The effect of potassium on the yield and concentrations of microelements in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) under drought stress
Subject Areas : Geneticseyed morteza zahedi 1 , Farzad Rasoli 2 , Gholamreza Gohari 3
1 - Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
2 - Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
3 - Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
Keywords: Plant, Biochemical, Irrigation levels, Potassium sulfate, Growth characteristic,
Abstract :
In order to study the effect of drought stress and application of potassium on seed yield, some biochemical characteristics, and the content of micronutrients such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) in cowpea, a factorial experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with three replications in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Iran in 2016. Treatments were water stress at two levels (normal or 100% and 50% field capacity) as the first factor and potassium at five levels (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg/kg) as the second factor. Results showed that drought stress reduced the growth parameters and the concentration of the elements in plants while application of different levels of potassium increased shoot dry weight, yield, and carbohydrate by adjusting the effects of drought stress. Also, application of 120 mg potassium in stress conditions caused an increase in the concentration of Cu, Zn and, Mn. Findings seem to suggest that potassium improves growth characteristics in cowpea by decreasing the undesirable consequences of drought stress. Therefore, application of potassium sulfate is recommended as a strategy to mitigate the effects of draught stress in cultivation of cowpea.
Alloway, B.J. (2004). Zinc in Soils and Crop Nutrition. Int. Zinc Assoc. (IZA), Belgium.
Amanullah, S., Iqbal, A., Irfanullah, M., Irfanullah, M. and Hidayat, Z. (2016). Potassium management for improving growth and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) under moisture stress condition. Scientific Reports. 6: 34627.
Ashley, M.K., Grant, M. and Grabov, A. (2006). Plant responses to potassium deficiencies: a role for potassium transport proteins. Journal of Experimental Botany. 57 (2): 425-436.
Azizabadi, E., Golchin, A. and Delavar, M.A. (2014). Effect of potassium and drought stress on growth indices and mineral content of safflower leaf. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture. 5(3): 65-80. (In Persian).
Blum, A. (2005). Drought resistance, water-use efficiency, and yield potential-are they compatible, dissonant, or mutually exclusive?. Australian Journal of Agriculture. 56: 1159-1168.
Cakmak, I. (2002). Plant nutrition research: Priorities to meet human needs for food in sustainable ways. Plant Soil. 247(1): 3-24.
Cakmak, I. (2005). The role of potassium in alleviating detrimental effects of abiotic stresses in plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 168: 521-530.
Cakmak, I. (2008). Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: Agronomic or genetic biofortification? Plant and Soil. 302(1): 1-17.
Diouf, D. (2011). Recent advances in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] omics research for genetic improvement. African Journal of Biotechnology. 10(15): 2803-2810.
Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D. and Basra, S.M.A. (2008). Plant drought stress: Effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 10:1051-1059.
Fischer, R.A. (1971). Role of potassium in stomatal opening in the leaf of vicia faba. Plant Physiology. 47(4): 555–558.
Ghasemyan Ardestani, H., Shirani Rad, A.H. and Zandi, P. (2011). Effect of drought stress on some agronomic traits of two rapeseed varieties grown under different potassium rates. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 5(12): 2875-2882.
Grant, C.A. and Bailey, L.D. (1993). Fertility management Canada production. Canadian of plant Science. 81:543-547.
Heidari, M. and Jamshidi, P. (2011). Effects of salinity and potassium application on antioxidant enzyme activities and physiological parameters in pearl millet. Agricultural Sciences in China. 10(2): 228-237.
Hussein, M.M., Shaaban, M.M. and El-Saady, A.K.M. (2008). Response of cowpea plants grown under salinity stress to pk foliar applications. American Journal of Plant Physiology. 3(2): 81- 88.
Jianwei, L., Zou, J. and Chen, F. (2007). Effect of phosphorus and potassium application on rapeseed yield and nutrients use efficiency. Proceedings of the 12th International Rapeseed Congress. Wuhan, China. pp: 202-205.
Kabata-Pendias, A. (2010). Trace elements in soils and plants.CRC press, New York. P.548.
Mansourian, S. and Shokoohfar, A. (2015). Effect of potassium fertilizer and irrigation intervals levels on yield and yield components of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in Ahvaz condition. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences. 5 (1): 26-32.
Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral nutrition of higher plants. In: Marschner H: Function of mineral nutrients: Microelements. 2nd Ed, Academic Press Inc. London.
Motesharezadeh, B., Vatanara, F. and Savaghebi, G.R. (2015). Effect of potassium and zinc on some responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Soil Research. 29(3): 243-258. (In Persian).
Paquin, R. and Lechasseur, P. (1979). Observations sur une methode de dosage de la praline libre dansles extraits de plants. Canadian Journal of Botany. 57: 1851-1854.
Rengel, Z. and Romheld, V. (2000). Root exudation and Fe uptake and transport in wheat genotypes differing in tolerance to Zn deficiency. Plant and Soil. 222: 25-34.
Saman, M., Sepehri, A. and Ahmadvand, G. (2011). Dry matter accumulation and compatile metabolites prouduction of six chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes under different soil moisture. Iranian Journal of Biology. 24 (3):373-389. (In Persian).
Sangakkara, U.R., Frehner, M. and Nosberger, J. (2001). Influence of soil moisture and fertilizer potassium on the vegetative growth of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 186: 73- 81.
Sharifi, P., Karbalavi, N. and Aminpanah, H. (2013). Effects of drought stress and potassium sulfate fertilizer on green bean yield. Electronic Jornal of Crop Production. (4): 137-149.
Soltani, A., Hammer, G.L., Torabi, B., Robertson, M.J. and Zeinali, E. (2006). Modeling chickpea growth and development: phenological development. Field Crops Research. 99(1): 1-13.
Souza, R.P., Machado, E.C., Silva, J.A.B., Lagôa, A.M.A. and Silveira, J.A.G. (2004). Photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and some associated metabolic changes in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) during water stress and recovery. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 51 (1):45–56.
Thomas, M.J., Fukai, S. and Peoples, M.B. (2003). The effect of timing and severity of water deficit on growth, development, yield accumulation and nitrogen fixation of mung bean. Field Crops Research. 86: 67- 80.
Umar, S. (2006). Alleviating adverse effects of water stress on yield of sorghum, mustard and groundnut by potassium application. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 38: 1373-1380.
Wang, F.Z., Wang, Q.B., Kwon, S.Y., Kwak, S.S. and Su, W.A. (2005). Enhanced drought tolerance of transgenic rice plants expressing a pea manganese superoxide dismutase. Journal of Plant Physiology. 162(4): 465–472.
Wang, M., Zheng, Q., Shen, Q. and Guo, S. (2013). The Critical Role of Potassium in Plant Stress Response. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 14(4): 7370–7390.
Yruela, I. (2005). Copper in plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. 17(1): 145-156.
Zadeh Bagheri, M., Javanmardi, Sh., Alozadeh, O. and Kamelmanesh, M.M. (2014). Effects of drought on grain yield and some physiological characteristics of red bean genotypes. Plant ecophysiology. 6(18): 1-11. (In Persian).
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Alloway, B.J. (2004). Zinc in Soils and Crop Nutrition. Int. Zinc Assoc. (IZA), Belgium.
Amanullah, S., Iqbal, A., Irfanullah, M., Irfanullah, M. and Hidayat, Z. (2016). Potassium management for improving growth and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) under moisture stress condition. Scientific Reports. 6: 34627.
Ashley, M.K., Grant, M. and Grabov, A. (2006). Plant responses to potassium deficiencies: a role for potassium transport proteins. Journal of Experimental Botany. 57 (2): 425-436.
Azizabadi, E., Golchin, A. and Delavar, M.A. (2014). Effect of potassium and drought stress on growth indices and mineral content of safflower leaf. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture. 5(3): 65-80. (In Persian).
Blum, A. (2005). Drought resistance, water-use efficiency, and yield potential-are they compatible, dissonant, or mutually exclusive?. Australian Journal of Agriculture. 56: 1159-1168.
Cakmak, I. (2002). Plant nutrition research: Priorities to meet human needs for food in sustainable ways. Plant Soil. 247(1): 3-24.
Cakmak, I. (2005). The role of potassium in alleviating detrimental effects of abiotic stresses in plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 168: 521-530.
Cakmak, I. (2008). Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: Agronomic or genetic biofortification? Plant and Soil. 302(1): 1-17.
Diouf, D. (2011). Recent advances in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] omics research for genetic improvement. African Journal of Biotechnology. 10(15): 2803-2810.
Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D. and Basra, S.M.A. (2008). Plant drought stress: Effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 10:1051-1059.
Fischer, R.A. (1971). Role of potassium in stomatal opening in the leaf of vicia faba. Plant Physiology. 47(4): 555–558.
Ghasemyan Ardestani, H., Shirani Rad, A.H. and Zandi, P. (2011). Effect of drought stress on some agronomic traits of two rapeseed varieties grown under different potassium rates. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 5(12): 2875-2882.
Grant, C.A. and Bailey, L.D. (1993). Fertility management Canada production. Canadian of plant Science. 81:543-547.
Heidari, M. and Jamshidi, P. (2011). Effects of salinity and potassium application on antioxidant enzyme activities and physiological parameters in pearl millet. Agricultural Sciences in China. 10(2): 228-237.
Hussein, M.M., Shaaban, M.M. and El-Saady, A.K.M. (2008). Response of cowpea plants grown under salinity stress to pk foliar applications. American Journal of Plant Physiology. 3(2): 81- 88.
Jianwei, L., Zou, J. and Chen, F. (2007). Effect of phosphorus and potassium application on rapeseed yield and nutrients use efficiency. Proceedings of the 12th International Rapeseed Congress. Wuhan, China. pp: 202-205.
Kabata-Pendias, A. (2010). Trace elements in soils and plants.CRC press, New York. P.548.
Mansourian, S. and Shokoohfar, A. (2015). Effect of potassium fertilizer and irrigation intervals levels on yield and yield components of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in Ahvaz condition. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences. 5 (1): 26-32.
Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral nutrition of higher plants. In: Marschner H: Function of mineral nutrients: Microelements. 2nd Ed, Academic Press Inc. London.
Motesharezadeh, B., Vatanara, F. and Savaghebi, G.R. (2015). Effect of potassium and zinc on some responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Soil Research. 29(3): 243-258. (In Persian).
Paquin, R. and Lechasseur, P. (1979). Observations sur une methode de dosage de la praline libre dansles extraits de plants. Canadian Journal of Botany. 57: 1851-1854.
Rengel, Z. and Romheld, V. (2000). Root exudation and Fe uptake and transport in wheat genotypes differing in tolerance to Zn deficiency. Plant and Soil. 222: 25-34.
Saman, M., Sepehri, A. and Ahmadvand, G. (2011). Dry matter accumulation and compatile metabolites prouduction of six chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes under different soil moisture. Iranian Journal of Biology. 24 (3):373-389. (In Persian).
Sangakkara, U.R., Frehner, M. and Nosberger, J. (2001). Influence of soil moisture and fertilizer potassium on the vegetative growth of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 186: 73- 81.
Sharifi, P., Karbalavi, N. and Aminpanah, H. (2013). Effects of drought stress and potassium sulfate fertilizer on green bean yield. Electronic Jornal of Crop Production. (4): 137-149.
Soltani, A., Hammer, G.L., Torabi, B., Robertson, M.J. and Zeinali, E. (2006). Modeling chickpea growth and development: phenological development. Field Crops Research. 99(1): 1-13.
Souza, R.P., Machado, E.C., Silva, J.A.B., Lagôa, A.M.A. and Silveira, J.A.G. (2004). Photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and some associated metabolic changes in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) during water stress and recovery. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 51 (1):45–56.
Thomas, M.J., Fukai, S. and Peoples, M.B. (2003). The effect of timing and severity of water deficit on growth, development, yield accumulation and nitrogen fixation of mung bean. Field Crops Research. 86: 67- 80.
Umar, S. (2006). Alleviating adverse effects of water stress on yield of sorghum, mustard and groundnut by potassium application. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 38: 1373-1380.
Wang, F.Z., Wang, Q.B., Kwon, S.Y., Kwak, S.S. and Su, W.A. (2005). Enhanced drought tolerance of transgenic rice plants expressing a pea manganese superoxide dismutase. Journal of Plant Physiology. 162(4): 465–472.
Wang, M., Zheng, Q., Shen, Q. and Guo, S. (2013). The Critical Role of Potassium in Plant Stress Response. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 14(4): 7370–7390.
Yruela, I. (2005). Copper in plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. 17(1): 145-156.
Zadeh Bagheri, M., Javanmardi, Sh., Alozadeh, O. and Kamelmanesh, M.M. (2014). Effects of drought on grain yield and some physiological characteristics of red bean genotypes. Plant ecophysiology. 6(18): 1-11. (In Persian).
