Interaction effect of irrigation, calcium and nitrogen on tomato blossom end rot disorder
Subject Areas : دو فصلنامه تحقیقات بیماریهای گیاهی
Y. Moshtaghi
1
(دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه بیماری شناسی گیاهی، واحد مرودشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مرودشت، ایران)
T. Basirnia
2
(استادیار، گروه بیماری شناسی گیاهی، واحد مرودشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مرودشت، ایران)
F. Karampour
3
(مربی پژوهش، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان بوشهر، برازجان، ایران.)
Keywords: tomato, Irrigation, Blossom-end-rot, Urea, Calcium Chloride,
Abstract :
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is the second most important vegetable in the world. Blossom end rot as a physiological disease is one of the major limitation in tomato production. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the effect of irrigation regimes, calcium chloride and urea on control of blossom end rot under field condition. A factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with 18 treatments and 4 replications at the Agricultural Research Station of Bushehr province, Iran in 2014. Studied factors were irrigation rate (daily, every two and three days), calcium chloride application (0, 5 and 10 ppm as foliar application) and urea fertilizer (control and 3 grams per pot). The results showed that the interaction of three studied factors on the blossom end rot was not significant. However, the interaction of irrigation × calcium chloride as well as the main factors was significant on the control of blossom end rot. So that, the highest level of blossom end rot was observed in the control (no calcium) and irrigation for each two days. While, the highest control of the disease were treated with daily irrigation regime with the use of calcium chloride (especially at a concentration of 10 ppm). The disease index decreased from 4.5 (in control treatment) to 0.5 in the daily irrigation regime when calcium chloride was used. Also, the results showed that the application of the appropriate level of urea fertilizer can significantly reduce this physiological disorder.
References
Adams P and Ho LC. 1993. Effect of environment on the uptake and distribution of calcium in tomato and on the incidence of blossom-end rot. Plant and Soil 154: 127–132.
Al-Dolimy IM and Al-Ani AAM. 1987. Effects of calcium and nitrogen on blossom end rot of tomato fruit under heated plastics houses. Iraqi sciences Agricultural 5(4): 65–75.
Bar-Tal A and Pressman E. 1996. Root restriction and potassium and calcium solution concentrations affect dry-matter production, cation uptake, and blossom-end rot in greenhouse tomato. Journal of American Society of Horticultural Science 121(4): 649–655.
Beldo RM and Ho LC. 1993. Salinity effects on the network of vascular bundles during tomato fruit development. Journal of Horticultural Science 68 (4): 557–564.
Blanchard D. 1994. A Colour Atlas at Tomato Diseases Observation, Identification and Control. London: Manson Publishing. Ltd. 212 p.
Dehnavard S. 2012. Evaluation of vegetative and reproductive growth of tomato under nutrition of nitrate and ammonium in hydroponic system [MSc]. [Tehran (Iran)] Tarbiat Modarres University.
Dekock PC, Hall A, Boggie R and Inkson HE. 1982. The effect of water stress and form of nitrogen on the incidence of blossom end rots in tomatoes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 33: 509–515.
Douglas SM. 2010. Blossom end rot of tomato. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station 1–4.
Edrisi B and Sangari S. 2005. Evaluation of risk factors in reducing waste blossom end rot in tomatoes. Paper presented at: The Second National Conference on losses of Agricultural products; 30 November; Maraghe; Iran.
Franco JA, Perez-saura PJ, Fernandez JA, Parra M and Garcia AL. 1999. effect of two irrigation rates on yield, incidence of blossom-end rot, mineral content and free amino acid levels in tomato cultivated under drip irrigation using saline water. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 74 (4): 430–435.
Ho LC and White PJ. 2005. A cellular hypothesis for the induction of blossom-end rot. Annals of Botany 95: 571–581.
Honareh M and Montazeri E. 2008. The effect of calcium chloride and cultivar on blossom end rot in tomatoe. Paper presented at: The First National Congress on tomato production and processing technology; 11-12 February; Mashhad, Iran.
Huang JS and Snapp SS. 2004. The effect of boron, calcium, and surface moisture on shoulder check, a quality defect in fresh market tomato. Journal of American Society of Horticultural Science 129: 599–607.
Li YL, Stanghellini C and Challa H. 2001. Effect of electrical conductivity and transpiration on production of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Scientia Horticulturae 88: 11–29.
Liebisch F, Max JFJ, Heine G and Horst WJ. 2009. Blossom-end rot and fruit cracking of tomato grown in net-covered greenhouses in central Thailand can partly be corrected by calcium and boron sprays. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 172 (1): 140–150.
Mayfild J and Kelly W. 2009. Blossom and rot and calcium nutrition of pepper and tomato. The University of Georgia Cooperation Extension.
Mokhtari I, Abrishamchi P and Ganjeali A. 2008. The effects of Calcium on amelioration of injuries salt stress on seed germination of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentom.L). Journal of Horticulture Science (Agricultural Sciences and Technology) 22 (1): 89–99.
Saure MC. 2001. Blossom end-rot of tomato: A calcium- or a stress-related disorder? Scientia horticulturae 90: 193–208.
Taylor MD and Locascio SJ. 2004: Blossom-end rot: A calcium deficiency. Journal of Plant nutrition 27: 123–139.
Taylor MD, Locascio SJ and Alligood MR. 2002. Incidence of blossom end-rot and fruit firmness of tomato affected by irrigation quantity and calcium source. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 115: 211–214.
_||_
