Effect of L-phenylalanine foliar application on the growth, morphophysiological and phytochemical characteristics of red or chili pepper (Capsicum anuum) under different irrigation treatments
Subject Areas : PhytochemistrySamira Asghari Lalemi 1 , Prof. Abdollah Ghasemi Pirbalouti 2 , Fariborz Moattar 3 , Faezeh Rajabzadeh 4
1 - Department of Agronomy and Medicinal Plants, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
2 - Research Center for Medicinal Plants, IAU., Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Iran
3 - Faculty of Pharmacology, Isfahan University of Medical Science, and R & D Goldaru Herbal Pharmaceutical Company, Isfahan, Iran
4 - Agronomy Department, Agriculture Faculty, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: vitamin C, Total phenol, Irrigation method, Reduced irrigation, Chili Pepper, degree of intensity,
Abstract :
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L-phenylalanine foliar application on morpho-physiological and phytochemical properties of red pepper under different irrigation treatments (type and amount) in the filed experimental at Goldaru Herbal Pharmaceutical Company, Isfahan as a split-split plot experimental in the randomized complete block design (RCBD) in 2018. Experimental factors included: moisture conditions (optimum and reduced irrigation), irrigation methods (drip and flood irrigation) and different levels of the foliar application (negative control; positive control or water as solvent; L-phenylalanine at 2000 and 4000 ppm). The results indicated that the highest the plant height was related to the application of 2000 ppm phenylalanine optimum irrigation (69.3 cm), the highest values of the fresh and dry fruit weights were related to 2000 ppm L-phenylalanine × reduced irrigation × drip irrigation (6.60 g/m2) and L-phenylalanine (at 2000 ppm) × optimum and reduced irrigation × drip irrigation (2.18 g/m2), respectively. Results of the biochemical traits showed that the highest degree of intensity was under L-phenylalanine (at 2000 ppm) × reduced irrigation × flood irrigation (449 g/m2). In addition, the maximum values of vitamin C and total phenol were related to the water foliar application × optimum and reduced irrigation conditions (0.82 and 0.72 mg/g dry weight) and the water foliar application × reduced irrigation × drip irrigation (2.15 mg GAE/ g dry weight), respectively. In general, the results of this study showed the negative effect of drought stress or reduced irrigation on the growth traits of red pepper, however, reduced irrigation enhanced the degree of intensity, vitamin C and total phenol. In conclusion, the foliar application of L-phenylalanine (at 2000 ppm) could improve the quality and reduced the negative effects reduced irrigation on the growth and yield of red pepper under arid and semiarid climate.
Ademoyegun, O.T., Fariyike, T.A. and Aminu-Taiwo, R.B. 2011. Effects of poultry dropping on the biologically active compounds in Capsicum annuum L. (var. Nsukka yellow). Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 2(4): 665-672. doi:10.5251/abjna.2011.2.4.665.672
Aghaei, K., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. Mousavi, A., Badi, H.N. and Mehnatkesh, A., 2019. Effects of foliar spraying of L-phenylalanine and application of bio-fertilizers on growth, yield, and essential oil of hyssop [Hyssopus officinalis L. subsp. angustifolius (Bieb.)]. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 21: 101318. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101318
Ahmadi, N. and Akbari, E. 2021. The preventive impact of vermicompost on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) salinity resistance: An evaluation. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 17(1): 46-56. doi:10.5897/AJAR2020.14920
Alavi Samani, S., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. and Malekpoor, F. 2021. Effect of foliar application of chitosan on the quantity and quality of Hyssopus officinalis L. subsp. angustifolius Bieb. essential oil under different irrigation regimes. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 9(3): 69-81. doi: 10.30495/ejmp.2021.1920256.1621
Alavi Samany, S.M., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. and Malekpoor, F. 2022. Phytochemical and morpho-physiological changes of hyssop in response to chitosan-spraying under different levels of irrigation. Industrial Crops and Products, 176: 114330. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114330
Aniel Kumar, O. and Subba Tata, S. 2009. Ascorbic acid contents in chili peppers (Capsicum L.). Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 1(1): 50-52. DOI:10.15835/nsb113445
Azarkish, P., Moghaddam, M., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. and Khakdan, F. 2021. Variability in the essential oil of different wild populations of Prangos platychlaena collected from Southwestern Iran. Plant Biosystems-An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 155(6): 1100-1110. doi: 10.1080/11263504.2020.1829730
Babaee, K., Amini Dehaghi, M., Modares Sanavi, S. and Jabbari, R. 2010. Water deficit effect on morphology, prolin content and thymol percentage of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 26(2), 239-251. doi: 10.22092/ijmapr.2010.6939 (in Persian).
Babaei, K., Moghaddam, M., Farhadi, N. and Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. 2021. Morphological, physiological and phytochemical responses of Mexican marigold (Tagetes minuta L.) to drought stress. Scientia Horticulturae, 284: 110116. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110116
Basu, S., Ramegowda, V., Kumar, A. and Pereira, A. 2016. Plant adaptation to drought stress. F1000Res. Faculty Rev-1554. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7678.1.
Estrada, B., Pomar, F., Mecrino, F. and Bernal, M. A. 1999. Pungency level in fruits of the pardon pepper with different water supply. Scientia Horticulture, 81: 385-396. DOI:10.1016/S0304-4238(99)00029-1
Ferrara, A., S. Lovelli, T. Di Tommaso and M. Perniola. 2011. Flowering, growth and fruit setting in greenhouse bell pepper under water stress. Agronomy Journal. 10(1): 12-19. DOI: 10.3923/ja.2011.12.19
Ghanbari, F., Cheraghi, M., Erfani Moghadam, J. 2021. The effect of kaolin on drought stress tolerance and some physiological responses of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Vegetables Sciences, 5(1): 63-75. doi: 10.22034/iuvs.2020.137652.1122
Gharakhani-Beni, A., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Soleymani, A. and Golparvar, A., 2021. Competition indices of intercropping of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) in different soil moisture conditions. Crop Science Research in Arid Regions, 3(2): 237-252. DOI: 10.22034/CSRAR.2021.298016.1114 [in Persian].
Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Sajjadi, S.E. and Parang, K. 2014. A review (research and patents) on jasmonic acid and its derivatives. Archiv der Pharmazie, 347(4): 229-239. DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201300287
Gonzalez Dugo, V. Orgaz, F. and Fereres, E. 2007. Responses of pepper to deficit irrigation for paprika production. Scientia Horticulturae., 114: 77-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2007.05.014
Hamedi, B., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. and Rajabzadeh, F. 2022. Responses to morpho-physiological, phytochemical, and nutritional characteristics of Damask Rose (Rosa damescena Mill.) to the applied of organic and chemical fertilizers. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 1-14. doi: 10.1080/00103624.2022.2070634
Hassani, A., and Omidbeigi, R. 2003. Effects of water stress on some morphological, physiological and metabolic characteristics of basil. Agricultural Knowledge, 12 (3), 47-59. [in Persian].
Karimi, A., Rahmani, F., Pirbalouti, A.G. and Mohamadi, M., 2020. Growth, physiological and biochemical traits of sage under the exogenous stimulating and stress factors. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 67(5): 933-944. doi: 10.1134/S1021443720050076
Keshavarz, S., Peighambari, S., Zeinali Khanghah, H., Bihamta, M. and Hassandokht, M., 2019. Morphological variation of some capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) lines using multivariate statistical analysis. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 50(1): 129-140. [in Persian].
Khazaei, Z., Sayyary, M., Seydi, M. 2014. Amelioration of drought stress damages by 5-aminolevulinic acid application in sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. Cv. Red Bell Pepper). Journal of Horticultural Science, 28(2), 245-251. doi: 10.22067/jhorts4.v0i0.39409 (in Persian).
Khazaei, Z., & Estaji, A. 2021. Impact of exogenous application of salicylic acid on the drought-stress tolerance in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding, 11(2), 33-46. doi: 10.22034/JPPB.2021.14495
Khosh Eqbal, F., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Enteshari, S. and Davarpanah, S.J. 2020. Qualitative and quantitative effects of drought stress on essential oil compositions of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis). Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 33(2): 292-303. doi: 20.1001.1.23832592.1399.33.2.1.3 [in Persian].
Koleva-Gudeva, L., Mitrev, S., Maksimova, V. and Spasov, D. 2013. Content of capsaicin extracted from hot pepper (Capsicum annuum ssp. microcarpum L.) and its use as an ecopesticide. Hemijska industrija, 67(4): 671-675.
Korkmaz, A., Değer, Ö., & Kocaçınar, F. 2015. Alleviation of water stress effects on pepper seedlings by foliar application of glycinebetaine. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 43(1), 18-31.doi: 0.1080/01140671.2014.936945
Kumar, S., Sachdeva, S., Bhat, K. V. and Vats, S. 2018. Plant responses to drought stress: physiological, biochemical and molecular basis. In Biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in plants (pp. 1-25). Springer, Singapore.
Maghsoudi, E., Abbaspour, H., Pirbalouti, A. and Saeidi-Sar, S. 2020. Effects of Paclobutrazol and 24-Epibrassinolide on some morphological and biochemical characteristics of Salvia officinalis under different irrigation regimes, Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, 11(1): 3523-3532. doi: 10.22034/ijpp.2020.677385.
Malekpoor, F., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Salimi, A. and Momtaz, H. 2017. Effects of chitosan on gene expression of Chavicol-o-methyl transferase and phenylpropanoid components of Ocimum basilicum (purple cultivar) under water deficit. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 30(3): 391-401. [in Persian].
Memarzadeh, S.M., Gholami, A., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. and Masoum, S. 2020. Bakhtiari savory (Satureja bachtiarica Bunge.) essential oil and its chemical profile, antioxidant activities, and leaf micromorphology under green and conventional extraction techniques. Industrial Crops and Products, 154: 112719. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112719
Menichini, F., Tundis, R., Bonesi, M., Loizzo, M. R., Conforti, F., Statti, G., and Menichini, F. 2009. The influence of fruit ripening on the phytochemical content and biological activity of Capsicum chinense Jacq. cv Habanero. Food Chemistry, 114(2): 553-560. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.086
Reddy, A.R., Chaitanya, K.V. and Vivekanandan, M. 2004. Drought induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. Journal of Plant Physiology, 161:1189-1202. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2004.01.013
Rezaei, M. and Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., 2019. Phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of extracts from two spice herbs under different extraction solvents. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 13(3), pp.2470-2480.doi: 10.1007/s11694-019-00167-8.
Bagheri, G., Zahedi, B., Darvishzadeh, R. and Hajiali, A. 2017. Investigation on morphological and physiological variation of some sweet pepper ecotypes (Capsicum annuum L.), Journal of Horticultural Science, 31(1): 140-157. doi: 10.22067/jhorts4.v0i0.47955 [in Persian].
Samani, M.R., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Moattar, F. and Golparvar, A.R., 2019. L-Phenylalanine and bio-fertilizers interaction effects on growth, yield and chemical compositions and content of essential oil from the sage (Salvia officinalis L.) leaves. Industrial Crops and Products, 137: 1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.05.019
Sanikhani M, Akbari A, Kheiry A. 2020. Effect of phenylalanine and tryptophan on morphological and physiological characteristics in colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis L.). Journal of Plant Process and Function (Iranian Society of Plant Physiology), 9 (35): 317-328. [in Persian].
Shan, Cj., Zhang, Sl., Li, Df. et al. 2011. An effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on the ascorbate and glutathione metabolism in wheat seedlings leaves under water stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 33: 2533. 10.1007/s11738-011-0746-4
Sinisgalli, C., Faraone, I., Vassallo, A., Caddeo, C., Bisaccia, F., Armentano, M. F., Milella, L., and Ostuni, A. 2020. Phytochemical profile of Capsicum annuum L. cv Senise, incorporation into liposomes, and evaluation of cellular antioxidant activity. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 9(5): 428. DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050428
Speranza, G., Lo Scalzo, R., Morelli, C.F., Rabuffetti, M. and Bianchi, G., 2019. Influence of drying techniques and growing location on the chemical composition of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L., var. Senise). Journal of Food Biochemistry, 43(11): e13031. DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13031.
Vogt T. 2010. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Molecules Plant, 3(1):2-20. DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssp106.
Yang, L., Wen, K.S., Ruan, X., Zhao, Y.X., Wei, F. and Wang, Q., 2018. Response of Plant Secondary Metabolites to Environmental Factors. Molecules, 27; 23(4):762. DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040762.
Zhao, J., Davis, L.C. and Verpoorte, R., 2005. Elicitor signal transduction leading to production of plant secondary metabolites. Biotechnology Advances, 23(4): 283-333. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.01.003.
_||_Ademoyegun, O.T., Fariyike, T.A. and Aminu-Taiwo, R.B. 2011. Effects of poultry dropping on the biologically active compounds in Capsicum annuum L. (var. Nsukka yellow). Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 2(4): 665-672. doi:10.5251/abjna.2011.2.4.665.672
Aghaei, K., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. Mousavi, A., Badi, H.N. and Mehnatkesh, A., 2019. Effects of foliar spraying of L-phenylalanine and application of bio-fertilizers on growth, yield, and essential oil of hyssop [Hyssopus officinalis L. subsp. angustifolius (Bieb.)]. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 21: 101318. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101318
Ahmadi, N. and Akbari, E. 2021. The preventive impact of vermicompost on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) salinity resistance: An evaluation. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 17(1): 46-56. doi:10.5897/AJAR2020.14920
Alavi Samani, S., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. and Malekpoor, F. 2021. Effect of foliar application of chitosan on the quantity and quality of Hyssopus officinalis L. subsp. angustifolius Bieb. essential oil under different irrigation regimes. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 9(3): 69-81. doi: 10.30495/ejmp.2021.1920256.1621
Alavi Samany, S.M., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. and Malekpoor, F. 2022. Phytochemical and morpho-physiological changes of hyssop in response to chitosan-spraying under different levels of irrigation. Industrial Crops and Products, 176: 114330. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114330
Aniel Kumar, O. and Subba Tata, S. 2009. Ascorbic acid contents in chili peppers (Capsicum L.). Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 1(1): 50-52. DOI:10.15835/nsb113445
Azarkish, P., Moghaddam, M., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. and Khakdan, F. 2021. Variability in the essential oil of different wild populations of Prangos platychlaena collected from Southwestern Iran. Plant Biosystems-An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 155(6): 1100-1110. doi: 10.1080/11263504.2020.1829730
Babaee, K., Amini Dehaghi, M., Modares Sanavi, S. and Jabbari, R. 2010. Water deficit effect on morphology, prolin content and thymol percentage of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 26(2), 239-251. doi: 10.22092/ijmapr.2010.6939 (in Persian).
Babaei, K., Moghaddam, M., Farhadi, N. and Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. 2021. Morphological, physiological and phytochemical responses of Mexican marigold (Tagetes minuta L.) to drought stress. Scientia Horticulturae, 284: 110116. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110116
Basu, S., Ramegowda, V., Kumar, A. and Pereira, A. 2016. Plant adaptation to drought stress. F1000Res. Faculty Rev-1554. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7678.1.
Estrada, B., Pomar, F., Mecrino, F. and Bernal, M. A. 1999. Pungency level in fruits of the pardon pepper with different water supply. Scientia Horticulture, 81: 385-396. DOI:10.1016/S0304-4238(99)00029-1
Ferrara, A., S. Lovelli, T. Di Tommaso and M. Perniola. 2011. Flowering, growth and fruit setting in greenhouse bell pepper under water stress. Agronomy Journal. 10(1): 12-19. DOI: 10.3923/ja.2011.12.19
Ghanbari, F., Cheraghi, M., Erfani Moghadam, J. 2021. The effect of kaolin on drought stress tolerance and some physiological responses of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Vegetables Sciences, 5(1): 63-75. doi: 10.22034/iuvs.2020.137652.1122
Gharakhani-Beni, A., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Soleymani, A. and Golparvar, A., 2021. Competition indices of intercropping of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) in different soil moisture conditions. Crop Science Research in Arid Regions, 3(2): 237-252. DOI: 10.22034/CSRAR.2021.298016.1114 [in Persian].
Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Sajjadi, S.E. and Parang, K. 2014. A review (research and patents) on jasmonic acid and its derivatives. Archiv der Pharmazie, 347(4): 229-239. DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201300287
Gonzalez Dugo, V. Orgaz, F. and Fereres, E. 2007. Responses of pepper to deficit irrigation for paprika production. Scientia Horticulturae., 114: 77-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2007.05.014
Hamedi, B., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. and Rajabzadeh, F. 2022. Responses to morpho-physiological, phytochemical, and nutritional characteristics of Damask Rose (Rosa damescena Mill.) to the applied of organic and chemical fertilizers. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 1-14. doi: 10.1080/00103624.2022.2070634
Hassani, A., and Omidbeigi, R. 2003. Effects of water stress on some morphological, physiological and metabolic characteristics of basil. Agricultural Knowledge, 12 (3), 47-59. [in Persian].
Karimi, A., Rahmani, F., Pirbalouti, A.G. and Mohamadi, M., 2020. Growth, physiological and biochemical traits of sage under the exogenous stimulating and stress factors. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 67(5): 933-944. doi: 10.1134/S1021443720050076
Keshavarz, S., Peighambari, S., Zeinali Khanghah, H., Bihamta, M. and Hassandokht, M., 2019. Morphological variation of some capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) lines using multivariate statistical analysis. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 50(1): 129-140. [in Persian].
Khazaei, Z., Sayyary, M., Seydi, M. 2014. Amelioration of drought stress damages by 5-aminolevulinic acid application in sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. Cv. Red Bell Pepper). Journal of Horticultural Science, 28(2), 245-251. doi: 10.22067/jhorts4.v0i0.39409 (in Persian).
Khazaei, Z., & Estaji, A. 2021. Impact of exogenous application of salicylic acid on the drought-stress tolerance in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding, 11(2), 33-46. doi: 10.22034/JPPB.2021.14495
Khosh Eqbal, F., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Enteshari, S. and Davarpanah, S.J. 2020. Qualitative and quantitative effects of drought stress on essential oil compositions of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis). Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 33(2): 292-303. doi: 20.1001.1.23832592.1399.33.2.1.3 [in Persian].
Koleva-Gudeva, L., Mitrev, S., Maksimova, V. and Spasov, D. 2013. Content of capsaicin extracted from hot pepper (Capsicum annuum ssp. microcarpum L.) and its use as an ecopesticide. Hemijska industrija, 67(4): 671-675.
Korkmaz, A., Değer, Ö., & Kocaçınar, F. 2015. Alleviation of water stress effects on pepper seedlings by foliar application of glycinebetaine. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 43(1), 18-31.doi: 0.1080/01140671.2014.936945
Kumar, S., Sachdeva, S., Bhat, K. V. and Vats, S. 2018. Plant responses to drought stress: physiological, biochemical and molecular basis. In Biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in plants (pp. 1-25). Springer, Singapore.
Maghsoudi, E., Abbaspour, H., Pirbalouti, A. and Saeidi-Sar, S. 2020. Effects of Paclobutrazol and 24-Epibrassinolide on some morphological and biochemical characteristics of Salvia officinalis under different irrigation regimes, Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, 11(1): 3523-3532. doi: 10.22034/ijpp.2020.677385.
Malekpoor, F., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Salimi, A. and Momtaz, H. 2017. Effects of chitosan on gene expression of Chavicol-o-methyl transferase and phenylpropanoid components of Ocimum basilicum (purple cultivar) under water deficit. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 30(3): 391-401. [in Persian].
Memarzadeh, S.M., Gholami, A., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. and Masoum, S. 2020. Bakhtiari savory (Satureja bachtiarica Bunge.) essential oil and its chemical profile, antioxidant activities, and leaf micromorphology under green and conventional extraction techniques. Industrial Crops and Products, 154: 112719. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112719
Menichini, F., Tundis, R., Bonesi, M., Loizzo, M. R., Conforti, F., Statti, G., and Menichini, F. 2009. The influence of fruit ripening on the phytochemical content and biological activity of Capsicum chinense Jacq. cv Habanero. Food Chemistry, 114(2): 553-560. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.086
Reddy, A.R., Chaitanya, K.V. and Vivekanandan, M. 2004. Drought induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. Journal of Plant Physiology, 161:1189-1202. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2004.01.013
Rezaei, M. and Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., 2019. Phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of extracts from two spice herbs under different extraction solvents. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 13(3), pp.2470-2480.doi: 10.1007/s11694-019-00167-8.
Bagheri, G., Zahedi, B., Darvishzadeh, R. and Hajiali, A. 2017. Investigation on morphological and physiological variation of some sweet pepper ecotypes (Capsicum annuum L.), Journal of Horticultural Science, 31(1): 140-157. doi: 10.22067/jhorts4.v0i0.47955 [in Persian].
Samani, M.R., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Moattar, F. and Golparvar, A.R., 2019. L-Phenylalanine and bio-fertilizers interaction effects on growth, yield and chemical compositions and content of essential oil from the sage (Salvia officinalis L.) leaves. Industrial Crops and Products, 137: 1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.05.019
Sanikhani M, Akbari A, Kheiry A. 2020. Effect of phenylalanine and tryptophan on morphological and physiological characteristics in colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis L.). Journal of Plant Process and Function (Iranian Society of Plant Physiology), 9 (35): 317-328. [in Persian].
Shan, Cj., Zhang, Sl., Li, Df. et al. 2011. An effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on the ascorbate and glutathione metabolism in wheat seedlings leaves under water stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 33: 2533. 10.1007/s11738-011-0746-4
Sinisgalli, C., Faraone, I., Vassallo, A., Caddeo, C., Bisaccia, F., Armentano, M. F., Milella, L., and Ostuni, A. 2020. Phytochemical profile of Capsicum annuum L. cv Senise, incorporation into liposomes, and evaluation of cellular antioxidant activity. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 9(5): 428. DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050428
Speranza, G., Lo Scalzo, R., Morelli, C.F., Rabuffetti, M. and Bianchi, G., 2019. Influence of drying techniques and growing location on the chemical composition of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L., var. Senise). Journal of Food Biochemistry, 43(11): e13031. DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13031.
Vogt T. 2010. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Molecules Plant, 3(1):2-20. DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssp106.
Yang, L., Wen, K.S., Ruan, X., Zhao, Y.X., Wei, F. and Wang, Q., 2018. Response of Plant Secondary Metabolites to Environmental Factors. Molecules, 27; 23(4):762. DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040762.
Zhao, J., Davis, L.C. and Verpoorte, R., 2005. Elicitor signal transduction leading to production of plant secondary metabolites. Biotechnology Advances, 23(4): 283-333. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.01.003.