Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Zinc Sulfate on Quantitative and Qualitative Yield of Forage Maize under Deficit Irrigation Stress

Subject Areas : Journal of Crop Ecophysiology

Abdollah Gholami ¹ , Abbas Maleki ² , Mohammad Mirzaeiheydari ³ , Farzad Babaei ⁴

1 - Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Agronomy, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran
2 - Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran
3 - Associate Professor, Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
4 - Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran

Received: 2022-01-09 Accepted : 2022-07-17 Published : 2022-09-07

Keywords: Deficit irrigation, Ash, Protein, Forage yield, Micronutrients,

Abstract :

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and zinc sulfate fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative yield of forage maize under low irrigation stress, this experiment was conducted as a split-factorial randomized complete block design with 4 replications in Ilam province during the two crop years of 2019 and 2020 was implemented. Three levels of irrigation including full irrigation (control or 90% of field capacity), irrigation based on 75% of field capacity (25% soil moisture discharge) and irrigation based on 50% of field capacity (50% soil moisture discharge) in the main plots Done. Factorial wetting of three levels of nitrogen from urea source, including zero (control), 150 and 300 kg ha-1 urea fertilizer; and foliar application of zinc sulfate at 3 levels of 0, 2 and 4 per thousand as the second factor in random was randomized. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the interaction of year deficit irrigation stress×foliar application of zinc sulfate and the interaction of year deficit irrigation stress×nitrogen on total fresh yield were significant. The interaction of year deficit irrigation stress, year. Nitrogen fertilizer, year and foliar application of zinc sulfate, low irrigation stress×foliar application of zinc sulfate and the interaction of low irrigation stress×nitrogen fertilizer on the concentration of digestible dry matter were significant. Wet forage yield in full irrigation and consumption of 150 kg urea per hectare was 77728 kg.ha-1. Wet forage yield was obtained in complete irrigation treatment and consumption of 4 per thousand zinc sulfate in the amount of 78163 kg.ha-1. At irrigation levels based on the presence of 75% and 50% of field capacity, consumption of 4 per thousand zinc sulfate increased this index, so that in the mentioned treatments wet yield was obtained at 67460 and 49855 kg.ha-1, respectively. Irrigation treatment based on 50% of field capacity, application of 300 kg of urea fertilizer and 2 per thousand zinc sulfate resulted in grain protein content of 8.6%. Due to the lack of significant differences between treatments 2 and 4 per thousand zinc sulfate in different levels of nitrogen fertilizer, so the use of 300 kg of urea fertilizer per hectare and 2 per thousand zinc sulfate has good performance and economic justification and as the superior compound was selected to counteract the harmful effects of dehydration.

References:

• Abid, M., Z. Tian, S.T. Ata-Ul-Karim, Y. Liu, Y. Cui, R. Zahoor, and T. Dai. 2016. Improved tolerance to post-anthesis drought stress by pre-drought priming at vegetative stages in drought-tolerant and-sensitive wheat cultivars. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 106: 218-227.
• Albayrak, S., M. Turk, O. Yuksel, and M. Yilmaz. 2011. Forage yield and the quality of perennial legume-grass mixtures under rainfed conditions. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 39(1): 114-118.
• Almodares, A., M. Jafarinia, and M.R. Hadi. 2009. The effects of nitrogen fertilizer on chemical compositions in corn and sweet sorghum. Agriculture and Environment Science. 6: 441-446.
• Ashkiani, A., S. Sayfzadeh, A.H. Shirani Rad, A. Valadabadi, and E.K. Hadidi Masouleh. 2020. Effects of foliar zinc application on yield and oil quality of rapeseed genotypes under drought stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 43(11): 1594-1603.‏
• Bahamin, S., A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahallati, and S. Behashti. 2021. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on yield and nutrient efficiency indices in maize under drought stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 14(3): 675-690. (In Persian).
• Bahamin, S., A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahallati, and S. Behashti. 2019. Effect of biological and chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus on quantitative and qualitative productivity of maize under drought stress conditions. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 12(1): 123-139. (In Persian).
• Behera, S.K., A.K. Shukla, M. Singh, R.H. Wanjari, and P. Singh. 2015. Yield and zinc, copper, manganese and iron concentration in maize (Zea mays L.) grown on vertisol as influenced by zinc application from various zinc fertilizers. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 38(10): 1544 -1557.
• Boroujerdnia, M., M. Bihamta, K. Alami Said, and V. Abdossi. 2016. Effect of drought tension on proline content, soluble carbohydrates, electrolytes leakage and relative water content of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Crop Physiology Journal. 8 (29): 23-41. (In Persian).
• Budakli-Carpici, E., N. Celik, and G. Bayram. 2011. Yield and quality of forage maize as influenced by plant density and nitrogen rate. Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 15(2): 128-132.
• Candan, N., I. Cakmak, and E.K. Ozturk. 2018. Zinc-biofortified seeds improved seedling growth under zinc deficiency and drought stress in durum wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 181(3): 388-395.‏
• Coblentz, W.K., M.S. Akins, J.S. Cavadini, and W.E. Jokela. 2017. Net effects of nitrogen fertilization on the nutritive value and digestibility of oat forages. Journal of Dairy Science. 100: 1739–1750.
• Dawoudian, J., S. Bahamin, and H.B. Tantoh, 2021. Environmental impact assessment of cement industries using mathematical matrix method: case of Ghayen cement, South Khorasan, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28(18): 22348-22358.‏
• Dimkpa, C.O., U. Singh, P.S. Bindraban, W.H. Elmer, J.L. Gardea-Torresdey, and E.K. White. 2019. Zinc oxide nanoparticles alleviate drought-induced alterations in sorghum performance, nutrient acquisition, and grain fortification. Science of the Total Environment. 688: 926-934.‏
• Eisapour Nakhjiri, S., M. Ashouri, S. Sadeghi, N. Mohammadian Roushan, and M. Rezaei. 2021. The effects of different irrigation regimes and N fertilizer on yield, yield components and the content of micronutrients in brown and white rice (cv. Hashemi and Gilaneh). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(58):193-210. (In Persian).
• Esfandiari, E., and M. Abdoli. 2017. Improvement of agronomic and qualitative characters of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) genotypes by application of zinc sulfate under zinc deficiency stress. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 11(3): 619-636. (In Persian).
• Fan, Z., S. Lin, X. Zhang, Z. Jiang, K. Yang, D. Jian, Y. Chen, J. Li, Q. Chen, and J. Wang. 2014. Conventional flooding irrigation causes an overuse of nitrogen fertilizer and low nitrogen use efficiency in intensively used solar greenhouse vegetable production, Agri. Water Management. 144: 11-19.
• Fathi, A., and S. Bahamin. 2018. The effect of irrigation levels and foliar application (zinc, humic acid and salicylic acid) on growth characteristics, yield and yield components of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 11(3): 661-674. (In Persian).
• Gimeno, V., L. Díaz-López, S. Simón-Grao, V. Martínez, J.J. Martínez-Nicolás, and F. García-Sánchez. 2014. Foliar potassium nitrate application improves the tolerance of Citrus macrophylla L. seedlings to drought conditions. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 83: 308-315.
• Hamidy, A. 2016. Quinoa and its potential to grow under water scarcity and sait stress conditions: promising research findings. Quinoa for Future Food and Nutrition Security in Marginal Environments. International Quinoa Conference. 2:13-24.
• Jafari, A.V., A. Connolly, Frolich, and E.K. Walsh. 2003. A note on estimation of quality in Perennial ryegrass by near infrared spectroscopy. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research. 42: 293-299.
• Jeshni, M.G., M. Mousavinik, I. Khammari, and M. Rahimi. 2017. The changes of yield and essential oil components of German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) under application of phosphorus and zinc fertilizers and drought stress conditions. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 16(1): 60-65.‏
• Kardoni, F., S. Bahamin, B. Khalil Tahmasebi, S. Ghavim-Sadati, and S. Vahdani. 2019. Yield comparisons of mung-bean as affected by its different nutritions (chemical, biological and integration) under tillage systems. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 13(49): 87-102. (In Persian).
• Li, H., L. Li, T. Wegenast, C.F. Longin, X. Xu, A.E. Melchinger, and S. Chen. 2010. Effect of N supply on stalk quality in maize hybrids. Field Crops Research. 118(3): 208-214.
• Lotfi, B., F. Fotohi, S.A. Siadat, and M. Sadeghi. 2018. The effect of using chemical nitrogen fertilizer and biological fertilizer on seed yield and protein percent of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 45(1):123-138. (In Persian).
• Maleki, A., A. Fathi, and S. Bahamin. 2020. The effect of gibberellin hormone on yield, growth indices, and biochemical traits of corn (Zea mays L.) under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 15(59):1-16. (In Persian).
• Mohammadi, G., P.M., Safari, M.E. Ghobadi, and A. Najaphy. 2015. The effect of green manure and nitrogen fertilizer on corn yield and growth indices. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 25(2): 105-124. (In Persian).
• Sahradi, H., and F. Aghayari, 2019. The effect of root irrigation and plant density on yield and water use efficiency of forage corn. Conservation of Water and Soil Resources. 9 (1): 123-138.
• Tardieu, F., B. Parent, C. Caldeira, and C. Welcker. 2014. Genetic and physiological controls of growth under water deficit. Plant Physiology. 164: 1628-1635.
• Umair Hassan, M., M. Aamer, M. Umer, T. Chattha, B. Shahzad, L. Barbanti, and H. Guoqin, 2020. The critical role of zinc in plants facing the drought stress. Agriculture. 10(9): 396.‏
• Yavas, I., and A. Unay. 2016. Effects of zinc and salicylic acid on wheat under drought stress. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 26(4): 1012-101.
• Ziaee, S.S., H. Khazaei, and A. Nezami, 2017. Investigation of the effect of different levels of irrigation on morphophysiological and biochemical traits in five mung bean (Vigna radiate L) genotypes. Scientific Journal of Crop Physiology. 9(34): 5-21.