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Open Access Article
1 - Growth indices variations of wheat in response to various density and sowing dates of wild oat
farshad abrahimpourTo study the effect of sowing date and density of wild oat on growth and development of wheat an experiment was conducted in randomized complete block in four replications in forms of split-plot in frame of basic design in 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 at Farm Experimental-Re MoreTo study the effect of sowing date and density of wild oat on growth and development of wheat an experiment was conducted in randomized complete block in four replications in forms of split-plot in frame of basic design in 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 at Farm Experimental-Research Islamic Azad University of Shooshtar, Khouzestan. Treatments including sowing date of wild oat (16, 22, 26 November, 1, 6, 11, 16, 22, and 26 December) as main plot, and six densities (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 plants m-2) as subplot was conducted in competition with winter wheat on December 6th . The results analysis of growth indices of wheat indicated that with increase growth day degree (GDD), the best status of total dry matter (TDM), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area index (LAI), leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf weight ratio (LWR) belonged to free plots and the latest sowing date (26 December). In addition, by increasing of density or sowing date of wild oat before wheat decreased total dry matter 61 and 70%, crop growth rate 45 and 58%, relative growth rate 57 and 89%, net assimilation rate 92 and 100%, and leaf area index 97 and 100% than density 0 plant m-2 and the later sowing date Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - The effect of adding olive leaves on starter culture and sensory properties of fermented Doogh
Nadia Ahmadi Negin Ahmadi -
Open Access Article
3 - Investigation of Langmuir and Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm of Pb2+ Ions by Micro Powder of Cedar Leaf
gholamali haghdoost hosain aghaie Majid Monajjemi -
Open Access Article
4 - Evaluation of CWSI for Three of Corn Cultivars under Drip Irrigation Regimes (The Lands of Khuzestan Northern)
پیمان لالوند ali heydar nasrolahi محمد Kh مهری سعیدی نیاThis study was conducted to evaluate the CWSI index in different cultivars of maize under drip irrigation Strategies at Safi Abad Agricultural Research Center, north of Khuzestan province. Irrigation management factors included T100 (100% water requirement), T75 (75% wa MoreThis study was conducted to evaluate the CWSI index in different cultivars of maize under drip irrigation Strategies at Safi Abad Agricultural Research Center, north of Khuzestan province. Irrigation management factors included T100 (100% water requirement), T75 (75% water requirement) and T50 (50% water requirement) were in main plots and maize hybrids including Single Cross 704 (SC), Mobin (M) and Karun (K) were subplots. High and low baseline relationships were estimated for all three cultivars with high accuracy (R2 <0.8) during the growing season. CWSI index varied from 0.01 to 0.46 for different treatments and at different growth stages. The results of statistical analysis showed that the difference of water stress index of maize was not significant between different cultivars but the effect of irrigation management on it was significant at 1% probability level. Accordingly, CWSI values of 0.17, 0.15, and 0.12 were estimated for corn growth and development, middle and end stages, respectively, to determine drip irrigation time using this index. In addition, the results showed that there was a high correlation between CWSI and maize yield and were derived the relationships to estimate yield by using this index. Based on these relationships, Caron hybrid had the highest sensitivityto water stress, with the coefficient or slope of grain and biological yield reduction against water stress were 21% and 47% respectively than were higher from other two cultivars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Effect of Irrigation Management and Phosphorus Fertilizer Levels on Yield and Some Agronomic Traits in Two Rice Cultivars
Seyed Mehdi Mirhoseini Moghaddam Seyed Mostafah Sadeghi Majid Ashouri Naser Mohammadiyan Roshan Hamid Reza DorodianBackground and Aim: One of the ways to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and increase sustainability in rice cultivation is the correct application of irrigation water and cultivated cultivars. This research is conducted with the aim of the effect of irrigation man MoreBackground and Aim: One of the ways to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and increase sustainability in rice cultivation is the correct application of irrigation water and cultivated cultivars. This research is conducted with the aim of the effect of irrigation management and different levels of phosphorus fertilizer on the yield and some agronomy traits of rice in Hashemi and Guilaneh cultivars in Guilan province.Method: This experiment was done in the form of split-split plots under a completely randomized block design with three replications during the years 2017 and 2018 in the research farm of the Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch, located in the village of Kateh-Shal (in the latitude of 37°12° N and longitude of 50°01E° with an average height of 34.2 meters above sea level). The treatments studied in this research included cultivar (Hashemi and Guilaneh rice) as the main factor, irrigation intervals (continuous flooding, alternating with an interval of 5 and 10 days) as a secondary factor, and the amount of phosphorus chemical fertilizer of triple superphosphate (50, 75 and 100 kg/ha) was as a sub-sub-factor.Results: The results showed that the solo effects of the factors and the interaction effects of their two and three factors were on paddy yield and relative leaf water at the level of 1% and on the chlorophyll index at the level of 5% significant. According to the interaction effect of irrigation management and fertilizer consumption and cultivars, the highest yield of paddy in the first year was 5362 and 5104 kg/ha in Guilaneh cultivar with irrigation intervals of 5 day and fertilizer levels of 50 and 100 kg P/ha, in the second year, Guilaneh cultivar with irrigation intervals of 5 day and fertilizer levels of 50 and 100 kg P/ha, an average of 5355 and 5104 kg/ha was obtained, respectively. The highest relative leaf water in the first year was in the Guilaneh cultivar and irrigation intervals of 5 day with fertilizer consumption of 50 kg P/ha with an average of 0.64, and in the second year was in the Guilaneh cultivar in irrigation intervals of 5 day and fertilizer levels of 100 kg P/ha with an average of 0.66. Based on the interaction effect of irrigation management, consumption fertilizer and cultivars, the highest chlorophyll meter in 2017 was in the Guilaneh cultivar with irrigation intervals of 5 day and fertilizer levels of 50 kg P/ha with an average of 41.7. In 2018, the highest chlorophyll meter was obtained in the Hashemi cultivar and under flooding management with 50 kg P/ha fertilizer, with an average of 40.7. The highest leaf area index in 2017 and 2018 were observed in Guilaneh cultivar with irrigation intervals of 5 day and 75 kg P/ha fertilizer, with an average of 4.2 and 4.4, respectively.Conclusion: The Interaction effects of irrigation, fertilizer and cultivar in the studied years was showed that in Guilaneh and Hashemi cultivars, the highest yield of paddy were at fertilizer levels of 50 and 100 kg P/ha. Based on the results and with the criterion of rice yield, the use of the Guilaneh cultivar with in irrigation intervals of 5 day and fertilizer levels of 50 and 100 kg P/ha is suggested as the most suitable conditions for the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - The Effect of Two Types of Agricultural Waste Biochar on Some Physical Properties and Water Repellency of Soil
Asieh Naroui Javad Zamani Shapour Koohestani Farideh Abbaszadeh AfsharBackground and purpose: In recent decade, biochar application as a soil amendment has received attention from many researchers around the world. With respect to report of different impacts of biochars on soil properties and crop type the use of biochar in soil as an ame MoreBackground and purpose: In recent decade, biochar application as a soil amendment has received attention from many researchers around the world. With respect to report of different impacts of biochars on soil properties and crop type the use of biochar in soil as an amendment must be scientifically and practically studied in relation to the type of soil, type of biochar and type of plant to investigate and determine its positive or negative effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biochar derived from pistachio waste and date palm leaves on some physical properties and water repellency of soil. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, two types of soil (i.e. sand and sandy loam) were combined with two types of biochar, date palm leaf biochar (DPLB) and pistachio harvesting waste biochar (PHWB), at 4 application levels (1, 2, 3, and 5% by weight), also the treatment without biochar application was considered as a control. These biochars were mixed with soil and after a two-month incubation period, then physical properties of soil such as bulk density, specific surface area, hygroscopic moisture, water repellency, and dispersible clay were measured and the obtained results were statistically analyzed. Results: The results showed that the application of biochars generally decreased the bulk density (BD) and increased the specific surface area (SSA) and hygroscopic moisture content (HMC) in the both soils. Although the application of DPLB caused decrease in dispersible clay (DC) of the soils but PHWB increased this parameter compared to the control. Application of 5% DPLB in both soils reduced DC by 60% but on the other hand, PHWB increased DC by 43% and 114% in sandy soil and sandy loam soil, respectively. In general, the low levels of biochar application (1% level) caused a significant decrease in the water repellency of sandy loam soil compared to the control, and increasing the levels of biochar application, resulted in an increase in soil hydrophobicity. The effect of DPLB application in sandy loam soil on water repellency was not significant, and the application of PHWB had a different effect on water repellency of sandy soil. Increasing levels of PHWB caused a significant decrease in water repellency of sandy soil, so that the application of 5% of PHWB reduced this index by 31% in this soil. It seems that PHWB has increased the SSA of sandy soil and on the other hand, the greater tendency of this biochar to absorb water on the surface (increased HWC), has increased the tendency of sandy soil to suck the water, so decreased the water repellency of this soil. Conclusion: In general, the effects of the studied biochars on the physical properties of the both soils were positive, and the reduction of the BD and DC also the increasing of the SSA and HWC could be considered as an increasing in the soil quality, but this doesn't mean that the application of biochars can have positive effects on plant growth in the soil, because the aspects of the impact of these amendments on other soil properties (i.e. chemical properties) should also be considered. So, considering that the effect of biochar can be greatly influenced by the combination of biochar properties and soil conditions, effective use of biochar in agricultural soils requires prior evaluation of the biochar effect based on soil and plant conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Estimating rice leaf area index at North Iran
Ali Akbar Noroozi Nader Jalali Morteza Miri Moosa AbbasiLeaf Area Index (LAI), is a key component in estimating crop yield and environmental stresses. Given the importance of accurate determination of these parameters, the present study was aimed to estimate the LAI of rice plant. For this purpose, 20 paddy fields were selec MoreLeaf Area Index (LAI), is a key component in estimating crop yield and environmental stresses. Given the importance of accurate determination of these parameters, the present study was aimed to estimate the LAI of rice plant. For this purpose, 20 paddy fields were selected. The data required to perform the operations in the study area were corrected by land impressions (direct method) and measured by AccuPAR (indirect method). Field work to gathering LAI were taken at intervals of 16 days from seedling stage to the flowering stage of rice plants. The results showed that the lowest and highest levels of LAI belongs to seedlings and flowering stages, respectively. The leaf area obtained by both methods, were almost the same for each farm during different stages of plant growth. Consistent with the obtained values by both methods, indicate that the index can be calculated from a derived empirical relationship. Based on this empirical formula for every stage of plant growth, weka3.7 software was adopted to calculate the mentioned relationship. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Pectin from Aloe Vera Leaf
L. NateghiIntroduction: Aloe vera gel has many applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Aloe vera leaf contains valuable materials such as pectin which its extraction can be beneficial from economic and environmental aspects. Materials and Methods: The overall MoreIntroduction: Aloe vera gel has many applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Aloe vera leaf contains valuable materials such as pectin which its extraction can be beneficial from economic and environmental aspects. Materials and Methods: The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three variable temperatures (35, 65 and 95), time (40, 120 and 200) and pH (1, 2 and 3) on the yield, the galacturonic acid content and esterification degree of aloe vera leaf pectin. In order to study the physicochemical properties of the pectin, emulsion stability tests and FT-IR were applied. Results: According to the results, high pectin extraction yield from aloe vera leaf was 6.9% which was obtained at temperature of 95℃, time of 120 min and pH of 1. The highest galacturonic acid content of the extracted pectin of aloe vera leaf was 78.48%, at temperature of 65ºC, time of 200 min and pH of 1, The highest esterification degree of extracted pectin of aloe vera leaf was 53.410%, which was observed at temperature of 35ºC, time of 120 min and pH of 3. The highest emulsion stability of aloe vera leaf pectin was at 4 °C on the first day of production. FT-IR results also showed that the strong absorption in the area 3200-3500 cm-1 in the extracted pectin samples was related to intra-and extracellular vibration of the hydrogen bond in the galacturonic acid polymer. The pectin extracted from aloe vera leaf with molecular weight of 127 kDa after 30 days storage at 4 and 23 °C had 75% and 63% emulsification stability respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that pectin extracted from leaf lesions of aloe vera could be introduced as a marketable pectin source. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Nettle Leaf Oil
S. Kamyab A. Zamani P. Mahasti M. Zojaji -
Open Access Article
10 - Study of Carbon sequestration in trees and soil in two urban parks of Kohdasht City
Sharifeh Heidarian Farhad Ghasemi AghbashBackground and objectives: The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in recent years has led to increased global warming and climate change. Carbon sequestration in tree, vegetation and subsoil cover is the simplest and most economically viable way to reduce atmospheri MoreBackground and objectives: The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in recent years has led to increased global warming and climate change. Carbon sequestration in tree, vegetation and subsoil cover is the simplest and most economically viable way to reduce atmospheric carbon. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the amount of carbon sequestration of tree cover and soil in two urban parks of Kuhdasht (Shaghayegh and Shahid Beheshti parks).Methods: In order to achieve the desired goal, the trees of both parks were surveyed. Also, soil samples were collected at two depths of 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm from inside the park and land free of vegetation adjacent to the park (as a control) and prepared for relevant analyzes.Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that the amount of soil carbon sequestration at depths of 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm in Shaghayegh Park and its control area were 107.7, 251.65, 23.52 and 45.48 tons, respectively. In hectares of Shahid Beheshti Park and its control area, 11.93, 20.83, 32.05 and 53.13 tons per hectare were significantly higher (P <0.01), respectively. Density and variability in tree cover mixing also had a significant effect on the amount of sediment carbon (sycamore 53.13, Mashhad pine 31.32, Tehran pine 32.05 and ball acacia 12.81 tons per hectare). In general, the carbon sequestration of Shaghayegh Park is more than Shahid Beheshti Park, and among the main reasons are soil texture (clay), high density and variety of tree cover, as well as proximity to the asphalt access road. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - The effect of air pollution on the morphological traits of the leaves of Platanus orientalis
sara abbasi Seyed Mohsen Hosseini Nematollah Khorasani Abd al-Reza KarbasiBackground and Objective: The study of the response and adaptation of the trees' leaves exposed to air pollutants is a good indicator of plant yield in contaminated environments. In this study, the effect of metal contaminants on changing the morphological traits of pla MoreBackground and Objective: The study of the response and adaptation of the trees' leaves exposed to air pollutants is a good indicator of plant yield in contaminated environments. In this study, the effect of metal contaminants on changing the morphological traits of platanus orientalis leaves in Chitgar and Azadi Square in Tehran was investigated. Method: Two areas were selected for sampling. Area one was a low-traffic environment (from the interior space of Chitgar Park) and a high-traffic environment (Azadi Square). In each area, five healthy and disease-free tree base of plantain type (Platanus orientalis) were randomly selected at the shortest distance from the street. Completely healthy leaves were collected from the outermost part of each tree canopy from the street side in the first half of September. The leaves were collected at 10 to 11 am. To ensure that the stomata were open. The leaves were put in wrapped nylons in an ice tank with minimal hand contact and transported to the laboratory in the shortest time. Morphological traits of plantain leaves and stomata were measured. Metal concentration was also measured. Findings: Pb, Hg, Fe, Cu, Cr, Co, Cd, and Ni were more polluted than other metals and their toxicity in Azadi was more than Chitgar. The results of the study indicated that in the presence of heavy metal contaminants in the environment, the leaf length, width, area, fresh and dry weight, and the relative water content decreased while the dent per area unit, vein distribution per blade area, and special area of the leaf increased. As Cu increases, the leaf area decreases and the symptoms of Cholosis appear. The accumulation of cadmium, lead and nickel will reduce the size of Mesophile tissue and epidermal cells. Dry and fresh weight of platanus orientalis leaves in Azadi reduced in comparison to Chitgar. The decrease of dry weight is a complication of cadmium toxicity. Stomatal length, width, and size decreased while stomatal density increased. Stomatal strength, stomatal density, and stomatal size increased in upper leaf area. Discussion and Conclusion: By decreasing the contact surface with the pollutant and changing the stomatal size and density, platanus orientalis adjusts gas exchanges with the environment. The occurrence of these morphological adaptations increases the stability of platanus orientalis to the air pollutants stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Simulation of the impact of pest outbreak and forest harvesting on stand mixture in the Hhyrcanian forest (Case study: Lireh Sar forests, Tonekabon)
Mehdi Vakili Zahed Shakeri saeid motahari Maryam Farahani Zachary Robbins Robert SchellerBackground and Objective: Species composition are affected by disease outbreaks, pest outbreaks, and harvesting. In the Hyrcanian forests, alder brown leaf beetle is among the most common biological disturbances, which along with timber harvesting can alter its species MoreBackground and Objective: Species composition are affected by disease outbreaks, pest outbreaks, and harvesting. In the Hyrcanian forests, alder brown leaf beetle is among the most common biological disturbances, which along with timber harvesting can alter its species composition. The present study aimed to simulate the species composition of the Hyrcanian forest at stand level under the mentioned natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Material and Methodology: Using random-systematic sampling with a circular plot within a 200*200 grid, 667 plots (1000 m2) were sampled for evaluating the current state. A LANDIS-II landscape change model was used to simulate the study area under different scenarios for 5-years’ time periods over 100 years. Findings: By accelerating the removal of pure hornbeam stands from the landscape, biological disturbance is likely to increase the mixture of tree composition by allowing Carpinus-Diospyros and Carpinus-Parrotia to replace them. Similarly, tree harvesting will also create the same situation by establishing mixed broadleaf and Alnus-Carpinus forest types. In the presence of biological disturbance and tree harvesting, diversity peaked so that the highest mixture stands were produced by scenario of alder brown leaf beetle in the presence of tree harvesting. Discussion and Conclusion: When biological disturbance occur, Caucasian alder species that host this pest can be preserved by implementing appropriate harvest management techniques and creating a more mixed forest ecosystem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Effect of Light Conditions on Chestnut (Castanea Sativa) Leaf Morphology
Mehrdad Zarafshar Moslem Akbarinia Ali Sattarian Hemed Yousefzade Mehdy TaiebyBackground and Objective: Increasing of degradation process in Chestnut (Castanea Sativa) pure stands as reserved forest in west of Hyrcanian forest led to genetic erosion of the stand. Understanding of ecological demands of plant species is necessary for their manageme MoreBackground and Objective: Increasing of degradation process in Chestnut (Castanea Sativa) pure stands as reserved forest in west of Hyrcanian forest led to genetic erosion of the stand. Understanding of ecological demands of plant species is necessary for their management and conservation. So we investigated on leaf morphologic characteristics of chestnut in response to different light regimes. Method: For this purpose 60 trees of natural stands around of Ebrahim Emamzade (in Shaft city located in Guilan province) were selected. Ten leaves (40 leaves from every tree) randomly were selected from four aspects of trees (north, south, east and west). These leaves were imposed by different light regimes. Some of the parameters such as lamina length, lamina width, distance from leaf base to the leaf maximum width, petiole length, nerves (counted variable), teeth (counted variable), leaf tooth width, leaf tooth length, tooth distance and tooth index were measured and analyzed after calculating the plasticity for each character in four aspects. Findings: The plasticity values showed that there is no significant differences among four aspects of crown. The results indicated that plasticity of all studied characters is so low while the most value of C.V was belonged to leaf limb width (4.04%). Discussion and Conclusion: The results of ANOVA showed that all studied parameters had no significant differences between surveyed aspects except distance from leaf corner to the most leaf limb width. Our finding confirmed that morphologic characters of Castanea sativa leaf has low flexibility in response to light conditions. We suggest that study of other ecological demands are necessary for presentation of accurate guidelines to forest managers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Comparative anatomical study of leaf and petiole in three species of pear (Pyrus L.) in Guilan Province
Nasibeh Dehghan Siavash Hosseini Sarghein Rashid JameiObjectives: The aim of this study was comparing the anatomical characters of leaves and petioles of 3 species of pear (Pyrus boissieriana Buhse, Pyrus communis L, Pyrus hyrcana Fedor) in Guilan Province. Materials and Methods: In this study, for anatomical study of spec MoreObjectives: The aim of this study was comparing the anatomical characters of leaves and petioles of 3 species of pear (Pyrus boissieriana Buhse, Pyrus communis L, Pyrus hyrcana Fedor) in Guilan Province. Materials and Methods: In this study, for anatomical study of species, at first, plant samples were collected. Then the manual section was performed in the laboratory. Carmine staining was used in order to stain the samples. After staining, slides were prepared from the cross-sectional area. For observing the transverse sections of leaves and petiole, optical microscope equipped with a scaled lens was used. Then, the data obtained from anatomical characters were statistically analyzed. Results: Leaf and petiole thickness were different among three tested species. The highest midrib thickness belonged to p < /em>. communis (682±1.11μm). The lowest midrib thickness was observed in p < /em>. hyrcana (431.66±1.05μm). Anatomical characters are effective and important in species segregation. Therefore, anatomical characteristics in different plant species will be useful in terms of taxonomic classification. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Study of antioxidant effect of rosemary leaf extract (Rosmarinus officinalis) and strawberry fruit extract (Fragaria vesca) on stomach cancer cells
Mehdad Enkari Samira Goodarzi Kiana AnsariPurpose and Problem: Stomach cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world that causes many deaths among humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effect of rosemary leaf extract (Rosmarinus officinalis) and strawberry (Fragaria vesca) on MorePurpose and Problem: Stomach cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world that causes many deaths among humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effect of rosemary leaf extract (Rosmarinus officinalis) and strawberry (Fragaria vesca) on stomach cancer cells. Method: After preparing two plant substances and extracting them, measure the antioxidant power of iron regeneration (FRAP), the toxicity of the two plant extracts used on the growth and proliferation of cancer cells and fibroblasts in concentrations. 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/ml were measured by MMT method and IC50 was measured in two plant extracts for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. One-way analysis of variance with a significance level of 0.05 was used to analyze the results. Results: The results showed that the highest FRAP levels for strawberry fruit and rosemary leaf extracts in water solvent were 1.68 ± 0.08 and 0.94± 0.15, respectively. The results showed that 2mg /ml for rosemary leaf extract and strawberry fruit has the best effect to prevent the growth and proliferation of cancer cells and fibroblasts. The values obtained for IC50 showed that the concentration required to inhibit 50% of the antioxidant activity for the two extracts at 96 h was the lowest. Conclusion: The results showed that both extracts have anti-cancer effects on AGS cell line in Stomach cancer that strawberry fruit has a more suitable effect than rosemary leaf. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Improvement of leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll concentration (SPAD) soybean by Fe, Zn and Mn nano-chelates foliar application under limited irrigation conditions
Mohammad Saeed VagharObjectives: Maintaining the balance of nutrients leads to increase yield so the essential elements should be available enough in the process of plant nutrition. This experiment was performed by foliar application of iron, zinc, and manganese nano-clates under limited ir MoreObjectives: Maintaining the balance of nutrients leads to increase yield so the essential elements should be available enough in the process of plant nutrition. This experiment was performed by foliar application of iron, zinc, and manganese nano-clates under limited irrigation conditions to improving leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll concentration.Methods: The two years experiment was conducted (2016-2017). The main plot included four levels of irrigation: full irrigation, irrigation withhold at flowering stage, podding stage, and grain filling period. The subplot included eight levels of foliar application with Fe, Zn, Mn, Fe+Zn, Fe+Mn, Zn+Mn, Fe+Zn+Mn nano-chelates, and distilled water (control).Results: Drought stress reduced leaf area index significantly. The highest reduction was obtained from the interaction of control treatment and cessation of irrigation in the pod stage, which was 31.5% less than the full irrigation treatment. Foliar application of Zn+Mn was more successful in modulating drought stress and increased leaf area index by 49.4% compared to the control. Irrigation cessation in flowering stage increased chlorophyll concentration by 11.2% and decreased it by 16.5% in pod stage. With the application of Fe+Zn nano-chelate increased on leaf chlorophyll concentration in the pod stage and grain formation by 38.8% and 39.1% compared to the control and was recognized as the best treatment.Conclusion: In limited irrigation conditions, foliar feeding of Fe, Zn and Mn nano-chlates is a suitable solution and compatible with water crisis and can improve soybean yield by modifying drought stress and improving leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll concentration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Improving Removal of Nickel from Wastewater using Palm Leaf Ash as a Biosorbent
Elahe Ahmadi Kamarposhti Nader Bahramifar Salma Ehsani Tilami -
Open Access Article
18 - A study of the composition and antimicrobial activities of stored and freshly extracted leaf essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L.
Ezekiel Olugbenga Akinkunmi Gbadegesin Adetogun Ibitola Odusegun -
Open Access Article
19 - Lipid and volatile composition of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) leaf
Wissem Aidi Wannes Baya Mhamdi Moufida Saidani Tounsi Brahim Marzouk -
Open Access Article
20 - Understanding the phytochemical constitution, antioxidant potential and spectral characteristics of aqueous extracts of the chosen leafy vegetables from south India
Sobha Kota Pradeep Dumpala Hariseetharam Prasad Dachepalli Anantha Ratna Kumari -
Open Access Article
21 - Enrichment of polyphenolic compounds from grape leaf extract (Vitis vinifera L.) using macroporous resin and investigating its adsorption kinetics and dynamics
Nadia Sobhani Mahshad Shahriari Mohammad Hossein Jabbari Samad Nejad Ebrahimi -
Open Access Article
22 - Phytoconstituents of Chromolaena odorata (L.) leaf extract for the synthesis of copper oxide/copper nanoparticles and evaluation of their biological potential in wound healing
Sobha Kota Pradeep Dumpala Radhika Sajja Ratnakumari Anantha -
Open Access Article
23 - The Effect Of Hydro-alcoholic Leaf Extract Of Olea europaea on the Levels Of Gonadotropins, Sex Hormones and Sperma togenesis in Diabetic Rat
Fatemeh Moieni Mokhtar Mokhtari Esfandiyar SharifiInroduction and ObjectiveAccording to some reports, the Increase in blood glucose level leads to structural and functional changes in reproductive system. In the present study, we attempted to investigate the effect of hydro-alcoholic leaf extract of olive (Olea europae MoreInroduction and ObjectiveAccording to some reports, the Increase in blood glucose level leads to structural and functional changes in reproductive system. In the present study, we attempted to investigate the effect of hydro-alcoholic leaf extract of olive (Olea europaea L.) on the levels of gonadotropin, sex hormones and spermatogenesis in diabetic male rats.Materials and Methods:48 adult male wistar rats each weighing about 220-250g was randomly divided into six groups of eight. These groups included: control group which left untreated; sham group which received distilled water; experimental group 1 ,received only 500 mg.kg-1 leaf extract; experimental group 2(diabetic control) receiving only Streptozotocin; and diabetic experimental groups 3and 4 receiving 250 and 500 mg.kg-1 extract respectively. The extract was administered daily by gavageing method for 21 days. Blood samples were taken from all groups and serum levels of LH, FSH, testosterone and Dihydro testosterone were measured by RIA. In this study, the histological changes in testis were cross examined and compared between experimental , control and sham groups.Data were analyzed by SPSS software using ANOVA and Tokay tests, and PResults:Levels of LH, FSH, testosterone and Dihydro testosterone showed a significant decrease in the diabetic control group in respect to control and sham groups (P-1)exhibited a significant increase, compared to them in experimental group 2(diabetic control).Conclusion: Extract hydro-alcoholic olive leaf, can reduce the side effects of diabetes on levels of gonadotropins, sex hormones, spermatogenesis and can improve pituitary – testis axsis in diabetic rat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - The Effect Of Hydro-alcoholic Leaf Extract Of Olea europaea on the Levels Of Gonadotropins, Sex Hormones and Sperma togenesis in Diabetic Rat
Fatemeh MoieniInroduction and ObjectiveAccording to some reports, the Increase in blood glucose level leads to structural and functional changes in reproductive system. In the present study, we attempted to investigate the effect of hydro-alcoholic leaf extract of olive (Olea europae MoreInroduction and ObjectiveAccording to some reports, the Increase in blood glucose level leads to structural and functional changes in reproductive system. In the present study, we attempted to investigate the effect of hydro-alcoholic leaf extract of olive (Olea europaea L.) on the levels of gonadotropin, sex hormones and spermatogenesis in diabetic male rats.Materials and Methods:48 adult male wistar rats each weighing about 220-250g was randomly divided into six groups of eight. These groups included: control group which left untreated; sham group which received distilled water; experimental group 1 ,received only 500 mg.kg-1 leaf extract; experimental group 2(diabetic control) receiving only Streptozotocin; and diabetic experimental groups 3and 4 receiving 250 and 500 mg.kg-1 extract respectively. The extract was administered daily by gavageing method for 21 days. Blood samples were taken from all groups and serum levels of LH, FSH, testosterone and Dihydro testosterone were measured by RIA. In this study, the histological changes in testis were cross examined and compared between experimental , control and sham groups.Data were analyzed by SPSS software using ANOVA and Tokay tests, and PResults:Levels of LH, FSH, testosterone and Dihydro testosterone showed a significant decrease in the diabetic control group in respect to control and sham groups (P-1)exhibited a significant increase, compared to them in experimental group 2(diabetic control).Conclusion: Extract hydro-alcoholic olive leaf, can reduce the side effects of diabetes on levels of gonadotropins, sex hormones, spermatogenesis and can improve pituitary – testis axsis in diabetic rat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Life table parameters of Tuta absoluta (Lep:, Gelechiidae) at different constant temperatures under laboratory conditions
Rahil AsadiThe tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), is a key insect pest of tomato in Iran and many other countries. The experiment initiated with 100 newly eggs and they were monitored daily in order to record the different development stages mortality. Also daily fecundity MoreThe tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), is a key insect pest of tomato in Iran and many other countries. The experiment initiated with 100 newly eggs and they were monitored daily in order to record the different development stages mortality. Also daily fecundity per female was recorded. This experiment that started by 20 female continued until death of all adult females. The effects of different constant temperatures, as the most important bioclimatic factor, on the life table and population growth parameters of tomato leafminer were determined under controlled laboratory conditions at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C, 60 ± 5 % RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. From the survival rate and fecundity schedule of T. absoluta at each constant temperature, the population growth parameters including net reproduction rate (R0), intrinsic rates of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), mean generation time (T) and doubling time (DT) were calculated with Jackknife method and SAS statistical software. According to the results, the highest and lowest survival rates at the beginning of adult emergence were 0.93 and 0.43 at 20°C and 35°C, respectively. Life expectancy of newly laid eggs were 46.23, 35.17, 29.53, 17.11 and 10.81 days and at the beginning of adult emergence were 27.22, 21.63, 16.33, 9.56 and 5.31 days at above temperatures, respectively. The lowest and highest values of intrinsic rate of increase were 0.07 ± 0.01 at 35°C and 0.21 ± 0.01 (d-1) at 20°C, respectively. The values of net reproductive rate were 3.31, 43.05, 37.54, 20.03 and 7.74 (females/female) at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C, respectively. The values of finite rate of increase at tested temperature were 1.01, 1.27, 1.14, 1.09 and 1.02 (d-1), respectively. Furthermore, the mean generation time decreased by increasing temperature, as its minimum value was obtained 10.24 ± 0.18 at 35°C. The values of doubling time at above mentioned temperatures were 12.06, 3.36, 3.68, 9.83 and 15.11 days, respectively. The results revealed that the population growth parameters of T. absoluta were affected by temperature as a critical abiotic factor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Purification and serological study of sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma in Khuzestane province
Roya Biabani Sasan Ghasemi Mohammad Salehi Heshmatollah RahimianSugarcane white leaf (SCWL) is among the most important and economical diseases of sugarcane in Asia. SCWL is reported from Khuzestan province as an emerging phytoplasmal disease of sugarcane. In addition to SCWL, Bermuda grass white leaf (BGWL) the other monocot phytop MoreSugarcane white leaf (SCWL) is among the most important and economical diseases of sugarcane in Asia. SCWL is reported from Khuzestan province as an emerging phytoplasmal disease of sugarcane. In addition to SCWL, Bermuda grass white leaf (BGWL) the other monocot phytoplasmal disease also is reported from this province. Rabbit has been used for rising of antiserum by injection of partially purified SCWL at 40g of infected tissue. This antiserum exhibited specificity for its homologous phytoplasma antigen in Plate- Trapped Antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PTA-ELISA) dot immunoblotting assay (DIBA) and tissue print immuno assay (TPIA). No cross-reactions were observed in reciprocal tests between this antiserum and other tested phytoplasmas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Impact of overwintering refugia of Anagrus atomus (Hym.: Mymaridae) on egg parasitism of grape leafhopper Arboridia kermanshah (Hem.: Cicadellidae)
Shahram Hesami Hosein Seyedoleslami Bijan HatamiAnagrus atomus (L.) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) is an egg parasitoid and an important mortality factor for the grape leafhopper, Arboridia kermanshah Dlabola (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) populations in Isfahan vineyards. A study was conducted to characterize the plants in whi MoreAnagrus atomus (L.) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) is an egg parasitoid and an important mortality factor for the grape leafhopper, Arboridia kermanshah Dlabola (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) populations in Isfahan vineyards. A study was conducted to characterize the plants in which A. atomus overwinters, dispersal of the parasitoid, and the level of parasitism of grape leafhopper eggs in two vineyards through 2000-2001. A. atomus overwinters in leafhopper eggs on rose, sweetbriar and blackberry. In a vineyard, with nearby overwintering refuges, the parasitoid emerged by mid-March from alternate hosts. It completed one generation on these alternate hosts, and then arrived in vineyard by late April, synchronized with grape leafhopper oviposition. The pattern of wasp colonization and parasitism indicated that parasitoids were more abundant in the vineyard with refuges close to it. In early spring, density of A. atomus was more than twice in this vineyard compared with vineyard with no refuges close to it. By mid season (July), A. atomus parasitism of A. kermanshah was significantly greater in the vineyard associated with refuges. Cumulative egg parasitism demonstrated that enhanced early season parasitism resulted in a better season-long increase in the mortality imposed by A. atomus on A. kermanshah eggs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Effect of temperature on the development, female longevity and parasitism of Closterocerus formosus (Hym.: Eulophdiae), parasitoid of Liriomyza trifolii (Dip.: Agromyzidae)
Shahram Hesami Hadi Ostovan Ebrahim Ebrahimi Mahmoud Shojai Karim KamaliThe effects of five constant temperature (15, 20, 25, 30 & 35 oC) on the development (egg to adult emergence), longevity of female and parasitism of eulophid wasp Closterocerus formosus Westwood, on the serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burges), was studied MoreThe effects of five constant temperature (15, 20, 25, 30 & 35 oC) on the development (egg to adult emergence), longevity of female and parasitism of eulophid wasp Closterocerus formosus Westwood, on the serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burges), was studied on bean. The developmental period was decreased as temperature increased and developmental duration from egg to adult emergence at constant experimental temperatures was 53.2, 27.6, 15.4, 9.6 and 7.2 days, respectively. Also the longevity of adult females decreased as temperature increased, and in the mentioned temperatures, female longevity determined as 27, 23.1, 22.4, 19.8 and 17.6 days. Accordingly, total numbers of host killed by the parasitoid (by parasitism and host killing) were 37.4, 197.8, 349.5, 324.4 and 296.5 at constant temperatures. The relationship between temperature and the developmental rate of the parasitoid well described by linear regression model. The lower threshold temperature was estimated to be 13.5 oC and degree-day requirement for egg-adult emergence was 166.66. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Identification of Parasitoids and Seasonal Parasitism of Citrus leaf miner Phyllocnistis citrella (Lep.: Gracillaridae) in Shiraz
Zahra Biparva Mostafa Haghani Hadi Ostovan Shahram HesamiSeasonal parasitism of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Citrus leafminer) were investigated weekly during June 2010–September 2011 in two citrus orchards in Shiraz. In orchard 1 Parasitoids were collected from larvae and pupae stage of citrus leaf miner: Pediobius MoreSeasonal parasitism of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Citrus leafminer) were investigated weekly during June 2010–September 2011 in two citrus orchards in Shiraz. In orchard 1 Parasitoids were collected from larvae and pupae stage of citrus leaf miner: Pediobius pyrgoWalker, Pediobius saulius Walker,Pnigalio soemius Walker. Moreover, Closteroceros formosa Westwood was observed in orchard 2. The most percentage parasitism was related to species P.soemius with 1.69% in orchard 1 and C. formosa with 26.32% in orchard 2. In orchards (1) and (2) the most percentage parasitism was in November 2010 with 2.88% and in January 2010 with 50.01% respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - The Effet of Weed Infested and Weed Checkon on Growth Properties and Yeild of Corn (Zeamays L.)
Ali Asghar Chitband Seyed Omid Rashidi Saeed Jahedipour Ali Mohhamad Mansouji Iraj AminiWeed management systemis a successful approach to reduce weed control cost and gain an acceptable economic performance. Therefore, this study was carried out based on randomized complete block design with four replications in Agro-industry field Dashtenaz Sari, during 2 MoreWeed management systemis a successful approach to reduce weed control cost and gain an acceptable economic performance. Therefore, this study was carried out based on randomized complete block design with four replications in Agro-industry field Dashtenaz Sari, during 2010 to evaluate the effect of weed control and its interference on corn growth properties. Treatments including weed free and weedy check(infested)along with free weed and weedy infestedat 3, 6, 10, 14 were applied with leafy stage tasseling.Logestic non-liner equation was used for critical period of weeds control at start and end of the time.The result showed that most dominant weeds were velvetleaf (Abutilon thophrasti) and pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus).The interference period did not have significant effect on dry weight and height of weeds; whereas, The control period has significant effect on density of weeds.The interference and control periods did not show significant effect on corn height; whereas, a significant relationship was observed with stem diameter, dry weight, ear length, ear diameter, ear weight, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, thousand kernel weight and corn yield. Weed interference compared to weed free showed reduction instem diameter, dry weight, ear length, ear diameter, ear weight, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, thousand kernel weights and corn yield. Critical period of weeds was estimated between38-65 days after corn planting or 392-804 GDD (7-8 leaf stage) stage to tasseling at 5% levels reduce seed yield, and at 10% levels reduce seed yield, critical period was estimatedbetween 48-55 days after corn plantingor 534-653 GDD. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Allelopathic Effects of White Top (Cardaria draba L.) on Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Germination
Seyed Jalil Mousavi Mohsen Mousavi Nik Alireza Fathi Shahram TorabianThis study was carried out to determine the effects of aqueous extracts of (cardaria draba L.) organs (root, stem, leaf and their mixture) on germination of sorghum. The experiment was laid out as a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and in four rep MoreThis study was carried out to determine the effects of aqueous extracts of (cardaria draba L.) organs (root, stem, leaf and their mixture) on germination of sorghum. The experiment was laid out as a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and in four replications in research lab of agricultural college at Birjand University in 2010. The treatments included aqueous extracts of root, stem, leaf and their mixture at concentration of zero (check), 10, 20, 40 and 80 percent. According to the results, extracts of different tissuess on germination and root length could be 5% on level, and the germination rate and number of lateral roots was significantly different at 1% percent. The effect of white top extract concentration on all measured traits were significant at 1%. Infact, different organs and concentrations of white top affects considerably prevential on germination of sorghum seeds. Similar results were observed in concentration of 80% by volume, So that the largest percentage of decline in sorghum seed germination (22.5%) were related to the recent treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Susceptibility of three developmental stages of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Dip.: Agromyzidae) to biorational insecticides in vitro conditions
A. Asghari-Tabari A. Sheikhi-Garjan M. Shojaei M. Z. Rajabi A. Yousefi-PorshekohLeafminers of vegetables are the major pests of greenhouse cucumber in Iran. One of the reasons for repeated outbreaks of leafminer during recent years, is attributed to the vast application of some ineffective insecticides. The purposes of this project were to evaluate MoreLeafminers of vegetables are the major pests of greenhouse cucumber in Iran. One of the reasons for repeated outbreaks of leafminer during recent years, is attributed to the vast application of some ineffective insecticides. The purposes of this project were to evaluate the efficacy of new biorational insecticides, cyromazine, spinosad and oxymatrine. The toxicities of these products were compared with abamectin as a conventional insecticide in Iran. Effectiveness of cyromazine (75, 150 mg/L), oxymatrine (3, 9 mg/L), spinosad (48, 96 mg/L) and abamectin (12, 24 mg/L) based on active ingredient were studied on the early larval instars (L1, 2), the third instar larvae (L3), the pupal stage and 2-day old adults of Liriomyza sativae in completely randomized design. The bioassay tests showed that spinosad, cyromazine and oxymatrine had more than 95% effectiveness and abamectin at low concentration had the least effectiveness (23.18%) on the early instar larvae. For the pupal stage, oxymatrine (9 mg/L) with 51.6% mortality and spinosad (48 mg/L) with 0.89% had the most and the least effectiveness respectively. Bioassay of adults showed that spinosad 96 mg/L with 92.1% mortality and cyromazine 75 mg/L with 6.2 % had the most and the least effectiveness respectively. Toxicity of the biorational insecticides on the developmental stages of L. sativae showed that larval and pupal stages were most (23.18-100%) and least (0.89-51.63%) susceptible to insecticides respectively. The low and high concentrations of each insecticide no significant effect on the larval stages. Laboratory trials revealed that abamectin formulated in Iran, could not control leafminer effectively in the greenhouses of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Comparison of the efficiency of Rui Agro as new insecticides with Malathion and Hexaflumuron for control of Cereal leaf beetle Lema melanopa (Col .: Chrysomelidae) in field conditions
Mahboobeh Sharifi M. T. Mobasheri K. Ghaderi S. Malek ShahkoeiCereal leaf beetle(Lema melanopa) is one of the most common pests of eastern Golestan province. Larvae often prefer the flag leaf for feeding, which has the greatest impact on the performance of wheat fields. One of the newest organic insecticides is Rui Agro (Matrin), MoreCereal leaf beetle(Lema melanopa) is one of the most common pests of eastern Golestan province. Larvae often prefer the flag leaf for feeding, which has the greatest impact on the performance of wheat fields. One of the newest organic insecticides is Rui Agro (Matrin), so in this study the efficacy of Matrin at concentrations of one and two per thousand compared with Malathion and Hexaflumuron at concentrations of two per thousand and control treatment on larvae. This project was evaluated in a randomized complete block design with five treatments. Samples were taken one day before, 3, 5, 10 and 14 days after treatment and also in laboratory conditions the LC50 of Matrin on second and third instar larvae of this pest were estimated by using Polo-Pc software. The results showed that Matrine insecticide with high concentration had similar performance to Malathion and also in second concentration did not differ significantly affect with Hexaflumuron. Matrin LC50 level in second instar larvae were 57.57 ppm and for third instar larvae were calculated 106.79 ppm. Overall, the results indicate that the new insecticide Matrin ability to control this pest, as well as high-risk pesticides Malathion and can be an excellent substitute for it. Given that the origin of this insecticide from the extract of Russian knapweed, it has little effect on the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Study of toxicity and nutritive indicators of herbal essential oils of cinnamon, peppermint and Eucalyptus against different stages of Elm Leaf Beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) in vivo
S. momen beitollahi reza vafaie z. rafiei karahroudiElm leaf beetle is one of the most important pests of Elm trees at adult stage and especially at larval stages. In this research work, the contact toxicity and nutritive indicators of Cinnamon, Peppermint, and Eucalyptus have been investigated. The experiments were perf MoreElm leaf beetle is one of the most important pests of Elm trees at adult stage and especially at larval stages. In this research work, the contact toxicity and nutritive indicators of Cinnamon, Peppermint, and Eucalyptus have been investigated. The experiments were performed in five densities with three repetitions for each essential and for each life stage of the elm leaf beetle at 25±1C0 and relative humidity of 60±5 percent for 16 hours in daylight and 8 hours in darkness in vitro. The results obtained from biometry data showed that with an increase in density of the essential oils, the mortality rate of elm leaf beetle at different stages of their life increased for all the three essential oils. Based on these results, the essential oil of Cinnamon proved to have the most effect at different stages of elm leaf insect by creating 80 percent mortality relative to the two essential oils of eucalyptus and peppermint after 24 hours. Furthermore, with an increase in the density of the essential oils, the nutritive indicators at the second. instar larva were also reduced. Statistical analysis of variance showed that the relative rate of second instar larva (PCR) in cinnamon essential oil in three concentrations of LC25, LC35 and LC50 compared with the control group was more meaningful compared with the two other essential oils at 5 percent and nutrition inhibition was positive for all the essential oils especially for cinnamon essential oil. The findings indicate that Cinnamon essential oil compared to Peppermint, and Eucalyptus essential oils is a more suitable candidate to control this pest. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Biological study of olive leaf moth, Palpita unionalis Hbn. (Lep., Pyralidae) in Golestan province, Iran
J. AlaviThe olive leaf moth, Palpita unionalis Hubner, is one of the most important pest of olive trees in Golestan province. The larva attacks young shoots and feed on leaf parenchyma. In heavy infestations larvae also attack the fruits of late ripen cultivars. Biological stud MoreThe olive leaf moth, Palpita unionalis Hubner, is one of the most important pest of olive trees in Golestan province. The larva attacks young shoots and feed on leaf parenchyma. In heavy infestations larvae also attack the fruits of late ripen cultivars. Biological studies in controlled and field conditions, during 2001-2003, showed that the insect has six generations per year in Gorgan. Adults of overwintered larvae appeared by the end of winter and adults of the first generation appeared in mid-March. Insect overwintered as larva among leaves on olive trees. Eggs were laid on the lower surface of terminal rows of leaves, most of eggs were laid solitary. Results showed that, the present work, the mean number of eggs that was laid by each female, was 231. Eggs hatched after 2.5 days, the larva and pupa stage duration were 21.5 and 8.6 days, respectively. Nearly most of pupae were formed in cocoons in the soil. The average longevity of female and male adults was 14 and 13.6 days, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Comparison of apparent and marginal parasitism of egg parasitoid of grape leafhopper Arboridia kermanshah Delabola (Hem., Cicadellidae) in different climatic regions of Isfahan, Iran
M. Latifiyan E. Soleyman-nejadianEggs of grape leafhopper Arboridia kermanshah Delabola (Hem., Cicadellidae) are attacked by two parasitoid species Anagrus atomus L. (Hym., Mymariade) (species A) and Ufens sp. (Hym., Trichogr MoreEggs of grape leafhopper Arboridia kermanshah Delabola (Hem., Cicadellidae) are attacked by two parasitoid species Anagrus atomus L. (Hym., Mymariade) (species A) and Ufens sp. (Hym., Trichogramatidae) (species B) in Isfahan vineyards, Iran. For this research, 27 vineyards were selected randomly in different climatic regions of Isfahan. Ten plants were selected randomly per hectare of each vineyard and 3 leaves were sampled on each plant from lower, middle and upper strata. Then healthy and parasitized eggs were counted and the percentage of apparent parasitism was calculated in each vineyard. Three samples that each including 30 parasitized leafhoppers eggs were selected randomly from different climatic regions and the number of wasps were recorded. The percentage of marginal parasitism was calculated and compared for the two species. The average percentage of apparent parasitism in area of study was 8.33 that its range was varied at least 1.5 percent in very hot with dry desert up to 43 percent in dry temperate cold desert. The semi cold with warm and dry desert and semi-arid cold with dry desert climatic region with an average 82.8 percent had the highest percentage of marginal parasitism for species A and very hot with dry desert climate with an average 4.9 percent had the highest percentage of marginal parasitism for species B. The marginal parasitism of both species had moderate to high correlation with the percentage of apparent parasitism. The correlation coefficient of, in other words, the apparent parasitism was increased by increasing its marginal parasitism in climatic regions. While the correlation coefficient of species B was negative the apparent parasitism was decreased by increasing its marginal parasitism in climatic zones. Based on data obtained, it can be interfed that A. atomus was more efficient than Ufens sp. in different climatic regions of Isfahan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Comparison of efficacy of Insecticides, Dichlorvos, Imidacloprid, Spinozad and Chlorantranilpyrrole on Bemisia tabaci in vitro
A. R. Jalalizand Ehaleh Hadad R. soleymaniThe cotton Whitefly is one of the most important pests in crops, greenhouses and ornamental plants. Due to the multiplicity of generations and the short time of one generation, this pest has the potential to be resistant to various insecticides. Over the years, control MoreThe cotton Whitefly is one of the most important pests in crops, greenhouses and ornamental plants. Due to the multiplicity of generations and the short time of one generation, this pest has the potential to be resistant to various insecticides. Over the years, control of cotton whitefly by common insecticides has not been effective. In this study, the susceptibility of adult whitefly to Dichlorvos, Imidacloprid, Spinozad and Chlorantranilpyrrol alone and pre-treated with PBO (Pyrphenyl butoxide), TPP (triniphenyl phosphate) and DEM (MEM) synergists was investigated. . Leaf dipping method was used for bioassay. The lowest level of LC50 on adults was related to the insecticide Chlorantranilpyrrole (1.25 mg a.i / L) and the highest level of LC50 was related to the Dichlorvos (269.59 mg (a.i / L)). The levels of LC50 Spinozad and Imidacloprid (mg a.i / L) were estimated to be 3.22, 87.61, respectively. The interaction of Dichlorvos, Imidacloprid, Spinozad and Chlorantranilpyrrol with synergistic pre-treatments showed an increase in efficacy of insecticieds so that with TPP The LC50was 2.35, 3.89, 2.36 and 1.68, respectively. The interaction between DEM and Imidacloprid, Spinozad and Chlorantranilpyrol increased mortality to 2.84, 4.79, 3.15 and 1.71mg ai.l. respectively. Resistance to Diclorus and Imidacloprid observed in this study is likely to be due to overuse of these pesticides. To prevent resistance, it is recommended to apply these pesticides inside the frame of pest manangment program Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Seasonal fluctuations of percent parasitism of the leaf miner Agromyza sp. (Dip., Agromyzidae) on chickpea
S. Changizi R. Vafaei Shoushtari S. S. Modares Najafabadi A. A. ZamanyThe leaf miner Agromyza sp. is one of the most important pests of chickpea. Seasonal fluctuation of percent parasitism of the pest was investigated on chickpea in Khomeyn,Iran in 2009. Samples were taken on two days a week and number of larvae and parasitized larvae per MoreThe leaf miner Agromyza sp. is one of the most important pests of chickpea. Seasonal fluctuation of percent parasitism of the pest was investigated on chickpea in Khomeyn,Iran in 2009. Samples were taken on two days a week and number of larvae and parasitized larvae per plant were counted parasitism laboratory. The parasitoids emerged from larvae were identified. The highest percent was 18.8 on June. 29 In this experiment the parasitoids activity and the peak of leaf miners larvae population were in the same time in khomeyn region. In probability level 0.05, the regression between number of leaf miners larvae and % parasitism was positive and significant (R2=0.6). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Biology and population dynamics of pistachio leaf borer Ocneria terebinthina (Lep: Lymantriidae) in pistachio orchards
R. Poursalari M.A. Samih H. Izadi M. GorjiPistachio white leaf borer, Ocneria terebinthina Stgr. (Lep.: Lymantriidae)is one of the minor pests of pistachio in Iran. Some morphological characters and biology of the pest were studied in two orchards in Anar and Kerman,Iran. Ten pistachio trees (15-20 years old) a MorePistachio white leaf borer, Ocneria terebinthina Stgr. (Lep.: Lymantriidae)is one of the minor pests of pistachio in Iran. Some morphological characters and biology of the pest were studied in two orchards in Anar and Kerman,Iran. Ten pistachio trees (15-20 years old) and 60 leaves of each tree were selected from four different directions and visited twice a week. The eggs and larval emergence was recorded and cocoon formation was located. Seasonal occurrence of adults was recorded using light traps.. Our results revealed that pistachio white leaf borer, passes the winter as larval instar under loose bark on the trunk of pistachio trees or in white cocoons beneath plant litters. Activity of the overwintering larvae usually starts from the late March. Prepupal formed on the host leaves or bark crevices on infested trees. The adults appear in pistachio orchards in early spring (males appear earlier than females). Females lay eggs in batches on both the upper and lower surfaces of the pistachio leaves. The number of eggs in a single batch could be 4.75 to 361. This pest have 3 generations in Anar-Iran. In early autumn, the third instar larvae move toward diapausing shelters, molt to the fourth instar, make a whitish silk cocoon, and enter diapause. Overwintering larvae terminate diapauses at the end of winter and start feeding. Life cycle of the pest was also studied at two different temperatures i.e. 25±2 and 30±2˚C, %65±5 humidity and 14L: 10D h photoperiod. Results indicated that there was a significant difference between life cycle of the pest in these two temperatures (p<0.01) . The longest period of development belonged to seven larval instar and the shortest to prepupal stage in both temperatures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Comparison of the abundance of leaf-feeder insects in oilseed rape fields of lowlands and uplands
H. BarariDiversity and density of leaf-feeder insects of oilseed rape in lowland (i.e. the preceding crop was rice) and upland (i.e. the preceding crop wasn’t rice) fields in Mazandaran province, Iran were compared in three region of the province during 3 years (2008-2010) MoreDiversity and density of leaf-feeder insects of oilseed rape in lowland (i.e. the preceding crop was rice) and upland (i.e. the preceding crop wasn’t rice) fields in Mazandaran province, Iran were compared in three region of the province during 3 years (2008-2010). In each region, one lowland and one upland field was selected and the insect pests were recorded using yellow water traps and quadrate (0.5m × 0.5m). In this study, one species of weevils, Ceutorhynchus picitarsis Gyllenhal (Col.: Curculionidae); 4 species of flea beetles, Phyllotreta atra (Fabricius), Psylliodes cupreus (Koch), Psylliodes persicus Allard and Chaetocnema hortensis (Geoffroy) (Col.: Chrysomelidae); turnip sawfly, Athalia rosae (L.) (Hym.: Tenthredinidae) and Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lep.: Noctuidae) were collected in lowlands as well as in uplands. Therefore, there was no difference in species diversity in two kinds of fields. The results showed that no rice pest causes damage on oilseed rape in the lowlands, and these two crops have no common pests in the region. The density of flea beetles and weevils in upland fields was higher than those in lowlands. The kind of oilseed rape field (lowland or upland) had no significant effect on the larval density of S. littoralis and A. rosae. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Comparison of efficiency of yellow and blue sticky traps on leaf miner Agromyza sp. (Dip., Agromyzidae) catching in chickpea in Khomeyn region
S. Changizi Sh. Goldasteh R. Vafaei Shoushtari M. Changizi S. S. Modares NajafabadiThe chickpea plant is one of the important hosts of leaf miner Agromyza sp. (Dip; Agromyzidae) in Iran. An experiment was carried out to compare yellow and blue sticky cards in chickpea field from last decade of May until the end of July 2010 in Khomeyn, Iran. Experimen MoreThe chickpea plant is one of the important hosts of leaf miner Agromyza sp. (Dip; Agromyzidae) in Iran. An experiment was carried out to compare yellow and blue sticky cards in chickpea field from last decade of May until the end of July 2010 in Khomeyn, Iran. Experimental design was based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments of sticky traps and a non sticky trap in 3 replications. Treatments were with installing “1 yellow -1 blue” (B), “2 yellow -2 blue” (C), “4 yellow -4 blue” (D) and “8 yellow -8 blue” cards (E). There was a significantly different among treatments at 1% level. The treatments were named into 2 groups (a) and (b). Treatment (B) and (C) were in group (a) and treatments (D) and (E) in group (a). Also increasing the number of blue cards had no effectiveness on trapping leaf miners compare to yellow cards in chickpea field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Study on the effects of spatial distribution and density of the parasitoid Anagrus atomus L. (Hym., Mymaridae) on its searching efficiency on garpe leafhopper eggs Arboridia kermanshah Delabola (Hem.,
M. Latifian E. Soleyman-NejadianArboridia Kermanshah Delabola (Hem., Cicadellidae) is a dominant species of leafhoppers in vineyards of Isfahan, central region of Iran. The most abundant parasitoid of the leafhopper is Anagrus atomus in the region. This research was conducted to study the effects of t MoreArboridia Kermanshah Delabola (Hem., Cicadellidae) is a dominant species of leafhoppers in vineyards of Isfahan, central region of Iran. The most abundant parasitoid of the leafhopper is Anagrus atomus in the region. This research was conducted to study the effects of the spatial distribution and density of the parasitoid and host on searching efficiency of parasitoid and parasitoid-host stability. Results showed a significant difference between host and parasitoid distribution on arms of vine trees. The highest density of parasitized and non-parasitized eggs of the leafhopper eggs were observed on leaves 7-12 in the middle of each vine arm. There was a significant density dependent relationship between host and parasitoid. Studying on the host and parasitoid density relationship showed that a high searching efficiency was observed in the first generation of host when the parasitoid density is low. The parasitoid searching efficiency was decreased by increasing the parasitoid density. When the parasitoid was leaving vineyard for wintering, the searching efficiency increased with decreasing in number of parasitoid. Interference coefficient (m) was higher when the parasitoid-host ratio was high and the searching efficiency decreased in this condition. The value of m was close to Q (searching constant) when the parasitoid-host ratio was high and host- parasitoid relationship was more unstable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Evaluation of the biological indices of tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta Meyrick, on tomato plants treated with calcium and silicon nutrition in greenhouse conditions
A. Ghassemi-Kahrizeh S. KhanchahzarExcessive use of chemical pesticides in recent decades has caused problems in relation to the environment, human health, non-target organisms, water pollution and increased resistance of insects. Therefore, various strategies can be used, such as the use of nutrition fo MoreExcessive use of chemical pesticides in recent decades has caused problems in relation to the environment, human health, non-target organisms, water pollution and increased resistance of insects. Therefore, various strategies can be used, such as the use of nutrition for resistance to pests. In this research, the biological indices of tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Ghelechiidae), was investigated on tomato plants (Falat cultivar) treated with nutrients calcium, silicon and mixture of calcium+silicon in greenhouse conditions. Significant differences were observed between treatments for all studied traits except pre-pupal period (P˂0.05). Means comparison revealed that the lowest density of larvae, pupae and adults was observed on mixture treatment calcium+silicon with means values of 17.00±0.41, 16.00±0.41 and 11.50±0.29 number per plant, respectively while the greatest density of larvae, pupae and adults was observed on control with means values of 21.00±0.41, 20.25±0.48 and 20.00±0.92 number per plant, respectively. The lowest and greatest larvae periods was observed on mixture treatment calcium+silicon and control with means values of 13.25±0.29 and 21.00±0.58 days, respectively, also, the lowest and greatest pupae periods was observed on mixture treatment calcium+silicon and control with means values of 9.75±0.48 and 12.75±0.63 days, respectively. The lowest and greatest longevity of adults was observed on mixture treatment calcium+silicon and control with means values of 19.00±0.91 and 38.00±0.82 days, respectively. The lowest larvae and pupae weights was observed on mixture treatment calcium+silicon with means values of 8.00±0.58 and 6.50±0.64 mg, respectively. The greatest larvae and pupae weights was observed on control with means values of 23.25±0.85 and 22.00±0.82 mg, respectively. The results showed that calcium and silicon foliar application can be caused biological control of tomato leaf miner and can be reduced its injury. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - The first report of Dactylochelifer spasskyi Redikorzev (Pseudoscorpiones: Cheliferidae) from Iran
M. Nassirkhani H. M. Takalloo ZadeDactylochelifer spasskyi Redikorzev 1949 is the rare Pseudoscorpion that existed in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. This is a new report of this species collected from leaf litter habitats in Iran.Dactylochelifer spasskyi Redikorzev 1949 is the rare Pseudoscorpion that existed in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. This is a new report of this species collected from leaf litter habitats in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Design، Construction and Evaluation of Henna Leaves Roller Separator with the Aim of Determining the Optimum Moisture for Leaf Separation
Somayeh Mirzakhani Hossein Maghsoudi Kazem Jafari NaeimiToday، in developed countries، using specialized machines for agricultural products processing، is one of the most common ways to reduce the final price of these products. For this purpose، firstly، henna leaf separator was designed in the SolidWorks software and then c MoreToday، in developed countries، using specialized machines for agricultural products processing، is one of the most common ways to reduce the final price of these products. For this purpose، firstly، henna leaf separator was designed in the SolidWorks software and then constructed. In order to evaluate the performance of this prototype، three factors include the speed of rollers at two levels of 1550 and 750 rpm، the distance between the rollers at three levels of 2، 3 and 4 mm، and moisture content at three levels of 14%, 45% and 87% in the form of a factorial design of experiment with three replications was conducted. The success rate in leaf separation was considered as the evaluation index of the machine. Analysis of the results showed that the effect of roller speed، moisture content and rollers distance as well as the dual and triple effect of these factors on the success rate in leaf separation were meaningful. The results showed that the best performance of the roller separator was achieved at the rollers speed of 1550 rpm، distance of 2 mm between the rollers and moisture content of 14%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Evaluation of biochemical traits of different maize (Zea mays) varieties under leaf and cob defoliation conditions
Eshagh Hojatipour Hamidreza Miri Barmak Jafari Haghighi Hamidreza Ebrahimi Abdolreza JafariThe biochemical traits of different maize varieties under leaf and cob defoliation conditions were investigated in a factorial experiment a randomized complete block design with three replications in Shiraz-Zafarabad during two crop years of 2017-18 and 2018-19. Treatme MoreThe biochemical traits of different maize varieties under leaf and cob defoliation conditions were investigated in a factorial experiment a randomized complete block design with three replications in Shiraz-Zafarabad during two crop years of 2017-18 and 2018-19. Treatments consisted of removing leaves and a part of the cob at three levels of no remove (control), removing half of the cob after pollination, and removing two upper and lower leaves of the cob after pollination as. The second factor comprised seven maize varieties including SC704, Kansor, Kordona, Karaj 703, Koosha, Fajr, and Danial 690. After preparing the substrate in the first and second years, seeds of different varies were planted in the plots based on the treatments. Leaf and cob defoliation treatments were applied after pollination. The results showed that the highest contents of chlorophyll a (98.46 mg/g fresh weight, FW), chlorophyll b (138.7 mg/g FW), carotenoids (74.33 mg/g FW), and anthocyanin (1.915 mg/g FW) were obtained in the SC704 variety under combined treatment of defoliating two upper and lower leaves of the cob. The highest amount of catalase (58.73 mg protein/min) was recorded in Fajr variety in the control, but peroxidase (173.4 mg protein/min) and polyphenol oxidase (64.7 mg protein/min) activities were uppermost in the Koosha variety of the control treatment. The varieties of S.C.704, Fajr and Kosha were the best variety. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Investigation Growth Indices Analysis and Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.) Crop Production Affected Different Level of Nitrogen and Nitroxin Bio-Fertilizer
Armaghan Charkhab Mani Mojaddam -
Open Access Article
48 - Response of Growth Curve of Canola Genotypes to Use Different Concentration and Time of Application Gibberellin
Somayeh Ghalandari Tayeb Sakinezhad Mani Mojaddam Shahram Lak Mojtaba Alavi Fazel -
Open Access Article
49 - Assessment Effect of Different Amount and Time of Apply Gibberellin Acid on Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Broad Bean
Somayeh Ghalandari Tayeb Sakinezhad -
Open Access Article
50 - Response of Growth Indices of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) To Different Level of Deficit Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilizer
Masood Allaf Lida Berahmandzadeh -
Open Access Article
51 - Effect of Duration and Composition of Seed Priming on Germination Indices and Yield of Wheat (cv. Mehregan) in Khorramshahr Region (South west of Iran)
Masomeh Sebti Kamran Mohsenifar -
Open Access Article
52 - Assess Using Paclobutrazol in Reducing Negative Effects of Late Sowing of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars
Neda Bakhtiyarinejad Mehran Mombeini Abdollah Bahrani Mahroo Mojtabaie Zamani -
Open Access Article
53 - Assess Effect of Biological Phosphorous Fertilizers and Micro Elements (Boron and Manganese) on Alfalfa Growth Curve Indices
Maryam Khirkhah Hamid Madani Ghorban Normohammadi Mani Mojadam -
Open Access Article
54 - Investigating Effect of Gibberellin Acid on Dormancy Breaking and Germination Speed and Yield of Potato Cultivars
Babak Maghsoudi Damavandi Sara Shirzad -
Open Access Article
55 - Evaluation Effect of Different Level of Combination Chemical and Biological Fertilizer and Several Type of Application Fertilizer on Growth Indices of Bread Wheat
Zhaleh Ahmadi Shahram Lak -
Open Access Article
56 - Assess Correlation between Traits of Sorghum Affected Different Rate of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Vermicompost under Water Stress Situation
Seyedeh Zohreh Hashemi Saeed Zakernejad Khoshnaz Payandeh -
Open Access Article
57 - Assessment Effect of Silicon on Physiological and Biochemical Traits of Corn (Zea mays L.) Under Salinity Stress Conditions
Afsaneh Bolbol Sharifloo Mojtaba Yousefi Rad -
Open Access Article
58 - Effect of Foliar Application of Auxin on the Growth Indices and Crop Production of Wheat Cultivars in Southwest of Iran (Ahvaz region)
Mohsen Salehinazar Tayeb Sakinejad -
Open Access Article
59 - Assessment Effect of Different Irrigation Regime and Fertilizer Combinations on Seed Yield, Radiation Use Efficiency and Biochemical Parameters of Corn
Mohammad Nasri Mansoreh Khalatbari -
Open Access Article
60 - Evaluation of Relative Membrane Permeability of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Affected Super Absorbent Polymer and Water Deficit Conditions
Mansour Fazeli Rostampour -
Open Access Article
61 - Growth and Biochemical Properties of Green Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Affected by Foliar Application of Biostimulants
Mozhgan Alibakhshi Hossein Ali Asadi-Gharneh -
Open Access Article
62 - Assessment Effect of Nitroxin and Phosphorus Biofertilizer on Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Crop Production, Seed Protein Content and Correlation between Traits
Maryam Amini -
Open Access Article
63 - Evaluation Effect of Different Level of Vermicompost and Manure on Physiological Parameters of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)
Ahmad Zalaghi Seyed Kivan Marashi Mani Mojadam -
Open Access Article
64 - Response of Growth Indices to Copper Foliar Application at Different Growth Stages of Cowpea
Shahram Ashabi Mohamad Reza Dadnia -
Open Access Article
65 - Evaluation the Quantitative Characteristics of Potato Cultivars Affected Foliar Application of Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Weed Management
Mahmoud Sotoudeh Nezhad Tayeb Saki Nezhad Seyed Keyvan Marashi -
Open Access Article
66 - Response of Effective Traits on Sugarcane Crop Production to Different Level of Tillage System and Urea Fertilizer under Warm and Dry Climate Condition
Mansor Hamedannejad Shahram Lak -
Open Access Article
67 - Response of Morphological Traits and Seed Protein Content of Bread Wheat to Apply Different Level of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers
Reza Dashtbozorgi Shahram Lack -
Open Access Article
68 - Determining the Effect of Different Level of Fertilizer and Tuber Weight on Quantitative Traits of Potato Cultivar under Warm and Dry Climate Condition
Mansour Timar Alireza Shokuhfar Naser Zarifinia -
Open Access Article
69 - Investigating the Effect of Nitrogen and Nitroxin Biological Fertilizer on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Dual-purpose Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Forage
Najmeh Haghighatzadeh Mani Mojaddam -
Open Access Article
70 - Effect of Time of Seaweed Consumption and Composition of Seaweed and Urea Fertilizer on Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Wheat Yield
Mehrnoosh Zakeri Seyed Keyvan Marashi -
Open Access Article
71 - Response of Qualitative Characteristics of Cowpea to Foliar Application of Methanol and Zinc Chelate
Hossien Atrak Mani Mojadam -
Open Access Article
72 - Green synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles using Eucalyptus leaf extract: Optical and Morphology Characterization
Fatemeh Mirsalari Elham Tahanpesar Haleh Sanaei shoar -
Open Access Article
73 - اثر پوشش های کاهنده تبخیر بر شاخص های فیزیولوژیکی رشد ذرت سینگل کراس 704
شکوفه نچف آبادی محمد رضا نوری امام زاده ای مهدی قبادی نیا عبدالرزاق دانش شهرکیبه منظور بررسی شاخص‎های فیزیولوژیکی رشد ذرت، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 1393 انجام شد. آزمایش به صورت طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام گردید. تیمارها شامل شاهد )بدون پوشش(، پوشش پلاستیک شفاف، پلاستیک سیاه، گونی نخی، گونی پلاستیک سفید و آبی بودند. به‎منظور کاهش ت Moreبه منظور بررسی شاخص‎های فیزیولوژیکی رشد ذرت، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 1393 انجام شد. آزمایش به صورت طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام گردید. تیمارها شامل شاهد )بدون پوشش(، پوشش پلاستیک شفاف، پلاستیک سیاه، گونی نخی، گونی پلاستیک سفید و آبی بودند. به‎منظور کاهش تبخیر از سطح خاک و کاهش میزان آب مصرفی عملیات کاشت و داشت طبق اصول زراعی انجام شد. رطوبت خاک در ناحیه ریشه در طول فصل به کمک دستگاه تتاپروپ اندازه گیری شد و میزان و زمان هر اتفاق آبیاری بر اساس MAD=50 با تأمین نیاز آبی کامل تعیین و اعمال گردید. نتایج نشان داد بیش‎ترین شاخص سطح برگ، شاخص رشد محصول، شاخص رشد نسبی و میزان جذب خالص مربوط به پوشش گونی سفید و گونی آبی است که به‎دلیل حفظ آب و ذخیره رطوبت در خاک و خنک بودن محیط رشد گیاه می‎باشد و نهایتا سبب افزایش رشد محصول و عملکرد بالا می‎گردد و کم‎ترین مقدار شاخص‎های فیزیولوژیکی مربوط به پوشش پلاستیک سیاه است که علت این امر کمبود رطوبت و نبودن شرایط مطلوب رشد برای گیاه بوده است که باعث کم‎بودن عملکرد شده است. بنابراین گونی سفید و گونی آبی بیش‎ترین تاثیر در حفظ رطوبت آب و عملکرد محصول را دارا می‎باشند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف سوپرجاذب بر تعداد و سطح برگ کاهو (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia) تحت تنش خشکی
هانیه طاهری امیر سلطانی محمدی ناصر عالم زاده انصاریدر این پژوهش، به منظور ارزیــابی تاثیر پلیمر سوپر جاذب و تنش خشکی بر تعداد و سطح برگ گیاه کاهو آزمایشی صحرایی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی فاکتوریل با دو تیمار شامل رژیم آبیاری در سه سطح (60، 80 و 100 درصد نیازآبی گیاه) و غلظت سوپرجاذب در چهار سطح (صفر، 4 ،6 و 8 گرم در هر Moreدر این پژوهش، به منظور ارزیــابی تاثیر پلیمر سوپر جاذب و تنش خشکی بر تعداد و سطح برگ گیاه کاهو آزمایشی صحرایی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی فاکتوریل با دو تیمار شامل رژیم آبیاری در سه سطح (60، 80 و 100 درصد نیازآبی گیاه) و غلظت سوپرجاذب در چهار سطح (صفر، 4 ،6 و 8 گرم در هر کیلوگرم خاک گلدان) در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده مهندسی علوم آب دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد سوپرجاذب و تنش خشکی در سطح احتمال یک درصد بر تعداد و سطح برگ تأثیر معنی دار دارد. بیشترین تعداد برگ (56 برگ در بوته) در تیمار 8 گرم سوپرجاذب و 80 درصد نیاز آبی و بیشترین سطح برگ (6320 سانتیمتر مربع) در تیمار 6 گرم سوپرجاذب و 100 درصد نیاز آبی مشاهده شد. کمترین تعداد برگ (43 برگ در بوته) و سطح برگ (3043 سانتیمتر مربع) در تیمار صفر گرم سوپرجاذب و 60 درصد نیاز آبی مشاهده شد. در بین تیمارهای این پژوهش بیشترین تأثیر در افزایش تعداد و سطح برگ در تیمار 6 گرم سوپرجاذب و 100 درصد نیاز آبی مشاهده شد بنابراین استفاده از آن توصیه می شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Study on unnecessary elements in leafy vegetables of polluted farmland to heavy metals at around Shahr-e-Qods
بهزاد SaniContamination of soil and crops, including leafy vegetables consumed by heavy metals due to impropermanagement of farming systems in the world, human society has provided a cause of concern. In thisresearch, sampling from 10 farms for the study of heavy metals in leafy MoreContamination of soil and crops, including leafy vegetables consumed by heavy metals due to impropermanagement of farming systems in the world, human society has provided a cause of concern. In thisresearch, sampling from 10 farms for the study of heavy metals in leafy vegetables including lettuce(Lactuca sativa), spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum) has been done. In orderto perform the sampling of leafy vegetables at the end of each field season 5 randomly sampled from thebeginning, end and middle of each plot were harvested and then each field contamination by heavy metalshas been studied. The results showed that the effect of heavy metals treatment was significant on leafyvegetables. Mean comparison showed that the highest Pb (0.17 mg/kg), Hg (0.02 mg/kg) and Cd (0.13mg/kg) in Spinach and highest Ni (0.10 mg/kg) was achieved Lettuce. Also, the lowest Pb (0.11mg/kg) andCd (0.10 mg/kg) in Lettuce, Ni (0.08 mg/kg) in Parsley and finally Hg heavy metal (0.02mg/kg) waslowest in Lettuce and Parsley. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Differences pathogenicity of the fungus Cercospora beticola Sacc. caused cercospora leaf spot disease in sugarbeets and evaluation of sugarbeet cultivars resistance to the disease
Yashar Riazi Mojdeh Maleki Dariush ShahriariCercospora leaf spot disease caused by Cercospora beticola Sacc. is considered to be the most destructive foliar pathogen of sugarbeet which result in highest loss of yield and quality of sugarbeet in warm and humid environments. Control of these fungi often has been un MoreCercospora leaf spot disease caused by Cercospora beticola Sacc. is considered to be the most destructive foliar pathogen of sugarbeet which result in highest loss of yield and quality of sugarbeet in warm and humid environments. Control of these fungi often has been unsuccessful by the use of pesticides application; hence, the best method for disease control is the production and implementation of resistant likely cultivars. For this purpose, fungal isolates collected from south and north areas of Iran, Purification and Pathogenicity of isolate the genotype (191), susceptible to disease with spore suspension was implemented on leaves in greenhouse Then for characterizing isolates virulence, like pathogenicity method was performed inoculation of the fungus C. beticola on susceptible (191). The disease severity index after the appearance of disease symptoms, 35 days after sporulating was done by KSW method. Cultivars response assessment, 30 cultivars of sugarbeet to leaf spots in Gharakheyl research station under field conditions was conducted on completely random block design with three replications. Statistics from the infection severity were taken in June and July with an interval of one month. Also for evaluation of genotypes resistance of detached leaf disks in laboratory conditions in sterile environment, 1.8 cm diameter discs were prepared from the leaves of mentioned genotypes and laid on water agar rectangular plates and with spore suspension were sporulated . A total of sampling were obtained 18 isolates of pure C. beticola from different areas that all of them were high virulence, Although in terms of the disease severity were different, but the differences placed in the quantity range between 77.7-98.9 percent. In response Study of 30 genotypes of sugarbeet to causal agent in field conditions, the best time recording of disease severity is done from Gharakhey Ghaemshahr in favorable climatic mid June to late July. In this study, only 5 genotype: 32333, 32335, 32295, 32304 and 32319 showed response moderately susceptible "MS" and the rest of the group were susceptible "S" or very susceptible "VS". It was also determined a high correlation (91%) between assessment of detached leaf disks resistance in laboratory and field conditions as well as these two methods can replace each other Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Evaluation of resistance of selected bread wheat genotypes of cereal research department of Seed and plant institutes to Fusarium head blight in field conditions
Mohammad-Ali Dehghan Ali Milihipoor Manouchehr KhodarahmiIn this study, 224 wheat genotypes which had good agronomic characteristics were selected between 1700 collection of Cereal Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, to evaluating against diseases FHB, leaf rust and powdery mildew resistance in field co MoreIn this study, 224 wheat genotypes which had good agronomic characteristics were selected between 1700 collection of Cereal Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, to evaluating against diseases FHB, leaf rust and powdery mildew resistance in field condition in Golestan province. After land preparation, seed of each genotype were planted on a line with length 1.5 meters below mist irrigation systems. Spikes at 50% flowering (stage 65 of the Zadoks) were inoculated with spore suspension of fungi isolates of Fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum) within three days of one another in two stages. To evaluate genotypes resistant to leaf rust, in stem elongation (stage 35 of the Zadoks), were sprayed with a mixture of spores of the pathogen. Genotypes were evaluated to powdery mildew with naturally infected area. Notes the reaction of genotypes diseases mentioned above, the standard method of assessment for all diseases. The results showed that, 60 percent of genotype in disease incidence of Fusarium head blight were moderately susceptible and 30% were susceptible reaction and the rest were moderately resistant and resistant, but in disease severity FHB, 30% of moderately susceptible reaction, 37% susceptible and the rest were placed in resistant and moderately resistant groups. In the disease index FHB of genotypes showed that 20 percent moderately susceptible, 22% susceptible, 34% moderately resistant and 24 percent showed good relative strength. Results evaluated genotypes reaction to leaf rust races in the region showed that 43% resistant, 47% susceptible and others 10 percent were moderately resistant or moderately susceptible. In this study, 17% of genotypes were resistant, 25% moderately resistant, 27% moderately susceptible and 31% were quite susceptible. After analysis of the data, 20 genotypes were favorable partial resistance to any of the diseases studied, were introduced as sources of resistance and molecular genetics of resistance to genetic unit Cereal Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Etiology of leaf spot and blistering disease of cucumber and Melon in Mazandaran province
Minochehr Arsalani Abul Qasem Ghasemi Mojdeh MalekiCucumber is one of the most important crops cultivated in greenhouses and field in Iran. Melon is one of members of Cucurbitaceae family and it has a large sweet fruit. Pseudomonas syringae is a bacterial plant pathogen that causes necrosis in aerial parts of the plants MoreCucumber is one of the most important crops cultivated in greenhouses and field in Iran. Melon is one of members of Cucurbitaceae family and it has a large sweet fruit. Pseudomonas syringae is a bacterial plant pathogen that causes necrosis in aerial parts of the plants. As isolated P. syringae pv. lachrymans and P. viridiflava have been isolated from cucurbits in Iran and other bacteria not reported as pathogenic bacteria. Whereas agent of blister spot and leaf necrosis of cucumber andnot detected from Iran specially in Mazandaran. In this study, the cause of blisters and necrotic leaf spots cucumbers and melons after isolation from infected plants was identified by using morphological and molecular methods in Mazandaran. Based on the results of molecular tests and sequencing of the rpoB gene sequence, our bacterial agent was similar to about P. straminea, with 99 percent similarity. The results of this study showed the studied bacterium belongs to P. Straminea, and based on rpoB gene sequence closest species to it, was P. mendocina. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Identification of the causal agent of stone fruits die back and decline (Silver Leaf) in east of Mazandaran province
Seyed Vahid Alavi parisa TeymuriThe disorder causes die back of the twigs, the leaves take silver color appearance and the tree declined. In the summer of 2014-2016 during visits to the eastern regions of the province, the trees affected by the disease and dying were determined from 8 to 10 %. Samplin MoreThe disorder causes die back of the twigs, the leaves take silver color appearance and the tree declined. In the summer of 2014-2016 during visits to the eastern regions of the province, the trees affected by the disease and dying were determined from 8 to 10 %. Sampling was done from nectarine and peach trees with the symptoms and contamination with pathogens capable of causing such symptoms were examined. The samples were tested by RT-PCR using specific primers for European stone fruit yellows(‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’) and almond witches’ broom (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium’) Phytoplasmas, Prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus (PNRSV), Tomato ringspot nepovirus (ToRSV) and Plum pox potyvirus (PPV). Segments of necrotic tissue margin under the bark of each sample were plated onto NA and PDA media after surface disinfection. Study results did not show any contamination to the mentioned viral and Phytoplasmas agents. Bacterial colonies did not seen on the culture media. The fungal isolates were purified and identified as Trametes versicolor, based on the morphological characteristics. Pathogenicity test was done and proved by inoculation of 3-4mm cut pellets of PDA media containing fungal mycelia of the isolates on the peach and nectarines seedlings. Genomic DNA extraction was done from the fungal isolates and amplification was done with ITS1, ITS4 and LAC regions primers. The amplicons were sequenced and compared with the available sequences in GenBank (NCBI). BLAST analysis showed 95 to 100 % nucleotide similarity between the isolates and Trametes versicolor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - Partial molecular characterization of Iranian isolates of Potato leafroll virus
Reza Pourrahim Shirin FarzadfarPotato leaf roll virus (PLRV), a species of Polerovirus gunes, causes one of the most important viral diseases in potato crop. Molecular characterizations of Iranian PLRV isolates have been studied using ORF0. Main potato cultivation areas in Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Isfaha MorePotato leaf roll virus (PLRV), a species of Polerovirus gunes, causes one of the most important viral diseases in potato crop. Molecular characterizations of Iranian PLRV isolates have been studied using ORF0. Main potato cultivation areas in Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Isfahan, Khorasan, and Hamadan were visited and sampling conducted randomly and symptomatically. The samples were tested by DAS-ELISA method by using specific antibodies from Bioreba Co (Switzerland). ELISA results showed that on average, 9.6 % of the randomly collected samples were infected by PLRV, indicating wide distribution of PLRV in potato fields of Iran. Also, samples from Isfahan and Ardabil provinces showed highest and lowest infection with PLRV with 23.7% and 3.9%, respectively. Ten Iranian PLRV isolates have been selected and the ORF0 region of genome amplified by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers and sequenced. Comparing the nucleotide sequence alignment of 10 sequences obtained in this study with 23 other PLRV sequences showed 94.2 up to 100 % identity. Two Iranian isolates, Ar53 and Kh116 had the most identity with an isolate from Netherlands (Y07496). Phylogenetic analysis showed that PLRV isolates clustered in three groups which Iranian isolates fall in group with some European PLRV isolates. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Evaluation of resistant wheat genotypes of elite regional wheat yield trials 1397 to wheat leaf rust disease
Seyed Taha Dadrezaei Mohammad Ali Dehghan Nosratallah Tabatabai Fard Hesamuddin MofidiWheat leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks, is one of the most important wheat diseases due to the extent of dispersion and damage in the world. This research project was conducted in order to evaluate reaction of 111 wheat genotypes of Elite Regional Wheat Yie MoreWheat leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks, is one of the most important wheat diseases due to the extent of dispersion and damage in the world. This research project was conducted in order to evaluate reaction of 111 wheat genotypes of Elite Regional Wheat Yield Trials (ERWYT-97) to wheat rust disease under field conditions in Gorgan, Sari and Ahvaz. At the planting seasons, each genotype was planted in two meter rows in three replications for two years. In Karaj, resistance of genotypes was evaluated at seedling stage and under greenhouse conditions. In greenhouse, data were recorded 12 days after inoculation by McIntosh et al. method. The results showed that out of 111 advanced wheat lines, four climates had 25 acceptable resistance lines at three locations in two years. 86 lines were susceptible in one area or over two years. Also 7, 25, 7, 3, 7 line of 26 promising lines of South Zone wheat, the 25 promising lines of North Zone wheat, 20 promising lines of Cold Zone wheat 20 promising lines of Moderate Zone wheat, 20 promising line of salinity wheat respectively showed only one resistance line. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Evaluation of insecticidal effect of essential oil of some medicinal plants against confused flour beetle adults (Tribolium confusum)
Masoumeh Darvishi Akram Mobini Samin SeddighThe confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, feeds on starchy material like flour, bran, and groats. These insects not only add significant losses to the product while feeding, but also due to the rapid population growth, the crop is infected with its MoreThe confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, feeds on starchy material like flour, bran, and groats. These insects not only add significant losses to the product while feeding, but also due to the rapid population growth, the crop is infected with its feces and larval shells, and its quality is greatly reduced. Recently, many studies have been done on the application of plant essential oils or their components as a safe alternative to commonly used fumigant toxins. In this research, toxicity of three plant essential oils including Rosemary, White Pepper and Walnut leaves were investigated in three concentrations of 10, 30 and 50 μl and was compared to Rosemary extract. All experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions under temperature 27 ± 1°C, with 30 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 14h. The results showed that using Rosemary extract did not control T. confusum which had no significant difference with control. The essential oils of Walnut leaf, Rosemary and White Pepper made a significant difference in the mortality of the adults of the confused flour beetle. With increasing concentration, the mortality rate of T. confusum adults increased in all essential oils and all of them had a significant difference. The most percentage of mortality was observed at 50 μl concentration in Pepper essential oil. The optimum conditions for using essential oils were also investigated. So that the most pest mortality would be obtained by using 50 μl concentrations of White Pepper and Rosemary essential oils, causing 100% and 60% mortality of T. confusum, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Investigation of anatomical structure of Pteridium aquilinum leaves in Iran
Maedeh Alaeifar Masoud Sheidai Fahimeh KoohdarPteridium aquilinum belongs to the family Dennstaedtiaceae and includes herbaceous, perennial and terrestrial plants with global distribution. This plant grows well in sultry and shady areas; Therefore, the northern regions of Iran are one of the suitable habitats for t MorePteridium aquilinum belongs to the family Dennstaedtiaceae and includes herbaceous, perennial and terrestrial plants with global distribution. This plant grows well in sultry and shady areas; Therefore, the northern regions of Iran are one of the suitable habitats for this species. In the present study, the anatomical structure of leaves in 15 specimens of this species was investigated by the double staining method. In total, 23 quantitative and 6 qualitative characters were evaluated and measured. Characters such as the presence of a uniseriate epiderm, the presence of collenchyma cells in the distance between the epiderm and the vascular bundle, the presence of a V-shaped vessel in the center of the vascular bundel, bilateral phloem, stomatal guard cells Renal shape and simple needle-shaped trichomes in the lower epiderm are prominent anatomical features of the leaves in this species. The results of statistical calculations such as WARD analysis, how the populations were grouped and also drawing PCA diagrams showed the diversity of characters in the populations. On the other hand, despite the consideration of lower taxa than the species in this plant in some studies, the results of statistical calculations based on the characteristics of the anatomical structure of the leaf in the present study ruled out the existence of these taxa. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Investigating the impact of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles on structural and ultrastructural changes of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) leaves
Sedighe Jahani Malihe Jahani Sara Saadatmand Homa Mahmoodzadeh Ramazan Ali Khavari-NejadIntroduction: Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) are one of the most widely used NPs in the world and their interaction with the ecosystem is unavoidable. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate structural and ultrastructural changes in marigold leaves under Ce MoreIntroduction: Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) are one of the most widely used NPs in the world and their interaction with the ecosystem is unavoidable. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate structural and ultrastructural changes in marigold leaves under CeO2 NPs. Materials and methods: Seeds were sown in pots under greenhouse conditions and after two weeks, seedlings were exposed to CeO2 NPs (0 and 3200 μg/mL) by leaf spray for five weeks. Then, leaf morphological changes were measured. Also, sampling from the control and NPs treatment leaf were performed to investigate structural and ultrastructural changes. Tissue preparation was performed and samples were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: Morphological changes including diminish in the length, width and area of marigold leaf under CeO2 NPs were observed. Also, ultrastructural changes of mesophilic cells of marigold leaf under CeO2 NPs including diminish of chloroplasts number and their swelling, incement of peroxisomes number, disintegration of cell membrane, and accumulation and deposition of NPs in the intercellular spaces, cell wall and membrane, vacuole, peroxisome and chloroplast stroma were observed. In addition, the results of cerium elemental assessment by methods of inductive coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), in line with TEM results, showed the uptake and accumulation of CeO2 NPs in marigold leaves. Conclusion: Ultrastructural damage in TEM results indicated the toxicity of high dosage of CeO2 NPs at the cellular level. Therefore, potential of hazardous impacts of CeO2 NPs on other medicinal plants and environment should be considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Assesment of Relationships between Seed Yield and Some Morphophysiological Traits of Bread Wheat Genotypes under Rainfed and Supplementary Irrigation Conditions
Saman Motazedi Saeed Seifzadeh Reza HagParast HamidReza Zakerin Hamid Jabbari Jahanfar daneshianRelationship, between seed yield and it morphological characteristics and their relative importance in 25 bread wheat genotypes under both rain-fed and supplementary irrigation conditions studied using a randomized complete block design with three replications were eval MoreRelationship, between seed yield and it morphological characteristics and their relative importance in 25 bread wheat genotypes under both rain-fed and supplementary irrigation conditions studied using a randomized complete block design with three replications were evaluated during growing seasons of 2014 and 2016 at the Kermanshah’s Sararud Rainfed Agricultural Research Station. Analysis of variance showed that all traits under study, except spike length, exhibited significant differences in rainfed and supplementary irrigation condition. In supplementary irrigation conditions, these traits showed higher values as compared to those of rainfed condition. The application of supplementary irrigation resulted in reduced leaf and canopy temperatures. The coefficients of simple correlation between the traits, for both of the rain-fed and supplementary irrigation systems, indicated that cell membrane stability, flag leaf length, straw yield, relative water content, 1000 seed weight, chlorophyll content, leaf and canopy temperatures were maximally correlated with the seed yield. Traits like straw yield and flag leaf length were inserted into the regression model of rainfed irrigation condition and traits such as the straw yield, flag leaf length, relative water content and spike yield were also inserted into the regression model of supplementary irrigation condition the results demonstrated that the former traits accounted for 0.741 of the seed yield variations and the latter traits explained 0.899 of the seed yield variation. Path coefficient analysis showed highest positive direct effect on seed yield in rain-fed condition, and straw yield and flag leaf length, relative water content, flag leaf length and spike yield in supplementary irrigation condition. Based on the results of this study, straw yield was found to be the most important indicator to select for higher yielding varieties of wheat under both rainfed and supplementar irrigation conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - The Effect of Different Interference Periods of Weeds on, Leaf Area Index, Yield and Yield Components of Corn Hybrid
H. Shahi B. Mirshekari A. Valad Abadi A. Dabbag-e-Mohammadi NasabDifferent interference periods of weed on leaf area index, yield and yield components of corn hybrids were investigated in a factorial experiment conducted of Research Station of Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Brach, based on randomized complete MoreDifferent interference periods of weed on leaf area index, yield and yield components of corn hybrids were investigated in a factorial experiment conducted of Research Station of Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Brach, based on randomized complete block design in three replicates in 2007. The treatments consisted of weed interference periods (interference at 2 – 4 leaf Stage, 4 – 6 leaf, 6 –8 leaf stages, full season weed interference and weed free control plot) and three corn hybrids (504, 604 and 704). Results showed that the traits such as biological yield, leaf area index and number of grain per plant in a row were affected by weed interference treatments and maize hybrids significantly. While the grain yield, and harvest index were influenced by corn hybrids, significantly. But there was not significant difference in weed interference treatments. Biological yield and leaf area index in full season weed interference in comparison with weed free control plot reduced by 25%, 48%, respectively. In this study 504 hybrid with grain yield 5.8 tha-1, biological yield 11.6 t.ha-1 and harvest index 49% was found to be better than hybrids 604 and 704 hybrids. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Grain Yield and Growth Traits of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as Affected by Interference with Wild Oat (Avena ludoviciana L.)
Farshad SorkhiA pot experiment was performed to investigate the effects of root, shoot and full plant interference of barley by wild oat on leaf characteristics and root to shoot ratio. This experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete design with four replicati MoreA pot experiment was performed to investigate the effects of root, shoot and full plant interference of barley by wild oat on leaf characteristics and root to shoot ratio. This experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete design with four replications. The treatments consisted of four interference levels control, root, shoot and full plant interferences) and four wild oat densities (2, 4, 6 and 8 plants/pot). The effects of full plant and root interferences of barley and wild oat traits were higher than shoot interference. Full and below ground interactions of both species decreased the grain yield, flag leaf area and its chlorophyll content significantly, as compared to above ground interaction and control. All traits under study of wild oat were reduced by above ground interaction compared to control. Grain yield of barley and wild oat showed highest sensitivity to interaction of treatments. There was no significant difference between full and root interferences. Increasing plant density of wild oat decreased per plant seed yield, flag leaf area and chlorophyll content of barley leaf. Reduction of barley grain yield concering root, shoot and full interferences, as compared with control, were 28.75, 73.09 and 77.22 percent respectively. Results also revealed that interference of roots increased competitative ability of oats against barley. This indicates higher sensitivity of shoot than root to interference competition. This ratio for wild oat was more than barley. Therefore wild oat has higher rooting ability as compared to barley. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Effect of Electrical Conductivity and Sodium Adsorption Ratio of Irrigation Water on some Physiological Indices and Yields of Two Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Varieties
Farzad JaliliTo study the effect of electrical conductivity (EC) andsodium adsorption ratio (SAR) on the yield and physiological indices of two varieties of rapeseed, an experiment was carried in pot condition. Treatments were EC with 3 levels (0.35, 6 and 12 dSm-1), SAR with 4 leve MoreTo study the effect of electrical conductivity (EC) andsodium adsorption ratio (SAR) on the yield and physiological indices of two varieties of rapeseed, an experiment was carried in pot condition. Treatments were EC with 3 levels (0.35, 6 and 12 dSm-1), SAR with 4 levels (0, 6, 12 and 18 from NaCl and CaCl2) and varieties with two levels (Talayeh and Okapy). Traits measured were RWC, concentration of Na, K and Ca, leaf water potential, biomass and seed yields. The result of the analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of variety by EC on Na concentration, biomass and seed yield were significant. With increasing EC levels, seed yield decreased, but yield reduction in Okapi variety was less than that of Talayeh variety. Seed weight per plant in Talayeh was 2.99 g. and that of Okapi was 3.13 g. In both of varieties, with increasing of EC, concentration of Na increased, but its concentration in Okapy was more than Talayeh. The interaction effect of EC by SAR showed that with increasing treatment levels, leaf water potential, biomass and seed yield decreased, while carbohydrates increased. With increasing SAR from EC1SAR1 to EC1SAR4, yield decreased by 7%, while it was 13.7% from EC2SAR1 to EC2SAR4 and 25% from EC3SAR1 to EC3SAR4. Although EC and SAR causes negative effects on rapeseed growth indices, but their negative on Talayeh variety was less than that of Okapy. Increasing calcium proportion against salinity reduced the effects salinity in all traits. Since, high saline water has higher calcium ion, it would have poper quality for to use it in agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - Effect of Seed Treatment with Salicylic Acid on Some Seedling Characteristics of Borage
H. Khooshehkar F. ShekariThe effects of seed priming of borage (Borago officinalis)with salicylic acid on improving its seedling traits was investigated under field condition in a complete randomized block design. Treatments consisted of untreated seeds as control, hydropriming and treatme MoreThe effects of seed priming of borage (Borago officinalis)with salicylic acid on improving its seedling traits was investigated under field condition in a complete randomized block design. Treatments consisted of untreated seeds as control, hydropriming and treatment with 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 μM salicylic acid. Results showed that priming with salicylic acid significantly improved mean emergence time, emergence percent and index, fresh and dry weight of seedling, leaf area, leaf area ratio and specific leaf weight, but it did not affect seedling fresh weight to dry weight ratio. The highest emergence index and specific leaf weight and lowest mean emergence time (emergence rate) and leaf area ratio was found in plants which their seed were primed with 500 μM salicylic acid. It seems that seed priming with salicylic acid increased seedling dry weight more than leaf area. It was also revealed that treating seeds with the highest levels of salicylic acids resulted in negative effects on the traits measured. The lowest emergence index, emergence percent, fresh and dry weight of seedling and specific leaf weight and highest mean emergence time and leaf area ratio oblained from seedlings which primed with 2000 μM salicylic acid and followed by control and hydroprim treatments. It can be concluded that, priming with proper concentration of salicylic acid was more effective than hydropriming. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Evaluation of Yield, Yield Components and Photosynthesis of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Response to Combined Salinity and Drought Stresses at Vegetative Growth Stage
Marziyeh Esmaeilzadeh Hosein Babazadeh Hormozd Naghavi Ali Saremi Gholamhosein ShiresmaeiliThe research was carried out to evaluate the response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to salinity, drought and combined salinity- drought stresses at its vegetative stage and share of their effects on reduction of yield, yield components and photosynthesis of pla MoreThe research was carried out to evaluate the response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to salinity, drought and combined salinity- drought stresses at its vegetative stage and share of their effects on reduction of yield, yield components and photosynthesis of plant. For this purpose, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design was carried out at Agricultural Education Center of Kabotarabad- Isfahan in 2016-2017. In this study, response of spring safflower (Sofeh variety) to four salinity stress levels (2.5, 5, 10 and 15 dS/m) and four drought stress levels (100%, 80%, 60% and 40% F.C.) at vegetative growth stage were evaluated. The results showed that mean values of most traits were significantly reduced with increasing salinity and drought stress levels, in such a way that severe drought (Irrigation based on 40% field capacity) and salinity (15 dS/m) treatments produced lowest values for all traits. Seed oil content decreased with increasing salinity but this decrease (7.4%) was significant only at highest salinity level (15 dS/m). The highest level of combined salinity-drought stress decreased seed yield (87.13% decrease) more than the highest level of each of drought (71.40% decrease) and salinity (55.56% decrease) stresses as compared to control treatment (without drought and salinity stress), and the share of drought stress in reduction of seed yield was higher than the salinity stress (71.40% and 55.56%, respectively). Thus, growing safflower with minimum loss of seed yield, by irrigation with 80% F.C. and water salinity with 5 dS/m at the vegetative growth stage is possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - Evaluating of Forage Yield Increase of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and Weed Control by Its Intercropping with Forage Legumes
Saeid Vaezi Seyed Alireza Valadabadi Majid Pouryousef Saeed Seifzadeh Hamid Reza ZakerinThis experiment was conducted to study yield increase of forage sorghum by its intercropping with forage legumes and weed control. This study was carried out in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications at the Research Statio MoreThis experiment was conducted to study yield increase of forage sorghum by its intercropping with forage legumes and weed control. This study was carried out in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications at the Research Station of University of Zanjan in 2015. In this experiment, a different proportatios of sorghum with forage legumes including pure culture of sorghum plants, lathyrus and hairy vetch, increased percent of sorghum by 33%, 66% and 100% of hairy vetch and lathyrus, and different weed control management, including full weed control during season, single weed control and no weeds control, were examined. The results showed that the highest and lowest fresh and dry yields of sorghum were obtained in intercropping of sorghum with 33% vetch and 100% lathyrus, respectively. The highest chlorophyll content and leaf area belonged to sole cropping of sorghum and full weed control. The highest height of sorghum and cover crops was observed in 100% sorghum+ 100% lathyrus and weed-infested. On the other hand, in the sole culture of vetch and lathyrus and full weed control treat, the cover crops had the highest dry weights. The results of this experiment also showed that the highest dry weights and density of weeds were obtained under sole culture and weed-infested condition. As a result, it can be said that by selecting the appropriate intercropping ratios and forage legumes, we can control weed population to a large extent also improve the quantitative yield of sorghum forage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - Effect of Shading on some Important Physiological Traits in Lentil Crop
F. Darabi A. Hatami M.J. Zarea R. NaseriLight is one of the growth-reducing factors in mixed cropping and agroforestry systems. Therefore, an experimental field was conducted to justiffy the effect of light intensity on two lentil cultivars. It was performed in a factorial experiment based on randomized compl MoreLight is one of the growth-reducing factors in mixed cropping and agroforestry systems. Therefore, an experimental field was conducted to justiffy the effect of light intensity on two lentil cultivars. It was performed in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station of Ilam University during 2012-2013 cropping season. The factors under study consisted of shading in four levels (0 shading, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of shadings) and two cultivars lentil (Lens culinaris Medic) (Ziba and ILL4400). Results showed that physiologic traits were significantly affected by cultivar × shading intraction. Ziba cultivar had the highest chlorophyll a and b content in 100% shading. Carotenoid content, relative water content and leaf area index also increased with increasing in shading. The highest and lowest carotenoid and relative water contents were observed in 100% shading × ILL4400 cultivar and control treatment × Ziba cultiva, respectively. The highest leaf specific weight observed in control treatment × Ziba cultivar and decreased with increasing shading. Grain yield decreased with increasing shading. The highest and lowest mean grain yield, 2522 kg.ha-1 and 1137 kg.ha-1, were observed in control treatment × Ziba cultivar and 100% shading and ILL4400 cultivar, respectively. Based on the results of this study, Ziba cultivar had the highest leaf area index, relative water content and chlorophyll a in higher shading treatments; hence, it can perform better than ILL4400 in mixed cropping and agroforestry systems where the light is limited factor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
93 - Effect of Integrated Application of Biochar and Nitroxin on Growth Traits and Grain Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) under Different Irrigation Regimes
Seyed Afshin Moosavi AliReza Shokuhfar Shahram Lak Mani Mojaddam Mojtaba AlavifazelAccording to Iranian water resource limitations it is mandatory to find water efficient strategies for crop production in accordance with reduction of chemical inputs. A split-factorial experiment was conducted in 2018 based on randomize complete block design with three MoreAccording to Iranian water resource limitations it is mandatory to find water efficient strategies for crop production in accordance with reduction of chemical inputs. A split-factorial experiment was conducted in 2018 based on randomize complete block design with three replications to investigate the effects of biochar and nitroxin application on growth traits and yield of cowpea under different irrigation regimes. Experimental treatments were irrigation regimes (0, 90, 120 mm) evaporation from water pan class A which were considered as no stress, mild water stress and Sevier water stress, respectively. Irrigation treatments were arranged as main plot and three levels of biochar (0,4, 8 t.ha-1) and nitroxin (inoculated and no inoculated) considered as factorial subplots. Results showed that dry matter accumulation and relative crop growth rate exhibited a sigmoid pattern while leaf area and growth rate followed gaussian pattern. Based on model output DMTmax was 467 g.m-2 and RGRmax was 0/100 g, LAImax 3.65 and CGRmax was 12.6 g.m-2 which reach to 50% of final value in 55/9, 65.9, 40.5 and 31.7, respectively. Application 8 ton/ha biochar with nitroxxin resulted in 12% RWC and 10%, 27% improved nitrogen and phosphor status under severe stress condition. Irrigation at 120 mm evaporation caused 33% reduction of grain yield and nitroxin application at normal condition caused 19% increase in grain yield but at 120 mm evaporation it did not exhibit significant effect. Application of biochar at no stress condition led to 37% increase in grain yield and such changes reach to 29% at 120 mm evaporation from water pan class A. The highest grain yield (266 g.m-2) obtained from 8 t.ha-1 biochar at no stress condition and the maximum biological yield was obtained from 8 t.ha-1 biochar with nitroxin (809 g.m-2). Application of 8 t.ha-1 biochar incorporated with nitroxin could provide satisfactory yield for cowpea crop under water limited condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
94 - The Effect of Biological and Chemical Phosphorus Fertilizers on Radiation Use Efficiency, P Concentration and Yield of Wheat Cultivar (Pishgam)
Somayeh Vejdani Aram Goudarz Ahmadvand Somayeh HajiniaTo evaluate the effect of biological and chemical phosphorous fertilizers on radiation use efficiency, P concentration and yield of wheat cultivar (Pishgam) A field study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three re MoreTo evaluate the effect of biological and chemical phosphorous fertilizers on radiation use efficiency, P concentration and yield of wheat cultivar (Pishgam) A field study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, in 2011-2012 at the Agricultural and Natural Research Station of Hamedan province. The factors were three levels of phosphorus fertilizer (P1) 0, (P2) 22.5 and (P3) 45 kg.ha-1 diammonium phosphate of based on soil test and five levels of biofertilizer applications: non-biofertilizer application (B1), biofertilizer application at the rate of 100 g.ha-1 at planting (B2), biofertilizer application in two stages, at the rate of 100 g.ha-1 at planting and 100 g.ha-1 in the spring (B3), biofertilizer application at the rate of 200 g.ha-1 at planting (B4), biofertilizer application in two stages, at the rate of 200 g.ha-1at planting and 200 g.ha-1 in the spring (B5). The results showed the highest leaf area index (5.8 and 5.7, respectively) was produced in biofertilizer of B4 and B3 levels with application of 45 kg ha-1 diammonium phosphate. Application of 45 kg.ha-1 diammonium phosphate with biofertilizers of B2, B5, B4 and B3 levels, caused an increase in total dry matter about 29.7, 25.9, 4.0 and 2.5 percent, respectively, as compared to that of control. The highest radiation use efficiency of 2.45 g.mj-1 belonged to 45 kg.ha-1 diammonium phosphate with biofertilizers of B4 which was 23 percent more than that of control. Bio-fertilizer of B3 and B2 levels increased grain yield of wheat by 9.8 and 9.3 percent, respectively, as compared to that of control. Finally it can be stated that biofertilizer Barvar-2, resulted in the increase of grain yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
95 - Effect of Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid on Yield and Yield Components of Pumpkin under Different Water Deficienies
Vahideh Biyare Farid Shekari Saeid Seifzadeh Hamidreza Zakerin Esmaeil HadidiPumpkin is one of the valuable medicinal plants which have high oil content in its seeds. The response of pumpkin was examined against controlled water deficiency with spraying salicylic acid under field conditions in 2015 and 2016 in split plot experiment based on comp MorePumpkin is one of the valuable medicinal plants which have high oil content in its seeds. The response of pumpkin was examined against controlled water deficiency with spraying salicylic acid under field conditions in 2015 and 2016 in split plot experiment based on complete randomized block design. The plants sprayed with 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM concentrations of salicylic acid at 5-6 leaf stages. After 15 days plants exposed to -0.3, -1.2 and -1.8 MPa water deficiency. Increasing water deficiency reduced RWC, chlorophyll and carotenoids content, plant height, number of nodes and branches per plant, fruit yield, fruit diameter, seed yield, number of seed per fruit and weight of 1000 seeds while it and also increased the diameter of mesocarp especially in -1.8 MPa treated plants. On the contrary, spraying with salicylic acid resulted in significant increase in RWC, chlorophyll and carotenoids contents, plant height, number of nodes and branches per plant, fruit yield, diameter of fruit, seed yield, number of seed per fruit and weight of 1000 seeds. Haghest salicylic acid effect observed at 1.5 mM concentration. Most of traits under study depicated their significant reduction at -1.8 MPa water deficiency, while other traits like leaf water content, plant height, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content, nodes per plant, number of branches and mesocarp diameter were reduced at -1.2 MPa. On the other hand, seed per fruit was increased significantly at -1.2 MPa as compared to -0.3 MPa water deficiency. The main reason for increment of seed number per fruit was due to reduction in mesocarp diameter and its weight. It seems that water deficiency changed the partitioning pattern of assimilates from fruit and shifted them to seeds against mesocarp or other parts of fruit. Among the yield components, seed number per fruit and number of fruit per land area had the most effect on yield formation. The variation in seed weight was not significant. According to results, pumpkin may considered as a tolerant plant to soil suction till -1.2 MPa, without a significant reduction in seed yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
96 - The Growth Analysis of Corn (Zea mays L. cv. SC 604) With Different Fertilizers Application
M. Yazdani H. Pirdashti M.A. BahmanyarTo investigate the responses growth indices of corn (Zea mays L. cv. SC 604) to using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) and rhizobacteria, a field experiment was conducted during 2008. The study was arranged in s MoreTo investigate the responses growth indices of corn (Zea mays L. cv. SC 604) to using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) and rhizobacteria, a field experiment was conducted during 2008. The study was arranged in split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Three levels of manures, consisted of 20 Mg.ha-1 farmyard manure, 15 Mg.ha-1 green manure and check or without any manures assigned to main plots and eight levels of fertilizer combinations (consisted of 1-NPK or recommended fertilizer application; 2-NPK+PSM+PGPR; 3-NP50%K+PSM +PGPR; 4-N50%PK+PSM+ PGPR; 5-N50%P50%K+PSM+ PGPR; 6-PK+PGPR; 7-NK+PSM and 8-PSM+ PGPR) to sub plots. Results showed that the maximum dry matter (13/2 g.m-2), leaf area index (3/8) and crop growth rate (34/5 g.m-2.day-1) were, produced by using both farmyard manure and application of NPK plus biofertilizers. Application of green manure and biofertilizer significantly increased dry matter by 11% compared to control. Meanwhile, farmyard manure and green manure application markedly increased the leaf area index by 17 and 10%, respectively. NPK treatment in farmyard manure plots and inoculation of PGPR and PSM significantly increased crop growth rate in corn plants compared to green manure and control plots. However, inoculation of biofertilizer and reducing P application by 50% did not significant influence growth indices such as total dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, and crop growth rate significantly. In conclusion, it seems that biofertilizers could be recommended as an effective option to reduce phosphate chemical fertilizers, improve the growth indices of corn plants, which ultimately result in grain yield increase. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
97 - The Effect of Super Absorbent Application on Yield and Yield Components of Rain-fed Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes under Supplemental Irrigation Conditions
Seyedeh Nesa Shahrokhi Ahmad Naderi Payam Pezeshkpour Mani Mojaddam Adel ModhejIn order to study the responses of chickpea genotypes and super absorbent application under supplemental irrigation condition, an experiment was conducted base on split-split- plot randomized complete block design with four replications during 2014-2015 in the Agricultu MoreIn order to study the responses of chickpea genotypes and super absorbent application under supplemental irrigation condition, an experiment was conducted base on split-split- plot randomized complete block design with four replications during 2014-2015 in the Agricultural Research Station of Sarab Changaei, Khorramabad. Suplimental irrigation (rainfed, suplimental irrigation at 50% flowering and supplemental irrigation at 50% flowering+ 50% poding) in the main plots, super absorbent polymer in subplot and cultivars (Arman, Azad, Hashem, Adel and ILC482) the sub-subplots were located. The highest grain yield and protein yield were obtained in supplementary irrigation in two stages (50% flowering + 50% poding) with super absorbent application, by avrege of 3890 and 870 kg.ha-1, respectively, which were 24% and 21% higher than control, respectively. The highest leaf greenness (39.22), pods per plant (22.1), seed weight (52.4) and biological yield (5413.5) were related to two-stage irrigation. The highest number of pods per plant (27.7) was observed in Hashem cultivar and superabsorbent application, which was 34% more than non- super absorbent in same cultivar. Results of genotype× super absorbent showed that the highest grain yield (4159 kg.ha-1), grain nitrogen percentage (3.69) and protein yield (960 kg.ha-1) were obtained under super absorbent and Adel cultivar conditions. Based on the results, application of supera bsorbent increased grain yield and protein yield of chickpea genotype in rain-fed conditions. By improving physiological traits, associated with drought tolerance, the use of supplemental irrigation method in areas that make this possible, especially if combined with the application of super absorbent polymers, can increase seed yield in chickpea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Morphophysiological and Antioxidant Properties of Calendula officinalis L. under Irrigation Regimes
Afsaneh Pirmani Touraj Mir Mahmoodi Soran Sharafi Saman Yazdan SetaTo study the effects of nitrogen levels on morphophysiological and antioxidants properties of calendula under deferent irrigation regimes a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Urmia Agricultural MoreTo study the effects of nitrogen levels on morphophysiological and antioxidants properties of calendula under deferent irrigation regimes a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Urmia Agricultural Station of Saat Lo for two cropping seasons 2016-17. Treatments were four levels of irrigation (irrigation after 5, 10, 15 and 20 days) assigned to main plots, and application of 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg.ha-1 nitrogen to subplots. Results showed that the effects of irrigation intervals on all studied traits waer significant. There were significant differences among nitrogen levels on all traits except proline content. Interaction of two treatments was significant on leaf area index, stomatal conduction coefficient, chlorophyll b, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield. Resulats also indicated that, with increasing irrigation intervals from 5 to 20 days, relative water content, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and dry flower yield were reduced by 36.64, 35.27, 24.31 and 45.77 percent respectively. Proline content, catalase superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde activities were increased by 24.72, 33.04, 35.51 and 20.86 percent, respectively. Among the nitrogen fertilizer levels, 160 kg ha-1 increased, relative water content, chlorophyll a, carotenoid and dry flower yield by 16.18, 4.24, 23.68 and 28.26 percent, respectively, while it reduced the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde by 18.10, 21.23 and 29.69 percent respectively as compared to control. The highest leaf area index, stomatal conduction coefficient, chlorophyll b were increased by the use of 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation intervals of 5 days. The highest percentage of essential oil of the flower and essential oil yield were also belonged to the application of 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen and irrigation interval of 10 days. To obtain better quality and higher essential oil yield from calendula, irrigation interval of 10 days and application of 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Yield and Oil Percentage of Safflower Cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Spring and Summer Planting Seasons Affected by Drought Stress
Gholam Hossein Shir esmaeili Ali Akbar Maghsudi mood Gholam Reza Khajueinejad Ruhollah AbdoshahiTo investigate the effects of drought stress on yield and oil percentage of safflower, an experiment was carried in split split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications during spring and summer planting seasons at Kaboutarabad Agricultural R MoreTo investigate the effects of drought stress on yield and oil percentage of safflower, an experiment was carried in split split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications during spring and summer planting seasons at Kaboutarabad Agricultural Research Station of Isfahan in 2015. The main factor consisted of two planting seasons (spring and summer), the sub-factor comprised of three irrigation treatments (normal irrigating from sowing to plant maturity as control, irrigation up to the beginning of flowering and irrigation up to seed filling period) and the sub-sub factor were ten safflower cultivars (Sofeh, Goldasht, Sina, Faraman, Mec117, Mec295, Mec18, Mec11, Mec7 and Mec27). The results showed that irrigation treatments had significant effects on leaf area index, relative water content, plant dry weight and grain yield. Drought stress reduced these traits. Drought stress had not significant effect on oil percentage while oil yield because of reduction of grain yield. The highest yield of oil belonged to Sofeh cultivar. Oil yield in irrigation treatments during seed filling and flowering period decreased by 26% and 46%, respectively as compared to control. Results showed that all cultivars in summer planting had lower grain and oil yield due to increasing of temperature as compare to spring planting. Although the oil percentage in summer planting was about 1% higher than spring planting, but due to lower grain yield, oil yield decreased by 60% during summer planting. Sofa and Mec11 cultivars produced the highest and lowest oil yields with 803 and 530 kg.ha -1 , respectively. Also, Sofa cultivar had the highest grain yield in both of planting seasons. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - Effect of Phosphate Fertilizer Type and Nitrogen Application Method on Tuber Yield and Growth Indices of Three Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivars
Masoud Jalili Honarmand Mohammad Ali AboutalebianNitrogen and phosphorus are essential nutrients in growth of plants. In addition, the type and method of fertilizer application play an important role in the efficient absorption of nutrients and reduce fertilizer use. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in a randomi MoreNitrogen and phosphorus are essential nutrients in growth of plants. In addition, the type and method of fertilizer application play an important role in the efficient absorption of nutrients and reduce fertilizer use. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Bahar city in 2017: phosphorus fertilizer was three levels (no application, triple superphosphate and diammonium phosphate), nitrogen fertilizer with two levels (placement and no-placement) and potato cultivar with three levels (Agria, Banba and Sante). The highest leaf area index (5.27), crop growth rate (13.22 g.m-2) and total dry matter (582.86 g.m-2) were obtained from diammonium phosphate along with nitrogen placement in by using Agria cultivar. The results also showed that under conditions phosphorus deficiency, nitrogen application method did not affect leaf area index, crop growth rate and total dry matter: However, tuber yield of Agria under phosphorus deficiency increased by nitrogen placement treatment. In this study, the use of diammonium phosphate, compared to triple superphosphate, increased leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and total dry matter. The effect of nitrogen placement along with triple superphosphate was higher than that of nitrogen with diammonium phosphate. Chlorophyll index was not affected by nitrogen placement when using diammonium phosphate, whereas, nitrogen placement increased chlorophyll index by 6.5% with triple superphosphate. The results also showed that the tuber yield increased by 25.4% when nitrogen used by placement combined with triple superphosphate fertilizer. As a whole, highest tuber yields of all three cultivars, especially in Agria and Banba, were increased under nitrogen placement treatment along with diammonium phosphate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
101 - Response of Two Rapeseed Cultivars (Brassica napus L.) in Terms of Growth Indices, Yield and Yield Components to Method of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application in Gonbad-e Qabus Plain
Seyyed Fazel Fazeli Kakhki Morteza Goldani Farhad Soleimani fard Naser BikzadehIn order to investigate the response of rapeseed to the application method of nitrogen fertilizer, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2015-2016 crop season. The first factor was two canola cultivars MoreIn order to investigate the response of rapeseed to the application method of nitrogen fertilizer, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2015-2016 crop season. The first factor was two canola cultivars (Hayola 401 and RGS003) and the second factor was four application method of nitrogen fertilizer treatment as F1: three stages fertilization in soil used, F2: three stages foliar spraying application, F3: four stages of fertilization in soil used and F4: four stages of fertilization as foliar spraying. The results showed that the highest plant height was obtained by applying F3 treatment with 144.8 and 161 cm per plant in the second and third sampling, respectively. The highest leaf dry weight and leaf area was obtain by application F3 treatment in all sampling stages. The same trend was observed for the dry weight of lateral branches, so that in the third stage of sampling, the highest dry weight of lateral branches with 59.4 g.plant-1 was obtained by consuming of F3 treatment. The highest biomass and grain yield were obtained from F3 treatment with 1029 g.m-2 and 332 g.m-2 respectively. The highest number of pod (145 pod per plant), biomass (1105 g.m-2), oil yield (121 g.m-2) and seed yield (358 g.m-2) was obtain from application F3 in Hayola 401 cultivar. In general, the results showed that all morphological and yield indices of the plant were obtained from application of nitrogen fertilizer in four stages at the soil used that Hayola 401 cultivar showed more positive response to this used method of fertilization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
102 - Effect of Topping on Yield and Qualitative Characteristics of Autumn Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Cultivars in Gorgan Condition
Nourallah Tazikeh Abbas Biyabani Alireza Saberi Ali Rahemi Karizaki Masoumeh NaimiLeaves are one of the most important organs of plants where food (starch and sugar) are produced. These materials are used to maintain plant tissues, growth and production of new leaves. In order to evaluate the commercial fall growing cultivars of sugar beet, their pot MoreLeaves are one of the most important organs of plants where food (starch and sugar) are produced. These materials are used to maintain plant tissues, growth and production of new leaves. In order to evaluate the commercial fall growing cultivars of sugar beet, their potential to produce new leaves, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications at Varsan Agricultural Research Station (Gorgan), during 2018 growing season. The first factor consisted of 6 commercial sugar beet cultivars (5 foreign cultivars and Sharif, domestic) and the second factor of two times at toppings in May (middle stage of growth) and June (final stage of growth). Sugar beet root yield and some important quality characteristics were measured after harvesting. The results showed that the commercial cultivars showed significant differences in terms of yield and percentage of sugar (grade) at the one percent level of probability. Highest root yield was obtained from Jrakavas and lowest from veles cultivar. The highest percentage of sugar was due to veles and lowest to Rosagold cultivars. Topping reduced borb quantity and quality of sugar beet root, while May and June toppings reduced quality and yield of sugar beet root by 8.8% and 10.2% respectively as compared to the control treatment. The interaction effect of cultivar × topping was significant in all studied traits except root dry matter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
103 - Effect of Urea and Nitrapyrine on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Different Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivume L.) under Different Tillage Conditions
Reza Nozari Esmaeil Hadidi Masouleh Azam Borzouei Saeed Sayfzadeh Ali EskandariIn order to evaluate different tillage methods and urea fertilizer with nitrapyrin on total chlorophyll content, grain protein, yield and yield components of two wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted in form of split factorial in randomized complete blocks with t MoreIn order to evaluate different tillage methods and urea fertilizer with nitrapyrin on total chlorophyll content, grain protein, yield and yield components of two wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted in form of split factorial in randomized complete blocks with three replications in the Research farm Nuclear Science and Technology in 2017-2018. Experimental treatments included conventional and minimum tillage, fertilizer treatment at three levels of 0, 150 kg urea ha-1 and 150 kg urea ha-1 + nitrapyrin and wheat cultivars (Arg and Omidbakhsh). Tillage systems were effective on the studied traits and that the highest amount of chlorophyll (5.18 mg.g-1 FW) and leaf area index (3.78) were obtained in minimum and conventional tillage, respectively. The highest grain protein content (170.7%), grain yield (668.3 kg.ha-1) and harvest index (42.51%) were obtained in minimum tillage and 150 kg urea ha-1 fertilizer + nitrapyrin. Application of urea + nitrapyrin increased grain protein, 1000-grain weight and harvest index. Both Arg and Omidbakhsh cultivars obtained the highest plant height (102.16 and 104.66 cm, respectively) and leaf area index (3.88 and 3.98, respectively) in 150 kg urea ha-1 treatment. The three-way interactions of tillage, fertilizer and cultivar also had a significant effect on leaf dry weight, grain yield and biological yield. In minimal tillage, Omidbakhsh cultivar in 150 kg urea ha-1 + nitrapyrin fertilizer treatment showed better grain yield and biological yield than other treatments. According to the obtained results, in minimal plowing conditions, Omidbakhsh cultivar and application of urea + nitrapyrin is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
104 - The Study of Some Morphophysiological Characteristics Associated with Seed Yield and its Components of Rapeseed
M. Eskandari Kordlar B. Pasban eslam A. Mousavizadeh M. RoshdiTo investigate association of some morphophysiological characteristics with seed yield and its components of oilseed rape varieties, a research was carried out at East Azerbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center in 2005-2006. Experimental design was ran MoreTo investigate association of some morphophysiological characteristics with seed yield and its components of oilseed rape varieties, a research was carried out at East Azerbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center in 2005-2006. Experimental design was randomized complete block with four replications. Varieties under study showed significant differences in leaf area and leaf number per plant (typeI, II and total), leaf dry weight per plant, specific leaf weight, leaf temperature, seed oil percent, seed and oil yields. The results indicated that high yielding varieties possessed higher levels of leaf area (type II). SLMO46, Sunday, ARC-2, Opera and Ebonite had the higher seed yields than other varieties respectively. Sunday, Ebonit, SLM046, ARC-2 and Opera produced higher and Okapi, Sinatra, Regent×Cob, Geronima and Olpro lower oil yields. In this research, a positive and significant correlations were observed between seed yield with oil yield, leaf area type II, total leaf area, leaf dry weight, while a negative and significant correlation between seed oil and seed yield were seen. Correlations of oil yield with seed oil, seed yield, leaf dry weight and leaf area (typeI, II and total) were positive and significant. It seems that leaf area, especially larger leaves with longer petiole (type II), had important role in seed and oil yields. It can be concluded that replicating the experiment, would possibly result in recommending adaptable and high yielding oilseed rape varieties for cold climates of the country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
105 - Response of Some Physiological Parameters of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Varieties to Manure, Chemical Fertilizer and Their Combined Uses
Sajjad Nasiri Sohrab Mahmoudi Mohammad Ali Behdani Alireza SamadzadehTo evaluate the effects of manure, chemical fertilizers and their combined uses on yield and some physiological parameters of tomato varieties, an experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Fa MoreTo evaluate the effects of manure, chemical fertilizers and their combined uses on yield and some physiological parameters of tomato varieties, an experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Faculty of the University of Birjand in 2014. In this experiment fertilizer with 3 levels (manure, chemical fertilizer and their combined uses) asseigned to main plots and three tomato varieties (Orbana, Super chief and Super majar) to sub plots. Physiological parameters under study were LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR which measured every 10 days after the seedling establishment. The results showed significant effects of fertilizer and varieties on these parameters. The highest leaf area index (3.56) was obtained by the used of chemical fertilizers and the lowest (3) by the application of manure. Orbana possessed the highest LAI (4) and Super chief the lowest LAI (2.78). In this experiment, the highest crop growth rate (CGR) belonged to Orbana by the use of combined application of fertilizers and the lowest to Super Chief by the use of manure. Plants treated with chemical fertilizer had the highest relative growth rate (RGR) and those treated with their combined application and manure stood in the lower categories. The highest total tomato yield was related to the use of chemical fertilizer and the lowest to the use of combined fertilizers. The results of this experiment can be used to emphasize the role of organic fertilizers to produce highest tomato yield, both in quantity and quality, in this region and other similar regions in the country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - Effect of Mycorrhiza and Phosphate Solublizing Bacteria on Yield of Corn (Zea mays L.) (KSC 704) under Different Irrigation Regimes
Khoshnaz Payandeh Mani Mojaddam Nazli DerogarApplication of mycorrhizal fungi may improve the nutritional status of the plant and increase its resistance to environmental stresses, such as deficiencies water. This research was conducted in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with thre MoreApplication of mycorrhizal fungi may improve the nutritional status of the plant and increase its resistance to environmental stresses, such as deficiencies water. This research was conducted in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Hamidieh region of Ahvaz in 2018. Treatments consisted of irrigation regimes with three levels (60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from class A pan evaporation) assigned to main plots and combined use of mycorrhiza and phosphate stabilizing bacteriawith four levels (non application, mycorrhiza, mycorrhiza and phosphate stabilizing bacteria and Phosphate solublizing bacteria) to sub plots. The results showed that the effects of irrigation regimes and combined use of mycorrhiza and phosphorus fertilizer on leaf area index, symbiosis percent, seed number of seeds per row of corn ear, number of seeds per ear, 1000 seed weight and seed yield were significant. Mean comparisons showed that combined treatment of mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate solubilizing bacteria resulted in the maximum number of seeds per ear, number of seeds per row, 1000 seed weight and leaf area index. The highest seed yield (6400.55 kg.ha-1) was obtained from 60 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan and the combined application of mycorrhiza and phosphate solubilizing bacteria and lowest from 120 mm evaporation and without application of mycorrhiza and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. It can be concluded that combined use of mycorrhiza and phosphate solubilizing bacteria can be considered promising in growing maize for seed at this experimental region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Effect of N Fertilizer and Growth Stimulating Bacteria on Growth Traits of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under Delayed Sowing Condition
Nosratollah Nosrat Morteza Goldani Javad RezaeiDelayed planting of sugar beet, use of nitrogen fertilizer and growth promoting bacteria are important in accelerating growth and compensating time loss. To study this subject, a split split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 repl MoreDelayed planting of sugar beet, use of nitrogen fertilizer and growth promoting bacteria are important in accelerating growth and compensating time loss. To study this subject, a split split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 8 treatments in 2018 at the Research Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The factors under study consisted of planting date with two levels (regular planting, D1, and delayed planting, D2) as the main factor, nitrogen fertilizer with two levels (use of nitrogen fertilizer based on recommended rate, N1 and 25% less than recommended rate, N2) as a subfactors and bacterial growth stimulant with two levels (bacterial inoculation, B2, and without its use, B1) were considered as sub-sub- factors. Growth indices under study were leaf area index, total dry matter, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate. In this study, highest leaf area index (3.5) and dry matter accumulation (2898 g.m-2) in thermal unit, as well as growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate under regular and delayed planting dates were due to the use of recommended rate of nitrogen fertilizer and bacterial inoculation treatments. The least amounts of these traits were obtained at both planting dates and use of nitrogen fertilizer, 25% less than the recommendation, and without using bacteria. Root yield and sugar content sugar beet under treatment of bacterial and nitrogen use, based on recommended rate, showed 8 to 10% higher than other treatments, under both regular and delayed planting date. It seems that the combined use of chemical and biological fertilizers is useful in delayed sowing, to compensate delayed time loss planting of sugar beet. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Distribution Map and Community Characteristics of Weeds in Barley Fields of Ardabil Province
B. Soheili M. Minbashi D. Hasanpanah N. RazmiSurveying weeds of irrigated barley fields is one of the most important practices in weed management. Based on cultivated areas irrigated barley in all counties of Ardabil province during six years (2000-2005), 46 sample barley fields were selected and weed species were MoreSurveying weeds of irrigated barley fields is one of the most important practices in weed management. Based on cultivated areas irrigated barley in all counties of Ardabil province during six years (2000-2005), 46 sample barley fields were selected and weed species were counted in each sampling point and population indices were calculated with Thomas method. By using specific furmula the density, frequency and uniformity of each weed species in fields were calculated. In each field longitude, latitude and altitude were recorded by using GPS. These data were used for producing weed maps using GIS. Results showed that Galium tricurnatum, Fumaria vaillantiand Raphanus raphanistrum were dominante broadleaf species in irrigated barley fields of Ardabil province. The dominant grassy weed species in these fields were Avena fatua and Secale cereal. Convolvulus arvensis and Cirsium arvense were the most important troublesome plants prior to harvesting in irrigated barley fields of this province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - Effect of Super-Adsorbent and Irrigation Levels on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris)
Marouf Khalili Hamze HamzeTo Investigate the effect of super-adsorbent and irrigation levels on quantitative and qualitative characteristics Rastar cultivar of sugar beet a split plots experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replicas was conducted at the Agr MoreTo Investigate the effect of super-adsorbent and irrigation levels on quantitative and qualitative characteristics Rastar cultivar of sugar beet a split plots experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replicas was conducted at the Agricultural University of Mahabad in 2017. Irrigation in three levels (Irrigation after 60, 120 and 180 mm evaporation from class A pan) is assigned to main plats and super-absorbents A200 in four levels (0, 50, 150 and 200 kg.ha-1) to the subplots. The simple effects of irrigation regime and superabsorbent on all traits, except for the coefficient of sugar extraction, was significant. The interaction of treatments were significant on the dry weight of shoot, sugar content, root yield, and sugar yield and white sugar yield. In this research, the highest leaf area index, root length, and leaf relative water content and the lowest amount of white sugar content belonged to irrigation after 60 mm evaporation. Application of 50 and 150 kg.ha-1 super-absorbent highly increased leaf area index, root length, and leaf relative water content while it decrease the percent of white sugar content. The highest shoot dry weight (3.97 t.ha-1), root yield (69.35 t.ha-1), sugar yield (10.51 t.ha-1) and white sugar yield (9.39 t.ha-1) and the lowest percentage of sugar (15.20%) caused by irrigation interval after 60 mm evaporation and using 200 kg.ha-1 super-absorbent. Interactions due to irrigation and use of super-absorbent showed that there was the non-significant difference between irrigation regime after 60 mm in control treatment (not applicable super-absorbent) with the application of 50, 150 and 200 kg.ha-1super-adsorbent in irrigation regime after 120 mm and application of 150 and 200 kg.ha-1super-absorbent in irrigation regime after 180 mm. Thus, using of 150 kg.ha-1 super-absorbent in irrigation regime after 180 mm evaporation can have similar white sugar yield as it was under irrigation regime after 60 mm in control treatment (not applicable super-absorbent) while saving about 8650 m3 per hectare by using this treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Effect of Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels on Physiological Characteristics of Four Varieties of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Farshad SorkhiThis field study was conducted in a factorial split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on physiological characteristics of four varieties of barley (Hordeu MoreThis field study was conducted in a factorial split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on physiological characteristics of four varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare) during 2012 in Azad University of Miandoab. Irrigation levels were full irrigation, cutting off irrigation at boot stage (code 40 scale zadoks) and cutting off irrigation at flowering stage (code 60 scale zadoks). Nitrogen levels were 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg ha-1. Varieties under study were ‘Makuyi’, ‘Valfajr’, ‘Sahra’ and ‘Jonoob’. Traits studied were seed yield, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content of flag leaf and proline content of flag leaf, and peducle length. The results showed that highest grain yield, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content of flag leaf and proline content were obtained by using 80 kg.ha-1 nitrogen. Data collected also showed that at 80 kg.ha-1 nitrogen and full irrigation, the highest and lowest grain yield, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content of flag leaf belonged to ‘Makuyi’ and Jonoob, respectively. However, cuuting off irrigation at boot stage resulted in highest and lowest grain yield, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content of flag leaf to Jonoob and Valfajr, respectively. Cutting off irrigation at flowering stage decreased grain yield and increased proline content in ‘Makuyi’ and ‘Valfajr’. However, lowest reduction in grain yield, and highest increase in proline content were measured in ‘Sahra’ and ‘Jonoob’ varieties. Decreasing slope of regression curves was higher in ‘Makuyi’ and ‘Valfajr’. This indicates that cutting off irrigation at flowering stage reduced yield and increased proline content of these varieties compared to ‘Sahra’ and ‘Jonoob’. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Responses of Seed Yield and Morphophysiological Traits of Mungbean (Vigna radiate L.) cv. Gohar to GDD and Plant Density in Ilam Region
Abas Soleymani Fard Rahim NaseriTo study the effect of GDD and plant spacing on some agronomic, morpho-physiologic traits and qualitative traits of mungbean (Vigna radiate L.), cv. Gohar, a field experiment was conducted by using a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with MoreTo study the effect of GDD and plant spacing on some agronomic, morpho-physiologic traits and qualitative traits of mungbean (Vigna radiate L.), cv. Gohar, a field experiment was conducted by using a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in summer of 2016 in Ilam region. The first factor, planting date, consisted of three GDD of 1910 GDD, 1740 GDD and 1485 GDD (planting dates of 10 and 25 July and 5 July) and the second factor plant spacings on the row consisting of four levels (5, 10, 15 and 20 cm) with 50 cm between rows (40, 20, 13.3 and 10 plants.m-2,respectively). The results showed that leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area, relative water content, pods.plant-1, pods.m-2, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were affected by planting date× plant distances on the row. The highest chlorophyll content (1.85 mg/g fresh weight), pods.plant-1 (44 pods), pods.m-2 (507 pods), grain yield (3149 kg.ha-1) and harvest index (50.2%) were obtained at 1740 GDD and 15 cm plant distances on the row. According to the results of this experiment, the highest grain yield and yield components belonged to the planting date of 1740 GDD (planting dates of 25 July) with 15 cm plant distances on the row (13.3 plants.m-2) in Ilam region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - Leaf Gas Exchange, Yield and Yield Components of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars as Affected by Plant Density
Reza Hosseinipour Seyyed Alireza Valadabady Mohammad Reza Mehrvar Saeed SayfzadehDetermination of optimal plant density is one of the main factors that may affect crop growth and seed yield when planting is performed in the plant residues especially in conservation tillage systems. To investigate the effect of plant density on leaf gas exchange of w MoreDetermination of optimal plant density is one of the main factors that may affect crop growth and seed yield when planting is performed in the plant residues especially in conservation tillage systems. To investigate the effect of plant density on leaf gas exchange of wheat cultivars, a field split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was carried out at Karaj Research Farm of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Iran. In this study, the main factor was three levels at plant densities (400, 500 and 600 seed per m2) assigned to main plots and five wheat cultivars (Sivand, Sirvan, Pishtaz, Pishgam and Parsi) to sub-plots. Results of analysis of variance showed that transpiration rate (E) (p<0.05), stomatal conductance (Gs) (p<0.01), net photosynthetic rate (Pn) (p<0.01) and Quantum yield (Qy) (p<0.01), number of grain per spike (GPS), seed weight (SW), seed yield (SY), biological yield (BY) and harvest index (HI) were affected by plant density and cultivar significantly. In addition, interaction effect of plant density×cultivar was significant on leaf temperature (LT) (p<0.01), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) (p<0.05) and biological yield (BY) (p<0.01). The results also indicated that increment of plant densities of 400 to 600 seed per m2 decreased E, Gs, Pn and Qy. Increasing plant density decreased GPS and HI. The Pishgam cultivar had the highest E and Gs, while higher values of Pn, Qy and water use efficiency belonged to Parsi cultivar. The highest value of SY was obtained from Sirvan cultivar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
113 - Effects of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis along with Vermicompost and Tea Compost on Quantity and Quality Yield of Mentha aquatic L.
Mostafa Koozehgar Kaleji Mohammad Reza Ardakani Naser Khodabandeh Mojtaba Alavi FazelTo evaluate the effect of organic fertilizers and mycorrhizal symbiosis on yield components and percentage of essence of Mentha aquatica, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 4 replications was conducted in Sari, in 20 MoreTo evaluate the effect of organic fertilizers and mycorrhizal symbiosis on yield components and percentage of essence of Mentha aquatica, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 4 replications was conducted in Sari, in 2014. The experimental treatments were mycorrhizal fuangi (Glomus mosseae) with two levels (0 and 10% per pot), vermi-compost with two levels (0 and 10% per pot) and compost of tea with two levels (0 and 1.5 liter per pot). The results showed that use of organic fertilizer and mycorrhizal symbiosis significantly improved the quantity and quality characters Mentha aquatica. Use of organic and biological fertilizers had a significant effect on most of the measured traits and increased all of the traits as compared to those of control. Thus, highest plant height, leaf number, seed number per plant, plant dry weight, root length, root diameter, leaf area index, essence present and essence yield were obtained by using mycorrhizal symbiosis and compost tea, vermin-compost as compared to those of control treatment. Generally, the use of organic and biofertilizers, produced optimum quality and quantity of Mentha aquatica. In fact, increased performance of organic and biological fertilizers improved the activity of plant growth regulators and reduced elemental leaching and thus resulted in higher absorption of nutrients, increased plant growth, seed yield and essential oil content of Mentha aquatica. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
114 - Agro-Physiological Responses of Different Peal Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) Cultivars to Water Deficit in Kerman Climatic Conditions
Seyed Nabiladin Fatemi Ali Akbar Maghsoodi Mood Ghasem Mohammadi NejadCultivar selection is one of the most important factors to obtain maximum yield, based on the climatic conditions of each region. Drought is one of the environmental stresses that causes adverse effects on most stages of plant growth, structure and its activities. To in MoreCultivar selection is one of the most important factors to obtain maximum yield, based on the climatic conditions of each region. Drought is one of the environmental stresses that causes adverse effects on most stages of plant growth, structure and its activities. To investigate the agro-physiological responses of different pearl millet cultivars (Hybrid 1, Hybrid 2, IP13150, IP13151, IP22269, ICMV5222, HHVBCTA) to two levels of irrigation (100% and 60% of field capacity) an split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design was done in Kerman climatic conditions. The results showed that the simple effect of irrigation treatment and also simple effect of cultivar as well as the interaction of irrigation×cultivar were significant for all traits, except for relative water content and chlorophyll index. Decreasing the value of irrigation water from 100% to 60% of field capacity, caused significantly reduction of chlorophyll index (20.87%) and relative humidity content (29.06%). Drought stress increased proline content in all cultivars and the highest one was obtained from HHVBCTA under this condition. The results showed that the highest values of plant height, leaf area index, fresh and dry forage yield under normal irrigation and also drought stress conditions were obtained from Hybrid 1 and IP13151 cultivars, respectively. According to the comparison results of interaction, the lowest and highest percentage reduction of fresh forage of the due to drought stress were related to IP13151 (13.16%) and Hybrid 2 (61.58%), respectively. Generally, according to the obtained results, Hybrid 1 and IP13151 cultivars are suitable for planting in Kerman climatic region under normal and stress conditions, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - The Roles of A200 Super Absorbent Rates on Yield of Burley 21 Tobacco under Different Irrigation Treatments
مهرداد Molavi S. Mohammadi S. Sharafi E. Namvar RezaeiIn order to study the effect of different levels of irrigation and different rates of A200super absorbent on dry leaf yield of tobacco burley21, a factorial experiment with four replications was conducted in RCB, during crop season of 2010. The levels of irrigations )80 MoreIn order to study the effect of different levels of irrigation and different rates of A200super absorbent on dry leaf yield of tobacco burley21, a factorial experiment with four replications was conducted in RCB, during crop season of 2010. The levels of irrigations )80, 120 and 160 mm evaporation from A pan( and four levels of super absorbent (0, 5, 10 and 15 g.m-1). Increasing irrigation interval length from 80 to 160 mm evaporation from pan decreased plant height, dry leaf yield and total income by 13, 10 and 15%, respectivly. Application of 5, 10 and 15 g.m-1 of super absorbent compared to control increased dry yield of leaf by 4, 7 and 10%, and total income by 7, 8 and 13%, respectively. Results also showed that application of 1 kg of super absorbent (costed at least 120000 toman/kg) increased total income by 2580 toman. In general, delayed irrigation decreased quantity and income of tobacco. On the other hand, application of super absorbent increased quantity, quality and income of tobacco as compared to the control treatment, since super absorbent is expensive, its application would not be economical and it is thus not recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - The Analysis of Topping Results of Faba Bean Varieties (Vicia faba L.) by Using Logistic Nonlinear Regression Model
Arefeh Alipour Ghasem Abad sofla Ali Rahemi Karizaki Ali Nakhzari-moghaddam Abbas BiabaniGrowth analysis is a valuable method to quantify crop growth, development and production. Because, parameters of nonlinear regression models have significant physiological meanings, it was decided to study the effect of topping and variety on crop growth indices by usin MoreGrowth analysis is a valuable method to quantify crop growth, development and production. Because, parameters of nonlinear regression models have significant physiological meanings, it was decided to study the effect of topping and variety on crop growth indices by using a logistic nonlinear regression model in a factorial experiment, based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications, at the Research Farm of Gonbad University during 2014-2015. The first factor consisted of five faba bean verities (Zohreh, Shami, Sheshband, Sarazeri and Barkat) and the second factor of two levels, topping and control. Results showed that using this molel described well the variation pattern of dry matter accumulation and LAI by time. It was also revealel that the difference between verities for the time to reach maximum leaf area index and the time required to reach 50 percent of maximum dry matter were not significant. The effect of variety on leaf area index was significant at the 5% level. The maximum and minimum leaf area index, total dry matter and crop growth rate of Barkat, Zohre and the Saraziri were higher than Shami and Sheshband varieties, and thus this was resulted in higher yield. Leaf area index in all varieties was the critical leaf area index. The average critical leaf area index in varieties was 1.37. The maximum and minimum relative growth rate at the beginning of the growing season belonged to the Saraziri and Barkat with 0.066 and 0.055 g/g.day, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Response of Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of Maize (Zea mays L.) to the Application of Zinc and Iron at Irrigation Cutoff Conditions
Mojtaba Afshari Ahmad Naderi Mani Mojadam Shahram Lak Mojtaba AlavifazelThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of micronutrients on physiological, biochemical and functional characteristics of the of SC704 hybrid maize at water deficit condition during two cropping years of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 at Experimental Farm in north MoreThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of micronutrients on physiological, biochemical and functional characteristics of the of SC704 hybrid maize at water deficit condition during two cropping years of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 at Experimental Farm in northwest of Ahvaz. The experiment was conducted as split-split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots consisted of water deficit stresses at three levels, complete irrigation, cutoff irrigation both at the vegetative growth stage (12-14 leaf) and early seed growth stage, sub-plots were zinc sulfate foliar application at three concentrations (0, 5 and 10 g.L-1) and sub sub-plots foliar solution of iron sulfate at three concentrations (0, 3 and 6 g.L-1). The results of this study showed that increasing ZnSO4 concentration from zero to ten per thousand at constant levels of FeSO4 application (6 per thousand concentrations) resulted in increase in leaf area index under water deficit condition at the vegetative growth stage and beginning of seed growth stage. The lowest current photosynthesis was obtained in the absence of foliar application of zinc and iron. The lowest content of intercellular carbon dioxide was obtained at the beginning of seed growth stage when irrigation was stopped. The use of zinc and iron sulfate increased the values of this trait and removed the photosynthetic limitations. The highest yield of ear was obtained in complete irrigation with 6 per thousand concentration FeSO4 spray (9135.66 kg.ha-1), which increased by 25.1% compared to non-spray at this irrigation level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - The Physiological Response of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) to Manure and Super Absorbent Polymer under Drought Stress Conditions
Zahra Rezai Mohammad RafieolhossainiTo evaluate theeffect of different ratios of animal manure and super absorbent polymer on some physiological characteristics of fennel under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as spilt-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three repli MoreTo evaluate theeffect of different ratios of animal manure and super absorbent polymer on some physiological characteristics of fennel under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as spilt-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2015 at the University of Shahrekord. Different levels of drought stress consisted of three levels of: control (50 mm), 100 mm and 150 mm evaporation from class A pan assigned to the main factor and different ratios of animal manure and super absorbent polymer in six levels including: D1: lack of manure and super absorbent polymer, D2: 10 t.ha-1 manure + 150 kg.ha-1 super absorbent polymer, D3: 20 t.ha-1 manure + 100 kg.ha-1 super absorbent polymer, D4: 30 t.ha-1 manure + 50 kg.ha-1super absorbent polymer, D5: 40 t.ha-1 manure and D6: 200 kg.ha-1 super absorbent polymer to the sub-factor. The results showed that the drought stress and animal manure and super absorbent polymer and their interactions had a significant effect on proline, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents, seed and essential oil yields. Also, the highest seed yield (146.66 g.m-2), essential oil yield (2.99 g.m-2) and carotenoid were obtained from control with D6. The highest proline content was obtained from 150 mm with the use of D4. The highest chlorophyll b was obtained from control and D3. The highest relative water content and total chlorophyll were obtained from control and D6, while the highest chlorophyll a was achieved from control and D4 treatment. In general, the highest seed and essential oil yields were obtained from 50 mm evaporation and 200 kg/ha superabsorbent polymer treatments. On the other hand, the effects of drought stress on seed and essential oil yields decreased by application of 40 t/ha manure at 100 mm evaporation conditions. Also, at 150 mm evaporation and use of manure and superabsorbent polymer (30 t.ha-1 and 50 kg/ha, respectively), the effects of drought stress on seed and essential oil yields decreased as compared to the other treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - Effect of Salicylic Acid on Morpho-agronomical Traits of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) under Drought Stress
Faramarz Chamani Enayatollah Tohidinejad Mehdi MohayejiGuar is a tropical, salt and drought tolerant plant. To assess the effect of salicylic acid on its morphological and agronomical traits under different irrigation intervals, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replicates was perfo MoreGuar is a tropical, salt and drought tolerant plant. To assess the effect of salicylic acid on its morphological and agronomical traits under different irrigation intervals, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replicates was performed in Galeh-Gang region in Kerman province, Iran. Three different irrigations with 6, 9 and 12 day intervals, assigned to main plots and four salicylic acid concentrations (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) to sub plots. Salicylic acid spraying was done three times at five leaf, flowering and podding stages. The results indicated that most of the morphologic and agronomic characters of guar were influenced under different irrigation intervals. Leaf area index, number of pods per plants and number of seeds per pod were decreased when drought stress occured. Spraying plants with salicylic acid increased almost all characters under study. While, the highest number of pods per plant, seeds per pod were obtained at 2 mM and leaf area index at 1 mM salicylic acid treatments. Irrigation interval by salicylic acid interaction was significant for specific leaf area, 1000 seed weight, seed protein content and seed yield. The highest seed yield (1245.25 kg.ha-1) was belonged to the irrigation of 6 day interval and 1 mM acid salicylic treatment. As a whole it can be concluded that use of 1 mM salicylic acid treatment might increase drought tolerance of guar and prevent yield reduction during drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Investigating the Effect of Date and Planting Method (Transplanting and Direct-Seeding) on Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)
Shahrokh Pahlavianian Miandoab Mohammad Reza Dadashi Touraj Mir Mahmoudi Asiyeh Shahrooghbi Hossein Adjam NorouziThe effects of transplanting and direct-seeding on agronomic traits and white sugar yield of sugar beet were studied in a split-plot experiment based on randomize complete blocks with three replications two regions of Miandoab and Bokan in 2016. Treatments we MoreThe effects of transplanting and direct-seeding on agronomic traits and white sugar yield of sugar beet were studied in a split-plot experiment based on randomize complete blocks with three replications two regions of Miandoab and Bokan in 2016. Treatments were three planting date (25 March, 8 and 18 April) and two planting systems (transplanting and direct-seeding .(Planting systems were assigned in the main plot and planting date in the subplots. The difference between direct and transplanting systems in terms of leaf area index, sugar extraction coefficient, root yield, white sugar yield and molasses sugar percentage were significant at 1% and sugar content and sugar yield at the 5% probability levels. The effect of sowing time on leaf area index, dry matter yield, sugar extraction coefficient, root yield, white sugar yield and sugar content of molasses were significant at 1%, and sugar content and sugar yield at 5% probability levels. The interaction effect of sowing time and planting system was significant on leaf area index, dry matter yield, sugar extraction coefficient, and root yield, white sugar yield at 1% and on sugar content at 5% probability levels. The transplanting system reduced the amount of molasses sugar by 32.41% compared to the direct planting system and the lowest percentages of molasses sugar were attributed to 25th of March planting date. In the present study the highest leaf area index, dry matter yield, and sugar content, sugar extraction coefficient, root yield, and white sugar yield were allocated to the 25th of March planting date and transplanting system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Evaluation of Yield and Yield Components of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) in as affected by Different Planting Densities
Mohammad-Reza Vahedi Enayatolah Tohidi Nejad Amin Pasandi PourTo investigate the effect of different planting densities on yield and yield components of quinoa (Titicaca cultivar), a factorial experiment based on complete randomized block design was studied at the Research Farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research an MoreTo investigate the effect of different planting densities on yield and yield components of quinoa (Titicaca cultivar), a factorial experiment based on complete randomized block design was studied at the Research Farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center of Kerman province in 2018-2019. Two inter-row space (30 and 50 cm) considered as the first factor and four intra-row space including 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm as the second factor. Increasing the intra-row and inter-row spacing resulted in significant reduction in CGR. Thus, the lowest value of this index, at both intra-row spacing attributed to 20 cm the inter-row spacing. The lowest grain yield (225.76 g.m-2) was related to the treatment of 50 cm inter-row and 20 cm intra-row spacings, Reduction intra-row spacing up to 10 cm resulted in a significant increase in seed yield. However, at in the inter-row spacing of 30 cm, there was no significant difference between the intra-row spacings in seed yield. The highest seed yield value was obtained from the intra- row spacing of 20 cm, with an average of 386.36 g.m-2. In general, the inter-row spacing of 30 cm and intra-row spacing of 15 and 20 cm resulted in highest seed yield and 1000 seed weight of quinoa in this research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - Variation Trend of Leaf Area Index, Yield and Yield Components of Green Beans (Phaseolous vulgaris L.) by Using Zinc Sulfate and Nitrogen
Sh. Lack M. Kermanshahi H. NoryaniProper nutrition of plant is one of the most important factors to improve both quality and quantiy of crop yields. Accordingly, the effect of different levels of zinc and nitrogen on leaf area index, yield and yield components of green beans investigated in the summer o MoreProper nutrition of plant is one of the most important factors to improve both quality and quantiy of crop yields. Accordingly, the effect of different levels of zinc and nitrogen on leaf area index, yield and yield components of green beans investigated in the summer of 2012. The experiment used was a split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications in the Dezful. In this study, the main plots consisted of four nitrogen rates of urea (0, 30, 60 and 90 kgha-1), and sub plots of four levels of zinc sulfate (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg.ha-1). The results showed that application of 90 N kg.ha-1 increased leaf area index, plant dry matter, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and protein content. Use of zinc sulfate at the rate of 20 kg.ha-1 was superior in grain yield and yield components. The highest leaf area index, grain and biological yields harvest index and protein content were achieved by application of 90 kg nitrogen and 20 kg of zinc sulfate per hectare. It seems that the use of zinc with appropriate rates, through its involvement in physiological processes and nitrogen metabolism in plants as an essential element, accelerates green beans growth processes and increases green bean yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Determination of the Critical Weed Control Periods of Okra (Abelmuschus esculentus L.)
Mansour Fazeli Rostampour Seyyed Gholamreza Moosavi Marziyeh Kouchak ShoushtariTo study the effects weed competition periods on fruit yield and yield components of Okra and some of its morphological traits, a completely randomized design experiment with 12 treatment and 13 repetitions was carried out at the Research Fields of College of Agricultur MoreTo study the effects weed competition periods on fruit yield and yield components of Okra and some of its morphological traits, a completely randomized design experiment with 12 treatment and 13 repetitions was carried out at the Research Fields of College of Agriculture of Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, in 2016. The plots consisted of the control (free of weeds until 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks after okras growth) and the treatments competing with the weeds within the same periods as mentioned above. Also, two separate plots were designed one for complete weed control during whole growth period and in the other weeds were allowed to compete with okra during the growth period, in order to compare the effects of weeds on okra. In the first group the plots were weeded during periods the mentioned above and in the other weeds were let to compete with okra. In the second group weeds competed with okra from the beginning of the growth period to 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks after germination. There after weed were controlled up to harvest time. The results showed that by increasing competition periods of weeds morphological traits of okra like plant height, main stem branche numbers, fresh fruit length and its diameter, as well as the number of fresh fruits per m-2, fresh fruit and dried fruit yields, biological yield and dried fruit harvest index per plant, dry weight of broad and narrow leaved weeds, and the percentage of dry fruit yield as compared to that of control treatment were significantly decreased. Based on 5 and 10 percent reduction in fruit yield, starting days of critical weed control period was determined to be 29 and 30 days after seed germination. Thus, it can be concluded that the critical weed period, in terms of okra yield in regard with the mentioned levels, was estimate to be 77 and 80 days after seedling emergence. Therefore, it is recommended that from the 29th to 80th day after seedling emergence of the okra, the field ought to be free of weed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - Effect of Light Radiation Absorption and Its Use Efficiency in Intercropping of Soybean and Millet Under Water Deficit Stress
Somayeh Hajinia Goudarz AhmadvandTo study the effect of water deficit stress on leaf area, radiation use efficiency and dry matter production of soybean and millet in intercropping, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out, in 2015 at the MoreTo study the effect of water deficit stress on leaf area, radiation use efficiency and dry matter production of soybean and millet in intercropping, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out, in 2015 at the Research Station of Agricultural Faculty of Bu-Ali Sina University. The main factor consisted of three levels of water deficit stresses (irrigation after 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from pan) and sub factor of five replacement intercropping treatments sol cropping of soybean (100S), sol cropping of millet (100M), 67 % S+ 33 % M (67S:33M), 50 % S+ 50 % M (50S:50M) and 33 % S+ 67 % M (33S:67M). The results showed that the highest leaf area index of soybean and millet in sol cropping were 5.68 and 3.23 respectively. Severe water deficit stress significantly decreased leaf area index of soybean and millet by about 30.03 and 30.33 percent, respectively, as compared to well-watered condition. The highest dry matter (613 and 540 g.m-2) belonged to sol cropping of soybean and millet, respectively. Severe water deficit stress reduced dry matter of soybean and millet by 39.87 and 31.556 percent respectively as compared to the control. Radiation use efficiency of millet in (33S:67M), (50S:50M) and (67S:33M) intercropping ratios were 24.85, 29.86 and 26.76 percent more than sol cropping of millet, respectively. Radiation use efficiency of soybean reduced in the intercropping. Mean radiation use efficiency of soybean in growing season ranged from 0.97 g.mj-1 in the (33S:67M) ratio to 1.77 g.mj-1 in the sol cropping of soybean. The results showed a negative effect of water deficit stress on radiation use efficiency of both millet and soybean. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Yield Comparison of Sesame Cultivars and Their Physiological Growth Indices Under Chemical and Biological Potassium Fertilizer Applications
Hamid Madani Behzad Sani Hamid GolipourTo compare the yield and physiological growth indices of three Iranian sesame cultivars under the application of chemical and biological potassium fertilizers a pot experiment was conducted in the summer of 2015 in greenhouse. This study was performed as factorial arran MoreTo compare the yield and physiological growth indices of three Iranian sesame cultivars under the application of chemical and biological potassium fertilizers a pot experiment was conducted in the summer of 2015 in greenhouse. This study was performed as factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The potassium fertilizer application, based on soil test, was in four levels (K1:K2SO4 50%, K2: Bacillus circulans L., K3: Bacillus megatherium L. and K4: KSB1+KSB2 and three sesame cultivars used were Ultan, Yekta and Dashtestan 2. The plant samples were taken from 30 to 105 days after sowing with 15 days intervals. LAI, TDM, CGR, NAR and RGR were measured during the different growth stages. The results showed that the Yekta cultivar produced the highest seed yield (18.62 g.plant-1). Ultan produced highest growth rate as compared to the other cultivars. Furthermore, it responded differently to the application of biologic KSB1 fertilizer as compared to the other treatments and cultivars. KSB1 improved and accelerated plant growth rate at 90 days after sowing. While, the use of chemical potassium sulfate, KSB2 and combined application of Bacillus circulans L. with KSB1 and 2 improved growth 105 days after sowing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Ecophysiologic Indices of Wheat as Influenced by Plant Density and Application of Herbicide
Ehsanollah Zeidali Rahim Naseri Amir Mirzaei Ali Asghar Chit BandTo evaluate the effects of application of herbicides and different plant densities on seed yield, weed density and chlorophyll content in wheat (cv. Bahar), a split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted at the A MoreTo evaluate the effects of application of herbicides and different plant densities on seed yield, weed density and chlorophyll content in wheat (cv. Bahar), a split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Staion of Sarableh, Ilam, in 2014-2015 cropping season. Plant densities in (200, 250 and 300 kg of seed/ha) were considered as main factor and application of herbicides (2, 4-D, Granstar, Shovalyeh, and control, without herbicide application) as sub factor. Results indicated that plant densities affected traits under study significantly. As a result number of seed per spike, 1000-seed weight, relative water content, chlorophyll a and b contents decreased, while weed density and weed dry weight number of spike per m2 and percent lodging increased by increasing plant density. Application of herbicide increased number of spike per m2, number of seed per spike, 1000 seed weight, harvest index, relative water content, chlorophyll a and b contents, while it decreased weed dry weight and its density. Interaction effect of plant density and application of herbicide were significant on seed yield and biological yield. The highest seed yield (5500 kg.ha-1) was produced by using 250 kg seed/ha and application of Granstar herbicide and the lowest (2400 kg.ha-1) from 200 kg seed/ha and without application of herbicide. Thus, using 250 kg seed/ha and Granstar herbicide would increase wheat seed yield in this region as compared with the other treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Comparison of antibacterial activity of four cultivars of olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract on Bacillus cereus
مریم Abbasvali محمود Esmaeili Koutamehr حمدالله Moshtaghi M.H EskandariIn recent years, plant extracts have been used as antimicrobial agents. One of these extracts is olive leaf extract, which has antimicrobial properties due to its phenolic compounds. In current study the leaf extract of four olive (Olea europaea) cultivars (Shiraz, Zard MoreIn recent years, plant extracts have been used as antimicrobial agents. One of these extracts is olive leaf extract, which has antimicrobial properties due to its phenolic compounds. In current study the leaf extract of four olive (Olea europaea) cultivars (Shiraz, Zard, Roghani and Dezfool) was extracted by different solvents (acetone, methanol and ethanol) using microwave-assisted extraction method. Then the antibacterial activity of the extracts was assessed on Bacillus cereus. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined using the standard and micro broth-dilution methods. All experiments were carried out in triplicate. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of eleven extracts was estimated as 20 mg/ml, and only MIC of the methanolic extract of Roghani cultivar was 10 mg/ml. Bacterial growth curve of B. cereus in the presence of olive leaf extracts was drawn after 24 h incubation at 37 °C and the mean percentage of growth inhibition of each extract was measured after 24 hours. The results showed that in comparison with the other cultivars, the methanolic extract of Roghani cultivar with the percentage of growth inhibition of 91.3% and 87.8% (in the concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/ml, respectively), demonstrated stronger antibacterial effect on B. cereus. This study indicated that olive leaf extract from inexpensive agricultural waste might be a valuable bioactive source with antibacterial activity, and seem to be applicable as a safe food additive. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - Biochemical effects of olive leaf extract in ovariectomized rats
M.R. Nasirzadeh jafar rahmani kahnamoeiEstrogen depletion in postmenopausal women and ovariectomized animals causes abnormalities in lipid metabolism, weight gain and fat accumulation in non-adipose tissues such as liver. On the other hand, estrogen replacement therapy may cause side effects including breast MoreEstrogen depletion in postmenopausal women and ovariectomized animals causes abnormalities in lipid metabolism, weight gain and fat accumulation in non-adipose tissues such as liver. On the other hand, estrogen replacement therapy may cause side effects including breast cancer. Olive leaf is a significant source of bioactive phenolic compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and radical scavenging capacity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Olive Leaf Extract (OLE) on liver enzymes, serum lipid profileand atherogenic index. For this purpose, 21 female Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 3 groups: 1- control (intact animals), 2- ovariectomized: OVX ( ovaries removed by surgery) and 3- treatment group (OVX+received OLE) Which received 100 mg/kg OLE in 0.5 ml drinking water using gavage for 8 weeks. At the end of the treatment, levels of liver enzymes and serum lipid profiles were measured. Body weight was increased significantly in OVX group in comparison to control group (pp</em>˂0.05).This study showed that oral administration of 100 mg/kg/day of OLE for 8 weeks can prevent increase of lipid profile, liver enzymes and atherogenic index in serum of ovariectomized rats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - Nanoporous Carbon Spheres Derived from the Leather Leaf as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
Azam Asadi Hamid Oveisi -
Open Access Article
130 - Influence of cutting source and hormone on germination stimulation in woody cutting of large-leaf linden
Arash Amini Masoud Tabari Seyed Mohsen Hosseini Hamed YiusefzadehIn this research the effect of cutting source (shoot, and suckers) and IBA hormone (0, 1000, 3000, 5000 and 10000 mg/l) on stimulation of germination was conducted in winter woody of large-leaf linden or large-leaved lime (Tilia platyphyllos Scop.). The experiment was p MoreIn this research the effect of cutting source (shoot, and suckers) and IBA hormone (0, 1000, 3000, 5000 and 10000 mg/l) on stimulation of germination was conducted in winter woody of large-leaf linden or large-leaved lime (Tilia platyphyllos Scop.). The experiment was performed as randomized complete block design with three replications of for 47 days in a sheltered place in Tonekabon plain (north of Iran). Results showed that the source of the cutting on germination percent, germination speed, mean germination time and germination power, and the effect of hormone on germination speed were significant. Stimulation of germination at both cutting sources started after 24 days of planting and ended during three weeks. The shoot cuttings imbibed with 3000 mg/l IBA and the sucker cuttings imbibed with 5000 mg/l IBA caused germination of 91/66 and 100 percent, respectively. Regardless of cutting source, the cuttings imbibed with 3000 and 5000 mg/l were more favorable for germination speed. During this period, no rooting occurred in cuttings. It is recommended for rooting of large-leaf linden cutting (especially with the sucker source), the humidity and heat of greenhouse and soil of pots to be more closely monitored by future researchers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - The effect of Benzyladenin on reducing lipid peroxidation and carotenoids in Lilium oriental. cv belladonna
Reyhane Arefnia Abdolah Hatamzadeh mahmood ghasemnezhadIn order to evaluate the effect of pre-harvest spray with Benzyladenin (BA) on improving flower quality and delaying flower and leaf senescence in Lilium oriental, a study was carried out as a spilt plot factorial experiment where 5 levels of Benzyladenin (0, 25, 50, 75 MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of pre-harvest spray with Benzyladenin (BA) on improving flower quality and delaying flower and leaf senescence in Lilium oriental, a study was carried out as a spilt plot factorial experiment where 5 levels of Benzyladenin (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm) with three replications and two stages of spraying (budding start and before dyeing buds). Assaying the traits were done in seventh and twelfth two-days after harvest. The flowers were sprayed at two stages, budding and before flowering in the bud stage. Distilled water was used as control. Characteristics such as flower shelf life and lipid peroxidation in petals and leaves on seventh and twelfth days after harvest and carotenoids contents of petals on seventh and twelfth days after harvest were measured. Results showed that spraying with 100 ppm BA at the beginning of flower pigmentation was more effective in delaying senescence in flowers and leaves as compared to the control. Lipid peroxidation in leaves and flowers treated with 100 ppm BA application was significantly lower than the control. In contrast, carotenoid content of flowers sprayed with 100 ppm BA was higher and the lowest values were found in the control. In total, it was found that BA maintains stability by improving the quality and prolonging the flowers’ survival. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - Evaluating the effects of water stress and urban waste compost on morpho-physiological indices and yield components of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik)
Raheleh Ahmadpour Saeed Reza Hossain ZadeCompost fertilizer because of containing abundant nutrients, high capacity for holding water, plant growth regulators and helpful microorganisms can improve soil physicochemical characteristics and play an effective role in plant growth and development. In order to eval MoreCompost fertilizer because of containing abundant nutrients, high capacity for holding water, plant growth regulators and helpful microorganisms can improve soil physicochemical characteristics and play an effective role in plant growth and development. In order to evaluate the effects of compost fertilizer on morpho-physiological indices of lentil under water deficit stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a natural environment and with three replications based on a completely randomized design in the Khatam Alanbia University of Behbahan. The experiment treatments consisted of five ratios of compost fertilizer and soil (0:100, 5:95, 15:85, 25:75, and 35:65) and three levels of water stress inclding no stress, moderate stress, and severe stress (irrigation at 25, 50, and %75 of field capacity, respectively). Results showed that there were significant differences in all traits under different compost fertilizer and water stress levels. The findings also showed that under no stress and moderate water stress conditions, application of a mixture of compost and soil at %25 and %35 weight, resulted in a significant increase in the plant height, leaf area, leaf number, root dry weight, root length, root area, and Chlorophyll a and a/b ratio compared to the control levels. Under severe water stress, application of compost at 35% level led to a significant increase in the number of leaves, leaf area, root length, and Chlorophyll a content. Therefore, the use of a mixture of compost and soil (especially 35:65 ratio) is recommended to improve the morpho-physiological characteristics and yield componentsof lentil under moderate (or severe) water stress conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - The effect of foliar spray of brown seaweed water extract and different levels of nitrogen on some physiological, biochemical, parameters and yield of wheat
Azin Ghfarizadeh Sid Mansour Seyyed Nejad Abdolali Abdolali GilaniThis study was designed in order to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of brown seaweed water extract (Nizamuddinia zanardinii) at different levels of nitrogen on some physiological, biochemical, parameters and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Chamran 2). Th MoreThis study was designed in order to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of brown seaweed water extract (Nizamuddinia zanardinii) at different levels of nitrogen on some physiological, biochemical, parameters and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Chamran 2). The experiment was based on a factorial study with completely randomized design and three replications at five levels (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent) of brown seaweed water extract and three levels of nitrogen (0, 34.5 and 69 kg.hec-1). Leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, soluble carbohydrates, protein, and proline content at seedling stage and plant height, spike length, and total harvest index of plant at complete mature stage were measured. The results showed that application of brown seaweed extract led to a significant increase in the studied growth parameters in comparison with the control. Application of brown seaweed extract at concentration of 10% along with 34.5 kg.hec-1 nitrogen resulted in the highest leaf area, photosynthetic pigment content, carbohydrates, protein, plant height, spike length, and total harvest index. The maximum amount of proline was observed at concentration 20% of brown seaweed extract. According to the results, using brown seaweed extract at 10% concentration along with 34.5 kg.hec-1 nitrogen led to the maximum quality and yield of wheat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - The effect of mycorrhiza fungi on the morphological characteristics, phenolic compounds. and chlorophyll fluorescence of Borage (Borago officinails L.) under draught stress
علی Rahimi Sh Jahanbin امین Salehi هوشنگ FarajiDrought is one of the factors that affect medicinal plants. On the other hand, the role of mycorrhiza fungi was effective in improving the performance of some medicinal plants exposed to draught stress. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in a ra MoreDrought is one of the factors that affect medicinal plants. On the other hand, the role of mycorrhiza fungi was effective in improving the performance of some medicinal plants exposed to draught stress. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Boyerahmad region during 2015 - 2016. The experiment factors consisted of irrigation levels (main plot) as irrigation after S1 =30, S2 =60, S3 =90, S4 =120 and S5 =150 mm water evaporation from evaporation pan class A and mycorrhiza fungi (sub plot) consisted of non-inoculation (NG), inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi species of Glomus mosseae (GM) and Glomus intraradices (GI). Results showed that the effect of year on the studied traits of Borage was not significant. The effect of drought stress on leaf area index of Borage was significant and in the irrigation after 30 and 60 mm evaporation the highest LAI was obtained. The application of mycorrhiza fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices increased the amount of phenols of Borageby %13 and% 9, respectively as compared with the plants not inoculated with mycorrhiza fungi. Increase in the drought from 30 mm to 150 mm decreased evaporation, height, number of tributaries and chlorophyll fluorescence, but the application of mycorrhiza could increase the studied characteristics of Borage under drought stress conditions and decrease the negative effects of stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - Effect of plant density on some growth and physiological responses, and antioxidant enzymes activities of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under different irrigation levels
Mohammad Barzali Mohammad Nasri Maziyar Karimi FarIn order to investigate the effect of different levels of plant density and irrigation on some morphologic and physiologic responses and antioxidants activities in chickpea cv. Hashem, an experiment was conducted at Goonbad-e-Kavoos region during 2012-2013 cropping seas MoreIn order to investigate the effect of different levels of plant density and irrigation on some morphologic and physiologic responses and antioxidants activities in chickpea cv. Hashem, an experiment was conducted at Goonbad-e-Kavoos region during 2012-2013 cropping season. Treatments were arranged as split plot in randomized complete block design with four replications. Different irrigation regime levels (rainfed without irrigation, irrigation at flowering stage, and irrigation during pod filling stage) were assigned to main plots and sub-plots comprised of different plant densities (20, 30, 50, and 70 plants/m2). Results showed that different irrigation regimes significantly affected traits except for days to 50% flowering and plant height but plant density factor had significant impacts only on days to 50% flowering, plant height, days to physiologic maturity, seed yield, biologic yield, and leaf chlorophyll index. Results showed that irrigation caused significant increase in leaf relative water content and leaf chlorophyll index while it decreased grain protein content, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Maximum and minimum grain protein contents were produced in no-irrigation and irrigation during pod filling stage, respectively. Meanwhile, the maximum and minimum grain yield was gained by irrigation at flowering stage and rainfed without irrigation, respectively. Under plant density levels, the maximum and minimum grain yield was produced in 70 plants/m2 and 20 plants/m2, respectively. Irrigation at flowering stage × 70 plants/m2 had the highest grain yield among all treatments of the study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - Effects of vermicomposting and compost tea on nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium yield and uptake of Mentha aquatic L. inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi Glomus moseae
Mostafa Koozehgar kaleji Mohammad Reza ArdakaniIn order to evaluate the effect of compost tea, vermicomposting (as organic fertilizers), and mycorrhizal symbiosis on Mentha aquatica yield and its components, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in 2015 in Sari MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of compost tea, vermicomposting (as organic fertilizers), and mycorrhizal symbiosis on Mentha aquatica yield and its components, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in 2015 in Sari. The factors examined included mycorrhizal Glomus moseae (0 and 10% of the pot volume), vermicomposting (0 and 10% of the pot volume), and compost tea (at 0 and 1.5 liter). Some characteristics such as growth indices, amount of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium in shoots were examined. The results of the study showed that organic fertilizers and mycorrhizal fungi had a significant impact on all measured characteristics and increased dry and fresh weight and flower diameter characteristics when compared with those of the control group so that the highest leaf area, flower diameter, and nitrogen and phosphorus contents were obtained from the mycorrhizal fungi + compost tea + vermicomposting treatment. The triple interaction effects showed that the absence of compost tea, vermicomposting and mycorrhizae symbiosis treatments increased the leaf area compared to the control. The results indicated that using vermicomposting, compost tea, and mycorrhizal symbiosis through the availability of nutrients increases the yield and improves the quantity and quality of Mentha aquatica harvest. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Effect of various biological, chemical, and integrated fertilization systems on growth, yield, and yield components of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
sima abyar barat ali fakheri hosein gorgini nafiseh mahdi nezhad Maryam Harati RadIn order to investigate the effects of biological, chemical, and integrated fertilizers on growth, yield, and yield components of sunflowers, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station o MoreIn order to investigate the effects of biological, chemical, and integrated fertilizers on growth, yield, and yield components of sunflowers, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station of Zabol University in the growing season 2014-15. The experiment consisted of 13 treatments including NPK, biophosphorus, biophosphorus + 25% NPK, biophosphorus + 50% NPK, biophosphorus + 100% NPK, nitroxin, nitroxin + 25% NPK, nitroxin + 50% NPK, nitroxin + 100% NPK, biophosphorus + nitroxin, biophosphorus + nitroxin + 25% NPK, biophosphorus + nitroxin + 50%NPK and biophosphorus + nitroxin + 100%NPK. The results showed that the effect of different treatments of chemical, biological, and integrated fertilizers were significant on most of the studied traits except the number of leaves, flowering date, and the number of florets per head. The highest mean in most of the studied traits belonged to the nitroxin + biophosphorus + 100% NPK treatment which was not significantly different from the nitroxin + biophosphorus + 50% NPK integrated treatment. The results of this study showed that combined application of nitroxin + biophosphorus + 50% NPK in comparison with the integrated treatment of nitroxin + biophosphorus + 100% NPK in addition to reducing 50% of chemical fertilizers application can also produce optimal yield. According to the obtained results, the application of 50% of the recommended amount of chemical fertilizers in combination with the nitroxin and biophosphorus biofertilizers can be recommended for obtaining the maximum quality and quantity yield of sunflower. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Effect of adding perlite in soil on some growth and physiology characteristics of Queues castanifolia seedlings under water deficit stress
zohreh zoghi Seyed Mohsen Hosseini Masoud Tabari Kouchaksaraei Yahya KoochDraught stress is the most important abiotic stress significantly affecting plants’ growth, development, and performance. This study was carried out to determine the effect of perlite, as a modifying element of soil, on growth and physiological responses of Queues MoreDraught stress is the most important abiotic stress significantly affecting plants’ growth, development, and performance. This study was carried out to determine the effect of perlite, as a modifying element of soil, on growth and physiological responses of Queues castanifolia seedlings under water deficit stress. A factorial experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design under greenhouse condition of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in Gorgan, 2015. Perlite treatments at 4 levels (0, 15, , and 35% (V/V)) were added in soil and water stress at 3 levels (40, 70, and 100% irrigation at field capacity) were applied in the pot experiment for 5 months. Some parameters including gas exchange (photosynthesis, stomatal conduction, and transpiration), leaf water potential of seedlings, diameter and height growth, and dry weight of root, stem, leaf, and seedlings were measured in different treatments at the end of the experiment period. Results showed that all parameters were affected by different levels of irrigation and perlite. Water deficit by 40% FC reduced 51% and 68% of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, respectively. The highest diameter and height growth and dry weight of the seedlings were observed in 25% and 35% (V/V) perlite application under normal and stress conditions, respectively. The use of perlite alleviated the negative effects of water deficit and ameliorated seedling growth. The findings suggest that perlite application in soil is suitable for the production of desirable seedlings under water deficit condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - The study of the response of some physiological characteristics and grain yield of Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.) cultivars to drought stress and foliar application of chelated nano iron
nafiseh mahdi nezhad hamideh jamalpour barat ali fakheri hameideh azadIn order to study the effect of foliar application of chelated nano iron and drought stress on physiological changes and grain yield of purslane cultivars, an experiment was conducted as split plot factorial randomized complete block design with three replications in Ah MoreIn order to study the effect of foliar application of chelated nano iron and drought stress on physiological changes and grain yield of purslane cultivars, an experiment was conducted as split plot factorial randomized complete block design with three replications in Ahar Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Station during 2015. The experimental factors included drought stress levels, 90 (control), 70, and 50 field capacity, two levels of chelated nano iron, 0 (control) and 1 lit.hr, and two cultivars (Tehran and Kazeron). Results showed that foliar application of nano iron under drought stress had a significant effect on some traits, so that the highest content of chlorophyll b (4.47 mg/g leaf tissue) was recorded under normal irrigation and foliar application of nano iron chelated, the highest sodium concentration (38.87%) was obtained from 50% filed capacity and non foliar application of chelated nano iron, and the highest potassium content (87.68%) was obtained under drought stress conditions of 50% filed capacity and foliar application of chelated nano iron. Considering the significance of interaction effects, the highest amount of proline (1.22 mg/g fresh weight), soluble sugar (96.92 mg/g fresh weight), and iron (1.11%) was obtained from Kazeron cultivar under drought conditions, 50% filed capacity by non foliar application of chelated nano iron. The highest amounts of chlorophyll a (6.99 mg/g of leaf tissue), carotenoids (1.67 mg/100 ml), and anthocyanins (0.017 mg/100 ml) were recorded by foliar application of chelated nano iron in Kazeron cultivar under normal irrigation. Also under stress conditions, the use of chelated nano iron compared to control increased the grain yield by 32.66% and Kazeron cultivar was superior to Tehran cultivar, so that the seed grain yield of Kazeron was 1.31 more than that of Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - Investigation of metabolites content and antioxidant activity of various organs of invasive weed of Ipomoea tricolor Cav. in Gonbad Kavous farms
Ebrahim Gholamalipour Alamdari Alie Syedi hossein sabouri Zeinab Avarseji Abbas BiabaniThe purpose of this study was to evaluate metabolites content (primary and secondary) and antioxidant activity of different organs of Ipomoea tricolor weed including stem, leaf, and fruit leaf, individually and in combination. The weed under study was first collected at MoreThe purpose of this study was to evaluate metabolites content (primary and secondary) and antioxidant activity of different organs of Ipomoea tricolor weed including stem, leaf, and fruit leaf, individually and in combination. The weed under study was first collected at fruit stage and divided into organs. Antioxidant activities of various organs of Ipomoea tricolor were measured according to the method of DPPH. Results showed that mixed organs of Ipomoea tricolor and then leaf had maximum total phenol contents in that order. In case of anthocyanins, the highest levels were obtained from leaf while the lowest content of both secondary metabolites were found in the stem. Results also showed that leaves had maximum soluble sugars and proline contents. Correlation coefficient of data showed a significant positive relationship between anthocyanin contents of various organs of Ipomoea tricolor and their soluble sugar and proline contents. According to the findings, content of protein and starch in various organs significantly decreased with an increase in the secondary metabolite contents of anthocyanins. Mean comparison of antioxidant activity of various organs of Ipomoea tricolor showed that leaf and fruit had the highest and lowest antioxidant activities for inhibiting free radicals, respectively. Regarding the effect of the type of Ipomoea tricolor weed organ on the quantity of metabolites especially secondary compounds like phenols and anthocyanins and also antioxidant activity, the plant, especially the leaves may be introduced as a notable candidate for oxidative decomposition of free radicals, improving the nutritional value of food, or as a natural herbicide due to its high biomass. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - Investigation of antioxidant activity and application of HPLC technique for analysis of phenolic compounds of Amygdalus haussknechtii leaf extract
Ali Asghar Hatamnia Rabie SharifiThis study was conducted to investigate antioxidant compounds contents and antioxidant activity of three Amygdalus haussknechtii genotypes in the natural habitat of Ilam Province. Total phenolic content was measured using Folin–Ciocalteu method and antioxidant act MoreThis study was conducted to investigate antioxidant compounds contents and antioxidant activity of three Amygdalus haussknechtii genotypes in the natural habitat of Ilam Province. Total phenolic content was measured using Folin–Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activity was estimated by two methods, namely DPPH (2,2-diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl) and nitric oxide radical scavenging. High- performance chromatography was used for quantitative estimation of the phenolic compounds. Results showed that antioxidant activity of leaf extract of H3 genotype was significantly higher than that of H1 and H2 genotypes. The high antioxidant activity can be attributed to higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents, so that high correlation coefficient was observed between total phenolic content and DPPH and nitric oxide radical scavenging, R = 0.902 and R= 0.806, respectively. Analyzing the phenolic compounds by HPLC method indicated that catechin, sinapic acid, quercetin, and apigenin were found in H3 genotype. Also, apigenin compound was observe in all three investigated genotypes. Generally, the results suggested that leaf extract of H3 genotype with high phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity can be presented as a source of natural antioxidant and used in pharmaceutical industries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Investigation of some physio-morphological traits of purslane (portulaca oleracea L.) landraces under drought stress
Elham Azizi Younes Rezapour mansooreh kermani ali masoomiPurslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.) is a valuable medicinal plant growing in hot and dry conditions. Since drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting the production of agricultural products in these regions, this study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of d MorePurslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.) is a valuable medicinal plant growing in hot and dry conditions. Since drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting the production of agricultural products in these regions, this study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of different purslane landraces to drought stress in the greenhouse of Payame Noor University of Daregaz during the spring 2016. The experiment was as factorial based on completely randomized design with four levels of drought stress (field capacity, 75% FC, 50% FC and 25% FC), 5 landraces of purslane (Qom, Kalat, Sabzevar, Yazd, Gachsaran), and with three replications. The studied traits were relative water content, membrane sustainability index, photosynthetic pigment contents, chlorophyll sustainability index (the amount of chlorophylls and carotenoids), proline content, soluble carbohydrates, and fresh and dry weight of roots in two stages of vegetative and reproductive growth. Results showed that an increase in water stress level decreased the relative water content and cell membrane stability index while increasing the leaf chlorophyll index, carotenoid content, proline, and carbohydrates in different landraces of purslane. Results also indicated that the landraces of Gachsaran and Yazd had higher membrane stability index, lower RWC, and lower chlorophyll content under stress. Among the studied landraces, Qom and Kalat showed significant superiority compared to Sabzevar, Yazd and Gachsaran landraces in terms of proline and soluble carbohydrates. Also, the results showed that with increasing drought stress, fresh and dry weight of roots, leaves, and stems reduced at vegetative and generative stages of plant development such that the highest morphological and physiological traits in two stages of vegetative and reproductive growth were observed in 75% and 100% of field capacity and the minimum levels of these traits were obtained in 25% of field capacity. In general, Qom and Kalat landraces were more tolerant to drought stress compared to other landraces while Gachsaran, Yazd, and Sabzevar due to the relatively weak response to drought stress in most of the measured traits, were evaluated as susceptible landraces to drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Effect of flavobacterium, vermicompost, and humic acid on current photosynthesis, dry matter translocation, and grain yield of Triticosecale Wittma L. under salinity stress conditions
sara mohammadi kalesar lou Raouf Seyed sharifi Hamed Narimani Zhila NazariA factorial experiment was conducted on Triticosecale Wittma L. based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabil during 2020. Experimental fact MoreA factorial experiment was conducted on Triticosecale Wittma L. based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabil during 2020. Experimental factors included salinity levels (non-application of salinity as control and soil salinity of 50 and 100 mM NaCl), and bio-fertilizers (no application of bio-fertilizers as control, application of vermicompost, flavobacterium, vermicompost + flavobacterium + humic acid (foliar application with water as control and foliar application of 2 g.L-1 humic acid). Results showed that the highest leaf area index, root weight and volume, and leaf protein content were recorded in combined applications of vermicompost + flavobacterium + foliar application of humic acid under non-salinity conditions. Also, combined application of vermicompost + flavobacterium + foliar humic acid under non-salinity conditions decreased dry matter translocation from stem, shoot, and its contribution to grain yield by 31.97, 40.8, and 138.84% respectively while increasing grain yield, current photosynthesis, and contribution of current photosynthesis in grain yield by 69.56, 151.44, and 48.3%, respectively compared to no application of bio-fertilizers and humic acid under 100 mM soil salinity. Based on the results, it seems that the application of bio-fertilizers and humic acid can increase current photosynthesis and its contribution in grain yield of triticale by improving leaf area index, root weight, and volume. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - The combined role of mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus fertilizer on nutrient uptake of shoot in barley under rainfed conditions
Rahim Naseri Amir Mirzaei Amin AbbasiIn order to investigate the effect of mycorrhiza fungi on nutrient uptake of barley in rain fed conditions, a field experiment was carried out in factorial analysis based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the farm station of Sarablah Agricul MoreIn order to investigate the effect of mycorrhiza fungi on nutrient uptake of barley in rain fed conditions, a field experiment was carried out in factorial analysis based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the farm station of Sarablah Agricultural Research Center, Ilam during 2019-2020 cropping season. Experimental factors were four barley cultivars (Mahali, Mahoor, Khoram, and Fardan) and fertilizer application including: control (without fertilizer application and mycorrhizal fungi), 50% P chemical fertilizer recommended based on soil test (25 keg/ha), mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, and Rhizophagus irregularis), mycorrhizal fungi along with 50% P chemical fertilizer, and 100% P chemical fertilizer as recommended. Results indicated that interaction between cultivar and fertilizer sources had significant effect on nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, iron, copper, and manganese. Interaction of Fardan cultivar and mycorrhizal fungi + 50% phosphorus fertilizer resulted in the highest nitrogen (11.1%), phosphorus (1.19%), potassium (3.92%), magnesium (0.292%), iron (136.5 mg.kg-1) manganese (65.8 mg.kg-1), and copper (65.71 mg.kg-1) in leaves. According to the obtained results, in the rain fed conditions, the new cultivar Fardan is recommended with mycorrhizal fungi along with 50% phosphorus fertilizer given the high concentration of high macro elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium) and micro elements (iron, manganese, and copper) and the role of these elements in plant growth and photosynthesis Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - The effects of interaction between Zinc and Manganese on the rate of growth and certain parameters of photosynthesis in tomato crop (Lycopersicon esculentum. Mill cv. Urbana Early 111)
سمیه Ebrahimi سارا Saadatmand R.A Khavari-nejad In this study, the effects of interaction between zinc (0, 20, 30, and 60 µMZnSo47H2O) and manganese (0, 10, 20 and 30 µMMnSo4H2O) on certain parameters of growth and photosynthesis in 42-day old of tomato crop (Lycopersicon esculentum. Mill cv Urbana More In this study, the effects of interaction between zinc (0, 20, 30, and 60 µMZnSo47H2O) and manganese (0, 10, 20 and 30 µMMnSo4H2O) on certain parameters of growth and photosynthesis in 42-day old of tomato crop (Lycopersicon esculentum. Mill cv Urbana Early 111), has been investigated. Results showed that the resistant of tomato crop against stress of Zinc and Manganese, was little. After the first week's treatment, toxicity symptoms of Zinc and manganese was observed as overhang of parenchyma level and pigment accumulation of leaf. Parameters of growth and photosynthesis including values of root and leaf protein, insoluble and soluble sugars in the root, content of chlorophylls a and b, relative growth rate, specific leaf area and leaf area ratio were decreased under zinc and Manganese stresses. The results of this study showed that using high concentrations zinc and manganese caused high toxicity in tomato plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Investigating the differential characteristics of leaf anatomical structure in the taxonomy of seven species Alopecurus (Poaceae) in Iran
محبوبه kh مصطفی asadi مجتبی khayam nkoeeThis study provides the possibility of investigating the natural classifications of Alopecurus species based on leaf anatomical features. In Iran, the taxonomy of this genus is very small and the anatomical structure of the leaf has not been used in its taxonomy. The sa MoreThis study provides the possibility of investigating the natural classifications of Alopecurus species based on leaf anatomical features. In Iran, the taxonomy of this genus is very small and the anatomical structure of the leaf has not been used in its taxonomy. The samples of 7 identified species were examined in terms of shape and differential shape characteristics were determined. Also, the samples were examined in terms of the anatomical structure of the leaf in transverse section and epidermis, and the anatomical characteristics of the leaf were determined. Differential anatomical features were distinguished. 38 morphological traits and 18 anatomical traits were investigated as differentiating traits between species in terms of numerical taxonomy separately and in total 56 traits. The results of this research confirmed the natural classifications. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Investigation on Chemical Constituents of Essential oils from Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch from two local by Distillation methods
کامکار Jaimand mb Rezaee معصومه MazandraniThe compostion of the oils from flower and leaf of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch were collected during the flowering priod from 15 km away from Esfhan on alt. 1650 m. in July 2003. The essential oils were obtained by different methods of distillation (steam distillation a MoreThe compostion of the oils from flower and leaf of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch were collected during the flowering priod from 15 km away from Esfhan on alt. 1650 m. in July 2003. The essential oils were obtained by different methods of distillation (steam distillation and hydrodistillation), the percentage of oils for flower were 0/17% and 0.25% respectively, and calculated on the dry weight, and analysis by GC and GC/MS. The major constituents determined by hydrodistillation method in flower were p–cymene (33.3%), terpinolene (11.2%) and a-thujene (10.9%) and by steam distillation method in flower were p – cymene (22.1%), germacrene B (11%) and terpinolene (9.8%), respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - Effect of light intensity on growth traits, photosynthetic and total hypericin in Topaz cultivar and Mishu ecotype of Hypericum perforatum
Javid Emarat-pardaz Sajjad Moharramnejad Jaber Panahandeh Masoud Chamani Mohammad Reza Zadeh Esfahlan Hossein Karbalaei KhiaviHypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort) is a perennial herb which contains precious metabolites such as hypericin, pseudo-hypericin and hyporforin widely used in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. In order to evaluate light density (three levels inclu MoreHypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort) is a perennial herb which contains precious metabolites such as hypericin, pseudo-hypericin and hyporforin widely used in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. In order to evaluate light density (three levels including full light condition, 75% and 50% of full light intensities) on plant height, gland number per leaf, stomata number, chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight, as well as hypericin production of Topaz cultivar and Mishu ecotype of H. perforatum under hydroponic conditions in the greenhouse, an experiment was carried out as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the University of Tabriz in 2017. The chlorophyll and hypericin contents were used by spectrophotometry. The results showed that the light density significantly affected on fresh and dry weight, plant height, gland number per leaf, chlorophylls a and b, photosynthesis and total hypericin content in the H. perforatum. The highest fresh and dry weight, gland number per leaf, stomata number, photosynthesis and total hypericin content were belonged to the full light conditions (100% light). The highest plant height, chlorophyll a and b were belonged to the 50% of prevalent light intensity. The results indicated that Topaz cultivar is better than Mishu ecotype. In conclusion, increasing hypericin content in Hypericum perforatum by managing of light intensity is possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - Evaluation of morpho-physiological responses of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf to the application of chemical and biological fertilizers under salinity stress in Fars and Tehran climates
mostafa salehi fatemeh nakhaei seyyed gholamreza mosavi reza bradaranPlant nutrition from different sources of fertilizers is one of the most critical factors for crop improvement under stress conditions. The purpose of this research was to study the morpho-physiological responses of the lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) medic MorePlant nutrition from different sources of fertilizers is one of the most critical factors for crop improvement under stress conditions. The purpose of this research was to study the morpho-physiological responses of the lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) medicinal plant to the application of different fertilizer sources (control, NPK, nitroxin, mycorrhizal fungi, and biosulfur) under irrigation water salinity stress (0, 100, and 200 mM) in two climates (Fars and Tehran), implemented as a factorial split-plot based on a randomized complete block design in three replications during 2020-2021. Growth and yield attributes and also physiological traits such as photosynthetic pigments, proline content, and qualitative characteristics (essential oil percentage and yield) were measured. Results showed that high salinity concentration (200 mM) negatively affected growth and yield parameters (root dry weight and volume, plant height, number of leaves, and plant yield). The highest plant yield was obtained at 0 and 100 mM salinity with an average of 4183.1 and 4191.9 kg.ha-1, respectively in Fars. Among the fertilizer treatments, there was no difference in terms of plant yield, and all of them led to an increase in yield compared to the control treatment. Using nitroxin biofertilizer under non-stress conditions in Fars region led to the highest total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a, which showed an increase by 51.3% and 47.0%, respectively, compared to the control. Salinity stress (200 mM) and the use of biosulfur in Tehran climate led to an increase in proline content. The use of NPK fertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi under severe salinity stress in Fars led to increases by 2.3 and 2.4 times in essential oil percentage. The lowest average essential oil was also observed in the application of biological and chemical fertilizers in Tehran. The highest essential oil yield was obtained in the application of mycorrhizal fungi under moderate salinity stress in Fars, which was 2.7 times higher compared to the control. All fertilizer treatments at 200 mM level in Fars also had the highest essential oil yield. In general, the lemongrass plant had a good tolerance against the salinity stress of irrigation water and the use of NPK, nitroxin, and mycorrhiza fertilizers while increasing the quantitative and qualitative yield led to the adjustment of the adverse effects caused by the salinity stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
150 - Evaluation of phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from different organs of Ferula tabasensis Rech. f. in the natural habitats of Yazd
Razieh MohebatNowadays, considering the side effects of synthetic antibiotics and the increase in drug resistance, it is a necessity to replace them by natural compounds as safe sources. For this purpose, Studies have been carried out on the medicinal properties of essential oils of MoreNowadays, considering the side effects of synthetic antibiotics and the increase in drug resistance, it is a necessity to replace them by natural compounds as safe sources. For this purpose, Studies have been carried out on the medicinal properties of essential oils of different Ferula L. species, but there was no report Ferula tabasensis Rech. f. as an Iranian endemic species. In this research, the leaves and flowers of Ferula tabasensis were harvested from its main habitat (between Kharanaq and Saghand – elevation 1570 m) at the full-flowering stage in the spring of 2021. The essential oils were extracted by hydro distillation method (Clevenger apparatus). GC and GC/MS were used to analyze chemical constituents. The antimicrobial activity of essential oil was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination by broth dilution method, and the growth inhibitory zone diameter (mm) was also measured. The yields of essential oils from the leaves and flowers of the plant were 0.3% and 0.5%, respectively. The results showed that bornyl acetate (34.2-35%) and α-pinene (12.2% and 8.4%) were identified as major compounds of essential oil from leaves and flowers. Also, citronellol (15.5%) is another main constituent found of essential oil from flowers of Ferula tabasensis. Both essential oils had good antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms, except E. coli. It seems that antibacterial activity can be mostly attributed to the main compounds of essential oils from the leaves and flowers of the plant, so they may have potential use as alternatives to synthetic antibiotics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
151 - Preparation of antibacterial nanocomposite cotton fabrics with in situ generated silver and silver oxide nanoparticles by bioreduction using Moringa oliefiera leaf extract
Umamahesh MallavarapuAqueous Moringa Oliefiera (MO) leaves extraction is employed as a reductant to generate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2ONPs) in cellulose fabrics by in situ technique. The biosynthesized nanocomposite cotton fabrics (NCFs) were analysed MoreAqueous Moringa Oliefiera (MO) leaves extraction is employed as a reductant to generate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2ONPs) in cellulose fabrics by in situ technique. The biosynthesized nanocomposite cotton fabrics (NCFs) were analysed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) associated Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) methods. The shape and mean size of AgNPs in NCFs were found to be globular and 82 nm, respectively and their formation in NCFs was established by SEM studies. EDX analysis established the presence of silver metal. The XRD analysis revealed that the obtained silver based nanoparticles were crystalline in nature. The TG and DTG analysis showed that the obtained NCFs were thermally stable. These NCFs exhibited good antibacterial activity against Gram negative (G-ve) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Gram positive (G+ve) Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) bacteria. The mechanical properties such as modulus, tensile strain and stress of NCFs were also tested, utilizing universal testing machine (UTM). The modulus was found to be 276.4 MPa. These NCFs can be used in medicine for making antibacterial napkins, wound dressing bandage cloth, etc., and as packaging materials. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
152 - Desiging, Part Selecting and Fabrication Procedure of the Vaccum Section of a Leaf Vacuum Shredder Machine
Alireza Shirneshan Mohammad Ali Ghazavi Mehrdad Poursina -
Open Access Article
153 - Antibacterial activity of acetonic, ethanolic and methanolic olive leaf extracts of four Iranian cultivars against Escherichia coli
Maryam Abbasvali Mahmoud Esmaeili Koutamehr Hamdollah Moshtaghi Mohammad EskandariThe aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of olive leaf extracts from four important Iranian native cultivars (Dezfol, Roghani, Zard and Shiraz) against E. coli. Acetonic, methanolic and ethanolic olive leaf extracts were prepared using a microwav MoreThe aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of olive leaf extracts from four important Iranian native cultivars (Dezfol, Roghani, Zard and Shiraz) against E. coli. Acetonic, methanolic and ethanolic olive leaf extracts were prepared using a microwave. The extracts were concentrated and lyophilized. The growth inhibition effect of different concentrations of extracts was determined using the broth micro-dilution assay. The growth curves of E. coli during 24 h incubation at 37°C were drawn. The area under the bacterial growth curve and the percentage inhibition of the growth were calculated. Extracts with the concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/ml had no considerable inhibition effect on the bacterium. Acetonic extract of Dezfol and Zard cultivars with the concentration of 20 mg/ml inhibited the bacterial growth 93% and 94.9%, respectively and showed significantly stronger inhibition effect in comparison with acetonic extract of Shiraz and Roghani cultivars. Methanolic extract of Roghani cultivar with the bacterial growth inhibition of 93.4% showed significantly stronger effect in comparison with its acethonic and ethanolic extracts. Ethanolic extracts of four studied cultivars showed no antibacterial effect. Among the four important Iranian native olive leaf cultivars, Dezfol and Zard were found to possess the highest antimicrobial activity and aceton was the best solvent. On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that extracts of the Iranian native olive leaf cultivars could be used as a natural antimicrobial agent in food preservative, ointment and drugs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
154 - The effect of chia seed mucilage containing different concentrations of aqueous olive leaf extract on the shelf life of chicken fillets in the refrigerator
Fereshteh Akhavan Mahdi Sharifi Soltani Shahin Zomorodi sara jafarian Asghar Khosrowshahi aslEnzymatic, chemical and microbial activities in chicken in the refrigerator lead to spoilage and reduced product quality. In this regard, the use of edible coatings with antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds is an effective way to keep the quality of meat. In this stu MoreEnzymatic, chemical and microbial activities in chicken in the refrigerator lead to spoilage and reduced product quality. In this regard, the use of edible coatings with antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds is an effective way to keep the quality of meat. In this study, the effect of chia seed mucilage coating containing 0, 15 and 30 percent aqueous extracts of olive leaves on quality of chicken fillets was investigated at the refrigerator (4°C) during 12 days of storage. During storage at intervals of 1, 4, 8 and 12 days, microbial counts (Lactic acid bacteria, aerobic mesophilic, psychotropic and coliforms) and volatile nitrogen bases, pH and sensory evaluation of treatments were determined. The results showed that during storage, the count of aerobic mesophilic and psychotropic bacteria, coliforms and lactic acid bacteria and the volatile nitrogen bases and pH in chicken fillet increased, which was less in samples coated with chia seed mucilage containing olive leaf extract than the other treatments (p<0.01). According to the results of sensory evaluation, on the 4th day of storage, no significant difference in overall acceptability was observed between the samples (P>0.05). However, on the 8th day of storage, the control and sample coated by chia seed mucilage did not obtain the required overall acceptability score. According to the results obtained of this study, using the mucilage coating of chia seeds containing 30 percent of aqueous olive leaf extract, it is possible to increase the shelf life of chicken fillets at 4 °C for 8 days. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
155 - Effect of Olive Leaf and Oregano supplement on performance, oxidation and microbial flora of breast broiler chickens
Neda Sadeghi ronizi seamak parsaei vahid mohammadiThe purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of olive leaf and oregano supplement on performance, oxidation and microbial flora of breast broiler chickens. For this, 400 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers were used in a completely randomized design with 5 tre MoreThe purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of olive leaf and oregano supplement on performance, oxidation and microbial flora of breast broiler chickens. For this, 400 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers were used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments include; control, 5 g olive leaf, 5 g oregano, 5 g mixture of olive leaf and oregano and 50 g erythromycin . At 42 day of age, four birds from each treatment were randomly selected and euthanized by cervical dislocation. Finally, carcass characteristics were evaluated. To determine oxidation by measuring the concentration of malondialdehyde and for the number of breast meat bacteria per unit colony formation per gram of meat, samples were extracted from the breast tissue of the chickens and stored at 4 ° C. The results showed that a significant reduction in FCR was observed in the birds fed ERY compared to Control group (P < 0.04). Relative breast weight in control birds was low compared to other treatments (P <0.002). Lipid oxidation showed a significant difference between treatments on days 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 during storage in the refrigerator (P < 0.05). Also, the erythromycin bacteria in breast meat up to day 8 of storage in the refrigerator was affected by the experimental treatments (P <0.05). Overall, the use of a mixture of 5 g of olive leaf and oregano improves the quantity and quality of broiler chickens by reducing the oxidation and TVC bacteria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
156 - تأثیر عصاره های هیدروالکلی Taraxacum officinale بر شاخص های خونی کلیه و عملکرد کبد در موش های صحرایی نر
آرمان راوش محسن جعفریان دهکردی مریم کریمیBackground & Aim:Evaluation of the effects of medicinal herbs on the metabolism and physiology of the body is considered as one of the fundamental researches about the use of herbs in medicine. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of hydroalcoholic ext MoreBackground & Aim:Evaluation of the effects of medicinal herbs on the metabolism and physiology of the body is considered as one of the fundamental researches about the use of herbs in medicine. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) leaf on liver and kidney function of the rats in normal physiological conditions. Experimental: The Wistar adult male rats (n=32) were divided into 4 groups of control, 50, 100 and 200 based on the concentration of the hydroalcoholic extract fed to rats (mg/kg body weight). Dandelion leaf extract was administered by gavage for 20 days. Blood samples were taken from the heart to assess the health parameters of the liver (cholesterol, triglyceride and liver enzymes) and kidney (urea, urea nitrogen, and creatinine). Results: The concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly increased in the extract-treated groups compared to the control. Levels of Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were not significantly different between the treated groups and the control. However, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly increased in the extract-treated groups. Kidney health assessment showed that consumption of Dandelion leaf extract reduced the concentrations of urea, urea nitrogen, and creatinine. In addition, the concentration of these indicators at lower doses of the extract (50, was more significant. Recommended applications/industries: The present study showed that under normal physiological conditions; consumption of hydroalcoholic extract of Dandelion leaf at low doses had no negative effects on liver and kidney functions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
157 - بررسی اطلاعات روستاییان و عشایر شهرستان سمیرم از گیاهان دارویی برای درمان بیماری های گوارشی
علیرضا صفری منصوره قوام سعید دوازده امامیBackground & Aim: Indigenous knowledge is a part of the unique culture of each country, which has been adapted to the environmental conditions of a particular ecosystem through experience and it has gradually become as a part of the social and productive cultur MoreBackground & Aim: Indigenous knowledge is a part of the unique culture of each country, which has been adapted to the environmental conditions of a particular ecosystem through experience and it has gradually become as a part of the social and productive culture of that community. The purpose of this study was to collect medicinal herbs and treatments associated with gastrointestinal motility by villagers and Semiramis tribes. Experimental: Medicinal plants were collected from different parts of Semirom and transferred to Isfahan Province Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. Data collection was done by questionnaire and randomly collected from indigenous peoples of the region (village and tribes) regarding the use of medicinal plants for various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the method of use, how to prepare and the parts used. Finally, data were recorded in the tables and charts and interpreted. Results: The results showed that the interviewed 26 people referred to various gastrointestinal diseases, which mostly used the limb. Recommended applications/ industries: The indigenous people of the Semirom region had fairly large information of plant and medicinal plant in environments around them, especially among nomadic people, because they had to leave for three to four months a year due to changes in the seasons. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
158 - بهینه سازی کالوس زایی و کشت سوسپانسیون سلولی گیاه دارویی پروانش
زیبا فولادوند بهمن فاضلی نسب رضا دریکوند عبدالله قاسمی پیربلوطیمقدمه و هدف: پروانش، گیاهی دارویی، حاوی بیش از 130 نوع آلکالوئید ایندولی ترپنوئیدی، دو آلکالوئید دایمری وین بلاستین و وین کریستین، دارای خاصیت ضد توموری و در درمان بسیاری از سرطانها بکار میروند. در این پژوهش، هدف تعیین ترکیب هورمونی برای تولید کالوس و سوسپانسیون سلولی Moreمقدمه و هدف: پروانش، گیاهی دارویی، حاوی بیش از 130 نوع آلکالوئید ایندولی ترپنوئیدی، دو آلکالوئید دایمری وین بلاستین و وین کریستین، دارای خاصیت ضد توموری و در درمان بسیاری از سرطانها بکار میروند. در این پژوهش، هدف تعیین ترکیب هورمونی برای تولید کالوس و سوسپانسیون سلولی میباشد. روش تحقیق: آزمایشکالوس زایی در قالب طرح فاکتوریل با سه عامل، ریز نمونه و سطوح هورمونهایBAP و 2, 4-D اجرا شد. بافت برگ در تعداد کمی از تیمارها، کالوس زایی بالاتری ولی قطعات ساقه در تیمارهای هورمونی مختلف، سطوح متوسطی از کالوس زایی را داشتند. در آزمایش سوسپانسیون سلولی از طرح آماری کاملاً تصادفی با شش تیمار هورمونی مختلف (KN، BAP و 2, 4-D) در سه تکرار استفاده شد نتایج و بحث:تجزیه واریانس صفت تعداد سلول، برای تیمارهای سوسپانسیونی نشان داد که بین تیمارهای مختلف در سطح احتمال 1 درصد اختلاف معنیدار وجود دارد و تیمار دوم بیشترین تعداد سلول را در بازههای زمانی مساوی در مقایسه با دیگر ترکیبات هورمونی تولید کرده است. تجزیه واریانس وزن خشک سلولها نشان داد که بین تنظیمکنندههای مختلف در سطح احتمال 1 درصد اختلاف معنیداری وجود دارد، بهطوریکه تیمار سوم بالاترین تولید بیوماس را داراست. توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی: در این پژوهش با توجه به نتایج بهدستآمده میتوان در تولید انبوه این گیاه دارویی در شرایط درون شیشهای از میزان mg/l5/2 هورمون توفوردی و mg/l 2 بنزیل آمینوپورین در محیط تولید کالوس در بافت برگ و ساقه این گیاه مناسب است، Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
159 - ترکیب شیمیایی اسانس برگ Smirnovia iranica Sabeti از ایران
منصوره قواممقدمه و هدف:Smirnova iranica Sabeti یکی از گیاهان بوته ای بومی ارزشمند و سازگار اراضی ماسه ای مرکز ایران و از خانواده بقولات است که از لحاظ تولید علوفه،حفظت خاک، ایجاد چشم انداز زیبا و ارزش دارویی دارای اهمیت فوق العاده ای است. تاکنون هیچ مطالعه ای بر روی اسانس این گیاه Moreمقدمه و هدف:Smirnova iranica Sabeti یکی از گیاهان بوته ای بومی ارزشمند و سازگار اراضی ماسه ای مرکز ایران و از خانواده بقولات است که از لحاظ تولید علوفه،حفظت خاک، ایجاد چشم انداز زیبا و ارزش دارویی دارای اهمیت فوق العاده ای است. تاکنون هیچ مطالعه ای بر روی اسانس این گیاه انجام نگرفته است. روش تحقیق:در رویشگاه این گیاه واقع در ماسه­زارهای کاشان در هنگام گلدهی در هفته سوم فروردین ماه برگهای گیاه جمع آوری و توسط دستگاه SDE و با استفاده از حلال آلی مورد اسانس گیری قرار گرفت و سپس با استفاده از GC / MS ترکیبات اسانس شناسایی شد. نتایج و بحث: راندمان اسانس 04/0 درصد و رنگ آن زرد بود. ترکیبات اصلی اسانس β-Ionone، dodecanoic acid ، tetradecanoic acid ، Phytolو (Z, Z, Z) -9,12,15-Octadecatrien-1-ol بود که درصد ترکیبشان بیش از 6 درصد بود. توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی: بنابراین دم گاوی یک گیاه چندمنظوره در ماسه زارهای ایران با ارزش دارویی، آنتی ویروس ، ضد سرطان و ضد باکتریایی و غنی از پیش ساز ویتامین A است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
160 - Multi-component, one-pot, aqueous media preparation of dihydropyrano[3, 2-c]chromene derivatives over MgO nanoplates as an efficient catalyst
Majid Ghashang Syed Sheik Mansoor Leila Shams Solaree Ali Sharifian-esfahani -
Open Access Article
161 - اثر تانن تفاله انگور و برگ بلوط بر گوارشپذیری آزمایشگاهی ماده آلی و تجزیهپذیری شکمبهای در گوسفند
M.J. Abarghuei Y. Rouzbehan D. Alipourاثر تانن­های تفاله انگور و برگ بلوط با استفاده از سه سری آزمون تولید گاز بر گوارش­پذیری آزمایشگاهی ماده آلی و تجزیه­پذیری شکمبه­ای ماده خشک و پروتئین خام در گوسفند مورد آزمایش قرار گرفت. پلی­اتیلن­گلیکول برای خنثی کردن اثرات تانن استفاده گردید. ت Moreاثر تانن­های تفاله انگور و برگ بلوط با استفاده از سه سری آزمون تولید گاز بر گوارش­پذیری آزمایشگاهی ماده آلی و تجزیه­پذیری شکمبه­ای ماده خشک و پروتئین خام در گوسفند مورد آزمایش قرار گرفت. پلی­اتیلن­گلیکول برای خنثی کردن اثرات تانن استفاده گردید. تولید گاز در زمان­های 2، 4، 6، 8، 12، 24، 48، 72، 96 و 120 ساعت انکوباسیون ثبت گردید. ترکیب شیمیایی (گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک) تفاله انگور و برگ بلوط تعیین گردید و مقادیر ماده آلی 940 و 940، پروتئین خام 94 و 116، دیواره سلولی 568 و 515، دیواره سلولی بدون همی­سلولز 467 و 316، لیگنین 242 و 93، کل ترکیبات فنولیک 5/70 و 82، تانن کل 7/49 و 73، تانن متراکم 79 و 4/5، تانن قابل هیدرولیز 40 و 70 بود. استفاده تفاله انگور و برگ بلوط مقدار گوارش­پذیری آزمایشگاهی ماده آلی، اسیدهای چرب فرار کوتاه زنجیره، بخش غیر قابل­ حل ولی قابل تخمیر و سرعت تخمیر را در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد کاهش داد (05/0P<). افزودن پلیاتیلن­گلیکول مقدار تولید گاز را در کل زمان­های انکوباسیون افزایش داد. کنتیک تولید گاز، گوارش­پذیری آزمایشگاهی ماده آلی و اسیدهای چرب فرار کوتاه زنجیره با افزودن پلی­اتیلن­گلیکول افزایش یافتند (05/0P<). درصد افزایش تولید گاز در تفاله انگور بیشتر از برگ بلوط بود. مقادیر پروتوزوآی کل، جنس ایزوتریجا و داسی­تریچا و زیرخانواده­های انتودینینه، دیپلودینینه و افریوسکالسینه با اضافه کردن تفاله انگور و برگ بلوط کاهش یافتند. با افزودن پلی­اتیلن­گلیکول به تیمار حاوی تفاله انگور، جمعیت پروتوزوآی کل، زیرخانواده­های انتودینینه، دیپلودینینه و افریوسکالسینه را افزایش یافت (05/0P<)، ولی در تیمار حاوی برگ بلوط جنس ایزوتریچا و داسی­تریچا و زیرخانواده دیپلودینینه افزایش یافت (05/0P<). مقدار تجزیه­پذیری مؤثر ماده خشک و پروتئین خام (گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک) یونجه، تفاله انگور و بر بلوط به ترتیب (6/646، 7/357، 3/362) و (821، 3/227، 202) بر اساس روش کیسه­های نایلونی برآورد گردید. در کل، استفاده از تفاله انگور و برگ بلوط تولید آمونیاک و جمعیت پروتوزوآ را کاهش داد. جیره­های حاوی تفاله انگور و برگ بلوط در مقایسه با یونجه قابلیت ­تخمیر کمتری داشتند. افزودن پلی­اتیلن­گلیکول به جیره­های حاوی تفاله انگور و برگ بلوط قابلیت ­تخمیر را بهبود بخشید. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
162 - اثرات سطوح مختلف برگ سبز مو معمول و عملآوری شده بر عملکرد، صفات کیفی تخم مرغ و فراسنجههای خونی در مرغهای تخمگذار
A. Nobakhtاین آزمایش به منظور ارزیابی اثرات سطوح مختلف برگ سبز مو معمول و عملآوری شده با اوره بر عملکرد، صفات کیفی تخم مرغ و فراسنجههای خونی در مرغهای تخمگذار انجام گرفت. در این آزمایش تعداد 192 قطعه مرغ تخمگذارهای هایلاینW-36 از سن 35 تا 46 روزگی در 4 تیمار، 4 تکر Moreاین آزمایش به منظور ارزیابی اثرات سطوح مختلف برگ سبز مو معمول و عملآوری شده با اوره بر عملکرد، صفات کیفی تخم مرغ و فراسنجههای خونی در مرغهای تخمگذار انجام گرفت. در این آزمایش تعداد 192 قطعه مرغ تخمگذارهای هایلاینW-36 از سن 35 تا 46 روزگی در 4 تیمار، 4 تکرار و 12 قطعه مرغ در هر تکرار در قالب یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. گروههای آزمایشی شامل: 1) گروه شاهد، 2) گروه حاوی 3 درصد برگ سبز مو معمول، 3) گروه حاوی 3 درصد برگ سبز مو عملآوری شده با 5/0 درصد اوره و 4) گروه حاوی برگ سبز مو عملآوری شده با 1 درصد اوره بودند. بیشترین مقادیر مربوط به وزن و درصد تخم مرغ، تولید توده تخم مرغ، مصرف خوراک، ضریب تبدیل غذایی، هزینه خوراک به ازای هر کیلوگرم تخم مرغ تولیدی، وزن پوسته تخم مرغ، وزن زرده و واحد هاو در گروه 3 به دست آمد. استفاده از برگ سبز مو در جیرهها سطح لیپوپروتئینهای با چگالی بالا (HDL) را کاهش داد که کمترین مقدار با استفاده از جیره حاوی 3 درصد برگ مو عملآوری شده با 5/0 درصد اوره به دست آمد. کمترین تعداد گلبولهای سفید خون، هتروفیل و بیشترین درصد لمفوسیت و کمترین نسبت هتروفیل به لمفوسیت در گروه 4 مشاهده شد. نتیجهگیری نهایی نشان داد که در مرغهای تخمگذار، استفاده از 3 درصد برگ سبز مو عملآوری شده با اوره به طور معنیداری عملکرد، صفات کیفی تخم مرغ، هزینه خوراک و فراسنجههای خونی را بهبود میدهد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
163 - Analysis of Chicken Gut Microbiome Fed by Phyllanthus urinaria as Phytobiotic Using 16S rRNA Metagenome
H. Khasanah W.I.D. Fanata D.E. Kusbianto -
Open Access Article
164 - In vitro and in situ Ruminal Degradability of Oak Leaves (Quercus persica) as Affected by Growth Stage during Spring Season and Polyethylene Glycol Application
N. Rahimi F. Fatahnia M. Yousef Elahi R. Tabaraki G. Taasoli F. Ahmadi J.W. Cone -
Open Access Article
165 - اثر مکملسازی با نسبت مختلف از مخلوط کنسانتره و برگ اقاقیا تیمار نشده یا تیمار شده با هیدروکسید کلسیم بر مصرف خوراک، قابلیت هضم، ابقا مواد مغذی و پارامترهای تخمیر شکمبهای بز Bale-Arsi تغذیه شده با جیره پایه علوفه گراس
م. بایسا ت. نگس آ. تولراآزمایشی به منظور بررسی اثر جایگزینی یک مکمل کنسانتره با جیره­های پایه برگ اقاقیا در گراس Rhodes (Chlorisgayana) تیمار نشده و یا تیمار شده با هیدروکسید کلسیم (3 درصد وزنی/وزنی) بر مصرف خوراک، قابلیت هضم، ابقا مواد مغذی و پارامترهای تخمیر شکمبه با 54 بز نر یک ساله نژا Moreآزمایشی به منظور بررسی اثر جایگزینی یک مکمل کنسانتره با جیره­های پایه برگ اقاقیا در گراس Rhodes (Chlorisgayana) تیمار نشده و یا تیمار شده با هیدروکسید کلسیم (3 درصد وزنی/وزنی) بر مصرف خوراک، قابلیت هضم، ابقا مواد مغذی و پارامترهای تخمیر شکمبه با 54 بز نر یک ساله نژاد Arsi-Bale (وزن بدن 9/1±78/13 کیلوگرم و سن 12 ماه) انجام شد. آزمایش به مدت 84 روز در قالب طرح فاکتوریل 2 × 5 (فاکتور 1 تیمار قلیایی برگ­ها (تیمار یا تیمار نشده) و فاکتور 2 پنج سطح برگ در مخلوط کنسانتره) انجام شد. تیمارهای جیره­ای شامل: 0UL-: علوفه + 300 گرم مخلوط کنسانتره؛ 25UL-: علوفه + 225 گرم کنسانتره و 75 گرم برگ خشک تیمار نشده، 50UL-: علوفه + 150 گرم کنسانتره و 150 گرم برگ خشک تیمار نشده؛ 75UL-: علوفه + 75 گرم کنسانتره و 225 گرم برگ خشک تیمار نشده؛ 100UL-: علوفه + 300 گرم برگ­های خشک تیمار نشده؛ 0TL-: علوفه + 300 گرم کنسانتره؛ 25TL-: علوفه + 225 گرم کنسانتره و 75 گرم برگ خشک تیمار شده؛ 50TL-: علوفه + 150 گرم کنسانتره و 150 گرم برگ­های خشک تیمار شده؛ 75TL-: علوفه + 75 گرم کنسانتره و 225 گرم برگ های خشک تیمار شده و 100TL-: علوفه + 300 گرم برگ­های خشک تیمار شده بودند. هر دو تیمار هیدروکسید کلسیم و جایگزینی بخشی از مخلوط کنسانتره با پودر برگ اقاقیا (ALM) به طور معنی­داری (05/0­>­P) مقدار عصاره اتری (EE)، فنل کل (TP)، تانن کل (TT) و محتویات CT جیره­های غذایی را کاهش داد. در حالی که، غلظت جیره­ای خاکستر، الیاف نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی (ADF)، لیگنین نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی (ADL) و کلسیم (Ca)؛ مصرف ماده خشک (DM)، پروتئین خام (CP)، فیبر نامحلول در شوینده خنثی (NDF)، نیتروژن، کلسیم و فسفر؛ قابلیت هضم DM، ماده آلی (OM)، CP و NDF؛ غلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی شکمبه و pH مایع شکمبه به طور معنی­داری (05/0­>­P) توسط تیمار قلیایی و جایگزینی نسبی افزایش یافت. به طور کلی نتایج قابل مقایسه مصرف خوراک، هضم و توازن مواد مغذی زمانی مشاهده شدند که کنسانتره در جیره­ها با ALM تیمار شده به مقدار 75 درصد جایگزین شد و تیمار نشده 50 درصد به ترتیب اهمیت در برابر پودر برگ تیمار نشده مشاهده شد. می­توان نتیجه­گیری نمود که که جایگزینی بخشی از پودر برگ اقاقیا در مخلوط کنسانتره همراه با تیمار هیدروکسید کلسیم در سطح 75 درصد حداکثر منافع را برای بزها نسبت به سطوح دیگر از برگ­های تیمار نشده و یا تیمار شده دارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
166 - اثر جایگزینی تفاله سیاه دانه (Guzoitia abyssinica) با سطوح متفاوتی از کنجاله برگ چای (Urtica simensis) رو تولید تخم مرغ و پارامترهای کیفیت تخم مرغ مرغهای تخمگذار تجاری
آ. ملسه جی. گانبو آ. آبباثر جایگزینی تفاله سیاه دانه (Guzoitia abyssinica) با کنجاله برگ چای (Urtica simensis) (SLM) روی تولید تخم مرغ و پارامترهای کیفیت تخم مرغ در مرغهای تخمگذار تجاری بررسی شد. پنج تیمار جیرهای (T) برای محتوی SLM در 0 درصد (T1)، 3 درصد (T2)، 6 درصد (T3)، 9 درصد (T4) و 12 Moreاثر جایگزینی تفاله سیاه دانه (Guzoitia abyssinica) با کنجاله برگ چای (Urtica simensis) (SLM) روی تولید تخم مرغ و پارامترهای کیفیت تخم مرغ در مرغهای تخمگذار تجاری بررسی شد. پنج تیمار جیرهای (T) برای محتوی SLM در 0 درصد (T1)، 3 درصد (T2)، 6 درصد (T3)، 9 درصد (T4) و 12 درصد (T5) با جایگزینی تفاله سیاه دانه فرموله شدند. 155 پولت تخمگذار Brown به طور تصادفی به تیمارهای جیرهای اختصاص یافتند، با 3 تکرار هرکدام شامل 10 مرغ. نتایج نشان دادند که خوراک مصرفی در میان تیمارهای جیرهای متفاوت نبود. وزن بدن نهایی (g) فردی مرغها در T1، T2، T3، T4 و T5 به ترتیب 1786، 1804، 1804، 1819 و 1858 بود، با بالاترین مقدار (05/0P<) برای T5. میانگین وزن تخم مرغ (g) مرغها تغذیه شده با جیرههای T1، T2، T3، T4 و T5 به ترتیب 45، 2/47، 9/48، 5/53 و 5/55 بود، با تفاوت (05/0P<) برای T4 و T5. تولید تخم مرغ در لانه (درصد) برای مرغهای تغذیه شده با جیرههای T1، T2، T3، T4 و T5 به ترتیب 3/44، 5/49، 4/59، 9/70 و 5/80 درصد بودند و از یکدیگر تفاوت داشتند (05/0P<). میزان تولید تخم مرغ روزانه فرد مربوطه (g) در مرغهای تغذیه شده با جیرههای T1، T2، T3، T4 و T5 به ترتیب 20، 4/23، 1/29، 9/37 و 7/44 بود، با تفاوت در هر گروه (05/0P<). ضریب تبدیل خوراک (کیلوگرم خوراک/کیلوگرم توده تخم مرغ) به ترتیب 50/5، 18/4، 55/3، 83/2 و 40/2 برای مرغهای پرورش داده شده در T1، T2، T3، T4 و T5 بود و برای تیمارهای T4 و T5 پایینترین بود (05/0P<). مرغهای تغذیه شده با جیرههای T3، T4 و T5 ضخامت پوسته بالاتری (05/0P<) نسبت به T1 و T2 داشتند. شاخص زرده برای مرغهای پرورش در T5 نسبت به جیرههای T1 و T3 بالاتر بود (05/0P<). در نتیجهگیری، جایگزینی تفاله سیاه دانه با SLM تولید تخم مرغ و بیشتر پارامترهای کیفیت تخم مرغ را بهبود داد. ما تحقیقات بیشتری برای تأیید تأثیر برگ چای بر کلسترول تام و غلظت تری گلیسیرید زرده و گوشت توصیه میکنیم. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
167 - Investigating the relationship between water stress index (CWSI) and yield of maize in Qazvin region
reza saeidiIn order to scheduling the irrigation time and estimation the crop yield with CWSI index, a research was done on maize (S.C. 704). The experiment was performed as factorial in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were included the water stress in growth stages MoreIn order to scheduling the irrigation time and estimation the crop yield with CWSI index, a research was done on maize (S.C. 704). The experiment was performed as factorial in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were included the water stress in growth stages of 6-leaf, 12-leaf, flowering, seeds doughing and a control treatment with full irrigation. At the threshold of water stress, CWSI index values for the above growth stages were estimated to be 0.37, 0.54, 0.63 and 0.47, respectively. Therefore, irrigation time was recommended when the CWSI index reached to the above values. Maize biomass yield in control and stress treatments at growth stages of 6-leaf, 12-leaf, flowering and seeds doughing, was measured equal to 60.1, 55.5, 48.2, 45.1 and 50 (t.ha-1), respectively. The results showed there was a relationship of Y(ton.ha-1)=-25.603CWSI+62.049 between the CWSI index and maize yield. Therefore, crop yield was estimated by the amount of CWSI index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
168 - Composition Of The Centaurea Hyracanica Bornm. Essential Oils In Different Parts Of Iran
Fatemeh Askari Fatemeh Sefidkon Mehdi Mirza -
Open Access Article
169 - Nutritional responses of Thymus exposed leaf spraying under soil nitrogen deficiency
Zeinab Asle Mohammadi Nayer Mohammadkhani Moslem Servati -
Open Access Article
170 - Drought effects on elongation kinetics and sugar deposition in the elongation zone of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) leaves
Mostefa Touati Abdelkrim Kameli Benalia Yabrir Benziane Adli Elhadi Bezini -
Open Access Article
171 - The effect of humic acid application on Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) growth and metabolites under drought stress
Ameneh Zamani Mojtaba Karimi Ali Abbasi-surki Fatemeh Direkvand-moghadam -
Open Access Article
172 - The effect of plant density and nitrogen fertilizer on leaf area, chlorophyll, and grain protein of Zea mays in competition with Amaranthus retroflexus
Mojtaba Fateh Hamdollah Kazemi Arbat Soleyman Mohammadi Farhad Farahvash Eskandar Zand -
Open Access Article
173 - Morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of suger beet cultivars (Beta Vulgaris L.) topretreatment and salinity
Ali Shokouhian Heshmat Omidi Amin Bostani Amirmohammad NajiA plant’s response to osmotic stress is a complex phenomenon that causes many abnormal symptoms due to limitations in growth and development or even the loss of yield. The present study was designed to investigate the morpho-physiological responses of different su MoreA plant’s response to osmotic stress is a complex phenomenon that causes many abnormal symptoms due to limitations in growth and development or even the loss of yield. The present study was designed to investigate the morpho-physiological responses of different sugar beet cultivars (‘Shokofa’, ‘Sina’, ‘Paya’, ‘Turbata’, and ‘Aria’) to priming (non-priming, osmopriming, and hydro-priming) and salinity of irrigation water (>2, 8, and 16 dS/m). The experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot experimental based on a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) implemented in three replications in a research farm in Saveh city, Iran, during 2019-2020. Results showed that non-priming of ‘Shokofa’ genotype, hydro-priming of ‘Aria’ genotype, and osmo-priming of ‘Paya’ genotype under non-salinity conditions had the highest total chlorophyll content (31.04, 32.80, and 28.50 µg/g FW, respectively). The highest proline content was related to the hydro-and osmo-priming of seeds under high salinity stress (1.91 and 1.23 μmol/g FW, respectively). Hydro-priming of ‘Shokofa’ seed showed the highest LAI under the high salt stress level. The highest root yield (62.9 tons/ha) was observed in the hydro-priming of ‘Aria’ genotype under without salt stress conditions. In addition, all sugar beet cultivars under non-stress and hydro-priming conditions had the highest root yield. Among the cultivars, ‘Sina’, ‘Torbata’, and ‘Aria’ and hydro-priming technique are recommended for planting in areas under soil or irrigation water salinity stress Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
174 - Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of fruit and leaf of Bene (Pistacia atlantica subsp. Kurdica) in Ilam province .
Parviz Malekzadeh Ali Asghar Hatamnia Hatamnia Khoshnood Nourollahi -
Open Access Article
175 - Effects of mycorrhiza on quantitative and qualitative traits of Aloe vera.
Mojtaba Yousefi Rad -
Open Access Article
176 - Storage duration and temperature of hydroprimed seeds affects some growth indices and yield of wheat.
Zeinab Farajollahi Hamid Reza Eisvand -
Open Access Article
177 - پیشبینی مراحل نمو گل رز شاخه بریده و تنوع رنگ برگ به کمک روش آنالیز تصویر
Mansour Matloobi سپیده طهماسبی محمد رضا دادپورپیش­بینی مراحل رشد محصول، به­خصوص زمان برداشت آن نقش بسیار مهمی در برنامه­ریزی تولیدات گلخانه­ای دارد. مطالعات فراوانی از کاربرد فن­آوری تجزیه و تحلیل تصاویر دیجیتال برای تخمین رفتار رشدی محصول در گلخانه وجود دارد. در مطالعه حاضر تغییرات Moreپیش­بینی مراحل رشد محصول، به­خصوص زمان برداشت آن نقش بسیار مهمی در برنامه­ریزی تولیدات گلخانه­ای دارد. مطالعات فراوانی از کاربرد فن­آوری تجزیه و تحلیل تصاویر دیجیتال برای تخمین رفتار رشدی محصول در گلخانه وجود دارد. در مطالعه حاضر تغییرات مشخصات رنگی برگ چهار رقم تجاری گل رز در طول زمان با استفاده از پردازش تصاویر رنگی توسط نرم­افزار image j و فضای رنگ RGB مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل نشان داد که ارتباط بالایی بین اجزای رنگ برگ و مرحله رشد ساقه در ارقام دارای گل­های سفید رنگ (R2 = 0.986) و ارقام گل رنگی (R2 = 0.94) وجود دارد و همچنین تفاوت معنی­داری بین اجزای رنگ در برگ­های لایه­های مختلف ساقه مشاهده شد. همچنین همبستگی خوبی بین اندازه­گیری مستقیم کلروفیل کل توسط روش اسپکتروفتومتری و شاخص کلروفیل به وسیله SPAD بدست آمد. در بین مدل­های بررسی شده معلوم شد مدل خطی و مدل نمایی عملکرد بهتری در ایجاد رابطه منطقی بین داده­های حاصل از ارتفاع ساقه و تغیرات رنگ برگ دارند، هرچند تفاوت­هایی در این زمینه بین ارقام مشاهده شد. توانایی روش آنالیز تصویری در تشخیص غیر مخرب تغییرات رنگی در بین لایه­های برگی و برقراری یک پیوند معنی­دار و منطقی بین تغییرات رشد ساقه ارزشمند و در خور توجه تشخیص داده شد. توسعه این مدل برای سایر ارقام رز گلخانه­ای مهم می­تواند ابزار قوی و قابل اطمینانی در اختیار تولید کنندگان رزهای گلخانه­ای قرار دهد تا بتوانند به کمک آن برنامه­های تولید را تنظیم و زمان برداشت محصول و بازاررسانی را پیش­بینی کنند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
178 - تاثیر جدایههای قارچ تریکودرما بر تغییرات مرفوفیزیولوژیک گیاه گل مریم (Polianthes tuberose) تحت تنش خشکی
حمید رضا ذکاوتی محمود شور حمید روحانی سید فاضل فاضلی کاخکی ابراهیم گنجی مقدمبه­منظور ارزیابی اثر جدایههای مختلف قارچ تریکودرما بر کاهش اثرات تنش خشکی در گیاه زینتی گل مریم، دو آزمایش بصورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح کاملا تصادفی در سه تکرار، اجرا گردید. در آزمایش اول و دوم، فاکتور اول جدایه Bi وجدایه 65 قارچ تریکودرما هاریزیانوم هر کدام در Moreبه­منظور ارزیابی اثر جدایههای مختلف قارچ تریکودرما بر کاهش اثرات تنش خشکی در گیاه زینتی گل مریم، دو آزمایش بصورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح کاملا تصادفی در سه تکرار، اجرا گردید. در آزمایش اول و دوم، فاکتور اول جدایه Bi وجدایه 65 قارچ تریکودرما هاریزیانوم هر کدام در سه سطح (0، 10، 20 درصد حجمی گلدان) و فاکتور دوم در هر دو آزمایش، سه سطح تنش خشکی (25، 50 ،100 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) بود. نتایج نشان داد هر دو جدایه در شرایط تنش، باعث افزایش وزن تر و خشک زیستتوده و وزن خشک ریشه گل مریم در شرایط تنش شدند. وزن تر زیستتوده به مقدار 4 گرم در حالت تنش 25 درصد توسط جدایه Biو 14 گرم توسط جدایه 65 افزایش یافت که بیانگر افزایش رشد این گیاه در حضور قارچ تریکودرما میباشد. مقدار پرولین در جدایه 65 در سطح 20 درصد حجمی نسبت به سایر مقادیر همین قارچ در تنش 50 و 25 درصد افزایش یافت. میزان رطوبت نسبی و سطح سبز برگ با اعمال سطوح مختلف دو قارچ با افزایش سطح تنش افزایش یافت. به طور کلی به نظر میرسد که جدایه های Bi و 65 قارچ تریکودرما هارزیانوم تاثیرات متفاوتی در شرایط تنش خشکی دارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
179 - ارزیابی محیطهای مختلف رشد و کود ازته بر برخی صفات موفولوژیکی اسپاتیفیلوم
سید فاضل فاضلی کاخکی علیرضا شریفیان ناصر بیک زادهبه منظورمطالعه بسترهای مختلف کشت و کود ازته با منشا اوره بر برخی صفات مورفولوژیکی گیاه زینتی اسپاتی فیلوم، آزمایشی به­صورت طرح کرتهای خرد شده بر پایه طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار و در شرایط گلخانه در سال 1397 اجرا شد. پلات اصلی شامل محیط کشتهای خاک برگ Moreبه منظورمطالعه بسترهای مختلف کشت و کود ازته با منشا اوره بر برخی صفات مورفولوژیکی گیاه زینتی اسپاتی فیلوم، آزمایشی به­صورت طرح کرتهای خرد شده بر پایه طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار و در شرایط گلخانه در سال 1397 اجرا شد. پلات اصلی شامل محیط کشتهای خاک برگ، ورمیکمپوست و یک محیط رشد مخلوط (مرکب از 20 درصد پیت موس، 50 درصد کوکوپیت و 30 درصد پرلیت) بود و پلات فرعی نیز مقادیر مختلف کود اوره (شامل 0، 1، 2، 3 و 4 گرم در لیتر) بود. نتایج نشان داد که محیط رشد مخلوط به علاوه دو گرم در لیتر کود اوره، اثر مثبت معنیداری بر تمام صفات دارد. با توجه به نتایج اثرات برهمکنش، بیشترین وزن تر ساقه (5/26 گرم در هر بوته)، وزن خشک ساقه (75/3 گرم در هر بوته)، وزن تر ریشه (5/35 گرم در هر بوته)، وزن خشک ریشه (87/4 گرم در هر بوته)، طول دمبرگ (1/55 سانتیمتر) و تعداد برگ (1/12) از محیط رشد مخلوط به علاوه دو گرم در لیتر کود اوره حاصل شد در حالی که مقدار این صفات در تمام محیطهای رشد بدون کود اوره، حداقل بود. افزایش کود اوره از صفر به دو گرم در لیتر، باعث افزایش وزن خشک ساقه و طول دمبرگ شد در حالی که استفاده از سه و چهار گرم در لیتر کود اوره، مقدار این صفات را کاهش داد. محیطهای رشد با هدایت الکتریکی دو دسی زیمنس در متر، تخلخل بالا و ظرفیت نگهداری بالای آب میتواند اثرات قابل ملاحظهای بر بهبود صفات موفولوژیکی گیاه اسپاتیفیلوم داشته باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
180 - ارزیابی فعالیت های ضد میکروبی و سمیت سلولی عصاره های متانولی برگ گیاه Sansevieria zeylanica (L.) Willd. روی سرطان سینه در انسان، لاین های سلولی MDA-MB-231
S. Rajashekara S. Chudamani S. Rautela Sharvani Hegde S. Swaroopaگیاه Sansevieria zeylanica یک گونه علفی چند ساله مناطق خشک است که در قسمت­های گرمسیر و نیمه گرمسیر دنیا پراکندگی دارد. این گیاه، یک گیاه شگفت­انگیز دارویی است و مزایای زیادی دارد. هدف این مطالعه تعیین فعالیت­های سمیت سلولی در سرطان سینه در انسان روی لاین­ Moreگیاه Sansevieria zeylanica یک گونه علفی چند ساله مناطق خشک است که در قسمت­های گرمسیر و نیمه گرمسیر دنیا پراکندگی دارد. این گیاه، یک گیاه شگفت­انگیز دارویی است و مزایای زیادی دارد. هدف این مطالعه تعیین فعالیت­های سمیت سلولی در سرطان سینه در انسان روی لاین­های سلولی MDA-MB-231 و نیز ارزیابی خاصیت ضد میکروبی با استفاده از عصاره برگ متانولی گیاه S. zeylanica است. آزمایش اصلی تعیین حساسیت میکروب­ها در برابر عصاره­های متانولی برگ گیاه S. zeylanica است. درصد بازدارندگی رشد اندازه­گیری شد و غلظت نمونه برای ممانعت از رشد سلول تا 50 درصد (IC50) برای درصد زنده­مانی تعیین شد. عصاره­های برگی بدست آمده از گیاه S. zeylanica روی لاین­های سلولیMDA-MB-231 سرطان سینه در انسان اثر سمیت سلولی نشان دادند. شاخص IC50 (78/1167 میکروگرم در میلی­لیتر) پس از تیمار 24 ساعته روی این لاین­ها بدست آمد. افزایش مرگ سلولی روی لاین­های MDA-MB-231 با افزایش غلظت عصاره نشان می­دهد که عصاره متانولی برگ این گیاه فعال است. برای اولین بار، ما تلاش کردیم تا خصوصیات بیولوژیکی عصاره برگ متانولی گیاه S. zeylanica را ارزیابی کنیم. نتایج حاصل کاربرد درمانی را تایید کرد و می­تواند برای کاربرد وسیع به­عنوان ماده­ای ضد میکروب، مدرک معتبری باشد. در این مطالعات نتایج غربال­گری فعالیت­های فایتوشیمیایی، ضد میکروبی و سمیت گیاه S. zeylanica تایید کرد که این گیاه می­تواند به­عنوان منبع گیاهی طبیعی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. این گیاه می­تواند برای مصارف دارویی و داروشناسی در مقیاس وسیع و بصورت صنعتی استفاده شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
181 - تأثیر نفتالین استیک اسید بر ریشه زایی پیاز گیاه سیکاس رولوتا
مهدی عسگری گورجاین تحقیق با هدف بررسی اثر نفتالین استیک اسید (NAA) (15، 10، 0 و 25 میلیگرم در لیتر) بر ریشهزایی پیاز گیاه سیکاس رولوتا (Cycas revolute) در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر NAA روی طول ریشه، وزن تر و خشک برگ و کلروفیل معنیدا Moreاین تحقیق با هدف بررسی اثر نفتالین استیک اسید (NAA) (15، 10، 0 و 25 میلیگرم در لیتر) بر ریشهزایی پیاز گیاه سیکاس رولوتا (Cycas revolute) در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر NAA روی طول ریشه، وزن تر و خشک برگ و کلروفیل معنیدار بود اما تاثیر معناداری بر تعداد ریشه، وزن تر و خشک ریشه نداشت. تیمارهای 25 و 20 میلیگرم در لیتر NAA بهترتیب با 9/43 و 9/63 سانتیمتر بیشترین طول ریشه را داشتند. بیشترین تعداد ریشه بهترتیب با 3/57 و 3/23 ریشه متعلق به تیمارهای 25 و 20 NAA بود. تیمار 25 میلیگرم در لیتر NAA بیشترین میانگین وزن تر (9/4 گرم) و وزن خشک ریشه (2/5 گرم) را داشت. تیمارهای 20 و 25 میلیگرم در لیتر NAA بهترتیب با 6/04 و 6/54 گرم بیشترین وزن تر برگ، 25 و 20 میلیگرم در لیتر NAA بهترتیب با 4/07 و 3/11 گرم بیشترین وزن خشک برگ و تیمارهای 20 و 25 میلیگرم در لیتر NAA بهترتیب با 6/28 و 6/22 میلیگرم در هر گرم وزن تر بیشترین میزان کلروفیل را داشتند. بین وزن خشک برگ با میزان کلروفیل (0/78+) در سطح یک درصد رابطه معنیداری وجود داشت اما میان وزن خشک ریشه با میانگین طول ریشه (0/29+) رابطه معنیداری وجود نداشت. بین میزان کلروفیل با میانگین طول ریشه (0/13+) هیچ رابطه معنیداری وجود ندارد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که همیشه با افزایش غلظت هورمون، بیان ژن افزایش نیافته و این امکان وجود دارد که افزایش غلظت هورمون، حتی باعث اثر عکس بر روی گیاه و آسیب رسیدن به آن شود. بهطور کلی نتایج نشان داد مصرف 20 میلیگرم در لیتر NAA با تاثیر بر صفات مورد بررسی بیشترین بیان ژن را در گیاه سیکاس داشت. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Character Association in Improved Mulberry Genotypes Exhibiting Delayed Leaf Senescence
Doss, S. G Chakraborti, S. P Roychowdhuri, . S. Das, N. K Vijayan, K Ghosh, P. DMulberry (Morus spp.) is a perennial tree cultivated for its foliage to rear the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Mulberry has improved through conventional breeding in general aims to improve the quantity and quality of leaf yield, which have direct bearing on sil MoreMulberry (Morus spp.) is a perennial tree cultivated for its foliage to rear the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Mulberry has improved through conventional breeding in general aims to improve the quantity and quality of leaf yield, which have direct bearing on silk productivity. Leaf senescence is one of the major constraints, which restricts the quantity of quality leaf availability for silkworm rearing. High yielding mulberry varieties often show leaf fall in the range of 20 – 33% in tropical sericultural belts. Hence, in order to increase the leaf availability, it is essential to delay the senescence of leaves. Keeping this in view, the present study was undertaken on 9 mulberry genotypes, which were developed systematically for delayed senescence. The interrelationship among factors that contribute to growth, yield and low foliar senescence were investigated. Correlation between agronomic traits and leaf yield revealed the existence of strong positive associations among plant height, total shoot length (TSL), nodal distance (ND), leaf fall (LF), number of leaves/ plant (NLP), fresh and dry weight of 100 leaves (FWL & DWL), leaf area (LA), leaf area index (LAI), above ground biomass (AGB) with leaf yield. However, leaf harvest index (LHI) had a strong negative correlation with leaf fall % and leaf yield. Significant improvement in the important growth and yield attributing charactersviz., FWL, DWL, LA, AGB, LHI and LAI contributed to a higher yield in CT44. Path co-efficient analysis revealed the direct positive effect of the characters viz., AGB (1.233), LHI (0.449), NLP (0.217), and LA (0.181), on leaf yield. From the studies it is concluded that low leaf fall coupled with high LHI can be considered for the selection of varieties with delayed leaf senescence in mulberry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
183 - اثر سایکوسل و سایز گلدان بر رشد رویشی و گل دهی آهار (Zinnia elegans)
صدف طاهرپذیر داوود هاشم آبادی گل آهار به علت داشتن تنوع رنگ و طول دوره گلدهی، از گیاهان زینتی بسیار زیبا و جذاب میباشد. به منظور بررسی اثر سایکوسل و سایز گلدانبر رشد رویشی و گلدهی آهار، آزمایش در قالب فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح کاملا تصادفی با دو فاکتور سایکوسل در 3 سطح More گل آهار به علت داشتن تنوع رنگ و طول دوره گلدهی، از گیاهان زینتی بسیار زیبا و جذاب میباشد. به منظور بررسی اثر سایکوسل و سایز گلدانبر رشد رویشی و گلدهی آهار، آزمایش در قالب فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح کاملا تصادفی با دو فاکتور سایکوسل در 3 سطح (0، 1000و2000 میلیگرم در لیتر) و سایز گلدان در 4 سطح (10، 12، 14 و 16 سانتیمتر) با 12 تیمار و3 تکرار انجام شد. نتایج اثر متقابل نشان داد سایکوسل و سایز گلدان تاثیر معنی داری بر تمام صفات مورد بررسی داشته است و تیمار سایکوسل 2000 میلیگرم در لیتر درگلدان 12سانتیمتر کمترین ارتفاع بوته و گلدانهای سایز 16 سانتیمتر با سایکوسل 1000 میلیگرم در لیتر و بدون استفاده از سایکوسل بیشترین ارتفاع بوته را داشتند. بیشترین دوره گلدهی در گلدان سایز 14 سانتیمتر با 1000 میلیگرم در لیتر سایکوسل بود که تفاوت محسوسی با گیاهان مربوط به گلدان سایز 16 سانتیمتر در هر سه غلظت سایکوسل نداشت. کمترین دوره گلدهی آهار در گلدان سایز 10 سانتیمتر در هر سه غلظت سایکوسل بهدست آمد. آهار کاشته شده در گلدان سایز 10 سانتیمتر بدون سایکوسل دارای کمترین وزن تر و گلدان سایز 14 سانتیمتر بدون سایکوسل دارای بیشترین وزن تر ریشه بودند. به طور کلی گلدانهای سایز 14 و 16 در ترکیب با سایکوسل 1000 میلیگرم در لیتر، برترین تیمارها بودند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
184 - Evaluation of Mulberry(Morus spp.) Genotypes for Tolerance to Major Abiotic Stresses
M. K. Prithvi Raje Urs Rajashekar Rajashekar A. SarkarSericulture has played a very important role in the socio-economic empowerment of rural and semi-urban population. The eco-friendly nature of the industry, in addition to its employment generation potential, low investments and frequent returns, has rendered the industr MoreSericulture has played a very important role in the socio-economic empowerment of rural and semi-urban population. The eco-friendly nature of the industry, in addition to its employment generation potential, low investments and frequent returns, has rendered the industry as one of the most suitable land based economic activity, particularly in the context of global movement against environmental degradation and global warming. The present thrust in increasing silk production to meet the growing domestic and international demand however, cannot rely upon horizontal expansion. In light of the competition to mulberry from other food and commercial crops, it has become imperative to utilize marginal, problematic soils for mulberry cultivation. Although soil amendment and management is one of the feasible means, genetic improvement of crops towards tolerance to stress is more effective, less costly, non-polluting and longer lasting. The present study was conducted with six mulberry genotypes selected from a segregating population of 1152 hybrids on the basis of their relative performance in two diverse environments- (i) Optimum growing conditions, wherein the recommended inputs were provided and (ii) Stress conditions, wherein all inputs including irrigation were withdrawn. The six genotypes were further subjected evaluation under different stress conditions like, soil moisture stress, alkalinity and salinity along with control genotypes K-2 and V-1 maintained at optimal conditions. Significant variability was recorded among the genotypes in respect of Leaf yield response index [LYRI], Stress resistance index [SRI] and Varietal score [VS]. The results indicated a high degree of plasticity in G-6, which is now christened as RC-2 [Resource Constraint-2], that would assure sustained leaf production in severe water stress, alkaline and saline conditions. The genotype is recommended for cultivation by the marginal and small farmers for economic utilization of the problematic soils. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
185 - تخمین سطح برگ گیاه سرخارگل (Echinacea purpurea L.) با استفاده از متغیرهای مستقل
محمد حسین امینی فرد مهدی خیاط حسن بیاتسطح برگ یک متغیر کلیدی برای مطالعات فیزیولوژیکی است، بنابراین مدل­های دقیـق و سـاده­ای کـه بتواننـد سـطح بـرگ گیاهان را تعیین کنند در موارد زیادی اهمیت دارند. هدف از این تحقیق تعیین معادله­هایی برای تخمین سطح برگ گیاه با استفاده از طول (L)، عرض (W)، وزن تر ( Moreسطح برگ یک متغیر کلیدی برای مطالعات فیزیولوژیکی است، بنابراین مدل­های دقیـق و سـاده­ای کـه بتواننـد سـطح بـرگ گیاهان را تعیین کنند در موارد زیادی اهمیت دارند. هدف از این تحقیق تعیین معادله­هایی برای تخمین سطح برگ گیاه با استفاده از طول (L)، عرض (W)، وزن تر (FW)، وزن خشک (DW)، طول × طول، عرض × عرض، طول × عرض، طول + عرض، وزن تر × وزن تر و وزن خشک × وزن خشک برگ­های گیاه سرخارگل (Echinaceapurpurea L.) به عنوان گیاه زینتی دارویی بود. بدین منظور آزمایشی در شرایط مزرعه برای بررسی رابطه بین ابعاد و وزن برگ با سطح برگ انجام شد. سطح برگ گیاه با استفاده از دستگاه اندازه­گیری اتوماتیک و ابعاد برگ با خط کش اندازه گیری شدند. مدل خطی با استفاده از طول × عرض (L×W) به عنوان متغیرهای مستقل [LA = 0.575 (L × W) - 0.934] از دقیق­ترین تخمین (R2 = 0.874, RMSE = 2.33) یرای تعیین سطح برگ گیاه سرخارگل بدست آمد. تایید مدل رگرسیونی نشان داد که همبستگی داده­های اندازه­گیری شده با داده­های تخمینی توسط معادله کاملا قابل قبول بود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
186 - Effect of different mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus fertilizer on growth traits and grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Hossien Hamidi1,2 Seyed Keyvan Marashi2*In order to investigate the effects of different mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus fertilizer on growth traits and grain yield of wheat, an experiment was conducted in factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor includ MoreIn order to investigate the effects of different mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus fertilizer on growth traits and grain yield of wheat, an experiment was conducted in factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor included mycorrhizal fungi application as non-use of fungi (control), Glomus intraradices, Glomus mossea and Glomus fasciculatum and the second factor included various levels of phosphorus fertilization included non-application of fertilizer (control), 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1. The results showed that the effect of fungi, phosphorus fertilizer and interaction between the application of fungi and phosphorus fertilizer on leaf area index, dry matter, root dry matter and grain yield were significant. In all treatments of mycorrhizal fungi with increasing of phosphorous fertilizer level, leaf area index, total dry matter, root dry matter and grain yield increased. Maximum values in all studied traits were observed under the application of Glomus intraradices and Glomus mossea. Glomus mossea and Glomus intraradices at 80 kg ha-1 fertilizer level was the best condition for all traits. But in Glomus fasciculatum, the maximum of traits was obtained at 120 kg ha-1 fertilizer. In general, using Glomus mossea and Glomus intraradices can reduce the use of phosphate fertilizers, which could be a new approach to achieve sustainable agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
187 - Morphophysiological Response of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) to Foliar Application of Iron Nano Chelate and Zinc Nano Chelate
Hamidreza Javanmard sadaf farahani Hossein Ali Asadi-GharnehThe present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar application of iron and zinc nanochlate treatments including control (foliar application with distilled water), concentrations of iron and zinc nanocholate (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 g/l) on morphological characte MoreThe present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar application of iron and zinc nanochlate treatments including control (foliar application with distilled water), concentrations of iron and zinc nanocholate (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 g/l) on morphological characteristics of coriander in 2019-2020 performed in a randomized complete block design with 9 treatments and 3 replications in experimental plots. The results showed that the highest amount of chlorophyll a, total and carotenoids was obtained in the treatment of 2 g/l iron nanoclate and the highest amount of chlorophyll b was obtained in the treatments of 2 g/l iron and zinc nanoclate. The highest leaf area was obtained in the treatment of 2 g/l iron nanoclate with an amount of 3230 cm2. The highest number of umbel was obtained in the treatment of 2 g/l iron nanoclate with 25.33. The highest plant height was obtained in the treatment of 2 g/l zinc nanoclate with a rate of 102.33 cm. The highest 1000-seed weight , highest number of seeds per umbel and the highest number of sub-branches of the plant(with the amount of 11.33) was obtained in the treatments of 2 g/l zinc and iron nanoclate. In general, the results of this study confirm that foliar application of iron and zinc nanoclate treatments had an effect on the growth properties of coriander, so according to the results and considering the positive effect of the studied treatments, it can be Suggested application of iron and zinc nanoclates in coriander nutritional programs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
188 - Effect of silicon application on morphological and physiological characteristics of sunflower (Helianthus.annuus L.) under different moisture levels
zohreh nabipour Gholamreza Zamani Available water is the main factor limiting crop growth and production in arid areas. In this regard, in order to investigate the effect of silicon application on morphological, physiological and yield characteristics of sunflower under different mois More Available water is the main factor limiting crop growth and production in arid areas. In this regard, in order to investigate the effect of silicon application on morphological, physiological and yield characteristics of sunflower under different moisture levels, an experiment was conducted in the crop year 2018-2019 in Gonabad, Iran. This study was conducted as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor of irrigation with different moisture levels based on water requirement includes four levels (100% water requirement, 80% water requirement, 60% water requirement and 40% water requirement) and the secondary factor of silicon consumption time. There were four levels (no application (control), application in vegetative stage, application in reproductive stage, application in vegetative stage and reproductive stage). The results showed that reducing the moisture level from 100% to 40% of water requirement reduced the quantitative traits studied; So that the lowest seed yield (1730.8 kg / ha) and oil yield (583.41 kg / ha) were obtained in the treatment of moisture level of 40% of water requirement. Also, the application of silicon under low moisture levels based on water requirement improved the effects of reducing moisture levels in all evaluated traits and seed yield. The highest seed yield (7572.96 kg / ha) was obtained in the treatment of 80% water requirement and application of silicon in the vegetative and reproductive stages and the lowest value (1193.54 kg / ha) was obtained in the treatment of 40% water requirement and without the use of silicon. Also, the application of silicon in the vegetative and reproductive stages compared to the non-application treatment (control) increased 2.5, 1.5 and 2.5 times the oil yield at different levels of moisture, including 80, 60 and 40% of water requirement. In general, the results showed that the use of silicon in the vegetative and reproductive stages at a moisture level of 80% of the water requirement compensated for the adverse effects of reducing the moisture level in the studied traits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
189 - Changes the vegetative characteristics and grain yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars in the presence of fenugreek as living mulch
Bita Abbasi Gholamreza Mohammadi Alireza Bagheri This study was done to investigate the response of vegetative traits of sunflower cultivars in the presence of fenugreek as living mulch at Razi University in 2017. The experiment was conducted as split-plot based on randomized complete block. First factor More This study was done to investigate the response of vegetative traits of sunflower cultivars in the presence of fenugreek as living mulch at Razi University in 2017. The experiment was conducted as split-plot based on randomized complete block. First factor was the sowing fenugreek at four levels (control (without living mulch), 15 days before sowing of sunflower, simultaneous sowing with sunflower, 15 days after sowing of sunflower) and the second factor was three sunflower cultivars (Progress, Farrokh, Lakomka). Results showed that with planting of fenugreek before sunflower, height, stem weight, number of leaves, leaf weight, leaf area index, content of chlorophyll a, b and total of chlorophylls were decreased by 26.4%, 62.1%, 24.8%, 68.5%, 63%, 7.4%, 3.7% and 6.8% compared to control, respectively. The lowest relative water content was also obtained by planting fenugreek before sunflower (65.2% and 52.7% at the one third of primary growth season and flowering stages). The effect of presence mulch under the simultaneous and 15 days after sunflower conditions had no significant effect on growth characteristics of sunflower compared to control condition. Among thecultivars, the highest of grain yield was assigned to Lacomka (3426 kg/ha). However, Progress had the highest height (212 cm), stem weight (523 g/plant), leaf number (25.5 per plant), leaf weight (157.4 g/plant), leaf area index (6.2) and relative water content (77.8% and 70.5% at the one third of of primary growth season and flowering stages). The highest of leaf area ratio (0.013 m2/g) and carotenoid content (2.5 mg) belonged to Farrokh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
190 - Effect of application of sulfur and thiobacillus on improvement of morpho-physiological characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Khuzestan lands
Fatemeh Mousavi Seyed Keyvan Marashi Timour Babaei NejadIn order to investigate the effect of acid modifiers in lands with high pH on improving morpho-physiological characteristics of wheat, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors included, sulfur sulfat MoreIn order to investigate the effect of acid modifiers in lands with high pH on improving morpho-physiological characteristics of wheat, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors included, sulfur sulfate in three levels (0, 250 and 500 kg ha-1) and thiobacillus in three levels (0, 5 and 10 kg ha-1). The results showed that the effect of sulfur fertilizer and thiobacillus bacteria on total dry weight, leaf area index, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate and plant height were significant at 1% probability level. The interaction between sulfur and thiobacillus fertilizers on total dry weight was significant at 1% probability level and on plant height at 5% probability level and was not significant for other traits. The maximum crop growth rate were obtained by 12.5 and 11.6 g m-2 under 500 kg ha-1 sulfur fertilizer and 10 kg ha-1 thiobacillus, respectively and the minimum by 9.7 and 10.6 were under non-application of sulfur fertilizer and non-application of thiobacillus. The maximum plant height (94.3 cm) was observed under application of 500 and 10 kg ha-1 of sulfur and thiobacillus fertilizer and the minimum by 74.6 was under non-application of sulfur fertilizer and thiobacillus. In general, the results of experiment showed that the application of sulfur fertilizer and thiobacillus bacteria in lands with high pH improved morpho-physiological characteristics of wheat, which could be interest to researchers and farmers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
191 - Study of correlation between some agronomic traits of barley (Hordeum vulgare) in different treatments of phosphorus biological and chemical fertilizers
Mona Yousefipor Shahram Lack* Khoshnaz PayandehApplication of bio-fertilizers in Sustainable Agriculture perform important role at increasing of crop pro-duction and improving soil fertility. In order to investigate combine application of biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizers and micronutrients on morpho-ph MoreApplication of bio-fertilizers in Sustainable Agriculture perform important role at increasing of crop pro-duction and improving soil fertility. In order to investigate combine application of biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizers and micronutrients on morpho-physiologic characteristics of barley, present research was conducted via split plot experiment according randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Ramhormoz during 2016-17. The main treatments consisted of phosphorus fertilizers and bio-fertilizers in four levels (Non use phosphorus fertilizer or control, bio-fertilizer “Barvar2”, bio-fertilizer “Barvar2” with 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer and 200 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer) and spray micro-nutrient (included micronutrients of zinc, iron and manganese) at three levels (no spray micro-nutrient or control, spray micro-nutrient at 0.002 and 0.004 concentration) belonged to sub plots. Results of analysis of variance indicated effect of combine application of biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizers and micronutrients on measured traits was significant. Mean comparison result of phosphorus fertilizers showed that bio-fertilizer “Barvar2” with 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer had maximum peduncle length (9.46 cm), awn length (11.95 cm), leaf area index (4.5), chlorophyll index (40.26) and days to rippening (185 day) also spray micro-nutrient at 0.004 concentration achieved maximum rate of mentioned traits. According mean comparison results of interactions of treatments the highest seed yield (400.1 g.m-2) and main spike weight (2.89 gr) belonged to bio-fertilizer “Barvar2” with 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer and spray micro-nutrient at 0.004 concentration. Generally to achieved optimum yield use bio-fertilizer “Barvar2” with 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer and foliar application micro-nutrient at 0.004 concentrations for Ramhormoz weather conditions can be advised. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
192 - Effect of humic acid on yield, yield components and physiological parameters of wheat in deficit irrigation conditions
Fatemeh Tourfi Alireza Shokuhfar2*In order to effect of humic acid on yield, yield components and physiological parameters of wheat in deficit irrigation conditions this research was done as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. main plots consisted: full irrigation, n MoreIn order to effect of humic acid on yield, yield components and physiological parameters of wheat in deficit irrigation conditions this research was done as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. main plots consisted: full irrigation, no irrigation at the beginning of stem elongation, and no irrigation at the pollination stage and sub plots included different levels of humic acid fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/L). Results showed that interaction of irrigation and humic acid on number of seeds per spike and 1000 grain weight at 1% probability level and number of spikes per unit area and harvest index was significant at 5% probability level. Grain yield under the effect low irrigation and humic acid was significant at 1% probability level. The highest leaf area index and crop growth rate were affected in full irrigation and 300 mg.L-1 humic acid and least of them were obtained in low irrigation stress conditions in different periods and no foliar application of humic acid. The highest grain yield was obtained in full irrigation (5035 kg.ha-1) and foliar application with 300 mg.L-1 humic acid (4462 kg.ha-1). The lowest grain yield was obtained in no irrigation at the pollination stage (2355 kg.ha-1) and no-humic acid (2667 kg.ha-1). As a result, foliar application 300 mg.L-1 of humic acid in different periods of low irrigation stress improved the physiological indices and increased yield components compared to control (no foliar application). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
193 - Evaluation of the effect of planting method on the morphological and anatomical properties of Iranian alliums native populations (Allium ampeloperasum ssp. Persicum)
Kaveh Limouchi1 Fatemeh Fateminick2This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of planting method on the morphological and anatomical properties of Iranian alliums native populations. The experiment was conducted in spilt plot base on randomized complete block design with three repetitions for one year i MoreThis study was aimed to evaluate the effect of planting method on the morphological and anatomical properties of Iranian alliums native populations. The experiment was conducted in spilt plot base on randomized complete block design with three repetitions for one year in Khuzestan. Main factor was at two levels (1: stream and ridges and 2: plot) and the secondary factor included two alliums masses of Shadegan and Ahwaz19. Results showed that on-ridges planting, in terms of better input management, in spite of having the minimum number of plant per square meter, had the higher level of agriculture properties such as more leaf per plant, length, width, and weight. Maximum stomata diameter and surface was achieved from plot planting, which increased the resulted-from–the yield quality reduction transpiration and dehydration in this method of planting, while the maximum number of stomates, because of the optimal conditions, was gained through the on- stream and ridge planting in Ahwaz19, and can be the main reason of the increase of the leaf’s dry weight. Based on these results, it seems that by concentrating the modifying goals on the mentioned anatomical properties, with the appropriate method of planting, we can hopefully expect an increase in yield resulted from the increase of pure photosynthesis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
194 - Assessment of the role of growth reduction factors on some morpho-physiological and yield indicators of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars in climate condition of Khouzestan
Marzieh Gorgizadeh Shahram Lak Abdolali GilaniIn order to Assessment of the role of growth reduction factors on some morpho-physiological and yield indicators of rice cultivars an experiment in the year 2018 was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimentation f MoreIn order to Assessment of the role of growth reduction factors on some morpho-physiological and yield indicators of rice cultivars an experiment in the year 2018 was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimentation factors included various rice varieties: Champa, Chermez-anbori and Hoveizeh in the main plot and reducing growth factors include: control (without cutting), consumption of half a liter of medax top in 45 days after planting, cut 65 days after planting to a height of 35 cm and cut 85 days after planting at a height of 35 cm in the subplot was. the results showed difference between levels of reducing growth factors in terms of stem height, panicle number, number of hollow seed per panicle and seed yield were at 1% probability and 1000-seed weight at 5% level. the difference between cultivars in terms of number of hollow seed per panicle at 1% level and 1000 grain weight at 5% probability level. highest number of hollow seed per panicle was in the control and the lowest in the cut 65 days after planting. the highest grain yield was obtained in the application of medax top with average of 4.7 tons/ha and the lowest grain yield with average of 3.19 tons/ha was obtained by cutting in 85 days after planting. So it can be cut by 65 days after the planting and use of the medax top or using the hoveizeh cultivar to reach the desired results in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
195 - مدیریت مصرف ضایعات برگ خرما در تغذیه دام دامداران جنوب استان کرمان
محسن عادلی ساردویی محمد خداوردیزاده امید علی اسماعیلی پوربراساس آمار موجود در جنوب استان کرمان سالانه حدود 111498 تن برگ خرما به عنوان ضایعات تولید می­شود. مطالعات صورت پذیرفته حاکی از آن است که این ضایعات پتانسیل مناسبی در تأمین نیاز غذایی دام و جایگزین مناسبی برای خوراک مشابه از قبیل بقایای گندم در تغذیه دام هستند Moreبراساس آمار موجود در جنوب استان کرمان سالانه حدود 111498 تن برگ خرما به عنوان ضایعات تولید می­شود. مطالعات صورت پذیرفته حاکی از آن است که این ضایعات پتانسیل مناسبی در تأمین نیاز غذایی دام و جایگزین مناسبی برای خوراک مشابه از قبیل بقایای گندم در تغذیه دام هستند. در تحقیق حاضر تلاش شد تا با مفهوم تمایل به مصرف و با استفاده از مدل لاجیت ترتیبی عوامل موثر بر پذیرش ضایعات برگ خرما (ضبخ) توسط دامداران منطقه جنوب استان کرمان در سال 1399 مورد ارزیابی قرار گیرد. داده­ها و اطلاعات مورد نیاز از طریق تکمیل 202 پرسشنامه که به­طور تصادفی از بین دامداران جنوب استان کرمان توزیع و گردآوری شدند بدست آمد. مطابق نتایج حدود 51 درصد دامداران منطقه مورد مطالعه، تمایل به مصرف ضبخ ندارند و تنها 46 دامدار از کل نمونه مورد مطالعه مایل به مصرف این محصول هستند. براساس نتایج مدل لاجیت ترتیبی، با افزایش سابقه دامدار، ارائه اطلاعات و افزایش سطح آگاهی دامداران، کاهش نگرانی­های دامداران از بازخورد مصرف ضبخ در تغذیه دام­های­شان و عضویت در تعاونی، تمایل به مصرف ضبخ در تغذیه دامداری­ها افزایش مییابد. همچنین احتمال تمایل به مصرف ضبخ در دامداری­های بزرگتر و در گاوداری­ها نسبت به مزارع کوچک (گوسفند و بز) بیشتر است. با توجه به یافته­ها، به منظور مصرف ضبخ در تغذیه دامداری­ها، لازم است تا با اقدامات ترویجی و آموزشی دامداران منطقه مورد مطالعه نسبت به سلامت تغذیه دام­ها با این محصول آشنا شوند و علاوه بر این با اعطای تسهیلات به تولیدکنندگان متقاضی عرضه ضبخ به بازار و ایجاد مزارع نمایشی با تغذیه این محصول میتوان گام مثبتی در زمینه کاهش ضایعات و هدر رفت قابلیت تجاری این محصول برداشت. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
196 - Investigating of Ultrastructure and Histology Leaf and Root of castor seeds (Ricinus communis L.) under concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes
Zahra Fathi Ramazan Ali Khavari-Nejad Homa Mahmoodzadeh Taher Nejad-SattariThe castor plant )Ricinus communis L.) belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family and is a very important medicinal plant. Carbon nanotubes act as regulator of germination and growth of plant; and are able to change the morphology and physiology of plant cell.Penetration of ca MoreThe castor plant )Ricinus communis L.) belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family and is a very important medicinal plant. Carbon nanotubes act as regulator of germination and growth of plant; and are able to change the morphology and physiology of plant cell.Penetration of carbon nanotubes in plant systems are able to change metabolic acts that lead to increase products . XRD and nanoparticle sizer experiments showed that the major phase is carbon and its size is range of 35-300 nm. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (0 and 500 µg ml-1 ) alongside the control under laboratory conditions on the characters of histology and ultrastructure. The vegetative growth was done in greenhouse conditions .foliar spray 500 µg ml-1 treatment (MWCNTs and deionezed water for 0 treatment) was done. Duration of experiment was 45 days. after that plant was exited from soil, shoot and root were seprated.process of preparation was done and samples go over on grid for study TEM.The result of ultra strcture studies of root and leaf showed, there is great aggregation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different length in vacuole and cytoplasm which in leaf cells have aggregation of vacuole and increase of plastogloboly in stroma of chlroplast and transformation of chloroplast from globular to ellipsoid and in root cells lead to destruction of mitochondria crista, vacoule and nucleus membrane and low chromatins, also was observed aggregation of vacuole and many diameter of sclreid and xylem wall. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
197 - Investigating the correlation and cause and effect relationships of leaf yield and some important agronomic traits in basil genotypes under different drought stress conditions
Mehdi Rahimi Mojtaba MortazaviBasil is one of the important plants belonging to the mint family, which is used as a medicinal plant, spice, and also as a fresh vegetable. In order to study the relationship between leaf yield and agricultural traits, 22 basil genotypes were evaluated on the basis of MoreBasil is one of the important plants belonging to the mint family, which is used as a medicinal plant, spice, and also as a fresh vegetable. In order to study the relationship between leaf yield and agricultural traits, 22 basil genotypes were evaluated on the basis of split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications in pots under field conditions. The main plot included drought stress in three levels (normal, moderate and severe stress) and the subplot included genotype (22 levels) and agricultural traits were measured. Correlation of traits in all three conditions showed that leaf yield had a positive and significant correlation with the traits of stem fresh weight, number of leaves, length and width of leaves. Considering the leaf yield as a dependent variable and performing a stepwise regression analysis in normal conditions (stem wet weight, number of leaves and leaf width in the first stage, respectively), moderate drought stress conditions (stem dry weight in the first stage) ) and severe drought stress conditions (stem wet weight in the first stage) were entered into the model and the model was significant at the level of 1%. Path analysis showed that stem wet weight in normal conditions, stem dry weight in moderate stress condition and stem wet weight in severe stress condition had the highest direct and positive effect on leaf yield. Therefore, the most important traits as a selection index for improving leaf yield werestem fresh weight, leaf number, leaf length and width, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
198 - Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaf
masoud bayat reza moradi ali bodaghiGreen synthesis of nanoparticles is an environmentally friendly method, in which water solvent are used. In this study, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) was performed by using walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaf extract. Walnut leaf contains a variety of che MoreGreen synthesis of nanoparticles is an environmentally friendly method, in which water solvent are used. In this study, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) was performed by using walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaf extract. Walnut leaf contains a variety of chemicals, including tannins, flavonoids, vitamins, plant acids and naphthoquinone. The extract of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaf as the reducing agent is used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and UV-Visible spectroscopy. UV-Vis spectrum exhibit an absorption band at around 400-450 nm suggestion the formation of silver nanoparticles. The observed peak at about 425 nm is related to the surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles. The effects of operational parameters in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles such as silver nitrate salt concentration, extract volume, temperature and time was studied. The results showed that silver nitrate concentration 6 mM, extract volume 200 µlit, temperature 90°C and time 40 min was the optimum amounts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
199 - Optimization of operating conditions and the role of ultrasound waves in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using apple tree leaf extract
Sarvin Mohammadi-Aghdam Omid AhmadiApple tree leaf extract is one of the effective materials in the synthesis of AgNPs, the results of FTIR spectroscopy showed the presence of several reducing agents. AgNPs were synthesized by mixing 2 ml of extract with 8 ml of AgNO3 solution based on the design of the MoreApple tree leaf extract is one of the effective materials in the synthesis of AgNPs, the results of FTIR spectroscopy showed the presence of several reducing agents. AgNPs were synthesized by mixing 2 ml of extract with 8 ml of AgNO3 solution based on the design of the experiment by surface response methodology in the heating temperature range of 30-70 °C and ultrasound time of 5-25 min. After the optimization, the results showed that the temperature of 52 °C and the duration of 15 min was the most suitable mode for the synthesis of AgNPs, in which the highest concentration was 27.10 ppm, the lowest average particle size was 66 nm, and the highest antioxidant property was 31.48. %. The results of UV-Vis spectroscopy and DLS analysis were confirmed at the optimum point with a slight difference, and the PDI and zeta potential were obtained as 0.397 and 21.2 mV, respectively. AgNPs showed good antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with halo diameters of 56 and 48 mm, respectively. The antifungal property of nanoparticles was 72%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
200 - The Role of Institutional Rules in Translators’ Manipulation of Texts: The Case of Patient Information Leaflets in Iran
katayoon Afzali Atefeh Madani -
Open Access Article
201 - Mystical and Social Symbolism in Taqi Pournamdarian's Poetry
Mohammad Behnāmfar Ardashir Sanchooli jadidPouranamardian is one of the prominent critics and scholars of Iranian literary society, whose poetic aspect has been underestimated. Indeed, under the influence of Nima and his followers, like Shamloo, as well as his own studies on mysticism and symbolic stories, Poura MorePouranamardian is one of the prominent critics and scholars of Iranian literary society, whose poetic aspect has been underestimated. Indeed, under the influence of Nima and his followers, like Shamloo, as well as his own studies on mysticism and symbolic stories, Pouranamardian has a particular tendency to symbolic expression in his poems. Many of these symbols can be placed in the domains of mystical symbols and social or epic ones. The present article tries to study the mystical and social symbolism in the poems of Pournamdarian, considering the context of his detailed research in this field as well as the political and social conditions prevailing at the time of composing his poems. The methodology of the research is based on content analysis; it contains an introduction about symbolism and biography of Pournamdarian. Then, his poetry book, Rahrovan Bi-Bargh (Leafless followers) and the mystical and social symbols in his poems are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the poet's studies on mysticism and thinking about Muslim mystics have been very effective in creating the mystical symbols of his poems. Also, the results show that due to the specific political and social circumstances of the era of the imperial regime and the ruling tyranny (the second Pahlavi era), Pournamdarian turns inevitably to symbolism, and he portrays the crisis-ridden society of his age with a symbolic expression. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
202 - Genetic diversity of Tomato leaf curl Palampur virus and its whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci, in the Sistan region
javad abkhoo Ahmad MehrabanBackground & Objectives: Tomato leaf curl Palampurvirus (ToLCPMV) is one of the most important plant viruses that has been reported from some regions of Iran. In this study, we analysed the genetic diversity of Sistanian isolates of ToLCPMV and their vector, Bemisia MoreBackground & Objectives: Tomato leaf curl Palampurvirus (ToLCPMV) is one of the most important plant viruses that has been reported from some regions of Iran. In this study, we analysed the genetic diversity of Sistanian isolates of ToLCPMV and their vector, Bemisia tabaci by partial genome sequencing. Materials & Methods: Leaves of plants expressing symptoms of ToLCPMV infection and B. tabaci adults were collected from cities of the Sistan region during the autumn season of 2019. Specific primers of gene coat protein were used to detect ToLCPMV in three crops (melon, eggplant and pepper). Results: Nucleotide sequences of coat protein gene of three Sistanain isolates of ToLCPMV showed 92-99 % sequence identity with previously characterized ToLCPMV isolates. Phylogenetic analyses based on nucleotide sequences of coat protein gene indicated that in the Sistanian isolates of ToLCPMV grouped with other Iranian isolates. Eggplant and pepper represent new natural hosts of ToLCPMV in Iran. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase-I gene sequences showed that the collected B. tabaci samples from the Sistan region and other Iranian B. tabaci samples belong to the B biotype. Bemisia tabaci samplesof Zabol, Zahak and Helmand counties showed respectively 100, 97.75 and 99.68% nucleotide sequence identity to some from Fars province samples of B. tabaci. Conclusion: In this study, the Sistanain isolates of ToLCPMV were grouped with Iranian isolates of ToLCPMV and the collected B. tabaci samples from the Sistan region belong to the B biotype. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
203 - Changes in Species Diversity and Functional Diversity of Vegetation under Different Grazing Intensities in Changizchal Rangelands, Mazandaran Province, Iran
Mansoureh Kargar Majid Sadeghinia Sara Farazmand -
Open Access Article
204 - Investigation of Genetic Variations among Crested Wheatgrass Species Base of Agronomical Traits and Total Leaf Protein
Parvin Salehi Shanjani Ali Ashraf Jafari Razieh Jahanbaz -
Open Access Article
205 - The evaluation of different herbicide on weeds control, growth indices, and forage yield Alfalfa
masoud noroozi mohammad reza dadashi fariba mighani hossien ajam norooziField experiment was conducted to evaluate chemical control of weeds in newly planted alfalfa with emphasis on growth indices in randomize complete-block design (RCBD) with 9 treatments and 4 replications at the research field of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Prot MoreField experiment was conducted to evaluate chemical control of weeds in newly planted alfalfa with emphasis on growth indices in randomize complete-block design (RCBD) with 9 treatments and 4 replications at the research field of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection located in Meshkindasht, Karaj, during 2014-2016. The treatments consisted of Eradicane 4.1 g ai/ha, Metribuzin 525 g ai/ha, 2,4-DB 1269 g ai/ha, 2,4-DB 1480 g ai/ha, Bentazon 144 g ai/ha, Imazethapyr 50 g ai/ha (with 200 ml Sitogit), Imazethapyr 100 g ai/ha (with 200 ml Sitogit), non-herbicide control and whole-season weeding control. Based on reducing density of broad-leaved weeds the most effective herbicides were Metribuzin (99 and 97% in first and second cutting) and Imazethapyr 1 lit/ha (91 and 90% in first and second cutting). The poorest control was application of Eradicane (44 and 36 % in first and second cutting). Furthermore, the results of reducing density of grass weeds showed that among all herbicides the highest efficiency were related to Eradicane (100% in both cutting) and Imazethapyr 100 g ai/ha (87 and 91% in first and second cutting). the lowest fresh and dry weight of alfalfa, cumulative dry matter and leaf area index was related to use of Metribuzin, which was due to the effects of herbicide injury on alfalfa, thus it led to decreasing of alfalfa density in the first year Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
206 - Effect of Planting Patterns on Grain Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Soybean (Glycine max L.) in the Competition with Weeds
zahra Jouzayan Alireza Yadavi Mohsen Movahedi Dehnavi Eisa MaghsoudiTo investigate the effect of planting patterns on morphological characteristics of soybean (cv. Villiam) in the competition with weeds, an experiment was carried out in summer of 2010 at the field of Agriculture Research Station of Yasouj University. In this study a spl MoreTo investigate the effect of planting patterns on morphological characteristics of soybean (cv. Villiam) in the competition with weeds, an experiment was carried out in summer of 2010 at the field of Agriculture Research Station of Yasouj University. In this study a split factorial was used based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The main factors were (weedy and weed control) and subplots were row spacing (30, 45 and 60 cm) and soybean plant density (40, 50 and 60 plants m -2). The results showed that plant density and row spacing of soybean had significant effects on plant height, leaf area index, stem diameter and grain yield of soybean. With increasing of density and reduction of row spacing, increased grain yield of soybean, so that among the density different treatments the highest grain yield (240.6 gr m-2) was obtained from density of 60 plants m-2 and among the treatments of row spacing different the most grain yield (236.8 gr m-2) was obtained from 30 cm row spacing. Weed morphological characteristics (Lambsquarters and Amaranthus) was significantly affect by the plant density and row spacing of soybean, so that increasing of plant density and reduction of row spacing led to reduction of 22.7 and 29.8 percent dry weight of Amaranthus of weeds, respectively. The results, totally showed that changes in soybean planting patterns (plant spacing and row spacing) via effects on plant competitive ability against weed can be used as an cultural and non-chemical method for weed control. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
207 - Estimation of Some Applied Important Parameters in Prediction of Wheat Growth
Ali Rahemi Karizaki abbas bibani Nabi khaliliaghdamFor physiological importance of parameters of nonlinear regression in sigmoidal growth patterns, eight nonlinear regression models (Beta 1, Beta 2, Logistic, Richards, Gompertz, Symmetrical expolinear, Truncated expolinear, Weibull) used for describing of changing trend MoreFor physiological importance of parameters of nonlinear regression in sigmoidal growth patterns, eight nonlinear regression models (Beta 1, Beta 2, Logistic, Richards, Gompertz, Symmetrical expolinear, Truncated expolinear, Weibull) used for describing of changing trend of accumulated dry matter and two models as: Logistic and Beta for qualification of changing trend of LAI in two cultivar of wheat in two level of N-fertilizer. Thus, an factorial experiment in RCB design with four replications performed which treatment were two level of N-fertilizer and two cultivar of wheat (0, 150 kg/h (cv. Kohdasht) + 0, 120 kg/h (cv. Durum)) during the seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 in the research field of Gonbad Kavous University, then analyzed in combination method. Results of plotting of LAI data in logistic and beta models showed that both of models described changing trend of LAI and in either cultivar or model, applying of fertilizer decreased RMSE and upgraded R2 slowly. LAImax of cv.kohdasht was more than it in cv.durum in each fertilizer level and models. Also, results revealed that all models could describe changing trend of accumulated dry matter in either fertilizer level, but Richards, symmetrical-expolinear, Truncated-expolinear, Weibull models were some better than others. Further estimated value of parameters in these models (maximum accumulated dry matter, RGR in linear phase, RGR in expolinear phase, missed time to beginning of expolinear phase, slope of dry matter and time of CGRmax) are very practical in simulation studies, cultivars comparings, growth analyses and simulation of growth and production of wheat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
208 - Effect of different irrigation regimes, plastic mulch and anti-transpiration materials on some physiological attributes and grain yield of rainbow corn
Davoud Adelian Hooshang Farajee Amin Salehi Ali Moradiبه منظور بررسی اثر خاکپوشه پلاستیک و مواد ضد تعرق کائولین و آترازین تحت تاثیر سطوح مختلف آبیاری بر برخی صفات فیزیولوژیک و عملکرد دانه ذرت رنگین، آزمایشی مزرعهای در منطقه برازجان، استان بوشهر در دو سال 1396-1395 اجرا گردید. آزمایش بهصورت اسپلیت اسپلیت پلات بر پایه طرح Moreبه منظور بررسی اثر خاکپوشه پلاستیک و مواد ضد تعرق کائولین و آترازین تحت تاثیر سطوح مختلف آبیاری بر برخی صفات فیزیولوژیک و عملکرد دانه ذرت رنگین، آزمایشی مزرعهای در منطقه برازجان، استان بوشهر در دو سال 1396-1395 اجرا گردید. آزمایش بهصورت اسپلیت اسپلیت پلات بر پایه طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. عامل اصلی آزمایش شامل آبیاری در سه سطح، شامل: 1) 25 درصد تخلیه رطوبتی آب قابل استفاده خاک؛ 2) 40 درصد تخلیه رطوبتی آب قابل استفاده خاک و 3) 60 درصد تخلیه رطوبتی آب قابل استفاده خاک و عامل فرعی در دو سطح شامل خاکپوشه پلاستیک و بدون خاکپوشه و عامل فرعی فرعی در سه سطح شامل مواد ضد تعرق کائولین، آترازین و شاهد بدون مصرف ماده ضد تعرق بودند. نتایج نشان داد که برهمکنش سطوح مختلف آبیاری، مواد ضد تعرق بر نسبت Fv/Fm و برهمکنش خاکپوشه پلاستیک و مواد ضد تعرق بر میزان قند محلول برگ معنیدار گردید. در سطح آبیاری 60 درصد تخلیه مجاز رطوبتی، بیشترین نسبت Fv/Fm (578/0) در تیمار آترازین و کمترین مقدار آن (468/0) در تیمار کائولین بدست آمد. در شرایطی که میزان رطوبت خاک محدود است، استفاده از خاکپوشه پلاستیک و آترازین جهت حصول حداکثر عملکرد کیفی و کمی قابل توصیه میباشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
209 - Evaluation of Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) competition with redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflxus L.) at different levels of plant density
تاصر جعفرزاده Alireza Pirzad Hashem HadiIn order to evaluate the castor bean’s competitive effect with redroot pigweed at different levels of plant density, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted in three replications at Agricultural Research of West Azarbayjan in MoreIn order to evaluate the castor bean’s competitive effect with redroot pigweed at different levels of plant density, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted in three replications at Agricultural Research of West Azarbayjan in Urmia in 2011. The first factor was different densities of castor bean in five levels 0 (Pure stand of pigweed), 3, 4, 5 and 6 plant.m-², and second factor was three levels of redroot pigweed 0 (Pure stand of castor), 5, 10 and 15 plant.m-². Results showed that with increasing pigweed density, castor bean grain yield 20-38%, oil percent 39%, and plant height 32% comparing to pure culture decreased. The maximum amount of leaf dry weight (58.7g.m-2), stem dry weight (49.3g.m-2), number of branches (5.3), and height (44.9cm) belonged to pure stand of pigweed, that decreased by increasing castor bean density. With increasing of pigweed density, its leaf area index in pure culture reached the highest level (1.44) which was 50% higher than with 15 plant/m2 of pigweed, and 6 plant.m-² of castor bean. The highest (157cm) and the lowest (107 cm) height of castor bean attained at 6 and 3 plants per m2, respectively. Therefore that increasing pigweed density decrease grain yield and oil yield. The amount of this reduction was related to pigweed density. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
210 - Allometric relationship between leaf area and vegetative characteristics in field- grown Vicia faba
ali rahemi karizaki عبدالخلیل حسن زاده A. Biabani عباس فروغیThe objective of this study was to obtain relationships between plant leaf area (cm2plant-1) with main stem leaf number, leaf dry weight (g plant-1), stem dry weight (g plant-1), vegetative dry weight (g plant-1) and plant height (cm) in vicia faba. An experimental desi MoreThe objective of this study was to obtain relationships between plant leaf area (cm2plant-1) with main stem leaf number, leaf dry weight (g plant-1), stem dry weight (g plant-1), vegetative dry weight (g plant-1) and plant height (cm) in vicia faba. An experimental design was conducted in the field at Agricultural Science Research Farm of the Gonbad University in 2011-2012. Experimental design was a factorial arrangement of treatments based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were combinations of two sowing dates and four plant densities. Sowing dates were 28 November 2011 and 15 December 2011. Plant densities were 8, 12, 16 and 20 plants m-2. Sample the beginning of pod formation stage, when it stops producing leaves work was done. At each sampling leaf area, main stem leaf number, leaf dry weight, vegetative dry weight and plant heights were measured. A power equation (y= axb ) was used to describe the relationship between leaf area and the mentioned characteristics. The results showed because of not significant between treatments can use from one power equation with R2≥0.98 for description of relationship among leaf area with other trait. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
211 - Modeling growth and yield of safflower in Isfahan
Valiallah Dadrasi بنیامین ترابی سهیلا قاسمی مهامThis study was performed to yield prediction and statistical modeling of Safflower. Phenology, dry matter production and distribution and soil-water balance sub models should be studied in order to growth stages and yield prediction in agricultural crops. Parameters rel MoreThis study was performed to yield prediction and statistical modeling of Safflower. Phenology, dry matter production and distribution and soil-water balance sub models should be studied in order to growth stages and yield prediction in agricultural crops. Parameters related to each sub model were estimated using data reported on different sowing dates during the years 2002-2015 in Isfahan region and the data reported by other researchers in other regions. Growth and yield changes were calculated by phenology, dry matter production and distribution using meteorological data from Isfahan region, and the safflower crop yield at the end of growing season was predicted. One of the model evaluation criteria is comparison of coefficient of linear regression between observed and predicted yield (a= 0.46 ± 0.073, b= 1.49 ± 0.18) with coefficient of line 1:1. In the field experiments the limit for Coefficient of variation (CV) is 20 to 25. Accuracy of the model was high, regarding to the coefficient of variation of predicted and observed grain yield (CV=8.89). R2 of grain yield was 0.75, which is indicating that predicted data are 70 percent likely match with observed data. Variation range for observed data was 1.2 to 4.61 tones per hectar and the mean was 2.9 tones and for the predicted data it was 1.94 to 3.62 tones per hectar and the mean was 2.78 Tones per hectar. In all cases, simulated yield compliance with observed yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
212 - Estimating leaf area by using vegetative characteristics in in bread and durum wheat cultivars
jafar pourreza Afshin Soltani احمد نادریIn order to investigate relationships between leaf area (LA) cm2plant-1 with leaf dry weight ( LDW) g plant-1, total dry weight of vegetative organs (leaf + stem)(TDWV) g plant-1, total plant leaf number (TPLN) and plant height (PH) cm plant-1; two field experiments wer MoreIn order to investigate relationships between leaf area (LA) cm2plant-1 with leaf dry weight ( LDW) g plant-1, total dry weight of vegetative organs (leaf + stem)(TDWV) g plant-1, total plant leaf number (TPLN) and plant height (PH) cm plant-1; two field experiments were conducted at research farm of Islamic Azad University, Ramhormoz Branch in 2006-2008 cropping seasons with 13 bread wheat cultivars(Atrak, Bayat, Chamran, Chenab, Dez, Ineia, Kavir, Marvdasht, Shiraz and S78-18) and two durum wheat (Yavaroos and shova-Mald) cultivars. The experimental design was randomized complete block with four replications. Various equations including linear and none-linear equations were used to describe relationships between leaf area and mentioned characteristics. The best results were obtained with linear form of power equation {ln(Y)=ln(a)+bln(x)}. Results showed that there was no significant difference between cultivars and in respect to coefficients of allometric relationships. So one equation was used for all cultivars in both years. Equation Y=219.2X0.96(R2=0.99) showed very good description of the estimation of leaf area (Y) Using LDW (X), Also according to equation Y=84.77X0.6 (R2=0.92) , leaf area using data of TDWV (X) was well estimated. although relationship between LA and PTLN was suitable but LA was estimated with less precision compared to LDW and TDWV (Y=1.34X1.57, R2=0.89). Estimation of leaf area Using data of PH was not well estimated. It was concluded that the equations could be used for estimation of leaf area especially when the leaf area meter device is not available or can be used in simulation models of wheat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
213 - The effect of inflorescence removing and seed tuber size on leaf area index and tuber yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
علی نصراله زاده اصل Atieh Pasha Poor KhoyiIn order to investigate the effect of removing inflorescence and seed tuber size on yield and yield components of potato, the experiment was conducted using a factorial method based on randomized complete block design with three replications in a farm located in evoghlu MoreIn order to investigate the effect of removing inflorescence and seed tuber size on yield and yield components of potato, the experiment was conducted using a factorial method based on randomized complete block design with three replications in a farm located in evoghlu region of Khoy city, during spring of 2014. The first factor was removal of inflorescence at two levels including removal and non-removal of inflorescence and the second factor was the seed tuber size at six levels including 25-35 g, 35-45 g, 45-55 g, 55-65 g, 65-75 g, and 75-85 g. The results indicated that the effect of removing inflorescence and seed tuber size was significant on tuber size, weight of tuber in plant, the number of branches and leaves in plant, leaf area index and tuber yield. So that the highest leaf area index (5.48) obtained from the treatment of inflorescence removing and tuber yield also in the treatment of inflorescence removing increased by 2.68 tons per hectare (%15). In regard with seed tuber size, the highest rates of tuber yield were 22.64 and 21.89 tons per hectare which were respectively obtained for seed tuber sizes of 65-75 g and 75-85 g. There was no significant difference between these two sizes of seed tuber in regard with tuber yield. Therefore, inflorescence removing is effective in yield increasing due to elimination of un useful sink, also seed tuber size of 65-75 g is recommended in order to save seed consumption and reduce costs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
214 - Evaluation growth indices of two cultivars of Native and Corrected rice (Oryza sativa L.) in different irrigation Management.
Nematollah sedaghat همت اله پیردشتی علی راحمی کاریزکی سعید صفی خانیIn order to determine the effect of different irrigation managements on rice growth indices, an experiment was done in factorial based on randomized complete block design in Rice Research Institute of Iran, Deputy of Mazandaran, Amol during 2011. Treatments were differe MoreIn order to determine the effect of different irrigation managements on rice growth indices, an experiment was done in factorial based on randomized complete block design in Rice Research Institute of Iran, Deputy of Mazandaran, Amol during 2011. Treatments were different irrigation managements including Alternate Wet and Drying (AWD), Semi-Dry Cultivation (SDC), combining Shallow water depth with Wetting and Drying (SWD) and Traditional Irrigation (TI) and two contrast cultivars of Tarom and Fajr as native and improved cultivars, respectively. Growth indices were fitted using measuring the dry weight and leaf area over seven sampling times during rice growing stages. The results showed that IT (with an average of 7694 kg) had the highest paddy yield followed by AWD (with an average of 7056 kg), SDC (with an average of 6856/8 kg) and SWD (with an average of 6358/7 kg). Leaf area index in Tarom cultivar varied from 2.99 in the combining Shallow water depth with wetting and drying to 4.6 in alternate wet and drying regimes. By contrast, LAI in Fajr cultivar ranged from 4.1 in the alternate wet and drying to 5.6 in traditional irrigation regimes. In conclusion, the maximum leaf area index, net assimilation rate in Tarom and Fajr cultivars to AWD and SDC irrigation managements could be introduced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
215 - Study the efficiency of Atlantis and its mixture with Duplosan Super and Bromicide MA herbicides for weeds controlling of wheat
سعید سعید ی&amp;rlm;پور زینب زلقیIn order to study the efficiency of Atlantis dual purpose herbicide and its mix with some herbicides for weeds control of wheat, an experiment has been conducted in completely randomized blocks design with 7 treatments and 4 repetitions in Dezfoul region in 2011-2012. T MoreIn order to study the efficiency of Atlantis dual purpose herbicide and its mix with some herbicides for weeds control of wheat, an experiment has been conducted in completely randomized blocks design with 7 treatments and 4 repetitions in Dezfoul region in 2011-2012. Treatments included post-emergence application of Atlantis herbicide with two doses of 1 and 1.5 L.ha-1, the mix of Atlantis herbicide with the dose of 1.5 L.ha-1 + Bromicide MA with two doses of 0.5 and 1 L.ha-1, the mix of Atlantis herbicides with the dose of 1.5 L.ha-1 + Duplosan Super with two doses of 1 and 2 L.ha-1, and weedy treatment as control. The results indicated that the blend of Atlantis with the dose of 1.5 L+ Duplosan Super with the dose of 2 L was the best opting for controlling broad leaves weed like ivy and clover, and displayed a significant difference with other treatments. After that, mix of Atlantis with the dose of 1.5 L.ha-1+Bromicide MA with the dose of 1 L.ha-1had the highest extent of control. Atlantis with the dose of 1.5 L.ha-1 statistically was the best treatment to control narrow leaves weed. The highest performance of grain yield that is, 6075.3 kg.ha-1 obtained from blending Atlantis with the dose of 1.5 L.ha-1 + Duplosan Super with the dose of 2 L.ha-1. On the basis of our results in the absence of broad-leaved weeds mixing Atlantis with the dose of 1.5 L.ha-1+ Duplosan Super with the dose of 2 L.ha-1 recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
216 - Studying the effect of irrigation regimes and superabsorbent on proline and soluble sugars and their relationship with forage dry matter of sorghum
mansour fazeli rostampour mehrdad yarniya Gh. Mosavi M.J. SeghataleslamiStudying the effect of irrigation regimes and superabsorbent on proline and soluble sugars and their relationship with forage dry matter of sorghum Abstract In order to investigate the possibility of decreasing sorghum water requirements with application of SAP and to MoreStudying the effect of irrigation regimes and superabsorbent on proline and soluble sugars and their relationship with forage dry matter of sorghum Abstract In order to investigate the possibility of decreasing sorghum water requirements with application of SAP and to investigate the relationship between the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars with leaf relative water content (RWC) and forage yield in sorghum variety Speedfeed this experiment was conducted in Dashtak region of Zahedan during 2013 and 2014 seasons in a split plot with four irrigation regimes, providing 40, 60, 80 and 100% of the water requirements of sorghum, calculated from pan evaporation as main plots, four amounts of SAP )0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1( as subplots based on a completely randomized block design with three replications. The results indicated that the effect of irrigation regimes, SAP levels and interaction effects of two factors in all measured traits were significant. The regression models estimated for two years showed that although applying SAP in 100% ETc treatment had no effect on this trait in 2 seasons but the other irrigation treatments reduced the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars and increased the RWC and dry matter. Therefore, applying 75 kg SAP per hectare along with 20% decrease in the sorghum’s water requirement produced a dry matter yield Similar to 100% water treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
217 - Evaluate the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and some agronomic and physiological traits of medicinal plant of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)
سعید حکم علی پوربه منظور بررسی اثر باکتریهای محرک رشد گیاهی و کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد و برخی خصوصیات زراعی و فیزیولوژیک گیاه دارویی نعناع فلفلی، آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه پیام نور واحد کوثر، شهرستان کوثر استان اردبیل انجام شد. عام Moreبه منظور بررسی اثر باکتریهای محرک رشد گیاهی و کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد و برخی خصوصیات زراعی و فیزیولوژیک گیاه دارویی نعناع فلفلی، آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه پیام نور واحد کوثر، شهرستان کوثر استان اردبیل انجام شد. عامل-های آزمایشی شامل کود نیتروژن در پنج سطح (صفر، 50، 100، 150 و 200 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار از منبع اوره) و باکتریهای محرک رشد گیاهی در سه سطح (عدم تلقیح، تلقیح بذر با ازتوباکتر کروکوکوم سویه 5 و تلقیح بذر با آزوسپیریلوم لیپوفرم سویهOF) بودند. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد، در تلقیح با باکتریهای محرک رشد گیاهی، وزن تر ساقه، وزن خشک ساقه، وزن تر برگ، وزن خشک کل بوته، وزن تر کل بوته، سطح برگ، شاخص کلروفیل، میزان اسانس برگ و عملکرد اسانس به طور معنیداری تحت تاثیر قرار گرفتند. اثر متقابل تیمارهای آزمایشی نشان داد، وزن خشک ساقه، سطح برگ و میزان اسانس برگ به طور معنیداری تحت تاثیر اثر متقابل نیتروژن × باکتریهای محرک رشد گیاهی قرار گرفت. بیشترین وزن خشک ساقه، سطح برگ و میزان اسانس برگ در ترکیب تیماری مصرف 200 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار × ازتوباکتر مشاهده شد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
218 - Investigation of dry matter changes in different organs of four safflower cultivars
Benyamin Torabi Hasan Saadatkhah Valialah Dadrasi Nastaran Solhi-OskouiThe aim of this study was to quantify the dry matter production in different organs in safflower. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized block design with four replicates in Research Farm of Vali-e-Asr University in 2012. F MoreThe aim of this study was to quantify the dry matter production in different organs in safflower. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized block design with four replicates in Research Farm of Vali-e-Asr University in 2012. Factors were included sowing dates (4 April, 25 April and 16 May) and cultivars (411, Sina, Local Isfahan and Sofeh). Results showed that linear exponential model best described the trend of dry matter production versus days after planting. Maximum dry matter accumulation was obtained in the first planting date and decreased with a delay in planting. With delay in planting, maximum stem dry mater accumulation and time to maximum stem growth rate were decreased. In the first and second planting dates, stem dry matter was high for local Isfahan cultivar. While there was no a significant difference among cultivars in the third planting date. The trend of grain dry mater accumulation was described the best with logistical models. Grain dry matter accumulation had high in the first and second planting date and then strongly reduced in the third planting date. In the first and second planting dates, maximum grain dry matter had not significantly different among different cultivars. In the second planting date minimum grain dry mater accumulation was obtained from 411 cultivars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
219 - The Effect of Water Deficit on Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Vegetative Characteristics and Grain Yield of Corn Hybrids
houman homayouni victoria khazarian Mohsen SaeidiRestriction of humidity is one of the main factors limiting production in arid and semiarid regions. To evaluate the effects of water deficit on chlorophyll fluorescence, vegetative characteristics and grain yield of corn, an experiment was conducted a spilt plot plan i MoreRestriction of humidity is one of the main factors limiting production in arid and semiarid regions. To evaluate the effects of water deficit on chlorophyll fluorescence, vegetative characteristics and grain yield of corn, an experiment was conducted a spilt plot plan in the form of a completely randomized block design in triplicate in Karaj in 2009 and 2010. The main plots consisted irrigation, including full irrigation (I1), 12.5 % (I2), 25 % (I3), 37.5 % (I4) and 50 % (I5) water deficit, and the subplot consisted corn hybrids including SC704, SC500 and SC301. In terms of fluorescence chlorophyll parameters, in the Leaf10 stage and tasseling stage, there was a meaningful difference among corn hybrids, while in other cases a meaningful difference was not observed. The leaf area index, plant height and grain yield decreased by decreasing the amount of water in water deficit treatments. However, decreasing water to 12.5 % did not have a meaningful effect on the grain yield. The lowest grain yield was related to I5 (with performance of 2497 kg/ha). Among hybrids, SC704 (with yield of 4592 kg/ha) accrued the highest grain yield to itself. At the same time as the intensification of deficit irrigation, the decrease in the level of photosynthesis that occurred through decrease of leaf area played a more important role compared to photosystem II efficiency in grain yield. Moreover, due to the scatted data of the quantum yield of photosystem II achieved, which are affected by the environmental conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
220 - Assessing the relationship between leaf area and some vegetative characteristics in safflower
Benjamin ترابی ناصر دستفالی اصغر رحیمی افشین سلطانیTo find a quick and reliable method to estimate leaf area in safflower cv 'Local Esfahan', a factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design was conducted with four replicates and two factors included sowing date (5 and 25 April and 18 May) and plant de MoreTo find a quick and reliable method to estimate leaf area in safflower cv 'Local Esfahan', a factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design was conducted with four replicates and two factors included sowing date (5 and 25 April and 18 May) and plant density (15, 40, 65 and 90 pl/m-2). In the present study, leaf area was estimated through leaf number on main stem, node number on main stem, leaf dry weight and stem dry weight by the different regression models. Based on RMSE (root mean squares of error) and R2 (determinant coefficient) estimated for studied models, leaf dry weight was the best independent variable to estimate the leaf area. The relationship between leaf area and leaf dry weight described by a linear model. The values of RMSE varied between 24.39 and 61.35 for different densities and the values of R2 was higher than 0.96. This indicates that model could predict leaf area by leaf dry weight. It was found no significant difference between the slopes of linear model fitted on leaf area data against leaf dry weight. Therefore, a general model was fitted on these data using all densities and the values of the a and b coefficients were estimated as 9.7 and 108.7, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
221 - Estimated extinction coefficient, radiation use efficiency and dry matter production coefficients rapeseed plant (Hyola 401) in Khuzestan
حسین کمایی علیرضا ابدالی مشهدی جعفر پوررضا داود امیدی نسبIn order to estimate the extinction coefficient, radiation use efficiency and dry matter distribution coefficients of rapeseed plant (Hyola 401), at different planting dates and plant density a field experiment carried out in research station of Ramin Agricultural and N MoreIn order to estimate the extinction coefficient, radiation use efficiency and dry matter distribution coefficients of rapeseed plant (Hyola 401), at different planting dates and plant density a field experiment carried out in research station of Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University of Khouzestan in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design whit four replications in the 2011-2012. Treatments were three sowing dates (November 29 th, December 19 th and January 8 th) and four plant densities (50, 70, 90 and 110 plants per square meter). The extinction coefficient for canola in this trial was 0.39. Radiation use efficiency of canola growing on different dates obtained 0.92 g /MJ photosynthetically active radiation. the maximum dry matter production between treatment combinations showed significant differences (P<0/05), So that the highest and lowest dry matter were observed, in the first planting date and density of the fourth (1125/2 g.m2) and third planting date and density of the first (368 g.m2) respectively. Maximum crop growth rate in the linear phase of the treatment combination was significant (P<0/05). Maximum and minimum CGR were obtained in the first and fourth planting density (28/88 g.m-2.day-1) in the third planting date and density of the first (9/98 g.m-2.day-1) respectively. Also check the pod harvest index against day after flowering showed that increase HI Rapeseed plant is dependent to the longer duration of the linear phase in increase harvest index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
222 - Study the physiological responses of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) as affected by irrigation with magnetized water under drought stress
Omid SadeghipourIn order to investigate the effect of magnetized water on drought tolerance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) Partow cultivar, a pot experiment was done in Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Branch, Islamic Azad University at 2013. This experiment was conducted in factorial at MoreIn order to investigate the effect of magnetized water on drought tolerance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) Partow cultivar, a pot experiment was done in Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Branch, Islamic Azad University at 2013. This experiment was conducted in factorial at the basis of completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor consisted of two irrigation levels including irrigation after 50 and 100 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan as control and drought stress conditions, respectively. The second factor consisted of two types of water including tap water and magnetized water. Results showed that drought decreased chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, relative water content, leaf area and net photosynthetic rate; nevertheless irrigation with magnetized water reduced drought damages via improving all of these traits. In irrigation with tap water, the higher and lower net photosynthetic rat were 8.70 and 5.60 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 under normal and drought conditions, respectively. Nonetheless, in irrigation with magnetized water, the higher and lower net photosynthetic rat were 10 and 6.29 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 under normal and drought conditions, respectively. Therefore, after supplementary field studies and observing magnetized water effect on yield and yield components and economical computing, this treatment, as simple, safe and practical method can use for improvement drought tolerance of mung bean. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - Effect of flooding in the reproductive stage and Methods fertilization on growth and biological nitrogen fixation in soybeans
mohammad khadempir سرالله گالشی افشین سلطانی فرشید قادری فرTo study the effect of waterlogging stress on dry matter accumulation, leaf area, number and nodule diameter nitrogen fixation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar DPX. Experiment was done at the University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources of Gorga MoreTo study the effect of waterlogging stress on dry matter accumulation, leaf area, number and nodule diameter nitrogen fixation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar DPX. Experiment was done at the University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources of Gorgan. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in factorial with two factors. Factors included nutritional levels at three levels: (1 - inoculated with bacteria Japonicum bradyrhizobium 2 - non-inoculated plus nitrogen fertilizer (150 kg/ha urea) 3 - non-inoculated without nitrogen fertilizer) . The second factor was flooding stress periods (0, 5, 10 and 15 days). Flooding of soybean plants was in the reproductive growth stage (R2). The results showed duration flooding leaf surface and leaf dry weight were reduced by an average of 55% compared to control and root dry weight and root volume were increased by an average of 10 percent.Inoculation with bacteria form nodules were observed without fertilizer. With increasing duration of flooding stress nodes per plant, nodule diameter and nodule dry weight decreased. The nutritional levels of nitrogen fertilizer plus the non-inoculated into minimal impact from the flooding stress was . and nutritional parameters measured at the surface of the drop was less than control flooding stress have the greatest impact on nutritional levels had non-inoculated without fertilizerThe results indicate that it is desirable if soybean be fed by nitrogen fertilizer losses from the flooding will see fewer And the results showed a significant reduction of saturated nitrogen fixing nodules on soybean is . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
224 - Effect of terminal drought stress on water use, growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
علیرضا نه بندانی افشین سلطانی پریسا درویشی رادMost producing countries chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), including Iran, are located in arid and semi-arid environments and terminal drought, drought stress in during pod formation and grain filling of the most important factors limiting the yield of the plant is conside MoreMost producing countries chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), including Iran, are located in arid and semi-arid environments and terminal drought, drought stress in during pod formation and grain filling of the most important factors limiting the yield of the plant is considered. In order to examine the effect of the time of beginning terminal drought of chickpea, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with four replication was conducted under greenhouse conditions at the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. Treatments consisted of two planting dates (5 Jan and 16 Feb 2004) and the time of beginning of terminal drought (at flowering and 10 and 20 days after flowering and a well-watered treatment (control). Occurrence of terminal drought at flowering and 10 and 20 days later reduced water use by 36, 24 and 15%, respectively, and dry matter production by 31, 23 and 10%, respectively. In the first sowing date, beginning terminal drought at flowering and 10 and 20 days later resulted in 79, 71 and 7% reduction in grain yield, respectively. In the second sowing date, the reductions were 57, 57 and 42%, respectively. So, optimal sowing date and supplementary irrigation at reproductive stages could be a great management option to decrease the negative aspects terminal drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
225 - Study on physiological characteristics of bread wheat genotypes response to water stress after anthesis and zinc foliar application
Davood Afiuni غلامعباس اکبری ایرج اله دادی G. Najafian L. SafaeiIn many regions, drought stress occurs at the terminal stages of wheat growth. Identifying the physiological responses of plant can help in produce tolerant varieties. In a two years study in Isfahan, effect of three treatments included normal irrigation, drought stress MoreIn many regions, drought stress occurs at the terminal stages of wheat growth. Identifying the physiological responses of plant can help in produce tolerant varieties. In a two years study in Isfahan, effect of three treatments included normal irrigation, drought stress after anthesis, and drought stress after anthesis with two times zinc foliar application at vegetative growth on 11 wheat genotypes were studied as RCBD with split- plot arrangement and three replications. RWC, RWL, ELWR and IWC were measured on flag leaf at 3 stages including anthesis and one and two weeks after anthesis. Proline, soluble proteins and grain yield also were measured. Comparing normal condition, in drought treatment, RWC, RWL and IWC decreased and ELWR increased at both one and two weeks after anthesis. Drought stress also decreased soluble protein and grain yield and increased proline. Zinc foliar application mitigated negative impacts of drought stress, so that grain yield, RWC (at one and two weeks after anthesis), and IWC (at two week after anthesis) were higher in drought + zinc than drought without zinc. There were significant differences among genotypes for all traits. Under drought stress, there were positive significant correlations between grain yield with soluble proteins, RWC (at one and two weeks after anthesis) and ELWR (at anthesis), indicating the capability of these traits as selection criteria for improvement of terminal drought tolerant wheat varieties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
226 - Investigation of water deficit and physical seed priming effects on some morphophysiological traits and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.)
Farhad Farahvash Reza Siyami Bahram Mirshekari Varahram Rashidi Alireza TarinejadTo investigate the physical seed priming of maize under water deficit, a split plot experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2014. Main MoreTo investigate the physical seed priming of maize under water deficit, a split plot experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2014. Main plots consisted of two irrigation levels (control and water deficit respectively 70 and 110 mm evaporations from class A pan) and sub plots of eleven levels of physical priming (gamma and beta rays with fixed velocity of two micro curie, laser with continuous wave He-Ne with wavelength 6328 angstrom, magnetic field with 40 Mt and ultrasonic waves with maximum 3 wat/cm2 in 5 and 10 minutes along with control, without any treatment). Based on the results obtained, grain yield and leaf area index decreased by 18.5 and 23% respectively under drought stress condition in comparison with normal irrigation (70 mm evaporation from the pan). Proline concentration of leaves increased under drought stress by 38% as compared with control treatment. The highest leaf area indices by using magnetic field and 5 minutes laser and gamma irradiations obtained to be 3.95. The highest grain yield belonged to treatment of 5 and 10 minutes of magnetic field and to treatments of 5 minutes gamma and laser irradiations. Increasing treatment time from 5 to10 minutes, of gamma and laser irradiations decreased grain yield by 20 and 17%, respectively. It can be concluded that physical seed priming by magnetic field, gamma and laser irradiations for short times can be recommended for higher grain yields. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
227 - The effect of nitrogen rates on wheat morphological traits and grain yield in different irrigation conditions
Sadegh Shahrasbi Yahya Emam Hadi Pirasteh-AnoshehIn a 2-yrs field study, growth pattern and grain yield of wheat as affected by different nitrogen levels under varied irrigation conditions were evaluated in Shiraz University during 2013-15 growing seasons. The results showed that in both years at anthesis and ripening MoreIn a 2-yrs field study, growth pattern and grain yield of wheat as affected by different nitrogen levels under varied irrigation conditions were evaluated in Shiraz University during 2013-15 growing seasons. The results showed that in both years at anthesis and ripening stages in all irrigation treatments, except rainfed, 300 kg N ha-1 had the highest plant height, while the highest plant height in rainfed for all sampling stages was achieved in 225 kg N ha-1 treatment. In all irrigation treatments, except rainfed, the plots receiving more N had the higher leaf area index for all sampling stages. As water deficit was applied and intensified, the less N fertilizer was needed for achieving the higher dry matter production; so that the highest final dry matter in normal irrigation, irrigation cutting at grain filling and spike emergence and rainfed conditions for both years were obtained from 225, 225, 150 and 75 kg N ha-1, by 1195.1, 1115.2, 931.1 kg ha-1 and 517.6 at the first and by 1015.8, 957.9, 791.5 kg ha-1 and 389.9 kg N ha-1 at the second year, respectively. In both years, the highest SPAD index was observed from rainfed conditions and 375 kg N ha-1, and the highest grain yield was observed in normal irrigation with 150 kg N ha-1 by 568.1 and 515.5 kg ha-1 at the first and second years, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
228 - Evaluating non-linear regression models in growth analysis of Cucurbita pepo L.
hamideh khalaj mohammadreza LabbafiThis study was carried out to evaluate the growth of Cucurbita pepo L. using nonlinear regression models. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Research Farm of Abouraihan Campus, University of Tehran during the MoreThis study was carried out to evaluate the growth of Cucurbita pepo L. using nonlinear regression models. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Research Farm of Abouraihan Campus, University of Tehran during the 2013 growing season. The planting dates were April 20th, June 20th and July 20th. In order to study the growth analysis, leaf area and dry weight changes were measured. Eight models were used to describe the dry weight variations (Logistic, Gompertz, Richards, Weibull, Linear Expression, Symmetric Linear and Beta 1 and 2 models), and three models (logistic, Gompertz and beta) were used to describe the trend of leaf area changes. The results showed that all models well described the changes in dry weight and leaf area (day after planting) and can be used in growth analysis studies. In this research, a beta-1 model was used in all three planting dates to estimate leaf area and dry matter index. Among the planting dates, the highest leaf area index and dry matter were produced in April 20th and June 20th with 1.78 and 1379 g / m2, respectively. The best time to plant of C. pepo L. in the Varamin is June. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
229 - Study the effect of methanol and ascorbic acid foliar application on yield and physiological traits related to water relationships peanut under rainfed condition
Maral Moradi tochaee Saeid Saifzadeh Hamid Reza Zakerin Seyed Alireza ValadabadiIn order to investigate the effect of foliar application of methanol and ascorbic acid on growth and yield of peanut (varNC2) in during 2015 year, an experiment was carried out in two locations of Astaneh Ashrafiyeh and Kiashahr. A randomized complete block design with MoreIn order to investigate the effect of foliar application of methanol and ascorbic acid on growth and yield of peanut (varNC2) in during 2015 year, an experiment was carried out in two locations of Astaneh Ashrafiyeh and Kiashahr. A randomized complete block design with three replications on a factorial experiment with two factors including four levels of methanol include 0 (Control), 7, 14, and 21 volumetric percentage and four levels of ascorbic acid include (0 Control), 250, 500, and 750 mg/lit was used. Methanol and ascorbic acid foliar applications were done two times during the growing season with 15 days intervals and spraying started in 72 code stage of BBCH-scale. Measured traits in this experiment were consisted of: pod yield, seed yield, biological yield, protein yield, oil yield, pod water use efficiency, chlorophyll, leaf relative water content and leaf osmotic potential. The results showed the simple effects of methanol and ascorbic acid foliar applications on measured traits were positive significant. The maximum amount on measured traits were observed by two foliar application of methanol treatments (14 and 21 % (v/v)) and two foliar application of ascorbic acid treatments (500 and 750 mg/l) during experiment. In comparison to the control (without foliar application methanol), methanol application at 14 and 21 % v/v levels increased seed yield up to 20.15% and 24.65% respectively. The 17.36% and 20.67% amount of seed yield increase at 500 and 750 mg/l of ascorbic acid application respectively, in comparison to the control (without foliar application ascorbic acid). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
230 - Evaluating the effect of plastic mulch and some plant growth regulators on changes in some leaf elements, enzymes and nitrate accumulation in onion (Allium cepa) at water deficit conditions
Mohammadhassan shirzadi mohammad javad arvin Abdolhosayn Aboutalebi mohammadreza hassandokhtThe effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and plastic mulch on the amount of some leaf elements, enzymes and nitrate accumulation in onions under water deficit stress was investigated. The main plots consisted of water deficit stress treatment at three levels (100% w MoreThe effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and plastic mulch on the amount of some leaf elements, enzymes and nitrate accumulation in onions under water deficit stress was investigated. The main plots consisted of water deficit stress treatment at three levels (100% water requirement, 80% and 60% water requirement), and subplots including mulch (in two levels of application and no application of dark plastic) and PGRs factor in Six levels (zero, salicylic acid (0.5 mM), methyl jasmonate (5 and 7.5 µM), 24-Epibrassinolide (0.5 and 1 µM). Significant interaction was observed between low water stress and PGRs in the amount of nitrogen, catalase, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde enzymes, methionine, isoleucine and proline amino acids, ion leakage, chlorophyll and carotenoids pigmentation. The effect of the PGRs was mainly effective in water deficit conditions. Also, the interaction of water deficit and plastic mulch in addition to these traits was significant on the amino acid valine and tyrosine traits and phosphorus and potassium of leaf and this effect was significant under water deficit condition. Brassinolide growth regulator treatment had the most effect on reducing nitrate in onion bulb. Under non stress, mild stress and severe stress condition, 1 micromolar brassinosteroid reduced 26, 23 and 31 percent of onion nitrate, respectively. Also, plastic mulch under non stress conditions have no effect on reducing the accumulation of nitrate, but under severe stress conditions (60% water requirement), use of plastic mulch detergent reduced the 13% accumulation of nitrate compared with the control Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
231 - The effect of drought stress and plant density on yield and yield components of irrigated wheat cultivars in the temperate region of Lorestan province
Ezatollah Nabati Amin Farnia Mojtaba Jafarzadeh Kenarsari Shahram NakhjavanThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of drought stress and plant density on yield and some yield components of wheat cultivars in Boroujerd Agricultural Research Station in 2019-2020. The experiment was performed as a split factorial in a randomized comple MoreThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of drought stress and plant density on yield and some yield components of wheat cultivars in Boroujerd Agricultural Research Station in 2019-2020. The experiment was performed as a split factorial in a randomized complete block design. The main plots belonged to drought stress treatments (at three levels of control, irrigation to flowering, and irrigation to grain filling). The sub-plots consisted of plant density treatments (300, 400, 500, and 600 plants m−2) and cultivars (Mihan and Baharan). The results showed that drought stress, density, and cultivar treatments influenced grain yield components, and the interaction of stress ×plant density significantly affected plant height and spike length. The interaction of cultivar × stress significantly influenced plant height, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, and flag leaf area index. The interaction of cultivar × density was also significant on plant height, spike length, and internode diameter. The highest plant height (87 cm) was obtained in the treatment of 600 plants/m2 without applying drought stress. The highest plant height among all treatments belonged to the Baharan cultivar cultivated at a density of 600 plants/m2. The spike length was higher in full irrigation treatment and at the level of 500 plants/m2 than in the other experimental treatments. The dry weights of flag leaves were 2.8 and 3 g in Mihan and Baharan cultivars, respectively. The highest 1000-seed weight (43.7 g) in the Mihan cultivar at the level of complete irrigation treatment increased by about 12% compared to that in irrigation.... Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
232 - Effect of bacterial inoculation and nitrogen fertilizer timing on growth indices, yield and morphological traits of triticale (Triticosecale wittmack)
N. Hasanzadeh R. Seyed SharifiiUsing biological fertilizers containing different microbial strains, leads to less chemical fertilizer application and consequently high quality products with no harmful chemicals for human health. In order to investigate the effect of seed inoculation with growth promo MoreUsing biological fertilizers containing different microbial strains, leads to less chemical fertilizer application and consequently high quality products with no harmful chemicals for human health. In order to investigate the effect of seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria and nitrogen fertilizer timing on growth indices, yield and some morphological traits of triticale (Joanilo variety), a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2012, at the green house in agricultural science college of Mohaghegh Ardabili university. The factors consisted of nitrogen fertilizer timing in four levels including T1 (1/2 in planting time + 1/2 during stem elongation), T2 (1/3 in planting time + 1/3 during stem elongation + 1/3 before panicle appearance), T3 (1/4 in planting time + 1/2 during stem elongation + 1/4 during panicle growth) and T4 (1/4 in planting time + 1/4 during tilling stage + 1/4 during stem elongation + 1/4 during panicle growth) and seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria in four levels including B0 (no-inoculation), B1 (Azotobacter chroococcum, strain 5), B2 (Azospirillum Lipoferum, strain OF) and B3 (Pseudomonas putida, strain 4). Results indicated that the interaction of bacterial inoculation and nitrogen fertilizer timing were significant on all measured traits. It seems that seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and the second and third fertilizer timing levels led to an increase in yield and improved growth indices as well as morphological traits so that the most leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and plant dry weight were observed in the interaction of Azotobacter and Azospirillum inoculation in the second and third fertilizer timing levels. Bacterial inoculation with Azotobacter and second fertilizer timing level increased grain yield 2.5 times more than the control treatment. The most values for morphological traits of triticale were acquired in seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria and the second and third fertilizer timing levels. Using biological fertilizers containing different microbial strains, leads to less chemical fertilizer application and consequently high quality products with no harmful chemicals for human health. In order to investigate the effect of seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria and nitrogen fertilizer timing on growth indices, yield and some morphological traits of triticale (Joanilo variety), a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2012, at the green house in agricultural science college of Mohaghegh Ardabili university. The factors consisted of nitrogen fertilizer timing in four levels including T1 (1/2 in planting time + 1/2 during stem elongation), T2 (1/3 in planting time + 1/3 during stem elongation + 1/3 before panicle appearance), T3 (1/4 in planting time + 1/2 during stem elongation + 1/4 during panicle growth) and T4 (1/4 in planting time + 1/4 during tilling stage + 1/4 during stem elongation + 1/4 during panicle growth) and seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria in four levels including B0 (no-inoculation), B1 (Azotobacter chroococcum, strain 5), B2 (Azospirillum Lipoferum, strain OF) and B3 (Pseudomonas putida, strain 4). Results indicated that the interaction of bacterial inoculation and nitrogen fertilizer timing were significant on all measured traits. It seems that seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and the second and third fertilizer timing levels led to an increase in yield and improved growth indices as well as morphological traits so that the most leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and plant dry weight were observed in the interaction of Azotobacter and Azospirillum inoculation in the second and third fertilizer timing levels. Bacterial inoculation with Azotobacter and second fertilizer timing level increased grain yield 2.5 times more than the control treatment. The most values for morphological traits of triticale were acquired in seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria and the second and third fertilizer timing levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
233 - Effects of supplemental irrigation and nitrogen levels on seed yield and some morphophysiological traits of two drlyland wheat cultivars
حمزه Felehkari M.E. Ghobadi G. Mohammadi S.J. Honarmand M. GhobadiIrrigation and nutrition are two most important factors in increasing crop grain yield. In order to elevate the effects of supplemental irrigation and nitrogen levels on grain yield and morphophysiological traits of two wheat cultivars, an experiment was carried out at MoreIrrigation and nutrition are two most important factors in increasing crop grain yield. In order to elevate the effects of supplemental irrigation and nitrogen levels on grain yield and morphophysiological traits of two wheat cultivars, an experiment was carried out at research Farm of Razi University in Kermanshah in 2008-2009. The experiment was conducted as split plots arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments included supplemental irrigation [control (dryland) and irrigation during stem elongation, anthesis and grain filling] in main plots, nitrogen at 4 levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1) (N net from urea source) in sub plots and two wheat cultivars ("Sardari" and "Cross-Alborz") in sub-sub plots. Supplemental irrigation had higher flag leaf area and chlorophyll contents than dryland state. Application of 150 kg ha-1 N produced higher flag leaf area. Supplemental irrigation had higher flag leaf area at anthesis and grain filling stages. The highest of grain yield was obtained with supplemental irrigation at anthesis (3622 kg ha-1) and booting stages (3520 kg ha-1). Cross alborz cultivar (with 3378 kg ha-1) was better in grain yield than Sardari cultivar (2982 kg ha-1). Based on the results of this experiment, supplemental irrigation at Anthesis or stem elongation stage has greater impact on grain yield and physiological traits compared to the grain filling stage. Also, application of 50 kg N ha-1 had higher grain yield (3350 kg ha-1). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
234 - Allelopathic effects of some common weeds of Hormozgan province on seed germination and vegetative growth of onion (Allium cepa)
L. Jafari F. AbdollahiIn order to investigation of allelopathic activity of aqueous extract and different plant tissues residues of Amaranthus retroflexus, Portulaca oleracea, Chenopodiunm album, Dactyloctenium aegyptyum and Malva neglecta on seed germination and seedling growth of onion, la MoreIn order to investigation of allelopathic activity of aqueous extract and different plant tissues residues of Amaranthus retroflexus, Portulaca oleracea, Chenopodiunm album, Dactyloctenium aegyptyum and Malva neglecta on seed germination and seedling growth of onion, laboratory and pot experiments were performed as a factorial experiment basis of a completely randomized design with three replications in Horticultural science Department of Hormozgan University. In laboratory experiment, studied factors were included five weeds species, six concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10 ml) of aqueous extract of different tissues (leaf, stem and root) of tested weeds and in pot study, experimental factors included five weeds species, six amounts (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 gram per pot) of ground residues of different tissues (leaf, stem and root) of studied weeds. Results of this study indicated that in laboratory experiment, A. retroflexus and D. aegyptyum had the most allelopathic effects on onion. Although in most of the studied traits no significant differences were observed between these two weeds, but inhibition effects of A. retroflexus was higher for germination rate, radicel length and dry weight and seedling dry weight. With increase in extract concentrations, almost of onion seedling growth characteristics decreased significantly. Results of pot experiment showed that the weed residues incorporated in soil inhibited the growth and leaf chlorophyll a content of onion. Both A. retroflexus and D. aegyptyum had the maximum inhibition effects on all of onion vegetative growth trails. But A. retroflexus allelopathic effects on seedling emergence percentage and chlorophyll a content were more obvious. Results of this study indicated that since between studied weed species, A. retroflexus and D. aegyptyum had the most allelopathic effects on onion seed germination and vegetative growth characteristics, therefore these two weeds must be controlled completely before onion cultivation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
235 - Interaction effects of nitrogen and seed inoculation by free living nitrogen fixing bacteria on phyllochron, dry matter remobilization and their contribution to grain yield of wheat
R. Seied Sharifi P. Ghanbari H. Kamari In order to study the interaction effects of nitrogen and seed inoculation by free living nitrogen fixing bacteria on phyllochron, dry matter remobilization and their contribution to yield of wheat, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized c More In order to study the interaction effects of nitrogen and seed inoculation by free living nitrogen fixing bacteria on phyllochron, dry matter remobilization and their contribution to yield of wheat, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2012. Factors were: nitrogen rates in three levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha-1) from urea and seed inoculation with free living nitrogen fixing bacteria in five levels containing: without inoculation (as control), seed inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum strain 5, Azospirillum lipoferum strain OF, Psedomunas putida strains of 4 and 11. Results showed that maximum of grain yield (3829.5 kg/ha), yield components and leaf appearance rate belonged to application of N180×seed inoculation with Azotobacter and minimum was obtained from N0 × control. Maximum dry matter remobilization from stem and shoot organs was obtained from N0× control. In conclusion, to increase grain yield and decrease phyllochron, application of N180 × seed inoculation with Azotobacter can be recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
236 - Effects of plant density on yield and yield components of some sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars in Sistan climate
Z. Alipoor S. Mahmoodi M. Galvi Z. MahdianiIn order to determine the effect of plant density on yield and yield components of four genotypes of sunflower an experiment was conducted in Research Farm of Zabol University in 2011. The statistical design was split plot in randomized complete block with three replica MoreIn order to determine the effect of plant density on yield and yield components of four genotypes of sunflower an experiment was conducted in Research Farm of Zabol University in 2011. The statistical design was split plot in randomized complete block with three replications. Four plant densities (7, 9.5, 12 and 14.5 plant/m2) and four genotypes of sunflower (Hysuun33, Alester, CMS-R43 and Chernianca) were considered. The results showed that there was a significant difference between cultivars on seed yield, 1000 grain weight, plant height, number of seed on head and number of leaf. Also effect of different densities was significant on seed yield, head diameter, plant height, number of seed on head and number of leaf. Interaction effect of plant density and cultivar was significant on plant height. Plant height of Alester, Hysuun33 and CMS-R43 cultivars enhanced with increasing number of plant, but plant height of Chernianca cultivar had not significant variation under different plant density. Also, interaction effect of cultivars and plant densities was significant on 1000 grain weight. In general, Hysuun33 with average grain yield of 6500 kg/ha and Chernianca with average grain yield of 5240 kg/ha and suitable plant height was suggested for Sistan region. Also 14.5 plant/m2 density with average grain yield of 6903 kg/ha was suitable for this condition. با افزایش تراکم بوته افزایش یافت ولی ارتفاع رقم چرنیانکا تحت تاثیر تراکم بوته قرار نگرفت. رقم هایسان 33 با عملکرد دانه 6500 کیلوگرم در هکتار به عنوان رقم پرتولید و رقم چرنیانکا با عملکرد دانه 5240 کیلوگرم در هکتار به دلیل عملکرد قابل قبول و ارتفاع مناسب برای کشت در این منطقه پیشنهاد شد. همچنین تراکم 5/14 بوته در متر­مربع با متوسط عملکرد 6903 کیلوگرم در هکتار به عنوان مناسب­ترین تراکم برای کشت آفتابگردان تعیین شد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
237 - Study the acclimation of chicory (cichorium intybus L.) ecotypes under water stress in Badjgah region of Shiraz
M.J. Abbasi M. Jahani Doghozloo H. Pirasteh-Anosheh S.A. Kazemeini M. TaghvaeiWater deficit is one of the most important limiting factor affecting plant growth and productivity in arid and semi-arid regions in crop plants. In this field research, the effect of four irrigation intervals including 5, 8, 11 and 14 days were examined on growth, yield MoreWater deficit is one of the most important limiting factor affecting plant growth and productivity in arid and semi-arid regions in crop plants. In this field research, the effect of four irrigation intervals including 5, 8, 11 and 14 days were examined on growth, yield and essential oil of four chicory ecotypes including Shiraz White, Shiraz Black, Isfahan White and Isfahan Black. The experiment was carried out as split plot arranged in complete randomized block design at College of Agriculture, Shiraz University (Badjgah) in 2013. The results showed that water stress, due to enhanced irrigation interval, decreased leaf area, leaf dry weight, root dry weight and total plant dry weight. Leaf area and dry weight, root dry weight and total plant dry weight in sever water stress were decreased by 40.3, 46.2, 37.8 and 45.8% compared to no stress conditions, respectively. Besides, increased irrigation intervals from 5 or 8 to 11 and 14 days increased amount of essential oil content in all ecotypes. Increased irrigation interval from 5 to 14 days reduced total dry weight of Shiraz White, Shiraz Black, Isfahan White and Isfahan Black ecotypes by 47.9, 56.1, 22.4 and 53.6%, respectively. Although growth and essential oil of Shiraz White and Shiraz Black ecotypes were greater; however, Isfahan White and Isfahan Black ecotypes had the lower sensitivity to water stress. Therefore, in conditions similar to the study, planting of Shiraz and Isfahan ecotypes under normal irrigation and water deficit conditions, are needed to more attentions, respectively. ont-family:"B Lotus"'>اصفهان شد. اگرچه رشد و اسانس اکوتیپهای سیاه و سفید شیراز بیشتر بود، ولی اکوتیپهای سیاه و سفید اصفهان حساسیت کمتری به تنش آبی نشان دادند. بنابراین، در شرایط اقلیمی مشابه با منطقه باجگاه، اکوتیپهای شیراز و اصفهان به ترتیب برای کشت در شرایط آبیاری مطلوب و کمآبیاری نیازمند بررسی بیشتر هستند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
238 - Phenotypic Evaluation and Identification of Superior Persian Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Genotypes in Mazandaran Province, Iran
Mousa Kouhi Ali Rezaei Darab Hassani Saadat Sarikhani Kourosh Vahdati -
Open Access Article
239 - Effects of Irrigation-based Potassium Fertilizer on Leaf and Nut Nutrients of Two Pistachio Cultivars
Afsaneh Shool Majid Esmaeilizadeh(new) Hamid Reza Roosta Hossein Dashti -
Open Access Article
240 - Evaluation of Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) Cultivars on Susceptibility to Brown Leaf Spot Fungus, Mamianiella coryli
Mahmoud Houshyarfard -
Open Access Article
241 - Improving Growth and Performance of Young Almond Trees in Nursery by Optimizing Mineral Nutrition
Masoud Shafiei Hossein Ali Asadi-Gharneh Soheil Karimi -
Open Access Article
242 - Evaluation of the Tolerance of Four Pistachio Rootstocks to Salinity Stress Based on Morphological, Physiological and Biochemical Parameters
Samanah Hakimnejad Hamid reza Karimi Seyyed Rasoul Sahhafi Majid Esmaeilizadeh(new) -
Open Access Article
243 - Physiological, Biochemical, and Developmental Responses of some Pistachio Genotypes under Drought Stress
Mostafa Ghasemi Shiva Ghasemi Mehdi Mohammadi-Moghadam Saeid Kashanizadeh Mansoore ShamiliPistachio is one of the economic nut fruits in Iran. Water limitation is the most restrictive factor for its production. To overcome the water scarcity crisis, introducing drought-tolerant rootstocks is among the crucial breeding strategies. To investigate the drought t MorePistachio is one of the economic nut fruits in Iran. Water limitation is the most restrictive factor for its production. To overcome the water scarcity crisis, introducing drought-tolerant rootstocks is among the crucial breeding strategies. To investigate the drought tolerance of five Qazvin native pistachio genotypes, an experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications in the greenhouse conditions. The factors were pistachio genotypes (Madari, KalKhandan, Kalehbozi, Sefid, and Ghermez) and irrigation regime (normal conditions and drought stress). The highest relative water content under drought irrigation conditions belonged to the Sefid (59.99%), and Ghermez (59.09%) genotypes. The lowest value (54.68%) belonged to the Madari genotype. The highest electrolyte leakage under drought irrigation conditions belonged to the Madari genotype (55.75%). The lowest electrolyte leakage (42.44%) belonged to the Sefid genotype. Under drought stress, the highest amount of chlorophyll a (2.12 mg g-1 fresh weight), total chlorophyll (3.051 mg g-1 fresh weight), and carotenoid (2.38 mg g-1 fresh weight) was observed in Ghermez genotype. In contrast, the highest amount of chlorophyll b (1.34 mg g-1 fresh weight) was observed in the Sefid genotype. The lowest amounts of chlorophyll and carotenoid in the drought stress belonged to the Madari genotype. According to the results, the Ghermez and Sefid genotypes with lower electrolyte leakage and higher relative water content, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and biomass under water stress, were the more drought-tolerant genotypes. Madari and KalKhandan genotypes with higher electrolyte leakage and lower relative leaf water content, chlorophyll, and biomass were the most drought-sensitive genotypes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
244 - Responses of Almond Genotypes to Osmotic Stress Induced In Vitro
S. Karimi A. Yadollahi K. Arzani -
Open Access Article
245 - Effective Factors in Little Leaf Disease on Pistachio Trees
M. Afrousheh F. Aghamir Mohammad Ali -
Open Access Article
246 - Screening of Almond Hybrids for Drought Tolerance Using some Morphological and Physiological Traits
Arvin Abdini Ali Imani Mousa Rasouli Mehrshad Zinalabdini Vahid Abdoosi -
Open Access Article
247 - Evaluation of Phosphorus and Zinc Concentration in Oil and Confectionary Sunflower Plant Parts in Modified Fertilization
Hamid Madani -
Open Access Article
248 - Leaf Temperature as an Index to Determine the Irrigation Interval
ABDOLREZA EGHTEDARI NAEENI ELHAM MOHRI ESFAHANI MOHSEN BEIGI HARCHEGANI MEHRDAD JAFARPOUR MARYAM GOLABADI -
Open Access Article
249 - Study of Radiation Use Efficiency of Autumnal Sugar Beet under Variable Irrigation Regimes and Nitrogen Rates Management
MOSTAFA HOSSEINPOUR SEYED HOSSEIN MAHMOODI NEZHAD DEZFULLY ALIREZA PAKNEZHAD -
Open Access Article
250 - Effect of Growing Media on the Vegetative Growth Process of F1 and F2 Tomato Varieties
ZIBA KAZEMI ABOLGHASEM HASANPOOR -
Open Access Article
251 - Evaluation of the Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Cultivar on Morphological Traits on Corn Biomass in Isfahan
MOHAMMAD BAKHSHIAN HOSSEIN HEIDARI SHARIFABAD -
Open Access Article
252 - The Study Of Population Dynamics Of Dominant Leafhoppers In Cereal Fields In Shahrekord Province
Farhad Rezaei Bijan Hatami Sayed Habibollah Norbakhsh Alireza Jalalizand -
Open Access Article
253 - Effects of intercropping of maize with beans, the dry matter production and quality of forage
Mohsen Dargahi ali Reza Souhani DarbanAbstractIntercropping on the basis of potential environmental in areas where inputs such as land and water constraints faced by planting two or more crops are used repeatedly and in combination. In order to evaluate the effect of intercropping of maize the KSC 704 with MoreAbstractIntercropping on the basis of potential environmental in areas where inputs such as land and water constraints faced by planting two or more crops are used repeatedly and in combination. In order to evaluate the effect of intercropping of maize the KSC 704 with two kinds of beans the Sunrise (Phaseolusvulgaris) and Cowpea Mashhad cultivars (Vigna unguiculata) The amount of dry matter forage production and quality testing in a randomized complete block design with split plot with five treatments and three replications during 2009-2010 in the field of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad. Intercropping in terms of the percentage ratios are 00: 100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100: 00, respectively. The study characteristics included , forage fresh and dry weight, leaf area produced by plants, land equivalent ratio (LER), protein and fiber yield of forage. The results showed that land equivalent ratio (LER), in all intercropping treatments that represent more than a single ship intercropping advantage. Dry matter yield in intercropping system more than monoculture corn. Legumes in intercropping reduced leaf area But leaf area increased corn planting ratio of 75:25. Intercropping with cowpea compared with common beans effect on increased forage protein content than the monoculture system. Crude fiber content, in intercropping to monoculture corn, which increases the palatability of forage was reduced. The results showed that intercropping with cowpea good way to feed a high quality and quantity. Considering the forage yield and forage quality best planting ratio was as 75:25. The highest land equivalent ratio (LER) was obtained in this treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
254 - Evaluation effects of different temperature levels and duration on seedling growth of five rice varieties
A. Fallah M. Abdi Najad Kshtly H. ElyasiThe main cold damage occurs in germination and seedling growth stages. To examine the effect of cold stress effects on rice seedling growth was carried out a greenhouse experiments in Deputy of Rice Research Institute in Mazandaran (Amol) since 2010. The basic design wa MoreThe main cold damage occurs in germination and seedling growth stages. To examine the effect of cold stress effects on rice seedling growth was carried out a greenhouse experiments in Deputy of Rice Research Institute in Mazandaran (Amol) since 2010. The basic design was conducted a completely randomized with split plot factorial experiment in 3 replicates with different temperature levels (10, 13, 16, 32 ° C) and its duration (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 days) on five varieties of rice (Dialam, line 843, Tarom, Fajr, Shiroudi). The varieties were designed as main plot and and temperature levels and duration of thermal treatment in sub-plot. The seedlings were placed in normal growth conditions until the 3-2 leaf stage seedlings age (12-8 days) and then transferred to a growth chamber and were treated at 10, 13, 16 ° C for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 day. After the treatment, four seedlings from each replicate were selected and growth characters such as height, seedling dry weight (dry weight of shoot + root), sensitivity index, leaf area and color were measured. Results showed that among the varieties, the stress intensity, stress duration and their interaction effects were a significant probability of 1% for all traits in the seedling stage in which reflects the severity and duration of cold stress on the varieties is discussed. Low temperatures were reduced, the growth rate of seedlings up to 10 -50% compared with control treatment. Low temperatures (10 oc) were decreased new roots production and seedling dry weight in which 60% reduction compared to 32oc treatment. Temperature was caused discoloration of lamina and the color of the leaves of rice seedlings after exposure to cold stress conditions could be concluded, each variety is greener leaf color of seedlings with less damage and is more tolerant to cold. Tarom and Shiroudi varieties compared to other varieties more tolerant to cold stress, however, Fajr variety was more sensitive. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
255 - Evaluation effects of different temperature levels and duration on seedling growth of five rice varieties
A. Fallah M. Abdi Najad Kshtly H. ElyasiThe main cold damage occurs in germination and seedling growth stages. To examine the effect of cold stress effects on rice seedling growth was carried out a greenhouse experiments in Deputy of Rice Research Institute in Mazandaran (Amol) since 2010. The basic design wa MoreThe main cold damage occurs in germination and seedling growth stages. To examine the effect of cold stress effects on rice seedling growth was carried out a greenhouse experiments in Deputy of Rice Research Institute in Mazandaran (Amol) since 2010. The basic design was conducted a completely randomized with split plot factorial experiment in 3 replicates with different temperature levels (10, 13, 16, 32 ° C) and its duration (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 days) on five varieties of rice (Dialam, line 843, Tarom, Fajr, Shiroudi). The varieties were designed as main plot and and temperature levels and duration of thermal treatment in sub-plot. The seedlings were placed in normal growth conditions until the 3-2 leaf stage seedlings age (12-8 days) and then transferred to a growth chamber and were treated at 10, 13, 16 ° C for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 day. After the treatment, four seedlings from each replicate were selected and growth characters such as height, seedling dry weight (dry weight of shoot + root), sensitivity index, leaf area and color were measured. Results showed that among the varieties, the stress intensity, stress duration and their interaction effects were a significant probability of 1% for all traits in the seedling stage in which reflects the severity and duration of cold stress on the varieties is discussed. Low temperatures were reduced, the growth rate of seedlings up to 10 -50% compared with control treatment. Low temperatures (10 oc) were decreased new roots production and seedling dry weight in which 60% reduction compared to 32oc treatment. Temperature was caused discoloration of lamina and the color of the leaves of rice seedlings after exposure to cold stress conditions could be concluded, each variety is greener leaf color of seedlings with less damage and is more tolerant to cold. Tarom and Shiroudi varieties compared to other varieties moretolerant to cold stress, however, Fajr variety was more sensitive. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
256 - Effects of inter-cropping of maize with beans, the dry matter production and quality of forage
M. Dargahi A. Souhani Darban Intercropping on the basis of potential environmental in areas where inputs such as land and water constraints faced by planting two or more crops are used repeatedly and in combination. In order to evaluate the effect of intercropping of maize More Intercropping on the basis of potential environmental in areas where inputs such as land and water constraints faced by planting two or more crops are used repeatedly and in combination. In order to evaluate the effect of intercropping of maize the KSC 704 with two kinds of beans the Sunrise (Phaseolusvulgaris) and Cowpea Mashhad cultivars (Vigna unguiculata) The amount of dry matter forage production and quality testing in a randomized complete block design with split plot with five treatments and three replications during 2009-2010 in the field of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad. Intercropping in terms of the percentage ratios are 00: 100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100: 00, respectively. The study characteristics included , forage fresh and dry weight, leaf area produced by plants, land equivalent ratio (LER), protein and fiber yield of forage. The results showed that land equivalent ratio (LER), in all intercropping treatments that represent more than a single ship intercropping advantage. Dry matter yield in intercropping system more than monoculture corn. Legumes in intercropping reduced leaf area But leaf area increased corn planting ratio of 75:25. Intercropping with cowpea compared with common beans effect on increased forage protein content than the monoculture system. Crude fiber content, in intercropping to monoculture corn, which increases the palatability of forage was reduced. The results showed that intercropping with cowpea good way to feed a high quality and quantity. Considering the forage yield and forage quality best planting ratio was as 75:25. The highest land equivalent ratio (LER) was obtained in this treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
257 - Competition effects of lambs quarters (Chenopodium album) on physiological characteristics and rapeseed yield (Brassica napus cv. Hyolla 401)
B. Mirshekari In order to determination of effects of lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) on physiological characteristics and yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), cv. Hyolla, a factorial experiment was carried out. Factors were wee More In order to determination of effects of lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) on physiological characteristics and yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), cv. Hyolla, a factorial experiment was carried out. Factors were weed densities (4, 8 and 12 plants per meterof row) and relative time of weed emergence (emerged with rapeseed, 15 and 30 days after crop emergence). Crop leaf area index decreased from 3.1 in control to 1.4 in full season interference of 12 weeds per meterof row (121% reduction). Regarding to leaf chlorophyle content, difference between treatments of full season interference of 12 weeds and control was significant. Rapeseed green cover was the highest, when weed emerged 30 days after crop. Crop yield reduced 47%, compared with control, when 12 weeds competed with crop until late growth season. Rapeseed green cover, thousands seed weight and fruit number per plant could totally explain 895 of crop yield changes. Threshold of economical damage of lambsquarter in rapeseed field was in 4 weeds per meter of crop row in 30 days after emergence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
258 - Effects of different transplanting dates on quantitative and qualitative traits of flue-cured tobacco (K326) in Mazandran, Iran
Yaghoub Yaghoubi Sobhan alah GHanbari Hamid reza Mobaser Abdol rahim Mahdavi Ali SadeghiIn order to determine the best transplanting date for the flue-cured tobacco (cv. K326) in rain fed conditions, this study was done in randomized complete block design with 7 transplanting dates every 10 days(4, 14 and 24 April, 4, 14 and 24 May and 3 June) in 4 replica MoreIn order to determine the best transplanting date for the flue-cured tobacco (cv. K326) in rain fed conditions, this study was done in randomized complete block design with 7 transplanting dates every 10 days(4, 14 and 24 April, 4, 14 and 24 May and 3 June) in 4 replications in Tirtash Research and Education Center in 2009. The results showed the significant effect of transplanting date on all studied factors except the number of leaves, the percentage of sugar and nicotine. Days from transplanting to flowering were the lowest for April 4th (90.3 days). Maximum dry weight of leaves (3824 kg/ha) was obtained for transplanting date May 4th that shows about 36% increase compared to the lowest yield of dry leaf (13 June). Maximum and minimum price for one kilogram of tobacco were obtained for transplanting dates April 4th and June 3rd, respectively and there was 1.5 $ difference per kg. Maximum length and width of leaves was obtained on May 4th. Maximum percentage of leaf nitrogen (2.3%) was seen for June 3rd that was 39.2% more than April 14th (1.4%) and the maximum percentage of potassium (%2.25) was 41.7% higher than April 24th (the lowest percentage of potassium). Dry leaf yield had positive and significant correlation with leaf number, plant height and gross income. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
259 - Effect of Humic Acid and Putassium Fertilizer on Growth feature of Mallow (Malva sylvestris L.)
I. Bahremand K. Bakhsh Kelarestaghi N. AsgariIn order to determine the effect of humic acid and potassium fertilizer on the fresh and dry weight of heath and root dry weight , Length of root and Leaf Area Index (LAI) of mention plant, there was an Experiment using the plan of Compeletly Randomized Block Design wit MoreIn order to determine the effect of humic acid and potassium fertilizer on the fresh and dry weight of heath and root dry weight , Length of root and Leaf Area Index (LAI) of mention plant, there was an Experiment using the plan of Compeletly Randomized Block Design with 3 replications and 12 treatments raised on factorial.the factors was 4 level of humic acid (0,5,10,15 kg/ha) and 3 level of potassium sulfate (0,50,100 kg/ha). During the experiment , Leaf Area Index, as well as plant fresh and dry weight , Length of root and root dry weight was measured and analyzed. Results showed that the positive effect of humic acid and potassium on Leaf Area Index by plant and increase dry and fresh weight ,root dr weight and Length of root . That treatment who had received the most amount of humic acid had significant difference in comparision of other treatments. Comparing treatment who had received the most amount of "Potassium" had significant difference too. Comparing interaction between treatments, also indicate that treated plants with the highest amount of humic acid and putassium, had significant difference in comparision of other treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
260 - Effects of intercropping of maize with beans, the dry matter production and quality of forage
M. Dargahi A. Souhani DarbanIntercropping on the basis of potential environmental in areas where inputs such as land and water constraints faced by planting two or more crops are used repeatedly and in combination. In order to evaluate the effect of intercropping of maize the KSC 704 with two kind MoreIntercropping on the basis of potential environmental in areas where inputs such as land and water constraints faced by planting two or more crops are used repeatedly and in combination. In order to evaluate the effect of intercropping of maize the KSC 704 with two kinds of beans the Sunrise (Phaseolusvulgaris) and Cowpea Mashhad cultivars (Vigna unguiculata) The amount of dry matter forage production and quality testing in a randomized complete block design with split plot with five treatments and three replications during 2009-2010 in the field of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad. Intercropping in terms of the percentage ratios are 00: 100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100: 00, respectively. The study characteristics included , forage fresh and dry weight, leaf area produced by plants, land equivalent ratio (LER), protein and fiber yield of forage. The results showed that land equivalent ratio (LER), in all intercropping treatments that represent more than a single ship intercropping advantage. Dry matter yield in intercropping system more than monoculture corn. Legumes in intercropping reduced leaf area But leaf area increased corn planting ratio of 75:25. Intercropping with cowpea compared with common beans effect on increased forage protein content than the monoculture system. Crude fiber content, in intercropping to monoculture corn, which increases the palatability of forage was reduced. The results showed that intercropping with cowpea good way to feed a high quality and quantity. Considering the forage yield and forage quality best planting ratio was as 75:25. The highest land equivalent ratio (LER) was obtained in this treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
261 - Vertical leaf area and dry matter distribution in potato canopy in response to weed competition
M. R. Haj seyed hadi Gh. Noormohamadi M. Nasiri Mahalati H. Rahimi E. ZandTo study the competitive effects of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) on potato, an additive experiment was conducted in the spring of 2004 and 2005 in split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with 4 replicat MoreTo study the competitive effects of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) on potato, an additive experiment was conducted in the spring of 2004 and 2005 in split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with 4 replications at the Seed Potato Production Station of RAN in Firouzkooh. Treatments were included 2 weed species in main plots (Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album), weed density in sub plots (2, 4 and 8 plants per meter of row) and relative time of weed emergence in sub-sub plots (8 and 4 days prior to potato and the same time with potato emergence in 2004 and the same time with potato, 2 and 4 weeks after potato in 2005). Results showed increasing weed density resulted in reduction in potato LAI, but leaf area distribution in canopy layers was not affected and maximum LAD was recorded in second layer (20-40 cm) in all treatments. In 2004, redroot pigweed in 2, 4 and 8 plants per meter of row put 29, 42.1 and 44.6 percent of LAI above the potato canopy, respectively. These amounts for lambsquarter were 30.6, 38 and 43 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
262 - Quantitative and Qualitative Responses of Corn 704 Singel-Cross to Different Planting Patterns and Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels
Jaber Khordadi Varamin Seyed Mohammad Reza Haj Seyed Hadi Mohammad Taghi Darzi Arash Rozbahaei -
Open Access Article
263 - Comparing the Efficacy of Two Copper Fungicides in Controlling Peach Leaf Curl Disease
Zohreh Jahani Hossein Abadi Mahdi Mohammadi Moghadam Hojjatollah Rabbani Nasab Hamid Namvar Hamzanlue Majid Aldaghi Hossein Khabbaz-JolfaeePeach leaf curl disease, caused by Taphrina deformans (Berk.) Tul., is one of the most serious peach diseases, causing quantitative and qualitative damage to crops across Iran each year. In current study, the efficacy of two new fungicides, Badge®WG280 and Barzidox®WP85 MorePeach leaf curl disease, caused by Taphrina deformans (Berk.) Tul., is one of the most serious peach diseases, causing quantitative and qualitative damage to crops across Iran each year. In current study, the efficacy of two new fungicides, Badge®WG280 and Barzidox®WP85%, was evaluated in controlling peach leaf curl disease. The experiment was conducted in Golestan, Semnan and North Khorasan using a randomized complete block design with ten treatments and four replications. Treatments included 0.75, 1, and 1.2 ml l-1 of Badge®WG280 (copper hydroxid+copper oxychloride), 2, 4, and 6 g.l-1 of Barzidox®WP85% (copperoxychloride), 2.5 ml l-1 of Nordox®WG75% (copperoxide(, 3 g l-1 of Captan, and controls (with and without water spraying). Treatments were applied at three physiological stages (the first in autumn after the leaves had fallen, the second at the end of March before the bud had swollen, and the third after the petals had dropped). Disease incidence and severity percentage were determined. Duncan's multiple range test was used to compare the mean disease severity and incidence percentages. The results showed that 6g l-1 of Barzidox® had the highest efficacy in reducing disease severity compared to the control in Golestan and Semnan provinces, with 81% and 80% respectively. Furthermore, the best performance of two indicator fungicides, Nordox® and Captan were 73% and 72% in Golestan province and 67% and 68%, in Semnan province, respectively. According to the results, it is concluded that 1.2ml.l-1 of Badge® and 4g.l-1 of Barzidox® have the best efficiency in controlling the peach leaf curl disease. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
264 - Effect of Hydroalcoholic Walnut (Juglans regia) Leaf Extract on Hematological Parameters in Rat with Hypothyroidism
Habibpour S. Mokhtari M. Sharifi E.Hypothyroidism is a human disease caused by autoimmune disorders and deficiency of iodine in the daily diet.In the present study, the effect of hydro alcoholicleaf extract of Walnut on hematological indices in male rats with hypothyroidism was investigated.In this exper MoreHypothyroidism is a human disease caused by autoimmune disorders and deficiency of iodine in the daily diet.In the present study, the effect of hydro alcoholicleaf extract of Walnut on hematological indices in male rats with hypothyroidism was investigated.In this experimental study, 60 adult male rats, each weigh in approximately 200-220 G, were divided into 6 groups of 10. These groups are as follow: The control group, patients in the control group, left untreated; the sham group receiving only distilled water as solvent; the experimental group 1, receiving methimazole for 10 days to induce hypothyroidism;The experimental group 2,treated with 1500 mg/kg leaf extract ;and the experimental groups 3 and 4,which in addition to the induction of hypothyroidism,were treated with 750mg/kg and 1500mg/kg extract respectively. The extract was orally administered daily for 4 weeks. At the end of this period, blood samples were prepared from all the groups, and hematological indices were measured, including the number of red and white blood cells, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, platelets, MCV, MCH, MCHC, hematocrit, hemoglobin. The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA variance test and the SPSS software, (Pandlt;0.05).According to the results,the number of red blood cells, platelets and hemoglobin concentration showed a significant decreased in the experimental group 1, relative to the control and sham groups, whereas the number of eosinophil increased significantly (Pandlt;0.05). In contrast, The number of RBC, platelets and hemoglobin increased significantly in experimental groups 3 andamp; 4 in comparison with experimental group 1,while the number of eosinophil declined significantly(Pandlt;0.05) .the number of red blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, MCH and MCHC decreased significantly in group with hypothyroidism relative to control and sham groups. based on our results and Studies of other researchers, hydro alcoholic Walnut leaf extractcan protect red blood cells and hemoglobin against oxidant damage , because it contains flavonoid and polyphenol compounds with high antioxidant properties and the number of eosinophil increased significantly. The compounds present in the extract can also inhibit the aggregation and adhesion of platelets, and cause an increase in the Platelet count in patients with hypothyroidism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
265 - The Effects of Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract of Passiflora Caerulea on Activity of Liver Enzymes in Male Rats
طیبه Sadeghi مهرداد Shariati مختار MokhtariPassiflora caerulea is one of medicinal plants and use in medicinal industry. Passiflora caerulea contain high anti oxidant combinations this combinations pain properties and are useful in curing have anti cancer and anti inflammatory and antiepilepsy, diarrhea, burn, MorePassiflora caerulea is one of medicinal plants and use in medicinal industry. Passiflora caerulea contain high anti oxidant combinations this combinations pain properties and are useful in curing have anti cancer and anti inflammatory and antiepilepsy, diarrhea, burn, hemorrhoid and in regulating liver enzymes. In this experiential study, 40 wistar male rats, use weighting about 195-200 g each were used in five groups eight including :control without received nothing, sham group received distilled water and 3 experimental groups receiving 150,300,600, mg/kg leaves of passiflora caerulea Hydro-alcohol extract respectively. According to obtained results, ALT, AST and Albumin in experimental group receiving the highest dose of the extract 600 mg/kg, pation in control group, meaningful in level. The Level of ALP, Total Protein, Creatinin and total body weight to comparison by control group not show significant changes and hydro alcoholic extract Passiflora cearulea Author decrease level BUN to experimental groups extraction of receiving. Hydro-alcohol extract of Passiflora caerulea leaves probably has a significant effect on hepatic activity. This effect by anti oxidant property active, mechanisms via like free radical control and peroxides neutralization and prevention of revive glutathione, evacuate and cell membrane stabilization and by stimulating DNA polymerase and increasing rRNA synthesis and finally relief liver cell. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
266 - Study on Vertical Distribution of Leaf Area, Yield and Assimilate Remobilization in Grain Corn Hybrids (Zea Mays L.)
Masoud Rafiee Mohammad Amin BahariIn order to determine the vertical distribution of leaf area index and remobilization of assimilates to grain in mid- and late maturing hybrids of grain corn, an experiment was carried out in Randomize complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in Lorestan Agri MoreIn order to determine the vertical distribution of leaf area index and remobilization of assimilates to grain in mid- and late maturing hybrids of grain corn, an experiment was carried out in Randomize complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in Lorestan Agriculture Research Center in 2014. Average numbers of green leaves in investigated hybrids at flowering stage were 11. Vertical distribution of leaf area index curve was third-order polynomial as bell-shaped with highest leaf area density in the middle of canopy. A third-order polynomial accurately as S-shaped curve described the relationship between cumulative leaf area index (LAI) and plant height at tassel emergence stage. Maximum and minimum of total LAI were achieved from hybrids 4 and 9 respectively, but highest and lowest grain yield achieved from hybrids 11 and 3 (8675.5 and 6237.3 kg/ha, respectively). No remobilization was found between hybrids. Significant and negative correlation between remobilization and LAI (-0.54*), non significant correlation between grain yield and LAI and lack of remobilization indicates a high level of current photosynthesis in the grain filling stage with a severe physiological sink restriction in advanced grain corn hybrids. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
267 - the expression effects of drought Stress on growth and physiological characteristics of wild and agronomy wheat genotypes
nafiseh mahdinezhad Homeyra ShahiIn order to study The Effects of drought Stress in response of wheat cultivars and wild genotype, a factorial experiment was carried out in completely randomized design in pot with three replications at 2017-2018 years. The wheat cultivars including (Bolani, behrang, sh MoreIn order to study The Effects of drought Stress in response of wheat cultivars and wild genotype, a factorial experiment was carried out in completely randomized design in pot with three replications at 2017-2018 years. The wheat cultivars including (Bolani, behrang, shabrang, sistan) and wild (urartu, tauschii, speltoides) were as the first factor and irrigation treatment with three levels consisted of normal (80% of water holding capacity of soil), mild stress (60%) and severe stress (40%) was as the second factor. Physiological studies include: chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, Water Use Efficiency, Leaf Relative water content and the was morphological: dry matter production (dry weight of plants), stem dry weight, stem fresh weight, Root dry weight, Root fresh weight, stem length and Rott length. Analysis of variance showed that simple effect of drought stress had a significant effect on the traits chlorophyll a and b, total, carotenoids, stem dry weight, plant dry weight of plant , leaf relative water contwnt, water use efficiency and also on stem length, stem fresh weight characteristics and Root dry weight. The result of the mean comparison showed that the tolerant cultivaers had the highest stem fresh weight, plant dry weight of plant, Leaf Relative water content and Water Use Efficiency. Comparison of cultivars and wild: cultiwars of Bolani and tauschii wild life showed more resistance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
268 - Effect of plant density, nitrogen fertilizer and sowing date on the yield and chemical composition of essential oil of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
حخخقهش ئشظمخخئSweet basil is one of the most widespread spices in the world. leaves are used commonly as a flavoring in many food products.This experiment was carried out in research farm of damavand in 2019. Evaluate effect of plant density, nitrogen fertilizer and sowing date on yi MoreSweet basil is one of the most widespread spices in the world. leaves are used commonly as a flavoring in many food products.This experiment was carried out in research farm of damavand in 2019. Evaluate effect of plant density, nitrogen fertilizer and sowing date on yield and chemical composition of essential oil of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) .The experimental was conducted a factorial using randomized compelet block design with four replication.The factors were three levels of nitrogen fertilizers: N1= 50 kg/ha, N2= 100 kg/ha, N3= 150 kg/ha and three levels of plant densities:P1=5 cm, P2= 10 cm, P3= 15 cm with two sowing date:S1= 25 April, S2= 10 May.In this evaluation, most stage of plant phonology such as plant height, number of leaf, plant dry weight, leaf of stem, leaf area index, yield of essential oil and percentage of methyl chavicol were measured. The results showed that plant height mean with application of 50 kg/ha had superior point and interaction of N3P2S1 was higher than other levels in plant dry weight on the first and second cutting,, yield of essential oil on the interaction NS had significant at the 1 % level on the first and second cutting and leaf area index were significant on the intraction of PS and NSP on the first and second cutting %5 level which indicates better performance in nitrogen of 150 kg/ha, plant densities of 15 cm and sowing date of 25 April on the first and second cutting. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
269 - Populus leaf-miner Phyllonorycter populifoliella (Treitschke) (Lep.: Gracillariidae), a new host of Cirrospilus talitzkii Bouček (Hym.: Eulophidae)
Somayeh Sadeghi Hosseinali Lotfalizadeh Shahzad Iranipour Helen AlipanahThis study was conducted in 2009 in some parts of Shahindezh (south of Azarbaijan-e Gharbi, Iran) in order to indentify parasitoids of Populus leaf-miner Phyllonorycter populifoliella(Treitschke)(Lep.: Gracillariidae). Sampling program was performed in Mahmud-Abad MoreThis study was conducted in 2009 in some parts of Shahindezh (south of Azarbaijan-e Gharbi, Iran) in order to indentify parasitoids of Populus leaf-miner Phyllonorycter populifoliella(Treitschke)(Lep.: Gracillariidae). Sampling program was performed in Mahmud-Abad region weekly. A parasitoid wasp, Cirrospilus talitzkii Bouček (Hym.: Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae) was identified that is reported for the first time on Populus leaf-miner. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
270 - Effect of different irrigation and plant density on yield and yield components of Karoun hybrid at Dezful weather conditions
Mahmoud Mousavi Ghanavati Shahram LakIn order to determine the best irrigation and plant density on yield and yield components of hybrid maize Karun plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three levels of irrigation (watering 1-70 mm evaporation from pan 2. 90 mm evaporation irrigation o MoreIn order to determine the best irrigation and plant density on yield and yield components of hybrid maize Karun plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three levels of irrigation (watering 1-70 mm evaporation from pan 2. 90 mm evaporation irrigation of 110 mm evaporation from evaporation pan 3) as the main treatment and four densities (9-8-7-6 per square meter) as sub-plots with three replications with three replications was conducted in 2014. The results showed that the number of kernels per row irrigation, seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, plant height, harvest index, leaf area index, number of rows per ear and ear length had a significant effect. The effect of density on row number, grain weight, yield, biological yield, plant height, harvest index, leaf area index, number of rows per ear and ear length was significant. The highest average grain yield 9756 kg per hectare to eight plants per square meter density belonged to 70 mm evaporation statistically with a density of eight plants per square meter with 90 mm evaporation was analyzed in a group and the lowest with an average of 6393 kg per hectare the density per square meter, with 110 mm evaporation which were not. According to the results, it is suggested to avoid the loss of irrigation water saving of 90 mm evaporation is used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
271 - Effect of source-sink limitation on agronomic traits and grain yield of different lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Morteza Moballeghi Nuralah Kheyri Saleh Hatami Ali MohaddesiIn order to study the effect of source-sink limitations on agronomic traits and grain yield of different lines of rice, a field experiment was carried out as factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications in Chaparsar Rice Research station of Maz MoreIn order to study the effect of source-sink limitations on agronomic traits and grain yield of different lines of rice, a field experiment was carried out as factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications in Chaparsar Rice Research station of Mazandaran province in 2013. Treatments of source-sink limitation in four levels (including cutting of flag leaf, cutting of one third the end of panicle, cutting of other leaves except flag leaf and control or without limitation) and lines of rice in four levels (line of No. 3, line of No. 6, line of No. 7 and line of No. 8) were the treatments. Among different lines, the maximum 1000-grain weight and panicle fertility percentage were obtained in lines of No.7 (33.3 gr) and 8, respectively. The maximum panicle length (29.7 cm), number of fertile tiller per plant (21.4 N.o) and unfilled grain number per panicle (71.5 N.o) were observed in line of No. 3, but the line of No.6 had the highest total grain number per panicle (210.9). Among different source-sink limitation treatments, increased the panicle length and unfilled grain number per panicle and decreased the panicle fertility percentage, when all leaves except flag leaf removed. Also interaction effect of two factor showed that the highest grain yield (6531 kg.ha-1 was obtained in line of No.7 and control treatment. The lowest grain yield (4166.3) kg.ha-1 was observed in line of No.6 and cutting of leaves except flag leaf. In general, it can be concluded that among lines, the line of No.7 had the sink limitation and other lines (No.3, No.6 and No.8) had the source limitation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
272 - Investigation of qualitative and quantities characteristics of some air cure tobacco cultivars in irrigation and dry farming condition
Ezzatullah Malek Mohammad Nasri Nabi -Allah NematiTobacco is an industrial plant and is among the most important income-generating products for farmers. It is cultivated in over 100 countries. After the arrival of western air-drying tobaccos to Iran, Burley number 21 was introduced in Burley-cultivating regions of Maza MoreTobacco is an industrial plant and is among the most important income-generating products for farmers. It is cultivated in over 100 countries. After the arrival of western air-drying tobaccos to Iran, Burley number 21 was introduced in Burley-cultivating regions of Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces and was cultivated as single number until 2009. In 2009, a new foreign sterile male number H B4105P was introduced for two provinces of Mazandaran and Golestan after several years of studies. Since this number is foreign and researchers intend to introduce appropriate numbers to the said two provinces, the present research was carried out to study two sterile male lines (NC3 BURLEY21 and C103 BURLEY21) and numbers BURLEY A1, BURLEY TMV3, BURLEY TN 86, BURLEY URUMIEH 9 and BURLEY T 1024 together with Burley witness number 21 (8 Timar altogether) in Burley-cultivating regions of Mazandaran Province in dry-farming and rainfall-dependent conditions in Esbokola and Golestan villages by stack rain-based irrigation method in Valesh Abad village, each in three repetitions (stochastic full blocks design) with effective 40-square meter kurts (width of 5 m and length of 8 m) and cultivation distance of 50X100 cm and 2-m distance between kurts in the year 2011. According to the results achieved by statistical analysis of the characteristics under study, in Mazandaran region, burley number TN86 showed better quality than other numbers in terms of performance, income and viral infection diseases. In Golestan region with rain-based irrigation conditions, burley number A1 was found to be of better quality in terms of function and income and viral infection diseases. Therefore, the above two numbers were introduced and recommended as superior numbers. After carrying out composite variance analysis, burley A1 was found to be the best number in the said two regions in terms of function, income and viral infection diseases Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
273 - The effect of using sulfur fertilizer in seedling box and plant density in field on growth and yield of rice Tarom mahali cultivar
S.M Hashemi kamanghar Alahyar Falah Morteza Nasiri In order to investigate the effect of different sulfur levels application with planting densityon yield and yield components of rice of Tarom mahali cultivar, a split plot experimentwas conducted in a completely randomized format with 12 treatments and 4 replicati More In order to investigate the effect of different sulfur levels application with planting densityon yield and yield components of rice of Tarom mahali cultivar, a split plot experimentwas conducted in a completely randomized format with 12 treatments and 4 replications in2011 in Babol. Experimental factors included sulfur at 4 levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 g perseedling box) as the main factor and 3 planting density (30 × 13, 30 × 15 and 30 × 17 cm2)as a secondary factor. Measured traits included plant height, 1000-seed weight, number ofleaves, number of tillers, cluster length, number of pro-empty seeds, Leaf Area Index andseed yield. The results showed that the application of sulfur increased the number of fullgrains in the cluster and also the interaction effects of sulfur application and plantingdensity increased the weight of 1000 grains compared to the control. The results of meancomparison showed that planting density treatment 17× 30 cm2, 100 g of sulfur caused96.65% increase in 1000-seed weight compared to planting density treatment 17× 30 cm2and 50 g of sulfur. Also, the maximum and minimum number of tillers in the mound wereobtained from the combined treatment of planting density 17× 30 cm2 and 150 g of sulfurand planting density 15× 30 cm2 and 150 g of sulfur respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
274 - The role of growth promoters in improvement of yield and physiological properties of Red bean under different irrigation levels
M.K. Aliloo محسن Roshdi S. Rezadoost J. Khalili Mahaleh An experiment in the form of split-plot design with randomized complete blocks was performedin three replications in Pyrmosi village of Khoi city during 1400 in order to evaluate theresponse of yield and physiological properties of red beans to the application of More An experiment in the form of split-plot design with randomized complete blocks was performedin three replications in Pyrmosi village of Khoi city during 1400 in order to evaluate theresponse of yield and physiological properties of red beans to the application of growthpromoters under different irrigation levels. Irrigation was considered as the main factor in threeirrigation levels, i.e., once in 8, 11 and 14 days, and the growth promoting compounds wereviewed as the secondary factors in 5 levels, i.e., the use of humic acid mixed with irrigationwater, amino acid foliar spraying, rooting stimulant, potassium and non-use of growthpromoters was (control). The results of analysis of variance indicated that irrigation had asignificant impact on all the traits studied, and the growth promoters affected the leaf relativewater content, chlorophyll a, protein percentage, number of lateral branches, seed yield, andharvest index significantly. The interaction of the two factors had significant effects on thenumber of lateral branches, seed yield, harvest index, and seed protein percentage. Theapplication of humic acid resulted in increased seed yield, and as the water deficit increased, theeffect of humic acid on increasing seed yield became significant. The highest seed yield was3076.12 kg per hectare observed in the irrigation level of once every 8 days and under thehumic acid treatment, and the lowest level of this trait was 1220.96 kg observed in the irrigationlevel of once 14 days and under the control treatment. It seems that increased irrigation intervalduring the growing season led to yield loss and degradation of physiological properties such asleaf area index, chlorophyll, and leaf relative water content, and the use of compounds such ashumic acid moderated the decreasing drought stress effects to some extent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
275 - Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and naphthalene acetic acid on morphophysiological traits and product parameters of mung bean (Vigna radiate L.)
Amir Faridnia Tayeb SakinejadThis experiment was conducted during 2016 as factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design with 3 replications. The first factor consisted of three levels of naphthalene acetic acid (0, 200 and 400 ppm) and the second factor included three levels of s MoreThis experiment was conducted during 2016 as factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design with 3 replications. The first factor consisted of three levels of naphthalene acetic acid (0, 200 and 400 ppm) and the second factor included three levels of salicylic acid (0, 2 and 4 mM). The results showed growth improvement process in physiological indicators spraying with 200 ppm naphthalene acetic acid and 2 mM salicylic acid was higher, And the least effect on the physiological parameters of growth in the control (without the use of naphthalene acetic acid and salicylic acid). The difference between naphthalene acetic acid levels was significant in terms of plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight and grain yield at 1% probability level. The difference between salicylic acid levels was significant in all traits measured at 1% level. In the interaction, 1000-seed weight at the probability level of 5% and grain yield were significant at 1% probability level. the highest grain yield was observed in the interaction of naphthalene acetic acid and salicylic acid with 200 ppm naphthalene acetic acid and 2 mM salicylic acid with 2666 kg ha-1 And the lowest in control treatment (without the use of naphthalene acetic acid and salicylic acid) with 874 kg ha-1. the maximum weight of 1000 seeds In the effect of 200 ppm naphthalenic acetic acid and 2 mM salicylic acid with a weight of 46.8 g and the lowest in the control with 35.4 g. according to these results, application of 200 ppm naphthalene acetic acid and 2 mM salicylic acid increases the morpho-physiological traits and produced components and is also recommended in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
276 - Investigation of the effect of biological fertilizer, vermicompost and vermiwash, on some vegetative and reproductive traits of geranium plant (Pelargonium peltatum)
Tahereh vagheii Sepideh Kalateh Jari Sakineh Saeidisar Marjan DianatIn order to investigate the effect of vermicompost and vermiwash biological fertilizers on experimental growth of geranium plant, an experiment as a factorial form in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019 was conducted. The experimental fact MoreIn order to investigate the effect of vermicompost and vermiwash biological fertilizers on experimental growth of geranium plant, an experiment as a factorial form in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019 was conducted. The experimental factors were included vermicompost at non-using of 20 and 40% volumetric levels and at non-using of 100 and 200 ppm vermiwash. The results showed that using vermicompost was increased plant height, number of stems, internode length, number of flower stems, flower height, fresh and dry leaves weight, number of leaves per stem, leaf area index, root volume, potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus compared to control. The most plant height and flower height were obtained in 20% vermicompost treatment, and the highest number of shoots,fresh and dry leaves weight leaf area index in 40% vermicompost and the most potassium and phosphorus were obtained in 20 and 40% vermicompost treatment. According to the results, using vermiwash was increased plant height, internode length, number of flowering stems, fresh and dry leaves weight, flower height, shoot fresh and dry weight, number of leaves per stem, root volume, Nitrogen. The most plant height were obtained at 100 ppm vermiwash treatment and the highest flower height in 200 ppm vermiwash treatment. There is an additive effect, so that the highest internode length, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, 40% vermicompost using with 200 ppm vermiwash, the most number of leaves per stem and fresh and dry leaf weight of 40% vermicompost using with 100 ppm vermiwash, the most root fresh weight of 20% vermicompost using with 200 ppm vermiwash, the most nitrogen concentration in 20% vermicompost treatment with 100 ppm vermiwash, the highest number of flowering shoots from different levels using of vermiwash with %40 vermicompost and non-using and using of 100 ppm with 20% vermicompost were obtained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
277 - The Effect of Olive Leaf Extract on Physicochemical, Microbial and Shelf-life Characteristics of Chicken Nuggets
Maryam Pourhoseini Alireza RahmanThe primary objective of this study was to examine the effects of olive leaf extracts on the quality characteristics and shelf-life of chicken nuggets .Chicken nuggets were treated with aqueous and ethanolic extract of olive leaves (at levels: 0.25 and 0.35%) and the re MoreThe primary objective of this study was to examine the effects of olive leaf extracts on the quality characteristics and shelf-life of chicken nuggets .Chicken nuggets were treated with aqueous and ethanolic extract of olive leaves (at levels: 0.25 and 0.35%) and the results were compared with chicken nuggets without additives. The treatments were stored in the freezer for 6 months and on days 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180, physicochemical characteristics and microbial samples were checked . Addition of ethanolic extract to nugget formulation increases the pH during storage, the pH values of all tests gradually increased. By increasing the concentration of olive leaf extract in the samples, the moisture content and cooking efficiency increased significantly. During storage, moisture content and cooking efficiency of nugget samples decreased. By adding olive leaf extracts to the nuggets, the color indices were improved. Microbial tests revealed that the number of salmonella and coliforms in all samples was negative. The addition of aqueous and ethanol extracts of olive leaves to the nugget formulation reduced the microbial load, so that the bacterial count of the samples containing the extracts was essentially lower than the control. By increasing the extract levels in the samples, the microbial load was decreased. Sensory evaluation showed that the lowest sensory score was related to the sample containing 0.35% ethanol extract, but there was no noteworthy distinction between other tests. It can be concluded that olive leaf extricate can be utilized as a normal preservative in chicken nugget formulation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
278 - Physiological and biochemical response of some grape cultivars to drought stress
Mojtaba gholizadeh mehdi Haddadinejad علی عبادی Ali Mohammadi TorkashvandIn order to investigate the effect of drought stress on the physiological and biochemical traits of six grape cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications under greenhouse conditions. In this experiment, MoreIn order to investigate the effect of drought stress on the physiological and biochemical traits of six grape cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications under greenhouse conditions. In this experiment, the treatments included six Khorasani and shirazi grape varieties (Askari, Khalili, Yaquti, Pikami, Turkmen 4 and Suzak) and four levels of drought stress (normal conditions (100% of the farm capacity), low stress (75% of the farm capacity), medium stress ( 50% of farm capacity) and severe stress treatment (25% of farm capacity). The results showed that physiological and biochemical traits increased significantly with increasing stress intensity. On the other hand, the traits of relative leaf water content, membrane stability index, amount of photosynthetic pigments, and total phenol content decreased significantly with increasing stress intensity. Among the cultivars studied, the Yaqouti cultivar showed more resistance to drought than other grape cultivars in terms of the studied indices. According to the results of this research, it seems that Yaghuti cultivar is more drought tolerant than other cultivars. Since this tolerance located in leaf via active mechanisms, it is necessary to carry out additional tests when using Yaghuti as rootstock for scion of grapevine. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
279 - Evaluation of growth, physiological and biochemichal responses of Alnus subcordata endemic seedling to drought stress
Mokaram Ravanbakhsh babak babakhani mahmood ghasemnezhadThis study investigates the effect of drought stress on the morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of Alnus subcordata C. A. Mey., an endemic wood species to Hyrcanian forests. The experimental design was completely randomized on one-year seedlings and MoreThis study investigates the effect of drought stress on the morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of Alnus subcordata C. A. Mey., an endemic wood species to Hyrcanian forests. The experimental design was completely randomized on one-year seedlings and four levels of drought stress (25% (severe stress), 50% (moderate stress), 75% (mild stress) and 100% (no stress) of crop capacity. The results showed that drought reduced the growth and biomass of seedlings. The decrease in severe stress treatment compared to the control in seedling height, basal diameter, total biomass, leaf area and specific leaf area were 41.8, 40, 72.4, 91.9 and 49.6% respectively. The root to shoot ratio showed an increase of 53.3%. With the increase of stress, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b decreased by 50% and carotenoid decreased by 38.4%. The relative water content of the seedlings decreased by 33.50 and 24.9% in severe and moderate stress compared to the control treatment. The percentage increase of proline and malondealdehyde in the stress treatment compared to the control treatment was 169.8% and 142.7%, respectively. The activity of superoxide dismutase increased by 25% and 36% and peroxidase by 140% and 148% respectively in the mild and moderate stress treatment. The result showed that Caucasian alder seedling (a rather drought-sensitive species) could coped with drought in mild and moderate treatment by tolerance mechanisms such as reducing growth and biomass, increasing of the root to shoot ratio, reducing photosynthetic pigments and relative increasing in enzyme activities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
280 - The effect of cytokinin hormone consumption on improving grain yield and some growth indices of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L) genotypes in Khuzestan province
Mohsen Pourfarokhi tayeb sakinejad شهرام لک ناصر ظریفی نیا Mani MojadamIn the sustainable agriculture system, the use of plant hormones has received more attention in recent years due to the potential for reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and increasing the quantity and quality of the produced crops. To investigate the effects of cy MoreIn the sustainable agriculture system, the use of plant hormones has received more attention in recent years due to the potential for reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and increasing the quantity and quality of the produced crops. To investigate the effects of cytokinin foliar application on the physiological and yield characteristics of cowpea cultivars, a split-plot experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in the two crop years of 2018 and 2019 in Dezful city. The main factors included Mashhad, local, and Arabic cultivars, and the secondary factor was foliar application of cytokinin hormone at 100 and 200 ppm. Hormonal foliar spraying was done at the beginning of the flowering stage. The results of combined variance analysis showed that there was a significant difference between cultivars for all traits, except for the harvest index. The correlation between seed yield and protein percentage, hundred seed weight, and biological yield was positive and significant, with the highest correlation related to seed protein percentage (0.958). The highest seed yield (with an average of 2281 kg/ha) belonged to the Mashhad variety, and the lowest yield (with an average of 1386 kg/ha) belonged to the Arab variety. The highest and lowest seed yields were obtained from the use of 200 ppm of cytokinin hormone and the control treatment (with an average of 2319 and 1327 kg/ha, respectively). Increasing the use of cytokinin improved quality traits such as chlorophyll index and seed protein. In general, it was found that the selection of high-yielding Mashhad variety and foliar spraying of 200 ppm of cytokinin hormone, in addition to increasing yield, could improve quality traits in cowpea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
281 - Effect of Managed Deficit Irrigation and Different Fertilizer Levels on Yield and some Physiological Traits of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)
Hassan Fatemi Kiyan مریم تاتاری Mohammad Reza Tokalo Masomeh Salehi Kmal Haj Mohammadnia GhalibafThe availability of organic matter in deficit irrigation conditions can be a practical solution to compensate the negative effects of drought stress. In order to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation and chemical fertilizers on yield and some physiological traits MoreThe availability of organic matter in deficit irrigation conditions can be a practical solution to compensate the negative effects of drought stress. In order to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation and chemical fertilizers on yield and some physiological traits of quinoa an experiment was conducted in 2019 as split plot based on a randomized complete block design in two locations (Mashhad and Neishabour). Irrigation levels included, I0: full irrigation, I1: irrigation at emergence stage, I2: irrigation at stem elongation stage, I3: irrigation at flowering stage, I4: irrigation at seed setting stage. Fertilizer treatments included control (no fertilizer application); chemical fertilizer application according to local practices; manure application of 10 tons; and manure application of 20 tons per hectare. Seed yield and yield components, leaf area index, crop growth rate and relative growth rate were measured. The highest 1000-seed weight was obtained in 20 tons of manure and I2 treatment in Neishabour. The lowest 1000-seed weight was obtained in 10 and 20 tons of manure and I1 in Neishabour. The lowest grain yield in I1 treatment was observed in Neishabour and the highest grain yield in I0 treatment with 20 t.ha-1 manure was observed in Mashhad. Fertilizer treatments increased crop growth rate in both experimental sites, but the effect of manure on increasing crop growth rate was greater than the effect of chemical fertilizer. However, due to the high fat content of quinoa, the use of 20 tons of manure per hectare is recommended if it is purely economic. In general, I2 treatment along with the application of manure in both places had high grain yield and dry matter production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
282 - Effect of Planting Date and Zinc Sulfate on Phenology, Growth Indices and Grain Yield of Lallemantiaiberica (M.B.) Fischer & Meyer
Mina Rostami Farid Shekari Kamran Afsahi Majid KhiyaviThe production of oilseeds, edible leaves, and secondary metabolites of dragon's head makes it an important food, forage, and medicinal plant. Choosing a proper planting date and plant nutrition can make a significant effecton crop plantsgrowth, quality and yield.The ef MoreThe production of oilseeds, edible leaves, and secondary metabolites of dragon's head makes it an important food, forage, and medicinal plant. Choosing a proper planting date and plant nutrition can make a significant effecton crop plantsgrowth, quality and yield.The effects of planting date (16 March, 14 April, and 13 May 2019) and foliar application of zinc sulfate (zero as control, 2 and 4 g.L-1) on growth indices and seed yield of dragon's head was evaluated under a field experiment.Delayed planting date reduced the days to flowering, days to seed ripening, plant height, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and grain yield, and yield components.In contrast, the use of zinc sulfate increased plant height, LAI, CGR and RGR. There was a correlation between plant height and number of branches and consequently there were more capsules per plant.The highest effect of zinc sulfate application on seed yield and yield components was observed in the first planting date and with delay in planting, the efficiency of zinc sulfate fertilizer application decreased. On the third planting date, zinc sulfate application had no significant effect on grain yield. As a result of late planting, fewer branches, fewer capsules per plant, and smaller seeds contributed to the yield reduction.It was found that early cultivation and application of zinc sulfate increased plant height, number of branches, number of capsules per plant, 1000-seed weight, and thus seed yield, by increasing the days to flowering, days to ripening, LAI, CGR, and RGR. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
283 - Changes in essential oil content/composition and morpho-physiological traits of Damask rose affected by nano-potassium and nano-iron chelated
milad heydari Hassan Nourafcan Naser NazariTo study the effect of nano-chelated iron and potassium foliar spraying on quality and quantity of damask rose essential oil and morpho-physiological characteristics, an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design in 2018 at Medicinal Plant Resear MoreTo study the effect of nano-chelated iron and potassium foliar spraying on quality and quantity of damask rose essential oil and morpho-physiological characteristics, an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design in 2018 at Medicinal Plant Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh Branch. One year after the complete establishment of damask rose and during the blooming stage, plants were sprayed three times at intervals of 10 days by 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g/L nano chelated iron and potassium. The traits evaluated in this experiment were leaf fresh and dry weights, flower fresh weight, leaf length and width, chlorophyll content, flower and receptacle diameter, petal number, plant height, essential oil quantity and quality. Application of nano-chelated iron increased the leaf fresh and dry weights. The highest and the lowest percentages of essential oil were observed in nano-chelated potassium at 1 g/L (0.2%) and nano-chelated potassium at 1.5 g/L (0.06%), respectively. 18 combinations were identified in essential oil of damask rose and the highest components were determined in citronellol, geraniol, tricosane, nonadecane and henicosane. The citronellol (27.3%) and geraniol (14.17%) was obtained from nano-chelated potassium at 1 gr/L and highest nonadecane (3.12%) and tricosane (21.17%) was obtained from nano-chelated iron at 1.5 g/L. The highest amount of henicosane (21.53%) was obtained in control treatment. Therefore, nano-chelated potassium at 1 g/L. can be used to give the highest essential oil yield and extraction of citronelol and geraniol, which are one of the most important economic compounds in damask rose. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
284 - Investigating the yield and fodder quality of native sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) populations in Isfahan region
Saeid Davazdahemami Mohammad Ali Alizadeh Marziyeh Allahdadi Hossein Zeinali Sadegh JalaliSainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) is one of the most important ancient fodder plants with special adaptability and quality that is cultivated in many parts of Iran. A field experiment in form of complete block design with three replications was conducted in Researc MoreSainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) is one of the most important ancient fodder plants with special adaptability and quality that is cultivated in many parts of Iran. A field experiment in form of complete block design with three replications was conducted in Research Station of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research of Isfahan province during 2013- 2015. Twenty native populations from various regions of Iran were tested. Morphological characteristics, yield and fodder quality of plants was measured. According to results, there was less than 10 days difference among populations from planting to flowering stage. The phenological stages (beginning of spring growth, flowering time) in the second year began earlier than that of the first year. Maximum leaf number (127) and leaf/stem ratio (2.5) were obtained in Oshnavieh and 2759, respectively. PLC produced the highest dry matter content (31.27%) and dry forage yield (3179.3 kg ha-1) among populations. Populations also differed in terms of fodder quality. Most populations had adequate yield and quality potential for livestock feeding. Regarding variation in different traits among populations, each population can be used for different goals such as breeding programs, soil conservation and production of high dry matter yield. In generally, 3001 and 13535 populations (tolerant to powdery mildew disease) with acceptable forage yield and quality can be recommended in Isfahan climatic conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
285 - Binomial sequential sampling model to facilitate monitoring of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) populations in broom corn farms
Habibollah Khodabandeh Shahram Shahrokhi KhaneghahThis study was conducted to develop a binomial (presence-non presence) sequential sampling model for saving time in determining population density of greenbug, Schizaphisgraminum (Rondani) in broom corn fields. For this purpose, 50 broom corn stems were sampled every th MoreThis study was conducted to develop a binomial (presence-non presence) sequential sampling model for saving time in determining population density of greenbug, Schizaphisgraminum (Rondani) in broom corn fields. For this purpose, 50 broom corn stems were sampled every three days for counting the aphid number. The mean and variance of population at each sampling date were used to estimate spatial dispersion parameters. Then, Taylor’s Power Law parameters were used to prepare binomial sequential sampling models at two precision levels of 0.10 and 0.25. The spatial distribution of S. graminum in the field was clumped and its mean population at different sampling dates ranged from 0.14 to 25.45 aphids per stem. Comparison of models showed that sample size required for estimating aphid population increased significantly by reducing the precision level from 0.25 to 010. Therefore, the binomial sequential sampling model at the precision level of 0.10 was very time consuming and was not suitable for estimating aphid population density. However, the model at 0.25 precision level reduced the required sample size compared to the fixed sample size method. Overall, using binomial sequential sampling model at 25% precision level, the proposed precision level for pest management programs can reduce sampling time in comparison to the fixed sample size method and is recommended for estimating the pest population in integrated pest management programs in broomcorn farms Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
286 - Sequential sampling model for monitoring of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in broomcorn fields of Miyaneh region, Iran
Habibollah Khodabandeh Shahram Shahrokhi KhaneghahThe present research was carried out for determining spatial distribution type and developing sequential sampling models for precise estimating of corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) population in broomcorn, sorghum vulgare var. technicum, fields of Miyaneh re MoreThe present research was carried out for determining spatial distribution type and developing sequential sampling models for precise estimating of corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) population in broomcorn, sorghum vulgare var. technicum, fields of Miyaneh region, Iran. To investigate spatial distribution pattern, population was sampled every 3 days on 50 broomcorn tillers to calculate variance and mean number of aphids at each sampling date. Taylor’s power law was more suitable and so its parameters was used to develop sequential sampling models using Green (1970) method at precision levels of D = 0.1 and D = 0.25. Results revealed high number of corn leaf aphid in broomcorn field with an aggregated dispersion pattern. Mean aphid population at different sampling dates varied from 5.22 to 109.10 aphids per stem. Estimates of spatial distribution parameters were used to develop sequential sampling models and sampling stop lines using Green (1970) method at precision levels of D = 0.1 and D = 0.25. Comparison of sampling models showed that sample size required for estimating aphid density significantly increased by decreasing precision level from 0.25 to 0.1. So, sequential sampling model at 0.10 precision level was time­-­consuming and it was not suitable for estimating corn leaf aphid population. However, sequential sampling model at 0.25 precision level reduced sample size required for monitoring R. maidis population in comparison to the fixed sample size method. In conclusion, sequential sampling model at 0.25 precision level could reduce sampling time and so, it recommended for estimating population in IPM programs of the pest in broomcorn fields of Miyaneh region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
287 - Modification of some growth indices in wheat under water deficit conditions
Hamid Dehghanzadeh manouchehr jam negadThe experiment was conducted during 2004-2006 growing seasons at the Agricultural Research Station, Islamic Azad University, Naragh Branch, to evaluate the effects of water deficit on growth indices of three bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. A split plot exp MoreThe experiment was conducted during 2004-2006 growing seasons at the Agricultural Research Station, Islamic Azad University, Naragh Branch, to evaluate the effects of water deficit on growth indices of three bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. A split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications was used in both years. Irrigation treatments (irrigation after 70 (I1), 90 (I2) and 110 (I3) mm of cumulative evaporation from class A evaporation pan) were considered as the main plot and wheat cultivars (Mahdavy, Sepahan and Roshan-back cross) as subplots. Irrigation after 70 and 90 mm cumulative evaporations did not modify growth indices, significantly. Delay in irrigation from 90 to 110 mm cumulative pan evaporation significantly reduced the growth indices. Pattren of changes in leaf area index (LAI), total dry matter (TDM), net assimilation rate (NAR), and crop growth rate (CGR) were similar in both 70 and 90 mm treatments. At samplings, delay in irrigation from 90 to 110 mm cumulative evaporation lowered the incraese of all growth indices. Pattern of changes in CGR was more similar to LAI but dissimilar to NAR. The results indicated that 22% water could be saved when wheat plants were irrigated after 90 mm of cumulative pan evaporation. However, a decrease of growth indices and grain yield under this water condition was not important. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
288 - Determination of nitrogen fertilizer requirement on sorghum based on leaf color chart
Ali Izi Mohammad Armin Esmaiel FilekeshNowadays, implementation of simple and efficient methods for determining nitrogen needs has been considered in various plants. The simplest and most efficient methods for appreciate nitrogen requirement determination is leaf color chart (LCC). To determine of nitrogen f MoreNowadays, implementation of simple and efficient methods for determining nitrogen needs has been considered in various plants. The simplest and most efficient methods for appreciate nitrogen requirement determination is leaf color chart (LCC). To determine of nitrogen fertilizer requirement in forage sorghum using leaf color chart, an experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on complete randomized block design with three replications at Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Station of Sabzevar in 2012 growing season. The factors were nitrogen rate in four levels including conventional (150), 25, 50, and 75 kg.ha-1 N and LCC scores was less than 4 and 5. The highest plant height, leaf dry weight, number of leaves per plant, biological yield and protein percentage were obtained in 75 and 50 kg.ha-1 nitrogen application. Using different amounts of nitrogen with reduction of LCC to 5 led to higher plants, more leaf dry weight, leaf numbers per plant, biological yield and protein content than using nitrogen with reduction of LCC to 4. On the whole, 50 kg.ha1 nitrogen with reduction of LCC to 5 was the best treatment for the highest quantity and quality yield achievement for forage sorghum. Also, LCC can be applied easily to determine sorghum nitrogen equipment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
289 - Effects of organic and chemical fertilizers of nitrogen on some soil properties and sweet corn traits (var.Gardeh Afshan 400)
Masoumeh Shahmoradi Manouchehr Farboodi Shahram ShahrokhiIn order to study the response of soil properties and sweet corn traits to different levels of organic and chemical fertilizers of nitrogen, a greenhouse­-­laboratory research was carried out as factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replic MoreIn order to study the response of soil properties and sweet corn traits to different levels of organic and chemical fertilizers of nitrogen, a greenhouse­-­laboratory research was carried out as factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications in Miyaneh Branch, Islamid Azad University. Experimental factors included poultry manure at three levels (0, 20 and 30 ton.ha-1) and nitrogen fertilizer at three levels (0, 100 and 200 kg.ha-1 from urea source). Results showed that application of poultry manure in soil increased soil pH, EC and organic carbon. Also, it had a significant effect on chlorophyll content, plant height and leaf area of sweet corn plants. Application of 20 and 30 ton.ha-1 poultry manure resulted in higher values of the studied traits. However, there was no ­significant differences between 20 and 30 ton.ha-1 poultry manure in most cases and so, application of 20 ton.ha-1 poultry manure was enough for achieving optimal sweet corn growth in greenhouse. According to the results, combined application of 20­ ton.ha-1 poultry manure and 100­ kg.ha-1 nitrogen from urea source could be recommended for optimum nitrogen supplying in sweet corn cropping system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
290 - High performant eggplant in vitro regeneration and organogenesis
Farhad Taghipour Soleiman Jamshidi Fahrul HuyopEggplant is a notable vegetable crop grown in a variety of tropical and temperate regions. In vitro regeneration of eggplant was established to determine an efficient phytohormone concentration for development of organogenesis from cotyledon and leaf explants. Ten-day o MoreEggplant is a notable vegetable crop grown in a variety of tropical and temperate regions. In vitro regeneration of eggplant was established to determine an efficient phytohormone concentration for development of organogenesis from cotyledon and leaf explants. Ten-day old cotyledon and 25-day old leaf explants were cultured on MS medium amended with Gamborg’s B5 vitamins and 2% sucrose in 10 different concentrations and combinations of NAA, BAP, TDZ, 2,4-D and IAA phytohormons. Cultured explants were incubated at 25 ± 2 ºC for 3 weeks under 16:8 h photoperiod. Well-grown regenerated shoots were transferred to fresh growth medium after 3 weeks for shoot elongation. All cotyledon and leaf explants produced various callus masses but only white and friable ones were able to regenerate into vigorous shoots. Shoot regeneration medium (SRM10) containing MS + TDZ 2 mg/L + BAP 0.5 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L showed high potential in organogenesis of both explant types. Shoot regeneration and organogenesis from cotyledon explants were much more advantageous than leaf explants. The average of cotyledon and leaf explants producing shoot were 4.3 ± 0.33 and 1.6 ± 0.67 out of 5 in each plate, respectively. The percentages of regenerated shoots in cotyledon and leaf explants cultured on SRM10 were 86.6 ± 6.67 and 33.3 ± 13.3%, respectively. Current work can shed a light on production of transgenic eggplants and can be followed by normal mature plants regeneration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
291 - The effect of salicylic acid foliar spraying on morphophysiological characteristics of common mallow and Moldavian balm
Hassan Nourafcan Afsaneh MahboubiSalicylic acid has an important role in some plant physiological processes as a plant growth regulator. In current study, the effect of salicylic acid on morphological and physiological traits of common mallow and Moldavian balm was studied based on completely randomize MoreSalicylic acid has an important role in some plant physiological processes as a plant growth regulator. In current study, the effect of salicylic acid on morphological and physiological traits of common mallow and Moldavian balm was studied based on completely randomized block design in farm condition at Bostanabad county, Iran. Plantlets were sprayed by 0, 150 and 300 mg/L salicylic acid two month after planting and two weeks after. In flowering stage, the plant height, stem, root and internode length, leaf, root and lateral roots number, dry and fresh weight of stem, root and leaf, dry matter percentage of root, stem and leaf and also chlorophyll content were recorded. Salicylic acid spraying improved all common mallow traits but root number and length. In Moldavian balm, salicylic acid application increased all traits. However, it decreased root and stem dry matter percentage and had no effect on root number and length. Also, 300 mg/L of salicylic acid was more effective than 150 mg/L in common mallow traits except dry leaf weight and root dry matter percentage and in Moldavian balm expect length internode. Thus, foliar spraying of salicylic acid can be recommended for as a simple and economical method for yield and growth indices improvement of common mallow and Moldavian balm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
292 - Determination of appropriate isolation distance in seed standard production of cotton cv. Mehr in Ardabil province
Seyed Yaghub Seyed Masoumi Hasan SarviThe current study was carried out to determine the most appropriate isolation distance in seed production cottom farms in two cropping years at Moghan agricultural Research Station. Cotton cv. Mehr as conventional cultivar in this region was cosidered as female parent c MoreThe current study was carried out to determine the most appropriate isolation distance in seed production cottom farms in two cropping years at Moghan agricultural Research Station. Cotton cv. Mehr as conventional cultivar in this region was cosidered as female parent cultivar or pollen receptive and Red leaf and Okra leaf cultivars were considered as male parent or pollinator. The marker genotypes were planted with distances of 80, 160, 240, 320, 400, 800, 1600 and 3040 cm from both side with mathernal parent. Seeds obtained from female parent cultivar were grown in the second year in factorial experiment with randomized complete block design in four replications and after growing in six-leaved stage the total number of plants and out-crossing plants were counted and percentage of outcrossing were calculated for different isolation distances. The out crossing percentage average in isolation different distances and their interactions in both markers showed significant difference. Out-crossing rate in 80cm isolation distance between female parent with Red leaf and red Okra leaf male parents were 11 and 4.5%, respectively. Totally in both Red and red Okra leaf male parents in 80 cm of isolation distance maximum out-crossing happened but in 80 to 400cm distances it was reduced extremely and teneded to be zero. Results are showing low rate of out-crossing in cotton and giving good idea for researchers in hybrid seed producers to consider maximum 4 cm of isolation distance getting net and standard cotton seed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
293 - The effect of halo- and hydropriming on germination and initial growth of corn cv. SC704 under salinity and drought stress conditions
Alyeh Rokhfirooz Soleiman Jamshidi Naser MohebbalipourThis study was conducted during thesummer of 2013 in Islamic Azad University, Dezful branch in a completely randomized design with three replications in a factorial base in order to determine the effect of hydro and halopriming pretreatments on germination, early growth MoreThis study was conducted during thesummer of 2013 in Islamic Azad University, Dezful branch in a completely randomized design with three replications in a factorial base in order to determine the effect of hydro and halopriming pretreatments on germination, early growth and establishment of maize 704 single cross cultivar under salinity and drought conditions. To this end, the corn seeds pretreated with potassium nitrate (halopriming) and distilled water (hydropriming) in terms of germination index and growth of seedlings under salt stress by sodium chloride and drought conditions caused by poly ethylene glycol 6000 in water potentials of 0, -0.2, -0.4 and -0.6 MPa in greenhouse were studied in vitro. Seeds were able to germinate in all concentrations of sodium chloride solution, but germination was not observed only in -0.6 MPa osmotic potential. Pretreatment of seeds caused better seed germination and seedling growth under salinity and drought stresses. The application of hydro and osmotic pretreatments could compensate the negative effects of salinity and drought stresses and had positive effect on germination indices and also caused rapid seed germination. Generally, pretreatment practices are recommended for the improvement of germination and initial establishment of maize seedling. �مام غلظت­های محلول کلرید­سدیم بودند، اما تنها در پتانسیل اسمزی 6/0- مگاپاسکال جوانه­زنی مشاهده نشد. پیش­تیمار بذر باعث جوانه­زنی بهتر و رشد گیاهچه­ها تحت تنش­های شوری و خشکی ­شد. استفاده از روش پیش­تیمار اسمزی و آبی توانست اثرات منفی تنش­ها را جبران نماید و اثر مثبت بر شاخص­های جوانه­زنی داشت و باعث شد تا جوانه­زنی بذرها سریعتر انجام شود. در کل، اعمال پیش­تیمار برای بهبود جوانه­زنی و استقرار اولیه گیاهچه­ ذرت تحت تنش توصیه می­شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
294 - Effect of seed priming with salicylic acid on growth characteristics of borage plants (Borago officinalis) seedlings
Farid Shekari ramin Baljani jalal saba kamran Afsahi faribors ShekariGermination and seedlings establishment are critical stages in the plant life under different environmental conditions. For investigation of seed priming effects on borage plants (Borago officinalis) characteristics, an experiment was carried out in a completely randomi MoreGermination and seedlings establishment are critical stages in the plant life under different environmental conditions. For investigation of seed priming effects on borage plants (Borago officinalis) characteristics, an experiment was carried out in a completely randomized block design in four replications. Treatments consisted of seed priming by salicylic acid concentrations (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 µ M), seeds priming by distilled water (hydropriming) and non priming seeds were considered as control. Results showed that priming with salicylic acid had significant effects on emerged seedlings percentage, mean time to emergence, emergence index, fresh and dry weight, leaf area and specific leaf area (SLA). The highest emergence and emergence index of seedlings with the lowest mean time to emergence was observed in 500 µ M concentration of salicylic acid and the highest seedling dry weight and leaf area were found in 2000 µ m salicylic acid. The lowest values among treatments were belong to control followed by hydropriming of seeds treatment. Results indicated that dry weight of seedlings were increased by increasing emergence index and dereasing the mean time to emergence Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
295 - Effect of aeration and topdressing on quantitative and qualitative traits of Lolium grass
Mahboubeh Ghazali Mohammad Reza Nouri Abouzar RahmatiTraffic and over irrigation cause to compress soil in lawn area. Soil compaction considered is undesirable because it reduces hydraulic conductivity and water infiltration and increase evaporation in soil surface. The foctorial experiment was conducted to evaluate effec MoreTraffic and over irrigation cause to compress soil in lawn area. Soil compaction considered is undesirable because it reduces hydraulic conductivity and water infiltration and increase evaporation in soil surface. The foctorial experiment was conducted to evaluate effect of aereation (punching 1 cm diameter holles on the surface in a regular grid pattern) and topdressing techniques on lolium grass.We initialed aeration in 3 level (5×5, 10×5 cm spacing and no aeration) and 2 level topdressing (with topdressing and without topdressing) with sand and compost were performed to investigate their influence on grow of luliom lawn in the city of Isfahan in june 2010. Height and weight of grass, rate of leaf color and leaf density were measured in 3 times 10, 70 and 130 days after aeration and topdressing. Results show that weight, height and color of lawn leaf significantly greater with topdressing. The aeration with 10×5 cm spacing with topdressing was highest infiltration, in addition, weight, height and color of the lawn leaves rate increased compared to control treatment. The results can be advised for maintaining acceptable weight, height and color grass leaves is sufficient. lawn Aeration only, recommended in flood area to control runoff and further intake to soil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
296 - Physiological limiting factors of yield in different varieties of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., by changing source – sink relationships
Ali Reza Goharbari davod Eradatmand Asli mojtaba Usefirad In order to determine the physiological limiting factors of yield in different varieties of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., an experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in research farm of Islami More In order to determine the physiological limiting factors of yield in different varieties of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., an experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in research farm of Islamic Azad university, Saveh branch in 2006-2007. Two large grain, Mahdavi, and small grain, Falat, wheat varieties were the main factors and removing flag leaf blade, removing three upper leaves, thinning of 50 percent of plants, removing of flag leaf blade and thinning of 50 percent of plants, removing of three upper leaves and thinning of 50 percent of plants and a control were considered as sub factors. The analysis of data showed that thinning of 50 percent of plants increased grain dry matter significantly in both cultivars. Removal of leaves decreased grain dry matter in Mahdavi cultivar more than Falat. Results showed positive reaction of small grain cultivar than large grain one in case of source limitation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
297 - Relationship between yield and yield components in Euroflour sunflower hybrid under water stress
Ebrahim Abbasi Seyahjani Farhad Farhvash Hamdohllah Kazemi Arbat Mohamad Bagher Khorshidi Benam4To investigate the effect of water stress on Euroflour hybrid of sunflower, an experiment was conducted in research field of Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University. Experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Water stress le MoreTo investigate the effect of water stress on Euroflour hybrid of sunflower, an experiment was conducted in research field of Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University. Experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Water stress levels were irrigation after 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mm evaporation from class A pan. Based on the results, grain yield decreased 25%, 29%, 42% and 51% at irrigation after 100, 150, 200 and 250 mm evaporation traetments in comparison to the control (irrigation after 50 mm evaporation), respectively. Besides, oil yield percentage reduced up to 30%, 36%, 54% and 62% at irrigation after 100, 150, 200 and 250 mm evaporation treatments compared to the control, respectively.Increasing water stress decreased head diameter, 100 seed weight, seed kernel weight, number of filled seeds per head, biomass, chlorophyll content, leaf area index, relative water content, and oil percentage. Water deficit, on the other hand, increased seed hollowness and stomatal resistance. So, Euroflour is a susceptible sunflower cultivar to water deficit and any delayed irrigation will decrease yield through decreasing 100 seed weight and number of filled seeds per head which are the most important components of grain yield in sunflower. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
298 - Corn leaf area variation under different durational interference of natural weed populations
Saeed Reza Yaghoobi In order to study the effect of periodical weed interference on corn leaf area, a field experiment was conducted at Mazandaran university, Iran in 2006. Eight experimental treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. More In order to study the effect of periodical weed interference on corn leaf area, a field experiment was conducted at Mazandaran university, Iran in 2006. Eight experimental treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were represented as weed interference up to 4, 6, 8 and 10-leaf, tasseling, and two weeks after tasseling stages. The weed interference up to harvest and weed-free up to harvest stage treatments were also considered as control. The corn leaf area influenced significantly by periodical weed interference but leaf number per plant was not affected by durational weed interference. Greatest corn leaf area was observed in weed free up to harvest (control) and weed interference up to 4 leaf stage treatments. Increasing weed interference period more than corn 6 leaf stage significantly reduced corn leaf area to lesser than 1 m2 per plant. Long term weed competition changed the corn canopy structure so that the greatest leaf area percentage was attributed to upper levels of canopy. However, leaf area percentage remained constant in lower canopy levels. Results showed that increasing of weed interference period reduced corn leaf area but did not affect leaf numbers per plant and corn compensated this deficiency by changing canopy structure and attributing more leaf area to higher levels of canopy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
299 - Effects of salinity stress on some physiologic characteristics of dill, Anethum graveolens L.
Hamid Noorani Azad Mohammad Reza HajibagheriIn order to study the effect of NaCl salinity on some phisiological characteristics and accumulation of some mineral and organic matters in dill plant, Anethum graveolens L., a completely randomized design was arranged with five salinity levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM MoreIn order to study the effect of NaCl salinity on some phisiological characteristics and accumulation of some mineral and organic matters in dill plant, Anethum graveolens L., a completely randomized design was arranged with five salinity levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM NaCl) with four replications. Seeds culturing was done in greenhouse and plants irrigated by Hoagland nutrition solution. Total dry weight, stem length, leaf area, total leaf chlorophyll, total soluble sugars and Na+, K+ and Cl- were measured at the final leaf growth stage. Results showed that total chlorophyll, dry weight, K+ in leaves, leaf area, and stem length significantly decreased with increasing salinity levels, while total soluble sugars increased. In addition, the significant increase of Na+ and Cl- accumulation in the leaves, particularly at high salinity levels caused nutrient deficiency and ionic toxicity. The sugar accumulation at high salinity levels showed their importance in osmoregulation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
300 - Investigation the effect of Pterocarya fraxinifolia extract in eliminating some urinary tractinfection bacteria in comparison with ciprofloxacin
Masoud AzadbakhtUrinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections in human body. The main cause of this infection is gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The treatment of UTI is antibiotic antibiotic therapy MoreUrinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections in human body. The main cause of this infection is gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The treatment of UTI is antibiotic antibiotic therapy. Today, antibiotic resistance is considered as an important challenge in treating infections. Pterocarya fraxinifolia is widely distributed in northern area of Iran and used as drug plant as far. The aim of this study was evaluation of antimicrobial effects of Pterocarya fraxinifolia leaf extracts (methanolic) compared to Ciprofloxacin against E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. To evaluate the antimicrobial effects, the diameter of inhibitory zone was measured using disk diffusion and well agar diffusion methods. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by macro dilution method. Disk diffusion results shows that no inhibitory zone for extract against E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa in 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 µl but Ciprofloxacin had inhibitory zone (31.33, 32.67 and 33 mm respectively). Agar diffusion results shows that inhibitory zone in 80, 90, 100 and 110 µl for E. coli (10.66, 12, 13 and 13.83 mm) K. pneumoniae (10, 12.33, 13 and 14.33 mm) and P. aeruginosa (12, 13, 14 and 15 mm). MIC was 8.33, 6.25 and 6.25 mg/ml respectively for E. coli, Kebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. MBC was 16.67, 12.5 and 12.5 mg/ml respectively for E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. Based on data, Pterocarya fraxinifolia leaf extracts had antimicrobial effect against E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa but not strong as Ciprofloxacin. Manuscript profile
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