Effect of flavobacterium, vermicompost, and humic acid on current photosynthesis, dry matter translocation, and grain yield of Triticosecale Wittma L. under salinity stress conditions
Subject Areas : Geneticsara mohammadi kalesar lou 1 , Raouf Seyed sharifi 2 , Hamed Narimani 3 , Zhila Nazari 4
1 - Department Plant Production and Gentics Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Ardabil. Iran
2 - Department Plant production and genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
3 - Department Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
4 - Department Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
Keywords: leaf area index, Biofertilizers, current photosynthesis, leaf protein, root weight,
Abstract :
A factorial experiment was conducted on Triticosecale Wittma L. based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabil during 2020. Experimental factors included salinity levels (non-application of salinity as control and soil salinity of 50 and 100 mM NaCl), and bio-fertilizers (no application of bio-fertilizers as control, application of vermicompost, flavobacterium, vermicompost + flavobacterium + humic acid (foliar application with water as control and foliar application of 2 g.L-1 humic acid). Results showed that the highest leaf area index, root weight and volume, and leaf protein content were recorded in combined applications of vermicompost + flavobacterium + foliar application of humic acid under non-salinity conditions. Also, combined application of vermicompost + flavobacterium + foliar humic acid under non-salinity conditions decreased dry matter translocation from stem, shoot, and its contribution to grain yield by 31.97, 40.8, and 138.84% respectively while increasing grain yield, current photosynthesis, and contribution of current photosynthesis in grain yield by 69.56, 151.44, and 48.3%, respectively compared to no application of bio-fertilizers and humic acid under 100 mM soil salinity. Based on the results, it seems that the application of bio-fertilizers and humic acid can increase current photosynthesis and its contribution in grain yield of triticale by improving leaf area index, root weight, and volume.
Abasspour, S. (2011). Effects of seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on grain yield and some agronomic characteristics of triticale. MSc thesis, Facualty of Agriculture and Natural Resources. University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Ardabil. Iran.
Ahmed, A.G., Orabi, S.A. and Gaballah, M.S. (2010). Effect of bio-N-P fertilizer onthe growth, yield and some biochemical components of two sunflower cultivars. International Journal of Academic Research. 2(4): 271-277.
Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Webster, K.A., & Buckerfield, J.C. (2011). The potential of vermicomposts as plant growth media for greenhouse crop production. In: Edwards, C.A., Arancon, N.Q., Sherman, R. (Eds.) Vermiculture Technology (pp. 103-128). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
Arndt, S.K., Clifford, S.C., Wanek, W., Jones, H.G. and Popp, M. (2001). Physiological and morphological adaptations of the fruit tree Ziziphus rotundifolia in response to progressive drought stress. Tree Physiology. 21(11): 705-715.
Asseng, S. and Van Herwaarden, A.F. (2003). Analysis of the benefits to wheat yield from assimilates stored prior to grain filling in a range of environments. Plant and Soil. 256: 217-239.
Atiyeh, R.M., Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A. and Metzger, J.D. (2001). The influence of earthworm-processed pig manure on the growth and productivity of marigolds. Bioresource Technology. 81: 103-108.
Ayman, M., Kamar, M. and Khalid, M. (2009). Amino and humic acids promote growth, yield and disease resistance of faba bean cultivated in clay soil. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 3: 731-739.
Bachman, C.R. and Metzger, J.D. (2008). Growth of bedding plants in commercial potting substrate amended with vermicompost. Bioresource Tecnology. 99: 3155-3161.
Bajji, M., Lutts, S. and Kinet, J.M. (2001). Water deficit effects on solute contribution to osmotic adjustment as a function of leaf ageing in three durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars performing differently in arid conditions. Plant Science. 160: 669-681.
Barnett, K.H. and Pearce, P.B. (1983). Source-Sink ratio alteration and its effect on physiological parameters in maize. Crop Science. 23: 101-109.
Bazyar, M., Bandehagh, A., Farajzadeh, D., Toorchi, M. and Banaei-Asl, F. (2015). Effect of inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain FY32 on some traits in canola cultivars under salt stress in hydroponic system. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture. 6(21): 87-96.
Borzouei, A., Kafi, M., Khazaei, H. and Mousavi Shalmani, M.A. (2012). Effect of irrigation water salinity on root traits of two salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant wheat cultivars and its relationship with yield in greenhouse. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture. 2(8): 95-106.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry. 72: 248-254.
Cantale, C., Petrazzuolo, F., Correnti, A., Farneti, A., Felici, F., Latini, A. and Galeffi, P. (2016). Triticale for Bioenergy Production. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia. 8: 609-616.
Dordas, C.A. and Sioulas, C. (2009). Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, partitioning, and retranslocation in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as affected by nitrogen fertilization. Field Crops Research. 110: 35-43.
Ehdaei, B. and Wanies, G. (1996). Genetic variation for contribution of pre anthesis assimilates to grain yield in spring wheat. Juornal of Genetics and Breeding. 50: 47-56.
Galili, G., Tang, G., Zhu, X. and Gakiere, B. (2001). Lysine catabolism: a stress and development superregulated metabolic pathway. Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 4:261-266.
Jalota, S., Sood, A., Vitale, J. and Srinivasan, R. (2007). Simulated crop yields response to irrigation water and economic analysis. Agronomy Journal. 99(4): 1073-1084.
Karimi, M.M. and Siddique, H.M. (1991). Crop growth and relative growth rates of old modern wheat cultivars. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 42: 13-20.
Khalilzadeh, R. (2017). Effects of plant growth promoting bacteria and cycocel growth regulator on yield and some physiological traits of wheat under salinity and water limitation condition. Thesis Ph. D. Facualty of Agriculture and Natural Resources. University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Ardabil. Iran.
Khan, A., Guramni, A.R., Khan, M.Z., Hussain, F., Akhtar, M.E. and Khan, S. (2012). Effect of humic acid on growth, yield, nutrient composition, photosynthetic pigment and total sugar contents of peas (Pisum sativum L). Journal of Chemical Society of Pakistan. 6: 56-63.
Kheirizadeh Arough, Y., Seyed Sharifi, R., Sedghi, M, and Barmaki, M. (2015). Effects of biofertilizers and nano zinc oxide on remobilization and some growth indices of triticale under water limitation conditions. Crop Physiology Journal. 7(26): 37-56.
Kolton, M., Green, S.J., Harel, Y.M., Sela, N., Elad, Y. and Cytryna, E. (2012). Draft genome sequence of Flavobacterium sp. strain F52, isolated from the rhizosphere of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Maccabi). Journal of Bacteriology. 194: 5462-5463.
Liu, M., Wang, C., Wang, F. and Xie, Y. (2019). Maize (Zea mays) growth and nutrient uptake following integrated improvement of vermicompost and humic acid fertilizer on coastal saline soil. Applied Soil Ecology. 142: 147-154.
Mahmoodi Zoeek, R., Nasri, M. and Oveysi, M. (2015). Effects of humic acid sprying on yield and nutrients transition to wheat grain in drought stress condition. Agronomic Research in Semi Desert Regions. 12(2): 119-131.
Mehboob, I., Naveed, M. and Zahir, Z.A. (2009). Rhizobial association with nonlegumes: mechanisms and applications. Critical Reviews in Plant Science. 28(6): 432-456.
Miri, H.R. (2011). Effect of post-anthesis drought stress on contribution of stem reserves in grain yield of different wheat cultivars. Journal of Crop Production. 3(1): 1-23.
Molaei, S., Shirani, H., Hamidpour, M., Shekoteh, H. and Besalatpour, A.A. (2016). Effect of vermicompost, pistachio kernel and shrimp shell on some growth parameters and availability of Cd, Pb and Zn in corn in a polluted soil. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 19(74): 113-123.
Nadi, M., Golchin, A., Mozafari, V., Saeidi, T. and Sedaghati, E. (2011). The Effects of different vermicomposts on the growth and chemical composition of the pistachio seedlings. Journal of Research in Agricultural Science. 7(1): 59-69.
Oettler, G. (2005). Centenary review. The fortune of a botanical curiosity- triticale: Past, present and future. Journal of Agricultural Science. 143: 329-346.
Parida, A.K. and Das, A.B. (2005). Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review stressin wheat. Journal of Plant Physiology. 168: 585-593.
Prabha, M.L., Jayraaj, I.A., Jayraaj, R. and Rao, D.S. (2007). Effect of vermicompost ongrowth parameters of selected vegetable andmedicinal plants. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology andEnvironmental Sciences. 9: 321-326.
Qafari Rahbar, F., Hassanpour Asil, M., Vaziri, A. and Talesh Sasani, S. (2020). Effects of different levels of vermicompost on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Lilium LA Hybrid. Journal of Crops Improvement. 22(3): 475-486.
Rafiee, S. and Asadi-Rahmani, H. (2010). Isolation and identification of different species of Flavobacterium fromThe rhizosphere of wheat cultivated in the different regions of Iran. Journal of Water and Soil. 24(2): 254-261.
Ranjan, R., Bohra, S.P. and Jeet, A.M. (2001). Book of Plant Senescence. Jodhpur, Agrobios New York. biochar as substitutes of growing media in ornamental-plant production. Journal of Applied Horticulture. 19(3): 205-214.
Rashtbari, M. and Alikhani, H.A. (2012). Effect and efficiency of municipal Solid waste compost and vermicompost on morpho-physiological properties and yield of canola under drought stress conditions. Journal of Agricultural science and Sustainable Production. 22(2): 113-127.
Sabzevari, S., Khazaie, H.R. and Kafi, M. (2009). Effect of humic acid on root andshoot growth of two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of water and soil. 23(2): 87-94.
Sadeghi, A.A. Bakhsh Kelarestaghi, K. and Hajmohammadnia Ghalibaf, K. (2014). The effects of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of marshmallow (Altheae officinalis L.). Journal of Agroecology. 6(1): 42-50.
Saeidnejad, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Khazaei, H.R. and Nassiri Mohallati, M. (2012). Assessment the effect of organic fertilizers, biofertilizers and chemical. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 9(4): 623-630.
Sallaku, G., Babaj, I., Kaciu, S. and Balliu, A. (2009). The influence of vermicompost on plant growthcharacteristics of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings under saline conditions. Journal of Food, Agricultureand Environment. 7: 869-872.
Schroeder, J.I. (2013). Using membrane transporters to improvecrops for sustainable food production. Nature. 497: 60-66.
Seyed Sharifi, R. and Haydari Siahkhalaki, M.S. (2016). Effects of biofertilizers on growth indices and contribution of dry matter remobilization in wheat grain yield. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 28(2): 326-343.
Seyed Sharifi, R. and Nazarly, H. (2013). Effects of seed priming with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on grain yield, fertilizer use efficiency and dry matter remobilization of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) with various levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Prodction Science. 3(23): 27-45.
Seyed Sharifi, R. and Hokmalipour, S. (2016). Agronomy under Enviromental Stresses. University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Press. 346 pp.
Seyed Sharifi, R., Khalilzadeh, R. and Soltanmoradi, S. (2017). The effects of mycorrhizal fungi and nano zinc oxide on yield, dry matter accumulation, rate and duration of grain filling of wheat under soil salinity condition. Applied Research in Field Crops. 30(2): 31-49.
Shahbazi, Sh., Fateh, E. and Aynehband, A. (2015). Evaluation of the effect of humic acid and vermicompost on yield and yield components of three wheat cultivars in tropical regions. Journal of Plant Productions. 38(2): 99-110.
Sharona, B., M. Naveed, M., Arshad, M. and Zahir, Z.A. (2008). Ferttilizer-dependent efficiency of Pseudomonas for improving growth, yield and nutrient use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Microbiol Biotechnology. 79: 147-155.
Singh, R., Gupta, R.K., Patil, R.T., Sharma, R.R., Asrey, R. and Kumar, A. (2010). Sequential foliar application of vermicompost leachates improves marketable fruit yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria×Ananassa Duch.). Scientia Horticulturae. 124: 34-9.
Skutink, E., Llukaszews, A., Serek, M. and Rabiza, J. (2001). Effect of growth regulators on postharvest characteristics of Zantedeschia aethiopica. Postharvest Biology Technology. 21: 241-246.
Wang, D., Shannon, M.C. and Grieve, C.M. (2001). Salinity reduces radiation absorption and use efficiency in soybean. Field Crops Research. 69: 276-277.
Yuan, T., Wang, J., Sun, X., Yan, J., Wang, Z. and Niu, J. (2017). Effect of combined application of humic acid and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen uptake, utilization and yield of winter wheat. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture. 3: 74-82.
_||_Abasspour, S. (2011). Effects of seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on grain yield and some agronomic characteristics of triticale. MSc thesis, Facualty of Agriculture and Natural Resources. University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Ardabil. Iran.
Ahmed, A.G., Orabi, S.A. and Gaballah, M.S. (2010). Effect of bio-N-P fertilizer onthe growth, yield and some biochemical components of two sunflower cultivars. International Journal of Academic Research. 2(4): 271-277.
Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Webster, K.A., & Buckerfield, J.C. (2011). The potential of vermicomposts as plant growth media for greenhouse crop production. In: Edwards, C.A., Arancon, N.Q., Sherman, R. (Eds.) Vermiculture Technology (pp. 103-128). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
Arndt, S.K., Clifford, S.C., Wanek, W., Jones, H.G. and Popp, M. (2001). Physiological and morphological adaptations of the fruit tree Ziziphus rotundifolia in response to progressive drought stress. Tree Physiology. 21(11): 705-715.
Asseng, S. and Van Herwaarden, A.F. (2003). Analysis of the benefits to wheat yield from assimilates stored prior to grain filling in a range of environments. Plant and Soil. 256: 217-239.
Atiyeh, R.M., Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A. and Metzger, J.D. (2001). The influence of earthworm-processed pig manure on the growth and productivity of marigolds. Bioresource Technology. 81: 103-108.
Ayman, M., Kamar, M. and Khalid, M. (2009). Amino and humic acids promote growth, yield and disease resistance of faba bean cultivated in clay soil. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 3: 731-739.
Bachman, C.R. and Metzger, J.D. (2008). Growth of bedding plants in commercial potting substrate amended with vermicompost. Bioresource Tecnology. 99: 3155-3161.
Bajji, M., Lutts, S. and Kinet, J.M. (2001). Water deficit effects on solute contribution to osmotic adjustment as a function of leaf ageing in three durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars performing differently in arid conditions. Plant Science. 160: 669-681.
Barnett, K.H. and Pearce, P.B. (1983). Source-Sink ratio alteration and its effect on physiological parameters in maize. Crop Science. 23: 101-109.
Bazyar, M., Bandehagh, A., Farajzadeh, D., Toorchi, M. and Banaei-Asl, F. (2015). Effect of inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain FY32 on some traits in canola cultivars under salt stress in hydroponic system. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture. 6(21): 87-96.
Borzouei, A., Kafi, M., Khazaei, H. and Mousavi Shalmani, M.A. (2012). Effect of irrigation water salinity on root traits of two salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant wheat cultivars and its relationship with yield in greenhouse. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture. 2(8): 95-106.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry. 72: 248-254.
Cantale, C., Petrazzuolo, F., Correnti, A., Farneti, A., Felici, F., Latini, A. and Galeffi, P. (2016). Triticale for Bioenergy Production. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia. 8: 609-616.
Dordas, C.A. and Sioulas, C. (2009). Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, partitioning, and retranslocation in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as affected by nitrogen fertilization. Field Crops Research. 110: 35-43.
Ehdaei, B. and Wanies, G. (1996). Genetic variation for contribution of pre anthesis assimilates to grain yield in spring wheat. Juornal of Genetics and Breeding. 50: 47-56.
Galili, G., Tang, G., Zhu, X. and Gakiere, B. (2001). Lysine catabolism: a stress and development superregulated metabolic pathway. Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 4:261-266.
Jalota, S., Sood, A., Vitale, J. and Srinivasan, R. (2007). Simulated crop yields response to irrigation water and economic analysis. Agronomy Journal. 99(4): 1073-1084.
Karimi, M.M. and Siddique, H.M. (1991). Crop growth and relative growth rates of old modern wheat cultivars. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 42: 13-20.
Khalilzadeh, R. (2017). Effects of plant growth promoting bacteria and cycocel growth regulator on yield and some physiological traits of wheat under salinity and water limitation condition. Thesis Ph. D. Facualty of Agriculture and Natural Resources. University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Ardabil. Iran.
Khan, A., Guramni, A.R., Khan, M.Z., Hussain, F., Akhtar, M.E. and Khan, S. (2012). Effect of humic acid on growth, yield, nutrient composition, photosynthetic pigment and total sugar contents of peas (Pisum sativum L). Journal of Chemical Society of Pakistan. 6: 56-63.
Kheirizadeh Arough, Y., Seyed Sharifi, R., Sedghi, M, and Barmaki, M. (2015). Effects of biofertilizers and nano zinc oxide on remobilization and some growth indices of triticale under water limitation conditions. Crop Physiology Journal. 7(26): 37-56.
Kolton, M., Green, S.J., Harel, Y.M., Sela, N., Elad, Y. and Cytryna, E. (2012). Draft genome sequence of Flavobacterium sp. strain F52, isolated from the rhizosphere of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Maccabi). Journal of Bacteriology. 194: 5462-5463.
Liu, M., Wang, C., Wang, F. and Xie, Y. (2019). Maize (Zea mays) growth and nutrient uptake following integrated improvement of vermicompost and humic acid fertilizer on coastal saline soil. Applied Soil Ecology. 142: 147-154.
Mahmoodi Zoeek, R., Nasri, M. and Oveysi, M. (2015). Effects of humic acid sprying on yield and nutrients transition to wheat grain in drought stress condition. Agronomic Research in Semi Desert Regions. 12(2): 119-131.
Mehboob, I., Naveed, M. and Zahir, Z.A. (2009). Rhizobial association with nonlegumes: mechanisms and applications. Critical Reviews in Plant Science. 28(6): 432-456.
Miri, H.R. (2011). Effect of post-anthesis drought stress on contribution of stem reserves in grain yield of different wheat cultivars. Journal of Crop Production. 3(1): 1-23.
Molaei, S., Shirani, H., Hamidpour, M., Shekoteh, H. and Besalatpour, A.A. (2016). Effect of vermicompost, pistachio kernel and shrimp shell on some growth parameters and availability of Cd, Pb and Zn in corn in a polluted soil. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 19(74): 113-123.
Nadi, M., Golchin, A., Mozafari, V., Saeidi, T. and Sedaghati, E. (2011). The Effects of different vermicomposts on the growth and chemical composition of the pistachio seedlings. Journal of Research in Agricultural Science. 7(1): 59-69.
Oettler, G. (2005). Centenary review. The fortune of a botanical curiosity- triticale: Past, present and future. Journal of Agricultural Science. 143: 329-346.
Parida, A.K. and Das, A.B. (2005). Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review stressin wheat. Journal of Plant Physiology. 168: 585-593.
Prabha, M.L., Jayraaj, I.A., Jayraaj, R. and Rao, D.S. (2007). Effect of vermicompost ongrowth parameters of selected vegetable andmedicinal plants. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology andEnvironmental Sciences. 9: 321-326.
Qafari Rahbar, F., Hassanpour Asil, M., Vaziri, A. and Talesh Sasani, S. (2020). Effects of different levels of vermicompost on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Lilium LA Hybrid. Journal of Crops Improvement. 22(3): 475-486.
Rafiee, S. and Asadi-Rahmani, H. (2010). Isolation and identification of different species of Flavobacterium fromThe rhizosphere of wheat cultivated in the different regions of Iran. Journal of Water and Soil. 24(2): 254-261.
Ranjan, R., Bohra, S.P. and Jeet, A.M. (2001). Book of Plant Senescence. Jodhpur, Agrobios New York. biochar as substitutes of growing media in ornamental-plant production. Journal of Applied Horticulture. 19(3): 205-214.
Rashtbari, M. and Alikhani, H.A. (2012). Effect and efficiency of municipal Solid waste compost and vermicompost on morpho-physiological properties and yield of canola under drought stress conditions. Journal of Agricultural science and Sustainable Production. 22(2): 113-127.
Sabzevari, S., Khazaie, H.R. and Kafi, M. (2009). Effect of humic acid on root andshoot growth of two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of water and soil. 23(2): 87-94.
Sadeghi, A.A. Bakhsh Kelarestaghi, K. and Hajmohammadnia Ghalibaf, K. (2014). The effects of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of marshmallow (Altheae officinalis L.). Journal of Agroecology. 6(1): 42-50.
Saeidnejad, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Khazaei, H.R. and Nassiri Mohallati, M. (2012). Assessment the effect of organic fertilizers, biofertilizers and chemical. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 9(4): 623-630.
Sallaku, G., Babaj, I., Kaciu, S. and Balliu, A. (2009). The influence of vermicompost on plant growthcharacteristics of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings under saline conditions. Journal of Food, Agricultureand Environment. 7: 869-872.
Schroeder, J.I. (2013). Using membrane transporters to improvecrops for sustainable food production. Nature. 497: 60-66.
Seyed Sharifi, R. and Haydari Siahkhalaki, M.S. (2016). Effects of biofertilizers on growth indices and contribution of dry matter remobilization in wheat grain yield. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 28(2): 326-343.
Seyed Sharifi, R. and Nazarly, H. (2013). Effects of seed priming with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on grain yield, fertilizer use efficiency and dry matter remobilization of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) with various levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Prodction Science. 3(23): 27-45.
Seyed Sharifi, R. and Hokmalipour, S. (2016). Agronomy under Enviromental Stresses. University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Press. 346 pp.
Seyed Sharifi, R., Khalilzadeh, R. and Soltanmoradi, S. (2017). The effects of mycorrhizal fungi and nano zinc oxide on yield, dry matter accumulation, rate and duration of grain filling of wheat under soil salinity condition. Applied Research in Field Crops. 30(2): 31-49.
Shahbazi, Sh., Fateh, E. and Aynehband, A. (2015). Evaluation of the effect of humic acid and vermicompost on yield and yield components of three wheat cultivars in tropical regions. Journal of Plant Productions. 38(2): 99-110.
Sharona, B., M. Naveed, M., Arshad, M. and Zahir, Z.A. (2008). Ferttilizer-dependent efficiency of Pseudomonas for improving growth, yield and nutrient use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Microbiol Biotechnology. 79: 147-155.
Singh, R., Gupta, R.K., Patil, R.T., Sharma, R.R., Asrey, R. and Kumar, A. (2010). Sequential foliar application of vermicompost leachates improves marketable fruit yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria×Ananassa Duch.). Scientia Horticulturae. 124: 34-9.
Skutink, E., Llukaszews, A., Serek, M. and Rabiza, J. (2001). Effect of growth regulators on postharvest characteristics of Zantedeschia aethiopica. Postharvest Biology Technology. 21: 241-246.
Wang, D., Shannon, M.C. and Grieve, C.M. (2001). Salinity reduces radiation absorption and use efficiency in soybean. Field Crops Research. 69: 276-277.
Yuan, T., Wang, J., Sun, X., Yan, J., Wang, Z. and Niu, J. (2017). Effect of combined application of humic acid and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen uptake, utilization and yield of winter wheat. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture. 3: 74-82.
