawn water requirement was calculate by evaporation from a pan class. Results showed that superabsorbent amount had significant effect on shoot height, total chlorophyll and plant density. Results showed that lawn performance was higher in 30 g/m2 of superabsorbent amount at two-day irrigation cycle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - تاثیر آب مغناطیسی و دورهای آبیاری روی میزان عناصر غذایی خاک و )Catharanthus roseus( اندام هوایی پروانش
داوود هاشم آبادی فاطمه زارع دوست مریم جدید سلیماندارابیپروانش با نام علمیزینتی خانواده خرزهره است. به منظور بررسی تاثیر آب های مختلف رویمیزان عناصر غذایی خاک و اندام هوایی پروانش، آزمایش فاکتوریل بر پایهطرح کام ا تصادفی در 3 تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل: نوع آب )آبشهر مغناطیس شده، آب شهر، آب چاه مغناطیس شده و آب چاه Moreپروانش با نام علمیزینتی خانواده خرزهره است. به منظور بررسی تاثیر آب های مختلف رویمیزان عناصر غذایی خاک و اندام هوایی پروانش، آزمایش فاکتوریل بر پایهطرح کام ا تصادفی در 3 تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل: نوع آب )آبشهر مغناطیس شده، آب شهر، آب چاه مغناطیس شده و آب چاه( و دورهای6 و 8 روز یکبار( بودند. در این مطالعه صفاتی از قبیل عمر ، 4 ، آبیاری ) 2گلدانی، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد برگ، مقدار ازت، فسفر و پتاسیم خاک و گیاه مورد42 روز(، ارتفاع / ارزیابی قرار گرفت. بر طبق نتایج بیش رین عمر گلدانی) 23165 ( مربوط به تی ار آبیاری 2 روز / 21 سانتی متر( و تعداد برگ ) 88 / بوته ) 71یکبار با آب شهر مغناطیس شده بود. بیش رین مقدار ازت گیاه نیز به تی ار0 میلی گرم در لی ر( اختصاص / آبیاری 2 روز یکبار با آب چاه مغناطیس شده ) 32داشت. تیمارهای آبیاری 8 روز یکبار با آب چاه و شهر مغناطیس نشده بیش رین56 میلی گرم در / مقدار ازت خاک را داشتند. بیش رین مقدار پتاسیم گیاه با 21لی ر در تی ار آبیاری 2 روز یکبار با آب چاه مغناطیس شده بدست آمد. بیش رین38 میلی گرم در لی ر به ترتیب مربوط / 39 و پس از آن 8 / مقدار فسفر گیاه با 5به تیمارهای آبیاری دو روز یکبار با آب چاه مغناطیس شده و آبیاری دو روزیکبار با آب شهر مغناطیس شده بود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - Response of Marigold Flower Yield and Yield Components to Water Deficit Stress and Nitrogen Fertilizer
Seyyed Gholamreza Moosavi Mohamad Javad Seghatoleslami Mansour Fazeli-Rostampoor Zeinolabedin JouybanIn order to study the effect of water deficit stress and different nitrogen levels on flower yield, yield components and water use efficiency of Calendula officinalis L., an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three repl MoreIn order to study the effect of water deficit stress and different nitrogen levels on flower yield, yield components and water use efficiency of Calendula officinalis L., an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications, at research field of Islamic Azad University, Birjand branch in 2009. In this experiment, irrigation treatments (irrigation after 60, 120 and 180 mm cumulative evaporation from pan class A) set as main plots and nitrogen rates (0, 60,120 and 180 kg N ha-1) set as sub plots. The results showed that increasing irrigation interval from 60 to 180 mm cumulative evaporation reduced flower number per m-2, biomass yield and plant height 65.6, 69.3 and 8.3%, respectively. Also in comparison with control, irrigation after 120 and 180 mm evaporation reduced flower dry yield 16.2 and 72%, respectively. However, the highest WUE was related to irrigation after 120 mm evaporation (0.161 and 0.788 kg m-3 for dry flower and biomass, respectively). Nitrogen fertilizer utilization significantly increased flower yield, flower number, biological yield, WUE and plant height, but there was not any significant difference between 120 and 180 kg N ha-1 treatments. Interaction of irrigation and nitrogen on all traits was not significant. Totally, the results indicated that treatment of irrigation after 120 mm evaporation with 120 kg N ha-1 application is suitable for marigold cultivation in Birjand Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
200 - Constraints to Farmers Willingness to Pay for Private Irrigation Delivery in Nandom, Ghana
Yussif K Obeng K Hudu Zakaria -
Open Access Article
201 - Assessment of the Usage of Liquid Fertilizer Technology in Dry Season Vegetable Production in Nigeria
Ivie Olaghere Olubunmi Omotesho -
Open Access Article
202 - Impact of Kampe Irrigation Dam on Farming Household Dietary Diversity in Kogi state, Nigeria
Babatunde R. O Opeyemi G Adenuga H. A Olagunju F. I Aminou A -
Open Access Article
203 - Effect of water stress on potato product in the drip irrigation (T-Tape)
F. Ghasemi Sahebi M. Hekmat E. Pourkhiz -
Open Access Article
204 - Daily Pan Evaporation Estimation Using Artificial Neural Network-based Models
Karimi-Googhari, Sh -
Open Access Article
205 - The effect of drought stress levels and weed management on some qualitative and quantitative indicators of KS260 corn and sorghum
Mansoura Khodadadi Ali Ghanbari Ali Ghanbari Ghorbanali Asadi Mehdi RastgouIt is necessary to investigate the effect of drought stress and the presence or absence of weeds on the growth and yield of important crops such as corn and sorghum. For this purpose, a field study was conducted in the educational farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad MoreIt is necessary to investigate the effect of drought stress and the presence or absence of weeds on the growth and yield of important crops such as corn and sorghum. For this purpose, a field study was conducted in the educational farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in the crop year of 2014 in the form of two separate experiments for two forage corn plants KS260 and forage sorghum of Speedfeed in factorial form in the form of a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. The first treatment was irrigation levels of 65%, 75%, 85% and 100% of the percentage of water requirement of the reference plant (evaporation pan)and the second treatment was weed control management (weeding and not weeding). In this project, the growth indices of corn and sorghum were measured and the effect of different levels of irrigation on these indices was investigated. the lowest yield of wet and dry fodder was observed in corn and sorghum under extreme water deficit conditions., Weeding corn and sorghum fields increased about 35% of fresh and dry weight of corn fodder and 25% increase of fresh weight of fodder and 100% of dry weight of sorghum fodder. Weeding in all conditions reduces the competition of these species with crops and increases the growth indicators of forage, including leaf surface durability (49% corn and 11% sorghum), relative growth rate (9% corn and 22% sorghum). , net growth rate (23% corn and 25% sorghum) and height (12% corn and 15% sorghum). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
206 - Evaluation of the effect of different irrigation regimes on the growth characteristics and yield of aerobic rice genotypes in northern Khuzestan
Kaveh Limouchi Mohammad Reza Zargaran KhouzaniThe aim of this study was to determine the role of different irrigation regimes on flag leaf and other leaves , stem length, stem weight, average leaf length and width of aerobic rice genotypes was carried out during 2014 and 2015 in Shavoor Agricultural Research Statio MoreThe aim of this study was to determine the role of different irrigation regimes on flag leaf and other leaves , stem length, stem weight, average leaf length and width of aerobic rice genotypes was carried out during 2014 and 2015 in Shavoor Agricultural Research Station in northern of Khuzestan. Four irrigation regimes (1, 3, 5 and 7 days) in main plots and twelve rice genotypes in subplots with three replications. The results of combined analysis showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes, irrigation regimes and their interactions in all traits. One-day and three-day irrigation regimes had the highest and the seven-day irrigation regimen the lowest in terms of less time in nutrient accumulation in all traits. Grain yield, while having the highest positive and significant correlation (0.486 **) with flag leaf weight in terms of providing the most photosynthetic material for the main reservoir in the All genotypes tended to produce the most grain yield in the second irrigation regime (the three-day irrigation interval); genotype IR 81025-B-327-3, with 6555.10 kg ha-1 of grain yield, out-performed the remaining genotypes in this level of irrigation regime. Examination of the growth index showed that all genotypes reached their maximum growth by reducing the irrigation cycle in a shorter period of time, while more resistant genotypes maintained their growth process in the conditions of better irrigation cycle reduction, which can be due to breeding and Corrected figures used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
207 - Evaluation of planting row spacing and plant spacing on the planting row in the sugar beet field in Karaj region
Reza Esmaeili Rahim Mohammadian Hossein Heidari Sharif Abad Ghorban Noor MohammadiSince the yield of sugar beet is affected by the length of the growing period and agronomic management, to investigate the delayed cultivation, this experiment was conducted in 2015 and 2016 with two treatments of planting row spacing (Pr) with two levels of 25 and 40 c MoreSince the yield of sugar beet is affected by the length of the growing period and agronomic management, to investigate the delayed cultivation, this experiment was conducted in 2015 and 2016 with two treatments of planting row spacing (Pr) with two levels of 25 and 40 cm (main plot) and three levels of plant spacing on row (Ps) using 1.7, 2.4, and 3.1 units per hectare seeds (sub-plot), it was carried out in the form of split plots with a RCBD in four replications. By adding the harvest date treatment with two levels of conventional and delayed in the second year, the statistical design was changed to split plots factorial (Ps and harvest date as factorial). The highest percentage of white sugar content (WSC) and potassium was obtained in the 40 cm row spacing. In the second year, a 37% decrease in the number of final roots compared to the first year caused a 25% decrease in root yield (RY), 31% in white sugar yield (WSY), and 21% in irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). Contrary to the first year, the effect of Ps was not significant on traits such as RY, WSY, and IWUE, while it had no significant effect on the percentage of WSC in any of the two years. In the second year, with a delay in harvesting, the increase in WSY and IWUE was 32% and 16%, respectively. Therefore, Pr of 25 cm and Ps of 22 cm (2.4 units) is recommended for the Karaj region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
208 - Effect of humic acid on yield, yield components and physiological parameters of wheat in deficit irrigation conditions
Fatemeh Tourfi Alireza Shokuhfar2*In order to effect of humic acid on yield, yield components and physiological parameters of wheat in deficit irrigation conditions this research was done as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. main plots consisted: full irrigation, n MoreIn order to effect of humic acid on yield, yield components and physiological parameters of wheat in deficit irrigation conditions this research was done as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. main plots consisted: full irrigation, no irrigation at the beginning of stem elongation, and no irrigation at the pollination stage and sub plots included different levels of humic acid fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/L). Results showed that interaction of irrigation and humic acid on number of seeds per spike and 1000 grain weight at 1% probability level and number of spikes per unit area and harvest index was significant at 5% probability level. Grain yield under the effect low irrigation and humic acid was significant at 1% probability level. The highest leaf area index and crop growth rate were affected in full irrigation and 300 mg.L-1 humic acid and least of them were obtained in low irrigation stress conditions in different periods and no foliar application of humic acid. The highest grain yield was obtained in full irrigation (5035 kg.ha-1) and foliar application with 300 mg.L-1 humic acid (4462 kg.ha-1). The lowest grain yield was obtained in no irrigation at the pollination stage (2355 kg.ha-1) and no-humic acid (2667 kg.ha-1). As a result, foliar application 300 mg.L-1 of humic acid in different periods of low irrigation stress improved the physiological indices and increased yield components compared to control (no foliar application). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - Effect of seed priming with hydrogen peroxide on reducing the effects of saline water on bread wheat lands (Triticum aestivum L.)
Zahra Albaji Seyed Keyvan MarashiThis research was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design in a pot with four replications. The studied treatments include salinity of irrigation water as irrigation with ordinary water (0.4) (control) and with salinity of 4 and 8 dS/m and seed priming MoreThis research was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design in a pot with four replications. The studied treatments include salinity of irrigation water as irrigation with ordinary water (0.4) (control) and with salinity of 4 and 8 dS/m and seed priming including no priming and seed priming in 25 and 50 mM of hydrogen peroxide solutions. In this experiment, the number of spikes per pot, number of spikelets per spike, number of seeds per spikelet, 1000-grain weight, root dry weight, grain yield and grain protein were investigated. In this study, the effect of salinity of irrigation and hydrogen peroxide on all studied traits were significant. The interaction effect of salinity of irrigation and hydrogen peroxide on the studied traits except grain number per spikelet and grain protein were significant. The maximum root dry matter (0.95 g/pot) and grain yield (7.49 g/pot) were observed under irrigation with normal water and application of 50 mM hydrogen peroxide and the minimum root dry matter (0.82 g/pot) and grain yield (3.17 g/pot) was obtained at salinity of 8 dS/m and non-application of hydrogen peroxide. The maximum grain protein (14.25%) was obtained in the application of 50 mM hydrogen peroxide and the minimum protein percentage (11.05%) was obtained under irrigation with normal water. In general, the application of hydrogen peroxide can be effective in increasing the quantitative and qualitative yield of wheat and reducing the effect of salinity of irrigation water and it can be considered and recommended by researchers and farmers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - Evaluation of effect planting mechanization pattern and method irrigation on consumption irrigation efficiency and wheat yield
Amin Reza Jamshidi1*For evaluating the operation of two systems of planting wheat in raised bed planting with furrow irrigation in comparison with conventional planting with Flooding irrigation a testing was conducted in year of 2017-18 in Shoushtar township located in north of Khuzestan p MoreFor evaluating the operation of two systems of planting wheat in raised bed planting with furrow irrigation in comparison with conventional planting with Flooding irrigation a testing was conducted in year of 2017-18 in Shoushtar township located in north of Khuzestan province. The attendees were conducted which induced type of planting (wet planting, dry planting), planting with line adopting on the mound (fixed furrow-spring furrow) and 3 line of planting on the mound with spaces of 60 and 75 cm in 3 line in the furrow of random complete blocks with 3 replications. Wet planting with the use of line adopting with spring furrow and spaces of 75 cm increased the operation (p< 0/01) in compares with other attendances by 33%. Also, the harvest index showed a meaning full difference on the factor of space between row and type of planting at the type of furrow (p<0/01) the most operation of seed was related with the amount of 5467 kg related to wet planting and 75 cm rows space and use of line adopting with spring furrower and the least operation with the amount of 4133 kg was related to conventional planting. The results of calculations showed that wet planting has 15% more Irrigation efficiency in compares with tool steeling and conventional planting with irrigation efficiency of 2/184 kg /m3 was the least and planting on atmospheric and 75 cm mound with irrigation efficiency with 29% difference. So, planting with wet planting in rows of 75 cm with spring furrow was the most suitable attendance in increasing operation of seed and irrigation efficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - Effect of Planting Density and Different Irrigation Regimes on of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) Forage yield in Ahvaz climate condition
Mahdi Nasirpour Saeid ZakernezhadIn order to investigate the effect of planting density and different irrigation regimes on the yield of pearl millet in Ahvaz, Iran, in 2017, was carried out. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. MoreIn order to investigate the effect of planting density and different irrigation regimes on the yield of pearl millet in Ahvaz, Iran, in 2017, was carried out. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. In this study, the irrigation regime was considered as the main-plot at three levels (90, 120 and 150 mm evaporation from class-A evaporation pan) and the plant density as the sub-plot at four levels (20, 30, 40 and 50 plants/m2). The results showed the irrigation regime had a significant effect on fresh and dry leaf weight, fresh and dry weight of stem, plant height, stem diameter, and chlorophyll a and b at 1% probability level. Also, the plant density had a significant effect on leaf fresh and dry weight, fresh and dry weight of stem, plant height and stem diameter at 1% probability level. The interaction of irrigation regime and plant density on leaf fresh and dry weight, fresh and dry weight of stem and plant height was significant at 1% probability level. In general, according to the results, it can be concluded that with increasing drought stress all measured traits decreased. Therefore, considering the environmental conditions of the experimental area as well as the economic aspects of applying and performing irrigation after 90 mm of the evaporation pan, treatment is more suitable. Also, among the densities studied, the density of 50 plants/m2 had the highest biological yield of total forage millet. As the final result, the best treatment was determined using a density of 50plants/m2 and irrigation after 90 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - امکان سنجی مشارکت کشاورزان در مدیریت بهینه سیستم آبیاری (مطالعه موردی: حوزه کشاورزی گیلان)
محمد طالقانیمشارکت کشاورز در حفظ و عملیاتی کردن تسهیلات آبی نقش مثبتی در نگرش آنها و تمایلات درونی شان داشته و آنان را در همکاری بیشتر با شرکت های آب منطقه ای بر می انگیزاند.مشارکت کشاورز در حفظ و عملیاتی کردن تسهیلات آبی نقش مثبتی در نگرش آنها و تمایلات درونی شان داشته و آنان را در همکاری بیشتر با شرکت های آب منطقه ای بر می انگیزاند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
213 - کاربرد مدل پایلوت برای بهبود بهره وری آب برنج در رشت، شمال ایران
Maryam Shadpour Mohammadreza Khaledian MohammadHassan Biglouei Mojtaba Rezaeiبه­منظور واسنجی و اعتبارسنجی مدل پایلوت برای برنج در اقلیم مرطوب، مطالعه حاضر در قالب بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار روی رقم متداول محلی هاشمی در سال­های زراعی 2001، 2002، 2005، 2006 و 2007 انجام شد. پژوهش حاضر در موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور در رشت انجام شد. مقایسه مق Moreبه­منظور واسنجی و اعتبارسنجی مدل پایلوت برای برنج در اقلیم مرطوب، مطالعه حاضر در قالب بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار روی رقم متداول محلی هاشمی در سال­های زراعی 2001، 2002، 2005، 2006 و 2007 انجام شد. پژوهش حاضر در موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور در رشت انجام شد. مقایسه مقادیر اندازه­گیری شده و شبیه­سازی شده عملکرد دانه و ماده خشک براساس آماره­های کارآیی نش-ساتکلیف، ریشه میانگین مربعات خطا و ریشه میانگین مربعات خطای نرمال شده انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که ریشه میانگین مربعات خطا برای مراحل واسنجی و اعتبارسنجی به­ترتیب 69/0 و 72/0 تن در هکتار بود. ریشه میانگین مربعات خطای نرمال شده برای مراحل واسنجی و اعتبارسنجی به­ترتیب 5/9 و 1/14 درصد بود. ریشه میانگین مربعات خطای نرمال شده برای عملکرد دانه و ماده خشک به­ترتیب 74/8 و 37/13 درصد بود. مقادیر آماره کارآیی نش-ساتکلیف بین 84/0 تا 98/0 بود. نتایج نشان داد که مدل پایلوت می­تواند برای مدیریت صحیح آب در رژیم­های مختلف آبیاری برنج به­کار رود. تجزیه و تحلیل سناریوهای مختلف مدیریتی نشان داد که بهترین رژیم آبیاری، رژیم آبیاری تناوبی با دور آبیاری هشت روز می­باشد. Manuscript profile -
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214 - مقایسه روش های مختلف آبیاری براساس رویکرد ارزیابی پارامتریک در زیر حوضه چیکان و مورزیان، ایران
Masoud Masoudi Abdollah Ebrahimi Parviz Jokarافزایش جمعیت انسانی منجر به افزایش تولیدات مواد غذایی می­گردد درحالی­که اراضی کشاورزی کاهش پیدا کرده­اند. بنابراین استفاده از حداکثر پتانسیل این اراضی به منظور تولید محصول بالا و بدون هر تخریب ضروری است. برای دستیابی به این هدف ارزیابی تناسب اراضی مهمترین را Moreافزایش جمعیت انسانی منجر به افزایش تولیدات مواد غذایی می­گردد درحالی­که اراضی کشاورزی کاهش پیدا کرده­اند. بنابراین استفاده از حداکثر پتانسیل این اراضی به منظور تولید محصول بالا و بدون هر تخریب ضروری است. برای دستیابی به این هدف ارزیابی تناسب اراضی مهمترین راهکار است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش مقایسه روش­های مختلف آبیاری بر اساس سیستم ارزیابی پارامتریک در یک مساحت 100 هکتاری از زیر حوزه چیکان و مورزیان در استان فارس در جنوب ایران است. پس از تهیه نقشه واحد اراضی 10 نقطه برای نمونه­برداری انتخاب شد. ویژگی­های خاک ارزیابی و بررسی شدند. نقشه­های تناسب برای آبیاری قطره­ای و ثقلی با استفاده از سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی تهیه شدند. نتایج نشان داد که برای آبیاری ثقلی 9/71% از منطقه مورد مطالعه در طبقه نامناسب دائمی (N2) و 1/28% در طبقه نامناسب فعلی(N1) طبقه­بندی شد. از طرف دیگر برای آبیاری قطره­ای 3/47% از منطقه در طبقه نامناسب دائمی (N2)، 5/28% در طبقه نامناسب فعلی(N1) و 3/24% در طبقه ضعیف (S3) قرار دارد. فاکتور محدودکننده برای آبیاری قطره­ای شیب و برای آبیاری ثقلی شیب و زهکشی بودند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
215 - عوامل موثر بر رضایت کشاورزان از عملکرد تشکلهای آببران شبکه آبیاری گتوند در استان خوزستان
آیت الله کرمی حمید ییلاق چغاخورهدف از این مقاله ارزیابی رضایت کشاورزان از خدمات ارائه شده توسط تشکل­های آب­بران و تعیین عوامل مؤثر بر رضایت کشاورزان از آنهاست. گزینش 124 عضو کشاورز تشکل­های آب­بران شبکه آبیاری گتوند با روش نمونه­گیری طبقه­ای صورت گرفت. داده­های پژوهش با پر Moreهدف از این مقاله ارزیابی رضایت کشاورزان از خدمات ارائه شده توسط تشکل­های آب­بران و تعیین عوامل مؤثر بر رضایت کشاورزان از آنهاست. گزینش 124 عضو کشاورز تشکل­های آب­بران شبکه آبیاری گتوند با روش نمونه­گیری طبقه­ای صورت گرفت. داده­های پژوهش با پرسشنامه محقق ساخته گردآوری شد. روایی پرسشنامه با روایی محتوا تایید و پایایی کلی آن با آلفای کرونباخ 73/0 برآورد گردید. عملکرد تشکل­های آب­بران با داده­ها توصیفی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. در بررسی رابطه بین ویژگی­های فیزیکی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی با محیط و بستر منطقه و رضایت کشاورزان از رگرسیون لجستیک ترتیبی بهره گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که گرچه تشکل­های آب­بران در بهره­برداری، نگهداری و تعمیر و مدیریت شبکه عملکرد متوسط داشتند ولیکن در جمع­آوری آب­بها عملکرد آنها موفقی بوده است. وضعیت تعمیر و نگهداری و تعمیر در شبکه آبیاری گتوند یک عامل بسیار ضروری در رضایت کشاورزان از تشکل­های آب­بران است و وضعیت آن وابسته به استحکام روابط این تشکل­ها با مقامات دولتی می­باشد. بنابراین توصیه می­شود مدیریت تعمیر و نگهداری و تعمیرات به تشکل­های آب­بران منتقل شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - نگرش و ادراک سیب زمینی کاران شهرستان اردبیل نسبت به فناوریهای آبیاری دقیق
اصغر باقری سحر پیرمؤدنهدف از این پژوهش بررسی نگرش و ادراک کشاورزان نسبت به پیشبرنده­ها و موانع فناوری­های آبیاری دقیق می­باشد. این پژوهش به روش پیمایشی انجام شد و اطلاعات لازم از نمونه­ای شامل 240 کشاورز سیب­زمینی­کار شهرستان اردبیل جمع­آوری گردید. ابزار پژو Moreهدف از این پژوهش بررسی نگرش و ادراک کشاورزان نسبت به پیشبرنده­ها و موانع فناوری­های آبیاری دقیق می­باشد. این پژوهش به روش پیمایشی انجام شد و اطلاعات لازم از نمونه­ای شامل 240 کشاورز سیب­زمینی­کار شهرستان اردبیل جمع­آوری گردید. ابزار پژوهش پرسشنامه­ای بود که روایی آن بوسیله گروهی از متخصصین تایید گردید. مقادیر آلفای کرونباخ برای نگرش، پیشبرنده­ها و موانع 813/0، 870/0 و 799/0 به دست آمد که بیانگر پایایی مناسب ابزار تحقیق می باشد. نتایج نشان داد که پاسخگویان اکثراً میانسال بودند و تجربه خوبی در کشاورزی داشتند. اکثر آنها کم­سواد بودند، بیش از نیمی از پاسخگویان نگرش نسبتاً منفی داشتند درحالی که نگرش بقیه نسبتاً تا خیلی مثبت بود. نتیجه تحلیل رگرسیون نشان داد که متغیرهای تحصیلات، دانش و منابع اطلاعاتی 5/46 درصد از واریانس نگرش کشاورزان را تبیین کرده است. نمونه به دو گروه 120 نفره تقسیم شد و از آنها خواسته شد تا یک گروه ادراک خود را نسبت به موانع و گروه دیگر ادراک خود را نسبت به پیشبرنده­ها بیان نمایند. نتیجه تحلیل عاملی نشان داد که سه عامل با مقدار ویژه بالاتر از یک به نام­های کارآیی آب، سهولت عملیات زراعی و منافع مادی برای پیشبرنده استخراج گردید که مجموعاً 18/63 درصد از واریانس کل را تبیین نموده­اند و پنج عامل به نام­های عوامل دانشی، فنی، مهارتی، مدیریتی و پشتیبانی برای موانع استخراج گردید که مجموعاً 12/63 درصد از واریانس را تبیین نموده­اند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - Economic Analysis of Water Demand in Greenhouses of Khash Township
Javad Shahraki Neda AliAhmadiThe main goal of this study was to investigate the way of affecting of water in production of cucumber. From aspect of econometrics, mutual relationships of production function and expenses have been analyzed in which Translog cost function has been used. This function MoreThe main goal of this study was to investigate the way of affecting of water in production of cucumber. From aspect of econometrics, mutual relationships of production function and expenses have been analyzed in which Translog cost function has been used. This function has been estimated using the conditional input demand functions, the shefard theorem, chemical fertilizer, animal fertilizer, labour force, seed, and pesticide in the framework of a system of equations by taking advantage of the irrelevant regression method. Applied inputs is for 151 cucumber Beneficiaries in Khash in farming year of 2011-12 that insider and crossing tendency of input demand for this product has been investigated through collecting questionnaires and using obtained coefficients. The results show that the translog cost model is a good fit compared to the data of research. According to the reviews, demand for water has a minor Insider- succession tendency more than one which shows possible stretch of demand function rather than the price of the inputs. Hence, appropriate pricing policies can be used to take a positive step in preventing the extreme usage of this input and directing beneficiaries for optimum use of these inputs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - Effect of under Irrigation Management on Potato Performance Components
Fakhrodin Ghasemi Sahebi Masoud Hekmat Eman PourkhizTo evaluate the effect of water, tape drip and furrow irrigation methods on the performance components and features of Agria cultivar potato, an experiment was carried out in the agriculture faculty of Kermanshah. Repeated three times, this study was carried out in the MoreTo evaluate the effect of water, tape drip and furrow irrigation methods on the performance components and features of Agria cultivar potato, an experiment was carried out in the agriculture faculty of Kermanshah. Repeated three times, this study was carried out in the form of full random blocks with the main factor of different amounts of irrigation water in three levels (50, 75, and100 percent of cumulative evaporation from an A- class evaporation pan) and the secondary factor of irrigation method (including drip and furrow irrigations). At 3 repetitions, results showed that the minimum performance (19.168 tons per hectare) was related to the drip irrigation method with 50 percent evaporation from the A-class pan and the maximum one (34.455 tons per hectare) was related to the drip irrigation method with 100 percent evaporation from the A-class pan. The rate of irrigation and effectiveness of method on the number of the main stem per square meter and number of the main stem in the bush were not significant. The minimum percent (number of tubers) of tubers smaller than 35mm (26.47percent) and the maximum tuber production (37.17 percent) in the size of food and market-friendly (tuber bigger than 55mm) were attained by drip irrigation method with 100 percent evaporation from the A-class pan. The impact of Irrigation method on and the specific gravity of tubers and starch (dry matter) were and was not significant, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
219 - تجزیه و تحلیل عملکرد مزارع با استفاده از منابع مختلف آب آبیاری: مطالعه موردی در یک منطقه نیمه خشک
حیات لیونبوی تارک بنابدلوآهاب عزیز حسیب عبدلعلی بوللیبهبود بهره وری تولید هدف اصلی از اقدام دولت برای جلوگیری از زیان بهره وری و افزایش درآمد کشاورزان است.بهبود بهره وری تولید هدف اصلی از اقدام دولت برای جلوگیری از زیان بهره وری و افزایش درآمد کشاورزان است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
220 - Effect of irrigation regime on cotton golestan genotype (Gossypium hirsutum) yield, fiber quality and insilico analysis of CesA and XET1 genes involved in fiber quality
مریم kolahi elham faghani mina kazemian sedighe dodangi mohamad habibi omolbanin chekaniStudy of water stress effect in traits of crops is related to stress tolerance, increasing their growth and yield in stress situation.This research was performed to evaluate the impact of different irrigation regimes on cotton yield, fiber quality were conducted using a MoreStudy of water stress effect in traits of crops is related to stress tolerance, increasing their growth and yield in stress situation.This research was performed to evaluate the impact of different irrigation regimes on cotton yield, fiber quality were conducted using a split-plot factorial design with four irrigation levels (rainfed, 33%, 66% and 100%) as the main factor. After physiological maturation, fiber performance and quality traits were evaluated.protein and phylogenetic properties have been evaluated by bioinformatics tools. The results indicated that the highest yield with 1.2 kg was observed in 66% irrigation treatment. The highest fiber weight was observed in 66% treatment and the lowest in rainfed conditions. Seeds grown under 66% irrigation saved more water and produced potential seeds with high quality fibers. Bioinformatics analysis also revealed that the intracellular locations of CesA and XET1 enzymes are plasma membrane and cell wall, respectively. The enzymes CesA and XET1 belong to the protein family of transferases and hydrolase, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sequences of both cotton enzymes with co-family genera were separated in the Malvaceae . It appears that in order to grow cotton seeds with desirable fibers in low water conditions and in dry areas, it is better to use seeds that are irrigated under optimal irrigation conditions (66%). by cultivating cotton seeds with about one third of the water requirement in three years, in addition to reducing the amount of water requirement and irrigation water consumption, better yields can be achieved. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
221 - Changes in Field Capacity (FC) by Irrigation with Domestic Wastewater (DWW)
porya jalali -
Open Access Article
222 - Effect of Irrigation by Domestic Wastewater on Final Penetration Rate in Lysimeter Soil
mohammad hosein kharrazi -
Open Access Article
223 - Effect of salinity on morphological and physiological activities Accumulation in Mustard Plant (Brassica nigra.)
Mahroo Ghadrian -
Open Access Article
224 - Comprehensive Study of the Crop Water Productivity in Bushehr Province, Iran
Hamzehali Alizadeh Bijan Nazari Abdolmajid Liaghat -
Open Access Article
225 - The effects of drought stress and foliar application micronutrients on growth yield and nutritional elements of black cumin ( Nigella sativa L. )
علی اکبر عاملیIn order to survey the effects of irrigation and foliar application of micronutrients on vegetative growth, yield and yield components black cumin ( Nigella sativa L. ), an experimental design was conducted in the research farm of North Khorasan agricultural and natural MoreIn order to survey the effects of irrigation and foliar application of micronutrients on vegetative growth, yield and yield components black cumin ( Nigella sativa L. ), an experimental design was conducted in the research farm of North Khorasan agricultural and natural resources research center in Bojnourd in 2009. Experimental design was split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factors were irrigation intervals in three levels ( I1=7, I2= 14, I3=21 days ) and subfactors were foliar application micronutrients included M1 = control ( no foliar application ), M2= foliar application with the zinc ( concentration of three parts per thousand ), M3 = foliar application with the Boron ( concentration of two parts per thousand ), M4 = foliar application with the iron ( concentration of four parts per thousand ), and M5 foliar application with the mixture of above elements. Experiment results showed that the impact of irrigation intervals on plant height, branch number, number of capsules per plant, biological yield and seed number per plant , seeds per capsule, seed weight, harvest index percentage, and seed yield, was significant and decreased with increasing irrigation intervals. The effects of foliar application of micronutrients on plant height, branch number, number of capsules per plant, biological yield, and Fe, Zn, and Br concentration in plant organs was significant. Foliar application of micronutrients caused plant height, branch number, number of capsules per plant, biological yield and Fe, Zn, and Br concentration in plant to be increased. Foliar application of micronutrient and irrigation interaction on plant height and biological yield were noticeable. Seven days irrigation intervals and foliar application, the mixture of micronutrient treatment caused the highest plant height, biological yield and Fe, Zn, and Br concentration in plant organs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
226 - The Effects of Superabsorbent Polymer on Atriplex lentiformis Growth and Soil Characteristics under Drought Stress (Case Study: Desert Research Station, Semnan, Iran)
Maedeh Yousefian Mohammad Jafari Ali Tavili Hosein Arzani Zeinab Jafarian -
Open Access Article
227 - IRRIGATION WATER RESOURCE PLANNING OPTIMIZATION MODEL: THE CASE OF WINE GRAPE FARMING IN DODOMA, TANZANIA
Halidi Lyeme JAIROS SHINZEH -
Open Access Article
228 - Influence of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Different levels of Irrigation on Qualitative and Quantitative Yield and Determination of Morphological Characteristics of Forage Sorghum
عبدالحسین آبروشAbstract In order to survey the influence of nitrogen fertilizer and different levels of irrigation on qualitative and quantitative yield of forage sorghum ( speed feed variety ) an experiment in split plot in randomized complete block design in four replications was c MoreAbstract In order to survey the influence of nitrogen fertilizer and different levels of irrigation on qualitative and quantitative yield of forage sorghum ( speed feed variety ) an experiment in split plot in randomized complete block design in four replications was carried out which had three levels of 75, 85, and 100% plant water requirement as to main plot; and sub-plot included 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha of nitrogen. Results showed decrease in the change of wet forage yield, dry matter weight, leaf area index, leaf protein percent, plant height and leaf number which was due to the increasing water deficit and decreasing nitrogen fertilizer in plant. The highest wet forage yield and dry forage obtained 160.3, 34.9 ton/ha in 100% and 85% plant water requirement respectively. It can be said that according to nitrogen fertilizer different levels obtained the highest wet forage yield was 161.8 ton/ha and dry forage was 300 kg pure nitrogen and the lowest wet forage yield 128.7 and 28.7 ton/ha in control treatment was obtained without using the nitrogen fertilizer. But from the view point of interaction effects of the studied cases, no significant effect was observed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
229 - The effect of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid foliar application on forage yield, RWC and leaf chlorophyll of corn under drought stress
navvab haji hassani asl farhad farah vash mohsen roshdi Bahram mir shekari mehdi gaffariTo study the effect of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid foliar application on yield and specification of corn under drought stress, an experiment was performed in Khoy in 2013-14 as split plot with basis of randomized complete block design in four replications. Main fac MoreTo study the effect of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid foliar application on yield and specification of corn under drought stress, an experiment was performed in Khoy in 2013-14 as split plot with basis of randomized complete block design in four replications. Main factor: drought stress doing through irrigation after 75±5 and 150±5 mm evaporation on Pan. Sub factor was including of foliar application of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid in 100, 200 and 300 mg/lit and control treatment (non- foliar application). Effect of year was significant only on RWC. Drought stress had significantly effect on fresh forage yield, chlorophyll a, b and chlorophyll a+b. Foliar application had significantly effect on all characters. Interactions effect of year and foliar application were significant on fresh forage yield and chlorophyll a. 100 mg/lit salicylic acid foliar application in 2013 year treatment with average of 74.46 ton/ha and non- foliar application in 2014 year treatment with average of 59.47 ton/ha had maximum and minimum of fresh forage yield. Maximum and minimum of chlorophyll a seen in 300 mg/lit ascorbic acid foliar application in 2014 year and non-foliar application in 2013 year. Interaction of drought stress and foliar application had significantly effect on fresh forage yield, only. 100 mg/lit salicylic acid foliar application in normal irrigation treatment (80.82 ton/ha) and non- foliar application in drought irrigaton treatment (52.74 ton/ha) had maximum and minimum of fresh forage yield, respectivly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
230 - Effect of irrigation interval, humic acid and sulfur fertilizer on morphological and yield traits of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-gracum L.)
Seyyed Gholamreza MoosaviIn order to study the effect of irrigation interval, humic acid and sulfur fertilizer on some morphological and yield traits of fenugreek, a split-plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted at research fiel MoreIn order to study the effect of irrigation interval, humic acid and sulfur fertilizer on some morphological and yield traits of fenugreek, a split-plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted at research field of Islamic Azad University, branch of Birjand in 2013. The main plots were 5 and 10 days irrigation intervals. The sub-plots were combination of two rates of humic acid (0 and 10 L.ha-1) and four types of sulfur fertilizer (control or no application, bentonit containing, humic containing and urea with sulfur cover). In this study plant height, branch number of main stem, pod length, 1000–seed weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index of seed were evaluated. The results showed that increasing irrigation interval from 5 to 10 days significantly reduced plant height, pod length, 1000–seed weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index of seed by 19.9, 20.9, 34.6, 37.4, 34.4 and 16.7%, respectively. Also humic acid application (10 L/ha) significantly increased all measured traits by 10.3, 13.5, 15.5, 42.8, 47.7, 85.2 and 42%, respectively. The effect of sulfur fertilizer on the measured traits was not significant. Also, interaction of irrigation and humic acid was significant on plant height, 1000–seed weight, biological yield and harvest index. In general 5 days irrigation interval and acid humic application (10 L.ha-1) is recommended for fenugreek cultivation in Birjand. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
231 - Effect of furrow irrigation patterns on yield and yield components of two corn varieties (Zea mays L.)
Seyed Keyvan Marashi Zolikha Makvandi zadehIn order to evaluate the effect of furrow irrigation patterns on yield and yield components of corn cultivars, an experiment was carried out as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Shushtar city. Irrigation patterns (main plot) MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of furrow irrigation patterns on yield and yield components of corn cultivars, an experiment was carried out as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Shushtar city. Irrigation patterns (main plot) include: furrow full irrigation(control), fixed alternate furrow irrigation, variable alternate furrow irrigation, two time alternate furrow irrigation and one full irrigation and two time full furrow irrigation and one alternate furrow irrigation and maize cultivars (subplots), including: S.C 704 and Karun. Results showed that the maximum grain yield by 5260.5 kg/h obtained from full irrigation furrow and after that it was belonged to and two time full furrow irrigation and one alternate furrow irrigation by 4530.4 kg/h. The interaction between two treatments showed that the maximum grain yield in S.C 704 cultivar obtained in furrow full irrigation with 5120 kg/ha which was not significantly different as compared to the two time full furrow irrigation and one alternate furrow irrigation by 4723 kg/h. Generally, in areas with water deficit can recommend the management of two times full furrow irrigation and one alternate furrow irrigation and use of S.C 704 cultivar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
232 - The effect of soil texture and irrigation method on improving yield and yield components of two Sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] cultivars
Mansoureh Shamili hamed Hassanzadeh KhankahdaniIn order to determine optimum culture condition to produce high quality storage roots in sweet potato, an experiment was conducted as split-split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots were allocated to soil texture (loamy and sandy MoreIn order to determine optimum culture condition to produce high quality storage roots in sweet potato, an experiment was conducted as split-split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots were allocated to soil texture (loamy and sandy), sub plots to irrigation method (furrow and drip) and sub-sub plots to sweet potato cultivars (White and Red). Cutting establishment percent, bush vegetative growth, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of storage root as well as crop per drip (CPD) were measured. Results showed that soil texture affects foliage fresh weight, shoot/root ratio, storage root number, weight and diameter, stem and leaf number, bush length, reducing and total sugar as well as CPD. Irrigation method influenced all the traits except root number. The greatest CPD was observed in loamy soil using drip irrigation respectively 5.492 and 4.569 kg/m3 for White and Red cultivar. According to path analysis results, storage root yield directly influenced by foliage fresh weight (0.726**), leaf number (0.722**), stem number (0.710**), storage root weight (0.668**), storage root diameter (0.449**), foliage length (0.352**) and storage root length (0.314**). Based on the obtained results, cultivation of Red cultivar on loamy soil using furrow irrigation at cutting establishment stage, drip irrigation during growth period and final furrow irrigation at storage root filling is more successful as a tool to produce high quality sweet potato storage root in Minab. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
233 - Effect of Different Irrigation Methods and Superabsorbent Polymer on Yield and Water Productivity of Corn
Fayaz Aghayari Fatemeh Khalili Mohammad Reza ArdakaniTo study the effect of different irrigation methods and superabsorbent polymer on yield and water productivity of corn, a field experiment was carried out in factorial split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at Research Farm MoreTo study the effect of different irrigation methods and superabsorbent polymer on yield and water productivity of corn, a field experiment was carried out in factorial split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran, in 2013-2014 growing season. Deficit irrigation with three levels including irrigation with 100, 75 and 50 percent crop water requirement, furrow irrigation methods with two levels including fixed alternate furrow irrigation and conventional furrow irrigation that were located in the main plots and superabsorbent polymer with two levels including non-use superabsorbent polymer and used of superabsorbent (30kg/ha) that were located in the sub plots. The results showed that in condition of deficit irrigation for supply grain yield, we can use fixed alternate furrow irrigation method instead of the conventional furrow irrigation method. The highest water productivity for grain yield (2.06 kg.m-3) and biologic yield (4.71 kg.m-3) was achieved in condition of irrigation with 75% crop water requirement and fixed alternate furrow irrigation method. The use of superabsorbent in fixed alternate furrow irrigation method increased water productivity for grain yield and biologic yield (26.6 and 14.5 percent, respectively) as compared with non-use. In the context, application of fixed alternate furrow irrigation with 75% crop water requirement and superabsorbent increased significantly water productivity for corn yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
234 - Evaluating the effect of Drought stress and Micronutrients (Zinc and Manganese) on yield and yield components of Millet(Panicm miliacem)
azam gideski reza baradaranIn this decade, plants with low requirements which may contribute to human health have been increasingly considered. To investigate the effect of irrigation interval and foliar application of micronutrients on Panicum miliaceum, an experiment was conducted as split plot MoreIn this decade, plants with low requirements which may contribute to human health have been increasingly considered. To investigate the effect of irrigation interval and foliar application of micronutrients on Panicum miliaceum, an experiment was conducted as split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Sarbisheh agricultural research farm in 2012. Treatments including irrigation interval (7, 14 and 21 days) and foliar application of micronutrients in four levels (foliar application of manganese, zinc, zinc manganese and without foliar application) were assigned to main plot and sub plot, respectively. By decreasing irrigation interval to 7 days, the grain yield was increased mainly through increasing the number of grains per panicle (28% towards 21 day irrigation interval) and increasing the number of panicles per plant (25/68% towards 21 day irrigation interval). The foliar application of micronutrients improved the grain yield through enhancing grain number per panicle (23/29% towards treatment without foliar application) and enhancing panicle number per plant (15/17% towards treatment without foliar application). Findings showed that decreasing irrigation interval to 7 days and foliar application of micronutrients increased the yield and yield components of Panicum miliaceum. The maximum grain yield (222/6 grams per square meter) was under 7 day irrigation conditions and foliar application of manganese and zinc. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
235 - Study the effect of drought stress on oil percent, protein percent and fatty acids composition of soybean grain
Maryam Divsalar زین العابدین طهماسبی سروستانی سید علی محمد مدرس ثانوی آیدین حمیدیIn order to assess the effect of drought stress on seed chemical compositions and determine a stage In order to assess the effect of drought stress on seed chemical compositions and determine a stage that drought stress has the most effect on seed compositions, an exper MoreIn order to assess the effect of drought stress on seed chemical compositions and determine a stage In order to assess the effect of drought stress on seed chemical compositions and determine a stage that drought stress has the most effect on seed compositions, an experiment was conducted as a split factorial based on complete randomized block design in three replications in agriculture faculty of Tarbiat Modares University in 2014. Four treatments of drought stress were exerted as withholding irrigation at flowering stage, pod formation, seed filling stage, and control (without stress). The other treatments were two soybean cultivars (Williams and L17) and the seeds resulted from three planting dates in Moghan in a last year (10 May, 10 June and 10 July). The measured traits included fatty acids percent, oil and protein percent of soybean grain. The results indicated that effect of drought stress was significant on oil and protein percent and also fatty acids except palmitic acid. The lowest percent of oil (19.29% ) and the highest percent of protein (37.36 %) were obtained by drought stress at seed filling stage. The highest percent of oleic acid (25.75%) and the lowest linolenic acid (5.98%) was observed in Williams at drought stress at seed filling stage. Regarding that the main purpose of soybean planting in Iran is oil production and drought stress at seed filling stage has negative effect on oil content, so irrigation in this stage of reproductive growth is necessary to achieve desirable oil yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
236 - The Effect of Irrigation and use of organic Fertilizers and Agronomic and Physiological traits millet Varieties (Panucum miliaceum L)
جعفر مسعود سینکی محمدرضا حاتمی قنبر لایی سعید قریب بلوکIn order to evaluate the effect of irrigation and use of organic fertilizers and agronomic and physiological traits millet varieties (split-split plot) in a randomized complete block design with three replications Damghan in 2012-2013. Millet cultivars (Bastan and Pisha MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of irrigation and use of organic fertilizers and agronomic and physiological traits millet varieties (split-split plot) in a randomized complete block design with three replications Damghan in 2012-2013. Millet cultivars (Bastan and Pishahang) were the main factor, no irrigation stress (stages of BBCH55 and BBCH65 and control) were the sub factor and fertilizer level (no fertilizer, farmyard manure 100% and compost 100%) was the sub-sub factor. The results showed that the greatest amount of soluble sugars was 13.62% under the three factor effect of cultivar, no irrigation and fertilizing in Pishahang cultivars with control fertilizing rate and no irrigation at BBCH55 stage. The highest amount of fiber under the three factor effect was 55.44% in Bastan cultivar with farmyard manure 100% and control. The highest protein percentage was in the interaction between cultivar and no irrigation in Pishahang cultivar and no irrigation at BBCH65 stage. Maximum percentage of ash was 8.1648% in Bastan cultivar. The highest dry matter production was 54.14% in the interaction between cultivar and no irrigation in Pishahang cultivar and no irrigation at control stage. According to the results, we can say that both Bastan and Pishahang cultivars have good forage yield and considering their short growing period, they can be used as second crops for forage production. Moreover, severe stress reduces the forage yield and production efficiency. In addition, adding farmyard manure and compost significantly increases the yield in these forage plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
237 - Evaluation growth indices of two cultivars of Native and Corrected rice (Oryza sativa L.) in different irrigation Management.
Nematollah sedaghat همت اله پیردشتی علی راحمی کاریزکی سعید صفی خانیIn order to determine the effect of different irrigation managements on rice growth indices, an experiment was done in factorial based on randomized complete block design in Rice Research Institute of Iran, Deputy of Mazandaran, Amol during 2011. Treatments were differe MoreIn order to determine the effect of different irrigation managements on rice growth indices, an experiment was done in factorial based on randomized complete block design in Rice Research Institute of Iran, Deputy of Mazandaran, Amol during 2011. Treatments were different irrigation managements including Alternate Wet and Drying (AWD), Semi-Dry Cultivation (SDC), combining Shallow water depth with Wetting and Drying (SWD) and Traditional Irrigation (TI) and two contrast cultivars of Tarom and Fajr as native and improved cultivars, respectively. Growth indices were fitted using measuring the dry weight and leaf area over seven sampling times during rice growing stages. The results showed that IT (with an average of 7694 kg) had the highest paddy yield followed by AWD (with an average of 7056 kg), SDC (with an average of 6856/8 kg) and SWD (with an average of 6358/7 kg). Leaf area index in Tarom cultivar varied from 2.99 in the combining Shallow water depth with wetting and drying to 4.6 in alternate wet and drying regimes. By contrast, LAI in Fajr cultivar ranged from 4.1 in the alternate wet and drying to 5.6 in traditional irrigation regimes. In conclusion, the maximum leaf area index, net assimilation rate in Tarom and Fajr cultivars to AWD and SDC irrigation managements could be introduced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
238 - Effect of irrigation regime and phosphorus application methods on phosphorus recovery efficiency and grain yield of two rapeseed cultivars
R. Baladi E. Bijanzadeh R. NaderiTo investigate the effects of water deficit and chemical phosphorus (P) application methods on yield and phosphorus recovery efficiency of two rapeseed cultivars, a field experiment was conducted at Agriculture College and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University d MoreTo investigate the effects of water deficit and chemical phosphorus (P) application methods on yield and phosphorus recovery efficiency of two rapeseed cultivars, a field experiment was conducted at Agriculture College and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University during 2013-2014. Treatments including irrigation regimes (common irrigation, cutting off irrigation at mid-flowering and mid-silique formation stages), P application methods (without P, broadcast and band) and rapeseed cultivars (Sarigol and RGS) were assigned in main plots, sub plots and sub sub plots, respectively. Results showed that cutting of irrigation at common irrigation with 25.31 seed numbers per silique had significant differences with mid-flowering with 22.25 seed numbers per silique and cutting of irrigation at mid-silique formation with 22.94 seed numbers per silique . In cutting of irrigation at mid-flowering and band application of P, RGS had the highest biological yield (12435 hg/ha). Common irrigation had the highest (11.02 kg/ha) and cutting of irrigation at mid-flowering had the lowest (5.95 kg/ha) P absorption amount. Overall, P recovery efficiency in broadcast and band application methods of P was 1.09% and 1.38%, respectively. RGS cultivar compared to Sarigol had maximum grain yield under cutting of irrigation at mid-flowering (3830 kg/ha) and mid-silique formation conditions (5428 kg/ha). RGS had the highest rate of assimilate remobilization under cutting off irrigation at mid-flowering and band application of P and it can prevent a further reduction in grain yield when exposed to late season water shortage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
239 - Evaluation of topping and irrigation type on seed yield of Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis)
M. YadegariEvening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) is the herbaceous plant; biennial fuchsia belongs to the family Onagraceae. The yellow flowers of this plant are bisexual. The seeds contain non saturated oils as γ-linolenic acid, Linolenic acid and Oleic acid. In this researc MoreEvening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) is the herbaceous plant; biennial fuchsia belongs to the family Onagraceae. The yellow flowers of this plant are bisexual. The seeds contain non saturated oils as γ-linolenic acid, Linolenic acid and Oleic acid. In this research toping height (without toping and toping on 20, 30, 50 cm of plant) and irrigation type (drip, furrow) treatments on length and width of leaf, node distance, number and length of flowering stems per plant; and in complete ripening the characters of weight of seed per capsule and per plant, weight of 1000 seed, number of capsule per stem and per plant, weight of fresh/ dry shoot material and oil extracted from seeds were measured. The results showed that by increasing of toping, width of leaf, internode distance, length of lateral stems were decreased. In drip irrigation internode distance, length and number of lateral stem increased. The most of number capsule per stem and plant, weight of seed per plant, weight of 1000 seed, oil percentage of seed were obtained in toping of 30cm and drip irrigation. This research is primary investigation about toping height and irrigation type in Primrose and more studies for complete results are necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
240 - Response of various bread wheat genotypes to different planting method and terminal drought stress at southern Fars province
Vahid Barati Ehsan bijanzadeh Ali Barati Zahra ZinatiFars is the largest wheat producer province in Iran. In terms of planted area and output, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the number one crop in Fars and currently almost all irrigated wheat is conventionally planted in narrow spaced rows or broadcasting on the flat and MoreFars is the largest wheat producer province in Iran. In terms of planted area and output, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the number one crop in Fars and currently almost all irrigated wheat is conventionally planted in narrow spaced rows or broadcasting on the flat and is irrigated by flood irrigation within bordered basins. Conventional flat planting for wheat has some disadvantages. In order to study the response of wheat genotypes to flat planting and bed planting under different irrigation regimes, experiments were conducted in Darab region at two consecutive growing seasons. The experimental design was split-split plot with three replications. The main factor was two irrigation regimes (irrigation was applied normally and irrigation cut off after flowering stage). Sub plots were two planting methods (FP: flat planting, BP: bed planting). The sub-sub plots were four different wheat genotypes (Shiroudi-local check, Chamran 2, Aflak and a promising line: S-82-10). Based on results, post anthesis drought stress decreased grain yield and its components in all genotypes. The main reason of grain yield reduction in stress condition was reduction in grain number per spike and grain weight. The Aflak cultivar produced the highest grain yield (5712 kg ha-1) in non-stress condition while the highest grain yield in drought stress (3148 kg ha-1) condition was belonged to Shiroudi cultivar. The biological yield and harvest index were positively affected by bed planting. The bed planting method improved WUE (water use efficiency) and grain yield by more than 21% and 16%, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
241 - The Effect of Paclobutrazol on Physiological Characteristics of Bermuda Grass under Drought Stress
asghar pakdel حمید رضا میری رامین سامانی بابادائیGrass is considered as one of the most important covering plants in designing green spaces. We aimed to assess the growth retarding effects of Paclobutrazol on several physiological characteristics of Bermuda grass under dry stress in the form of a randomized factorial MoreGrass is considered as one of the most important covering plants in designing green spaces. We aimed to assess the growth retarding effects of Paclobutrazol on several physiological characteristics of Bermuda grass under dry stress in the form of a randomized factorial design study with three repetitions. The treatments in this study were paclobutrazol at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, and 75 mg/l and drought stress at four levels (irrigation based on 100, 80, 60, and 40% of the field’s capacity). We found that grass under severe drought stress conditions (40% FC) and were treated with concentrations of 50 and 75 mg/l Paclobutrazol had the highest amount of proline. Grass under moderate drought stress (60% FC) and was treated with Paclobutrazol 50 mg/l had the highest amount of soluble carbohydrates. When using 75 mg/l Paclobutrazol resulted in increased chlorophyll in Bermuda grass. Grass that was irrigated under normal conditions (100% FC) and was treated with different concentrations of paclobutrazol had the highest relative water content. The highest ion leakage was seen in grass under severe drought stress (40% FC) and 0 mg Paclobutrazol. In conclusion, we suggest the use of 50 mg/l Paclobutrazol in order to reduced water consumption or enhancing the growth of grass under drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
242 - Effect of supplemental irrigation and iron spraying on chickpea genotypes in Kermanshah
Mahdi Roozrokh Maryam MohammadiIn order to investigate the effect of supplementary irrigation and iron spraying on morphological and physiological traits of four chickpea genotypes,including two Kabuli types and two Desi types,an experiment was conducted in field conditions.The cultivation was done a MoreIn order to investigate the effect of supplementary irrigation and iron spraying on morphological and physiological traits of four chickpea genotypes,including two Kabuli types and two Desi types,an experiment was conducted in field conditions.The cultivation was done at Research Field of Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah branch during 2012-2013 using split plot based on complete randomized block design with four replications. The effect of supplemental irrigation at flowering stage on seed yield and some other traits have positive and significant, as it leads to an increase of 48% and 45%, respectively, in the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and 30 percent seed yield compared to the lack of irrigation.Local genotype Kabuli Bivanij compared with other genotypes increased 60 percent seed yield, the best answer to the supplementary irrigation.the iron spraying led to increase seed yield was small,but significant.In total iron spraying with supplemental irrigation, all genotypes showed a greater impact on yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
243 - Investigation of irrigation interval and nitrogen rates on some growth indices and yield of corn
Ebrahim AmiriIn order to investigate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on some morphological traits and grain yield of corn (SC704) an experiment was conducted in agricultural research farm of Lahijan during 2010. Experimental design was split plot based on Randomiz MoreIn order to investigate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on some morphological traits and grain yield of corn (SC704) an experiment was conducted in agricultural research farm of Lahijan during 2010. Experimental design was split plot based on Randomized Complete Blocks Design in three replications. Main plots were three irrigation regimes including (rainfed, irrigation interval after 6 and 12 days). Sub plots were five nitrogen rates (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha-1). The results indicated no irrigation and nitrogen application caused significant reduction in leaf area index, total dry matter and grain yield. Non significant differences exist between 180 and 240 kg N ha-1 treatments and also 6 and 12 days irrigation interval in above traits. With reduction of irrigation water and nitrogen rates, silking and ear formation delayed and flowering duration decreased. The most appropriate of management of irrigation and nitrogen obtain in irrigation interval after 12 days and 180 kg N-1 treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
244 - Yield gap evaluation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) at different supplementary irrigation: a simulation study
seyedreza amiriYield gap analysis is useful method for prioritization agricultural researches and production to reduce yield constraints. To identify options for increasing chickpea yield, the SSM-chickpea model was parameterized and evaluated to analyze yield potentials, water limite MoreYield gap analysis is useful method for prioritization agricultural researches and production to reduce yield constraints. To identify options for increasing chickpea yield, the SSM-chickpea model was parameterized and evaluated to analyze yield potentials, water limited yields and yield gaps for 12 regions representing major chickpea-growing areas of Razavi Khorasan province. For model parameterization, a field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete design with 4 replications in the research field of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (36. 15° N, 56. 28° E). The chickpea cultivar ILC482 was used in this experiment. Also, irrigation levels were as (full irrigation, supplemental irrigation at flowering and supplemental irrigation at both flowering and podding). Besides the above experiment, data obtained from a large number of field experiments involving varying seasons and management practices at diverse regions in Iran were also used for model evaluation. The evaluation of model indicated that the model predicted potential yield reasonably well. The results of running the model under different irrigation and sowing dates scenarios (19 February, March 25 , 4 April and 21 April ) showed that optimum sowing date is 19 February in more counties, the highest and lowest potential yield obtained in Taibad and Mashhad with an average yield of 2736 and 2306 Kg ha-1 respectively. Furthermore, in all of irrigation levels and the optimal sowing dates, the highest and lowest yield was observed in Quchan and Taibad respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
245 - Analysis of potential yields and yield gaps of chickpea under different scenarios of sowing dates using modeling approach
seyedreza amiri deh ahmadiYield gap analysis is useful method for prioritization agricultural researches and production to reduce yield constraints. To identify options for increasing chickpea yield, the SSM-chickpea model was parameterized and evaluated to analyze yield potentials, water limite MoreYield gap analysis is useful method for prioritization agricultural researches and production to reduce yield constraints. To identify options for increasing chickpea yield, the SSM-chickpea model was parameterized and evaluated to analyze yield potentials, water limited yields and yield gaps for 12 regions representing major chickpea-growing areas of Razavi Khorasan province. For model parameterization, a field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete design with 4 replications in the research field of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (36. 15° N, 56. 28° E). The chickpea cultivar ILC482 was used in this experiment. Besides the above experiment, data obtained from a large number of field experiments involving varying seasons and management practices at diverse regions in Iran were also used for model evaluation. The evaluation of model indicated that the model predicted potential and water limited yield reasonably well. The results of running the model under different sowing dates scenarios (19 February, March 25 , 4 April and 21 April ) showed that optimum sowing date is 19 February in more counties, the highest and lowest potential yield obtained in Taibad and Mashhad with an average yield of 2736 and 2306 Kg ha-1 respectively. Furthermore, in the optimal sowing dates, the highest and lowest yield was observed in Quchan and Taibad respectively. The highest and lowest yield gap between the potential yield and irrigation levels were observed in Taibad and Mashhad respectively. Overally, the results indicated that 19 February sowing date reduced yield gap which is strategy in semi-arid areas with. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
246 - The effect of water salinity on some growth parameters of four grasses in Sistan region
Ramin Babadaei Samani mahdie salariToday, grass is widely used in landscape. So, it is important to understand the various environmental stresses such as salinity. Thus an investigation was performed as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. The studied factors included MoreToday, grass is widely used in landscape. So, it is important to understand the various environmental stresses such as salinity. Thus an investigation was performed as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. The studied factors included four type of lawn, namely: Poa pratensis, Cynodon dactylon, Lolium perenne and Festuca rubra with different levels of sodium chloride (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 percent equal to 0, 6.25, 12.5, 18.75 and 25 dS/m). The results showed that all plant growth indices (shoot fresh and dry weight. stem height, tiller number and root length and weight) were decreased by increasing salt concentration. In this case, plants had the lowest growth at 2% salinity. Salinity had minimal effect up to 0.5 % and in most cases, there was no significant difference compared with the control plants. But from 1% of salinity and above all indices were affected by salinity stress and were significantly decreased compared with 0%. In most cases, Poa and Lolium growth parameters were not significant and almost had the same growth. In all cases Cynodon had the highest growth parameters. In addition, it significantly differed from three other genera. Furthermore, the findings of this study showed that Cynodon had greater growth parameters rate than the other three lawns in all salinity levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
247 - Study the physiological responses of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) as affected by irrigation with magnetized water under drought stress
Omid SadeghipourIn order to investigate the effect of magnetized water on drought tolerance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) Partow cultivar, a pot experiment was done in Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Branch, Islamic Azad University at 2013. This experiment was conducted in factorial at MoreIn order to investigate the effect of magnetized water on drought tolerance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) Partow cultivar, a pot experiment was done in Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Branch, Islamic Azad University at 2013. This experiment was conducted in factorial at the basis of completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor consisted of two irrigation levels including irrigation after 50 and 100 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan as control and drought stress conditions, respectively. The second factor consisted of two types of water including tap water and magnetized water. Results showed that drought decreased chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, relative water content, leaf area and net photosynthetic rate; nevertheless irrigation with magnetized water reduced drought damages via improving all of these traits. In irrigation with tap water, the higher and lower net photosynthetic rat were 8.70 and 5.60 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 under normal and drought conditions, respectively. Nonetheless, in irrigation with magnetized water, the higher and lower net photosynthetic rat were 10 and 6.29 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 under normal and drought conditions, respectively. Therefore, after supplementary field studies and observing magnetized water effect on yield and yield components and economical computing, this treatment, as simple, safe and practical method can use for improvement drought tolerance of mung bean. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
248 - Effects of Nitroxin Fertilizer and Deficit Irrigation on forage yield and some Physiological traits of three Forage Millet Cultivars
mohammad darbani جعفر مسعود سینکی علیرضا دشتبانIn order to determine the effects of nitroxin fertilizer under limited irrigation a split-plot factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design was conducted at Damghan in cropping year 2012-2013. The treatments included three irrigation levels {control MoreIn order to determine the effects of nitroxin fertilizer under limited irrigation a split-plot factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design was conducted at Damghan in cropping year 2012-2013. The treatments included three irrigation levels {control (full irrigation), irrigation cessation at start of flowering and completion of flowering} in main plots, and application of Nitroxin fertilizer, with (+) and without (-). and the three forage millet cultivars (Bastan, Pishahang, and Isfahan( in sub plots. Results indicated that the highest forage protein contents belonged to the cultivars Isfahan (24.31%) and Pishahang (24.19%) cultivars, the largest ash content (8.22%) to Bastan, and the highest chlorophyll a contents (1.34 mg/g fresh weight) (Party leaf) to the treatment of interactions between three factors. Moreover, the highest chlorophyll b contents (1.10 mg/g fresh weight) was observed in control treatment (full irrigation) of the Bastan cultivar without fertilizer application, and the highest total chlorophyll contents (2,44 mg/g fresh weight) in control treatment of cultivar Bastan without fertilizer application, and also the highest wet forage (88.43 t/h) is obtained in control treatment and bastan cultivar. The millet plant tolerated high levels of irrigation cessation, and Nitroxin was effective in increasing yield. Considering the very rapid growth of millet, and because of the great demand as a forage, we recommend Bastan cultivar plantation in the damghan region Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
249 - The survey of zeolite application and manganese on yield, oil content and seed glucosinolate rapeseed cultivars in different irrigation regimes
Hossein Bagheri Farhad Farahvash مرتضی سام دلیری مهرداد یارنیا امیر حسین شیرانی رادIn order to study the effect of zeolite super absorbent and manganese, on morpho-physiological traits of rapeseed cultivars in different irrigation treatment, an experiment was performed during two years of 2012-13 and 2013-14, as factorial split plot design on the base MoreIn order to study the effect of zeolite super absorbent and manganese, on morpho-physiological traits of rapeseed cultivars in different irrigation treatment, an experiment was performed during two years of 2012-13 and 2013-14, as factorial split plot design on the base of completely randomized block design with three replicates in research farm of Shahryar. Irrigation factor was included three levels, irrigation on the base of 40, 60 and 80 % discharge of irrigation, zeolite factor was included two levels of zero and 15 (ton/ha), manganese factor (manganese sulfate) was included two levels of 0 and 3(g/1000), as factorial were set in the main plots and cultivar factor in four levels including SLM046, Talayeh, Modena and Opera were set in subsidiary plots. Results indicated that applying zeolite in the soil and foliar manganese and increasing the irrigation of the soil, lead to increase the grain yield (6324 kg.ha-1) and seed oil contect (46.5 %). Maximum amount of seed yield in normal irrigation was achieved by application of zeolite in the soil and foliar manganese. Applying manganese and zeolite decreases the amount of seed glucosinolate in different irrigation treatments. Maximum amount of the seed glucosinolate was achieved in normal irrigation condition (16.5 mg/g) by Opera cultivar. With the respect to the low yield in arid and semiarid areas , it is recommended that due to increasing the yield, mineral zeolite in the soil and foliar manganese in different cultivars be used in order to increasing efficiency of the irrigation and yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
250 - Effect of salicylic Acid on some of Physiological Characteristics and Related Traits with Grain and Yield of Corn (SC. 704) in Different Irrigation Condition
Mehrdad Yarnia Parastoo Ag MasjediThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of irrigation treatments at different growth stages and foliar spray of salicylic acid on growth and yield of corn (CV SC704). The field experiment was carried out as split split plots arranged in randomized complete block MoreThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of irrigation treatments at different growth stages and foliar spray of salicylic acid on growth and yield of corn (CV SC704). The field experiment was carried out as split split plots arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications in 2014. Water stress at all growth stages significantly reduced seed yield. Irrigating after 110 mm at kernel filling stage had no effect on grain yield, but further water stress reduced 25.6 % of seed yield. Similar decrease was obtained with water stress at tassel emergence stage. Grain yield reduced up to 23.3 and 29.7% with irrigation after 110 and 150 mm at tassel emergence stage, respectively. The highest decline of grain yield was achieved with water stress at vegetative stage and irrigation after 150 mm which decreased grain yield up to 53.9%. Foliar spray of salicylic acid increased 17.7% in grain yield. Among the yield components, 100-grain weight was not affected by water stress, but grains per ear showed significant reduction by water stress. In this study, leaf area and chlorophyll contents were important reducer factors in corn yield and yield components under water stress but salicylic acid consumption with a positive impact on these traits reduced drought stress losses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
251 - The effect of irrigation- cut off on chlorophyll content and yield of cotton genotypes (Gossypiumhirsutum L.)
vahid ghodrat Reza Hamidi Omid Alizadeh Forood Bazrafshan Shahram SharafzadehIn order to evaluate the effect of cut-irrigation on chlorophyll content and yield of different genotypes of cotton, a field experiment were performed in Haji Abad (28°36'N, 54°41'E) during 2014-2015 growing season. The experiment was conducted in split plot des MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of cut-irrigation on chlorophyll content and yield of different genotypes of cotton, a field experiment were performed in Haji Abad (28°36'N, 54°41'E) during 2014-2015 growing season. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications. The main plot was drought levels (Full irrigation (every 10 days) and irrigation-cut for two periods (30 days)) and the sub-plot was different cotton genotypes (Super Elit Arian, Super ElitGolestan, Kiza, SB-35, Opal, Super ElitBakhtegan, T-2, Dr-Omoomi, Khandagh, Superokra, Termez-14, T-3, Sahel, Sepid, Silend, Armaghan, Pak, Oltan(. Irrigation cutting reduced the chlorophyll content of different cotton genotypes. The highest and lowest β-carotene, Xanthophyl, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were obtained for Termez-14 and Dr-Omoomi genotypes, respectively. Under irrigation cutoff some genotypes had higher levels of chlorophyll content and yield such as, Khandagh, Pak, Opal, Armaghan, Sahel and Oltan which shows that these genotypes can better tolerate drought stress condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
252 - Simulation the effects of water deficit irrigation on wheat and corn yield using the Budget model (study on Bilasuvar plain)
elnaz aliabadi Fariborz Ahmadzadeh KaleybarCorrect and convenient management of water resources by preserving the sources in regional and national scales is an inevitable need. Models are the best methods to select most efficient irrigation method lead to high yield response. In this simulation effects of water MoreCorrect and convenient management of water resources by preserving the sources in regional and national scales is an inevitable need. Models are the best methods to select most efficient irrigation method lead to high yield response. In this simulation effects of water deficit irrigation in Bilasuvar plain on the north-east of Ardabil province has been simulated on wheat and corn crops using Budget soil and water balance model. By choosing the product, minimum and seasonal methods with different time steps and also setting the relative evapotranspiration or relative evaporation model has been calibrated for the observation year (2004-2014) and amount of yield was estimated. Result of the statistical analysis shows that choosing the product method with 10 day time periods provides the best simulation using relative evapotranspiration with amounts in an R^2 of 0.98, an RMSE of 78% and an EF of 0.83 that between observed and simulated data of wheat and amount in an R^2 of 0.87, an RMSE of 7.4% and an EF of 0.83 of corn. Later water consumption graphs, performance for each statistic period (2004-2014) under different irrigation strategies have been drawn for both crops. Results demonstrates significant impact of rainfall amount, water preservation capacity, water consumption management and water tension in both crops during the middle stage of its growth compared to the stages of growth including first and final stage. This important fact must be considered for planning the water deficit irrigation schedule. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
253 - EvEvaluate of Ultrasonic Waves Radiation and 24-epi-brassinolid Foliar Application for Reduction of Water Deficit Stress on yield and yield components of Red Beans (Akhtar)
amir younesian hossein ajamnoroozi manouchehr gholipoor afshin soltaniTo evaluate the consequences of ultrasonic waves radiation and 24-epi-brassinolide foliar application for reduction of water deficit stress on qualitative properties of red beans (Akhtar), a trial was conducted in two sites as split factorial in complete randomized bloc MoreTo evaluate the consequences of ultrasonic waves radiation and 24-epi-brassinolide foliar application for reduction of water deficit stress on qualitative properties of red beans (Akhtar), a trial was conducted in two sites as split factorial in complete randomized block design with three replications. Experiment factors included irrigation of main terrace at three levels of normal irrigation, mild stress and severe stress respectively (60,90 and 120 mm evaporation from evaporation pan) and ultrasound waves treatments (in two levels of nonuse and use of seeds irradiation) and 24-epi-brassinolide foliar application (in two levels of foliar application and nonuse of foliar application in two stages) which were located in sub-terraces. This trial was conducted simultaneously in two sites, one in the field located in Agricultural Research Center in Shahrood and the other in bean farm, 40 km off Shahrood city in 2015, to assess the impact of the implementation testing wad performed for combined analysis.The evaluated properties included Number of pods per plant, Number of seed per pod, hundred seed weight, seed yield, Biologic yield and Harvest index. The results showed a significant decrease,number of seed per pod (33%),hundred seed weight(25%),seed yield(53%),and biologic yield(52%),with severe water stress compared to normal conditions.however 24-epi-brassinolid foliar application (between 7-19%) and use of ultrasonic waves (between 6-15%)in both normal and stress conditions increased these traits. Thus it could be stated that irradiation of ultrasonic waves and 24-epi-brassinolide foliar application for cultivating beans play important role in increment of competitive strength of plant in water deficit condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
254 - Response of Single-Cross 704 Maize to Application of Chemical and Biological Nitrogen Fertilizers and Different Cultivation Patterns under Drought Stress
shirin dast bandan nejad mojtaba alavifazel Mani Mojadam Shahram Lak Alireza shokoohfarPresent study was carried out to study the effects of drought stress, combined application of chemical and biological nitrogen fertilizer, and planting pattern on maize (SC 704) in 2015 and 2018 in Dehloran city. The experiment was conducted as a split-split plots in a MorePresent study was carried out to study the effects of drought stress, combined application of chemical and biological nitrogen fertilizer, and planting pattern on maize (SC 704) in 2015 and 2018 in Dehloran city. The experiment was conducted as a split-split plots in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Treatments were three levels of drought stress in the main plots: optimum irrigation, irrigation cut in 12 leaf stage and irrigation cut at the cornflower emergence stage, three levels of nitrogen application in sub plots: application of 100% fertilizer requirements as urea chemical fertilizer, application of 70% urea fertilizer along with 30% Azoto-Barvar-1 biofertilizer, 40% urea fertilizer along with 60% Azoto-Barvar-1 biofertilizer and three planting patterns in sub-sub-plots: single-row, two-row and zigzag cultivation. The results showed that the combined application of biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers under drought stress had a positive effect on leaf area index, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and grain protein. So that the highest grain yield was obtained with 40% fertilizer required as urea with 60% Azoto-Barvar-1 biofertilizer (10870 kg). The interaction of treatments was significant on stomatal conductance, grain yield, grain yield at 1% probability level. The interaction of nitrogen fertilizer, drought and planting pattern was significant on seed filling rate, grain filling time and growth rate at 1% level. Generally, based on the results, optimum irrigation conditions, 40% fertilizer required as urea with 60% Azoto-Barvar-1 biofertilizer and zigzag cultivating pattern were selected as the best experimental treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
255 - Effect of water stress and foliar application of iron and zinc on yield and yield components of sunflower for second cropping system
hamed javadiIn order to study the effect of water stress and foliar application of iron and zinc on yield and yield components of sunflower for second cropping system, a field experiment in split plot design with three replications was conducted at the Agriculture Education Center MoreIn order to study the effect of water stress and foliar application of iron and zinc on yield and yield components of sunflower for second cropping system, a field experiment in split plot design with three replications was conducted at the Agriculture Education Center of Birjand, in 2014 growing season. Water stress at two levels (control and grain filling stages) were assigned as main plots and four micronutrient treatments; Control, Fe, Zn, and Fe +Zn, were randomized in sub-plots. The results showed that plant height, head diameter, leaf number in the flowering and grain filling stages, head dry weight, leaf area index (LAI) in the flowering and grain filling stages, number of grain per head, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and seed/husk were not affected by water stress, but reduced harvest index. Water stress at the grain filling stage reduced harvest index (18.29 %) compared to the control. Foliar application with micronutrient fertilizer (Fe and Zn) were not significantly different on all traits (With the exception of the number of leaves maturity). Foliar application with (Fe +Zn) increased number of leaves compared to the other treatments. Also, interaction between water stress and foliar application on traits were not significant. According to the results of this experiment, stopping irrigation at the grain filling stage and Foliar application with micronutrient fertilizer (Fe and Zn) were not significantly different for grain yield of sunflower for second cropping system in Birjand. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
256 - The effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on some physiological traits of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) under water deficit stress
Zeinab Bosh Abdolrazagh Danesh Shahraki Mahdi Ghobadinia Keramatollah SaeidiIn order to evaluate the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) on some physiological traits of Black cumin under Water Deficit Stress, a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the research farm MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) on some physiological traits of Black cumin under Water Deficit Stress, a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the research farm of Shahrekord University in 2015- 16. Factors were irrigation in three levels (100, 75 and 50 % of water requirement) and bacteria in seven levels (control, Bacillus sp. Strain A, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus sp. Strain B, Azotobacter chroococcum, Pseudomonas putida and Azopirillum lipoferum). Results showed a significant effect of water deficit, PGPRs and their interaction on all traits. It was demonstrated that in 50% of water requirement treatment reduced total chlorophyll, RWC and grain yield by 28%, 14.4% and 28.4%, respectively. Within each three irrigation levels, the bacterial treatments had the maximum amount of measured traits than control treatment. So that all PGPRs under 50% water requirement treatment could increase chlorophyll b, RWC and grain yield as compared to control. Also, B. amilolykofosins and strainB application under 75% water requirement treatment had the highest grain yield. Overall, this increase was more significant in B .amilolycophysin, Bacillus strain A, strainB and Azopirillum lipoferum treatments. according to the this study results, inoculation of Black cumin seeds with PGPRs is recommended to increase physiological traits and crops yield and alleviation of adverse effects of water stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
257 - Study of Drought Tolerance of Wheat Inoculated with Mycorrhiza Fungi and its Interaction with Copper Nanoparticles
ّfatemeh taheri hesari hossain zahedi Alireza Eivazi younes sharghi Akbar AlipoorA split-split plot field experiment using the randomized complete block design with three replicates was carried out to investigate drought tolerance of wheat inoculated with mycorrhiza fungi and its interaction with copper nanoparticles. The factors included two irriga MoreA split-split plot field experiment using the randomized complete block design with three replicates was carried out to investigate drought tolerance of wheat inoculated with mycorrhiza fungi and its interaction with copper nanoparticles. The factors included two irrigation levels (optimum irrigation and deficit irrigation), two levels of fungal symbiosis (with or without a symbiotic relationship), and three spray concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles (50, 250, and 450 ppm).The results of ANOVA revealed that Analysis of variance showed that proline content and spike/m2 were significant in irrigation regime, mycorrhiza, foliar application, and all the interaction effects of double and triple factors.The effect of irrigation regime, mycorrhiza and foliar application of copper nano oxide was effective on grain yield, but the effects and interactions of irrigation regime×foliar application, mycorrhiza×foliar application and irrigation regime×mycorrhiza×foliar application have no significate effect on that characteristic;Comparison of mean traits showed that the maximum number of spikes/m2 in mycorrhizal fungi application with50ppm copper nano oxide foliar application in optimum irrigation was780numbers.The highest hectolitre weight of wheat was related to triple interactions,optimum irrigation with fungus and foliar application of450ppm copper nano oxide that was not statistically significant effect with triple interactions,optimum irrigation without fungus and foliar application of 250ppm copper nano oxide.Maximum proline content was obtained in non-mycorrhizal fungi treatment with50ppm foliar spray under deficit irrigation (23.8mg/g fresh weight) which was statistically significant at least at5%level with other treatments. The highest grain yield (309.61g/m2) belonged to optimum irrigation treatment and minimum grain yield was observed in severe deficit irrigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
258 - The effect of drought stress and plant density on yield and yield components of irrigated wheat cultivars in the temperate region of Lorestan province
Ezatollah Nabati Amin Farnia Mojtaba Jafarzadeh Kenarsari Shahram NakhjavanThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of drought stress and plant density on yield and some yield components of wheat cultivars in Boroujerd Agricultural Research Station in 2019-2020. The experiment was performed as a split factorial in a randomized comple MoreThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of drought stress and plant density on yield and some yield components of wheat cultivars in Boroujerd Agricultural Research Station in 2019-2020. The experiment was performed as a split factorial in a randomized complete block design. The main plots belonged to drought stress treatments (at three levels of control, irrigation to flowering, and irrigation to grain filling). The sub-plots consisted of plant density treatments (300, 400, 500, and 600 plants m−2) and cultivars (Mihan and Baharan). The results showed that drought stress, density, and cultivar treatments influenced grain yield components, and the interaction of stress ×plant density significantly affected plant height and spike length. The interaction of cultivar × stress significantly influenced plant height, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, and flag leaf area index. The interaction of cultivar × density was also significant on plant height, spike length, and internode diameter. The highest plant height (87 cm) was obtained in the treatment of 600 plants/m2 without applying drought stress. The highest plant height among all treatments belonged to the Baharan cultivar cultivated at a density of 600 plants/m2. The spike length was higher in full irrigation treatment and at the level of 500 plants/m2 than in the other experimental treatments. The dry weights of flag leaves were 2.8 and 3 g in Mihan and Baharan cultivars, respectively. The highest 1000-seed weight (43.7 g) in the Mihan cultivar at the level of complete irrigation treatment increased by about 12% compared to that in irrigation.... Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
259 - Evaluation of the effect of growth stimulating bacteria on the yield and efficiency of wheat water consumption under the influence of irrigation rate and method
ashkan rostamian payam moaveni mehdi sadeghi shoae Hamid Mozafari faezeh rajabzadehThis research evaluated the reaction of wheat against different moisture stresses and different irrigation methods, as well as the reaction to growth-promoting bacteria in terms of different traits related to yield and water use efficiency during two crop years. The exp MoreThis research evaluated the reaction of wheat against different moisture stresses and different irrigation methods, as well as the reaction to growth-promoting bacteria in terms of different traits related to yield and water use efficiency during two crop years. The experimental factors include the irrigation regime with three levels (irrigation at 40% of available moisture discharge during the entire growth period (normal), normal irrigation until pollination and no irrigation up to 60% of available moisture discharge until the end of the growth period, irrigation until pollination and stop irrigation until the end of the growth period), irrigation methods with 5 levels (regular leakage, leakage of one furrow in the middle of variable, leakage of one furrow in the middle of constant, rain, type (strip-drop)) and the third factor of growth-increasing bacteria with There were two levels (non-use and use (combination of Microbacterium + Azobacter + Azosperlium + Pseudomonas). The results showed that the factor of irrigation regime had a significant effect on biological performance and grain yield, so that the second and third irrigation regimes (respectively with 7.89 and 4.70 tons per hectare) reduced these traits. Different irrigation methods had an effect on different quantitative and qualitative traits, but the most efficient water consumption was achieved in the tip irrigation method with a rate of 3 kg/m3. The use of bacterial integration increased the biological yield and grain to the extent of 9.79 and 13.51 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
260 - Effect of biological fertilizer and microelements on qualitative traits and yield of chickpea as affected by drought stress condition
nima behdarvandi shykhi arash roozbehaniIn order to study the effect of biological fertilizer and microelements on chlorophyll content, protein percentage and grain yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as affected by drought stress condition an experiment carried out in factorial based on complete block des MoreIn order to study the effect of biological fertilizer and microelements on chlorophyll content, protein percentage and grain yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as affected by drought stress condition an experiment carried out in factorial based on complete block design with three replications in 2014 at Agricultural Research Station of Roudehen of Islamic Azad University in Damavand. Treatments were three levels of drought stress: normal irrigation (control), stress at flowering stage and stress in early stages of grain filling and the second factor was four levels of biological fertilizer and microelements including control, biological fertilizer (Rhizobium), microelements, Rhizobium + microelements. Results showed that drought stress had significant impact on chlorophyll content, protein percentage and grain yield. Control treatment (normal irrigation) produced the highest chlorophyll content, protein percentage and grain yield. Impact of biological fertilizer and microelements on all traits were non-significant except protein percentage and grain yield. The interaction effect of drought stress and biological fertilizer and microelements for protein percentage and grain yield was significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
261 - Effects of supplemental irrigation and foliar application of zinc on yield and yield components of chickpea
M. Armin M. BidiTo investigate the effects of supplemental irrigation and foliar application of zinc on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an experiment was conducted during the 2011-2012 in Sabzevar, Iran. Treatments were supplemental irrigation time (dry far MoreTo investigate the effects of supplemental irrigation and foliar application of zinc on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an experiment was conducted during the 2011-2012 in Sabzevar, Iran. Treatments were supplemental irrigation time (dry farming without irrigation, irrigation at flowering, irrigation at pod formation, irrigation at both flowering and pod formation) as main plot and time of Zinc foliar application with 2% concentration (control, foliar application at vegetative, foliar application at flowering and foliar application at both vegetative and flowering) as sub plot in a split block experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replicates. Results showed that supplemental irrigation at both flowering and poding had significantly higher grain yield (49.57 g m-2), biological yield (65.04 g m-2 ), pod number in plant (24.84) and height (27 cm) compared to other irrigation regimes, whereas thousand grain weight had not response to supplemental irrigation. Yield and yield components had different responses to zinc foliar application. Although Zinc foliar application at both vegetative and flowering stages had the highest economic yield (47.44 g m-2), biological yield (65.59 g m-2), and seed per plant (26.65), Zinc foliar application at flowering stage increased 1000 grain weight (173.7 g). Overall, supplemental irrigation at both flowering and poding with zinc foliar application at both vegetative and flowering stages was a suitable treatment to achieve maximum yield in Sabzevar conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
262 - Effect of drought stress on grain yield and yield components on forage corn hybrids
M. Hajibabaei F. AziziIn order to study the effect of drought stress on grain yield and yield components on some forage corn hybrids, an experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute of Karaj, in 2009. The experiment was carried out using split-pl MoreIn order to study the effect of drought stress on grain yield and yield components on some forage corn hybrids, an experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute of Karaj, in 2009. The experiment was carried out using split-plot in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Main plots consisted of three levels of irrigation regimes (irrigation after 70, 100 and 130 mm evaporation from evaporation pan class A) and sub-plots included 14 new corn hybrids. The results showed that different between hybrids were significant for 1000-kernel weight, number of kernel per row, number of kernel row per ear and ear length. No significance differences were observed between hybrids for kernel yield, total number of kernels per ear and ear diameter. Also, all of the traits except number of row per ear decreased under drought stress conditions. Interaction between irrigation regimes and hybrid were significant for ear length. Increasing in drought stress resulted in decreasing of kernel yield in 31%. Regarding to the correlation of traits can be concluded that the ear length, ear diameter, number of grain per row, number of row per ear, grain weight, grain yield could have a significant impact in with changing in soil moisture deficiency. In addition to significant correlation under normal and mild drought stress conditions MP, GMP, STI were determined as the best indices. Under normal and drought stress TOL and SSI were the best indices for introduce drought tolerant maize hybrids. Hybrids KSC700, KLM77029/8-1-2-3-2-3×MO17 and K47/2-2-1-4-1-1-1×MO17 also identified as tolerant hybrids under drought stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
263 - Effect of potassium and zinc application on yield and yield components in normal irrigation and deficit irrigation
M. Ghalenoei Gh. Moafporian M. DrostkarDue to water limitation, using nutrients can reduce the loss resulted from stress. In order to investigate the effect of zinc Sulfate and potassium sulfate in two irrigation methods, an experiment based on split factorial in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) wit MoreDue to water limitation, using nutrients can reduce the loss resulted from stress. In order to investigate the effect of zinc Sulfate and potassium sulfate in two irrigation methods, an experiment based on split factorial in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted. Two irrigation methods (conventional irrigation and deficit irrigation) were considered as main plots and different levels of zinc (zero, 15, 30 and 45 kg/ha) and potassium sulfate (zero, 75, 150 and 225 kg/ha) as sub plot. The results showed that the spike length, number of grains per spike, grain yield, biological yield and 1000 grain weight in conventional irrigation were more than deficit irrigation. Application of 45 and 225 kg/ha zinc sulfate and potassium sulfate produced the highest value of these traits. There was no significant difference between the two levels 30 and 45 kg/ha application of zinc sulfate and 150 and 225 kg/ha potassium sulfate. In deficit irrigation application of 30 kg/ha zinc sulfate or 225 kg/ha potassium increased grain yield to normal irrigation values. With the development of deficit irrigation using anti-stress nutrients such as zinc and potassium can be effective in amplification of irrigation methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
264 - Effect of partial rootzone drying (PRD) and application potassium and zinc fertilizer on water use efficiency on corn
H.R. Ebrahimi H. Heydari Sharifabad Sh. Lak A. Naderi A. ModhejInnovations for saving water in irrigated agriculture and thereby improving water use efficiency are of paramount importance in water-scarce regions. Therefore, to see how restricted irrigation systems and different potassium and zinc fertilizer affect water use efficie MoreInnovations for saving water in irrigated agriculture and thereby improving water use efficiency are of paramount importance in water-scarce regions. Therefore, to see how restricted irrigation systems and different potassium and zinc fertilizer affect water use efficiency and yield of corn, an experiment was conducted in an arid area in Marvdasht, Iran in 2012. A split-Factorial experimental design was used based on a complete randomized block design with three replications. The main plots consisted of two irrigation methods: FI (full irrigation) and partial rootzoon drying (PRD). Each subplot received three rates of K fertilizer application: 0, 2.5 or 5 kg ha-1 and three rates of Zn fertilizer application: 0, 2.5 or 5 kg ha-1 .The results showed that the plots receiving the full irrigation resulted in significantly higher grain yields, 1000-kernel weight and grain number per cob than PRD treatment. However, the highest WUE and IWUE were obtained in PRD, 5 kg K ha-1 and 5 kg ZN ha-1 and the lowest one was found in the FI treatment .In general, PRD irrigation method at high level of potassium and zinc fertilizer improved WUE and decreased WU in corn to 40% in an arid region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
265 - Evaluation the reaction of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars to irrigation cutting stress at different growth stages
A. Fallah F. Nouri C. MansourifarSafflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars had different tolerance to drought stress at different growth stages. Current study was conducted to evaluate and determine differences in drought tolerance at different stages of growth of Iranian safflower cultivars during MoreSafflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars had different tolerance to drought stress at different growth stages. Current study was conducted to evaluate and determine differences in drought tolerance at different stages of growth of Iranian safflower cultivars during 2013-2014 growing season as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design. The effect of drought stress as irrigation cut in different stages included blooming, flowering, seed filling, blooming + seed filling and blooming + flowering with control was examined on growth and yield of four Iranian safflower cultivars (Uremia3147, Zarghan279, Azarbaijan3148 and Varamin295). The results showed that irrigation cut, depending to growth stage, reduced day to flowering and maturity, plant height, grain number per head, biological yield and grain yield. Azarbaijan 3418 cultivar had higher grain yield and Varamin 295 cultivar had higher drought tolerance. The highest negative impact of stress on yield related to irrigation cut was observed at blooming + flowering (24.6%), blooming + seed setting (23.1%) stages and the lowest one was obtained at seed setting stage (19.7%). Generally, Varamin 279 with irrigation cut at seed setting stage could be recommended for more investigation under limited moisture conditions. � مرحله دانهبندی (7/19%) بود. به طورکلی، کاشت رقم ورامین 279 و قطع آبیاری در مرحله دانهبندی برای استفاده در شرایط محدودیت رطوبت قابلیت بررسی بیشتری دارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
266 - Effect of biological fertilizer application on quantitative and qualitative traits of spring safflower under deficit irrigation
M. AghaAlikhani A. RoozbahaniIn order to study the effect of biological fertilizer application on quantitative and qualitative traits of Goldasht spring safflower cultivar (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under low irrigation, an experiment as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three rep MoreIn order to study the effect of biological fertilizer application on quantitative and qualitative traits of Goldasht spring safflower cultivar (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under low irrigation, an experiment as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted in 2012 at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University of Roudehen branch . Main plots were irrigation regime treatment consisted of four levels (optimum irrigation, low irrigation at flowering, low irrigation at seed formation, low irrigation at two stages of flowering and seed formation and biological fertilizer treatment as subplot consists of four levels: no biological fertilizer application, application of nitragin, application of seaweed extract and application both of seaweed extract and nitragin, respectively. The results showed that the effect of irrigation regime and biological fertilizer treatments on all traits were significant. The highest grain yield and yield component losses was observed in low irrigation at two stages of flowering and seed formation and the highest ones was observed in control. Also, between biological fertilizer levels, nitragin with seaweed extract produced the highest yield and yield component and application of nitragin was better than seaweed extract and the lowest treats rates were found in control treatment. In general, in this area and similar areas biological fertilizer can be used in order to reduce the side effects of low irrigation, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
267 - Effects of nanobiological, organic fertilizers and irrigation regims on grain yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum) in Khonj region, Fars province
sadrollah ahmadi alireza baqeri barmak jafari haghighiIn order to study the effects of organic and nanobiologic fertilizers with three intervals of irrigation on seed yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum) a field experiment was conducted in Touredan region of Khonj in 2012. The experimental design was split plot based on Rando MoreIn order to study the effects of organic and nanobiologic fertilizers with three intervals of irrigation on seed yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum) a field experiment was conducted in Touredan region of Khonj in 2012. The experimental design was split plot based on Randomized Complete Blocks Design with three replications. Treatments included: fertilizer treatments with 8 levels (control, manure, compost, manure + compost, nanobiologic, nanobilogic + manure, nanobiologic + compost and nanobiologic + manure + compost) as first factor and irrigation intervals with 3 levels (8, 12 and 16 days) as second factor. Results indicated that irrigation intervals had no significant effects on studied traits such as seed yield, 1000- seed weight, height of main stem and number of capsules. But irrigation intervals influenced shoot dry weight and leaf area significantly. Also fertilizer treatments had significant effects on traits in this experiment. Interaction between fertilizer treatments and irrigation intervals was significant in 0.05 probability level. Also interaction between treatments and different irrigation intervals was significant at 0.05 probability level. In general the effects of fertilizer treatments and irrigation intervals fertilizer treatment (Nano + Compost) with irrigation interval (16 days) was suggested as the best treatment in condition of the experiment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
268 - Effects of Irrigation Management and Humic Acid on Yield and Yield Components of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Saeid Mahdavi Naser Mohammadian Roshan Majid Ashouri Ebrahim Amiri Hamidreza Doroudian -
Open Access Article
269 - Effect of Irrigation Systems on the Contamination of Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin Production in Shahpasand Pistachio Cultivar
Mahdi Mohammadi Moghadam Ali Reza Tavakkoli Amir Hossein Mohammadi Mohammad Moradi Hossein Hokmabadi -
Open Access Article
270 - Effects of Various Irrigation Levels and Biochar-Based Fertilizers on Peanut Production
Mahmoud M. Abbas Khalood W. Abooud Amjed Qasim Mohammed Sura Hasan Al-Zubaidi A'laa Hassan Abdul Hussain Noora M. Hameed Ahmed Ayoob Ibrahim Kahtan A. Mohammed Maytham T. Qasim Heba Takleef al salami Salam Ahjel Kholoud Ahmad batayneh -
Open Access Article
271 - Irrigation Water Volume and Water Efficiency of Walnut Orchards in As-Suwayda, Syria
Hussam Abdullah Abbas Ammar Dham Hamza Radhi Zainab Hussein Adhub Majeed M. Abid Noora M. Hameed Hanan Askar Hussny -
Open Access Article
272 - Examining the Antibacterial Efficacy of Aqueous Extracts of Chestnut Leaves and Catkins in a Variety of Wild and Cultivated Environments
Ziad Ahmad Alabdallah Hanaa Abdul Hussein Taif Hassan Saheb Jubeir Hanoon Dahlia N.Al-Saidi Nada Khairi Younis Sarah A. Hamood Nahed Mahmood Ahmed Hatem Ghaleb Maabreh -
Open Access Article
273 - Effect of Salicylic Acid and Irrigation Water Quality on Pistachio in Pumice Substrate
Sh. Ashraf L. Jalali -
Open Access Article
274 - Study of Changes in Soil Moisture and Salinity Under PlasticMulch and Drip Irrigation in Pistachio Trees
N.. Sedaghati A. Alizadeh H. Ansari S. J. Hosseinifard -
Open Access Article
275 - Effects of Deficit and Cutoff Irrigation During Different Phenological Stages of Fruit Growth on Production in Mature Almond Trees cv. ‘Mamaei’
A. Mousavi R. Ali Mohamad M. Tatari -
Open Access Article
276 - Evaluation on Some Treatments After Spring Frost Damage in Inflorescence Bud Formation in Pistachio Orchard
F. Shahsavari H. Hokmabadi N. Shahsavari M. Mohammadi -
Open Access Article
277 - رابطه برخی خواص شیمیایی گیاه و خاک در کشت جو (مج. ترکمن) تحت رژیم های مختلف کوددهی و کم آبیاری
S.M Farahani M.R. Chaeichiاثرات سیستمهای کم آبیاری و کوددهی بر برخی ویژگیهای شیمیایی گیاه و خاک زیر کشت جو با آزمایش کرتهای خرد شده بر اساس طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در سالهای 1386-1386 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. کرت های اصلی شامل سه سطح آبیاری بدون تنش، تنش متوسط و تنش شدید بود. کرت های فرعی شامل Moreاثرات سیستمهای کم آبیاری و کوددهی بر برخی ویژگیهای شیمیایی گیاه و خاک زیر کشت جو با آزمایش کرتهای خرد شده بر اساس طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در سالهای 1386-1386 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. کرت های اصلی شامل سه سطح آبیاری بدون تنش، تنش متوسط و تنش شدید بود. کرت های فرعی شامل شش رژیم کوددهی شامل بی کود، کاربرد بارور-2 + نیتروکسین، کاربرد ورمی کمپوست، 50 درصد کود شیمیایی + 50 درصد ورمی کمپوست، 50 درصد کود شیمیایی + 50 درصد (بروار-2 کود لیزر + نیتروکسین) و کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی. مشخص شد که مخلوط کود شیمیایی و آلی باعث افزایش محتوای فسفر خاک نسبت به سایر ترکیبات کود می شود. علاوه بر این، مخلوط کودها غلظت نیتروژن گیاه را بیش از سایر تیمارهای کودی افزایش داد. تیمارهای حاوی ورمی کمپوست، C، N و فسفر آلی خاک را در تمامی سطوح تنش بیش از سایر تیمارها افزایش دادند. همچنین، این تیمار باعث افزایش غلظت نیتروژن در گیاه تحت تنش خشکی شد. در شرایط آبیاری معمولی، کودهای زیستی میزان فسفر خاک و گیاه را بیش از سایر رژیمهای کوددهی افزایش دادند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
278 - بررسی اثر متقابل کود پتاسیم و تنش آبیاری بر عملکرد، همچنین صفات فینیولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی بذر سورگوم به منظور پیشنهاد کشت با بیشترین مدیریت و عملکرد در محیط منطقه اسفراین.
H. Dadzaritt A. Mehraban H. Rabaninasabبرای در نظر گرفتن تأثیر اولیه آهکهای آبیاری، کود پتاسیم و تعیین تأثیر متقابل آنها بر صفات فیزیولوژیکی، مورفولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی گیاه سورگوم برای طرح کشت در بهترین مدیریت و آزمایشیترین عملکرد، الگوی کرتهای خرد شده بر اساس تصادف بلوک کامل کشاورزی 90-91 با سه تکرار در Moreبرای در نظر گرفتن تأثیر اولیه آهکهای آبیاری، کود پتاسیم و تعیین تأثیر متقابل آنها بر صفات فیزیولوژیکی، مورفولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی گیاه سورگوم برای طرح کشت در بهترین مدیریت و آزمایشیترین عملکرد، الگوی کرتهای خرد شده بر اساس تصادف بلوک کامل کشاورزی 90-91 با سه تکرار در قالب آموزشگاه کشاورزی امام رضا واقع در شهرستان اسفراین. این تحقیق با چهار مراقبت اولیه آبیاری (اول شرقی، افزایشی، آبیاری مرحله گلدهی، آبیاری در پایان مرحله گلدهی، آبیاری برای رسیدن به فیزیولوژیک و چهار مراقبت فرعی حاصل از کود پتاسیم (0.20.40.60 کیلوگرم در هکتار) انجام شد. مقایسه میانگین در سطوح کود در هر سطح آبیاری مربوط به روش دانکن نشان داد که هر سطح در سطح عامل دیگر به ما نشان می دهد که هر یک از عوامل را می توان در سطوح ثابت عامل دیگر در نظر گرفت بنابراین ما دقیقاً هر سطح عاملی را تخمین می زنیم. همچنین در این تحقیق از سطح سوم کود (40 کیلوگرم در هکتار) شامل هر چهار مرحله متمایز برای بررسی صفات آزمایشی استفاده شد که در این تحقیق ویژگی های فوق در درجات بالایی در نظر گرفته شد.یکی از صفات به دست آمده به عنوان اثر متقابل مربوط به آبیاری در پایان گلدهی و همچنین مصرف 40 کیلوگرم کود پتاسیم در هکتار برای به دست آوردن پانیکول طولانی است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
279 - بررسی تاثیر کم آبیاری و نیتروژن بر ساختار رویشی و خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی اکوتیپهای حنا در منطقه جیرفت
حسن سرحدی زهرا مختاریبه منظور بررسی فنولوژی اکوتیپ های گیاه حنا با مقادیر مختلف کود نیتروژن و آبیاری کم، آزمایشی در قالب کرت های خرد شده کاملا تصادفی در 4 تکرار در مزرعه و در سال زراعی 98-1397 انجام شد. تنش کم آبیاری عامل اصلی (100، 75 و 50 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه)، نیتروژن عامل ثانویه (شامل 50، Moreبه منظور بررسی فنولوژی اکوتیپ های گیاه حنا با مقادیر مختلف کود نیتروژن و آبیاری کم، آزمایشی در قالب کرت های خرد شده کاملا تصادفی در 4 تکرار در مزرعه و در سال زراعی 98-1397 انجام شد. تنش کم آبیاری عامل اصلی (100، 75 و 50 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه)، نیتروژن عامل ثانویه (شامل 50، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم) است. نیتروژن خالص در هکتار در سه سطح و عوامل فرعی (شامل بمی، بوشهری و رودباری) بررسی شد و نتایج تجزیه واریانس در سطح آماری 1 درصد نشان داد که هر سه عامل بر وزن برگ، کل، وزن خشک برگ و وزن خشک کل تأثیر معنیداری داشتند. با توجه به نتایج این تحقیق و اهمیت استفاده از ارقام و اکوتیپ های مقاوم به خشکی با استفاده از 150 نیتروژن در هکتار به ترتیب 9.77 و 2.37 تن تعیین شد. مدیریت بهینه مصرف کود به منظور حفظ محیط زیست و افزایش ماده موثره گیاه حنا کشت شده در اکوتیپ بامی تحت تنش خشکی 75 درصد نیاز آبی و مصرف 100 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار و بدون تنش با استفاده از برگ حنا اکوتیپ باری با مصرف 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار در همین منطقه و شرایط توصیه می شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
280 - Leaf Temperature as an Index to Determine the Irrigation Interval
ABDOLREZA EGHTEDARI NAEENI ELHAM MOHRI ESFAHANI MOHSEN BEIGI HARCHEGANI MEHRDAD JAFARPOUR MARYAM GOLABADI -
Open Access Article
281 - Study of Radiation Use Efficiency of Autumnal Sugar Beet under Variable Irrigation Regimes and Nitrogen Rates Management
MOSTAFA HOSSEINPOUR SEYED HOSSEIN MAHMOODI NEZHAD DEZFULLY ALIREZA PAKNEZHAD -
Open Access Article
282 - Evaluating the Effects of Deficit Irrigation Strategies on Potato (Solanumtuberosum L.) Yield, Tuber Quality and Water use Efficiency
BIJAN HAGHIGHATI - BOROUJENI -
Open Access Article
283 - Plant Growth Regulators Improve Yield and Yield Components of Wheat under Deficit Irrigation Treatments With Considering the Productive Capacity
MOHAMMAD HASHEM AZIZI ALI SOLEYMANI Ali Soleymani HAMID REZA JAVANMARD -
Open Access Article
284 - Study of Reducing Water Consumption with Irrigation Method in Different Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivars at Shahrekord Region
Foroud Salehi ALI SOLEYMANI MAJID SHAMS -
Open Access Article
285 - Study of Deficit Irrigation in Different Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivars at Shahrekord Region
Foroud Salehi Bijan Haghighati-Boroujeni -
Open Access Article
286 - The study assessed effect of irrigation and nutrition management on yield and water productivity of forge and grain maize hybrids (S.c.704) in the north of the country
R. Rezaei Sokht Abandani M. Rezaei N. Rezaei M. EbrahimiExperimental crop year from 2010-2011 as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, salesperson biokola (Neka) was performed. The main factor for irrigation interval is in four levels of I1, I2, I3 an MoreExperimental crop year from 2010-2011 as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, salesperson biokola (Neka) was performed. The main factor for irrigation interval is in four levels of I1, I2, I3 and I4 (75, 100, 125 and 150mm grouped evaporation from pan evaporation respectively) and nitrogen sub factors are which equal to zero, 200 and 400 urea kg in hectar. Results show that more wet forage performance reached in hectar with 125mm evaporation from pan evaporation in irrigation interval 71230 in hectar, but the most wet forage performance in hectar in gain with 75 and 125mm evaporation from pan evaporation respectively which is equal 19030 and 17810 kg in hectar. Maximum profitability of dry material water usage reached with 125mm irrigation interval in evaporation from evaporation pan is equal to 15.37 kg on mg. Most performance of wet forage reached in wet forage performance according to irrigation + raining under the care of interaction effects in irrigation interval × nitrogen fertilizer for cares with 125mm irrigation interval and 150mm evaporation from evaporation pan with and 184 kg nitrogen usage in hectar which is equal 79200, 13000 kg in hectar and 67.34 and 12.44 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
287 - Effect of irrigation intervals and plant density on yield, yield components and some physiological traits in sorghum
mojtaba Jafari Bonyad mohamad reza Naderi Darbaghshahi mehdi Changizi iman Farahani To consider density and application of various levels of irrigation intervals and plant density on yield and yield components and some physiological traits of forage sorghum Speedfeed cv., this research was done in the research farm of Arak Isl More To consider density and application of various levels of irrigation intervals and plant density on yield and yield components and some physiological traits of forage sorghum Speedfeed cv., this research was done in the research farm of Arak Islamic Azad University in 2008. This test was executed as a factorial based on CRBD with four replications. Treatments were selected as different density and rates of irrigation interval. An application treatment of irrigation of three levels 9, 13 and 17 days, and the treatment of crop densities on three levels consisted of 200, 300, and 400 thousands bushes per hectare. Traits such as plant height, stem height, panicle height, number of tiller, tiller height, number leaf of tiller, number of leaf, number of node, stem diameter, dry forage yield, wet forage yield, wet stem weight, dry stem weight, wet leaf weight, dry leaf weight, dry weight, wet weight, dry weight to wet weight, dry leaf weight to dry stem weight, LAI, TDW, CGR, RGR, NAR, LAR, LAD, LAID, BMD, SLA and LWR were studied. Results indicated that an effect of irrigation of the bush on plant height, stem height, panicle height, number of tiller, tiller height, number leaf of tiller, number of leaf, number of node, stem diameter, dry forage yield, wet forage yield, wet stem weight, dry stem weight, wet leaf weight, dry leaf weight, dry weight, wet weight, dry weight to wet weight, dry leaf weight to dry stem weight had a meaningful distinction. Also, the effect of different densities on plant height, stem height, panicle height, number of tiller, tiller height, number leaf of tiller, stem diameter, dry forage yield, wet forage yield, wet stem weight, dry stem weight, wet leaf weight, dry leaf weight, dry weight, wet weight, dry leaf weight to dry stem weight had a meaningful distinction. Interactions of the treatments on the plant height, stem height, number of tiller, tiller height, number leaf of tiller, stem diameter, dry forage yield, wet forage yield, wet stem weight, dry stem weight, dry weight, wet weight, dry leaf weight to dry stem weight became meaningful. The most forage yield gained per hectare was 74 ton/ha in an irrigation of 9 days once, and an application of density of 300,000 bushes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
288 - The Study of physiological characteristics of Henna (Lawsonia inermis) ecotypes at nitrogen fertilizer rates and deficit irrigation
hasan Sarhadi Jahanfar Daneshian ali reza Valadabadi hosein Heidari Sharifabad gholamreza Afsharmanesh The physiological response of Henna ecotypes to different rates of N fertilizer and low-irrigation was studied in a split-split-plot experiment on the basis of a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications in research farm of Islamic Azad Univer More The physiological response of Henna ecotypes to different rates of N fertilizer and low-irrigation was studied in a split-split-plot experiment on the basis of a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications in research farm of Islamic Azad University of Jiroft in 2013-2014. The main plot was devoted to low-irrigation stress at three levels (100, 75 and 50% water requirement), the sub-plot was devoted to N fertilization at three levels (50, 100 and 150 kg N ha-1) and the sub-sub-plot was devoted to ecotype at three levels (Bami, Boushehri and Roudbari). It was found that low-irrigation stress significantly affected all traits (relative water content, dye rate and chlorophyll index at the 1% level and chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a/b at the 5% level) except electrolyte leakage rate and chlorophyll b. The influence of N rate was significant on all traits (at the 1% level, chlorophyll index at the 5% level) except electrolyte leakage rate, chlorophyll b and dye rate. The studied ecotypes showed significant differences only in dye rate (at the 1% level) and electrolyte leakage (at the 5% level). The highest Lawson content of 20.61 was obtained from the ecotype Bami treated with 150 kg N ha-1 and 75% water requirement. The lowest one of 12.55 was obtained from the ecotype Boushehri treated with 150 kg N ha-1 and 50% water requirement. Therefore, it can be said that the application of 100 kg N ha-1 treated with water stress at 75% water requirement was the best treatment for obtaining more fresh plants with higher essential oil (Lawson). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
289 - Application of drought stress indicators for selecting suitable fertilizer treatments in forage corn
A. R. Dadiyan In order to investigate drought indices used to identify the appropriate fertilizer treatments in forage corn, hybrid Maxima (Zea mays var maxima) Separate experiments were conducted during 2014 and 2015 in Arak. The experiment was a split More In order to investigate drought indices used to identify the appropriate fertilizer treatments in forage corn, hybrid Maxima (Zea mays var maxima) Separate experiments were conducted during 2014 and 2015 in Arak. The experiment was a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Irrigation treatments consisted of two irrigation levels (I0) and deficit irrigation (I1) as the main factor, Nytroxin in three levels: 0, 0.5 and 1 ml per 30 kg of seed and nitrogen levels of 0, 125 and 250 kg per hectare, which was considered as a minor factor. The results shown that STI, GMP and MP most appropriate indicators to determine the best fertilizer treatments is applied, to achieve the highest production yield both normal irrigation and stress. The maximum yield under both traditional irrigation and drought conditions the treatment combination of 1 ml per 30 kg seed Nitroxin with 250 kg Nitrogen per hectare (No2N2), respectively, which was selected as the most favorable treatment combination. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
290 - Investigation of fertilization of Iron, Zinc and Boron and two different irrigation regimes on Soybean field characteristics
A. M. Alijani J. Daneshian S. Seifzadeh A. H. Shiranirad In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of Iron, Zinc and Boron micronutrient elements on two different irrigation regimes on soybean characteristics of M9 cultivar, a RCB design was conducted with 8 treatments in 3 More In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of Iron, Zinc and Boron micronutrient elements on two different irrigation regimes on soybean characteristics of M9 cultivar, a RCB design was conducted with 8 treatments in 3 replications. The experiments were done in Aleshtar, Lorestan province of Iran during two growing years between 2014 to 2016 in two separate experiments. The first irrigation was carried out after 50 mm from the pan and in the second experiment after irrigation after 100 mm from the pan. The investigated factor were micronutrient elements including micronutrient spraying, micronutrient spraying of Zinc, Iron, Boron, Zinc& Iron, Boron + Iron, Boron + Zinc and Zinc + Iron + Boron. The results showed that irrigation effect on plant height, number of nodes, number of pods per plant, 1000 seed weight, oil yield and grain yield were significant at 1% probability level. The effect of foliar application of micronutrient elements on plant height, number of nodes, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight and grain yield at 1% probability level and significant number of lateral branches at 5% probability level were significant. The highest grain yield was obtained from irrigation treatments after 50 millimeters from the pan and the addition of Zinc, Iron and Boron micronutrients, with a mean of 2561 kg ha-1, and the lowest grain yield related to treatment after 100 mm of pan and lack of foliar application of micronutrient elements with an average of 1086 kg ha-1. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
291 - Effect of cut off Irrigation and Foliar Application of Kaolin Clay on Yield and Yield Components of Pumpkin Seed (Cucurbita pepo L.)
M. Khalili F. NejatzadeOne of the most important and valuable plants in the pharmaceutical industry is the hull-less pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L. var. Hamedani) plant, which belongs to the cucurbitaceous family. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation and kaoli MoreOne of the most important and valuable plants in the pharmaceutical industry is the hull-less pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L. var. Hamedani) plant, which belongs to the cucurbitaceous family. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation and kaolin clay on yield and yield components of (Cucurbita pepo L.). Experiment was laid out as a split plot design with randomized complete block design with three replications at the field located in Siahbaz village, Khoy district, Iran. The main factors included irrigation at four levels (complete irrigation, deficit irrigation from the shoot stage, deficit irrigation from flowering stage, Deficit irrigation from seed filling stage) and sub-factor including three levels of kaolin (control, 3% kaolin, 6% kaolin) was considered. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of deficit irrigation and kaolin on number of seeds per fruit, fruit yield, 1000 grain weight, grain and biological yield, harvest index, oil and protein percentage, oil yield and protein yield were significant. Analysis of variance showed that irrigation treatment at different growth stages had significant effect on leaf number at 1% probability level, but application of kaolin and interaction of irrigation and kaolin on number of leaves per plant was not significant. The results showed that the highest grain weight (294.55 gr), grain yield (807.2 kg/ha), oil percentage (46.2) and oil yield (373.3 kg/ha) were related to complete irrigation treatment. Irrigation at grain filling stage had no significant effect. Deficit irrigation treatment at the stem stage showed the lowest of studied traits. The highest grain weight (257.07 gr), grain yield (733.7 kg/ha) and fruit yield (23.84 kg/ha) were observed in the 3% kaolin spraying treatment. Kaolin 3% increased oil yield, oil percentage, protein percentage and protein yield compared to control treatment. Interaction between deficit irrigation and kaolin consumption was not significant on any of the traits of pumpkin. According to the results of means of oil and protein yield, complete irrigation and cessation of irrigation at filling of grain, were in a statistical group and there was no significant difference with kaolin 3% and cessation of irrigation in filling of grain, the desired quantitative and qualitative yield can be achieved in Pumpkin. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
292 - The effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation on morphological properties of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.)
leyla foroutan shahla Najafi mohamad ali Vakili Shahrebabaki mitra Jabbari In this research, The effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation was evaluated on morphological characteristics. In order to obtain the best irrigation and nitrogen levels, the research was conducted in pot and green More In this research, The effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation was evaluated on morphological characteristics. In order to obtain the best irrigation and nitrogen levels, the research was conducted in pot and greenhouse system in Zahedan. The treatments included three amounts of nitrogen fertilizer (20, 40 and 60 kg/ha) and three irrigation regimes (2 mm per week, 4mm per 2 weeks and 2 mm per 2 weeks). The studied factors were flower yield, plant height, flowering time, and anthodia height and anthodia diameter. The results indicated that the increase of nitrogen fertilizer from 20 to 60 kg/ha improved plant height, early flowering, anthodia height and diameter significantly. Highest amount of flower dry yield is obtained in 40 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer but highest amount of flower wet yield is obtained in 60 kg/ha and the lowest amount of flower wet yield is obtained in 40 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer. Irrigation also affects flower dry weight, anthodia diameter and flowering time in 2mm irrigation per week and 4 mm irrigation per two weeks increased plant height and flower wet weight significantly. The interactions between nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation was significant as plant height (31.89 cm), flowers wet weight(8.78 gr per pot) and flowering time (41 days) as concerned and the best treatments was 60 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation 4 mm per two weeks. According to the results, it appears that 60 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer plus 4 mm irrigation per two weeks was the best treatment to produce the flower yield in German chamomile in organic system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
293 - Study of regression relationships between irrigation period and Castor plant characteristics )Ricinus communis(
Ghanbar laei Hossein afshari Mehrdad Mohamadi In order to study of regression coeficient for irrigation periods and traits of castor plants this fiels experiment was done in 2010 at Damghan Islamic Azad University research farms. The experiment model was randomized complete block design wit More In order to study of regression coeficient for irrigation periods and traits of castor plants this fiels experiment was done in 2010 at Damghan Islamic Azad University research farms. The experiment model was randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation periods intervals were every 5, 10 and 15 days. Plant densities were 5 plants per square meter.After data harvesting we used from SAS statistical software and mean comparition was calculate by Duncan's multiple range test at 5%. the correlation coeficient between plant characteristics irrigation periods were stimated too. All traits studied showed significant differences for the period of irrigation and the highest yield and lowest yield in a period of 5 days of irrigation in the irrigation period was 15 days I attribute 15 percent oil and protein content in irrigation water during the 10 days had the highest. Attributes associated with the irrigation effect was linear (r =0/95**) and the correlation with oil yield significant and negative r=0.65*, % protein and significant and negative relationship was -0.85**Percent of the oil with the water cycle has a positive slope of the line that represents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
294 - Effects of drought stress on yield and yield components of four durum wheat genotypes
S. Asadpoor H. Madani K. Kalarestaghi A. MohammadiThis study was done to investigating the effects of drought stress on yield and yield components and determining the best irrigation time of four durum wheat genotypes at agricultural research station of Hadji Abad in Hormozgan province during 2004-2005 cropping season. MoreThis study was done to investigating the effects of drought stress on yield and yield components and determining the best irrigation time of four durum wheat genotypes at agricultural research station of Hadji Abad in Hormozgan province during 2004-2005 cropping season. The experiments were arrange in Split Plot design and were compared in a CRBD with four replications. Drought stress as the main plot. (non- stress(S1), post-anthesis drought stress (S2), post-grain parmation drought stress (S3),) and durum wheat genotype as the subplot (Yavarous (V4), WD791982 (V3), WD791582 (V2), WD792282 (V1) were considered in the design. Stop irrigation at heading stage was initiated when 80% of the spikes were appeared. Results showed that the attenuate irrigation effects on yield and its components was significant at 1% level on the 1000 kernel weight of wheat and harvest index the effect was significant at 5%.The attenuate irrigation in heading stage reduced grain yield much more than the others. The interaction effect between drought stress and genotypes was significant at 1% level. The highest grain yield was 5676 kg/ha for WD791982 genotype at non-stress and the lowest grain yield was 2985kg/ha for same genotype at post-anthesis drought stress. It confirmed the sensitivity of that genotype to stop irrigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
295 - Compare of sweet sorghum growth indices under different plant density, irrigation period and nitrogen application
Hamid Madani Babak EsfahaniTo study the effect of plant density, irrigation periods and nitrogen application on growth indices of foliage sorghum (Sourghum bicolor var. Peghah) an experiment was conducted as split, split plot based on RCBD with 4 replications at Hamadan, Iran in 2007 growing seas MoreTo study the effect of plant density, irrigation periods and nitrogen application on growth indices of foliage sorghum (Sourghum bicolor var. Peghah) an experiment was conducted as split, split plot based on RCBD with 4 replications at Hamadan, Iran in 2007 growing season. plant density 100, 200 and 400 thousand plants per hectare (D1, D2 and D3), two levels for irrigation period in every 10 and 15 days (I1and I2) and two levels of nitrogen application 100,200,100 and 100,100,200 Kg Urea/ha at sowing date, 45 and 65 days after sowing date stages respectively (N1 and N2),were investigated. The results showed that the maximum total of dry foliage yield up to 18.44 t/ha was obtain by D1I1N2 treatments. Furthermore, the CGR trend for the lowest plant density (10 plant/m2) in all plant growth stages were upper than other plant density crop growth rate index. In this study, relative growth rate (RGR) trend by enhance the plant density were reduce until 1100 GDD adsorption and net assimilation rate (NAR) at 800 GDD were changed from 0.03 to 0.18 g/g/m2/GDD. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
296 - Effects of irrigation interval and nitrogen degree on dry mater yield and water usage efficiency of corn in Mazandaran province
R. Rezaei Sokht Abandani A. Charati Araei D. Akbari Nodehi H. Mobasser M. Ramezani In order to study irrigation interval effects and various using Nitrogen on yield of corn (K.Sc 704) was accomplished during 2008-2009. The experiment was carried on as split plot based on RCBD with 3 replications in Bayekola research farm of ag More In order to study irrigation interval effects and various using Nitrogen on yield of corn (K.Sc 704) was accomplished during 2008-2009. The experiment was carried on as split plot based on RCBD with 3 replications in Bayekola research farm of agricultural research campus in Neka in Mazandaran province. Traits were selected as irrigation interval are in four levels (I1, I2, I3 and I4 respectively as 75, 100, 125 and 150 mm accumulation evaporation of evaporation pan A class) as maim plot and three levels of Nitrogen (0, 92 and 184 kg Nitrogen that respectively substitute zero ,200 and 400 kg urea in hectare) as sub plots. Results showed that minimum of dry mater weight and yield was related to 150 mm evaporation of evaporation pan A class. The maximum forage yield and water usage efficiency obtained in I3. Bush height, dry weight in square meter, corn length, wet forage weight in hectare, efficiency of water usage, efficiency of dry material water usage, percent of water than dry weight and efficiency of water usage was largest 184 kgN/ha and lowest degree was gained under treatment without usage of called characteristics Nitrogen. Maximal of water percent than dry weight, efficiency of dry material water and maximal of water usage biological efficiency according to production of evaporation pan Aclass was gained with usage of 184 kgN/ha, maximal efficiency of water usage with 150 mm evaporation of evaporation pan a class was gained with usage 184 kgN/ha. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
297 - Study of interaction between nitrogen fertilization and furrow irrigation on quality and quantity yield of flue-cured tobacco of Coker 347 cultivar
kamyar Sabokroo Mohamad hosein Biglooei Mohamad hosein Barzegarkhoo Jahanfar Daneshian Mohamad hosein Esimi Kaveh Sabokroo This research was done to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and furrow irrigation methods on quantity and quality yield of tobacco, Coker 347 cultivar. It was done at research farm of Rasht tobacco research center during More This research was done to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and furrow irrigation methods on quantity and quality yield of tobacco, Coker 347 cultivar. It was done at research farm of Rasht tobacco research center during 2008-2009. The experiment was conducted on a split plot design based on CRBD with 3 replications. Major factor was considered nitrogen fertilizer (45, 55, 65 Kg/ha) and minor factor was considered as irrigation (one way, two ways and no irrigation). Irrigation time was determined by tans meter device and in each turn soil irrigation was performed to the extent of field capacity. Tobacco product has been harvested in 5 sorts. Results showed that leaf length, dry leaf weight, sugar, chlorophyll, plant height were significant (P<1%) and leaf width and nicotine were significant (P<5%). Generally applying irrigation caused to increase of tobacco yield while two ways irrigation method had more effects. Applying 45 kg nitrogen/ha caused to maximum yield in major factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
298 - Effect of irrigation intervals, manure and zeolite traits of agronomical and yield of potato varieties Agria
V. Yarmohammadi N. Sajedi M. MirzachaniIn order to investigate irrigation intervals effect of irrigation intervals, manure and zeolite traits of agronomical and yield of potato varieties Agria on experiment was conducted in moradi field in 5km Arak-Farahan in 2010. The exprimental design was split plat MoreIn order to investigate irrigation intervals effect of irrigation intervals, manure and zeolite traits of agronomical and yield of potato varieties Agria on experiment was conducted in moradi field in 5km Arak-Farahan in 2010. The exprimental design was split plat on randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatment applied, including irrigation at three levels 6 days, 8 days and 10 days as main plot and in sub plots treated manure and zeolite four levels include: control (no use of manure and zeolite ), 20 ton/ha of manure + 4 ton/ha of zeolite, 40 ton/ha manure and 8 ton/ha zeolite. The results showed that application of manure and zeolite on traits of measured at 1% level of probability was significant.with increasing of irrigation in terval from 6 to 8 day, yield reduced by 7/19 % declined. Main effects of manure and zeolite showed the highest tuber yield equivalent of 59/88 ton/ha from 20 ton/ha manure +4 ton/ha zeolite was obtained. Effect of interaction showed that the highest tuber mean total yield equivalent product 63/6 ton/ha from irrigation six days and application 20 ton/ha manure+4 ton/ha zeolite was obtained that with tretmant of irrigation interval 8 day and application along with 20 ton/ha manure+4ton/ha zeolite was not significantly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
299 - Investigation of irrigation management and manure use for increasing water use efficiency in corn (SC 704)
R. Hassanzadeh S. Chavoshi H. Madani A. Asgari In order to investigate of manure consumption on used efficiency in corn (SC704) an experiment was conducted in agricultural researches center of Hajiabad in Hormozgan. The experimental design was CRBD with four replications. Main plots were con More In order to investigate of manure consumption on used efficiency in corn (SC704) an experiment was conducted in agricultural researches center of Hajiabad in Hormozgan. The experimental design was CRBD with four replications. Main plots were considered as four irrigation methods (irrigation of one side of hills to full growth, one side of hills Till steming and then from Two sides, one side of hills Till flowering then from Two sides irrigation) and four amounts of manure (0, 10, 20 and 30 ton/ha) were considered as subplots. Results showded that irrigation method and using manure have significant effects on water used efficiency, yield, 1000 cernel weight, biomass, number of grain per row and stem diameter (p<0.01). Maximum grain yield was related to Two side irrigation by 10070 kg/ha when 30 ton/ha manure. Also Maximum dry matter was related to notice trait. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
300 - Assessment of effect of raw wastewater application on concentration heavy metals in olive tree (Olea europaea)
Khosro Esteki Oregani Ebrahim Pazira Payam Najafi Abdol amir MoeziUse of municipal or domestic raw wastewater in order to irrigation is very important in arid and semi-arid regions. Application of municipal effluent, which was one of the pollution sources, as micro and macro elements has been used for a long time. The most factors for MoreUse of municipal or domestic raw wastewater in order to irrigation is very important in arid and semi-arid regions. Application of municipal effluent, which was one of the pollution sources, as micro and macro elements has been used for a long time. The most factors for making difficulties in irrigation of soil with municipal effluent is the presence of heavy metals like Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in municipal effluent and transformation of this pollution in food chain and threaten of healthy. The aim of the present study was to determine effect of irrigation with raw domestic wastewater effluent on concentration of young Olive plant (Olea europaea) and accumulation of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) in roots, and leaves of Olea europaea. In order to study the soil – plant complex effects as the transformation of these pollutants and nutrients in soil as a result of irrigation with raw domestic wastewater, a series of lysimeter(120 cm height and 70 cm diameter) studies were carried out in Khoramabad region during 2008- 2009). The experiment was carried out factorial based on CRBD with three factors and six replications. Factors were considered as three irrigation treatment including drip irrigation with raw domestic wastewater (DI), subsurface drip irrigation with raw domestic wastewater (at depth of 15 cm, SDI15), subsurface drip irrigation with raw domestic wastewater (at depth of 30 cm, SDI30). The results indicate that treatment application significantly increased concentrations of heavy metals. Maximum shoot concentrations of Fe, Cu, Ni and Pb were achieved by treatment SDI30. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
301 - Effect of supplemental irrigation on yield and yield components and correlation between varieties cultivated in spring chickpea
Farideh Maleki Amin Maleki Farzad Mirzayi To study the effects of supplemental irrigation and varieties on yield and other morphological traits, peas, experimental research farm in 1389 in agricultural research stations were run Boroujerd. Irrigation including irriga More To study the effects of supplemental irrigation and varieties on yield and other morphological traits, peas, experimental research farm in 1389 in agricultural research stations were run Boroujerd. Irrigation including irrigation at flowering stage, flowering and pod + pods week week and pea varieties include Vision, free and Hashem split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design in three replicates were compared. In this study, irrigation at flowering stage performance + highest pods week (3 / 1458 kilograms per hectare) compared to other irrigation in the experiment was. the figures ideals and free performance and more characters other significant difference and superiority to figure Hashem had. the study of stepwise regression characteristics variables, economic performance, harvest index and gap formation of the first pod from the soil surface with R2 = 0 / 996 Most justify produced models for the dependent variable yield biologically had entered the model. Also, for dependent variable economic performance, harvest index, biological yield, distance form the first pod from the soil surface and pods in the main stem with R2 = 0 / 998 into the regression model was. Analysis of the path indicated that the economic performance of most direct impact and gap formation of the first pod from the soil surface less direct effect and the highest indirect effect on the performance of biological showed. Analysis of correlation indicated that the most significant correlation between biological and economic performance is performance. Also with all the traits of biological functions and economic performance had a significant positive correlation. Among these traits, traits hollow pods negative correlation with other traits and meaningful self-revealed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
302 - Investigation of planting dates and irrigation regimes on physiological traits of two spring sufflower (carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars
M. Zahedi R. Mamghani M. Mesgarbashi A. Kashani A. R. MontaseriIn order to investigation of planting dates and irrigation regimes on physiological traits of two spring sufflower cultivars a field experiment was conducted in 2002.The experimental design was a split-split plot with four replications. Treatments were planting dates as MoreIn order to investigation of planting dates and irrigation regimes on physiological traits of two spring sufflower cultivars a field experiment was conducted in 2002.The experimental design was a split-split plot with four replications. Treatments were planting dates as main plots, irrigation regimes as sub-plots and safflower cultivars (Arak-2811, Esfahan Local) as sub-sub plots. The result showed that late planting and low irrigation decrease the physiological traits such as LAI, CGR, and LAR. NAR and LWR were not shown any significant differences between two considered cultivars, because those had similar growth period. Maximum LAI in first planting date and better irrigation was 4.75 and maximum LAI in third planting date and low irrigation was 3.89, which needed 1340 GDD. Highest CGR obtained between 1400-1500 GDD when LAI started to decline.Relative growth rate (RGR) showed net assimilation rate (NAR) also declining trend. NAR also decreased with time. LAR and LWR also showed a declining trend. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
303 - Effect of different levels of irrigation on yield and yield components of Maize (Zea mays L.)
L. Sadeghi H. Madani M. RafieeThe effects of different irrigation regimes and verities on yield and yield components of four corn verities were studied (2004-2005). In this case an experiment was carried out in research farm of Sarab-e-Changaee related to agricultural research center of Lorestan. A MoreThe effects of different irrigation regimes and verities on yield and yield components of four corn verities were studied (2004-2005). In this case an experiment was carried out in research farm of Sarab-e-Changaee related to agricultural research center of Lorestan. A split plot based on RBCD with 4 replications was used. Treatments were 3 indexes of irrigation and assigned as main plots (irrigation after 75, 100 and 120mm from class A pan) and four hybrid varieties 500, 647, 700, 704 were assigned as sub plot. Results showed that among irrigation regimes treatments of irrigation after 75 and 120 mm had highest and lowest grain yield respectively. In this way yield reduction had caused by reducing in number of row per ear and seed per row. Also the sensibility of seed yield against drought stress was more than biological yield. This fact was confirmed by harvest index. Comparison of results shows that in late mature variety the growth and yield were increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
304 - Effect of different levels of zeolite and irrigation interval on yield and some trait of potato
hamid Madani arash Moghimi nor ali Sajedi In order to study the effect of different levels of zeolite and irrigation interval on yield and yield components of potato var. Sante an experiment was conducted in strip plot design base on CRB with 4 replications. It was done in r More In order to study the effect of different levels of zeolite and irrigation interval on yield and yield components of potato var. Sante an experiment was conducted in strip plot design base on CRB with 4 replications. It was done in research field of ArakAzadUniversity during 2009. Treatments were 3 levels of zeolite (0, 1500 and 3000 kg/ha) and 3 irrigation intervals (after 5, 10 and 15 days). The weight of dry matter, LAI, tuber yield, number of tuber per plant and chlorophyll index were studied. The result showed that zeolite application have a significant effect on yield , LAI ,total dry weight but have no significant effect on number of tuber per plant and amount of chlorophyll index. Using 3000 kg/ha zeolit could increased yield in respect with no zeolit, but has not significant effect on chlorophyll index and number of tuber. Moreover, the irrigation intervals have significant effect on yield, chlorophyll index, number of tuber per plant, leaf area index, total dry weight but the interaction between irrigation and zeolite was not significant in any traits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
305 - Effect of drought stress on yield and yield components of hulless barley under different tillage methods
K. Kaboosi S. Rezaei Nejad, A. SiahmargueThis experiment was conducted to study the effect of drought stress using four different tillage methods on yield and yield components of hullessbarley in Gorgan, Iran region. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement wi MoreThis experiment was conducted to study the effect of drought stress using four different tillage methods on yield and yield components of hullessbarley in Gorgan, Iran region. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement with three replications was carried during 2012-13 growing season. The main factor for different methods of tillage was including moldboard plow, chisel plow, disc plow and no-tillage and sub- factor was including irrigation at ear emergence stage amount 100, 75 and 50 percent of field capacity and no irrigation. Results showed that drought stress caused a delay in the occurrence of phenological stages and reduces plant height, spike length, grain weight, grain and biological yield and harvest index. Tillage with chisel reduces days to the occurrence of phenological stages. This treatment also resulted in increasing yield per spike, number of grains per spike and number of grains per square meter. Plant height was significantly lower in disc plow and no-tillage treatments than chisel and moldboard plow. Conservation tillage reduced thousand green weights but this reduction was not significant. Biological and grain yield and harvest index was maximized chisel plow treatment and its difference with other methods was significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
306 - Comparison of drought tolerance index on morphological and agronomical traits in black Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
M. Safapour Sh. Khaghani M. Teymoori In order to evaluate the effect of water deficit stress (limited irrigation) on different traits of bean. Ten bean genotypes were planted in a randomized block design with three replications under non-stress and drought stress conditions i More In order to evaluate the effect of water deficit stress (limited irrigation) on different traits of bean. Ten bean genotypes were planted in a randomized block design with three replications under non-stress and drought stress conditions in the Islamic Azad University Arak. The results of stepwise regression are shown that day`s number till the leaves appearance, day`s number till the third leaflet appearance, number of pod per plant, number of seed per plant, 100 weight-seed, stem diameter, plant height, number of nod on main branch, plant fresh weight under non-stress condition and day`s number till the leaves appearance, day`s number till the third leaflet appearance, day`s number till the anthesis, , number of seed per plant, 100 weight-seed, length of Tap root, plant height, length of internod, plant fresh weight and plant dry weight had the most effect on the yield. Factor analysis showed in the normal condition six factors were identified that over 80% of the performance changes are justified and in the stress conditions there are seven factors were identified that over 84% of the performance changes are justified. Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), Stress Tolerance Index (STI) and Mean Productivity (MP) were the most suitable indicators for selecting drought resistant genotypes. Based on these indicators KS 41225, KS41147 and KS 41231 in White beans, were found as resistant genotypes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
307 - Effects of irrigation management and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
M. Taghizade M. Esfehani N. Davatgar H. MadaniThe effects of irrigation intervals and nitrogen fertilizer rate, on yield and yield components of rice (cv. Hashemi) were investigated at Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht, in 2008.The effects of three nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 60, 90 Kg/ha) and four irrigatio MoreThe effects of irrigation intervals and nitrogen fertilizer rate, on yield and yield components of rice (cv. Hashemi) were investigated at Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht, in 2008.The effects of three nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 60, 90 Kg/ha) and four irrigation intervals (permanent flooded, 5, 10 and 15 days after water disappearance from soil surface) were evaluated in a split plot amendment using CRBD with three replications. The results showed that 1000 grain weight, grain yield, biologic yield, tiller number, tillers fertility, panicles number per square meter, number of filled grains and panicle were significantly increased with nitrogen fertilizer increment. Grain yield was significantly increased at 90 Kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer, the effects of irrigation intervals on biologic yield, tillers number, panicles number/m2, and number of filled grain. Results showed that the maximum grain yield was obtained at permanent flooded and 90 Kg N/ha that was not significant different with it days irrigation intervals and 60 Kg N/ha. It seems that the one ten day irrigation in tervals with the less nitrogen fertilizer rate (60 Kg/ha) may help to save water and nitrogen fertilizer. There was no difference between permanent and 10 days irrigation intervals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
308 - Statistical study of limited irrigation effects on morphological and agronomical traits in white Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
M. Safapour S. Khaghani M. Amirabadi M. Teymouri M. BezianIn order to evaluate the effect of water deficit stress (limited irrigation) on different traits of bean. Ten bean genotypes were planted in a randomized block design with three replications under non-stress and drought stress conditions (22 traits were measurement) in MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of water deficit stress (limited irrigation) on different traits of bean. Ten bean genotypes were planted in a randomized block design with three replications under non-stress and drought stress conditions (22 traits were measurement) in the Islamic Azad University of Arak. The results of stepwise regression are shown that the length of the longest pod, number of days to filling pod, number of days to Maturity, 100 weight seed and length of tap root under non-stress condition and number of seed on per plant, 100-seed weight and length of tap root under the stress condition had the most effect on the yield in white bean. Factor analysis showed in the normal condition six factors were identified that over 80% of the performance changes are justified and in the Stress conditions there are seven factors were identified that over 84% of the performance changes are justified. Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), Stress Tolerance Index (STI) and Mean Productivity (MP) were the most suitable indicators for selecting drought resistant genotypes. Based on these indicators KS 41225، KS41147 و KS 41231 in White beans, were found as resistant genotypes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
309 - Effect of planting time, irrigation method and plant pattern on yield and yield components of potato Varieties in Jiroft, Iran
Abdol reza Najafi Moosavi To find the most suitable planting time, irrigationmethod, plant pattern and their effect on tuber yield of potato varieties,strip split plot experiment was done in a complete randomized block design withthree replicates in Jiroft, Iran in2008-2 More To find the most suitable planting time, irrigationmethod, plant pattern and their effect on tuber yield of potato varieties,strip split plot experiment was done in a complete randomized block design withthree replicates in Jiroft, Iran in2008-2009 planting season. Treatments were irrigation method at vertical factorin two level sprinkle and dripping irrigation, planting time an main: horizonin two levels night and day irrigation plant pattern an lateral horizon factorin three level planting row intervals 75cm and plant interval 20cm,planting row intervals 70cm and planting interval 21.5cmandplanting row intervals 65cm and plant interval 23cmand finally potato varieties were lateral factor in two levels, Vergo andSante. Results showed that irrigation method had significant effect on tuberyield and water was efficiency at 0.01 and on tuber number and tuber meanweight at 0.05 also on plant pattern had significant effect. Tuber yield,biomass weight and water use efficiency at 0.01 Variety effect on all elementswas significant at 0.01. Treatment of drip irrigation method had the most tuberyield with 50014 Kg/h which it was more than sprinkle irrigation method with22037 Kg/h. Day irrigationhad more yield in comparison with highirrigation. The treatment of sante variety with trickle and day irrigation andplant pattern of 65×23cm, had the most yield with 5547 kg/h and itis recommended for this region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
310 - Effects of Nitroxin Fertilizer on Physiological Characters Forage Millet under Irrigation Cessation
Mohammad Darbani Jafar Masoud Sinaki Alireza Dashtban Alireza Pazoki -
Open Access Article
311 - Evaluating the Effects of Agricultural Activities on Nitrate Contamination at the Kamfirooz District, Shiraz, Iran
Jalal Valiallahi Smaeil Moradi -
Open Access Article
312 - The effects of different levels of irrigation and weeding weed management on some growth indices maize sorghum varieties Ks260 Speth feed
mansureh khodadadi ali ghanbari reza ghorbani ghorban ali asadi mehdi rastgooWater is considered to be the main component of growth and survival for plants, and is considered to be the most important growth factor for these creatures. The study of the response of different growth parameters and yield of corn and sorghum to underwater conditions, MoreWater is considered to be the main component of growth and survival for plants, and is considered to be the most important growth factor for these creatures. The study of the response of different growth parameters and yield of corn and sorghum to underwater conditions, as well as the quantification of corn and sorghum competition with weed-based weed control in field conditions, plays an important role in explaining the effect of this component. . For this purpose, a field experiment was conducted in a factorial experiment in split plot experiment in 2013-2012 growing season in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation levels (65, 75, 85 and 100% water requirement), the main factor of the experiment and two varieties of corn and sorghum, weed management and weed management were factorial and as sub factors. In this design, the growth indices of corn and sorghum were measured and the effect of different levels of irrigation on these indices was investigated. . As a result, 100% water requirement was obtained with the highest leaf area, dry weight, growth rate, relative growth rate, leaf area durability (58.1, 10.81, 8.54, 10.92, 41.3 , 22/1), the most suitable irrigation and treatment was 65% water requirement with minimum leaf area values, dry weight, growth rate, relative growth rate, leaf area durability (0.073, 0.056, 0.26, 3.5, 0.52, 0.75), were introduced as treatment close to the drought stress and dehydration treatment. All treatments Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
313 - Study of Salicylic Acid and Glycine Effect on Some Agronomic Traits of Alfalfa under Wet Stress Conditions
peyman vadizade Mansour Sarajuoghi Seyed mahdi MirtaheriAlfalfa is one of the most important forage plants for livestock. Drought most important factor limiting plant growth in the world and is the most common environmental stress. The external application of extenuating stress can cause immune responses, particularly by pla MoreAlfalfa is one of the most important forage plants for livestock. Drought most important factor limiting plant growth in the world and is the most common environmental stress. The external application of extenuating stress can cause immune responses, particularly by plants. In order to investigate the application of salicylic acid and glycine on alfalfa seed production under water deficit conditions, tests for split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in research farm of Islamic Azad University of Karaj in the crop year 95-1394 was administered. 5/0 and 1 mM salicylic acid and glycine were 10 and 50 mM. The characteristics such as yield with and without pods, pods per plant and seeds per pod. The results showed that, irrigation, seed yield (with and without pods) and number of seeds per pod (respectively 2/1418, 51/936 kg per hectare and 01/9 digits) and irrigation cut off the flowering the yield (with and without pods) and number of seeds per pod (respectively 4/977, 76/807 kg and 36.6 eggs), respectively. Also sprayed with 50 mM glycine with the highest seed yield (with and without pods) and number of seeds per pod (the order number 4/1440 and 93/945 kg per hectare and 09/10) and was superior in the group treated with non-solution spray the lowest seed yield (with and without pods)) and the number of seeds per pod (2/932 and 73/591, respectively, and 34.6 kg ha number) in the weakest group were analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
314 - Effects of salicylic acid and glycine under deficit irrigation on Alfalfa seed production
peyman vadizade mansour sarajuoghi Seyed mahdi MirtaheriAlfalfa (Medicago Sativa) is known as the queen of forage plants green and gold. The most important factor limiting water shortages for agricultural products, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The external application of extenuating stress can cause immune respons MoreAlfalfa (Medicago Sativa) is known as the queen of forage plants green and gold. The most important factor limiting water shortages for agricultural products, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The external application of extenuating stress can cause immune responses, particularly by plants. In order to investigate the application of salicylic acid and glycine on production of alfalfa hay under water deficit conditions, tests for split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in research farm of Islamic Azad University of Karaj in the crop year 95-1394 was administered. 5/0 and 1 mM salicylic acid and glycine were 10 and 50 mM. Evaluations consisted of fresh forage yield, number of stems per plant, the distance between the node and leaf dry weight. The results indicate the adverse effect of drought stress on all traits under study and reduce the damaging effects of stress by TkhfyfDhndh materials. Among the different irrigation treatments, the effects of irrigation at the start of the match-rigging more negative impact on most of the traits under study and mitigation of stress treatments, Glaysyn importantly the role of the salicylic acid in reducing the adverse effects played . For example, full irrigation and foliar application of ascorbic acid and glycine at 1 and 50 mM fresh forage yield (84/58 and 46/61 respectively ha) were in the top group and irrigation at the time of flowering and the absence of extenuating sprayed with the lowest forage yield stress (48/28 ha) in the weakest group were analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
315 - Effects oOf Different Levels Of Vermicompost On Growth Indices And Essential Oils Essential Oil Of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) Under Uifferent Irrigation Regimes
sima Abyar Brat Ali Fakheri nafiseh mahdinezhad maryam Harati radManagement of soil nutrients using organic fertilizers is among major pillars of sustainable agriculture. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of vermicompost and irrigation regimes as factorial completely randomized design with thre MoreManagement of soil nutrients using organic fertilizers is among major pillars of sustainable agriculture. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of vermicompost and irrigation regimes as factorial completely randomized design with three replications at Zabol university greenhouse. Treatments included irrigation at 100 (Control), 75 and 50% FC and application of humic acid at 0, 20 and 40% of pot volume. The greatest and the least plant height, internode length, fresh and dry weight of plants, stem diameter, number of tillers per plant, dry and fresh weight of roots per plant was observed at irrigation at 90% FC and 50% FC, respectively. Whilst, the greatest essential oil percentage was achieved in irrigation at 50% FC. Cultivated plant at 40% volume of pot vermicompost had the greatest growth components and essential oil percentage. Interaction of 40% volume of pot vermicompost and irrigation at 90% FC had the greatest plant height, internodelength, plant dry weight, root dry and fresh weight. Mean while application of 40% volume of pot vermicompost and irrigation at 50% FC had the greatest essential oil percentage. The interaction was not significant for plant fresh weight, stem diameter and number of branch per plant .These results suggested that application of 40% volume of pot vermicompost in free drought stress conditions had the greatest growth components and at 50% FC had the greatest essential oil percentage in peppermint Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
316 - Effect of spermidine and irrigation period on some physiological characteristics of Cucurbit (Cucurbita pepo L.)
Mozhgan Ghanbari Mohsen Farzaneh Alireza Eftekharian JahromiIn this study the effect of spermidine on proline, soluble sugars, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, membrane stability and chlorophyll a and b, under irrigation period were evaluated. This study was conducted in pots and as a factorial completely randomized design in f MoreIn this study the effect of spermidine on proline, soluble sugars, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, membrane stability and chlorophyll a and b, under irrigation period were evaluated. This study was conducted in pots and as a factorial completely randomized design in four replications. Espermidine was applied at 0, 1 and 2 mM and irrigation period was imposed at three days, five days and seven days in between. The Results showed irrigation period in seven days compared to control group increases proline content, activity of peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase and membrane stability, and decrease in soluble sugars, chlorophyll a and b. The plants that have been irrigated for seven days, treatment with 2mM spermidine (relative to concentrations of 0 and 1 mM) increased proline content, soluble sugars, activity of peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase at the highest level (class a). The membrane stability in these plants the concentration of 0 mM spermidine was highest (77.75%). Spermidine had no significant effect on chlorophyll a and b. Generally treatments with 2 mM spermidin in plants that were irrigated for seven days Increased proline content (1.11 mM/g.FW), soluble sugars (0.96 mg/gFW), peroxidase activity (0.91 OD.g-1.FW.min-1) and ascorbate peroxidase activity (0.98 OD.g-1.FW.min-1) at the highest level (class a). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
317 - Investigation The Effect of Humic Acid and Different Method of Seed Biopriming on Morphophysiological Traits of Rainfed Wheat under Supplemental Irrigation Condition
Ali-Nazar Rostami Afshin MozaffariIn order to investigate the effect of humic acid and different methods of seed priming on yield and yield components of rainfed wheat under supplemental irrigation conditions, a split split plot design in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) design with three repli MoreIn order to investigate the effect of humic acid and different methods of seed priming on yield and yield components of rainfed wheat under supplemental irrigation conditions, a split split plot design in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) design with three replications in Kermanshah province. The irrigation factor consisted: pure raunfed and supplemental irrigation in the main plot; Humeic acid included: non-use and use in the subplot and seed biopriming including: prime with fungus Mycorrhiza, Prime with mixed of PGPR, Prime with Flavobacteriun, Prime with Mycorrhiza+PGPR, and Prime with Mycorrhiza+Flavobacteriun were sub-sub plots. The main effects of supplemental irrigation, humic acid and seed biopriming methods were significant on all traits. The supplementary irrigation treatment had the highest grain yield, biological yield, harvest index (HI), spikelet number per spike, seeds number per spike and wheat plant height, with 3518.139 kg ha-1, 10200.5 kg ha-1, 34.339 %, 12.944, 29.028 and 99.944 cm, respectively. Humeic acid treatment had the highest grain yield, biological yield, harvest index (GI), spikelet number per spike, seeds number per spike and plant height, with 3393.778 kg ha-1, 10136.278 kg ha-1, 33.356 %, 12.444, 27.583 and 639.98 cm, respectively. Between the different seed biopriming treatments, seed co-bioprime with mycorrhizal fungus and mixture of PGPR bacteria (Azotobacter + Azospirillum + Pseudomonas) had the highest grain yield, biological yield, harvest index (HI), spikelet number per spike, seeds number per spike and plant height was allocated with 3887.167 kg ha-1, 10703.25 kg ha-1, 36.167 %, 14.5, 33.0 and 105.5 cm, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
318 - Potato Irrigation Planning based on Moisture depletion using AquaCrop
Mohammad Ali Ansari Aslan Egdernezhad Niazali EbrahimipakIn order to potato irrigation planning based on moisture depletion, calibrated AquaCrop was used. This model was calibrated using data collected from a research station in Chahartakhteh, Shahrekord, in two years. Then, Aquacrop was implemented under multi run in differe MoreIn order to potato irrigation planning based on moisture depletion, calibrated AquaCrop was used. This model was calibrated using data collected from a research station in Chahartakhteh, Shahrekord, in two years. Then, Aquacrop was implemented under multi run in different depletion and irrigation scenarios (DyIx; which y indicates depletion amount and x indicates irrigation amount in mm). Results revealed that there was no water stress under 40 mm depletion and 40 mm irrigation. Crop yield and biomass was so low when depletion was more than 80 mm. In order to apply deficit irrigation, depletion must be between 40 to 70 mm. Based on the results, maximum yield was observed for D40I40 (22.6 ton.ha-1) and minimum yield was observed for D70I20 (10.8 ton.ha-1). In the case of water deficit, D60I40, D60I30, and D65I30 were the best scenarios so that the yields for mentioned scenarios were 16.8, 22.2, and 27 percent less than D40I40 yield. Biomass values for mentioned scenarios were 16.6, 21.8, and 26.7 percent less than D40I40 biomass. Water use efficiency for this scenarios were 0.7 (more), 0.7 (less), and 1.9 (less) than D40I40 one. So, D40I40 and D60I40 were the best scenario in full and deficit irrigation, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
319 - Simulation of soil moisture distribution around of corn plant root in heavy soil texture under drip-tape-irrigation system using HYDRUS-2D model
Parnian Majidi Chaharmahali Heidar Ali Kashkuli Davoud Khodadadi Dehkordi Ali Mokhtaran Aslan EgdernezhadThe present study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the HYDRUS model in simulating soil water movement and redistribution of moisture around the roots of maize in homogeneous and heavy soils. This study was carried out in the Agricultural Research Center of Kh MoreThe present study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the HYDRUS model in simulating soil water movement and redistribution of moisture around the roots of maize in homogeneous and heavy soils. This study was carried out in the Agricultural Research Center of Khuzestan Province under drip strip irrigation with three irrigation regimes of 2, 3 and 4 days with three replications during two cropping years. In order to monitor the moisture around the roots, dig a soil profile to a depth of 75 cm perpendicular to the drip irrigation strip. Observed and simulated moisture values were compared byR2,EF, MAE and RMSE statistics. The results showed that the average moisture distribution in each irrigation regime is in the range of crop capacity. RMSE values for different diets ranged from 1.29 to 2.40% and MAE values for different diets ranged from 1 to 2%. Moisture simulations were classified as excellent based on MAE and RMSE values.Also, the results of the coefficient of explanation are between 60 to 90% and the efficiency of the model is between 40 to 90%. Based on the results, the lowest efficiency of the model was in the simulation 24 hours after irrigation and the best simulation was 72 hours after irrigation. The results show the high capability of the model in simulating soil volumetric moisture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
320 - Effects of BAFoliar application on some qulity and quantity characteristics in hybrid Corn (Zea maysVar T.W.C.647) under cut irrigation in Pakdasht region.
mahdi BagheriTo evaluate the effect of foliar application of BA on morphological and physiological characteristics l Maize (Zea mays Var T.W.C.647) under cut irrigation, the experiment was conducted split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications at a farm in MoreTo evaluate the effect of foliar application of BA on morphological and physiological characteristics l Maize (Zea mays Var T.W.C.647) under cut irrigation, the experiment was conducted split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications at a farm in PAKDASHT at Tehran zone. Experimental treatments include main plots: C0 = Normal irrigation, C1= cut irrigation at stem elongation stage, C2 = cut irrigation at flowering stage, C3=cut irrigation at filling grain stage and sub plots of research include: M0= control (no application), M1 = 100 ppm, M2 = 200 ppm respectively. The results of this study showed that cut irrigation can reduce grain yield, grain weight, biological yield, harvest index, protein yield, oil content, oil yield, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, relative water content, but foliar application BA were increased the following parameters. The highest T.G.W, G.Y, B.Y, oil percentage and Total chlorophyll a were achieved Normal Irrigation * 200 ppm BA(341.1 gr, 8982.7 (Kg.ha), 28942.2(Kg.ha), 6.97(%),1.94 Spad) had no significant difference with C0M0,C0M2,C1M2. Therefore, it is recommended to use foliar application of BA with a concentration of 200 ppm in case of cut irrigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
321 - Effect of irrigation and plant density on the extinction coefficient of corn genotype K.S.C704 in Ahvaz region
narges Baghaee alireza Shoukouh far Mani Majdam taieb Saki NejadIn order to evaluate the effect of irrigation and plant density on the extinction coefficient grain corn delayed, the trial was conducted in the summer of 1390 in the field of Shahid Shalemi in Ahwaz city, This experiment using a split plot design with three replication MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of irrigation and plant density on the extinction coefficient grain corn delayed, the trial was conducted in the summer of 1390 in the field of Shahid Shalemi in Ahwaz city, This experiment using a split plot design with three replications.Irrigation intervals (I) in three levels, including intervals of five (I1), eight (I2) and 10 (I3) on the main plots and plant density (P) on three levels: 6.7 (P3), 7.8 (P2) and 9.5 (P1) per square meter, or 67, 78 and 95 thousand plants per hectare were in sub plots. Evaluations consisted of leaf area index and light penetration into the canopy in order to calculate K (light depreciation coefficient), respectively. Results showed that irrigation on light extinction coefficient was significant at the one percent level, so that with increasing irrigation intervals, the coefficient is increased. The stress concentration factor and irrigation density and interactions were significant at the one percent level. The highest density of 65000 plants per hectare was obtained extinction coefficient in other words by reducing the leaf area index, light extinction coefficient increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
322 - The effect of irrigation regimes and pattern of nitrogen topdressing on yield and yield components of sunflower.
Zohreh HaghighiIn order to evaluate the effect of irrigation and pattern of nitrogen topdressing on yield and yield components of sunflower, an experiment was carried out in complete block design with split-plot arrangement in three replications during 2012 growing season. Irrigation MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of irrigation and pattern of nitrogen topdressing on yield and yield components of sunflower, an experiment was carried out in complete block design with split-plot arrangement in three replications during 2012 growing season. Irrigation regimes were allotted to main plots and nitrogen treatments were allotted to sub-plots. Irrigation regimes were consisted of: 1) moderate irrigation 2) water stress at V8 growth stage and 3) water stress at heading stage. The nitrogen treatments were consisted of: N1: 25% at sowing, 50% at V8, 25% at heading; N2: 50% at V8, 50% at heading; N3:50% sowing, 50% heading; the results showed that water stress at heading significantly decreased the head diameter and100-grains weight and non-significantly decreased the grains per head which was resulted to 15% lower grain yield comparing to the moderate irrigation. Under moderate irrigation, N3 treatment non-significantly increased the head diameter and biomass comparing to the N2 treatment by 9 and 16% respectively. Under water stress at V8, N3 treatment significantly increased the head diameter and biomass comparing to the N1 treatment by 12 and 29%, respectively. This result showed that choosing a suitable pattern of nitrogen top-dressing for attaining the maximum grain yield is more important when the plants are not suffering water stress or stress is occurred at early vegetative stage. But when the stress is occurred at early vegetative stage, then the pattern of nitrogen topdressing is not such important. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
323 - Effects of humic acid and irrigation on some yield components of maize KSC 704 in ZabolRrgion
masoud Najafi hamidreza Mobasser hamidreza GanjaliIn order to investigate the effect of humic acid and irrigation interval on yield and yield components of corn seed of Single Crusher 704 cultivar in Zabol, a split plot experiment (split plot) in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Experimental trea MoreIn order to investigate the effect of humic acid and irrigation interval on yield and yield components of corn seed of Single Crusher 704 cultivar in Zabol, a split plot experiment (split plot) in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Experimental treatments include main plots three levels: 6 days (A1), 9 days (A2) and 12 days (A3), and and sub plots of research include humic acid in four levels including control or weekly (B1) Biweekly (B2), Triweekly (B3) and Monthly (B4). The results of analysis of variance showed that the effects of irrigation and spraying of humic acid on their harvest index, plant height, number of ear per plant and number of seeds per ear were significant. The highest Harvest index (51.42%), plant height (190 cm), number of ear per plant (3.6 N.o) and number of grain per ear (612 N.o) were obtained irrigated conditions for 6 days and Biweekly Humic acid spray treatment. According to the results of the experiment, the best irrigation interval for corn seed is recommended for 6 days irrigation, with the use of Biweekly for humic acid solution for cultivation in the area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
324 - The Effect of Triple tensions Drought, Salinity and Nitrogen Deficiency on Water Absorption in Tomato Plants.
Mostafa Khammar hamidreza Mobasser sajad keikhaeiOptimal management of irrigation water and optimal use of food under salinity and drought is very important. The objective of this research was assessment root water uptake function of tomato under simultaneous water, salinity and different levels of nitroge MoreOptimal management of irrigation water and optimal use of food under salinity and drought is very important. The objective of this research was assessment root water uptake function of tomato under simultaneous water, salinity and different levels of nitrogen stresses. The experiments were carried out on tomato plant in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consist four levels of water irrigation (50, 75, 100 and 100 percent of water requirement), Six levels of salinity (1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 dS/m) and three levels of nitrogen including zero, 50 and 100 percent of the fertilizer needs. Water, salinity and nitrogen stresses treatments were applied from the flowering plant. .The results showed under simultaneous salinity and nitrogen stresses, modified MB model and under simultaneous water and salinity stresses, MB-H, MB-F,MB-D and MB-VG models had better accuracy and MB-F Model in comparison with other models had the best fit against the measured data. In simultaneous water, salinity and nitrogen stresses multiplicative MB-MB-F model is the best fit than other suggested Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
325 - EffectofHexaconazoleapplication foliar anddifferent irrigation regimesonquantitative , qualitative and biochemicalcharacteristics in grain corn (Zea Mays L.) K.S.C 704.
atefeh Dehghani mohammad Nasri maysam OveisiIn order to investigate the effect of hexaconazole foliar application on yield and biochemical characteristics of grain corn of KSC704 cultivar under cut irrigation conditions, an experiment was conducted as split plots in a randomized complete block design with t MoreIn order to investigate the effect of hexaconazole foliar application on yield and biochemical characteristics of grain corn of KSC704 cultivar under cut irrigation conditions, an experiment was conducted as split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main treatments of the experiment are: S0 = Normal irrigation, S1 = Cut Irrigation in stem stage, S2 = Cut Irrigation at flowering stage, S3= Irrigation interruption in seed filling stage and sub-treatments were including: M0= control (not applicable), M1= 25 mg / l , M2 = 50 mg / l. The results showed that cut irrigation reduced grain yield but hexaclonazole foliar application increased the following trait. Hexaclonazole foliar application of 25 and 50 mg / l increased the antioxidants superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase and decreased the biomarker of malondialdehyde, di tyrosine and dihydroxyguanosine degradation significantly. And through hormonal changes increased drought tolerance in corn. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
326 - Effects of foliar treatments (bacteria Thiobacillus, glycine betaine, Thiofol and salicylic acid) on yield and physiological traits of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under cut irrigation
Davood Soleymani Mohammad Nasri meysam oveysiIn order to investigate the effects of foliar treatments (bacteria Thiobacillus, glycine betaine, Thiofol and salicylic acid) on yield and physiological traits of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivar Zargham under cut irrigation, research was conducted randomized compl MoreIn order to investigate the effects of foliar treatments (bacteria Thiobacillus, glycine betaine, Thiofol and salicylic acid) on yield and physiological traits of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivar Zargham under cut irrigation, research was conducted randomized complete block design with nine treatments and four replications in the 2014- 15 growing season in a research farm of Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Treatments include: 1- cut Irrigation at flowering stage, 2- Irrigation cut at flowering stage, + Glycine betaine, soluble (1.5 liters per thousand). 3- cut irrigation at flowering stage + Glycine betaine as solubility (concentration 2.5 liters per thousand). 4- cut Irrigation at flowering stage + Tiofol (1.5 liters per thousand). 5- cut Irrigation at flowering stage + Thioufol (c 2 liters per thousand). 6- cut Irrigation at flowering stage + Salicylic acid by (0.5 mM). 7. cut Irrigation at flowering stage + Salicylic acid (1 mM). 8. Tobacillus bio-fertilizer application by mixing with seed and cut irrigation at flowering stage. 9. Normal irrigation. Increasing grain yield in the treatment of consumption thyoflone, salicylic acid, glycine and thiobacillus can be attributed to the increase of auxin hormones and eventually increased metabolite transfer from leaves to seeds. The other reason is increased grain yield and traits such as relative water content and chlorophyll under cut irrigation interruptions using these materials, Their effect on the blockage or reduction of aperture size and the production of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, which increases the production of asymilates and ultimately increases the yield Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
327 - Review effect of system and different amounts of irrigation water on Yield and Yield Components of Potato Plant
hossain ardalani hossain BabazadehIn order to investigate the effects of irrigation water method and water on yield, yield components and potato water productivity of Satina cultivar, a field experiment was conducted as split plots in randomized complete block design with three replications in Damavand MoreIn order to investigate the effects of irrigation water method and water on yield, yield components and potato water productivity of Satina cultivar, a field experiment was conducted as split plots in randomized complete block design with three replications in Damavand city. The treatments consisted of Furrow irrigation (F), Drip irrigation (D), one-row irrigation (T1), Two- row irrigation (T2) and irrigation regimes including 30, 50 and 70% water requirement. Statistical analysis showed that the highest yield was obtained by irrigation (T2) with irrigation with 70% irrigation regime (average 22070 kg.ha) and the lowest yield was obtained by irrigation treatments with one-row and Furrow irrigation treatments with 30% irrigation regime respectively (16200, 16410 kg.ha).The highest productivity was obtained by two-row irrigation (T2) with irrigation regime of 30% (9.8 kg.m3) and the lowest productivity with furrow irrigation with 70% irrigation regime equal 2 kg.m3.The result showed that Two-row strip-irrigation method is recommended with a 70% irrigation regime for potato cultivation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
328 - The effect of Application of biofertilizer on quantity and quality of borage under Water deficit stress
Mohammad Mahdi Mirzaei Sadegh Ghorbani Arash Roozbahani Afshin GhaderiIn order the effect of Application of bio fertilizer (nitroxin) on quantity and quality of borage under Water deficit stress an experiment in split plot randomized based on complete block design with three replications in 2014 at the Agricultural Research Station of ROU MoreIn order the effect of Application of bio fertilizer (nitroxin) on quantity and quality of borage under Water deficit stress an experiment in split plot randomized based on complete block design with three replications in 2014 at the Agricultural Research Station of ROUDEHEN Islamic Azad University done. treatments were first factor drought in four levels (control, stress at Vegetative stage, stress at flowering stage, stress at Vegetative + flowering stage) and the second factor consisted of four levels of fertilizer treatments (100% chemical fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer+ bio fertilizer (nitroxin), 25% chemical fertilizer+ bio fertilizer) respectively. Results showed a significant effect of cut irrigation on plant height, essence percentage, mucilage percentage, flower yield, Chlorophyll, but the effect of cut irrigation on essence yield was not significant. Effect of fertilizer treatments on plant height, essence yield, flower yield and Chlorophyll was significant and the percentage of mucilage was not significant. Interactions between cut irrigation and fertilizer treatments on essence yield (1.75 kg\ha), flower yield (481 kg\ha) was significant and 50% chemical fertilizer+ bio fertilizer was best treatment. The Least flower and essential oil yield in the 100% chemical fertilizer+ stress at Vegetative + flowering stage treatment with an average of 301 and 1.136 kg per hectare was obtained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
329 - The effect of irrigation regimes and pattern of nitrogen topdressing on yield and yield components of sunflower
Zohreh HaghighiIn order to evaluate the effect of irrigation and pattern of nitrogen topdressing on yield and yield components of sunflower, an experiment was carried out in complete block design with split-plot arrangement in three replications during 2012 growing season. Irrig MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of irrigation and pattern of nitrogen topdressing on yield and yield components of sunflower, an experiment was carried out in complete block design with split-plot arrangement in three replications during 2012 growing season. Irrigation regimes were allotted to main plots and nitrogen treatments were allotted to sub-plots. Irrigation regimes were consisted of: 1) moderate irrigation 2) water stress at V8 growth stage and 3) water stress at heading stage. The nitrogen treatments were consisted of: N1: 25% at sowing, 50% at V8, 25% at heading; N2: 50% at V8, 50% at heading; N3:50% sowing, 50% heading; the results showed that water stress at heading significantly decreased the head diameter and100-grains weight and non-significantly decreased the grains per head which was resulted to 15% lower grain yield comparing to the moderate irrigation. Under moderate irrigation, N3 treatment non-significantly increased the head diameter and biomass comparing to the N2 treatment by 9 and 16% respectively. Under water stress at V8, N3 treatment significantly increased the head diameter and biomass comparing to the N1 treatment by 12 and 29%, respectively. This result showed that choosing a suitable pattern of nitrogen top-dressing for attaining the maximum grain yield is more important when the plants are not suffering water stress or stress is occurred at early vegetative stage. But when the stress is occurred at early vegetative stage, then the pattern of nitrogen topdressing is not such important. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
330 - Strategies of pressurized irrigation systems Development in desert areas of Iran, with an attitude sustainable agricultural development and population settlement
Morteza Delfan Azari Hadigheh Mohammadi Afshin Yusuf Ghomrokchi Mohammad Amel SadeghiIran has limited water resources combined with high evapotranspiration. The overpopulation and the increasing need of food and thus the lack of agricultural products always rings the alarm. Thus with development of water resources and saving water, we can raise surface MoreIran has limited water resources combined with high evapotranspiration. The overpopulation and the increasing need of food and thus the lack of agricultural products always rings the alarm. Thus with development of water resources and saving water, we can raise surface water irrigated fields and finally raise agricultural productivity. In this project, by using existing data from soil and water resources in the Central Desert, including provincesKhorasanRazavi and Jonoobi, Semnan, Isfahan, Qom, Yazd, Hormozgan, Kerman, Sistan and Baluchestan and by using Boolean logic and GIS software, suitable and talented areas, identified for the implementation of modern irrigation systems, And then based on the results of questionnaires, affecting factors of rejection the pressurized irrigation systems by farmers in desert areas were analyzed with SPSS software And finally by using sustainable agricultural development indicators of population, the population sustainable settlement, it was estimated. The results show that, with the proper use of water and soil resources and avoid wasting this valuable resource not only can be increase production per unit area index over the country and world but also by increasing acreage can be increase products in the range of 4 to 42 percent and establishment of population based on various indices in the range of 11 to 34 percent. While economic-administrative agent as the main challenge in the implementation of pressurized irrigation systems in desert areas were identified. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
331 - The effect of super absorbent polymer application on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum. l.) under cut irrigation The effect of super absorbent polymer application on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum. l.) under cut irrigation The effect of super absorbent polymer application on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of wheat (Triticum
Ashkan Askiyani Farshad Ghooshchi Hmid Reza Tohidi MoghadamIn order to study the effects of amount of super absorbent polymer on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of wheat under normal and cut irrigation an experiment was conducted in research field of Islamic Azad University, Varamin Branch during 2012 growing MoreIn order to study the effects of amount of super absorbent polymer on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of wheat under normal and cut irrigation an experiment was conducted in research field of Islamic Azad University, Varamin Branch during 2012 growing season. The experimental design was laid out in a randomized complete block with a split plots arrangement of treatments in three replications. Main plots included four different levels of irrigation (complete irrigation or no irrigation withholding,cut irrigation at stem elongation, cut irrigation at flowering, and cut irrigation at both flowering and seed setting stages ) and sub factors were included super absorbent (0, 20 and 40 kg per hectare). The results showed that cut irrigation conditions in different growth stages significantly decreased seed yield, carbohydrate grain content, total chlorophyll content and gibberellin but increased protein percentage, superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde content. Super absorbent polymer application in cut irrigation in different growth stages had positive effect on seed yield. In general, we concluded that super absorbent can improve growth conditions for wheat plants grown under water deficit stress. The reviews although show super absorbent is able to reduce the destroying effect of low water by absorbing and preserving water and approve varying agricultural characters. With attention to increased yield and its components and decreasing plant water need, using this material is economically acceptable Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
332 - Investigation of the effect of zeolite and superabsorbent on some quantitative and biochemical properties of rapeseed under irrigation cut-off conditions in Shiraz region.
atefeh Qaracheh shahla RavangardThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of Cut irrigation and application of zeolite (10 T.ha) and superabsorbent (1 Kg.ha) in rapeseed in Shiraz city. The statistical format of the design was Split plotsbased on random complete blocks in 3 replications. The MoreThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of Cut irrigation and application of zeolite (10 T.ha) and superabsorbent (1 Kg.ha) in rapeseed in Shiraz city. The statistical format of the design was Split plotsbased on random complete blocks in 3 replications. The main factor in the three levels of cut irrigation (A) includes: 1- cut Irrigation in the stem stage 2- Cut Irrigation in the flowering stage 3- Cut Irrigation in the podding stage and the Sub-factor in the four levels of zeolite and superabsorbent (B) Includes: 1- Non-use of zeolite and superabsorbent 2- Use of zeolite (10 t.ha) 3- Use of superabsorbent (1 kg.ha) 4- Use of zeolite (10 t.ha) and superabsorbent (1 kg.ha).The results of analysis of variance showed that the simple effects of cut irrigation and zeolite , superabsorbent were caused on grain yield, oil yield and leaf chlorophyll content significant differences at the level of one and five percent.The interaction effect of cut irrigation and application of zeolite and superabsorbent were significant on all traits.Maximum grain yield as the most important trait was obtained from cut irrigation treatment at the stage of stemming and application of 10 t.ha of zeolite + 1 Kg.ha of superabsorbent at the rate of 3528.4 kg. ha.And the lowest grain yield belonged to the cut irrigation treatment in the flowering stage and no zeolite or superabsorbent at the rate of 1678.2 kg. ha.Cut irrigation increased the amount of antioxidant enzymes,But the application of zeolite and superabsorbent had the opposite effect and the traits showed a significant decrease.It can be said that flowering and podding stages are sensitive stages in rapeseed and the use of zeolite (10 t.ha) and superabsorbent (1 Kg.ha) to reduce drought effects as the best treatment It was found Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
333 - Evaluation of the effect of drought stress on some characteristics of germination and seed germination of four commercial soybean cultivars produced under low irrigation conditions with a standard germination test.
Z.S Hoseini tehrani آیدین Hamidi جهانفر DaneshiyanIn order to evaluate the effect of drought stress on some characteristics of germination and seed set of commercial soybean cultivars under water stress in the research farm of Karaj Seedling and Seed Breeding Research Institute, an experiment was conducted in 1400 usin MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of drought stress on some characteristics of germination and seed set of commercial soybean cultivars under water stress in the research farm of Karaj Seedling and Seed Breeding Research Institute, an experiment was conducted in 1400 using a standard germination test in the laboratory. The seed analysis of Karaj Seed and Seedling Registration and Certification Research Institute was carried out factorially in the form of randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The treatments include applying 4 levels of dry stress of polyethylene glycol 6000 with potentials of 0 (no stress), 3-, 6-, and 9-MPa, on the seeds of 4 commercial soybean cultivars, Williams, Hamilton x Essex, TMS, and Bunty, produced at 3 levels. The low irrigation stress of the mother plant, irrigation after the values of 50 (optimal irrigation and control), 100 (mild stress) and 150 (severe stress) mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan were class A). The examined characteristics include: percentage of final germination, percentage of normal seedlings, percentage of abnormal seedlings, percentage of hard seeds, percentage of rotten seeds, average daily germination, average germination time, seedling length and index The length and weight of the seedlings were. The results showed that the mutual effect of drought stress, low irrigation stress and variety had a significant effect on all the examined characteristics. In the treatment of 9-MPa drought stress and without water deficit stress, the Williams variety compared to the treatment without drought stress and without water deficit stress, the average germination time was 0.90 days, the percentage of rotten seeds, hard seeds and abnormal seedlings were 0.18%, 750 respectively. 5.5% and 0.60% increase and average daily germination of 1.28 days, final germination and normal seedling decreased by 1.28% and 4.92%, respectively. In general, among the studied cultivars, Williams variety showed the best and Bunty variety showed the weakest response to low irrigation and drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
334 - Evaluation of agronomic characteristics of Potato under water deficit stress conditions using line-source sprinkler irrigation method and potassium fertilizer amounts
علیرضا Sobhani S.A Rzavi حسن Hamidi حمید TajaliIn order to investigate the agronomic characteristics of Potato under water deficit stress conditions using line-source sprinkler irrigation method and potassium fertilizer amounts an experiment was done in Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Cent MoreIn order to investigate the agronomic characteristics of Potato under water deficit stress conditions using line-source sprinkler irrigation method and potassium fertilizer amounts an experiment was done in Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center during 2015-2016 as split plot design based on completely randomized blocks design. Water deficit levels at 0.75m from line-source (control), at 3.75m from line source (very light), at 6.75m from line-source (light), at 9.75m from line-source (severe deficit), at 12.75m from line source (very severe deficit) were considered as main factor and potassium levels included 0, 90, 180, and 270 kg.ha-1 K2O were as subfactor. Studied traits were included, tuber yield, percent of small, medium and big tuber yield, number of tuber per plant, average of tuber weight, plant height and stem number per plant. The results showed that water deficit stress levels had significant effects on total traits and potassium nutrition levels had same effects except percent of small and medium tuber yield and stem number per plant. Higher water deficit levels significantly decreased the tuber yield, tuber number per plant and average of tuber weight that in very severe deficit these traits reduced 92.29, 84.32, and 53.81 percent respectively. The highest tuber yield (17.92 ton.ha-1), tuber number per plant (7.94) and average of tuber weight (38.73 g) resulted in 270 kg.ha-1 K2O. The highest and lowest tuber yields were in control with 270 kg.ha-1 K2O and very severe deficit with 0 kg.ha-1 K2O. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
335 - The effect of irrigation intervals and different nitrogen levels on yield and yield components of Basil medicinal plant (Ocimum basilicum L.)
H. Nazemi Esfand Abad A.A. Tajalli S.M. Hosseini Mazinani This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals anddifferent levels of nitrogen on the quantitative and qualitative yield of the physiological andagronomic characteristics of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in the research farm o More This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals anddifferent levels of nitrogen on the quantitative and qualitative yield of the physiological andagronomic characteristics of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in the research farm of IslamicAzad University, Yadgar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey branch. The experiment wasbased on split plots based on completely randomized blocks design with 3 replications. Theexperimental treatments included three levels of irrigation (4, 7, and 10 days) as the mainfactor and different levels of nitrogen (0, 70, 100 and 130 kg/ha) were considered assecondary factors. The traits of plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, mean leafarea and dry matter yield were investigated. The results showed that except for the number ofsub-branches in the plant, the difference between different levels of irrigation intervals andnitrogen amounts were significant for all evaluated traits.The highest dry matter yield was related to the treatment combination of irrigating every 4 or7 days and 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare consumption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
336 - The Effect of Zinc and Mn Foliar Application on Growth Traits of Bean Chitus Cultivars under Irrigation Stress Conditions
Mohammad Ali Dodangeh Saeed sayfzadeh Amir Hossein Shirani RadIn order to investigate the effect of irrigation stress and micronutrient foliar application on yield and yield components of two cultivars of bean, a factorial experiment with factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Islamic MoreIn order to investigate the effect of irrigation stress and micronutrient foliar application on yield and yield components of two cultivars of bean, a factorial experiment with factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Islamic Azad University of Takestan, Iran was done. Experimental treatments consisted of two levels of irrigation (I1: normal irrigation and I2: discontinuation of irrigation after podding stage) and micronutrient spraying at four levels (M1: Mn: M2: Zn, M3: Manganese + Zn foliar spray, M4: Foliar spray (control) and Bean Chitti cultivar at two levels (V1: Khomein and V2: Talash). The amount of micronutrients was consumed at a concentration of 1 liter in 100 liters of water (1: 10 ratio). Three sampling stages during the growing season and one sampling at physiological maturity and harvest time of the bean plant were carried out to evaluate the effect of experimental treatments on some growth traits of chickpea bean. The results showed that the simple effects of irrigation and micronutrient fertilizer had no significant effect on leaf traits, leaf area index, leaf dry weight and leaf dry weight during the growing season. Leaf and leaf weight were significant at some sampling stages. Among the micronutrients, foliar application of Mn and Zn in most of the studied traits was better than single application. Also, there was no significant difference between Khomein and Talash cultivars in most of the stages but in some stages Khomein cultivar was more than Talash. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
337 - Evaluation of stability of morphological and functional traits of maize hybrids under the influence of different irrigation methods in three continuous years
Hossein Mohammadi Pakdehi Hassan Habibi Heshmat OmidiIn order to evaluate the effect of irrigation on morphological and functional characteristics of corn hybrids (704 NS640, Zp434, SC260, MG89 70), split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a field experiment in Qazvin province MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of irrigation on morphological and functional characteristics of corn hybrids (704 NS640, Zp434, SC260, MG89 70), split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a field experiment in Qazvin province during three years of cultivar 2016, 2017 and 2018. The studied factors were five maize hybrids in the main plots and irrigation methods in three levels (stagnant, droplet, and static) in the subplots. Combined analysis of variance showed that grain yield and 1000 grain weight were affected by irrigation methods. Crop yield, relative humidity and dry weight percentage of wheat were significantly different in different irrigation methods. The average yield of SC260 and MG70 89 hybrids with 14820 and 14790 kg in sprinkler irrigation and 704 in drip irrigation with 13419 kg yield, respectively. The highest total weight belonged to NS 640 in irrigation method with 34.7% and the lowest relative humidity of MG70 89 in irrigation and stacking method was 18.33. On the other hand, there was a significant negative correlation with leaf width trait. The regression model was significant and five traits of leaf number, leaf width, 1000 grain weight, total fresh weight and number of seeds per ear were regression models. In total, the fitting coefficient of the fitted model was 97.98% of the yield variation Grain was justified by these five traits, and selection would be effective in increasing the yield of dry leaves through these traits. Based on the results, it seems that in the province of Qazvin, which faced with water shortage, and with regard to the amount of water saving, the SC260 and MG70 89 hybrids had the highest performance with static classical irrigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
338 - Study the Efficiency of Methanol Foliar Application on Some Qualitative and Physiological Traits of Safflower under Supplemental Irrigation
Afsaneh Ghorbani Manouchehr Sayahfar Ghodratollah ShakaramiIn order to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigation and foliar application of methanol concentrations on quality, and some physiological traits of safflower, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in a randomized complete block design in three replications, MoreIn order to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigation and foliar application of methanol concentrations on quality, and some physiological traits of safflower, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in a randomized complete block design in three replications, in the 2014-2015 crop year on the farm Kamalvand located 5 km from the Khorramabad Azad University. Treatment consisted of methanol at four levels (foliar application of water, methanol with a concentration of 15, 20 and 25% by volume) and supplemental irrigation at three levels (no supplemental irrigation supplementary irrigation systems and irrigation in both stage Additional Rate and grain filling stage of boll respectively). The results showed that leaf area index, relative water content, leaf greenness index in the seed stage of supplemental irrigation and grain filling, but the highest percentage of protein obtained in the absence of supplemental irrigation. The highest leaf greenness index, protein and oil content by volume of methanol at a concentration of 20% was seen, but most LAI was observed in methanol at a concentration of 25% by volume. In conclusion, in order to achieve maximum quality and quantity of supplementary irrigation in both stage and grain filling and methanol at a concentration of 20% by volume relative to the rest of the trial a more suitable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
339 - Effect of Zn, B and Mn on yield of safflower under different humidity conditions
Abbas Yazdfar Saeid Sayfzadeh Hamid Reza ZakerinThe present study was done in order to investigate the effect of Zn, B and Mn on yield of safflower under different humidity conditions in spring and summer of 2015 in Qazvin. This experiment as split plot design as RCBD in 3 replications was conducted. The studied fact MoreThe present study was done in order to investigate the effect of Zn, B and Mn on yield of safflower under different humidity conditions in spring and summer of 2015 in Qazvin. This experiment as split plot design as RCBD in 3 replications was conducted. The studied factors included: irrigation interval in 3 levels (I1: irrigation every 6 days, I2: irrigation every 9 days, irrigation every 12 days) as main plot and foliar application in 8 levels (M1: Zn, M2: B, M3: Mn, M4: B Zn, M5: Zn + Mn, M6: Mn + B, M7: B + Zn+ Mn, M8: Water) as sub-plots were considered. Results showed that effects of irrigation and foliar application were significant on grain yield of safflower. The highest grain yield belonged to irrigation every 6 days with mean of 1584 kg/ha and the treatments of irrigation every 9 and 12 days with means of 1438 and 1306 kg/ha had the least grain yield that it were in a common statistically group. The treatment of B + Zn+ Mn with mean of 1579 kg/ha had the most grain yield and the least grain yield was observed in control (water spraying) with mean of 1262 kg/ha. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
340 - Effect of foliar application of Fe and Zn on yield of rapeseed under different irrigation regimes in Boin-Zahra region
Roghayeh Mazarloo Seyed Alireza Valadabadi Hamidreza ZakerinThis research was done in order to study the effect of foliar application of Fe and Zn on qualitative and quantitative of rapeseed in Boin-Zahra. The experiment was conducted to split-plot as base of RCBD in 3 replications. Irrigation regime in 3 levels (I1: normal irri MoreThis research was done in order to study the effect of foliar application of Fe and Zn on qualitative and quantitative of rapeseed in Boin-Zahra. The experiment was conducted to split-plot as base of RCBD in 3 replications. Irrigation regime in 3 levels (I1: normal irrigation, I2: cut off irrigation at flowering stage and I3: cut off irrigation at podding stage) as main plot and foliar application in 4 levels (M1: control, M2: Fe, M3: Zn and M4: Fe +Zn) as sub plot were considered. Results showed that irrigation and foliar application as well as their interaction were significant on grain yield. Result indicated normal irrigation with mean of 3544 kg/ha had the highest grain yield. The least grain yield was observed in cut off irrigation as flowering. Foliar application of Fe + Zn resulted to increase grain yield. Results demonstrated that the most grain yield was observed in foliar application of Fe + Zn under normal irrigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
341 - Study of water deficit on growth and yield of rice under different seeding methods
Mahmoud Bonyadi Jahanfar Daneshian Mohsen YousefiThis research was done in order to evaluate the direct culture methods of rise under different humidity conditions at 2011-2012 in Sangar, Rasht. Thus, a split plot experiment was conducted as base of randomized completely block design in 4 replication. The experimental MoreThis research was done in order to evaluate the direct culture methods of rise under different humidity conditions at 2011-2012 in Sangar, Rasht. Thus, a split plot experiment was conducted as base of randomized completely block design in 4 replication. The experimental factors in 2 levels included: I1: water height permanently 2 cm above (full irrigation) and I2: just damp (low irrigation) and direct culture methods in 4 levels included: S1: pile culture, S2: linear culture, S3: broadcast culture and S4: control (transplanting) were considered. Results revealed that effect of irrigation and culture method and their interaction were significant on grain yield. The full irrigation with mean of 3098 kg/ha had the highest grain yield compare with low irrigation with mean of 1871 kg/ha. Results also indicated that pile culture with mean of 2594 kg/ha had the most grain yield and then transplanting method with mean of 2530 kg/ha was in a next ranking and finally broadcasting method with mean of 2349 kg/ha had the least grain yield. The interaction of treatments demonstrated that transplanting method with mean of 3314 kg/ha had the most grain yield under full irrigation condition. But the pile culture with mean of 2054 kg/ha under low irrigation condition was superior to other treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
342 - Study the Efficiency of Supplemental Irrigation and Various Nitrogen Levels for Increasing Yield of Different Wheat Varieties
Mitra Khosravi Tahmasb Hossein PourIn order to evaluate the reaction of bread wheat () to various moisture levels (supplemental irrigation) and various nitrogen fertilizer levels, an experiment was conducted on 2014-2015 cropping year at Kuhdasht town climatic conditions, Lorestan province, Iran as split MoreIn order to evaluate the reaction of bread wheat () to various moisture levels (supplemental irrigation) and various nitrogen fertilizer levels, an experiment was conducted on 2014-2015 cropping year at Kuhdasht town climatic conditions, Lorestan province, Iran as split-plot based on completely randomized block design. Main plots include irrigation at three levels (without irrigation, irrigation once at planting and twice irrigation at planting and stem emerging) and secondary plots include wheat varieties (Karim and Kuhdasht) and various nitrogen levels at three levels (without fertilizer application, application on planting and fertilizer application on planting and stem emerging). During experiments, grain yield, biological yield, 1000-grain weight, seed number per plant, harvest index and so on were measured. According to results of analysis of variance, Koohdash variety with twice irrigation and 120 kg nitrogen fertilizer caused increasing biological yield and grain yield up to 13060 and 5466 kg/ha, respectively and also Karim variety with two times irrigation and without N fertilizer had highest 1000-grain weight by 42.67 g. Interaction effects of nitrogen and other effective factors are of great importance at plant growth and plant N utilization. Available water content is one of the effective factors on N use efficiency. By supplying optimum irrigation water along with nitrogen application, it can be expected that yield and yield components would be increase. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
343 - Effect of foliar application of Fe, Zn micronutrients and Ca under supplementary irrigation on rainfed lentil yield
Majid Chegini Hamid Reza Zakerin Eamaeil Hadidi MasulehThis research in Qazvin with aim of assess to foliar application of Fe, Zn and Ca on lentil grain yield. This experiment was done as split plot as base of RCBD with 3 replications. Humidity conditions in 2 levels (I1: without irrigation (reinfed), I2: irrigation before MoreThis research in Qazvin with aim of assess to foliar application of Fe, Zn and Ca on lentil grain yield. This experiment was done as split plot as base of RCBD with 3 replications. Humidity conditions in 2 levels (I1: without irrigation (reinfed), I2: irrigation before flowering) as main plot and foliar application in 5 levels (M1: Ca, M2: Zn, M3: Fe, M4: Ca+Zn+Fe and M5: control) as sub plots were considered. Results showed that irrigation, foliar application and their interaction had significant effect on grain yield. Results showed that supplementary irrigation resulted to significant of grain yield (811.6 kg/ha). Results also indicated that foliar application of Ca+Zn+Fe that it was in a common statistically group with Zn foliar application. Ca foliar application had the lowest impact on increase of grain yield. Result showed that the most grain yield was observed in Ca+Zn+Fe foliar application and also Zn application alone under supplementary irrigation. This research proposed that foliar application under supplementary irrigation had the more effect on grain yield compared rainfed condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
344 - Effect of environmental factors on the in vitro properties of rootstock seeds Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum)
Matineh Rezaei Sohrab Mahmoodi Afshar AzadbakhtBroadleaf weeds are problematic plant species in the most agricultural fields. Echo-physiological traits of weed species, such as characteristics of seeds germination and their responses to different environmental conditions are very important. In order to study the eff MoreBroadleaf weeds are problematic plant species in the most agricultural fields. Echo-physiological traits of weed species, such as characteristics of seeds germination and their responses to different environmental conditions are very important. In order to study the effect of environmental conditions on weed germination, a study was carried out at laboratory and farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The effect of irrigation regimes and sowing dates on weed specie Solanum nigrum L. were studied for two years during 2009-2010. Field experiment was designed as factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor was three dates of planting (2009/6/23, 2009/7/24, 2009/8/24) and the second one included three irrigation regimes, alternative, every two days, every three days. Laboratory experiment was done in completely randomized design with three replications during 2010. Results showed that all of studied features, dormancy and cardinal temperatures were affected by experimental treatments. With increasing the interval between irrigations, germination characteristics of all studied species were decreased significantly. Of course, the reduction at the beginning stage of growing plant (15 days after growing) toward the end of growing season had gradually fewer effects. The results showed that the effect of environmental conditions were the most effective factor on speed of seed germination. Also, the percentage of seed germination was significant. Therefore, with increasing irrigation interval and delaying in planting date, seed germination characteristics decreased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
345 - تحلیل استراتژیک جلب مشارکت روستاییان در سیستمهای آبیاری پیشرفته از دیدگاه کشاورزان و کارشناسان با بهرهگیری از روش ترکیبی SWOT- ANP (مطالعه موردی: شبکه آبیاری سنقر)
Abdolhamid Popzan Leila SharafiThe overall objective of this research was a strategic analysis of villagers' participation in advanced irrigation systems according to the viewpoint of farmers and experts in Songhor city. The methods used in this study were qualitative – quantitative, practical. MoreThe overall objective of this research was a strategic analysis of villagers' participation in advanced irrigation systems according to the viewpoint of farmers and experts in Songhor city. The methods used in this study were qualitative – quantitative, practical. The population is the farmers who uses the irrigation systems in Songhor ,Kermanshah province, as well as the regional experts in agriculture and water organizations of Kermanshah, the sample was selected through snowball technique .The results showed that, clarification and farmers' awareness of all the dimensions of projects, increasing the reliability and trying to keep and strengthen it with respect to local cultures and customs, are the main internal strength points; and lack of trust among the farmers, cooperatives and authorities and also lack of competency and honesty among the executive managers, are the most important internal weakness points in farmers' participation. Yet, providing necessary bases to the farmers to participate and to be present in all projects' performances, facilitating the communication between local organizations and farmers are the most external opportunities; lack of intersection coordination and lack of convergent in governmental activities in the region, having too much emphasis on the physical development and economic advantages, are considered as the most important external threats to the farmers' participation in Songhor's irrigation system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
346 - The effect of potassium and zinc sulfate spraying at different developing stages of vegetative characteristics and yield of barley under drought stress conditions in the last periods of the cropping season
جواد مرادلو sasan rezadustTo investigate the effect of potassium and zinc spraying at different developing stages of vegetative characteristics and grain yield of barley under drought stress conditions, a split plot experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three repl MoreTo investigate the effect of potassium and zinc spraying at different developing stages of vegetative characteristics and grain yield of barley under drought stress conditions, a split plot experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Center of Khoy in which irrigation cutting at 3 levels ( full irrigation, irrigation cutting at milking stage, and irrigation cutting in the dough stage ) in main plots and potassium sulfate and zinc sulfate spraying at four levels ( spraying at the stemming + milking, stemming + dough, milking + dough, and stemming + milking + dough ) were considered as sub plots. The results of the experiment showed that irrigation was significant at 1% level for all traits. potassium and zinc sulfate spray were significant for all traits at 1% level. The occurrence of drought stress increased the barley protein content. The increase in irrigation cut treatment at the dough stage was the highest ( 31.10% ). In addition to the spraying surfaces, treatment B4 (spraying at stemming + milking + grain dough ) proved to be better than other treatments and increased grain yield from 3924 kg ha-1 in clustering treatment to 4824 kg ha-1 in dough treatment of the grain. Interaction effect of two factors was significant only on 1000 grain weight at 1% level. Keywords : Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
347 - The effect of mycorrhizal fungi, water stress and year on flower yield and some characteristics of medicinal plant of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) in Yasouj region
Ali RahimiIdentifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal MoreIdentifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been used in many plants to deal with dehydration and drought stress. In this regard, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Yasuj region at years 2015 and 2016. Water stress was considered as the main factor in the form of irrigation after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan class A and mycorrhizal fungus was considered as a secondary factor in the form of no application, application of Glomus mosseae and application of Glomus intraradices. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation and mycorrhizal fungi on flower phosphorus, flower yield, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage was significant. In irrigation levels after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan, the use of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices compared to the absence of fungi respectively increased the yield of plant flowers (30.04% and 27.35 %), (90.2% and 90.98%), (93.21% and 94.1%) and (81.73% and 78.86%), also, at these levels of irrigation, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage flower achieved a significant increase in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus, compared to the absence of mycorrhizal fungus application. Application of both strains of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices in irrigation levels after 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan compared to no application of mycorrhizal fungus, respectively, resulted in a significant increase in the harvest index of Borage flower (44.55% and 43.36%), (13.21% and 15.96%) and (5.6% and 5.41%) and flower phosphorus (44.69% and 20.45%), (150% and 125%) and ( 267.74% and 235.48%). Mycorrhizal fungus was able to moderate the negative effects of drought stress and increase the above-mentioned traits in those irrigation levels, and based on the results of this study, irrigation treatment after 90 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan + the use of Glomus mosseae mycorrhizal fungi is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
348 - Determination of Surface Irrigation Efficiencies for Pumpkin plant in Khoy Plain Lands
فاطمه پناهدوست Faribourz AhmadzadehAccording to the statistics, surface irrigation system covers more than 95% of the country's lands and current efficiency of the system is estimated as less than 35%. Hence, the need for detailed understanding of surface irrigation efficiencies in the irrigated lands an MoreAccording to the statistics, surface irrigation system covers more than 95% of the country's lands and current efficiency of the system is estimated as less than 35%. Hence, the need for detailed understanding of surface irrigation efficiencies in the irrigated lands and presenting appropriate solutions to increase such factors are too important to measure and should be taken in line with optimal consumption of agricultural water which covers more than 70% of the country's available water. Hence, a farm was selected in Malajnood village area which was irrigated in furrow method and then was evaluated during the two phases of irrigation. The underlying tests were conducted using partial Parshall with input water flow of 3.66, 1.97L?S. Elliot7Wlker's two-point method was used to determine infiltration equation coefficients. The relationship between needed water and exact moisture distribution which was equal to 2 samples of irrigation indicated two cases of incomplete irrigation. Findings of the study indicated that deep percolation ratio was 23.33 and 45.63 and the irrigation adequacy was 100% that showed the high water losses and low water efficiency, but the full supply of plant water needed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
349 - Study the Effect of Interval Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield and Yield Components of Maize (Case study; Golestan Province)
Yaser kordkatooli حسین عجم نوروزی Ebrahim Amiri Afshin Soltani Mohamad Reza DadashiIn order to investigate irrigation management and the effects of different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer on hybrid corn SC704 experimental in the form of crushed plots in the form of complete randomized block design in three replications during two crop years 2015 and MoreIn order to investigate irrigation management and the effects of different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer on hybrid corn SC704 experimental in the form of crushed plots in the form of complete randomized block design in three replications during two crop years 2015 and 2016 in Golestan province, in Katul was done. The main factor of irrigation cycle by day in four levels including 7, 14, 21 and 28 days and the secondary factor of nitrogen fertilizer in four levels included 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg.ha-1. The results of analysis of variance showed a significant effect between irrigation cycle and nitrogen on Weigh of 1000 grains, grain yield, seed nitrogen and biomass yield. The results showed that 28 days of irrigation reduced grain yield, seed nitrogen, seed phosphate and seed potassium compared to 7 to 14 days of irrigation. The increase in nitrogen fertilizer to 180 and 240 kg.ha-1 increased the yield of the grain by affecting the biological yield and yield components seed nitrogen, seed phosphate and seed potassium. However, nitrogen consumption in higher amounts under stress conditions (21 to 28 day Interval Irrigation) not only did not have a positive effect on yield, but also reduced grain yield by 180 to 240 kg.ha-1. The highest grain yield was obtained in the combination of 7 and 14 day irrigation treatment and nitrogen level of 240 to 180 kg.ha-1 and 12209, 11416, 10147 kg.ha-1. The results of the average comparison between the two years showed that the highest number of grains per corn was 583, the Number of grains per row as 40.3 and the Weigh of 1000 grains was 138.9 grams and seed nitrogen 3.991 µg.g-1 DW in the second year. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
350 - The effect of hydrogen peroxide pretreatment and copper foliar application on some physiological traits and quantitative yield of SC704 maize hybrid under water deficit stress
Abdollah Ayaran Mohamad Reza Dadnia mojtaba alavifazel شهرام لک Tayeb SakinejadIn order to investigate the effect of hydrogen peroxide pretreatment and copper foliar application on some physiological traits and quantitative yield of corn under water deficit stress, a Split split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design w MoreIn order to investigate the effect of hydrogen peroxide pretreatment and copper foliar application on some physiological traits and quantitative yield of corn under water deficit stress, a Split split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications, plants were planted in during two years (2017-19) in Baghmalek. The main plot of the irrigation regime with 4 normal levels, stopping irrigation 40, 55 and 70 days after the appearance of tassels, the sub-plot of copper foliar spraying with two control levels and 0.30 kg net per hectare from the source of copper sulfate 50% 25 days after the emergence of tassel and sub-plot of seed treatment with hydrogen peroxide with 3 control levels, 30 and 60 mM. The results showed that the triple interaction of irrigation regime, copper foliar application and hydrogen peroxide on chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b, total carotenoid, catalase activity, plant height, number of seeds in a row and seed yield was significant at the probability level of 1%. The highest plant height and the number of seeds in the row were obtained from copper foliar spraying treatments and the application of 60 mM hydrogen peroxide under normal irrigation conditions. Also, the highest seed yield (9530.07 kg/ha) was obtained under normal irrigation conditions and copper foliar spraying and the application of 60 mM hydrogen peroxide, which showed an increase of about 42% compared to the cessation of irrigation 40 days after the emergence of tassels and the absence of copper foliar spraying and the absence of hydrogen peroxide application. The activity of catalase increased by 67% in the condition of stopping irrigation 40 days after the appearance of tassel and copper foliar application and application of 30 mM hydrogen peroxide compared to normal and control irrigation conditions. In general, the results of the experiment showed that copper foliar spraying and application of 60 mM hydrogen peroxide in suitable humidity conditions can increase chlorophyll content, grain yield and overall improvement of corn production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
351 - Effect of Potassium Nano Chelate on Physiological and Yield Characteristics of Barley in Phenological Stages under Irrigation Cut-Off Conditions
mohammad sayahi مانی مجدم Alireza ShokuhfarIn order to effect of potassium nano chelate on physiological and yield characteristics of barley in irrigation cut-off conditions, this research was done as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Main treatment consisted: full irrigati MoreIn order to effect of potassium nano chelate on physiological and yield characteristics of barley in irrigation cut-off conditions, this research was done as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Main treatment consisted: full irrigation, no irrigation at the beginning of stem elongation, and no irrigation at the pollination stage and sub treatment consisted: no foliar application (control), 35 mg.L-1 and 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano chelate. results showed that the effect of deficit irrigation cut-off and potassium nano-chelate on number of spikes, number of seeds per spike, weight of 1000 seeds, grain yield, stomatal conductance, canopy temperature and relative water content leaf were statistically significant at 1% level of probability. Interaction irrigation cut-off and potassium nano-chelate number of spikes, weight of 1000 seeds, in canopy temperature and relative water content leaf were significant at 1% probability and stomatal conductance at 5% probability level. The highest grain yield was in full irrigation (control) (5308 kg.ha-1) and 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-chelate (4854.9 kg.ha-1) and the lowest was in irrigation at anthesis (3169.4 kg.ha-1) and no foliar application (control) (3588 kg.ha-1). the maximum relative water content of leaf was in complete irrigation (control) and foliar application of 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-fertilizer (73.13%) and the minimum was in non-irrigation at anthesis and non-foliar application of potassium nano-fertilizer (35.99%). maximum stomatal coductance was in complete irrigation (control) and foliar application of 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-fertilizer (185.87 mlmol.m-2s-1) and the minimum was in non-irrigation at anthesis and non-foliar application of potassium nano-fertilizer (47.99 mlmol.m-2s-1). as a result, foliar application of 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-fertilizer at different irrigation cut-off periods cause improves grain yield and leaf water in comparison to control (no foliar application) and is recommended. Manuscript profile
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