اثر تانن تفاله انگور و برگ بلوط بر گوارش‌پذیری آزمایشگاهی ماده آلی و تجزیه‌پذیری شکمبه‌ای در گوسفند

Subject Areas : Camel

M.J.  Abarghuei ¹ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modartes University, Tehran, Iran)
Y.  Rouzbehan ² (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modartes University, Tehran, Iran)
D.  Alipour ³ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran)

Received: 2014-03-11 Accepted : 2014-05-15 Published : 2015-03-01

Keywords: گوسفند, تفاله انگور, شکمبه, تانن, برگ بلوط, پلی‌اتیلن‌گلیکول,

Abstract :

اثر تانن­های تفاله انگور و برگ بلوط با استفاده از سه سری آزمون تولید گاز بر گوارش­پذیری آزمایشگاهی ماده آلی و تجزیه­پذیری شکمبه­ای ماده خشک و پروتئین خام در گوسفند مورد آزمایش قرار گرفت. پلی­اتیلن­گلیکول برای خنثی کردن اثرات تانن استفاده گردید. تولید گاز در زمان­های 2، 4، 6، 8، 12، 24، 48، 72، 96 و 120 ساعت انکوباسیون ثبت گردید. ترکیب شیمیایی (گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک) تفاله انگور و برگ بلوط تعیین گردید و مقادیر ماده آلی 940 و 940، پروتئین خام 94 و 116، دیواره سلولی 568 و 515، دیواره سلولی بدون همی­سلولز 467 و 316، لیگنین 242 و 93، کل ترکیبات فنولیک 5/70 و 82، تانن کل 7/49 و 73، تانن متراکم 79 و 4/5، تانن قابل هیدرولیز 40 و 70 بود. استفاده تفاله انگور و برگ بلوط مقدار گوارش­پذیری آزمایشگاهی ماده آلی، اسیدهای چرب فرار کوتاه زنجیره، بخش غیر قابل­ حل ولی قابل تخمیر و سرعت تخمیر را در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد کاهش داد (05/0P<). افزودن پلی‌اتیلن­گلیکول مقدار تولید گاز را در کل زمان­های انکوباسیون افزایش داد. کنتیک تولید گاز، گوارش­پذیری آزمایشگاهی ماده آلی و اسیدهای چرب فرار کوتاه زنجیره با افزودن پلی­اتیلن­گلیکول افزایش یافتند (05/0P<). درصد افزایش تولید گاز در تفاله انگور بیشتر از برگ بلوط بود. مقادیر پروتوزوآی کل، جنس ایزوتریجا و داسی­تریچا و زیرخانواده­های انتودینینه، دیپلودینینه و افریوسکالسینه با اضافه کردن تفاله انگور و برگ بلوط کاهش یافتند. با افزودن پلی­اتیلن­گلیکول به تیمار حاوی تفاله انگور، جمعیت پروتوزوآی کل، زیرخانواده­های انتودینینه، دیپلودینینه و افریوسکالسینه را افزایش یافت (05/0P<)، ولی در تیمار حاوی برگ بلوط جنس ایزوتریچا و داسی­تریچا و زیرخانواده دیپلودینینه افزایش یافت (05/0P<). مقدار تجزیه­پذیری مؤثر ماده خشک و پروتئین خام (گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک) یونجه، تفاله انگور و بر بلوط به ترتیب (6/646، 7/357، 3/362) و (821، 3/227، 202) بر اساس روش کیسه­های نایلونی برآورد گردید. در کل، استفاده از تفاله انگور و برگ بلوط تولید آمونیاک و جمعیت پروتوزوآ را کاهش داد. جیره­های حاوی تفاله انگور و برگ بلوط در مقایسه با یونجه قابلیت ­تخمیر کمتری داشتند. افزودن پلی­اتیلن­گلیکول به جیره­های حاوی تفاله انگور و برگ بلوط قابلیت ­تخمیر را بهبود بخشید.

References:

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Frutos P.G., Hervas F., Giraldes J. and Mantecon A.R. (2004). An in vitro study on the ability of polyethylene glycol to inhibit the effect of quebracho tannins and tannic acid on ruminal fermentation in sheep, goats, cows and deer.Australian J. Agric. Res. 55, 1125-1132.
Getachew G., Makkar H.P.S. and Becker K. (2001). Method of polyethylene glycol application to tannin-containing browses to improve microbial fermentation and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis from tannin-containing browses. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 92, 51-57.
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Khazaal K., Markantonatos X., Nastis A. and Ørskov E.R. (1993). Changes with maturity in fibre composition and levels of extractable polyphenols in Greek browse: effects on in vitro gas production and in sacco dry matter degradation. J. Sci. Food Agric. 63, 237-244.
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Abarghuei M.J., Rouzbehan Y. and Alipour D. (2010). The influence of the grape pomace on the ruminal parameters of sheep. Livest. Sci. 132, 73-79.
Abarghuei M.J., Rouzbehan Y. and Alipour D. (2011). Effect of oak (Quercus libani oliv.) leave tannin on ruminal fermentation of sheep. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 13, 1021-1032.
Abreu A., Carulla J.E., Lascano C.E., Diaz T.E., Kreuzer M. and Hess H.D. (2004). Effects of Sapindus saponaria fruits on rumen fermentation and duodenal nitrogen flow of sheep fed a tropical grass diet with and without legume. J. Anim. Sci. 82, 1392-1400.
Alipour D. and Rouzbehan Y. (2007). Effects of ensiling grape pomace and addition of polyethylene glycol on in vitro gas production and microbial biomass yield. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 137, 138-149.
Anele U.Y., Arigbede O.M., Südekum K.H., Oni A.O., Jolaosho A.O., Olanite J.A., Adeosun A.I., Dele P.A., Ike K.A. and Akinol O.B. (2009). Seasonal chemical composition, in vitro fermentation and in sacco dry matter degradation of four indigenous multipurpose tree species in Nigeria. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 154, 47-57.
AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15^th Edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists,Washington, DC, USA.
Baumgärtel T., Kluth H., Epperlein K. and Rodehutscord M. (2007). A note on digestibility and energy value for sheep of different grape pomace. Small Rumin. Res. 67, 302-306.
Benchaar C., McAllister T.A. and Chouinard P.Y. (2008). Digestion, ruminal fermentation, ciliate protozoal populations, and milk production from dairy cows fed Cinnamaldehyde, quebracho condensed tannin, or Yucca schidigera saponin extract. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 4765-4777.
Ben Salem H.A., Nefzaoui L., Ben Salem A. and Tisser J.L. (2000). Deactivation of condensed tannins in Acacia cyanophylla  Lindl. Foliage by polyethylene glycol in feed blocks effect on feed intake, diet digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial synthesis and growth by sheep. Livest. Prod. Sci. 64, 51-60.
Ben Salem H., Ben Salem I., Nefzaoui A. and Ben Said M.S. (2003). Effect of PEG and olive cake feed blocks supply on feed intake, digestion, and health of goat given kermes oak (Quercuscoccifera) foliage. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 110, 45-59.
Besharati M. and Taghizadeh A. (2009). Evaluation of dried grape by-product as a tanniniferous tropical feedstuff. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 152, 198-203.
Belanche A., De La Fuente G., Moorby J.M. and Newbold C.J. (2012). Bacterial protein degradation by different rumen protozoal groups. J. Anim. Sci. 90, 4495-4504.
Calsamiglia S., Busquet M., Cardozo P.W., Castillejos L. and Ferret A. (2007). Invited review: essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 2580-2595.
Dehority B.A. (2003). Rumen Microbiology. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. First published.
Duncan D.B. (1955). Multiple ranges and multiple F-test. Biometrics. 11, 1-42.
Fatahi M. (1995). The Studyof Zagros’ Oak Forests and the Most Important Factors of its Destruction. Forests and Pastures Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.
Frutos P.G., Hervas F., Giraldes J. and Mantecon A.R. (2004). An in vitro study on the ability of polyethylene glycol to inhibit the effect of quebracho tannins and tannic acid on ruminal fermentation in sheep, goats, cows and deer.Australian J. Agric. Res. 55, 1125-1132.
Getachew G., Makkar H.P.S. and Becker K. (2001). Method of polyethylene glycol application to tannin-containing browses to improve microbial fermentation and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis from tannin-containing browses. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 92, 51-57.
Getachew G., Makkar H.P.S. and Becker K. (2000). Effect of polyethylene glycol on in vitro degradability of nitrogen and microbial protein synthesis from tannin-rich browse and herbaceous legumes. Br. J. Nutr. 84, 73-83.
Goncalves-Alvim S.J., Collevatti R.G. and Fernandez G.W. (2004). Effects of genetic variability and habitat of Qualea parviflora (Vochysiaceae) on herbivory by free-feeding and gall-forming insects. Ann. Bot. 94, 259-268.
Goel G., Puniya A.K., Aguilar C.N. and Kishan S. (2005). Interaction of gut microflora with tannins in feeds.Naturwissenschaften. 92, 497-503.
Hristov A.N., McAllister T.A., Van Herk F.H., Cheng K.J. Newbold C.J. and Cheeke P.R. (1999). Effect of Yucca schidigera on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 77, 2554-2563.
Khazaal K., Boza J. and Orskov E.R. (1994). Assessment of phenolics-related anti-nutritive effects in Mediterranean browse: a comparison between the use of the in vitro gas production technique with or without insoluble polyvinyl polypyrrolidone or nylon bag. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 49, 133-149.
Khazaal K., Markantonatos X., Nastis A. and Ørskov E.R. (1993). Changes with maturity in fibre composition and levels of extractable polyphenols in Greek browse: effects on in vitro gas production and in sacco dry matter degradation. J. Sci. Food Agric. 63, 237-244.
Kaitho R.J., Tamminga S. and Bruchem J. (1993). Rumen degradation and in vivo digestibility of dried Calliandra calothyrsusleaf. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 43, 19-30.
Makkar H.P.S., Dawra R.K. and Singh B. (1991). Tannin levels in leaves of some oak species at different stages of maturity. J. Sci. Food Agric. 54, 513-519.
Makkar H.P.S. and Singh B. (1991). Effect of drying conditions on tannin, fibre and lignin levels in mature oak (Quercus incana) leaves. J. Sci. Food Agric. 54, 323-328.
Makkar H.P.S. and Singh B. (1993). Effect of storage and urea addition on detannification and in sacco dry matter digestibility of mature oak (Quercus incana) leaves. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 41, 247-259.
Makkar H.P.S. (2000). Quantification of Tannins in Tree Foliage. FAO/IAEA Working Document. IAEA, Vienna, Austria.
Makkar H.P.S. (2003). Effects and fate tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds.Small Rumin. Res. 49, 241-256.
Makkar H.P.S. (2004). Recent advances in the in vitro gas method for evaluation of nutritional quality of feed resources. Pp. 55-88 in Assessing Quality and Safety of Animal Feeds. FAO Animal Production and Health Series 160. FAO, Rome.
Makkar H.P.S. (2010). In vitro screening of feed resources for efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. Pp. 107-144 inin vitro Screening of Plant Resources for Extra-nutritional Attributes in Ruminants: Nuclear and Related Methodologies. P.E. Vercoe, H.P.S. Makkar and A.C. Schlink, Eds. IAEA, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
McSweeney C.S., Palmer B., Bunch R. and Krause D.O. (2001a). Microbial interaction with tannins: nutritional consequences for ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 91, 83-93.
McSweeney C.S., Palmer B., Bunch R. and Krause D.O. (2001b). Effect of the tropical forage Calliandra Calothyrsus on microbial protein synthesis and ecology in the rumen. J. Appl. Microbiol. 90, 78-88.
Menke K.H. and Steingass H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Dev. 28, 7-55.
Min B.R., Attwood G.T., Reilly K., Sun W., Peters J.S., Barry T.N. and McNabb W.C. (2002). Lotus corniculatus condensed tannins decrease in vivo populations of proteolytic bacteria and affect nitrogen metabolism in the rumen of sheep. Canadian J. Microbiol. 48, 911-921.
Min B.R., PinchakW.E., Fulford J.D. and Puchala R. (2005). Effect of feed additives on in vitro and in vivo rumen characteristics and frothy bloat dynamics in steers grazing wheat pasture. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 123, 615-629.
Molan A.L., Attwood G.T., Min B.R. and McNabb W.C. (2001). The effect of condensed tannins from Lotus pedunculatus and Lotus corniculatus on the growth of proteolytic rumen bacteria in vitro and their possible mode of action. Canadian J. Microbiol. 47, 626-633.
Moujahed N., Kayouli C., Thewis A., Beckers Y. and Rezgui S. (2000). Effects of multinutrient blocks and polyethylene glycol 4000 supplies on intake and digestion by sheep fed Acacia cyanophylla Lindl. Foliage-based diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 88, 219-238.
Ørskov E.R. and McDonald P. (1979). The estimation of protein digestibility in the rumen from incubation measurements weighed according to rate of passage. J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 92, 499-503.
Patra A.K. and Saxena J. (2011). Exploitation of dietary tannins to improve rumen metabolism and ruminant nutrition. J. Sci. Food Agric. 91, 24-37.
Reed J.D. (1995). Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related polyphenols in forage legumes. J. Anim. Sci. 73, 1516-1528.
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