List of articles (by subject) Philosophy
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Open Access Article
1 - Conceptual Analysis of of Samad Ghorbanzadeh Photographs based on Freud's opinions
Firoozeh Sheibani RezvaniThis research tries to analyze and scrutinize four selected works of photography by Samad Ghorbanzadeh, a contemporary Iranian photographer, based on the concepts and opinions derived from Freud's psychology. The method of this research qualitatively describes and analy MoreThis research tries to analyze and scrutinize four selected works of photography by Samad Ghorbanzadeh, a contemporary Iranian photographer, based on the concepts and opinions derived from Freud's psychology. The method of this research qualitatively describes and analyzes the case of the artwork based on data obtained from library and internet information. The reason for choosing Samad Ghorbanzadeh's works is his surrealism approach in photography, which is able to be read and analyzed by relying on concepts such as unconscious mind, dream, and defense mechanism in Freud's psychological approach. Although psychological analysis reduces the problems to the individual and his characteristics, but ultimately this understanding seeks to explain social constructions. These works are inspired by topics such as loneliness, absence of identity, loss of faith and ultimately death, which somehow involve humans and societies and challenge the nature of human existence in today's world system. In the psychological reading of the works in question, the audience, while having a new experience of encountering the work of art, gets to understand and recognize the content of the work and the symbolic connection of artistic elements with individual and collective injuries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Full version number 41
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Open Access Article
3 - The Significance of Ethics in Descartes' Philosophy
Abstract In this article Descartes philosophy is considered from on ethical point of view. At first the importance of morality in the big picture of his philosophy is demonstrated. Descartes is introduced as a sage whose philosophy is first of all an ethical and therap MoreAbstract In this article Descartes philosophy is considered from on ethical point of view. At first the importance of morality in the big picture of his philosophy is demonstrated. Descartes is introduced as a sage whose philosophy is first of all an ethical and therapeutic one. We have considered Descartes similarities with Stoics and explored the most practical aspects of his philosophy illustrated in his letters especially. After that, two important passions in Descartes' ethics are clarified, i.e., generosity and love. At the end we have emphasized that – against some current conceptions about Descartes philosophy – his deepest and most ultimate concerns were about some ancient ideas such as good life, ethics, and wisdom. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Types of Mathematical Explanation
One good way to grasp the concepts is to study their instances. This article examines the types of mathematical explanation and introduces several new types of it. The two famous types of mathematical explanation are internal and external explanations. Th MoreOne good way to grasp the concepts is to study their instances. This article examines the types of mathematical explanation and introduces several new types of it. The two famous types of mathematical explanation are internal and external explanations. The local–holistic distinction is also a distinction used in philosophy of mathematics as a strategy of explanation. But it seems that we can distinguish a greater variety of mathematical explanations and thereby gain a better understanding of it. For example, demonstrative and non-demonstrative explanations can be separated. These two explanations are given, respectively, in the process of proving and such processes as modeling and idealization. This division is based on the theoretical or cognitive role of explanations, we can say. Moreover, we must separate the symbolic from the non-symbolic, the avoidable from the unavoidable, explanations. Some explanations can be removed from a process of reasoning, without prejudice to that process. They are given for educational or pragmatic purposes. But others are not avoidable, because the main burden of explanation is on them. This article separates this ten explanations and introduces several new types with different examples. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Study the Relation of Objective Moral Truths and Theistic View of the Moral Life From Professor Motahari and C. S. Lewis’s Point of View
Abstract In this paper, according to C. S. Lewis's approach to moral objectivism and belief in some sort of relativism in ethical behavior, and also considering his theistic view to human moral life, we will explain part of moral philosophy Motahari and to justify his MoreAbstract In this paper, according to C. S. Lewis's approach to moral objectivism and belief in some sort of relativism in ethical behavior, and also considering his theistic view to human moral life, we will explain part of moral philosophy Motahari and to justify his belief in moral relativism in behaviors and customs in various societies human, we will follow this claim that Motahari, like Lewis, belief that moral values is absolute, eternal and true and generally objective, and he supported of theistic view as backup and represents of moral values. By comparison between these philosophical discourses of two philosophers will be obvious that transcendent moral principles and values can be achieved only by believe in absolute and eternal moral values and believe in existence of God as the protector of this moral life and will be obvious that believe in Meta-ethics relativism, that influenced by the materialist view of the universe, can’t justify properly this transcendent and holy principles and values. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Inefficiency of the Correspondence Theory of Truth in Popper’s Philosophy of Science
In Logik der Forschung, Popper points out that in the logic of science as he has outlined, it would be possible to avoid using the concepts of ‘true’ and ‘false’. But Popper’s point of view on truth changed fundamentally after he became acq MoreIn Logik der Forschung, Popper points out that in the logic of science as he has outlined, it would be possible to avoid using the concepts of ‘true’ and ‘false’. But Popper’s point of view on truth changed fundamentally after he became acquainted with Tarski’s semantic theory of truth, and after that he never doubted to introduce science “as the search for truth”. Although, Popper’s specific reading of Tarski’s semantic theory of truth has been criticized by some philosophers, but most of these criticisms are intended to show that Popper’s version of truth can’t be concluded from the genuine Tarski’s theory. In this paper, I will argue that even if we ignore the mentioned criticisms, yet we can show that the correspondence, objective and absolute concept of truth, considering his metaphysical idea about reality (i.e. reality has infinitely or indefinitely many layers), would be inefficient in his philosophy of science, or at best, it’s efficiency will be minimum. So, if the following arguments are successful, the concept of truth will not be able to play an important role in Popper’s philosophy of science. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Justification of Induction According to David Miller
This paper mainly aims at providing a critical exposition of Critical Rationalism’s solution for the so-called “Problem of Induction”. The first section of the paper is dedicated to a historical overview of the development of induction, as both a metho MoreThis paper mainly aims at providing a critical exposition of Critical Rationalism’s solution for the so-called “Problem of Induction”. The first section of the paper is dedicated to a historical overview of the development of induction, as both a method of logical inference and a method of scientific discovery. In the next section, it addresses the solution for the problem of induction, which was first proposed by Karl Popper and developed by David Miller. Some of the objections to Popper’s solution and the replies to them (as developed by Miller) are also discussed. Finally, the discussions in the earlier chapters will be evaluated and the dispute between the Critical Rationalists and their critics will be adjudicated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Human Existence: Comparison Mulla Sadra’s Philosophical Account with Postmodernist one
دکتر عباس گوهری سید مهدی بیابانکیIt is, here, presented the two conceptions of human being which are incontrast with each other: postmodern conception of contemporaryhuman being is the first one and the other is the Mulla Sadra’sconception which is based on Islamic text. In postmodern conception, MoreIt is, here, presented the two conceptions of human being which are incontrast with each other: postmodern conception of contemporaryhuman being is the first one and the other is the Mulla Sadra’sconception which is based on Islamic text. In postmodern conception,human being is a spiritless body who is narcissistic charm andendeavors to accomplish his pleasures maximally. In the secondconception, man is a passenger who has an end and begins to journeyfrom mondial world enthusiastically and moves every moment towardhis end. The first conception is the actual model of modern humanbeing and the second is the model of human being as human beings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - John Rawls’ Theory of Justice: From Moral Justice to Political Justice
شهلا اسلامیThe present article pursues the development of Rawls’ theory ofjustice from moral justice to political justice. Envolving Rawls'stheory of justice has two seminal stages. In the first, Rawlsintroduces fundamental concepts such as social contract, originalposition, MoreThe present article pursues the development of Rawls’ theory ofjustice from moral justice to political justice. Envolving Rawls'stheory of justice has two seminal stages. In the first, Rawlsintroduces fundamental concepts such as social contract, originalposition, and reflective equilibrium; these concepts have moralphilosophicalcontent. In the second, represented in his politicalliberalism and justice as fairness, Rawls introduces concepts likepluralism, well ordered society, public reason, and overlappingconsensus. Explicating these concepts makes it easy to realize thathow Ralws's theory is developed. Having discussed thisdevelopment, the article concludes that also the second stage ofRawls’ theory has moral-philosophical content. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Explanation, Comparison and Criticism of Abdolkarim Soroush and Seyyed Hossein Nasr′s Viewpoints about Technology
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Open Access Article
11 - Rorty’s Criticism of Epistemology
Richard Rorty gives a descriptive-historical account of philosophical views. He criticizes fundamentalism and representationalism which, since Descartes, have dominated epistemology. The fundamental assumption of philosophers is that philosophy has a prominent role in o MoreRichard Rorty gives a descriptive-historical account of philosophical views. He criticizes fundamentalism and representationalism which, since Descartes, have dominated epistemology. The fundamental assumption of philosophers is that philosophy has a prominent role in our understanding of the world, and that philosophical issues are permanent. This means that philosophy is regarded as the ground for our knowledge. Rorty is against that, and so he is in fact against epistemology. Now, the question is whether Rorty is successful in freeing himself from representationalism. Rorty declares his pragmatism according to which knowledge requires dialogue and social action. He calls this view epistemological behaviorism. Charles Taylor describes Rorty’s view as a secular viewpoint which leads to unethical consequences. Taylor says that Rorty’s view is still under sovereignty of representationalism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - The Body and Its Relation to Human Actions from Sadrian Viewpoint
This essay deals with the problem of the role of the body in emanating actions, from Mulla Sadra’s viewpoint. To study human actions we need, at first, to deal with some basic concepts of Mulla Sadra’s philosophical psychology, such as the hierarchy of the s MoreThis essay deals with the problem of the role of the body in emanating actions, from Mulla Sadra’s viewpoint. To study human actions we need, at first, to deal with some basic concepts of Mulla Sadra’s philosophical psychology, such as the hierarchy of the soul, natural body, and ideal body. We find in his psychology two bodies, namely natural body and ideal body. As the soul can’t realize in the natural world without body, it is not deprive of body in isthmus and the stage of imagination. Human actions, according to the hierarchy of levels of being, are associated with both bodies. Indeed, both bodies are the agents of the actions. Therefore, human actions can be divided into corporeal and psychical actions. The former is an action whose agent is natural body, and, with respect to the hierarchy of levels of the soul, its distant agent would be the soul. The latter is an action whose agent would be the animal soul, or the ideal body. In action emanation, the ideal body plays an important role. In fact, according to Sadrian viewpoint, in the process of action emanation, the body, together with the soul, contributes to actions formation and to leading human beings toward perfection and happiness. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Figuralism in Possible Worlds Semantics
Fictionalism about a region of discourse can provisionally be characterized as the view that claims made within that discourse are not best seen as aiming at literal truth but are better regarded as a sort of ‘fiction’. As we will see, this first characteriz MoreFictionalism about a region of discourse can provisionally be characterized as the view that claims made within that discourse are not best seen as aiming at literal truth but are better regarded as a sort of ‘fiction’. As we will see, this first characterization of fictionalism is in several ways rough. But it is a useful point of departure. In this paper, a general introduction of fictionalism is, preliminarily, provided. Then we briefly consider Yablo’s classification, along with his very own reading of it. After a quick review over the notion of “Possible Worlds” throughout the history of the idea, we will come to show that how ontological problems rise against the possible worlds semantics in contemporary methodology of philosophy, and that how Yablo’s version of fictionalism (i.e. figuralism) helps to solve those problems. As a reading of fictionalism, (Yablo’s) figuralism can lead to answer various other questions about ontology, reference, truth, etc, questions that are related to specific propositions such as mathematical or modal ones. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Personal Unity of Being and its Reflection in the Knowledge of One in Plotinus
S. Morteza Hosseini Shahroudi Fatemeh EstesnaeiThere is no doubt that Plotinus believes in the intuitive unification, butfor some reasons such as totality and limitless of One, interpretation ofcausality to emission, non acceptance reincarnation and unity, nonindependence of Persons, knowing the manifolds as image a MoreThere is no doubt that Plotinus believes in the intuitive unification, butfor some reasons such as totality and limitless of One, interpretation ofcausality to emission, non acceptance reincarnation and unity, nonindependence of Persons, knowing the manifolds as image and ray, ofone can infer personal unity from his expressions and its reflection inhis theory about the knowledge f One. He, on the basis of various kindsof souls, emphasizes on the diverse stages of Knowledge. According toPlotinus the One is utterly unknowable both intuitively andintuitionally, and the only way to receive him is to transcend Intuitionwhich represents the duality of witness and witnessed. As a result in thestage which correspondence to mystical inexistence there is only onereality percept. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Moore's Open Question Argument Compared to the Ontology of Good in Ibn ʿArabi's Mysticism
Alireza AramThe present article describes the open question argument and while analyzing the semantics of ethics in Ibn Arabi’s view, deals with a critical comparison of these two views. From a point of view, the perception of good depends on the understanding of the truth of MoreThe present article describes the open question argument and while analyzing the semantics of ethics in Ibn Arabi’s view, deals with a critical comparison of these two views. From a point of view, the perception of good depends on the understanding of the truth of existence, and until existence is accepted as absolute good, the interpretation of the instance of good is not possible. However, philosophical ethics theory of Moore does not tend to such an ontological interpretation, and limits the good to the scope of semantic discussions. At first glance, the ontological interpretation of good, as a presupposition, seems to be hidden from Moore's view. But to formulate more comprehensive theory of ethics, it is necessary to moderate both views. With an acceptable interpretation of the theory of unity of existence, the mystical doctrine of good can be recognized as a basis for Moore's intuitionism. Also, by discovering the ontological assumptions from the inside of semantic theory of him, one can answer doubts about the objectivity and reality of ethics Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Philosophical Question and Its Place in Human Culture
Forouzan RasekhiIn this Paper, in order to be able to make clear the place ofphilosophical question in human culture, first, an attempt has beenmade to answer three preliminary questions, namely, “What is aphilosophical question?”, “which kinds of philosophical questi MoreIn this Paper, in order to be able to make clear the place ofphilosophical question in human culture, first, an attempt has beenmade to answer three preliminary questions, namely, “What is aphilosophical question?”, “which kinds of philosophical questionsexist?” and “What are to motives of raising the philosophicalquestion?”. Answers are brief and, nonetheless, clear. Then, theprincipal question, i.e., “what are the points of dealing with thephilosophical questions?” is discussed in more detail, with thephilosophical questions?” is discussed in more detail, with the resultthat there are three main points in dealing with them: promotingrationality and rationalism, intellectual autonomy, and egalitarianismand tolerance. It has been shown that the contributions ofphilosophizing to human culture consist in preventing narcissism,prejudice, dogmatism, fanaticism, superstition, indoctrination,suggestibility, and mimicry, following the public opinion, following theintellectual fashions, intellectual fashions, intellectual imperialism, andintolerance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Truth in Popper's Philosophy of Science and Tarski's Semantic Theory of Truth
Concept of truth has a unique importance in Popper’s philosophy of science and this is mainly because of his acquaintance with Tarski and his semantic concept of truth. In Popper’s view, Tarski’s theory is a correspondence theory and this viewpoint has MoreConcept of truth has a unique importance in Popper’s philosophy of science and this is mainly because of his acquaintance with Tarski and his semantic concept of truth. In Popper’s view, Tarski’s theory is a correspondence theory and this viewpoint has been criticized from different perspectives. For example, some philosophers criticized the correspondence theory of truth, regardless of who its proponent is; and some others mentioned that Popper’s interpretation of Tarski’s theory of truth is not consistent with other parts of Popper’s philosophy. In this paper, I’ll try to answer to the following questions: Did Tarski himself regard his semantic theory as a correspondence one? In spite of Tarski's own view, was Popper right in using Tarski’s theory of truth as a correspondence theory? First, the main core of semantic theory of truth is introduced and is continued by Popper’s interpretation and its two main criticisms by Herbert Keuth and Susan Haack. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - The Metaphysical Priority of Cooperation over Competition
Mohsen Jamalimehr babak abbasi reza naderlooThe understanding of diversity and relation between biological individuals are the first issue of environments observations. This leads to offer evolutionary theories for explaining those facts since ancient till now. The cooperation between individuals with their envir MoreThe understanding of diversity and relation between biological individuals are the first issue of environments observations. This leads to offer evolutionary theories for explaining those facts since ancient till now. The cooperation between individuals with their environments was the basic idea of explanations in the history before Darwinian approaches. But Darwin offered his idea on base of a political economic theory which emphasis on competition between agents in economical activities. So the competition between biological entities is the foundation of Darwinian idea and any cooperation between entities in his approach explain away by consideration a competition between next level entities. On the other hand, there was not a well form and sound heredity theory in his time too. That’s why the Darwinian evolutionary theory faced some problems for explanation of some biological facts as same as others. Both of the cooperation and competition approaches alone could not explain the biological facts completely and coherently. It looks that while the basic relation between any biological individuals are cooperation with their environments, there are some race between almost same individuals for cooperation with their environments too. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The Crisis of Modern Man and Modern Art for José Ortega y Gasset
The crisis of modern man and its emergence in modern art is one of the themes that the Spanish philosopher, José Ortega y Gasset has addressed. He believes that crisis is unique to mankind, and human being manifests it in different aspects of his life. One of the MoreThe crisis of modern man and its emergence in modern art is one of the themes that the Spanish philosopher, José Ortega y Gasset has addressed. He believes that crisis is unique to mankind, and human being manifests it in different aspects of his life. One of the critical aspects of human life is art. The dehumanization of modern art, distancing from traditional aesthetic aspects, emancipation from objective reality, and shifting towards abstraction and new concerns, have altered the art. Dynamism and the features of modern art are characteristics of the modern world where the speed of change and transformation of the phenomena caused instability of existing values, so that the history of art throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was accumulated by various manifestos and isms. Such acceleration and fundamental changes can make any situation unstable and subject to crisis. From the standpoint of Ortega, an artist in such critical and unstable conditions shifts to another style, and this would appear through his action, i.e. the artwork. This appearance alters the boundaries of the definition of art. In other words, this process of changing begins in the artist's view, influences his artwork, and thus changes the meaning of art. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - The Significant Absence of Man to Express the Divine in the Crisis of Corona 2019: An Analysis According to Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit
Mahboobeh Akbari Naseri Behrooz ElyasiThe global outbreak of the corona virus (2019) in the world has led to a rethinking of many human relationships. The humanities, and especially philosophy, were no exception. In this study, an attempt is made to rethink the absence of humans in public and its relation t MoreThe global outbreak of the corona virus (2019) in the world has led to a rethinking of many human relationships. The humanities, and especially philosophy, were no exception. In this study, an attempt is made to rethink the absence of humans in public and its relation to the expression of the divine in three areas: art, religion, and philosophy, according to the text of the “Phenomenology of spirit”. In Hegel's thought, the expression of the divine command in the three mentioned fields is possible with the presence of man and for man. The emptying of public, especially places of worship, has led us to question how man and the divine relate to the contemporary world. The results of this study show that in the modern world, nihilism and secularism, art and religion were ineffective in expressing the divine from Hegel's point of view. However, the specific appearances and ceremonies of the arts and the Christian revealed religion still demonstrate them to be effective, Corona unveiled a larger crisis that is the result of the departure of the divine. In the contemporary world, it is possible to express the divine in philosophy. Hegel argues that religion and God are rational, and that the process of the Spirit's manifestation in the material world has been rational, but with an in-depth look at the history of metaphysics, and the events of the modern world, we see that the rational divine is still unthinkable. Corona's outbreak crisis reveals a lack of wisdom Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Philosophy of Culture: its Origins and its Future
Abstract Philosophy of culture is a relatively young discipline which evolved in the early 20th century, as a reaction against the all-embracing crisis facing human life. Examining culture, as the main aspect of human existence, it aims at developing a theory for man&r MoreAbstract Philosophy of culture is a relatively young discipline which evolved in the early 20th century, as a reaction against the all-embracing crisis facing human life. Examining culture, as the main aspect of human existence, it aims at developing a theory for man’s cultural life, whit the help of which man can live a better life. In this paper after an introduction to the philosophy of culture and its tasks, I have examined the causes which has led to the growth of this discipline. Then having given a history of philosophy of culture, I have explained the views of two major figures in the field, namely Simmel and Cassirer, on the human culture. Finally I have mentioned some of the achievements and also future prospects of philosophy of culture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Religious Experience and Perceiving God; A Critical Evaluation of Alston’s Theory
بابک عباسیIn his magnum opus Perceiving God, William Alston has tried to showthat one can be justified in believing some religious beliefs on thegrounds of some religious experiences. According to his theory, thosereligious experiences which have -phenomenologically- perceptualch MoreIn his magnum opus Perceiving God, William Alston has tried to showthat one can be justified in believing some religious beliefs on thegrounds of some religious experiences. According to his theory, thosereligious experiences which have -phenomenologically- perceptualcharacters are entitled to play the role of ground for some other beliefs.This paper examines some of the main criticisms of this view, as wellas Alston's replies to them. Evaluating the arguments of two sides ofthe debate, the author puts forward his comments and criticism. It hasbeen finally concluded that as far as Alston's arguments are concernedhis main claim remains under question. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Study of Swinburne’s Argument for God from Consciousness and Critics of J. L. Mackie
محیا رفیعی بندری امیر عباس علیزمانیThe theist philosopher, Richard Swinburne, believes that the emergenceof “consciousness” in human as an immaterial substance is an argumentfor God. He also believes that scientific explanations cannot explainconsciousness and thus intrinsic dualism of brain MoreThe theist philosopher, Richard Swinburne, believes that the emergenceof “consciousness” in human as an immaterial substance is an argumentfor God. He also believes that scientific explanations cannot explainconsciousness and thus intrinsic dualism of brain events and mentalevents is unavoidable. In contrast, J. L. Mackie, another Britishphilosopher, confirms that materialistic explanations of consciousnessare faced with difficulties, but it is simpler from theistic explanationand thus he denies the dualism of brain events and mental events andSwinburne’s argument for God from consciousness. In this article it istried, by stating the reasons of explanatory inadequacy of Mackie’smaterialistic explanation of consciousness, to consider theisticexplanation of consciousness as most reasonable and simplestexplanation for consciousness and it is an inductive argument for God. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - The Relationship between Art and Politics in Jean-Francois Lyotard’s Opinion
Elham Ahmadi Maryam BakhtiarianAs justice and freedom are the pivots of Jean-Francois Lyotard’s thoughts, what he thinks of art can be a significant reply to the relation of art and politics. According to Lyotard the ruling power of metanarratives of modern societies has been over in post moder MoreAs justice and freedom are the pivots of Jean-Francois Lyotard’s thoughts, what he thinks of art can be a significant reply to the relation of art and politics. According to Lyotard the ruling power of metanarratives of modern societies has been over in post modern ones, since the metanarratives are problematic themselves and they cause some injustices. In order to resist against the metanarratives, Lyotard proposed desire. According to Lyotard desire can appear as different forms, a common thing such as an art. As Lyotard puts it, art is free of modern discussions and negotiations because of intending to be childlike or unconditional inhuman. In the other words human is like a newborn baby without being under any pedagogical method, like a white plate without any drawing on it, without any allegiance to any ideology with specific aims. It has natural needs and aims. This creature exists inside of every mature and immature human. Now art is like an event and wills this creature. What is meant by event is an occurrence which is not compatible with any predefined systems acquiring to reflective judgment being able to challenge the ruler system and manifest the differences. Accordingly, it eliminates the previous methods of explanation and wants to create a fairer world by prescribing new remedies. From this point of view, art cannot support and be the complement of policy making. After having studied, translated, and analyzed Lyotard's opinions and his commentator, this paper aims at clarifying this relation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Subject Sensitive Invariantism and Epistemic Contextualism
احمدرضا همتی مقدمEpistemic contextualism is a view in epistemology that the semanticcontents of knowledge-attributing sentences vary relative to thecontexts of knowledge attributers. Traditionally, epistemologists regardthe semantic content of knowledge sentences as invariable acrosscon MoreEpistemic contextualism is a view in epistemology that the semanticcontents of knowledge-attributing sentences vary relative to thecontexts of knowledge attributers. Traditionally, epistemologists regardthe semantic content of knowledge sentences as invariable acrosscontexts. This traditional prevailing view is famous to “invariantism.”According to Subjective sensitive invariantism (SSI), the truthconditions of knowledge attributers are constant in different contexts,but truth values of them vary relative to the contexts of knowledgeattributers. Recently, Stephen Shaffer, a proponent of epistemiccontextualism, has criticized SSI. In this article, after defending of SSIin contrast of Shaffer’s arguments, I argue his arguments are unsound. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Reference to Non-existent in Semantics
.Mohammad. Reza. AhmadkhaniOne of the subjects which is studied by scholars and philosophers in theWest and East, is determination of the truth conditions of sentencescontaing non-existent expressions and status of understanding thesemantic content of these sentences. We can not find a philosophe MoreOne of the subjects which is studied by scholars and philosophers in theWest and East, is determination of the truth conditions of sentencescontaing non-existent expressions and status of understanding thesemantic content of these sentences. We can not find a philosopher whohas not dealt with this subject. But as far as the author knows, there isno semantic study in linguistics, at least in Persian, about non-existentexpressions. The aim of this article is providing a new theory aboutstatus of reference and classification of non- existent expressions fromlinguistic semantic view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - The Scope of the Concept of Beauty in the Bible and Its Impact on Aquinas's Aesthetics
هادی ربیعیAmong different sources the one which made a considerable impactupon Aquinas’ aesthetics is the teachings of the Bible. Aquinas hasalways tried to prove that these teachings are compatible withphilosophical thought’s achievements on God, universe and human.T MoreAmong different sources the one which made a considerable impactupon Aquinas’ aesthetics is the teachings of the Bible. Aquinas hasalways tried to prove that these teachings are compatible withphilosophical thought’s achievements on God, universe and human.This idea is also applicable to aesthetics. This article is to validate theclaim about existence of several words in the Bible which are translatedas "beauty" and are referring to different dimensions of meaning.Accordingly, variant and different referents about beauty can be foundin the Bible. In this respect, the discussion of beauty explores a largedimension of meaning in Aquinas’ perspective. The most importantaesthetic referents in the Bible include the beauty of God the Sun as thesecond person of trinity, beauty of universe and beauty of human.Accordingly, we are encountering the same variety of beauty inAquinas’s aesthetics. In respect of appointing referents of beauty, thesort of relation and their relationship with each other, and theirclassification, Aquinas has considerably followed the Holy Bible’steachings and has matched his ideas with. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Constituents of Meaningful Life According to J.Cottingham
امیرعباس علیزمانی مهدی غفوریانThe meaning of life is one of the most important subjects in philosophythat John Cottingham in “on the meaning of life” discusses this. Thequestion of the meaning of life is important in his view because justhuman being asks “what is the meaning of lif MoreThe meaning of life is one of the most important subjects in philosophythat John Cottingham in “on the meaning of life” discusses this. Thequestion of the meaning of life is important in his view because justhuman being asks “what is the meaning of life” because of his certainexistential situation. In Cottingham’s view, the characteristics of themeaning of life are profundity or seriousness, achievement, selfawarenessand autonomy, moral life i.e. moral objective values, successand theism or religious life. Cottingham holds that moral life cansatisfy human needs and flourish his talents. But our human nature ispurely result of genetic mutation in simply human view. Thereforemoral judgments do not have objective value because they depend onthis nature. Moreover, human being would not be successful in hisprojects and activities because of his vulnerable and fragile nature. Wecan reach conclusive reason for objective moral judgments and valuesand being hopeful for successful and meaningful life only if we rely onreligious and spiritual worldview which that benevolent god desires usto be moral. In Cottingham’s view, Understanding and acceptingreligious and spiritual worldview depends on exercising religiouspractices. in my humble opinion, Cottingham cannot explain howtheism support successful life because he does not use the concept oflife after death. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Operationalism: the Relationship Between Concepts and Operations (a Glimpse to Percy Bridgman)
کیوان الستیWhat is the difference of physical concepts in physicians’ usage and inordinary people’s one? One possible answer could be that inphysicians’ usage of physical concepts every concept is its operationalmeasurement. But, for every concept there are diffe MoreWhat is the difference of physical concepts in physicians’ usage and inordinary people’s one? One possible answer could be that inphysicians’ usage of physical concepts every concept is its operationalmeasurement. But, for every concept there are different operationalmeasurements. Which one has to be proffered? The defenders ofoperationalism tell us that there is not a priori criterion for thisjudgment. In this article, after interdicting Bridgman’s operationalismsome of its advantages and disadvantages will be discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - The Beauty of Form and Reigidity of Content due to the rigour of the "Critique"
Musa AkramiAfter looking at the development of the idea of writing the bookCritique of Pure Reason and the Features of its two editions, theauthor tries to show its beauty of form and rigidity of content. Then hePresents Kantian great project of evaluating the ability of Pure reas MoreAfter looking at the development of the idea of writing the bookCritique of Pure Reason and the Features of its two editions, theauthor tries to show its beauty of form and rigidity of content. Then hePresents Kantian great project of evaluating the ability of Pure reason,Critique of various kinds of specalative Knowledge, their possibilityor impossibility, the realm of metaphysics, Kant's hope formetaphysics entering upon the secure Path of a science andrepresenting it as a doctrine, and finally, the place of the book in theworld of philosophy Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - A Sociological Approach to the Relationship between Engineering and Society
علیرضا ثقه الاسلامیThis paper introduces the sociological approach in studying theEngineering as a social organization and evaluating the relationshipbetween engineering and society. The focus, here, is on qualifyingengineering education and training the engineers sensitive to socialvalue MoreThis paper introduces the sociological approach in studying theEngineering as a social organization and evaluating the relationshipbetween engineering and society. The focus, here, is on qualifyingengineering education and training the engineers sensitive to socialvalues. First, I explain the relationship between engineering and societyin such extent that interacting each other. Then, it is claimed that therole of engineering is illustrated in details in the modern society ratherthan the traditional society. Introducing 14 social problems shows thatengineering is redefined more irrefrangibly to the social context. Itflows that most important achievements of the sociological approachwill be educating and training “engineer-sociologist”. The ideaengineer-sociologist is preferred as a strategic policy in the engineeringeducation by which is introduced the humanistic, ethical and socialvalues promotion in variety technologies and their applications inartifacts production and development. Teachers and students are themain practitioners in this education and research program. It is thusrecognized that interdisciplinary studies of the engineering andsociology as an independent and necessary filed where the socialproblems of the technologies and the engineering enterprises would beinvestigated Manuscript profile -
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32 - Unity of Soul to Avicenna and Thomas Aquinas
نوشین عبدی ساوجیان محمد سعیدی مهرThe question of plurality or unity of human soul is among the topicswhich basically originate from Plato's and Aristotle's works. Platoconsiders the subject from two approaches and finally accepts theplurality whereas Aristotle deems it unreasonable to reckon the soul t MoreThe question of plurality or unity of human soul is among the topicswhich basically originate from Plato's and Aristotle's works. Platoconsiders the subject from two approaches and finally accepts theplurality whereas Aristotle deems it unreasonable to reckon the soul tobe plural and divisible and consequently admits the unity of the soul.Regarding these two theories (i.e. the unity of the human soul and theplurality of it), the philosophers have to either confirmed one theoryand reject the other at the same time. Therefore the two PeripateticIslamic and Christian philosophers, Avicenna and Thomas Aquinas areinclines toward the “unity of soul “theory. The difference of these twophilosophers is in that Avicenna’s requires clarifications due to someconflicting aspects in his theory. This conflict arises from therepeatedly emphasis on soul unity on one hand and in the meantimeattribution of human activities to three other souls. To integrate theseevidently clashing points it is possible to set forth two status namely“definition and realization” (essence and existence). Aquinas assessesthe subject more rigorously and in more detail comparing to Avicennaand while considering different views including Plato’s, proves thedominance of Aristotle's theory over Plato’s. Manuscript profile -
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33 - Theory of Peace in the Legitimacy of Marriage of Muslim and non-Muslim
Sayyed M. Reza AyatiQuran declares that a very fundamental principle in the marriageis "peace" for both parts. Considering this reality, the present essaytreats that principle as a basis for non-legitimacy of marriage of aMuslim and a non-Muslim because of lack of peace in such amarriage.Quran declares that a very fundamental principle in the marriageis "peace" for both parts. Considering this reality, the present essaytreats that principle as a basis for non-legitimacy of marriage of aMuslim and a non-Muslim because of lack of peace in such amarriage. Manuscript profile -
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34 - علم عنائی واجب الوجود در حکمت سینوی و نقدی بر آن
ahmad Beheshty -
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35 - Quranic Method in Expounding Bases and Causes of Precepts
S. Mohammad Ali AyaziThe discourse of dynamism of Islamic shariah is dependent uponpresentation of knowing bases of precepts especially its expressionin the Quran. Investigation and survey of the method of presentationof causes of precepts is considered as one way of knowledge anddiscovery MoreThe discourse of dynamism of Islamic shariah is dependent uponpresentation of knowing bases of precepts especially its expressionin the Quran. Investigation and survey of the method of presentationof causes of precepts is considered as one way of knowledge anddiscovery of bases of precepts – a basis which can characterize themode of precepts in case of appearance of change andtransformation in social conditions.Quranic scholars who have dealt with juristic verses or rules ofdiscovering precepts in the Quran are less concerned with causesand the method of their representation. The present essay attemptsto take such a Quranic method into consideration in variousdimensions, to present characteristics of each one and the mode ofdiscovering its basis, and finally to offer a criterion for discoveringbases of precepts Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Monastic Order in Buddhism (Samgha
T. TavakkoliMonasticism is regarded as the most essential principle of attainingNirvāna, so much so that it may be claimed that according to theBuddha, attainment of Nirvāna is impossible without renunciationof the common worldly life and exercising ascetic practices.« Samgha MoreMonasticism is regarded as the most essential principle of attainingNirvāna, so much so that it may be claimed that according to theBuddha, attainment of Nirvāna is impossible without renunciationof the common worldly life and exercising ascetic practices.« Samgha » is the concrete expression of this cocept, which wasformed during Buddha’s lifetime. It was designed to provide acontext for applying monastic discpline, as well as teaching andtransmitting Dharma by constituting a unified and homogenousparty.On the importance of this community it suffices to say that from thedoctrinal point of view samgha is one of the three jewels or threerefuges alongside the other two, i. e. Buddha and Dharma. It is alsoseen as the guardian of these two principles. From the sociologicalpoint of view samgha, like any other sociological doctrinalinstitution, in spite of having common elements and functions inpersonal and communal spheres in various lands, it graduallytransformed into a distinctive form in each society.Introducing the cods and disciplines of samgha and the relatedbooks, alongside the analysis of common distinguishing charactersand functions of samgha, constitute major themes of this article. Manuscript profile -
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37 - The Rule of „Basit al-Haqiqah‰ in Mulla SadraÊs Viewpoint
Dr. A. Eftekharī Saa‘diBasit al-HaqIqah” is one of the most famous rules in the Islamicphilosophy. Especially in works of later Islamic philosophers. Theintroduction of this rule is referred to multiple works of Mullasadraand his descriptions or explanations on it. But one question is l MoreBasit al-HaqIqah” is one of the most famous rules in the Islamicphilosophy. Especially in works of later Islamic philosophers. Theintroduction of this rule is referred to multiple works of Mullasadraand his descriptions or explanations on it. But one question is left;whether it was a known rule or at least its content had been usedbetween former philosophers or not.In this article we have presented content of this rule, and its contenthistory and methods and results of its confirmation. So new aspects ofthis norm will be analyzed by its readout. Manuscript profile -
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38 - Difference between Man and Woman in Compensation
Sohaila BabivardiKilling is a phenomenon man has always been encountering. In order toprevent individuals from violating rights to others’ life, man hasexperienced and thought of various ways so far. Islam has also madespecial laws in order to prevent men from committing this unpl MoreKilling is a phenomenon man has always been encountering. In order toprevent individuals from violating rights to others’ life, man hasexperienced and thought of various ways so far. Islam has also madespecial laws in order to prevent men from committing this unpleasantphenomenon in such a way that the killing is committed deliberatelythe killer must face retaliation and if it is done unintentionally he mustpay blood money. Such a law-making is explicitly mentioned in theverse 92 of the second Quranic surah. The present essay expoundsperspectives of earlier jurists concerning compensation first and thoseof later jurists secondly, discusses juristic essential of man and womanbeing equal in compensation thirdly, explains juristic essential ofwoman’s compensation being half of man’s fourthly, and deals with thereason for difference between man and woman in compensation finally Manuscript profile -
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39 - shaykh al- rais and the issue of substantail movwment
احمد BeheshtiIn this writing,shaykh ai- rais concerns for the issue of"the substatial motion"are discussed. While insisting on negation of "the substatial motion"because of[ the issue] persistence of subject, on the one hand, he has not managed to find subjects for some ac MoreIn this writing,shaykh ai- rais concerns for the issue of"the substatial motion"are discussed. While insisting on negation of "the substatial motion"because of[ the issue] persistence of subject, on the one hand, he has not managed to find subjects for some accidential motions, on the other,he is of some opinion concerning certain issues which may not be justiied unless through acceptance of "the substantial motion".As examples, negation of motion in essence and in accident from the rational soul and its acceptance of perfection in accidental categories may be mentioned Manuscript profile -
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40 - John Rawls: From the Social Contract to Two Principles of Justice
شهلا اسلامیThe social contract tradition has a particular significance in the history ofpolitical philosophy. The classic theoreticians of social contract, such asLock, Rousseau, and Kant, have considered the political authority asinevitable in order to prevail over life difficult MoreThe social contract tradition has a particular significance in the history ofpolitical philosophy. The classic theoreticians of social contract, such asLock, Rousseau, and Kant, have considered the political authority asinevitable in order to prevail over life difficulties in disordered (social)situation.John Rawls takes a new approach to social contract in his theory ofjustice. He assumes that contracting parties would choose the principles ofjustice which intend to determine the moral principles. Such principles, inturn, constitute the social institutions of society. In Rawls’ view,contracting parties are assumed to be in a hypothetical situation calledoriginal position. These persons as free, equal, reasonable and rationalcitizens, are in veil of ignorance; that is, they are not aware of anycharacters as gender, social status, religious orientation, and even theirconception of the good. In this situation, Rawls suggests a technique,called “reflective equilibrium”, which orchestrates our principles ofjustice and considered judgments. In original position, contracting partieschoose the two principles of justice, i.e. the principles of liberty andequality. The concept of original position is an interpretation of Kant’sview on the principle of freewill and categorical imperative. Describingthis situation enables one to reveal his essential nature as a free andautonomous human being.Rawls, thus, dose not use social contract to legitimate political authority;but, using original position, he presents a concept of human nature whichthe liberals, always, talk about it: a liberated human who is freed of anysocial, political and traditional stress. Manuscript profile -
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41 - A Study of the Ash’arite Reading of “Creatio Ex Nihilo” Thesis
مرتضی براتیCreation is one of the fundamental beliefs in Islamic world-view,playing an important role in all aspects of religious thought wherehumankind is told to contemplate the whole creation of God. In linewith this view is the unavoidable participation of philosophers,theolog MoreCreation is one of the fundamental beliefs in Islamic world-view,playing an important role in all aspects of religious thought wherehumankind is told to contemplate the whole creation of God. In linewith this view is the unavoidable participation of philosophers,theologians, and mystics in a contest where each group has taken aparticular position in accordance with their world view, throwinglight on particular aspects of being.The Ash’arites committed themselves to the creation from nothing(creatio ex nihilo) thesis in order to glorify the status of Godthrough expanding the realm of Divine will and power. Theyclaimed that this thesis was based on their reading of religious texts.However, this view resorts to certain unproved presuppositions andsuffers from serious intellectual problems.This paper offers a critical study of the above- mentioned thesis byexamining the textual bases of its premises and showing theintellectual problems in their consequents. In the end the writer setsforth the combination of the Ash’arite view with Sadra’s ontologyas a defensible outlook towards Divine creation. Manuscript profile -
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42 - A Comparative Analysis of Embodied Perception in Mulla Sadra and Merleau-Ponty
In the sphere of thought, whether eastern or western, perception and thought are more conceived on the basis of the spirit and reason. In the meantime, bodiliness is either treated unkindly or is thoroughly ignored. Mulla Sadra with his essential movement and Merleau-Po MoreIn the sphere of thought, whether eastern or western, perception and thought are more conceived on the basis of the spirit and reason. In the meantime, bodiliness is either treated unkindly or is thoroughly ignored. Mulla Sadra with his essential movement and Merleau-Ponty through his Phenomenology of Perception allocated a pivotal role for the bodiliness in understanding and perception. To Mulla Sadra, bodiliness is the first step of perception (bodily initiation); then; through the spirit, this perception leads to the spiritual persistence. To Merleau-Ponty, on the other hand, bodiliness is the sole way to perceive the existence. The present study aims to analyze comparatively Mulla Sadra and Maurice Merleau-Ponty ideas concerning bodiliness through descriptive- analytical method. In so doing, Mulla Sadra's philosophy concerning the bodily initiation of the spirit are carefully studied to scrutinize the bodiliness. Then, Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception is described. Finally, the similarities and differences of both philosophers are elaborated. Manuscript profile -
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43 - A Critique of the Method of Explication of Concepts in Philosophy of Science: the Case of the Concept of Unification
هادی صمدیCarnap’s method of explication of concepts proposed based on the ideathat the main responsibility of philosopher of science is the clarificationof vague scientific and unscientific concepts in the language of scienceand replacement of them by “crystal clear& MoreCarnap’s method of explication of concepts proposed based on the ideathat the main responsibility of philosopher of science is the clarificationof vague scientific and unscientific concepts in the language of scienceand replacement of them by “crystal clear” ones. The critiques ofphilosophers like Strawson, Quine, and Popper caused mostphilosophers of science not to openly endorse Carnap’s method ofexplication, even though an important part of their philosophical worksdevoted to his project. In recent years, some philosophers of sciencehave fully defended the method of explication. Instead of criticizing thearguments of these philosophers, this paper criticizes the products ofapplying the method of explication on one important concept ofphilosophy of science, “unification”. It has been shown that the effortsof philosophers of science in offering an explication for this concepthave been futile. Manuscript profile -
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44 - Adorno's Dark Thinking about Contemporary Art
Adorno is the thinker that affected by Kant and Hegel. Of course he established his Aesthetics whit critical viewpoint. First domain of his Aesthetics is dark thinking and pessimistic about Modern art and postmodernity that appears with paradoxical form. We account all MoreAdorno is the thinker that affected by Kant and Hegel. Of course he established his Aesthetics whit critical viewpoint. First domain of his Aesthetics is dark thinking and pessimistic about Modern art and postmodernity that appears with paradoxical form. We account all of event that happened as contemporary art. Examples of Adorno's pessimistic namely is mass culture industry that affected by rationalism, commodity, reification, idolatry that all of them continued to our time. We analyze contemporary art whit ignorance of distance between modernism and postmodernism in continuous and integrated linear. Adorno has a liberation Aesthetics idea about Art but his viewpoint was privative. In Adornos ideas, domination of capitalism and politics was cause of lack of authentic function of Art, which imposed suffering to human. Certainly the reason of Adorno's defends of Avant-garde Art is that kind of art not following mass culture, and not surrounded by politics and capitalism. Manuscript profile -
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45 - Why we learn philosophy?
رضا Davari ArdakaniEnemies of philosophy are two groups:those politicians who advocate the existent situation and sophists who defend pubhic understanding.But a part of sophists are advocates of tradition and politics, and a group promotes anti-philosophy under the name of philosophy.In t MoreEnemies of philosophy are two groups:those politicians who advocate the existent situation and sophists who defend pubhic understanding.But a part of sophists are advocates of tradition and politics, and a group promotes anti-philosophy under the name of philosophy.In the Islamic world,opposition of jurists and theologians to philosophy led to more consistence between philosophy and Islam.Scientists, in the West ,look at philosophy with dislike and regard it as a useless discipline,their own roots and those of contemporary civilization, however, have been taken in the post-Cartesian modern philosophy Manuscript profile -
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46 - Hick’s Theodicy and Criticism of Davis and Davies
Akram KhaliliThe theodicy of John Hick under the name of “Soul-Making” is one ofthe famous solutions to the problem of evil. It has been borrowed fromIrenaeus. Hick believes that God has created a lot of evils in this worldand Man in dealing with life and world’s e MoreThe theodicy of John Hick under the name of “Soul-Making” is one ofthe famous solutions to the problem of evil. It has been borrowed fromIrenaeus. Hick believes that God has created a lot of evils in this worldand Man in dealing with life and world’s evils, has attained goodnessby confronting with them and becomes like Jesus. Hick’s opinion hasbeen criticized by two contemporary philosophers; Stephen T. Davisand Brian Davis. They say that Hick is not right. In fact, they say that ifman becomes more spiritual and moral entity during the process of life,consequently, modern people must be more spiritual and moral thantheir ancestors, but this has never been true. And again some sufferings,in other words disteleological sufferings, not only do they have anyuseful effect, but, on the contrary they have opposite result. Manuscript profile -
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47 - The Argument from Design, Revolution and Fine-tuning: A Comparative Study of the Viewpoints of Swinburne and Mutahhari
The argument from design for the existence of God has been considered by almost all religions and religious preachers. This is because of the persuasive power of this kind of argument. In the 18th century, Hume and some modern philosophers severely criticized the argume MoreThe argument from design for the existence of God has been considered by almost all religions and religious preachers. This is because of the persuasive power of this kind of argument. In the 18th century, Hume and some modern philosophers severely criticized the argument and the emergence of evolutionary views reinforced these criticisms. Recently, there has been a new version of the argument which presupposes the validity of evolutionary view and gives a consistent account of theism and theory of evolution. There are instances of this new effort among Christian and Muslim philosophers. Using physics, mathematics, biology, and complex probabilistic calculations, Richard Swinburne formed an inductive argument which claims that theism is consistent with the evolutionary viewpoint. Among Muslims, Murtiza Mutahhari not only believes in this consistency, but also maintains that the evolutionary viewpoint is the best interpretation of God’s purposefulness in the world. These two thinkers are different in respect of the level and form of their discussions, though the content and the results of their arguments seem akin. Manuscript profile -
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48 - بهکتی و عشق در عرفان هندی و اسلامی
زهرا Hoseini hamid -
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49 - Explication of Diversity of Contemporary Artistic Forms based on John Dewey's Aesthetic Experience of Appearance
One of the points of strength of the approach of Dewey to art lies in the fact that he has a dynamic vision of the nature of art. The current essay seeks to provide an appropriate answer regarding the question of the diversity of forms of artistic forms in contemporary MoreOne of the points of strength of the approach of Dewey to art lies in the fact that he has a dynamic vision of the nature of art. The current essay seeks to provide an appropriate answer regarding the question of the diversity of forms of artistic forms in contemporary era based on the explication of creation of work of art focusing on the notion of aesthetic experience in the ideas of John Dewey. The nature of art it has a better capability as regards the explication of the diversity and evolutions of the forms of artistic expression in the contemporary era. What makes the meaning of the works with this extension understandable for the audience is the artist's taking advantage of the historical and cultural element called emotion. By changing the primary crude emotion into a refined emotion the artist takes advantage of the symbolic and meaningful systems and invites the audience to experience the life world. The work of art is an extra-real object in the world. In aesthetic experience selection and taking advantage of the past meanings and symbols enriches the form. Form unites the emotion, act of expression, media, and system of symbols, knowledge and interaction. Degrees of collection and connectivity of these factors and also communicative and contextual factors that constitute a spectrum of the forms and it is in this way that the form of work of art in the contemporary world goes beyond its material form Manuscript profile -
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50 - Investigation of Major Challenges of "Principality of Appearance"
Ramin PoursaeedIn defending "principality of appearance" it is said that the wisedo not consider probabilities opposing the appearance. On thecontrary, rival theories have raised questions concerning botheffects and methods of that claim. The present essay intends toexpand God's purpo MoreIn defending "principality of appearance" it is said that the wisedo not consider probabilities opposing the appearance. On thecontrary, rival theories have raised questions concerning botheffects and methods of that claim. The present essay intends toexpand God's purposes on the one hand emphasizingprinciples of justice and rationality in them and, on the other,declare that the wise do not consider probabilities opposingthe appearance only when they are in a common context andwhen the addressee is in another context they do not ignorethose probabilities. Manuscript profile -
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51 - Relationship between Emotion and Knowledge on Mullasadra’s View
Najaf Yazdani Mohammad Saeedimehr S.Abbas ZahabiDimension of the knowledge is considered as the most importanthuman dimension and, therefore, the investigation about the otherdimensions which are related to human’s understanding is as important.Nowadays, one of these dimensions considered by Psychologists andep MoreDimension of the knowledge is considered as the most importanthuman dimension and, therefore, the investigation about the otherdimensions which are related to human’s understanding is as important.Nowadays, one of these dimensions considered by Psychologists andepistemologists is emotions dimension. Throughout the history ofthought, two general approaches can be observed about emotions.Some thinkers have always remarked of emotion’s negative role andhave shown its negative functions and have tried to remove it. Othersbelieve emotions are helpful to reason and knowledge .In this article,after introducing these two theories, we try to reread Mullasadra’s ideasabout the relationship of emotion to knowledge. On negative effects ofemotions and feelings in Mullasadra’s ideas, the effects of emotion inthe acceptance of imitative opinions, familiarity with materials and itsinfluence on knowledge, passions effect on soul imparity from divineknowledge, emotions role in defecting from favorable end, and feelingsaffection on wisdom are discussed. In positive role of feelings thevirtual and true loves have been dealt with Manuscript profile -
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52 - Mary Ann Warren and the Potentiality Argument Against Abortion
Various arguments have been presented in defense of the right to life of the fetus, one of which is the argument from potentiality. Abortion opponents claim that fetal potentiality can be a strong reason to grant them the basic moral rights. That is, fetuses are potenti MoreVarious arguments have been presented in defense of the right to life of the fetus, one of which is the argument from potentiality. Abortion opponents claim that fetal potentiality can be a strong reason to grant them the basic moral rights. That is, fetuses are potential persons upon conception and, given the possibility of natural growth, they will certainly become persons. They have, thus, at least the right to life. Conservatives consider fetal potentiality as a sufficient reason for attributing to fetuses the right to life. They argue that (1) killing a potential human being is wrong, and (2) a fetus is a potential human being. Therefore, it is wrong to kill a fetus. In contrast, some philosophers, including Mary Anne Warren whose works have attracted attention from many philosophers, believe that the argument from potentiality is not efficient in defending the right to life of fetuses, and reject it for several reasons. In this article, we will study Warren's viewpoint on the argument from potentiality against abortion. Manuscript profile -
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53 - A Criticism on Depriving Wife of Inheritance from the Land (Considering Article 946 of the Iranian Civil Law)
Mohammad Ali KhayrollahiIt is quite well-known that contemporary jurists believe that wifeinherits neither from the land nor from its price. Considering that fatwa,the article 946 of the Iranian civil law declares that husband inheritsfrom all parts of wife’s property while wife inherits MoreIt is quite well-known that contemporary jurists believe that wifeinherits neither from the land nor from its price. Considering that fatwa,the article 946 of the Iranian civil law declares that husband inheritsfrom all parts of wife’s property while wife inherits only from thefollowing: 1. Movable properties, and 2. buildings and trees. As can beseen in that article, wife is deprived of inheritance from the land. Aglance at juristic books, however, clearly indicates that the said theoryis merely one perspective and a good number of jurists have rejected itfrom early times. The present essay deals with the analysis and surveyof those perspectives. Considering the Quranic verse and all traditionsconcerning it as well as opinions of various jurists, we would concludethat if the wife has a child from her husband she will inherit from theprice of the land in addition to the price of movable properties on thebasis of her share, i.e. the eighth. Manuscript profile -
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54 - Could Negative Facts Solve the Negative Truths Problem?
محسن زمانیAbstractThe truthmaker principle – which looks to be based upon a seeminglyplausible intuition – faces a number of troubles, including that ofnegative truths. According to the truthmaker principle, truepropositions are true in virtue of what exists. But, int MoreAbstractThe truthmaker principle – which looks to be based upon a seeminglyplausible intuition – faces a number of troubles, including that ofnegative truths. According to the truthmaker principle, truepropositions are true in virtue of what exists. But, intuitively, negativetruths are true in virtue of what does not exist. Adding negative facts toone’s ontology isa metaphysical cost that has been paid to solve theproblem of negative truths. In this paper, I firstly mention somepreliminary issues about the truthmaker principle. After enumeratingpossible solutions to negative truths, I will deal with the solution whichappeals to negative facts. Then I will argue that which kind of negativefacts does better its jobs. In the rest of the paper, I will disallow somepropounded difficulties with this solution. Afterwards, I will illustratethat negative facts face three new problems. Manuscript profile -
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55 - M. Alcoff’s Feminist Epistemology
مریم رواییRecently feminist epistemology became a specific domain and in whichare privileged certain research programs and some various orientationsin them. M. Alcoff is a feminist epistemologist who has focused oncontinental philosophy, feminism, politics, race-theory, and sexua MoreRecently feminist epistemology became a specific domain and in whichare privileged certain research programs and some various orientationsin them. M. Alcoff is a feminist epistemologist who has focused oncontinental philosophy, feminism, politics, race-theory, and sexuality.Considering relation between knowledge and its historical-socialcontext is special remark of her works and researches. In many of herwritings, specially, Real Knowing, she maintains, in contrast withpoststructuralists and pragmatists, that “truth” is a concept nonseparableof, referential to, and dependent on content. She also arguesfor “normative subjectivity” as a fundamental, context-dependent, andnon-universal, idea. Completion of an ontological, coherent account oftruth-theory is her ambitious claim. Phenomenology and hermeneuticsmake up her philosophic method for that ambition and her critique oftraditional issues as well. It seems to her that phenomenology let us tosee how every idea relates to some experience and hermeneuticsteaches us to consider the influence of historical-cultural context incomprehending it. Manuscript profile -
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56 - Kroner’s Interpretation of Kant’s Weltanschauung
Abstract The discussion about the primacy of either ethics or epistemology and their relation in Kant’s philosophy has a long history. Any argument in this regard, rests inevitably its foundations upon one of these fields and interprets the other one on the basis MoreAbstract The discussion about the primacy of either ethics or epistemology and their relation in Kant’s philosophy has a long history. Any argument in this regard, rests inevitably its foundations upon one of these fields and interprets the other one on the basis of those foundations. Richard Kroner, like other neo-Kantian commentators of the Heidelberg school, understands the Kantian philosophy as a whole which is more a weltanschauung, rather than a closed system like the Hegel’s, in which ethics is prior to epistemology and the practical is superior to the theoretical. According to Kroner’s interpretation, epistemology itself is ethical in essence, and the activity of the reason is a moral action as well. In his interpretation, however, neither ethics nor epistemology fades in favor the other one. According to him, Kant’s Weltanschauung is based on the constant tension between two poles none of which will fade away into the other one. Their contrast is in fact the engine of the struggle of the moral will. Epistemology and ethics are faced with each other on the basis of this very Kantian dialectic. In the present article, I am going to analyze Kroner’s interpretation of Kant’s Weltanschauung and his main theses in his Kant’s Weltanschauung. I will show the status of morality in the Kantian System and explain the relation between epistemology and ethics in this system on the basis of the preliminaries provided by Kroner. Manuscript profile -
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57 - Demonstration of Kant's Theory on Transforming All Forms of Syllogism into the First Form
Ali Akbar. PeymanIn the beginning, syllogism, Kant's attitude, on syllogism, and its fourbasic forms are defined. Form Kant's view, only the first form issignificant and other forms can be transformed into the first one. Then,the various forms and formulas of Aristotelian - Classical lo MoreIn the beginning, syllogism, Kant's attitude, on syllogism, and its fourbasic forms are defined. Form Kant's view, only the first form issignificant and other forms can be transformed into the first one. Then,the various forms and formulas of Aristotelian - Classical logic areintroduced. Finally, there is an attempt for demonstrating status oftransforming all forms of syllogism into the first form , i.e. Barbara, byrelying on formal language of mathematical logic, theory of sets, andespecially Van's diagrams. In each case, an example in natural languagefor a more accurate understanding is provided. Manuscript profile -
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58 - Aristotle’s Essentialism and Brian Ellis’s Scientific Essentialism
مریم معیرزادهEssentialism like many philosophical subjects is rooted in the ideas ofGreek philosophers. This theory is related to the stability, motion andchange. In fact, a reasonable explanation of the motion and change wasinterest of philosophers. Aristotle's theory is in this fi MoreEssentialism like many philosophical subjects is rooted in the ideas ofGreek philosophers. This theory is related to the stability, motion andchange. In fact, a reasonable explanation of the motion and change wasinterest of philosophers. Aristotle's theory is in this field. This theorythat concerns to laws of nature was the most notable philosophicalachievements and metaphysical foundation for the science of that time.Aristotle was able to study species of plants and animals as a naturalkind because of variety and apparent difference between them. In hisview, any natural kind acts in goal-oriented. From this perspective,Aristotle’s essentialism has been criticism, so was not a serious activityon this topic till 20 century. Brian Ellis is formulated his scientificessentialism with offers to natural kinds and dispositional properties.He offers a variety of criteria for natural kind but he does not acceptbiological kind because it does not satisfy some of the criteria. Heclaims that his scientific essentialism is realistic. The natural kinds ofthis theory are in transition and interact to each other. What appearsdepends on a variety of roles of natural kinds that participating in theprocess. The paper presents two ideas of Aristotle and Ellis'essentialism and pays to new essentialism functionality. This studypresents why Ellis does not accept natural kind in biology even geneticstructure and unlike the traditional view, according to close relationshipbetween the definition and explanation, there is no such connection inEllis’s essentialism. Manuscript profile -
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59 - HegelÊs Philosophy of Nature
Dr. Majid AkbariNaturphilosophie (philosophy of Nature/ Natural philosophy) is oneimportant and difficult part of Hegel s philosophy. Science thinksNature; philosophy comprehends it.Nature falls into three greatstages, each higher than the preceding, the subject of threedepartments of MoreNaturphilosophie (philosophy of Nature/ Natural philosophy) is oneimportant and difficult part of Hegel s philosophy. Science thinksNature; philosophy comprehends it.Nature falls into three greatstages, each higher than the preceding, the subject of threedepartments of Natural philosophy-Mechanics, physics, andorganics. Manuscript profile -
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60 - Good and Evil
Seyyed Muhammad BojnurdiTheists believe that the Universe is governed by a single being whorules according to absolute wisdom, grace, power and justice. Hiswisdom and grace implies that He creates a universe with the bestpossible order and most goods and perfection. A universe which is, asHe H MoreTheists believe that the Universe is governed by a single being whorules according to absolute wisdom, grace, power and justice. Hiswisdom and grace implies that He creates a universe with the bestpossible order and most goods and perfection. A universe which is, asHe Himself, perfect and pure good. At the first glance, however, wefind the universe lacking goodness, i. e. a universe endowed withVices and evils. These Vices may be regarded as either metaphysical,natural, or moral.These questions and the like put the Divine attributes such asHis Omniscience & Omnipotent, Tawhid (Oneness) Divine Justice,His Grace, divine absolute Wisdom and Power under doubt. Theauthor is attempting to propose solutions posed by Islamicphilosophers in this regard. Different approaches taken by somecontemporary philosophers such as J.L. McGee and the answeroffered by the contemporary philosopher of religion, Alvin Plantinga,will be further studied. Manuscript profile -
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61 - MacIntyre against Rationalism and Relativism
هادی صمدیAbstractMacIntyre, the contemporary Scottish philosopher, in chapter fifteen ofhis book, Who’s Justice? Which Rationality? (1988), has developed atheory on rationality that accordingly not only the traditions have notbeen considered as a treat to rationality but a MoreAbstractMacIntyre, the contemporary Scottish philosopher, in chapter fifteen ofhis book, Who’s Justice? Which Rationality? (1988), has developed atheory on rationality that accordingly not only the traditions have notbeen considered as a treat to rationality but also they are the principalconstitutes of rationality. On the one hand, he offered some argumentsagainst relativism and perspectivism and, on the other hand, he didn’ttake of rationalists. Later, he became nearer to the rationalist camp inDependent Rational Animals (1999), but not so near that could becalled a full blooded rationalist. This article has a review on thismodification of his ideas on rationality. Manuscript profile -
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62 - Aquinas on the Natural Intellect and the Ideas Given by the Divine Grace
Amir Jafari Mohammad SaeedimehrFrom Aquinas’s viewpoint the intellect is just one of the Faculties of the human soul, and not identical with the very essence of the soul and thus human being possesses an intellect. On the other hand, unlike Plato, he believes that man has no innate concept but MoreFrom Aquinas’s viewpoint the intellect is just one of the Faculties of the human soul, and not identical with the very essence of the soul and thus human being possesses an intellect. On the other hand, unlike Plato, he believes that man has no innate concept but he can separate or abstract the forms (Ideas) of natural things. The origin of human concepts is the material world, so the Intellect‘s operation arises from sensation. The intellect knows nothing but what it receives from the senses. From this point of view Aquinas must be seen as an empiricist. Thomas is, however, a Christian philosopher too. God is the immaterial truth, so the natural power of the created intellect falls short to enable it to see the essence of God. Consequently, he believes that humans are sometimes given non-material ideas through divine grace. It increases the intellectual powers so that the forms are ultimately perceived by the human intellect. Nonetheless, in order to have these forms, some supernatural disposition should be added to the intellect. Manuscript profile -
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63 - A Critical Review of Brown's Solution to the Problem of Accessibility
According to the causal theory of knowledge, there mustbe a causal connection between the knower's belief and the fact known. On the other hand, Platonism requires accepting the things that have not causal power, and so mathematical entities cannot b MoreAccording to the causal theory of knowledge, there mustbe a causal connection between the knower's belief and the fact known. On the other hand, Platonism requires accepting the things that have not causal power, and so mathematical entities cannot be objects of our knowledge. This conflict is called “the problem of accessibility”. Brown, contemporary American philosopher, claims that he has solved this problem. First, he appeals to EPR experimentation, as a counterexample, and argues that the causal theory of knowledge is not correct. Then, he concludes that the condition of the causal connection is not necessary for knowledge. On the other hand, he assumes that there is a perceptual faculty, called “mind’s eye", and tries to show that there is a non-causal access to the mathematical entities. But neither of these two arguments is tenable. Because even if “the results of EPR cannot be explained on the basis of causal relation between the knower and the known” we cannot conclude that the causal theory of knowledge is not correct. We can only draw that the realm of scientific knowledge is divisible into two sub-realm: causal and quantomic. Therefore EPR, although may not be explained by theory of relativity, have another scientific support. While, there is no similar scientific theory for mathematical entities. On the other hand, mind’s eye only has explanatory role, not justificatory. It is clear that the access problem cannot be solved by appeal to unwarranted supposition of perceptual faculty Manuscript profile -
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64 - Elucidation and Criticize Elements of Spirituality in the Eyes of Kees Waaijman
Mohammad Hossein IrandoostThe term "spirituality" has many meanings in the West. The evolution of this word started from a traditional meaning in line with the Bible in the fifth century and continued until the acquisition of the opposite meaning of physical and material in later centuries and t MoreThe term "spirituality" has many meanings in the West. The evolution of this word started from a traditional meaning in line with the Bible in the fifth century and continued until the acquisition of the opposite meaning of physical and material in later centuries and the acquisition of psychological, social, political and health concepts in the thirteenth to twentieth centuries. Numerous researchers have worked in the field of spirituality. Among them are the books and articles of Case and Ayman, a professor at Bloom Fontaine University and an Old Testament researcher at the university. According to Case and Ayman, three main elements for spirituality can be identified and introduced: 1. The process of the relationship between God and man, which occurs in a moment of the relationship between the two divine and human poles. 2. Gradual process in the sense that the two poles of human and divine are gradually connected. And at this stage, God gradually manifests himself with human beings. 3. Transformation and evolution, in the sense that the process of communication between the two human and divine poles causes the transformation and evolution of human essence. This article, in a descriptive-analytical method, while explaining the different meanings of spirituality from the perspective of “safe” and criticizing their point of view, seeks to answer the question of what are the elements of spirituality? Also in this article, three elements introduced by him have been examined. Manuscript profile -
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65 - The Ontological and Epistemological Necessity of Local Beables in Quantum Mechanics
Maryam Ansari Bonab Alireza MansouriBell, in some of his papers, introduces local beables, distinct from observables, in QM. This paper aims to illustrate the importance and necessity of local beables arise from both ontological and epistemological considerations. Given that the wave function is an essent MoreBell, in some of his papers, introduces local beables, distinct from observables, in QM. This paper aims to illustrate the importance and necessity of local beables arise from both ontological and epistemological considerations. Given that the wave function is an essential element of quantum theory, we explain how understanding the ontological significance of the wave function in the context of beables provides us a ground for choosing a more satisfactory interpretation or theory of quantum mechanics among the rivals Manuscript profile -
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66 - The Main Features of Critical Rationalism
مریم عسگرپورعلی مجید اکبریIn history of ideas, although traditional rationalists used reason andreasoning to justify any claim (hypothesis, theory, and…), Popper andhis pupils, as critical rationalists, emphasis on falsifying any. Criticalrationalists believe that human knowledge is falli MoreIn history of ideas, although traditional rationalists used reason andreasoning to justify any claim (hypothesis, theory, and…), Popper andhis pupils, as critical rationalists, emphasis on falsifying any. Criticalrationalists believe that human knowledge is fallible; and thisknowledge not only can’t fulfill any justification, but also need to noone. For human knowledge is fallible and confined, critical rationalistsrelay on rationality to the extent that it help us to detect our errors andfailures. According to critical rationalists, critical method is merely tocriticize all of ideas, beliefs, and etc. unstoppably in order to reveal theprobable, tacit faults. Scientific theories, in their view, are daringconjectures which come from encountering with problems; theseconjectures are not justifiable and must be falsifiable (and thereforerefutable) through severe test. The refutation to old theory is theparamount process of scientific discovery. If any new theory survivemore of such refutations, it would have a higher verisimilitude andtherefore, critical rationalists suggest that it is closer to truth. So criticalrationalists have exposed some innovations in philosophy of science,but there are a few critiques which they are (or should be) going to dealwith. Manuscript profile -
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67 - The Development of Philosophy of Science from Critical Realist Viewpoint: a Hasty Review
علی پایاHere, after presenting some “definitions” of philosophy of science, I workout my plausible definition and, then, engage in the most significantchanges of philosophy of science from origin until today as briefly aspossible. Although, main purpose is that our MoreHere, after presenting some “definitions” of philosophy of science, I workout my plausible definition and, then, engage in the most significantchanges of philosophy of science from origin until today as briefly aspossible. Although, main purpose is that our readers get perspective aboutsubject-matter and question accompanying with their proposal solution,but, in some cases, subject-matters are criticized and evaluated from arealistic view based on critical rationality. Manuscript profile -
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68 - Assessment of Schiller's Critique on Kant's Aesthetics
مریم بختیاریان مجید اکبریFriedrich Schiller was in his aesthetic reflexions inspired by Kant'sCritique of Judgment,. Albeit, he is generally recognized as Kantianphilosopher, he was not satisfied of Kant's philosophy, because ofappreahending deep gab between realm of nesessity and freedom.Which MoreFriedrich Schiller was in his aesthetic reflexions inspired by Kant'sCritique of Judgment,. Albeit, he is generally recognized as Kantianphilosopher, he was not satisfied of Kant's philosophy, because ofappreahending deep gab between realm of nesessity and freedom.Which seens to exist among human's mental faculties made himdissatisfied. Therefore he intended to modify some aspects ofKant's aesthetics. In order to overcome on Kant's dualism and hisoppositional dicotomy, Schiller came up with some harmonizingtools. Reflecting on Kant's transcendental deduction, leaded him tothe perception of the beauty as only medium for harmonizeing andsynthetizing human's rupture. He criticized Kant's subjectiveattitude to beauty and suggested the objective one, which namedfreedom in appearance. He refuted Kantian distinction between therealm of aesthetics and of ethics; and maintained that human beingneeds some preliminaries for making him moral person education.These prequisites would be provided by aesthetics education. Theresult would be convergance of the realm of aesthetics to the realmof ethics Manuscript profile -
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69 - Reflections on the Different Tree Waves from the Theory of Social Systems
Abstract Systems thought is trying to build a global knowledge, and thus, makes closer the separated disciplines to each other, and thereby overcome on the complexity of different issues of the scientific disciplines. The increasing complexity of society led to sociolo MoreAbstract Systems thought is trying to build a global knowledge, and thus, makes closer the separated disciplines to each other, and thereby overcome on the complexity of different issues of the scientific disciplines. The increasing complexity of society led to sociologists show a considerable attention to systemic approach. The result was the formation of the three wave of theory of social systems. The conception of systems and the idea of the theory of systems are mixed with the efforts of modern society to monitor and control on its own. This means that the theory of systems as a social construction is formed and developed in association with social conditions and existing paradigms. More reflection on the reasons the entrance of systemic approach to sociology, and its theoretical principles and its process of formation makes more apparent the importance of communication. Because of, the relationship of different sciences and theories together moves ahead human knowledge. It seems, the philosophy of complexity is influenced the social theories, because of “Social emergence”, “complexity”, and “dynamics” are the most important issues that are considered by these theories. Manuscript profile -
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70 - Plotinusian Elements in Gazi-Saeed’s Negative Theology
ژیلا رستمیThe greatest problem and most semantic vagueness on talking of Godrefer to semantic analysis of human traits and their attribution to god.When these attributes apply in usual linguistic use and normalcircumstances they have clear and intelligible sense; though suchattri MoreThe greatest problem and most semantic vagueness on talking of Godrefer to semantic analysis of human traits and their attribution to god.When these attributes apply in usual linguistic use and normalcircumstances they have clear and intelligible sense; though suchattributes and predicates use for a transcendent, non corporeal, andinfinite being is problematic. A few theories exposed to solve (orovercome) this puzzle. Here, I only illustrate Plotinus and Gazi-Saeed’stheory and demonstrate how Gazi-Saeed’s theology is influenced byPlotinusian one. Both believed that, considering ordinary language use,we can only talk about god in negative way. It seems, however,insisting on speaking of god negatively without using other methods,restrains us from talking about god genuinely. Manuscript profile -
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71 - Concept of Presence and Absence in Deconstroction Strategy: Reading the Paintings of Aydin Aghdashloo
Abstract This essay is an attempt to view deconstructed notions of “Presence” and “Absence” and to analyze readings that focus on a few paintings. The central argument of this paper has two parts. First, we explain concepts of “Presence an MoreAbstract This essay is an attempt to view deconstructed notions of “Presence” and “Absence” and to analyze readings that focus on a few paintings. The central argument of this paper has two parts. First, we explain concepts of “Presence and Absence” and “Truth in Art” in terms of Jacques Derrida. This study is based on “deconstruction”. Derrida developed a strategy called “deconstruction” in the mid-1960s. Although not purely negative, deconstruction is primarily concerned with a critique of the Western philosophical tradition. Deconstruction is generally presented to subvert, the various binary oppositions that undergird our dominant ways of thinking-presence/absence, speech/writing, and so forth. A second aspect of the negative binary oppositions is Derrida's strategy to turn over the oppositions to become the definitive meaning plural. In the second part, the four paintings of Aidin Aghdashloo (b.1319), the Iranian contemporary painter, will be analyzed through Derridian reading of deconstruction. We see here the four works of different periods of the artist's works with the topics of Identity, Oriental (Diary of Destruction), Years of Fire, Enigma III and Enigma X. Aghdashloo’s paintings, Can take a pluralistic approach, uncertainty, and ultimately eliminate the effect of the truth and turn it into a relative will. The present study attempts to investigate, how the concepts of “Presence” and “Through in Art” in opposition with “Absence” are explained in “Deconstruction” strategy and finally with this strategy how we can read some Iranian contemporary paintings. The results of this strategy are the potential of “Deconstruction” for the analysis and study of art in boarder domain. Manuscript profile -
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72 - Step by step with Aristotle seeking the supreme khnowledge
پرویز ziee shahabiPhilosophizing should be learnt from great philosophers and among great philosophers ,Aristotle may be regarded one of the greatest ones.To learn how to philosophize,we accompany Aristotle seeking the reply to the question:"What is philosophy?" Aristotle ,in Metaphysics MorePhilosophizing should be learnt from great philosophers and among great philosophers ,Aristotle may be regarded one of the greatest ones.To learn how to philosophize,we accompany Aristotle seeking the reply to the question:"What is philosophy?" Aristotle ,in Metaphysics (the beginning of great alpha), has opened this window for us.For him , humankinds nature is interwoven whit the quest of knowlege.Quest of knowledge which is in the nature of man, brings him in a path for which no end may be imagined.The man, who desires knowledge seeks the supreme knowledge. This supreme knowledge will, perhaps, never be grapaed by man.In any case. For Aristotle such knowledge is the most desireable, which must be sought. Manuscript profile -
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73 - Autism and the Three Main Theories of Cognition
Azadeh Doustelahi Seyed Ali Samadi Mostafa TaqaviExtensive studies on neuropsychiatric disorders have had a significant impact on our understanding of the structure and function of the brain and nervous system; To the extent that they have had important philosophical implications in the field of philosophy of mind and MoreExtensive studies on neuropsychiatric disorders have had a significant impact on our understanding of the structure and function of the brain and nervous system; To the extent that they have had important philosophical implications in the field of philosophy of mind and cognitive sciences. Autism is a disorder that has had many changes since its inception. Research on this disorder has made it a topic in philosophical psychology. The process of this research on cognitive and behavioral deficits in people with autism has had valuable insights into the development and structure of social cognition. In this regard, the three main theories of cognition, namely the theory of mind, the theory of simulation and the theory of executive control or the theory of metacognition, each with a different approach to autism disorder, introduce different causes. In this article, we will start with the clinical definition of autism, then introduce the three main theories of cognition, and finally show the superiority of simulation theory over the other two theories Manuscript profile -
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74 - Dysfunction of Psychoanalytic Film Theory from the Perspective of Cultural Feminism
The feminine language in the feminist film theory has two major fields. The first one would be the theory of psychoanalysis. According to that, men and women face two different processes in shaping their identities, and get a stable and fixed identity as male or female. MoreThe feminine language in the feminist film theory has two major fields. The first one would be the theory of psychoanalysis. According to that, men and women face two different processes in shaping their identities, and get a stable and fixed identity as male or female. So, as film or other cultural products' spectators, men and women will have fixed specified experiences due to their sexualities which have been formed according to the fixed formula of psychoanalysis; for example, men are always the subjects of desire and women are its objects. It was after the cultural studies that the cultural point of view in feminist film theory showed up. In this theory, receiving the meaning of a cinematic product is affected by the culture and the negotiation among the cultural differentials, such as age, sex, history, class, economy, and lived experiences of each man and woman. So all the men and all the women won't make the same meaning just due to their sexualities. As the cultural feminism claims, the meaning is always fluid and changing. So there's no need to make a feminine language vs. the masculine language in film making, because a fixed static masculine language in cinema is totally out of question according to the cultural feminism. It would be enough to reread the cinematic products and their sexual significations over and over again. In each reading the sexual significations are deconstructed due to the cultural differentials, and get new meanings which can even be anti-masculine Manuscript profile -
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75 - The Concept of Society From Confucian Point of View
Y. JafarzadehThe Chinese society of the time of Confucius was worn out bycontinuous civil wars, wickness of the government, cruelties,unsecurity, break up of family relations, and ethical corruption. Toreform this “natural society”, Confucius proposed a culturalexample f MoreThe Chinese society of the time of Confucius was worn out bycontinuous civil wars, wickness of the government, cruelties,unsecurity, break up of family relations, and ethical corruption. Toreform this “natural society”, Confucius proposed a culturalexample for an ideal society which was once realized by themythical, ancient emperors “Yao”, “Shu” and “Yu” in about 3000B.C., and again by king “Wan” and his son “Wu” at the beginningof the Chu dynasty.Confucius viewed society as a great family, founded on ahierarchical structure of fivefold familial relations. Such a society,with the celestial family – Heaven (father), earth (mother), ruler(son) – as its archetype, prospers through the filial piety of the ruler,and its benefits permeate to the lower ranks and even to theancestral souls in heaven. So, the society is the field ofmanifestation of the will of Heaven (T’ien), embracing the mysteryof life, and therefore, it is considered sacred. In such an idealsociety,preforming the social duties and rituals cultivates humanity,which in its turn brings about harmony of Heaven, earth and man,and prevents the society from any calamities. Manuscript profile -
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76 - The Concept of Beauty in Fih-e Ma Fih: A Philosophical Analysis
In this essay, we have tried to find Rumi`s views on the concept of beauty. We have focused on Fih-e Ma Fih and limited our research to it. For this purpose, we have put forward six questions from a contemporary viewpoint toward “beauty” and attempted to fin MoreIn this essay, we have tried to find Rumi`s views on the concept of beauty. We have focused on Fih-e Ma Fih and limited our research to it. For this purpose, we have put forward six questions from a contemporary viewpoint toward “beauty” and attempted to find Rumi’s (probable) answers to them in Fih-e Ma Fih. Accordingly, through a philosophical analysis, we traced out the six following questions: What kind of property is beauty ontologically? What does the experience of beauty feel like? Is beauty relative or absolute? Is beauty an equivocal concept or a univocal one? Is the relation between beauty and ugliness the subject of contrariety or of contradiction? And finally, what are the types of beauty in terms of its possessor? It seems that Rumi considers beauty an objective property, not a subjective or objective-subjective one. He holds that beauty is delightful and supposes that it is absolute. He believes that beauty is an equivocal concept and considers its relation with ugliness to be the subject of contradiction. Finally, he argues that beauty can be ascribed to mental states, abstract objects, and physical objects. Manuscript profile -
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77 - Kant’s Copernicusian Revolution
لیلا نصیری حسین گلچینیKant’s Copernicusian revolution is a well-known topic in history ofepistemology, though its implications and impacts are not welldiscussed enough. No need to mention that analysis of knowledge wasKant’s first philosophical self-commitment. Aspiring of Copern MoreKant’s Copernicusian revolution is a well-known topic in history ofepistemology, though its implications and impacts are not welldiscussed enough. No need to mention that analysis of knowledge wasKant’s first philosophical self-commitment. Aspiring of Copernicus’srevolution in astronomy, he changed the centrality of subject/object inhis epistemological approach and maintained that mind (cognitivefaculties) must be departure of metaphysical analysis; that was arevolutionary idea. Doing so, he, as it is well-known, divided alljudgments from two different aspects: first, analytic/synthetic; andsecond, apriori/aposteriori. He, then, argued that there are apriorisynthetic judgments – by which the possibility of knowledge iswarranted – are universal and necessary. These judgments not onlyrefer to external world, but also belong equally to physics,mathematics, and metaphysics. He believed that his doctrine could(dis)solve the old long-standing epistemological problem in modernphilosophy such as the debates on source of knowledge(reason/experience), dogmatism/skepticism, etc., among rationalistsand empiricists. Although his ideas, specially stressing on aprioriconcepts as a key, help him to (dis)solve some epistemological puzzles,either reveal a few new problems in newly changed epistemologicalscope. Manuscript profile -
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78 - Collection and Compilation of the Quran
Mohammad SepehriThe holy Quran is sent down to the holy Prophet, via Gabriel, atonce as well as during twenty three years of his prophecy.Subsequent to receiving revelation, the holy Prophet conveyedrevealed āyas to Muslims and then dictated them to “revelationwriters” in o MoreThe holy Quran is sent down to the holy Prophet, via Gabriel, atonce as well as during twenty three years of his prophecy.Subsequent to receiving revelation, the holy Prophet conveyedrevealed āyas to Muslims and then dictated them to “revelationwriters” in order to put any āya and sura in its specific place underhis direct control. The question of this research is that when was thepresent Quran collected and compiled in this manner? Referring toboth Shiite and Sunni sources and relying on historical evidence andproofs, this essay holds that the Quran was collected in its presentmanner in the holy Prophet’s time under his precise control andsupervision Manuscript profile -
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79 - Epistemological Review and Criticism of the Sophists According to Plato
With the new found importance of the epistemological discussions in the new era, studying the epistemological views and ideas of the Sophists as one of the most influential intellectual movements of the Greek’s golden age has become increasingly more important. Al MoreWith the new found importance of the epistemological discussions in the new era, studying the epistemological views and ideas of the Sophists as one of the most influential intellectual movements of the Greek’s golden age has become increasingly more important. Although we mostly know the viewpoints of sophists through their prominent opponents, namely Plato and Aristotle, ironically despite this conflict of ideas, the most creditable and valid reports on the mental school of the sophists, has reached us through these same opponents. This paper aims to study the critical aspects of the Sophists’ ideas from Plato’s viewpoint as evident in his writings, especially his Protagoras, while presenting relevant viewpoints of famous sophists on episteme. By expanding Heraclitus and Parmenides’s skeptical view points as well as the transmission of the object of knowledge from nature to human, they have essentially reduced episteme to sensory perceptions and furthermore, to the “individual” range and being subjected to being self-refuted. To confront this idea, Plato, through critical analysis of the relativism that emerged from the sophists’ “impressionism”, demonstrated the possibility of acquiring true knowledge and, through that, saving religious and moral values and beliefs. This effort would perhaps allow us to regard Plato’s philosophical doctrine including the creation of “Idea” as a reaction to the epistemological teachings of the sophists. Manuscript profile -
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80 - The Affective a Priori: A Look into Aesthetic Experience for Mikel Dufrenne
French philosopher and aesthetician, Mikel Dufrenne, is not such well-known in the phenomenological tradition, thought he was more concerned with aesthetics and art than his contemporary phenomenologists. In his book, The Phenomenology of Aesthetic Experience, he presen MoreFrench philosopher and aesthetician, Mikel Dufrenne, is not such well-known in the phenomenological tradition, thought he was more concerned with aesthetics and art than his contemporary phenomenologists. In his book, The Phenomenology of Aesthetic Experience, he presents a phenomenological attitude, through merging aesthetics with art, which differentiates him from his contemporaries. In this book,he presents a new phenomenological definition of the a priori and considers the concept of the “affective a priori” as a main principle in the aesthetic experience. This article attempts to clarify the concept of a priori in Dufrenne’s doctrine, and particularly the role of the affective a priori in the aesthetic experience, as the keys to a better understanding of his idea. Manuscript profile -
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81 - Primacy of the Will to Reason: Comparison between Schoupenhauer and Gazzali
ثریا سلاحورزیReason (knowledge) and will are two of more significance God’sattribute. The philosophical problem rises here is that which one haspriority in the creation of the world. A few philosopher and theologianproclaim that the reason (knowledge) has priority to will. Amo MoreReason (knowledge) and will are two of more significance God’sattribute. The philosophical problem rises here is that which one haspriority in the creation of the world. A few philosopher and theologianproclaim that the reason (knowledge) has priority to will. Amongwestern philosopher, Schaupenhauer, is one of the most famous onewho explicitly give priority to will, this study attempts to compare andconformity of Schopenhauer view for voluntary with Islamic scholarsoutlooks and finding out also its similarity and differences. Ibn’sina, onthe contrary, argues that the nature of power and/or will is knowledge;Gazzali, on the other hand, maintains approximately, asSchaupenhauer that will has priority. Manuscript profile -
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82 - The Status of Figh from the Epistemological Point of View: Implications and Consequences
Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) as a powerful technology has a profound effect on the societies in which it is used to, more or less, facilitate their affairs. In the present paper, after a brief overview of the status of fiqh as technology and examining some of the possib MoreFiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) as a powerful technology has a profound effect on the societies in which it is used to, more or less, facilitate their affairs. In the present paper, after a brief overview of the status of fiqh as technology and examining some of the possible ambiguities in this relation, we turn to some of the implications and consequences of “fiqh as a technology”. We try to give an explanation for the relation of fiqh with, and its impact on, issues such as the form of life, ethics, our knowledge of God, and the importance of controlling technologies. Manuscript profile -
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83 - Harry Gordon Frankfurt on Love
ندا مسلمی مالک حسینیHarry Frankfurt construes a different conception of love. He does notrecognize love as a response to the perceived worth of the beloved,because one may love something with no value at all. In contrast to thecommon belief that only valuable things are to be loved, Frankf MoreHarry Frankfurt construes a different conception of love. He does notrecognize love as a response to the perceived worth of the beloved,because one may love something with no value at all. In contrast to thecommon belief that only valuable things are to be loved, Frankfurtargues that we, by loving anything we want, make valuable what welove. Anything we love will necessarily be valuable to us because welove it. Frankfurt believes self-love to be the purest form of love. Weall see self-love as one of the goods that we care about. Love has fourmain necessary features. First, love is a disinterested concern for thewell-being of what is loved. Second, love is personal and there cannotbe an alternative for the beloved. Third, the lover identifies her or himwith her or his beloved; that is, they take the interests of their belovedas their own. Finally, love requires volitional necessities and we cannotchoose what to love. By loving we always pursue the final end, an endwhich has intrinsic value for us; it is valuable for its own sake, andthat’s why we always know which way to take and which desires tofollow. With love; then, we will not be affected with mental confusion;instead, we will feel a sense of freedom. The present article discussesHarry Frankfurt̉ s view on concept, significance and characteristics oflove. In spite of having a description format, the article includes inconclusion critics on Frankfurt̉ s view. Manuscript profile -
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84 - Validity of Judge’s Own Knowledge and Its Challenges
Asghar ArabiyanJudge’s own personal knowledge as one way of substantiation ofclaims has always been emphasized by all jurists especially Shiites onthe basis of some traditions none of which has implication enough inorder to prove that and some may even be used as a basis for lac MoreJudge’s own personal knowledge as one way of substantiation ofclaims has always been emphasized by all jurists especially Shiites onthe basis of some traditions none of which has implication enough inorder to prove that and some may even be used as a basis for lack ofauthority of such a knowledge. Thus, some jurists referred theknowledge in question to necessity of being knowledgeable of juristiccriteria of truth and justice and interpreted those traditions asconformity of trial with juristic criteria. Judge’s personal knowledge ischallenged by later Sunni jurists and in the Iranian juristic system isconsidered refutable through various legal ways which practicallyannounces unauthority of judge’s personal knowledge as a basis forjudgment. Judge’s knowledge of juristic criteria, however, remains anundeniable necessity for judgment Manuscript profile -
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85 - The Methodology of Justification and Critique in Sadrian Theosophy
عبدالعلی موحدیOne of the major issues in modern methodological discussions isthe method of justification in different schools of thought, whichwas formerly called “the why of justification”, that is, the reasonwhy something is justified. Defying the limiting methodologies MoreOne of the major issues in modern methodological discussions isthe method of justification in different schools of thought, whichwas formerly called “the why of justification”, that is, the reasonwhy something is justified. Defying the limiting methodologies ofhis predecessors in justification, Mullā Sadrā makes methodologicaluse of his intuitive findings, on equal footing with demonstrativesyllogism. He resorts to methods of mystics in justifying thetranscendent theses in his philosophy. Moreover, in listing the basicpropositions, next to the first principles of the past philosophers, healso includes intuitive propositions acquired through the faculty ofillumination.Since Mullā Sadrā sought to found a novel system of thought, heconcerned himself with analyzing and criticizing otherphilosophers, employing logical methods in dealing with theirprinciples, arguments, and conclusions Manuscript profile -
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86 - Heidegger’s Conception of Time in Contrast to Hegel’s
Mohammad Zare Shirin KandiThis article compares the meaning of time in the philosophies of Hegeland Heidegger. After a review of Hegel’s view on time, Heidegger’scritique of Hegel’s opinion on this notion will be offered. ThenHeidegger’s own idea on time, which is in cont MoreThis article compares the meaning of time in the philosophies of Hegeland Heidegger. After a review of Hegel’s view on time, Heidegger’scritique of Hegel’s opinion on this notion will be offered. ThenHeidegger’s own idea on time, which is in contrast to Hegel’s, will beintroduced. From the viewpoint of Heidegger, Hegel’s understanding oftime is at the side of the mainstream western metaphysics. Heideggerbelieves that his own understanding of time goes beyond the ordinaryconception of the concept in western philosophy. Manuscript profile -
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87 - Philosophy of Intimidation and Punishment
Ahmad BeheshtiSince Muslim philosophers and Mutakallimun consider the NecessaryBeing to be Pure Goodness and believe in Infallibaty of the system ofcreation, the question arises as to: Why does God intimidate Hisservants to punishment and why will He punish sinners in the cominglife MoreSince Muslim philosophers and Mutakallimun consider the NecessaryBeing to be Pure Goodness and believe in Infallibaty of the system ofcreation, the question arises as to: Why does God intimidate Hisservants to punishment and why will He punish sinners in the cominglife Akhira?The present writing undertakes to explain solutions posed byMuslim philosophers and mutakallimuns. Manuscript profile -
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88 - The Early Wittgenstein: The Opposition of Language and Metaphysics
In Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Wittgenstein attempts to make a distinction between two levels of the states of affairs in order to have a logical and accurate view of the world. For Wittgenstein, metaphysics, ethics, religion, and art belong to the realm of the Tran MoreIn Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Wittgenstein attempts to make a distinction between two levels of the states of affairs in order to have a logical and accurate view of the world. For Wittgenstein, metaphysics, ethics, religion, and art belong to the realm of the Transcendental about which you can’t say anything. Rather, it can only be demonstrated. He refers to it as nonsense for it is meta-linguistic. The empirical world or nature is the realm which can be talked about and judged, since it is a picture of reality and the criterion for the truth of propositions, which is the pictorial relationship between language and reality. For Wittgenstein, precise understanding of the world requires the mentioned necessary distinction. He believes that the main metaphysical problem which philosophers historically encountered was due to the lack of this distinction and abuse of language. In fact, by making such a distinction he seeks to secure metaphysical propositions and protect them from philosophers’ interference. This implies Wittgenstein's mystical approach to this field. In this article, we will try to make it clear that Wittgenstein, through linguistic approach, made a distinction between linguistic and nonlinguistic state of affairs, and that this distinction is in itself a contradiction. Manuscript profile -
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89 - Analysis of the Train Metaphor in Ana Karenina Novel Based on the Model of Lakoff and Johnson’s Conceptual Metaphors
Parisa Changizi Hoseinali NozariPhilosophers and historians of science believe in a particular metaphor for every century in the history of science. Meanwhile, the nineteenth century is under the metaphor of the train, which is the embodiment of the steam engine. On the other hand, at the same time, t MorePhilosophers and historians of science believe in a particular metaphor for every century in the history of science. Meanwhile, the nineteenth century is under the metaphor of the train, which is the embodiment of the steam engine. On the other hand, at the same time, the metaphor of the train plays a decisive role in nineteenth-century literature and it becomes one of the factors on which the plot of the story is based. So in the nineteenth century, the metaphor of the train, which is a tangible form of the steam engine for people, spread everywhere and it found a decisive role in the nineteenth-century literature. This metaphor becomes one of the factors on which the plot of the story is based. After introducing the train metaphor as the dominant metaphor in nineteenth-century science and literature, the paper analyzes the metaphor in Anna Karenina's novel by theme analysis strategy and based on the theory of Lakoff and Johnson's conceptual metaphors. Manuscript profile -
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90 - Kim's Objections to non-Reductive Physicalism Regarding Mental Causation Problem
In physicalism and its various types, it is often tried to explain the mind-body relationship scientifically and philosophically; but the main problem arises when two general and scientifically accepted principles, namely the completeness of physical world and the causa MoreIn physicalism and its various types, it is often tried to explain the mind-body relationship scientifically and philosophically; but the main problem arises when two general and scientifically accepted principles, namely the completeness of physical world and the causal closure of physics, are considered along with the mental causation problem. In this paper, Kim's objections to non-reductive physicalism regarding mental causation problem will be discussed. These objections include casual exclusion and overdetermination of the mental. The former is the first problem with which, in Kim's sight, physicalism encounters. Kim also argues that mind-body supervenience is an accepted concept in all kinds of physicalism. Then he argues that non-reductive forms of physicalism, given that the mind-body supervenience is valid, lead to epiphenomenalism and even to its radical forms. He then argues that the same problem exists for physical realism. Moreover, Kim talks about various aspects of Anomalous Monism which had tried to solve the mental causation problem Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - The Efficiency of System Rationality in the Face of Corona Crisis
Reason is reliable tool for solving and controlling the crisis at any level. Some thinkers have accepted only scientific rationality or its superiority and others expanded the scope of rationality, thus it includes human’s operations in the area of daily life and MoreReason is reliable tool for solving and controlling the crisis at any level. Some thinkers have accepted only scientific rationality or its superiority and others expanded the scope of rationality, thus it includes human’s operations in the area of daily life and moral evaluation. There is no hegemonic and dominate rationality in the systems rationality and cannot be said that a special rationality forms the life of human. In this form of social rationality, every social subsystem based on its degree sensitivity, which is called resonance, will respond to changes and environmental disorder, just like human’s feeling of empathy. This reaction is necessary for the health and survival of subsystem and society (environment). In the face of the crisis due to Coronavirus disease, subsystems are moving from the own their path in the direction of general purpose. The rationality of subsystem cannot overcome the consequence of crisis alone. The problematic impact of some societies with this disease and its crisis despite they have strong economic rationality and active and advanced scientific rationality, probably it is due to over reliance on scientific and economic rationality. To illustrate the weakness of scientific rationality in in two cases, one of the limitation of human rationality and the other encouraging people to change in lifestyle, first by examining the data collected through the study of library and web search, we deal with the expression of influence scope of human’ rationality and the critic of scientific and technological rationality and then we explain systemic rationality. Manuscript profile -
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92 - Sohrawardi and the Problem of Realism
سید عباس ذهبیIn arguing for realism and true knowledge, Sohrawardī's point of viewneither resembles his Muslim predecessors nor does it portray Platonicand Aristotelian impact on settling the notions. Unlike Platonists, hetends to ground knowledge in sensation, and in contrast to Ar MoreIn arguing for realism and true knowledge, Sohrawardī's point of viewneither resembles his Muslim predecessors nor does it portray Platonicand Aristotelian impact on settling the notions. Unlike Platonists, hetends to ground knowledge in sensation, and in contrast to Aristotelianshe regards knowledge as direct and immediate; therefore sensationshould be his departure point to construe realism. Having primarilyaddressed Muslim peripatetic so as to criticize their school's three mainpre-suppositions, he strives to put forward a novel theory by which onecan sketch realism within his system of thought. After exposing thisnegative and critical aspect of his viewpoint, this paper will proceedwith the analysis of his positive approach. The approach will beformulated into six pre-suppositions while adopting them ultimatelysheds light upon realism within Suhrawardī's thought. Manuscript profile -
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93 - Kuhn’s Response to the Relativism Accusation
Abstract Kuhn often accused that has repeated the foundations of relativism in a cover and surface of scientific history in his works especially in Structure of Scientific Revolutions. The impossibility of reaching the truth, undedetermination of theories by observatio MoreAbstract Kuhn often accused that has repeated the foundations of relativism in a cover and surface of scientific history in his works especially in Structure of Scientific Revolutions. The impossibility of reaching the truth, undedetermination of theories by observations and incommonsuribility are the main foundations of relativism which is found in Kuhn’s works. But Kuhn did not consider himself as a relativist. In response to this accusation he emphasis the existence of common sensory stimulants and discuss a list of common values that can guarantee the objectivity and rationality of science. He also defined incommensuribility in a moderate way which is equal to the impossibility of complete and accurate translation. This essay will review Kuhn’s response to this accusation and will show that though Kuhn in his second period of thought use a more realistic language but he defined its concepts in a relativistic paradigm and foundations of relativism are still present. Manuscript profile -
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94 - Evaluation Susan Haacke's Critique of Popper's Epistemological Anti Justification Votes
Mahdi Brojerdi Alireza Mansouri Reza Azizi NezhadCritical rationalism is an approach to biological behavior, and especially to science, that has been introduced by Karl Popper. But his views on the rejection of induction and justification have met with opposition from Susan Haacke as a philosopher of logic. In this ar MoreCritical rationalism is an approach to biological behavior, and especially to science, that has been introduced by Karl Popper. But his views on the rejection of induction and justification have met with opposition from Susan Haacke as a philosopher of logic. In this article, we will evaluate Haacke's view of Popper's views as logical negativity, and show that Haacke makes every effort to maintain justification methods in various interpretations and forms, mostly under the shadow of induction. We will also show that Haacke's critique of Popper, due to his tendency to justify, suffers from some psychological and semantic confusion with epistemological issues. In response, we will see that Popper denies the connection between rationality and justification, and essentially considers justification impossible, and proposes a three-step model, including problem-solving, finding innovative solutions to the problem, and eliminating some of which there is no need for justification. And there is no supporting evidence. The product of such an approach would be to present creative conjectures and conjectures that, while accepting the existence of an ideal truth and a reality outside our minds, do not establish any relation of reality or truth to the hypotheses, and as a result We will be safe from the problems of justification. That is why we are always ready to criticize our solutions and take a more modest position on our hypotheses and theories. Manuscript profile -
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95 - Comparison of the Viewpoints of Ghazali and Kierkegaard on the Truth of Faith
Faith is one of the theological issues in Abrahamic religions. Many thinkers have talked about it and its relation to other topics such as knowledge and reason. Ghazali and Kierkegaard are among those scholars who have discussed faith according to their intellectual fou MoreFaith is one of the theological issues in Abrahamic religions. Many thinkers have talked about it and its relation to other topics such as knowledge and reason. Ghazali and Kierkegaard are among those scholars who have discussed faith according to their intellectual foundations. Ghazali believes that faith is an acknowledgment whose beginning is knowledge, but this faith is not of a completely rational type; rather, it is a certain and psychological acknowledgment. Kierkegaard had an existential viewpoint. He regards faith as an inexpressible and paradoxical truth. Faith is accompanied by passion and astonishment, and leads to unity. In this study, we try to compare the similarities and differences of the two thinkers’ viewpoints concerning faith. Manuscript profile -
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96 - Investigating Juristic Essentials of Copyright
Mehdi KhodaeeCreator of a piece of literature or art owns, in fact, essentiallywhat he has created and this can be a basis for proving the copyrightin the Islamic jurisprudence. Should one doubt it, we can assert thatthe creator has an accidental ownership as well which makes others MoreCreator of a piece of literature or art owns, in fact, essentiallywhat he has created and this can be a basis for proving the copyrightin the Islamic jurisprudence. Should one doubt it, we can assert thatthe creator has an accidental ownership as well which makes othersavoid violating his right to its material benefits. This is what thisessay intends to prove Manuscript profile -
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97 - Islamic Thology and philosophy challenge interaction?
سید صدرالدین taheryChallenges faced by Islamic philosophy and theology(kalam),consisting of interaction,opposition,and in some cases a synthesis of the two, are a part of Islamic thought, and study of such challenges, in turn, may be of some influence in command on the issues discussed in MoreChallenges faced by Islamic philosophy and theology(kalam),consisting of interaction,opposition,and in some cases a synthesis of the two, are a part of Islamic thought, and study of such challenges, in turn, may be of some influence in command on the issues discussed in the two disciplines and in particular Islamic philosphy.To research in this field,which covers many issues,requires a great deal of time. In this article, however,asmall part of a minor branch of a single issue has been Manuscript profile -
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98 - Tabataba’i and his Successors Problem of Knowledge
Ghasem Pour Hasan Darzi Maryam SolgiTabataba’i has defined knowledge as the presence of one abstract inanother abstract. The first abstract which is the known has its existencein knowledge by presence and its essence in knowledge by aquintance.The second one is the very knower’s mind. Tabataba MoreTabataba’i has defined knowledge as the presence of one abstract inanother abstract. The first abstract which is the known has its existencein knowledge by presence and its essence in knowledge by aquintance.The second one is the very knower’s mind. Tabataba’i and hissuccessors have deduced some argument in order to demonstrateabstractedness of the two mentioned case. It seems that suchargumentation would be the first step in ontology of knowledge. Othersteps and themes are the realms of being, overlapping of these realms,unification of knower and known and that of knowing [world], andreduction of knowledge by acquaintance to knowledge by presence. Manuscript profile -
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99 - Max Scheler’s Phenomenological Criticism of Kant’s Formal System
To solve a philosophical problem, the philosopher needs to recognize the problem first. According to an old prevalent notion, feeling must be subordinate to reason. Traditionally, knowledge, and specifically morality, considered to be formal and rational, as a priori, o MoreTo solve a philosophical problem, the philosopher needs to recognize the problem first. According to an old prevalent notion, feeling must be subordinate to reason. Traditionally, knowledge, and specifically morality, considered to be formal and rational, as a priori, or experiential and emotional, as relative. Hence a philosopher like Immanuel Kant, through the formal– material classification considers the formal reason as the only way to gain absolutely certain knowledge. Max Scheler opposes this formal rationalism. Formalism of Kant’s philosophical system is the major challenge to which Scheler faces up. Hence he tries to stand against Kant’s formal system by means of an informal system which is based on a kind of phenomenology that neither is mixed with relativism and empricism nor needs to accept the formal rationalism. This article is going to clarify Scheler’s position on Kant’s formal rationalism. Manuscript profile -
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100 - The Ontological Argument, with a View to the Islamic Philosophy
Dr. E. RahmatiOne of the most famous arguments for existence of God in theWestern Philosophy is the Ontological argument. The basic ground forthis argument is st. Anselm's definition of God as that than which nogreater being can be conceived. The definition is comparable withMuslim P MoreOne of the most famous arguments for existence of God in theWestern Philosophy is the Ontological argument. The basic ground forthis argument is st. Anselm's definition of God as that than which nogreater being can be conceived. The definition is comparable withMuslim Philosophers' definition of necessary being to the effect that Manuscript profile -
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101 - Describing Causation by Way of Concepts of Physics
Abstract Abstract: In the last century, philosophers have profoundly revisited the concept of causation. Primarily because the traditional conceptualizations were not compatible with our new understanding of causation, and also because some of the recent conceptualizat MoreAbstract Abstract: In the last century, philosophers have profoundly revisited the concept of causation. Primarily because the traditional conceptualizations were not compatible with our new understanding of causation, and also because some of the recent conceptualizations in modern science can establish a proper foundation to start constructing more progressive theories. Our goal, in this research, is to introduce such theories, amongst which the Process theory of causation and the Conserved quantity theory are two dominant and successful examples. We undoubtedly start our discussion with Hume’s Regularity theory of causation, and then we will follow the formation process of the modern theories which have been shaped by criticizing this theory and adding to it the new findings in philosophy and physics. Therefore, our next step will be introducing the Probabilistic theory of causation and after that the transition theory, the process theory and the conserved quantity theory of causation. Manuscript profile -
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102 - Kantian Time and Space in Music
In “Critique of Judgment” Kant deals with Judgment of Taste and besides this, he also defines the position of arts by bringing examples based on beauty (fineness), agreeability and sublimity. It is exactly here where except for poetry for which he considers MoreIn “Critique of Judgment” Kant deals with Judgment of Taste and besides this, he also defines the position of arts by bringing examples based on beauty (fineness), agreeability and sublimity. It is exactly here where except for poetry for which he considers a very particular position, he cannot give a distinctive position to any other art. In Kant’s view, music has the most suspending position among all arts. For Kant, music is sometimes an agreeable art and sometimes a fine one. The Suspending place of this art appears due to Kant’s uncertainties in making decisions in examples he brings for the development and clarity of his aesthetics. For some reasons which are not among the basic elements of his judgment, he sometimes puts music outside his aesthetic theories. One of these reasons is “Transience”. In a part of “Critique of Judgment”, he classifies music outside fine arts because it produces transient mood, while he had never considered transience and time directly as an essential and basic element in his judgments. In this article and with reference to Kant’s own theory and review of what he has said on the concept of Time and also his ideas elaborated “Critique of Judgment”, we try to demonstrate that if Kant had adjusted his thoughts more precisely to his classification of arts, then he would place music at the highest position. Manuscript profile -
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103 - Two Rival Approaches to Problem of Irreversibility
سید رضا ملیح زهرا شجاعیWith the discovery of second law of thermodynamics and the attemptto supervene it on the classical dynamics, the paradox of irreversibilityshowed up for the first time, as the laws of classical dynamics, incontrast to the second law of thermodynamics, were reversible an MoreWith the discovery of second law of thermodynamics and the attemptto supervene it on the classical dynamics, the paradox of irreversibilityshowed up for the first time, as the laws of classical dynamics, incontrast to the second law of thermodynamics, were reversible andsymmetric with respect to time. In this paper, after reviewing theproblem of irreversibility, we pin down two rival approaches to theproblem. The first approach whose pioneer is Ilya Prigogine claims thatirreversibility arises out of dynamical instabilities defined as “disorder”at microscopic level. However, according to the rival theory, which isadvocated by Price and Bricmont, irreversibility at macroscopic levelarises out of specific initial conditions of the world. This is notcontrasted with the notion of irreversibility at microscopic level.Although the two rival theories are completely different with respect totheir theoretical foundations, I will show that one can trace a consensusin a view that reversibility is “practically in principle” impossible. Thisis the term I have coined for the commonality between the two opposedtheories Manuscript profile -
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104 - Conditional-Predicative Conjunctive Syllogisms and Division of Propositions into Actuality, Mental and Factual
Alireza DarabiThe necessity of the compatibility in all elements of logic is something that has never been denied among Muslims intellectuals. Throughout the history of logic, any possible inconsistency in the rules of logic, albeit small, has led to a careful study by Muslim logicia MoreThe necessity of the compatibility in all elements of logic is something that has never been denied among Muslims intellectuals. Throughout the history of logic, any possible inconsistency in the rules of logic, albeit small, has led to a careful study by Muslim logicians. In the continuation of this process, the present text introduces an important inconsistency in the current views of the logicians. In contemporary opinion, the division of predicative proposition into three categories: actuality, mental, and factual (with differences in interpretation) has been endorsed by most Islamic logicians and philosophers. It is claimed that this division is independent of the rest of the rules of logic and can be accepted without changing the syllogism expressed in the logical tradition. In this paper, it is presented that elements of the conditional-predicative conjunctive syllogisms can only be accepted if the predicative propositions are factual. This claim is proved by examining the conditional- predicative conjunctive syllogism by sharing an incomplete part and the middle term is a part of conditional consequence. This part of the syllogism in the tradition of Avicennian logic is considered the most obvious example of conditional-predicative syllogism with a shared incomplete part. Careful examination of the evidence in the books of the Avicennian logicians has shown the validity of our claim. Manuscript profile -
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105 - ایمان از دیدگاه مرجئه
جواد Khademzadeh -
Open Access Article
106 - What Is Religious Empiricism?
بابک عباسی“Religious experience”, in its broadest sense, is either an innerexperience or an objective event that has religious meaning for thesubject. In philosophy of religion, however, a narrower meaning of theterm is at issue: an experience taken by the subject as More“Religious experience”, in its broadest sense, is either an innerexperience or an objective event that has religious meaning for thesubject. In philosophy of religion, however, a narrower meaning of theterm is at issue: an experience taken by the subject as experientialawareness of God; in which one directly perceives the presence of God(or a divine being). Religious empiricism is an approach which tries tojustify or reconstruct religious beliefs on the ground of “religiousexperience”. In this paper, after a short review on the historicalbackground of this attitude, I will propose two different meanings forreligious empiricism. Then, considering Schleiermacher's and James'sviews, I will discuss religious empiricism in its contemporary andperhaps most important formulation developed by Swinburne andAlston. Religious empiricism could be understood as a religiousreaction to the criticism of religion in the modern time. It tries to stayand act within the framework of modern philosophy that emphasizes onthe significance of experience. In their intellectual efforts, theadvocates of this stream have expanded the boundaries of the notion ofexperience. On the other hand, “religious experience” has a differentmeaning and function for each of aforementioned philosophers. So, toevaluate this approach we need to understand these differences indepth. Manuscript profile -
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107 - Ibn Sina on Causality and the Epistemological Role of Sense in it
Fatemeh Ramezanidiscussion about epistemology realm includes the quality of humanunderstanding of causality, evidence of causation, causation arguments,and the role of sense in emergence of causation, correlation betweencausation and experience, recognizing the necessity of cause and e Morediscussion about epistemology realm includes the quality of humanunderstanding of causality, evidence of causation, causation arguments,and the role of sense in emergence of causation, correlation betweencausation and experience, recognizing the necessity of cause and effect,and so on. Avicenna has great part in explanation, and addressingepistemological questions of causality. Presenting two philosophicaland psychological explanations, he satisfied many gaps in cognitivecausality. One of the most important points of epistemic causality is thecorrelation between sense and causality, and Avicenna considered theseissues and has spoken much about it. Abu Ali, introduced causality asthe interactive product of sense and reason, and he believed that reason,in the pursuit of the concept of causality is dependent on feeling, and inthe verification of causality, is independent. Presenting a psychologicalanalysis of causation, and coupling it with rational deduction based onthe refusal of contradictions, he seeks to explain the essentialrelationship between cause and effect. Offering a Avicenna'sexplanation from causation, this paper seeks for determining theepistemic role of sense in causation. Manuscript profile -
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108 - A Synoptic View of Aghā Mohammad Rezā Ghomshei's Thoughts and Works
Amir Javan ArastehAghā Mohammad Rezā Ghomshei possesses a high status inphilosophical and mystical discussions. Despite this fact, scarcely anyresearcher has investigated thoughts and theories of such importantsage. Although understanding and explanation of mystical thoughs ofsuch person MoreAghā Mohammad Rezā Ghomshei possesses a high status inphilosophical and mystical discussions. Despite this fact, scarcely anyresearcher has investigated thoughts and theories of such importantsage. Although understanding and explanation of mystical thoughs ofsuch person as Aghā Mohammad Rezā – who is considered as one ofthe most major expositors of Ibn al- Arabi's school – is out of writer'sreach, but this article aims to clarfy some aspects of his thinking bypacing through his writings as much as possible. Manuscript profile -
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109 - Husserl on Consciousness of Internal Time
فاطمه راثیThe phenomenology of time attempts to investigate how is constitutedthe internal time consciousness. In fact phenomenology of timeconsciousnessconcerns itself with the structure of the act of perceivingthat allows us to apprehend a temporal object as unified across itsm MoreThe phenomenology of time attempts to investigate how is constitutedthe internal time consciousness. In fact phenomenology of timeconsciousnessconcerns itself with the structure of the act of perceivingthat allows us to apprehend a temporal object as unified across itsmanifold moments. In this approach time is no longer the measure ofmotion, the psychological characters of soul and even thetranscendental presuppositions of cognition. Husserl distinguishes threelevels of time for our consideration: (1) world[ly] or objective time; (2)personalistic or subjective time; and (3) the consciousness of internaltime. According to Husserl our experience of temporal objects consistsof three aspects: 1. protention, 2. retention and 3. primal impression.Protention is a process by which anticipations are formed concerningwhat will shortly be experienced (in primal impression). 2- Retention isa process by which something that is experienced-as-present remains inconsciousness and sinks back. 3- Primal impression which is thecomponent of consciousness that is narrowly directed toward the nowphase of the object. The primal impression cannot be thoughtindependently of its temporal horizon. Thus all experience entails atemporal horizon. This article attempt to explain Husserl's account oftime-consciousness. Manuscript profile -
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110 - Philosophical Explanation of Creatures’ Praise to God from Sadrian Viewpoint
In Islamic and Quranic culture, praising and worshipping God is not specific to human beings; rather, the whole world and all creatures of the universe praise God consciously and in their specific languages. Thus, “the Creatures’ praise to God” has alw MoreIn Islamic and Quranic culture, praising and worshipping God is not specific to human beings; rather, the whole world and all creatures of the universe praise God consciously and in their specific languages. Thus, “the Creatures’ praise to God” has always been a controversial topic among researchers of all eras since the Quran descended. However, it takes a different form in the transcendent theosophy. Mulla Sadra, as a philosopher, mystic, and exegetist, dealt with this problem from a philosophical, mystical, and exegetic viewpoint. The present research deals with the terminology of the term “praise” and explains Mulla Sadra’s philosophical viewpoint toward it. Relying on his philosophical principles, Mulla Sadra puts forward three arguments for generality of praising. He expresses that all Creatures have knowledge and perception, and praise God in their own languages. Manuscript profile -
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111 - Al-ThaÊlabi and His Commentary „Al-Kashf waÊl Bayan `an Tafsir al-Quran
Mehrdad AbbasiAbu Ishaq al-Tha’labi is a great Quranic commentator fromNishabour in the fourth and fifth centuries. His commentary entitled“Al-Kashf wa’l Bayan `an Tafsir al-Quran” has played a significantrole in the itinerary of writing theological books as w MoreAbu Ishaq al-Tha’labi is a great Quranic commentator fromNishabour in the fourth and fifth centuries. His commentary entitled“Al-Kashf wa’l Bayan `an Tafsir al-Quran” has played a significantrole in the itinerary of writing theological books as well as Quranicexegesis in late centuries. Reviewing al-Tha’libi’s scientific,cultural life shortly and introducing his works briefly, the presentessay introduces his most significant work, i.e., his Quraniccommentary, including a survey of his sources as well as hismethod, an explanation of status of al-Kashf wa’l Bayan in theQuranic exegesis, and judgments of Islamic scholars concerningthat commentary. Manuscript profile -
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112 - Semantic Account for Truth of the Sentences of Deduetive Disciplines: Based on Tarski's Ideas
مهدی بهنیافر علی اکبر احمدی افرمجانیA. Tarski's truth- theory is based on classic conception ofcorrespondance-truth-theory and of semantics. The semantic impartof Tarski's study on truth makes his project distiguished from theother truth- investigations. One of the most issues which Tarskipays attention t MoreA. Tarski's truth- theory is based on classic conception ofcorrespondance-truth-theory and of semantics. The semantic impartof Tarski's study on truth makes his project distiguished from theother truth- investigations. One of the most issues which Tarskipays attention to it, is deductive disciplines. The deductivedisciplines consist in axioms (or postulates), primary concepts, andcertain derivation rules. In this research, first, we try to answer thequestion whether asking for truth of the sentences of deductivesystem such as mathematics and logic is correct and significant one.Second, after asserting postive answer to first question, in virtue ofTarski's semantical ideas, it is examined the ways by which isacommplished for truth of the sentences of sciences and deductivesystems. Such definition is based on Tarski's conception of"concequence" and "model" which are in accordance with hissemantic approach. Then it is mentioned that the semantic accountis in contrast with apodictic and syntactical ones which are not inaccordance with Tarski's semantic attitudes and didn't enclude allformulated theorms in deductive systems. Finally, the positivefeatures of the new definition for truth is explained and some(re)assessments and/or (re)evalutions are discussed. Manuscript profile -
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113 - Restatement of Evolution in the Light of the Unity of Nature and Actuality of Species in Illuminationist Philosophy
Seyed Mohammad Ali Dibaji Ali Akbar NasekhianThe unity of the natural world has long been a subject of thought and interest for philosophers. In modern times, this has been studied by scientists in the natural sciences, including biology. Meanwhile, evolutionists believe that all kinds of natural beings in a desce MoreThe unity of the natural world has long been a subject of thought and interest for philosophers. In modern times, this has been studied by scientists in the natural sciences, including biology. Meanwhile, evolutionists believe that all kinds of natural beings in a descending continuum reach a single origin. In other words, all natural species emerge gradually from each other and finally from a common root. The evolutionists' statement of the unity of the natural world, requires that the nature of species is purely biological nature, and that this nature by itself, hasn’t any independent and actual feature. Such an exposition, as the evolutionists themselves have pointed out, is inconsistent with the theory of the illuminationist philosophers (such as Plato), who considered an independent and actual species. In this article, from the perspective of illuminationist philosophy, and especially Suhrawardi's viewpoint, the reasons of evolutionists' discussion of the unity of nature and the actuality of species has been reviewed. The results of this study show that in the illuminationist tradition, due to substantial increase of intensity, species can evolve in their own kind, but their independent actuality is provided not by material persons (sanam), but by lords of species and immaterial substantial lights Manuscript profile -
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114 - A Comparison of Ibn-Sina and Mulla Sadra’s Views on the Union of the Intellect and the Inelligible
منیره سید مظهریThe disagreements between Mulla Sadra and Ibn-Sina concerning theissue of the union of the intellect and the intelligible represent anexample of the difference between the conceptions of two prominentislamic philosophers of an important philosophical problem.Two complet MoreThe disagreements between Mulla Sadra and Ibn-Sina concerning theissue of the union of the intellect and the intelligible represent anexample of the difference between the conceptions of two prominentislamic philosophers of an important philosophical problem.Two completely contrasting theories have been ascribed to Ibn-Sina inthis regard. Some of his words indicate his rejection of the union of theintellect and the intelligible. While some of his other words indicate hisconfirmation of this theory. Conversely, Mulla Sadra is a greatsupporter of this theory and has adduced various arguments todemonstrate it. The theory of the union of the intellect and theintelligible, which is either denied or accepted by Ibn-Sina, is not inharmony with the one supported by Mulla Sadra, and the views of thesetwo philosophers concerning this theory are totally different from eachother. Their disagreements can be summarized in two points:1. Reality of intellection 2. Reality of the unionConsidering the above two points of difference, we can say that theirconceptions of the union of the intellect and the intelligible are sodifferent from each other that they represent the intellectualconfrontation between them deeper than what it really is. Manuscript profile -
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115 - Exception Logic in the Political Philosophy of Carl Schmitt
Carl Schmitt was one of the dedicated critics of Weimar Republic and its Pluralism that criticized all socio-political transformations after French Revolution. He thought the concept of the political as a pre-requirement to the concept of government and believed that th MoreCarl Schmitt was one of the dedicated critics of Weimar Republic and its Pluralism that criticized all socio-political transformations after French Revolution. He thought the concept of the political as a pre-requirement to the concept of government and believed that the government can be expressed only through the political. However the concept of the political is nothing but power and resolve to decide about humans and human groups relations based on friend and foe patterns. Schmitt with distinction between friend and foeperforms a form ofenemy- recognition and express that absolute and superior power is in recognizing the enemy. All the arguments concerning power have been in a normal state. But the main issue refers to a exceptional situation in which, the governor who has exclusive right in law and decides on the exception. This exception is like miracle that how the governor can perform miracle in exceptional situations. The governor is responsible for deciding about friend, enemy, declaring war and exception logic. In exception logic, the governor is the one who is granted by legal system the power to declare exceptional situation and thus the power to suspend the very creditability of the systems itself. Manuscript profile -
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116 - Terror and Territory: the Geometry of Political Theory in Contemporary World
This paper aims to demonstrate the relation between territory, state and terror in the contemporary world as concrete terms which represent the territorial aspects of sovereignty. Using a historical conceptual analysis, it tries to illustrate that sovereignty is an issu MoreThis paper aims to demonstrate the relation between territory, state and terror in the contemporary world as concrete terms which represent the territorial aspects of sovereignty. Using a historical conceptual analysis, it tries to illustrate that sovereignty is an issue at the intersection of terror and territory because it operates as the crucial bridge between terror and state and is integral to territorial state. To this end, territory is defined as the spatial extent of sovereignty based on the “the concept of space”. Subsequently, it becomes clear why the apparently univocal national borders which serve as the absolute model of the border institution, in fact constitute only a part of the government’s institutions. These borders could never exist independent of other alignments that allow them to function on a local as well as a global level; the very alignments that delineate sovereign territories. Building on these bases, this paper endeavors to show how to control a territory is to exercise violence within the boundaries of the modern nation-state and through this tries to prove the relationship between terror and territory. In this framework, it seeks to add a corrective approach to the modern political theory which is based on geometry: the Political geometry of inside and outside. The paper concludes that the fundamental concept of political philosophy is neither freedom nor political power, but borders; i.e. the very borders that construct the territory of a country. The final aim of the paper is to determine the political space of the “refugee” within the Topos of politics; because it is he/she who reveals the main aporia of the modern political theory: “borders”. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - The Concept of Walayat according to Agha Mohammad Reza Ghomshehi
A'zam RejāleThe Present study is based on the concept of Walayat in IslamicMysticism according to Agha Hakim Sahba, Mohammad RezaGhomshehi. Hakim Sahba, as the representative of thoreticalMysticism is an interpreter of Mulla Sadra's Doctirin.The study attempts to evaluate, the mean MoreThe Present study is based on the concept of Walayat in IslamicMysticism according to Agha Hakim Sahba, Mohammad RezaGhomshehi. Hakim Sahba, as the representative of thoreticalMysticism is an interpreter of Mulla Sadra's Doctirin.The study attempts to evaluate, the meaning of Walayat from thestandpoint of Islamic Mysticism and its division in to General Walayatand Specific Walayat, which is Particularly attributed to The HolyProphet (Peace be upon him) and His Household generation,Moreover, the ranks of walayat and the End of walayat, which in ourtime, is assigned to Hazrat- e- Basiyyat Allih al- 'Azam, are Presentedaccording to Agha Mohammad Reza Ghomshehi:The ideas of Ibn al Arabi about Walayat and Agha MohammadReza Ghomshehi's Criticism on Allameh Qaysari's interlpretation ofIbn al- Arabi's attitudes Concerning the End of Walayat are then beingdiscussed. The article concludes that Jesus Christ (peace be upon him)is the end of Mohammadian General Walayat and Amir- al- Mu'menīnAli Ibn Abitaleb (peace be upon him) is the end of MohammadianAbsolute Walayat Manuscript profile -
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118 - Faith in two cultures
محمد تقی faaliFaith is a virtue which grants permanence ,life,ideal and humankind. Faith has been discussed in the Islamic and Christian cultures.In the contemorary Christian culture,in the guise of Fidesism,faith is introduced as s spiritual state mixed with doubt.In Islamic cultur MoreFaith is a virtue which grants permanence ,life,ideal and humankind. Faith has been discussed in the Islamic and Christian cultures.In the contemorary Christian culture,in the guise of Fidesism,faith is introduced as s spiritual state mixed with doubt.In Islamic culture, however, it is a cognitive issue, wherein no doubt is admitted Manuscript profile -
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119 - Railton, Explanation, and Metaphysical Debates
سید محمد حسینی مجید اکبریMetaphysical debate between realists and anti-realists is here at issue.P. Railton claimed that these debates reduced to explanation. All topicssuch as IBE, unification of scientific theories, science progress, conceptof observation, experimentation and primacy reductio MoreMetaphysical debate between realists and anti-realists is here at issue.P. Railton claimed that these debates reduced to explanation. All topicssuch as IBE, unification of scientific theories, science progress, conceptof observation, experimentation and primacy reductionism deal withand depend on explanation.Railton suggests that metaphysical debates on the alleged topicsreduced to explanation because it depends on our account (andunderstanding) of the world and its necessary persistent of phenomena.Since, our perception of facts of worlds come to date which are notneutral and value free, the conflict couldn’t remove. In Railton’s view,very conflict and challenge go head to controversies without anyplausible outcome. Manuscript profile -
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120 - Metaphysics in Daoism and Confucianism
طاهره توکّلیThe structure of Daoism is similar to that of Confucianism: both expressa this-worldly concern for the concrete details of experimental existenceand tangible phenomena for men rather than pursuing abstractions andideals, or setting up the logical and philosophical rules MoreThe structure of Daoism is similar to that of Confucianism: both expressa this-worldly concern for the concrete details of experimental existenceand tangible phenomena for men rather than pursuing abstractions andideals, or setting up the logical and philosophical rules or dogmaticprinciples. Because of this fact, metaphysics in China is different fromwhat was discussed in Greeck or Islamic philosophy. Explanation ofUltimate Reality, including kind of sacredness, is one of the mostsignificant problems of ancient chinese metaphysics. In Daoism andConfucianism, two concepts can be considered from this point of view:Tian or Heaven and Dao. Both Daoism and Confucianism conceive theworld as the trinity of heaven, earth, and man, emphasizing theconstitution of harmony and consistency between them. However, thereexist serious distinctions especially in their interpretation of Dao.Confucius intended moral perfection and improvement of social systemand recognized Dao in depth of tradition and society; while in Daoism,Dao is the axis of everything and the mere Truth or standard man shouldaccept its harmonious flow and conform himself with it. As a result, man'sfelicity is perceived in nature not in society. In China, nature has a widemeaning, ranging from material phenomena to non-material ones in bothregions of heaven and human beings. Finally, Confucianism can beunderstood as a Humanistic school that pays attention to metaphysics justfor its influence on human being, and Daoism as a Naturalistic one inviteshuman being to discover the rules of sensible nature by a metaphysicalapproach Manuscript profile -
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121 - Conceptual Analysis of Mathematical Proof
What are the common attributes of the mathematical proofs? Various answers to this question have been provided: Some deny any conceptual commonness among proofs, while others accept the conceptual duality or multiplicity of mathematical proofs. They believe that “ MoreWhat are the common attributes of the mathematical proofs? Various answers to this question have been provided: Some deny any conceptual commonness among proofs, while others accept the conceptual duality or multiplicity of mathematical proofs. They believe that “the mathematical proof” refers to two or more distinct concepts sharing the "same name". This paper shows that, first, the mathematical and non-mathematical proofs are instances of a vague and single concept: the successful or correct reasoning. And second, in all mathematical proofs and their definitions, an argument pattern must meet three conditions: being rigour, surveyable, and reliable in all possible words. If the first two conditions are met, the mentioned argument can be characterized as "mathematical"; and if the third condition is satisfied, that argument can be characterized as "correct". So four conceptual components, in all mathematical proofs and their definitions, are common: argument, being rigour, surveyability, and correctness. Thirdly, all disagreements about the concept of mathematical proof are due to different interpretations of each of the four aforementioned components. That is, several philosophers and mathematicians have proposed different interpretations of each of the four basic components of the mathematical proof. Manuscript profile -
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122 - Libertarianism and Freewill: A Review of Kane’s Ideas
احسان جوادی ابهریLibertarians on the one hand hold that free will is incompatible withdeterminism, and on the other hand free will is real and can be realizedeven in indeterministic conditions. Therefore, libertarianism tries toshow that firstly how determinism and free will are incompa MoreLibertarians on the one hand hold that free will is incompatible withdeterminism, and on the other hand free will is real and can be realizedeven in indeterministic conditions. Therefore, libertarianism tries toshow that firstly how determinism and free will are incompatible andsecondly how free will can be possible in an indeterministic world. Thesecond challenge seems to be more difficult than the first one, since inindeterministic conditions agent's actions and choices would seem to bematter of luck and not under control of the agent. Most of traditionallibertarians had tried to solve these problems by appealing to nonnaturalfactors. However, some people like Robert Kane have presentedtheir solutions without any explicit metaphysical presupposition. Theybelieve that modern sciences can resolve the problem of free well. Inthis essay, we will firstly explore Robert Kane's ideas and then try totake a critical view on it. Manuscript profile -
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123 - The Problem of the Unit of Selection and the Ontic Structural Realist's Solution
ابوتراب یغماییThe variety of answers to the unit of selection problem threatensscientific realism both methodologically and ontologically. In thisarticle, I argue that the account developed by Elizabeth Lloyd justsolves the problem from methodological point of view and leaves theonto MoreThe variety of answers to the unit of selection problem threatensscientific realism both methodologically and ontologically. In thisarticle, I argue that the account developed by Elizabeth Lloyd justsolves the problem from methodological point of view and leaves theontological side unsolved. I will show that getting rid of mereologicalmetaphysics and replacing it with ontic structural realism solve theproblem ontologically. Manuscript profile -
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124 - A Review of Wittgenstein's View on Finitism in Mathematical Philosophy
MOHAMMAD HAJIBABAEI SORKHI Malek Hosseini Hossein BayatThe concept of infinity in mathematics was one of the main points of difference between the four schools of philosophy of mathematics in the early decades of twentieth century and it is really interesting to review this puzzling concept from a historical perspective. Fo MoreThe concept of infinity in mathematics was one of the main points of difference between the four schools of philosophy of mathematics in the early decades of twentieth century and it is really interesting to review this puzzling concept from a historical perspective. Four schools, Platonism, Formalism, Logicism, and Intuitionism tried to have an acceptable justification on the ontological aspect of infinite numbers and sets but it does not seem that any of them succeeded in their mission. Among these schools, Wittgenstein followed his own unique way and with his Socratic Method criticized all of them. Most commentators and critics believe that Wittgenstein had a finitistic account in the last period of his philosophical work. However, this essay by referring to his lectures on foundation of mathematics, Cambridge 1939, challenged their views and came up with Wittgenstein's criticism of finitistic account. Manuscript profile -
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125 - From Greek ‘τὸ ὂν’ to Its Arabic Equivalent ‘Mawjūd’
In this paper I will try to semantically analyze the subject matter of First Philosophy, i.e. ‘τὸ ὂν’. In doing so, I rely on Charles Kahn’s works. ‘τὸὂν’ in Greek thought mainly refers to what is accessible. This is what myst MoreIn this paper I will try to semantically analyze the subject matter of First Philosophy, i.e. ‘τὸ ὂν’. In doing so, I rely on Charles Kahn’s works. ‘τὸὂν’ in Greek thought mainly refers to what is accessible. This is what mystics mean by “that which is”. To make this clear, I will discuss the Persian equivalent of this Greek word. Then, with reference to Arabic translations of Metaphysics and the equivalents of ‘τὸ εἶναι’, ‘τὸὂν’, and ‘τὸἔστιν’ in these texts, I will semantically analyze those equivalents among which Mawjūd is the most prominent. I will show the background of this word in the Arabic language and especially in The Translation Movement. Finally, I will explain the semantic relation between Mawjūd and its Greek equivalent. Manuscript profile -
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126 - The Realms, Dimensions and Essence of Mystical Experience
على موحدیان عطارThis paper is an attempt to provide a clearer and deeper view ofmystical experience. First, it catches a glimpse of this concept fromabove and finds it possessed of different instances, realms, anddimensions. It then delimits the subject to the common applicationof this MoreThis paper is an attempt to provide a clearer and deeper view ofmystical experience. First, it catches a glimpse of this concept fromabove and finds it possessed of different instances, realms, anddimensions. It then delimits the subject to the common applicationof this concept in order to examine the four-fold dimensions of thisstate of disclosure, that is, the epistemic, epistemological,subjective, and emotional dimensions.Giving a brief survey of the descriptions of this state by some wellknownresearchers in this field such as James, Underhill, Suzuki,Stace, and Otto, the writer tries to show that the four features ofmystical experience, that is, epistemicity, intuitivity, subjectivity,and love-centeredness are together qualified as the essence of thisexperience due to their foundationality and universality.Employing a phenomenological approach, the writer tries to provethat the quintessence of middle-path mystical experience consists inthe immediate and direct knowledge of Reality( reality stripped ofall modes), while in the final step of mystical experience, it is thedirect and immediate knowledge of the unitary reality of being(Absolute Reality).The article has dealt with mystical experience from aphenomenological point of view. Manuscript profile -
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127 - A Comparative Study of the Pedagogical Basis of Children from the Viewpoint of Rousseau and Kant
The purpose of this paper is to examine the educational principles of children from the perspective of Rousseau and Kant in two comparative purposes and principles. For Rousseau, the goal is to cultivate harmony with nature, and Kant considers the most important goal to MoreThe purpose of this paper is to examine the educational principles of children from the perspective of Rousseau and Kant in two comparative purposes and principles. For Rousseau, the goal is to cultivate harmony with nature, and Kant considers the most important goal to be the discipline of moral education. Common principles include the gradual upbringing, opposition to corporal punishment, and the consideration of punishment as a result of observation. Rousseau believes in the freedom of childhood and education for the present and the pursuit of nature. Criticizing this view can be the neglect of education appropriate to the development of children up to the age of 12 and the negative view of society and its pervasiveness. Kant, on the other hand, believes in moving from discipline to freedom, attention to the future, and the formation of good habits through obedience to adults. Criticizing his point of view can be the neglect of free activity in children. As a result, in adulthood one will be unable to make decisions and gain independence because of the spirit of obedience in childhood. So there is a radical view of freedom in Rousseau's terms and in Kant's discipline. Manuscript profile -
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128 - A Darwinian Left, a Simple Impossible
Doubtless, any topic of humanities had been affected by Darwinian evolutionary theory in past century. Since evolution by means of natural selection founded on a base of a political right-wing economic theory, there were some social materialists whom looked for a middle MoreDoubtless, any topic of humanities had been affected by Darwinian evolutionary theory in past century. Since evolution by means of natural selection founded on a base of a political right-wing economic theory, there were some social materialists whom looked for a middle way between both evolutionary and left sides theories. Their hopes and efforts probably increased due to recognition of role of cooperation in resent new Darwinian evolutionary approaches like multi-level selection theory. Singer’s book, A Darwinian Left, could consider as such efforts. Although, his effort in five short chapters is for providing an intermediate compatible explanation of the principles of evolution and leftism ideas but it looks that it is difficult to accept his explanations even by redact some essential concept in left side because not only still metaphysical priority of competition against cooperation are considered in any recent evolution by means of natural selection theories but also political right-wing and any evolutionary theory by priority of competition are conceptually both sides of a coin. Manuscript profile -
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129 - Massive Modularity Hypothesis, Heuristic and Cognitive Bias: Competitor or Complementary
Aida RezaeiIn the cognitive sciences, two distinct theories have been proposed about the structure of the human mind, both of which are evolutionary but also different. One of them is the theory of evolutionary psychology and its related claim to the massive modularity hypothesis, MoreIn the cognitive sciences, two distinct theories have been proposed about the structure of the human mind, both of which are evolutionary but also different. One of them is the theory of evolutionary psychology and its related claim to the massive modularity hypothesis, which considers the mind as a set of modules. Another is the simple heuristic and its related claim to the existence of an adaptive toolbox in cognitive methods that assigns mind guidance to the existence of a set of heuristics. Both theories seek to explain cultural diversity by applying these modules/ heuristics. Although proponents of each do not routinely mention the existence of another theory, both theories, both the massive modularity hypothesis and the existing idea of heuristics in the mind, seek to provide explanations not only from an evolutionary perspective but also in comparative psychology (Which compares the behavior of non-human species) are also acceptable. They also want to explain how cognitive processes are processed in our minds. However, at first, there are reasons to think that these theories offer explanations of human cognition that are incompatible with each other or undermine each other. What is challenged in this article is how a human being, who has always been influenced by a variety of heuristics, cognitive biases, and irrationality in reasoning, judgment, and decision-making during the process of evolution, can have a massive modular cognitive structure in its mind. And be organized to have a logical function Manuscript profile -
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130 - Mind and Massive Modularity Hypothesis
Massive Modularity Hypothesis of Mind assumes that the mind is composed largely, or perhaps even entirely, of modules. Since the publication of Modularity of the Mind (Fodor, 1983) modularity has occupied a central role in the studies of mind and cognitive science. But MoreMassive Modularity Hypothesis of Mind assumes that the mind is composed largely, or perhaps even entirely, of modules. Since the publication of Modularity of the Mind (Fodor, 1983) modularity has occupied a central role in the studies of mind and cognitive science. But in philosophy there is no agreement about this role. In this paper, first I propose that many of these problems are the effects of the Fodorian base of Massive Modularity Hypothesis, and then I suggest taking Simon’s works on complexity as a proper base for modularity. In the last section of this paper, I consider two common characteristics of mind, i.e. domain- specificity and encapsulation, and argue that in shadow of Massive Modularity Hypothesis these characteristics can be explained better. Manuscript profile -
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131 - Avicenna and MullaSadra’s Thought about the Perception of Universal Concepts: a Comparative Study
بیوک علیزاده داود زندیHow soul perceives universal concepts is one of the epistemologicalproblems that have been discussed by great Islamic philosophers likeMullaSadra and Avicenna. These philosophers have offered totallydifferent theories in this respect. Avicenna and his followers believet MoreHow soul perceives universal concepts is one of the epistemologicalproblems that have been discussed by great Islamic philosophers likeMullaSadra and Avicenna. These philosophers have offered totallydifferent theories in this respect. Avicenna and his followers believethat soul perceives universal concepts through extraction by omittingaccidental things (abstraction theory). This cognition, as he says, isachievable only through a kind of relationship with active intellect .Onthe other hand, Mullasadra believes that soul can perceive universalconcepts not through extraction but through rational laboring anddeveloping particular concepts into universal ones (transcendencetheory). Manuscript profile -
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132 - Analysis of Farabi’s the Conceptions of Millah and Philosophy
After the arrival of philosophy in the Islamic world, Muslim thinkers adopted different positions on the relation between philosophy and religion. Some of them abandoned philosophy and despised it, some preferred philosophy to religion, yet Al-Farabi established a new p MoreAfter the arrival of philosophy in the Islamic world, Muslim thinkers adopted different positions on the relation between philosophy and religion. Some of them abandoned philosophy and despised it, some preferred philosophy to religion, yet Al-Farabi established a new philosophical system which gathered philosophy and religion together and denied their opposition. He analyzed the concepts of philosophy and millah to clarify the relation between philosophy and religion .In his view, millah and philosophy are not different; rather, they are synonymous. But he considered rightful only the religion that its founder and his followers pursue otherworldly happiness. For Farabi, philosophy is prior to religion and the true religion is based on the demonstrative philosophy. Having inquired the concepts of millah and philosophy, he concludes that the religious truth and the philosophical truth, despite their formal difference, are objectively one and the same truth. This view made possible for philosophy and Islamic principles to be compatible and in harmony. Beyond doubt, Farabi was the first thinker who established a new philosophical system on the basis of this harmony and his successors pursued his project and completed it. Manuscript profile -
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133 - The Position of Motion in the Perceptual Hierarchy of Architectural Spaces, Based on Mulla Sadra's Theory of Substantial Motion
Mahdi Baniasadi Baghmirani Sayed Behshid Hosseini Azadeh ShahcheraghiPerception in philosophy and architecture is intertwined with the concept of motion. With the presence and movement of the audience in space, according to Mulla Sadra's theory of substantial motion, it includes a degree of motion that; Raises the level of perception fro MorePerception in philosophy and architecture is intertwined with the concept of motion. With the presence and movement of the audience in space, according to Mulla Sadra's theory of substantial motion, it includes a degree of motion that; Raises the level of perception from material to spiritual. This promotion of perception in architectural spaces is compatible with Mulla Sadra's perceptual hierarchy. Therefore, the present study is interdisciplinary and qualitative with a comparative-analytical approach. The purpose of this study is to analyze the movement levels in architectural spaces, and then to adapt the process of raising perception from the material to the spiritual level in spaces, with Mulla Sadra's perceptual hierarchy. The key questions are included: How does moving in architectural spaces enhance perception from the material to the spiritual level? And how is the level of movement in architectural spaces compatible with the perceptual level of Mulla Sadra? Conclusion: In re-reading Mulla Sadra's perceptual issues in architectural spaces, creating true perception requires a sane and reasonable union, through the observer's movement in space. By moving in space, audience experiences a hierarchy of motion, which first involves perception Manuscript profile -
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134 - The Relation between Jurisprudence and Common Legal Sources and Essentials of Sovereignty
Mohammad Hosain FarhangiSovereignty and its various forms have always been a matter ofconsideration by men of political thought. Different approaches offollowers of religions and those of Islam have also been considered inthe process of sovereignty. In the Islamic Jurisprudence some suchsubjec MoreSovereignty and its various forms have always been a matter ofconsideration by men of political thought. Different approaches offollowers of religions and those of Islam have also been considered inthe process of sovereignty. In the Islamic Jurisprudence some suchsubjects as custom, reason, interest, and implicit interests have affectedthe realm of interference of religion with sovereignty in one way oranother. Such titles are recognized by human approaches beingconsidered as common legal sources and essentials in governingsocieties. When two affairs of primary precepts interfere, what is moreimportant is given priority. In interference of social necessities withprimary precepts, Islam has given priority to the former and havingtaken common essentials into consideration has treated secondaryprecepts as the foundation of sovereignty. Thus, in the Islamic juristicapproach human wills are given remarkable status in sovereignty. Manuscript profile -
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135 - Rorty and the Problems of Truth and Objectivity
NabiAllah SouleimaniRorty, as an analytic philosopher, is working in the context ofpostmodern thought and pragmatism. His main attempt has been toanalyze of the traditional problems of philosophy. Based on his readingof the history of philosophy “truth”, as the original genre i MoreRorty, as an analytic philosopher, is working in the context ofpostmodern thought and pragmatism. His main attempt has been toanalyze of the traditional problems of philosophy. Based on his readingof the history of philosophy “truth”, as the original genre in the historyof philosophy, has been regarded as the correspondence betweenbeliefs in our minds and fact out there. The duty of philosophers was toreveal the criteria of correspondence. Rorty’s interpretation of thistraditional view could be summarized as the slogan "Truth wasdiscoverable not making". While, according to Rorty there is not anyway to describe the facts without the use of the language. Thereforetruth cannot operate independent of human use of language. Hence"Truth is making not discoverable". This article investigates whetherRorty can explain their beliefs in a purely linguistic manner. Theanswer is that although he rejects Truth and Objectivity in traditionalmeaning, but he cannot deny Objectivity altogether. Manuscript profile -
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136 - Nietzsche, Voluntary Death or Preaching of Death?
Abstract Friedrich Nietzsche is a philosopher who speaks repeatedly about death and addresses specifically the "Voluntary death" in his works. It Also can be inferred from some of his sentences that he directly invites human to choose death .This invitation isn&r MoreAbstract Friedrich Nietzsche is a philosopher who speaks repeatedly about death and addresses specifically the "Voluntary death" in his works. It Also can be inferred from some of his sentences that he directly invites human to choose death .This invitation isn’t equal with denying life (as Schopenhauer presents), but arises as a result of mixing it with other newfound ideas, such as the "Will to power" or the "Overman". The Overman, as a light of hope that shines on Nietzsche’s regarded humanity is an excellent example for the will to power and acceptance of the "Eternal return" theory in the world. For this purpose, in this article, we should talk about Overman in related with voluntary death, to understand his criticisms of those beliefs that represent the negation of life. According to Nietzsche, "Preachers of death" are those who consider just one dimension (suffering) ;while thinking about death will be valued if it is in perfect harmony with thinking about life. However, at the end, we will see his statements are not sufficient and he failed to draw one obvious and practical way for this harmony .So after him, also, thinking about the meaninglessness of life and suicide as the logical result extends the experience of absurdity. Manuscript profile -
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137 - Allegorical Interpreaion in Plato and Biblical Exegesis: A Comparative Study
T. HajebrahimiBelief in a transcendent and mysterious God, and in the existence of hidden meanings in Sciptures naturally leads to allegorical interpretation of these texts. In other words, such a &nb MoreBelief in a transcendent and mysterious God, and in the existence of hidden meanings in Sciptures naturally leads to allegorical interpretation of these texts. In other words, such a belief presupposes a twofold meaning in the Scriptures, a literal or Manuscript profile -
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138 - Max Weber and Heinrisch Rickert on the Distinction between Natural and Human Sciences
Keyvan AlastiFor explaining why "progress" in human sciences is not sensible likeprogress in natural sciences, there are two different approaches. In thefirst approach methodology of natural sciences is the same as themethodology of human sciences. But quality of one of them, i.e. h MoreFor explaining why "progress" in human sciences is not sensible likeprogress in natural sciences, there are two different approaches. In thefirst approach methodology of natural sciences is the same as themethodology of human sciences. But quality of one of them, i.e. humansciences is lower than another. Proponents of this approach believe thathuman sciences are not "science" in the same way that natural sciencesare. In the second approach, human sciences are "science" in the sameway that natural sciences are. But their quality is different and so theirmethodology is different. Neo-Kantians like Wilhelm Windelband,Heinrisch Rickert and Max Weber are proponents of second approach.In this essay, firstly, I briefly examine the difference between methodsof two sciences and dichotomy between "explanation" and"understanding". Secondly I describe Neo-Kantian approaches and byintroducing new dichotomy proposed by Rickert and Weber, I examineMax Weber's ideas in methodology in details. Finally I come toconclusion that Weber's approach for social science is comparable withsome scientists approach in natural science. Manuscript profile -
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139 - The Essentials of Generalizing Evidence in Substantiation of Claims
Asghar ArabiyanThanks to the development in Sciences and technology, newevidence for substantiation of claims and convincing the judge haveappeared recently which are very stronger than witness-bearing ofeye-witness individuals. Such evidence is called "definite,customized proofs" who MoreThanks to the development in Sciences and technology, newevidence for substantiation of claims and convincing the judge haveappeared recently which are very stronger than witness-bearing ofeye-witness individuals. Such evidence is called "definite,customized proofs" whose opposite probabilities are overlooked bycustom of the wise. Considering this fact that most jurists treat"reason" and "custom of the wise" as the foundation for validity ofwitness-bearing of eye-witness individuals on the one hand andbayyinah (witness-bearing of two pious eye-witness individuals)lacks any specific peculiarity on the other, one can find therespective criterion in such newly invented evidence and therebygeneralize evidence in substantiation of claims to whatsoever canprove something. Manuscript profile -
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140 - Darwin’s Scientific Method in Practice
هادی صمدیDarwin’s view on science was different from his inductivistcontemporaries. After a glimpse to this difference, in section one hisfirst three geological hypotheses will be refered. We could see therethat how did he understand that analoy cannot provide any proof fo MoreDarwin’s view on science was different from his inductivistcontemporaries. After a glimpse to this difference, in section one hisfirst three geological hypotheses will be refered. We could see therethat how did he understand that analoy cannot provide any proof for atheory. Section two is devoted to Darwin’s argument(s) in the origin ofspecies. We find there that his scientific method is in accordance withcritical rationalism. Manuscript profile -
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141 - The Unity of Object and Mind in the Views of Mulla Sadra and Hegel
Hegel postulated Kant's problem of cognition as a top priority and used dialectics in his discussion of cognition; in his first book (Phenomenology of the Spirit), he analyzed the degrees of cognition long before the unity of mind and mind were ever discussed in the Mid MoreHegel postulated Kant's problem of cognition as a top priority and used dialectics in his discussion of cognition; in his first book (Phenomenology of the Spirit), he analyzed the degrees of cognition long before the unity of mind and mind were ever discussed in the Middle East. Reasonable and generalizing it to other forms of knowledge, the separation between the evidence and the evidence took away its unity. On the basis of the principle of existence, the unity of existence, the unity of existence, the inward movement of the human soul, and the science of existence, the existence of science was able to prove the principle of unity and sensibility. Although we need to be cautious in comparison to two philosophers, it is (unity in all identification) that is rooted in both Hegelian philosophy and philosophy. In Hegel's and Mulla Sadra's philosophy, the concept of self-centeredness and gradual understanding of things based on phenomenology is not subordinate and marginal, but rather a representation of their whole theories. Hegel, of course, only focused on the historical and cultural dimension of the movement, but Mulla Sadra focused on the existential dimension of the movement. Manuscript profile -
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142 - The Ending of Divine Retribution in Ibn al-Arabi's Mystical Eschatology
H. SiahkuhianThe Constancy of Divine Retribution is an important subject inIslamic eschatology. This subject which is related to "the committer ofcardinal sins" has a special place in theological discussions. Ibn-al-Arabi among Islamic thinkers is the only one who belives in DivineR MoreThe Constancy of Divine Retribution is an important subject inIslamic eschatology. This subject which is related to "the committer ofcardinal sins" has a special place in theological discussions. Ibn-al-Arabi among Islamic thinkers is the only one who belives in DivineRetribution no to be perpetual. He holds that Hell is a changeablephenomenon and anunstable affair. According to Ibn-al-Arabi viewpoint, the Divine Retribution finally will be transformed in to DivineGrace and eventually eternal peace(1) In Mechanics, Nature is regarded in the abstract, in the simplest andvaguest form of its idea -- that of externality. (2) Physics: In all thethree portions of mechanical Nature it is quantity and quantity only thatis exhibited. The matter which physics verifies is qualitative orindividual. (3) Organics, where Nature first acquires the character ofsubject, with the power which a subject has of gathering up all its partsor differences under its own control. Manuscript profile -
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143 - The Logic of Situation and its Appliance to Literary Criticism and Theories
رهبر اشنوئی محمودزادهMuch has been said in discussions concerning literary criticism fromthe position of the writer and the reader deciding the type of theexisting readings and claims in criticisms. But the problem is that theidentity of the writers and readers of various texts are not prec MoreMuch has been said in discussions concerning literary criticism fromthe position of the writer and the reader deciding the type of theexisting readings and claims in criticisms. But the problem is that theidentity of the writers and readers of various texts are not preciselydefinite and determined in a way we could be able to establish ourcritic claims. How could we deal with such a problem and what mightbe the solution to it? The concepts such as “the real individual”,“typical individual” and the broader concept of “the logic of situation”have been applied here to find a solution to this problem and all thesediscussions have become an introduction to Roland Barth's “the deathof the writer” theory. And here Roland Barth's viewpoints can bechallenged. A study of Barth's theory according to the concept of “thelogic of situation” can lead us to results contradictory with those ofBarth's. In fact, the work done here in this article is that the theory of 'the death of the writer' has been applied to that theory itself; that is, theconsequences of Barth's theory have been studied independent from hisown intentions. Manuscript profile -
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144 - A Reflection on the Distinction between the Context of Discovery and the Context of Justification in Philosophy and Methodology of Science
Justifiability of knowledge statements has always been of the philosophers’ most important and original concerns. The introduction of the distinction between the context of discovery and the context of justification is also an attempt to answer this dilemma. The a MoreJustifiability of knowledge statements has always been of the philosophers’ most important and original concerns. The introduction of the distinction between the context of discovery and the context of justification is also an attempt to answer this dilemma. The aim of the Context of discovery is to discover the context of scientific laws and theories, while the context of justification aims at justifying the context of theories. Each proponent of discovery/justification distinction, has, according to his/her philosophical approach, some interpretation of this distinction: temporal and logical Sequence of these two processes, considering the context of discovery as a factual and historical process of science and the context of justification as a normative framework for science, logical analysis of the context of justification vs. the context of discovery with its empirical analysis, belonging of the context of justification to the scope of philosophy of science and the context of discovery being particular to the field of history, psychology and sociology of science, the difference of the questions pointing out to each context, separation of internal and external history of science, normative perspective of discovery vs. factual perspective of justification. Using such a distinction in understanding the method of science can be criticized concerning: uncertainty of both contexts as temporal and logical processes, intervention of logical factors in the context of discovery, the distinction not being limited to the two contexts and the necessity of existing at least a three-fold distinction, the irrational and non-logical factors involved in the context of justification, the Para-normative growth of science and the diversity not being explained in the context of discovery. Manuscript profile -
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145 - Concept, Statement and Judgment
Muhammad Taghī Fa'aliThe first classification of propositional Knowledge to which isdedicated a great Part of writings of the Scholars of logic, Kalam andphilosophy is Tassawur Tasdīq and Hukm.The article tries to discuss these three aspects of propositionalKnowledge, i. e. Concept (Tas MoreThe first classification of propositional Knowledge to which isdedicated a great Part of writings of the Scholars of logic, Kalam andphilosophy is Tassawur Tasdīq and Hukm.The article tries to discuss these three aspects of propositionalKnowledge, i. e. Concept (Tassawur), Statement (Tasdīq) andJudgment (Hudm) and that The best definition of Tassawur belougs toIbn Sina (Avicenna). Manuscript profile -
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146 - هست شناسی ، دانشی که بایدش جست
پرویز Z.shahabi -
Open Access Article
147 - A Critical Analysis of the Unification Account of Explanation
هدی آزادExplanation is one of the most important issues in the philosophy ofscience, which many attentions have been paid to it since Aristotle. Theunification account of explanation, first presented by Friedman (1974),is one of the most discussed contemporary models. According MoreExplanation is one of the most important issues in the philosophy ofscience, which many attentions have been paid to it since Aristotle. Theunification account of explanation, first presented by Friedman (1974),is one of the most discussed contemporary models. According to thisconception, scientific explanation has to show that many separatedargument patterns have basic similarities and via these similarities wecan understand related phenomena deeper. Philip Kitcher has extendedthis idea and has argued that scientific explanation aims to represent amaximum of facts and natural regularities in terms of minimum oftheoretical concepts and assumptions. According to Kitcher, a few ofargument patterns can be used in the explanation of many beliefs, andso we can show that how scientific explanation amounts tounderstanding. However, the unification account of explanation facessome problems, including the point that the relationship betweenunification and understanding is not clear. Another difficulty concernsthe relationship between explanation and the causal direction. In thispaper, after presenting the main features of the unification account ofexplanation and its merits over the classical D-N model, it will beargued that due to some problems in the unification account it seemthat the best way to round about these problems is to adopt a kind ofexplanatory “pluralism”, depending on different philosophical andscientific contexts. Manuscript profile -
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148 - Robert Adams on Goodness
In his meta-ethics, Robert Adams endeavors to understand the nature of goodness in accordance with a platonic-theological viewpoint, and then to represent the components of a life of morality and well-being. Hence, inspired by Kripke-Putnam theory, he firstly explains s MoreIn his meta-ethics, Robert Adams endeavors to understand the nature of goodness in accordance with a platonic-theological viewpoint, and then to represent the components of a life of morality and well-being. Hence, inspired by Kripke-Putnam theory, he firstly explains semantic roles of goodness, and then tries to find what best plays those roles. In his view, God is good itself and goodness of things relies on their resemblance to God; things resemblance to God as infinite good makes their excellence. Excellence is a non-instrumental goodness which makes things suitable objects of admiration, love, honor, and even worship. According to Adams, well-being of human life relies on his enjoyment of the excellent: on the one hand, enjoyment of activities in life, and on the other hand the excellence of those enjoyable activities. There are different kinds of excellences (finite goods), including moral values as well as rational, religious and aesthetical values. Manuscript profile -
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149 - Al-Wahed (Unity) Rule: a Theological, Philosophical, and Interpretational Appraisal
maryam khoshnevisan sadredin tahery Babak AbbasiIslamic theologians and philosophers are disagree on the subject of issuing plurality from unity which is followed in Islamic philosophy under the title of the Al-Wahed or unity rule that says “no more than one is issued from the one”. Islamic theologi MoreIslamic theologians and philosophers are disagree on the subject of issuing plurality from unity which is followed in Islamic philosophy under the title of the Al-Wahed or unity rule that says “no more than one is issued from the one”. Islamic theologians based on theological criteria and the contents of narrated documents reject this rule. However, most of Islamic philosophers believe in the originality and correctness of this rule. In this article, first, the contents of the rule have been introduced and then the arguments of both sides debated. Two important theological arguments against the rule discussed more profoundly. First, the claim that this rule entails the denial of the will of God; second, this rule entails the denial of the power of God. Then, in evaluating the second argument, about twenty verses of the Holy Qur'an are categorized in four groups and it has been proved that the rule of unity, whether true or false, does not contradict the verses of the Holy Qur'an. Manuscript profile -
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150 - Theory of Evolution and Historical Explanation in Biology
کیوان الستیMany biologists believe that evolution is grant theory in modernbiology. Believing on the centrality of evolutionary theory to the rest ofbiology is a special case of a more general idea: nothing in biology canbe understood completely without attending to its history. A MoreMany biologists believe that evolution is grant theory in modernbiology. Believing on the centrality of evolutionary theory to the rest ofbiology is a special case of a more general idea: nothing in biology canbe understood completely without attending to its history. According tothis idea, we should regard biology as a historical science rather than anomothetic one. But it may be supposed that as physics have beenchanged from a historical to nomothetic science, biology should also bechanged to a more “accurate” science; that is, a nomothetic science. Inthis essay, I try to reject this idea by presenting some historicalevidences to show that it is not because of evolutionary theory thatbiology is historical. Manuscript profile -
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151 - Ibn Sina on General limits of knowledge
محمد علی اخگر سید صدر الدین طاهریGeneral limits of knowledge is one of the important discussion inepistemological studies. In the matter of human knowledge, weconfront with determining general limits of this knowledge. Mostphilosophers have regarded human knowledge as a limited one, andconsidered diffe MoreGeneral limits of knowledge is one of the important discussion inepistemological studies. In the matter of human knowledge, weconfront with determining general limits of this knowledge. Mostphilosophers have regarded human knowledge as a limited one, andconsidered different limits for it. Ibn sina takes limited humanknowledge too and excludes some of the affairs from cognitive realmof human. One the one hand, he accepts possibility of knowledge andtherefore opposed skepticism. On other hand, he restricts thisknowledge to the different limits and hence disagrees with absolutedogmatism. He takes into account different limits for humanknowledge such as human limitation in recognizing the essence ofthings, human limitation in knowing God, human limitation inperceiving resurrection, cognitive limitation resulted fromaccompanying with material and body etc. He presents variousarguments for proving these limitations and interesting discussionsabout these. Studying these limitations due to recognizing Ibn sina’sgeneral viewpoint about human knowledge has been very importantand will grant great assistance in understanding his philosophy. Manuscript profile -
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152 - The Search for Plato's Moral Desires and Their End
The present article attempts to enumerate moral desires in Plato`s idea and seeks the rationality of those morals. Hence, as an introduction this article discusses Plato`s cosmology and self-knowledge and the explicates their relation and affiliation by virtue of ration MoreThe present article attempts to enumerate moral desires in Plato`s idea and seeks the rationality of those morals. Hence, as an introduction this article discusses Plato`s cosmology and self-knowledge and the explicates their relation and affiliation by virtue of rationality and desirability of the desire their hidden rationality and the purpose which has led Plato to such a conclusion furthermore. By drawing upon such introductory words, “moral virtue” is introduced as Plato`s wish and principal virtue are enumerated and set forth. These moral virtues encompass all the other virtues such as chastity, courage, wisdom and finally justice. Each of these virtues is deduced from Plato`s self-knowledge and the rationality of these desires has been discussed in light of word of ideas as Plato`s cosmology. Accordingly, it is concluded that word of ideas – the ultimate goodness which is the sauce of the word and all the goodness in it- is the perfect example of all virtues and attaining it brings about human Happiness. Therefore, happiness, the end point of moral action and the ultimate goodness is a result of that. And achieving those virtues is the passage to accomplish them. Manuscript profile -
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153 - Mind as the Mirror of Nature: Cartesian Thought Criticized by Rorty
Rorty's goal is to criticize the Cartesian conception of philosophy that has led to its increasing specialization and departure from the other aspects of culture; a view that in his opinion is the end result of accepting the Cartesian mirror-like mind. According to Rort MoreRorty's goal is to criticize the Cartesian conception of philosophy that has led to its increasing specialization and departure from the other aspects of culture; a view that in his opinion is the end result of accepting the Cartesian mirror-like mind. According to Rorty, this point of view is the culmination of accepting the mind as a mirror that reflects the external affairs and philosophers as the guardians of this mirror act as judges who try to recognize the factual reflections of the mirror. Philosophy Claims that this judgment is based on its understanding of the mind and knowledge. In other words, culture is a combination of multiple cognitive claims which are judged by philosophy. Rorty as a neo-pragmatist endeavors to set aside the mirror concept of nature and its corresponding philosophy with the aim of entering philosophy into a dialogue with other spheres of knowledge. Manuscript profile -
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154 - A Comparative Study of the Teleology of the Cosmos in Islamic Philosophy and Sunni Theology
Monireh Sayyid MazhariOne of the general questions regarding the divine actions is thatwhether divine actions have any finality and destination or they are freeof any destination. The debate on finality and ultimate causes have avery strong connection with divine theosophy and is recognized MoreOne of the general questions regarding the divine actions is thatwhether divine actions have any finality and destination or they are freeof any destination. The debate on finality and ultimate causes have avery strong connection with divine theosophy and is recognized as oneof the most valuable issues in theosophy; because if we deny thefinality and ultimate causes in the realm of existence, it would lead tothis conclusion that the cosmos would be void of a divine actor or anykind of actor. Hence, some philosophers and theologians have namedthis topic as " of wisdom transcendent God".(Lahiji, 1362, p. 73) Manuscript profile -
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155 - Faith: Realistic or Non-Realistic? Hebblethwaite’s Critique of Cupitt’s Non-Realistic Theism
Abstract Don Cupitt has a Non-Realistic view of God and religious faith. He holds that “human” and “God” are historical concepts which are not dependent on rationality and metaphysics. Hence, he emphasizes on the continuous evolution of these co MoreAbstract Don Cupitt has a Non-Realistic view of God and religious faith. He holds that “human” and “God” are historical concepts which are not dependent on rationality and metaphysics. Hence, he emphasizes on the continuous evolution of these concepts in the history of religious thought. He believes that the man chooses his value himself and makes his world on this selection. In his view, spirituality is the substance of religion and has complete individual and personal characteristics. The perspective of every individual to the world is the foundation of his view and understanding of religious faith. But, Brian Hebblethwaite, who is a defender of religious realism, has tried to critique Cupitt’s Non-Realism in detail. He has some fundamental criticisms about Non-Realism in religion that amongst the most important of them is ignoring the importance of truth and denying the objectivity of moral values. He, at first, distinguishes the defects of Non-Realistic arguments of Cupitt and his version of the procedures of religious thought in modern world and then, explains how believing to objective God is not only consistent with modern thought but a necessary component of it. Manuscript profile -
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156 - Amin Khuli and Founding Literary School in the Quranic Exegesis
Morteza Karimi- NiaLiterary school in the Quranic exegesis is among contemporarymethods rooted in the old tradition of Quranic commentary. Somesuch literary commentators of the second and third centuries as IbnQutayba, Abu `Ubayda, Abu `Ubayd, al-Kasaee, and al-Farra’ haveattempted MoreLiterary school in the Quranic exegesis is among contemporarymethods rooted in the old tradition of Quranic commentary. Somesuch literary commentators of the second and third centuries as IbnQutayba, Abu `Ubayda, Abu `Ubayd, al-Kasaee, and al-Farra’ haveattempted mostly in expounding grammatical and sometimesrhetorical points of the Quran. In later centuries such an emphasisupon literal and rhetorical aspects has appeared more and more inthe works of al-Zamakhshari, al-Sharif al-Radi, al-Sharif al-Murtada, and al-Shaykh al-Tusi and sometimes has beenexaggerated in such Quranic exegeses as al-Bahr al-Muhit by AbuHayyan al-Gharnati. In the whole history of Quranic exegesis suchvarious tendencies has been called lexical commentary, syntacticcommentary, explanatory commentary, rhetorical commentary andsometimes literary commentary. In the present century theoutstanding Egyptian thinker and scholar Amin Khuli added anotherkind of commentary to that collection and called it literary school inthe Quranic exegesis. On the basis of that method in the Quraniccommentary, the primary gem of the Quran is its literary facet andthe commentator must attempt to attain literary, artistic corners ofthis book before anything else. Different aspects of Amin Khuli’sliterary theory in the Quranic exegesis alongside with a briefintroduction to his life and works are presented in this essay Manuscript profile -
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157 - Does the History of Engineering Require the Philosophy of Engineering?
علیرضا ثقه الاسلامیThis paper analyzes critically how the philosophy of engineeringaffects to collect the history of engineering so that it is answered indetail to this problem that “Does the history of engineering entail thephilosophy of engineering”. At first, it is identifi MoreThis paper analyzes critically how the philosophy of engineeringaffects to collect the history of engineering so that it is answered indetail to this problem that “Does the history of engineering entail thephilosophy of engineering”. At first, it is identified the relation ofbetween engineering and technique, in order to be explored the relationof between engineering and technology. Therefore, it is definedtechnology as an actual epistemic system and engineering as aknowledge and potential creative practice into the technologicalframework. Thus, it is understood the philosophy of engineering as adeveloped field of the philosophy of technology so that it isdistinguished as an independent philosophical field with having, atleast, a unique original question “what is engineering”. Therefore, someof issue and problem in the philosophy of technology transfer into thephilosophy of engineering and influence it, some of problem such as:the demarcation problem between engineered artifact and naturalobject, the demarcation problem between engineering and science, theexistential and historical priority problem between engineering andscience, and the autonomy problem of engineering knowledge to socialcontext. Finally, according to the applicable and open problems, it isshowed how the philosophy of engineering and its problems affects tocollect the history of engineering. Consequently, it seems thatresearchers of the history of engineering should concern the problemsfor their studies and think about them critically and strategically. Manuscript profile -
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158 - The Manifestation of the Truth [= Haq] in Hierarchical Degrees of Being in Mowlana's Views
دکتر حسن جعفریOne of the most debated concepts within mysticism and Sufism is theconcept of the manifestation of the Truth (as the Principle of being) inHierarchical Degrees of Being from the archangelic to the material.Mysticism deals with the manifestation as a science of the cosmo MoreOne of the most debated concepts within mysticism and Sufism is theconcept of the manifestation of the Truth (as the Principle of being) inHierarchical Degrees of Being from the archangelic to the material.Mysticism deals with the manifestation as a science of the cosmos inrelation to the Truth and as a form of knowledge that guides humanbeings, being situated in the confines of cosmic existence, to theMetacosmic Reality. Therefore, the Truth and all levels of themanifestation make the pantheistic point of view which dominates over allmystical perspectives, so that one might say that mysticism is dominatedby two basic doctrines of the transcendent unity of being and the PerfectMan. One of the greatest poets of the Persian language, that is, MowlanaJalaleddin Balkhi began to versify wisely and systematically certainaspects of Sufi doctrine.Thus, this paper mainly deals with the nature of the manifestation of theTruth and how it relates to the Perfect Man. This study also tries to throwsome light on Mowlana's concept of the manifestation of the Truth. So, itcan show how human being is really grown in maturity as he attains thedeep understanding of the manifestation through sincerity in obeying God.The spiritual journey as an esoteric interpretation of the manifestation ofthe Truth is to lead man from the state of ignorance to one of illuminationand true awareness. Therefore, the first part of this paper contains theexplanation of some characteristics of the manifestation of the Truth andhistorical approaches of Islamic philosophers such as Ibn Sina, and al-Suhrawardi as well as Ibn Arabi’s view. The second part developsMowlavi's theory of the manifestation of the Truth, background of whichhas been prepared in the first part. Manuscript profile -
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159 - A Comparative Study Hegel and Husserl’s Notions of Phenomenon and Phenomenology
سعید کشاورزی عیش آبادیThis paper is aimed at, first to provide a short background on thehistory of the concept of phenomenon among the pre Husserlphilosophers and second to make a comparative study among Greekphilosophers, Kant, Hegel, and Husserl views on this concept. In orderto make such MoreThis paper is aimed at, first to provide a short background on thehistory of the concept of phenomenon among the pre Husserlphilosophers and second to make a comparative study among Greekphilosophers, Kant, Hegel, and Husserl views on this concept. In orderto make such comparison, first, their ideas on phenomenon areillustrated and then the similarities and differences of their descriptionabout this concept have been articulated. By pointing out thedifferences and also by concentration on their similarities betweenthese philosophers, I am of the opinion that this concept should studyhistorically. It is followed that we should otherwise distinguish betweenthe concept of phenomenon and phenomenology. The concept ofphenomenon among these philosophers is common but the concept ofphenomenology is so different. Kant used “phenomenology” as ascience in which we can know the appearances of things. Hegelunderstood phenomenology as a science in which we explain theexperience of consciousness, and Husserl claimed that phenomenologyis a method for finding out the essence of things in the consciousness. Manuscript profile -
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160 - The Mullasadra’s Anthropology’s Principle Based on Textual Analyses of His Ontological Theories
Hajar Zare Mohammad Saeedi Mehr Seeyed Sadradin Taheriwisdom two approaches can be adopted: investigating the ontological problems of anthropology of following up ontological principle that used in anthropology. This according to the second approach by expressing the principles of Sadra’s anthropology. That is to say Morewisdom two approaches can be adopted: investigating the ontological problems of anthropology of following up ontological principle that used in anthropology. This according to the second approach by expressing the principles of Sadra’s anthropology. That is to say: soul definition, soul creation, soul eternity, soul spiritual, the relationship between the soul and the body, the connection between soul and the ability and the perfection. Tries to explaining the role of the principles of ontology that is defined in Sadra’s anthropology. The definition of the soul and the related subjects based on originality of existence, degrees of existence, and the motion of substance, relation of the existence and substance and is point to the identity of the existence. The function of the soul creation is based on the motion of substance and originality of existence. In Sadra’s books eternity explained on relation of the existence and substance, the motion of substance and originality of existence. While the eternity is not incompatible by creation of soul too. The acceptance of mediator between the material and spiritual cosmos, make it possible that the aspect of immaterial and impossibility and the creation of an immaterial subject and physical place. And prepares the field of the soul’s imaginary, spiritual and immaterial. The relationship between soul and body and soul and ability based on the motion of substance and originality of existence, degrees of existence, unity of existence, function and power explained. The soul’s perfection based on function and power and the motion of substance has been defined. If wisdom system can explains own the principles of anthropology without originality of existence, actually, that can express the ontology likes transcendental wisdom of Mullasadra Manuscript profile -
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161 - The Neural Correlates of Jungian Collective Unconscious
اسماعیل دهقانThis paper tries to study the question of whether the notion ofcollective unconscious as developed by Jung has any neural correlates.Also, the notion will be pinned down with respect to the realm ofcognitive science as well as the interpretation of modern cognitivepsych MoreThis paper tries to study the question of whether the notion ofcollective unconscious as developed by Jung has any neural correlates.Also, the notion will be pinned down with respect to the realm ofcognitive science as well as the interpretation of modern cognitivepsychologists. For example, it will be shown that unconscious humanemotions somehow are related to the long term memory which hasgenetic base in psychology and is based on the changes in genotypestructure. With reference to the ideas projected by people such asRoederer, Panksepp, and McLennan, it will be clarified that why innatural dreams and imaginations, there are always fixed backgrounds,called archetypes by Jung. The claim, then, is that archetypes have todo with brain structure, neurons, and genetics of the brain structure. Manuscript profile -
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162 - Monroe Beardsley''''s On the Status of Aesthetics Object in Art Criticism
Mahdieh Alsadat Sajadian Maryam BakhtiarianIn modern times, with the avant-garde movement, recognizing the aesthetics object from a non- aesthetics object is difficult or impossible. Beardsley is one of the formalist philosophers who seeks to define the aesthetic object in order to make a difference between art MoreIn modern times, with the avant-garde movement, recognizing the aesthetics object from a non- aesthetics object is difficult or impossible. Beardsley is one of the formalist philosophers who seeks to define the aesthetic object in order to make a difference between art and non-art. He first of all distinguishes aesthetic object from other aspects, such as paying attention to the artist''s intention or the author''s intention and audience’s perception, that the aspects are considered to be false inputs in the functionalist pattern and disrupt the aesthetic experience. According to this theory, the function of art is the make of aesthetic experience, which is characterized by features such as unity, complex and intensity. These features are followed by artistic value, the value that is the subject of the recognition of an artistic object, and the critic must be know it to use them in the evaluation of artwork that is content-centered. Because the aesthetic experience in art is its value and the only necessary condition for the work of art and is formed on the basis of a positive verdict, the purpose of this study is to identify the aesthetic object from the Beardsley view which can be defined by art. Our methodology, in terms of the nature of the research, is to collect materials through a library study and Internet search, then we examine and analyze them in order to obtain Beardsley’s definition of the aesthetic object and its status in art criticism Manuscript profile -
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163 - Criticisms Based on the Concept of Complexity on William Rowe's Evidential Argument
Abstract The present paper is intended to examine the two criticisms raised against William Rowe's evidential argument. The common aspect between these two criticisms is that, both of them are built on the concept of "complexity". The first one is Kirk Durston’s, MoreAbstract The present paper is intended to examine the two criticisms raised against William Rowe's evidential argument. The common aspect between these two criticisms is that, both of them are built on the concept of "complexity". The first one is Kirk Durston’s, which refers to the complex intertwined historical combination of numerous accidents and events and attempts to prove that ignorance of the good related to some evils is due to the complexity of historical events and it does not mean that such evils are exorbitant as it is stated by William Rowe. The second criticism that, proposed by Daniel Howard Schneider, emphasizes, by expounding the concept of complex good, on the point that the mysteriousness of some good prevents their full recognition by the human cognitive faculty and consequently, would seems as if some of the evils in the world have no good end. Manuscript profile -
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164 - Encountering Architecture as an Event for Derrida
Sharareh Teimouri Shamsolmolok MostafaviAlthough it seems that deconstruction disintegrates everything, it provides a basis for everything in Derrida's philosophy. As Derrida defines deconstruction on collapsing and rebuilding, event has no exception to this definition. Events, like Derrida's other discussion MoreAlthough it seems that deconstruction disintegrates everything, it provides a basis for everything in Derrida's philosophy. As Derrida defines deconstruction on collapsing and rebuilding, event has no exception to this definition. Events, like Derrida's other discussions, are so intertwined that we cannot distinguish between them. But what is the event, and why is it an internal matter that takes credit from our internal and intuition? Why is it artificial? Derrida considers architecture to be an event type, and the style of deconstruction in architecture is an event definer? Thus, the explanation of Derrida's view of the event and its relation to art and architecture are manifested in features such undeconstructible, unpredictability of the event. For Derrida, therefore, the event is an instantaneous that even defines architecture in a "moment," and only from this dimension can it reach a consensus with architecture. In addition, deconstruction style in architecture takes us out of the ordinary cognition of form and space, and it can be an objective example of the subject of occurrence in architecture. Manuscript profile -
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165 - Intersubjectivity in Life World of Husserl’s Phenomenology
فهد حیاویTranscendental Ego is the principle of principles that philosophizationof great philosophers such as Husserl has been based upon it. Husserl,too, as a follower of Descartes meditations and philosophy withattemption in intentionality of transcendental ego accepts it as t MoreTranscendental Ego is the principle of principles that philosophizationof great philosophers such as Husserl has been based upon it. Husserl,too, as a follower of Descartes meditations and philosophy withattemption in intentionality of transcendental ego accepts it as the baseof principles of philosophization and declares himself as a NewCartesian. In this study, the author develops an original reading of theCartesian Meditation. This text, far from giving rise to a“Transcendental solipsism”, leads to a constitution of intersubjectivityon various levels (“primordial”, “Intersubjective” et “Objective”). In itscenter, a “Phenomenological Construction” operates, i.e. amethodological piece that masters the genetic approach ofintersubjectivity. Closely following the “almost mathematical” rigourof this crucial text of Husserl’s phenomenology, in this way equallytackles the issue of the constitution of the experience of the other andthe truly intersubjective structure of transcendental subjectivity. Thisstudy concludes with the metaphysical results of the analysis of theexperience of the other. Manuscript profile -
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166 - The Philosophical Definition of Power in Nā’īnī School
Explaining the perfection of authority and how human beings may act is an ontological and anthropological approach of the transcendent theosophy. For this school, the human being is not independent from the supernatural agents, in terms of either the essence and essenti MoreExplaining the perfection of authority and how human beings may act is an ontological and anthropological approach of the transcendent theosophy. For this school, the human being is not independent from the supernatural agents, in terms of either the essence and essential perfections or the process in which his/her act is formed. Any act which is carried out by a human being inevitably enters into a necessary cause-and-effect course which ends up in the final cause. People’s external acts are caused by their wills; while in turn their wills are caused by causes and agents that are considered as incentives, which are out of the human’s essence. Meanwhile, philosophers believe that the human being is free to do what he/she intends, because the definition of power is true of him/her. Naini and his followers have challenged such explanations of the transcendent theosophy and have tried to demonstrate that just assuming the definition of power to be true of human being cannot explain his/her actual free choice. This study aims at reviewing and finally judging the challenges that both of the mentioned groups may encounter. Manuscript profile -
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167 - Different Types of Evolutionary Epistemology
Abstract Recently, biologists and philosophers have been much attracted by an evolutionary view of knowledge, so-called evolutionary epistemology. Developing this insight, in this view is argued that our cognitive abilities are the outcome of organic evolution, and tha MoreAbstract Recently, biologists and philosophers have been much attracted by an evolutionary view of knowledge, so-called evolutionary epistemology. Developing this insight, in this view is argued that our cognitive abilities are the outcome of organic evolution, and that, conversely, evolution itself may be described as a cognition process. In this article we will introduce evolutionary epistemology and some evolutionary models for development of knowledge. Manuscript profile -
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168 - Vedic Theology
M. J. ShamsThe most ancient and most important sources of Hindu religion arethe Vedas, and among them Rg Veda, which is a collection ofhymns composed in praise of various gods, undoubtedly occupiesthe most prominent place.Glorification and praise of each god in many hymns of the R MoreThe most ancient and most important sources of Hindu religion arethe Vedas, and among them Rg Veda, which is a collection ofhymns composed in praise of various gods, undoubtedly occupiesthe most prominent place.Glorification and praise of each god in many hymns of the Rg Veda,sometimes as the greatest of the gods, has led the scholars topropose various theories of Vedic religion, from polytheism tohenotheism (or kenotheism) and monotheism, and to make differentcategorizations of the Vedic gods.The present article tries to explain and analyse the Vedic theologyin the light of these theories. It also deals with the various classes ofthe Vedic gods. Manuscript profile -
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169 - Empiricism vs. Scientific Realism: A Historical Survey of the Developments of These Two Approaches until the Early Twentieth Century
یاسمن هوشیارScientific realism is the thesis that the claims of scientific theoriesabout the facts in the world are literally true. That the theoriessometimes even go beyond our sense data and experience in orderto give us an understanding of natural phenomena and their causes,and MoreScientific realism is the thesis that the claims of scientific theoriesabout the facts in the world are literally true. That the theoriessometimes even go beyond our sense data and experience in orderto give us an understanding of natural phenomena and their causes,and that if we accept a theory as true, we are also committed to theexistence of certain undetectable things as the causes of thosephenomena.Although scientific realism as an independent area in philosophy ofscience is almost recent, as a general idea it can be detectedthroughout the history of western thought where it meets withoppositions mainly coming from the empiricist quarter.Searching through the history of thought and focusing on scientificexplanation as the main goal of science, this paper shows thephilosophical roots of these two approaches as well as their gradualdevelopment since antiquity through intricate evolvement into moresophisticated and systematic forms which emerged almost whenphilosophy of science came to be known as an autonomous field,the period within which the dominant approach is scientific antirealism.The writer is therefore concerned with three majorphilosophers of science, Mach, Poincaré, and Duhem, emphasizingthe main features and trying to come into certain conclusions aboutthe two approaches at issue. Manuscript profile -
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170 - Quran Revelation from Sheykhe- Mofid and Molla-Sadra Point of View Quran
Morteza KeshavarzBoth Sheykhe-Mofid and Molla-Sadra believe to revelation’s divinity.Sheykhe-mofid believed that the word of God is not eternal. Molla-Sadra has separated the word of God and the verbal text of Quran. Hehas believed that the word of God is eternal but the verbal te MoreBoth Sheykhe-Mofid and Molla-Sadra believe to revelation’s divinity.Sheykhe-mofid believed that the word of God is not eternal. Molla-Sadra has separated the word of God and the verbal text of Quran. Hehas believed that the word of God is eternal but the verbal text of Quranis not eternal. Sheykhe-Mofid believed that the God has createdrevelatory words and the prophet directly or indirectly has heard theserevelatory words and repeated them. He has denied the generalrevealed knowledge descending as collective and repulsive. Sheykhe-Mofid believed that Quran is an oral miracle. Molla-Sadra believed toboth, oral miracle and meaning miracle. But, his main emphasize is onmeaning miracle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
171 - Can Alternative Scientific Theories Challenge Scientific Rationality?
One of the reasons of the Relativism about Science is the impossibility of justifying scientists' decisions about conflicting or alternative scientific theories. Relativism argues that there is a situation in which scientists can never judge between alternative theories MoreOne of the reasons of the Relativism about Science is the impossibility of justifying scientists' decisions about conflicting or alternative scientific theories. Relativism argues that there is a situation in which scientists can never judge between alternative theories. From the point of view of the article, an alternative theory can only challenge scientific rationality if the two conditions of “methodological shortcomings of scientists” and “the existence of alternative theories” are established at a given time of decision-making. A major trend against relativism is the attempt to complement and equip scientists' methodology when confronting alternative theories. However, this article focuses on the study and evaluation of the “possibility of alternative theory”. To this end, we try to point out the various definitions of this concept in order to justify “alternativeness” of a theory. The important condition of independence from the current theory must be met. For this purpose, there must be a “complete formulation” of competing theories. According to this article, achieving this complete formulation to enumerate all the explanatory capabilities and empirical implications of the theory is a matter of history and depends on the emergence of the next successful theory. Therefore, only “after making a decision” a theory can be justified as “alternative”. Thus, the relativist claim is inconsistent because it must first accept the validity of the scientists' decision in order to attribute the alternative to a theory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
172 - Saadia Gaon and his Mutazilite Approach in Interpretation and Theology
دکتر سعید عدالت نژاد وحیده سعدی نعلبندیCertain method of demonstrating theological and exegetical claims isone of the heritages of Mutazilite Muslim theologians. One of the maincharacteristics of this method is that there is a considerable attention toreason as the permission to use rhetorician figures like MoreCertain method of demonstrating theological and exegetical claims isone of the heritages of Mutazilite Muslim theologians. One of the maincharacteristics of this method is that there is a considerable attention toreason as the permission to use rhetorician figures like metaphor andallegoric exegesis in describing theological doctrines as well as ininterpreting of the Quran. Assuming that using this method was notconfined to Muslim Mutazilite theologians and, before and after them,some of the Jewish Christian theologians have used this method, thepaper focusing on the divine attributes and relying on some instances ofthe interpretations of the Bible, will try to show that Saadia Gaon, aJewish theologian (d. 942), had a method similar to that of MuslimMutazilte theologians and, therefore, it might be called him "MutaziliteJew". Using a method like Mutazilite theologians, he interpretedintricate concepts in the Old Testament by concentrating on rhetoricalaspects of the text, and defended Jewish theology against the objectionsfrom his theological opponents, that is Christians. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
173 - Maddy’s Naturalistic Approach to Philosophy of Mathematics
Omid Mohammad HeydarNaturalism is an approach to the world phenomena from perspective ofnatural sciences. This approach avoids any kind of a priori philosophy and, ingeneral, any alleged knowledge of what is supernatural. In ontology,epistemology and methodology, naturalism by no means rel MoreNaturalism is an approach to the world phenomena from perspective ofnatural sciences. This approach avoids any kind of a priori philosophy and, ingeneral, any alleged knowledge of what is supernatural. In ontology,epistemology and methodology, naturalism by no means relies onmetaphysics or any kind of knowledge beyond the framework of empiricalsciences neither on any method and criterion except scientific methodologyand criteria. Naturalism, in one of its readings, considers philosophy as abranch of empirical science or a field of enquiry within the framework of sucha science. Penelope Maddy’s works on naturalism, especially in philosophy ofmathematics which this thesis intends to expound, are the continuation ofQuine’s works. Quine, as a prominent naturalist philosopher, is thepropounder of effective and thorough theories regarding naturalism, realismand other relevant areas. Unlike the past philosophers and epistemologists, hedoes not seek any basis, for empirical sciences, stronger than science, so thathe always relies on findings of empirical sciences. Penelope Maddy startsfrom Quine’s naturalism and, in response to the questions posed by othernaturalists in philosophy of mathematics, looks for a fundamental method,emphasizing on the set theory as a crucial basis in her arguments. Maddybelieves that if a conflict arises between philosophical explanation andsuccessful mathematical practices, it is philosophy that should retreat from itsposition. Neither philosophy nor science can annul or change methodologicalprinciples of mathematics, both science and philosophy being metamathematicaltrials for mathematics. Maddy’s important achievement innaturalistic philosophy of mathematics is heterogeneous naturalism to whichhe referred as the Second Philosophy. She recommends only mathematicalmethods and issues, and believes that other disciplines are not in the positionto be able to criticize mathematics. Manuscript profile -
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174 - Wittgenstein and “Overview”
مالک حسینیA very important element in Wittgenstein’s thought is “overview”(“Übersicht”). In the philosophical method of the so called laterWittgenstein this concept obtains special importance, and alongwith other concepts forms his method as a n MoreA very important element in Wittgenstein’s thought is “overview”(“Übersicht”). In the philosophical method of the so called laterWittgenstein this concept obtains special importance, and alongwith other concepts forms his method as a new one in the history ofphilosophy. Quoting Wittgenstein’s sayings on “overview”, thepresent article tries to introduce this main element of hisphilosophical method and to explain its significance for his idealphilosophizing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
175 - The Custom of the Wise
Alireza FaizThe Custom of the Wise is in face the practical consensus whoseauthority should absolutely not be doubted. The Customs of the Wiseof the times of presence of Imams as well as those of the time ofabsence of the twelfth Imam are all authorized. Imam Khomaini,Ayatollah Sad MoreThe Custom of the Wise is in face the practical consensus whoseauthority should absolutely not be doubted. The Customs of the Wiseof the times of presence of Imams as well as those of the time ofabsence of the twelfth Imam are all authorized. Imam Khomaini,Ayatollah Sadr, and Ayatollah Maghniyeh have proved authority of theCustom of the Wise of any time through strong proofs more than anyother jurist. Essentials of the said customs, kinds of change in theprecept in the light of the Custom of the Wise, transformation ofprecepts through transformation of the Custom of the Wise, andopinions of some great Sunni jurists in confirming the Custom of theWise are thoroughly dealt with in the present essay. Manuscript profile -
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176 - Analysis of the Nature of Faith with an Emphasis on the Ontological Approach of Mulla Sadra to Knowledge
In the design of monotheistic religions, faith in God and in the unseen world is one of the most important facts which paves the way for man’s achieving happiness. Based on the ontological analysis of faith in the transcendent philosophy, there is a link between f MoreIn the design of monotheistic religions, faith in God and in the unseen world is one of the most important facts which paves the way for man’s achieving happiness. Based on the ontological analysis of faith in the transcendent philosophy, there is a link between faith and knowledge such that the rules of knowledge such as being, hierarchy, and the rule of unity, can also be attributed to the truth of faith. Although, in the first glance, these Sadrean concepts seem to reduce the truth of faith to the theoretical reason of man, Sadra’s viewpoint was finally focused on both theoretical and practical reasons. He considers as real just that kind of faith which is based on both of them. The divisions of faith as well as the discussion of mortality, are all considered to be the result of the Sadra's science-centered approach toward faith. Manuscript profile -
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177 - Distinction of Intellect and Opinion in the Shiite School
Majid MaarefOne among significant questions in Imam al-Sadiq’s hadiths is toknow his idea concerning categories of “intellect” and “opinion” aswell as comprehending the distinction between those two concepts.Such a discussion is necessary because in Im MoreOne among significant questions in Imam al-Sadiq’s hadiths is toknow his idea concerning categories of “intellect” and “opinion” aswell as comprehending the distinction between those two concepts.Such a discussion is necessary because in Imam al-Sadiq’s hadithsthe intellect is praised as the guide for the believer on the one handwhile opinion and analogy are severely reproached and negated onthe other. To reproach the opinion in Imam al-Sadiq’s hadiths ismade in such a manner that his conforming the intellect and itsfunctions is remained hidden and obsolete in the light of attack onopinion. The present essay is an attempt to indicate the status ofintellect and opinion in Imam al-Sadiq’s hadiths as well asexpounding the distinction between those two concepts Manuscript profile -
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178 - MullaSadra’s Criticism of Avicenna’s Sidiqin Argument; Whole, Number, and Cause-Effect Chain
There is a shared premise in Avicenna’s Sidiqin Argument (and its formulation in our previously published papers) and one of the arguments against the possibility of regress (Taftazani, 1049). This premise is a metaphysical presupposition: for any contingent exist MoreThere is a shared premise in Avicenna’s Sidiqin Argument (and its formulation in our previously published papers) and one of the arguments against the possibility of regress (Taftazani, 1049). This premise is a metaphysical presupposition: for any contingent existent there is a chain that consists of its possible causes, and the chain, as a whole, is an in-itself contingent existent. In Asfar, MullaSadra quoted Taftazani’s argument and criticized this premise. He argued that the existence of the chain is not consistent with the equivalence of real existence and real oneness. If MullaSadra’s objection were penetrating, it would destroy Avicenna’s Sidiqin Argument (and our formulation). We shall argue that not only MullaSadra, in a sense, begs the question, but also his position in this objection is not consistent with its comments on ash-Shifa under the subject of number and his general view about the relation between a cause and its effect. Manuscript profile -
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179 - دین و اخلاق و رابطه آنها از منظر هانس کونگ
حسن ghanbari -
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180 - Montaigne and the Virtue of Humility
Humility, in this paper, is described as the central concept in understanding Montaigne's philosophy. It is the common ground that relates all the themes and concerns in his thought. When speaking about theology, epistemology and politics, he just wants to revive the sp MoreHumility, in this paper, is described as the central concept in understanding Montaigne's philosophy. It is the common ground that relates all the themes and concerns in his thought. When speaking about theology, epistemology and politics, he just wants to revive the spirit of humility in these areas. This paper shows Montaigne not as a skeptic but as a humble philosopher and humility as the key to his philosophy in four areas of knowledge, virtue, theology and politics. His humility led to a reasonable skepticism in knowledge and a natural and spontaneous virtue in ethics and battling humanism of his age in theology and resisting against both dictatorship and revolution in politics. Finally, Montaigne is recognized as a philosopher who wants to dwell humanity in its right position and brings the importance of body, nature and emotions to attention. He reminds us again and again that we as humans are natural, bodily and emotional beings and our virtue and happiness is dependent on accepting these human conditions. Manuscript profile -
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181 - Justice as Fairness, Political not Metaphysical
محمد علی صافیRawls’ thoughts can be divided into two significant periods. In his firstperiod, he is impressed by Kant’s ethical philosophy but in secondperiod, he goes far from abstract philosophy and tries to make histheory pragmatic, scientific and methodological. Most MoreRawls’ thoughts can be divided into two significant periods. In his firstperiod, he is impressed by Kant’s ethical philosophy but in secondperiod, he goes far from abstract philosophy and tries to make histheory pragmatic, scientific and methodological. Most of philosophersin enlightenment and after, try to applied metaphysical presuppositionsfor establishing their philosophical frameworks. Many Philosophicalschools have been established by these presuppositions. Even somestates have been applied some of that schools same as utilitarianism.For instance: Immanuel Kant had been established his philosophicalframework by applying ethical doctrine or Lock had been establishedhis philosophical theories by different interpretation of Christianity.But is Rawls that he called himself as follower of named philosophers,imitate their method? Or same as his claim that: he tried to establish histheory without depending of any metaphysical presuppositions and justcall it merely political concept. In this article, firstly, introductory aboutLock’s theory of justification and Kant’s effect on Rawls has beenconsidered then; I just try investigating of Rawls claim of justice asfairness is political concept, not metaphysical. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
182 - Wittgenstein and Gadamer on Private Language
قاسم فضلیIn early Wittgenstein view, philosophic, aesthetic, ethical, religious,logical statements are nonsense because language is propositional andits statements are pictorial. Meaningful statements (language) is, only,factual statement (speech based on facts), in late Wittgen MoreIn early Wittgenstein view, philosophic, aesthetic, ethical, religious,logical statements are nonsense because language is propositional andits statements are pictorial. Meaningful statements (language) is, only,factual statement (speech based on facts), in late Wittgenstein, incontrast factual statements (speech based on facts) are only a kind ofmeaningful statements (a dialect). Language is, essentially, a social anduniversal phenomenon not private one. Gadamer, also, argues that was(or is) never private. It doesn’t belong to individuals, but vice versa, theindividuals belong to it. Here it is intended to demonstrate similaritybetween two philosophers in detial. Manuscript profile -
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183 - Hick’s Pluralism: Challenge between Realism and Antirealism
ثریا سلاحوَرزیAccording to pluralism, in all great religious traditions, the unique finaltruth is experienced and comprehended in different forms. Here, amongthree kinds of pluralism, Hick’s pluralism is examined. His pluralism ismainly based on two principles: (1) Kant’s MoreAccording to pluralism, in all great religious traditions, the unique finaltruth is experienced and comprehended in different forms. Here, amongthree kinds of pluralism, Hick’s pluralism is examined. His pluralism ismainly based on two principles: (1) Kant’s epistemological model; (2)truth-coherentism.According to Kant’s model, the nature of Haq [= the Truth] in Himself, isbeyond the limits of man-made concepts. Haq is called “inexpressible” inWestern religious language, “without-form” in Eastern religious language,and “noumenal truth” in Kantian language, being experienced by humanbeings in the form of a chain of divine phenomena.Some objections are proposed to this view, seemingly similar to the viewsof proponents of Ta’til (Gnosticists) in Islamic tradition. Truth has newconnotation in Hick’s view, which is different from that of Islamicphilosophers such as ‘Allāmeheh Tabātābei andd Motahhari.Hick’s view, finally, approaches to pragmatist view, since he refers to theeffectiveness of religions as an evidence for the Absolute Being.Therefore, we can see a turn in his views from coherentism towardspragmatism. Manuscript profile -
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184 - A Critique on the Qualia Denial: A Study of Dennett’s View
Abolqasem Hashemi Ahmadreza Hemmati MoghaddamMental qualities, in the minimal and intuitive concept, is intrinsic and phenomenal characters of experience called “qualia”. Perceptual states, bodily sensation, emotional states, and quasi-perceptual states are usually considered as examples of mental stat MoreMental qualities, in the minimal and intuitive concept, is intrinsic and phenomenal characters of experience called “qualia”. Perceptual states, bodily sensation, emotional states, and quasi-perceptual states are usually considered as examples of mental states that are included qualia. Daniel Dennett, an American philosopher, denies the existence of qualia using the intuition pump designed by him. His view is known as “Reductionism of Qualia”. In these tests, Dennett calls history of qualia into question and reveals the contradictions that may exist in qualia. In contrast to Dennett, philosophers such as Tye, unlike Dennett, argues that reverse quality is possible to exist and William Webb considers the technological advances as the cause of empirical confirmation of qualia reverse. In the end, a third perspective is formulated by the authors to Dennett’s arguments according to which every conscious experience has characters which may be specific to a person: Characters that are necessary to a complete explanation of a phenomenon. Manuscript profile -
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185 - Michael Ruse on Social Darwinism: A Critical Appraisal
Contrary to what it seems to be, Social Darwinism is the result of Herbert Spencer's efforts rather than Darwin's. The advocates of social Darwinism used the idea of survival of the fittest, which was initially invented by Spencer, in order to analyze and explain social MoreContrary to what it seems to be, Social Darwinism is the result of Herbert Spencer's efforts rather than Darwin's. The advocates of social Darwinism used the idea of survival of the fittest, which was initially invented by Spencer, in order to analyze and explain social events and moral behaviors. Since Social Darwinism was a justification for removing the weak persons and boosting the survival of the rich, and also justified many of the great wars, including World War II, it has become a notorious philosophy, and many critics have tried to reject it. Michael Rus as a contemporary evolutionist and theorist of the moral philosophy, has reviewed Social Darwinism. The results of this review led him to a new evolutionary ethics. In this article we will introduce and review the social Darwinism from the viewpoint of Ruse. At the end, we conclude that common judgments about social Darwinism are hasty, and the critique of social Darwinism needs to think more. Manuscript profile -
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186 - The View of Wittgenstein a bout „The Meaning
Dr. A. GharaviThe meaning and it's relation with the word is the first problem in thetheatrical linguistics. Wittgenstein believes in the, Picture theory ofmeaning, the significant depends on two poles, true pole and false pole.Therefore in his oponion, the statements that aren't emp MoreThe meaning and it's relation with the word is the first problem in thetheatrical linguistics. Wittgenstein believes in the, Picture theory ofmeaning, the significant depends on two poles, true pole and false pole.Therefore in his oponion, the statements that aren't empirical aren'tpropositions. Because the Propositions explainers the reality but thestatements aren't empirical so doesn’t represent anything. He critiqueshis opinions in the “Philosophical Investigations” about the meaningand its relations with the facts. In this book he believes the meaning ofa word is in its Use, and how it uses in the sentence and we must askabout its Use in the sentence. His mistake in the Tractatus was a kind ofincorrect judgment about, the meaning, but he tries to reform it in thePhilosophical investigations. This essay represents the verification thatis acceptable for positivists have three problems:necessary necessary in every dimension". But unlike to Anselem theydo not prove the existence of God through this definition. they proveGod's attributes by this. Then the kant's Objections to this argument hasbeen discussed.The article continues with a second version of this argument. Thisversion avoids kant's Objections and try to prove God on the basis ofnecessity of His being. If we can show that the proposition of "Godexists" is necesserily true, then this proposition is true in all possibleworlds. In the end Mulla Sadra's view of the rule of "necessary being isnecessary in every dimension" has been discussed and shown that thisview is compatible with the second version of ontological argument Manuscript profile -
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187 - Mēnō, Gētī and the Multiple States of Being in the Illuminationist Philosophy
Fātemeh LajevardiThe Two most important notions of the Mazdean cosmologyare mēnō and gētī. Mēnō is a non- material, invisible and suprasensorystate which belongs to Ahuramazda, Amshaspands, other deities andthe eternal mēnō of the creatures of this world. In a sharp contrast, gētīis the MoreThe Two most important notions of the Mazdean cosmologyare mēnō and gētī. Mēnō is a non- material, invisible and suprasensorystate which belongs to Ahuramazda, Amshaspands, other deities andthe eternal mēnō of the creatures of this world. In a sharp contrast, gētīis the material, contingent and earthly mode of existence. In theAvesta and the Pahlavi texts these two modes of being seem closelyinterwoven. Mēnō is the unseen force which moves, organizes andmanipulates gētī, and gētī is the material form in which mēnō residesand with which it performs its functions.In the Illuminationist philosophy of Suhrawardi all thedescending states of being emanated from Nur al- anwar, areclassified into three categories of «the world of pure beings» ,including the world of intellect and the world of soul, «the world ofmithāl», which is the intermediate state, and «the materialworld»which includes the spheres and the elements. In a comparativeoutlook, the Mazdean triple worlds of Amshaspandns and other deties,the mēnōg forms of the gētīg beings, and the gētī correspond to thetriple worlds of Suhrawardi. Manuscript profile -
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188 - On Carnap's Endeavor for By-Passing the Barriers of Meaningful Speech
مجید داودی بنیIn this paper, I try to give a clear reading of Carnap's conventionalismagainst the prevalent philosophical back ground of the day. Thebackground had been painted in Wittgensetinian colors, which weredeemed by Carnap to be rusty, dogmatic and unacceptable. It beginswith MoreIn this paper, I try to give a clear reading of Carnap's conventionalismagainst the prevalent philosophical back ground of the day. Thebackground had been painted in Wittgensetinian colors, which weredeemed by Carnap to be rusty, dogmatic and unacceptable. It beginswith the primary satisfaction of logical empiricists with Wittgensteinianapproach to truth and the status of logical sentences (a satisfactionwhich ended to a deep dissatisfaction soon enough). Then I attend toCarnap's remarkable criticisms of Wittgenstein's absolutist point ofview, which is devoid of necessary conventional elements. At the end,we will see that Carnap's attempt at suggesting an alternative schemefor explaining the status of logical and mathematical sentences, as it isput forward in Logical Syntax of Language (1934), suffers from similarshortcomings. This does not need to debase the brilliant points whichemerged out of Carnap's critical reading of Wittgenstein's philosophy,though. Manuscript profile -
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189 - The Trace of Pragmatism in Niels Bohr’s Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
سید رضا ملیح افسانه آشکاریIt is a common view that, most of the elements of Copenhageninterpretation, as the first and the most famous interpretation ofquantum mechanics, is rooted historically and philosophically, logicalpositivism. The aim of this paper is to show that, philosophically,pragmat MoreIt is a common view that, most of the elements of Copenhageninterpretation, as the first and the most famous interpretation ofquantum mechanics, is rooted historically and philosophically, logicalpositivism. The aim of this paper is to show that, philosophically,pragmatism supports Copenhagen interpretation more intensively,whether or not the initiators of the interpretation, such as Niels Bohr asthe most important figure of the interpretation, were aware of that. Weproclaim that some elements of the interpretation, which are consistentwith logical positivism, are perfectly supported by pragmatism. Someof these elements are: weak objectivism, senselessness of the conceptof “thing in itself”, instrumentalist approaches to theories, and theavoidance to deal with ontological issues irrespective of experiment.Furthermore, and more particularly, it is argued that pragmatismespouses some of other fundamental and important elements ofCopenhagen interpretation such as holism, uncertainty principle, andcomplementarity. Manuscript profile -
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190 - Divine Names and Attributes from the Muslim Theologians' View
Mohammad Javad Shams"Divine names and attributes" is one of the most important, andperhapes polemic and contentious topics in Islamic theology which isposed under divine unity subject.The first question rised for theologians after demonstration of God'sexistense was on His qualities and at More"Divine names and attributes" is one of the most important, andperhapes polemic and contentious topics in Islamic theology which isposed under divine unity subject.The first question rised for theologians after demonstration of God'sexistense was on His qualities and attributes. In Quran and tradition,some names and attributes of God are mentioned, but there is anemphasis on God's transcendence too; therefore this question has beenalways posed for theologians that how is the alliance between essenceand attributes? Are attributes the very essence or other than it? Areattributes pre- existent or created?Theologians, accoding to their theological tendencies have answered tothese questions differently and even antithetically. They have providedseveral theories such as : identity, otherness, and vicarship. Manuscript profile -
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191 - The Necessity of Interaction Between Metaphysics and Sciences
علی مرادخانیThis paper is a reflection on the interaction between metaphysics andscience that has been existed since the pre-modern epoch, an exampleof which was actualized in Aristotle's system of metaphysics andscience. Yet, this interaction was gradually undermined by the advent MoreThis paper is a reflection on the interaction between metaphysics andscience that has been existed since the pre-modern epoch, an exampleof which was actualized in Aristotle's system of metaphysics andscience. Yet, this interaction was gradually undermined by the adventof scientific revolution especially the classic period of science in the17th and 18th century in modern epoch. In the 19th century, theappearances of positivism caused metaphysics lose its meaningfulnessand laid it aside from the realm of episteme and then put it in the sphereof tastes, emotions and passions. In the 20th century, philosophies andmetaphysical systems, in the common sense, failed to direct sciencesand claimed a sort of independence from sciences through raisingtechnical problems in fields of language and logic.However, this independence supported metaphysics and philosophyversus techno-science, in the meanwhile metaphysics lost another mainrole, the raising rationality in the field of sciences. This article explainsthis problem after a brief introduction and argues that pursuit of thisissue is not a technical-academic problem but a matter of human life. Manuscript profile -
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192 - Relationship between Granting of Prayer and Miracle and Causality System from the Viewpoint of Interpreters of Transcendent Theosophy
Abstract In these theological or philosophical and hadith books have discussed question of prayer and its granting. In many hadiths have insisted that prayer is part of God’s decrees. As the God in the Holy Qur’an invites man to pray, the answer to prayer i MoreAbstract In these theological or philosophical and hadith books have discussed question of prayer and its granting. In many hadiths have insisted that prayer is part of God’s decrees. As the God in the Holy Qur’an invites man to pray, the answer to prayer is guaranteed. In this article with considering the approach of Transcendent Theosophy exponents, we believe that prayer is one of the major factors to achieve desired and granting of prayer is done according to the creation system and fixed lows, and there is no contrast and conflict between granting of prayer and low of causality, ever, as miracles and supernatural affairs are done, granting of prayer, also, is justified. also ,the impact of ego in granting of prayer is considered, as ego has effect in body and ego state have manifested in body, then, also it effect in supernatural affairs. The results of this study illustrate that, although there are some obscure and unknown causes in achieve to desired and granting of prayer but prayer and granting of prayer not out from cause and effect system and granting of prayer not eradicate low of causality. Manuscript profile -
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193 - Status of Ethics in Gadamer's Hermeneutics
زهرا زینلی مهرآبادThis essay deals with ethics in Gadamer's hermeneutics. Mainquestion is whether Gadamer's hermeneutics can play an importantrule in finding the way, how-to-live human beings or not. In thelight of Heidegger's interpretation of plato's aletheia, it seems thatethics has l MoreThis essay deals with ethics in Gadamer's hermeneutics. Mainquestion is whether Gadamer's hermeneutics can play an importantrule in finding the way, how-to-live human beings or not. In thelight of Heidegger's interpretation of plato's aletheia, it seems thatethics has lost his early status philosophizing. By means ofinterpreting truth [Wahrheit] and good [agathon] in Plato'sphilosophy, Gadamer intends to illustrate rational connectionbetween speculative philosophy and ethics. First of all, Heidegger'saccount of Plato's aletheia must be exposed, which is conveyed todisclosedness and forgottenness of the being [Sein], in his turn,consequently, leads to ethical nihilism. It would be, then, discussedthat how Gadamer tries to obviate this crisis/situation. Gadamer'sendeavour is concentrated on two issues: (1) Reconstructing ofPlato's care in [contemplating and] intending on transcendentalIdeas, specially Idea of goodness, and their relation with the beingwhich leads him to relitivization of distinction between the beingand entities. (2) The canonical rule of authentic dialogue at formingethical decision and performing this decision in virtue of persistanceof exact and critical investigation. Saying the main consequence inshort: ethical considerations not only are not distinctable fromontology but also they are situated in its focal center. Manuscript profile -
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194 - Anomie of the Walls and the Concealed Nomos of the Earth: The Geometry of Modern Political Theory
This paper works with the assumptions that the modern political theory is based on geometry: the ‎political geometry of the inside and outside. It also considers that the fundamental concept of ‎political philosophy is neither freedom nor political power but bor MoreThis paper works with the assumptions that the modern political theory is based on geometry: the ‎political geometry of the inside and outside. It also considers that the fundamental concept of ‎political philosophy is neither freedom nor political power but borders. In this framework, the paper aims to understand the locus and ‎spaces that are problematic for nation-state sovereignty and it is concerned with the political ‎status of groups of people that have challenged the juridical and political limits of nation-states. ‎It calls these people "stateless" and "non-state" people. These groups are not the topic of this paper but they offer the possibility to understand ‎the decline of nation-state sovereignty in the "post-Westphalian" order‏. The paper tries to trace the waning of sovereignty in this new global order and demonstrates that, ‎as nation-state sovereignty wanes, states and sovereignty come apart from one another. And ‎through this, we reach the concealed nomos of the political space within which we still live: "Boundary ‎Walls". ‎This paper shows that the nomos of the earth is defined by the Walls. It concludes that, the location of these vertical ‎structures is an anomic space. Further, it will be explained that such a structure taken to mark and ‎enforce an inside/outside distinction appears as a self-‎defeating paradox. Indeed, there is a struggle for anomic zone of suspension so that ‎we can think of a kind of Politics of Resistance. The agenda of the paper is thus to restart ‎from the structural facts, to measure the changes that have occurred and to ask once again what the role of ‎politics can contribute in this context Manuscript profile -
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195 - If Panderim among Prescribed Punishments(Hodood)
Rahim NowbaharAccording to well-know opinion of Shiite jurisproudence panderism isamong Prescibed Punishments (hodood). All Iranian Legislationsregarding the issue after the Islamic Revolution followed this idea.In this article Iwill argue in a fighi way that there are no strong ands MoreAccording to well-know opinion of Shiite jurisproudence panderism isamong Prescibed Punishments (hodood). All Iranian Legislationsregarding the issue after the Islamic Revolution followed this idea.In this article Iwill argue in a fighi way that there are no strong andsufficient reason which prove that panderism is among hoddood andconsequently it should be considerd as a crime which ouccer in thecategory of Discretionary Punishments (Taazirat). So, Islamic CriminalJustics can respond proportionately to the different degrees of thiscrime by providing useful punishments and in harmony with similarcrimes such as trafficking on women for prostitution. The article alsodeals with implicitly some ambiguous legal aspects of the crimewhether it would be among Hodood or Tazirat. Manuscript profile -
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196 - The Role of Art in Human Evolution from the Perspective of Evolutionary Naturalistic Aesthetics
Roja AlizadehOn evolutionary naturalist approach, human desire for art and beauty, is the product of his evolution and one of the many adaptations that has been gained through natural and sexual selection during the struggle for survival. Accordingly, the modern man desire for art a MoreOn evolutionary naturalist approach, human desire for art and beauty, is the product of his evolution and one of the many adaptations that has been gained through natural and sexual selection during the struggle for survival. Accordingly, the modern man desire for art and beauty is the result of a genetic planning that remains of its oldest ancestors. In support of this claim, this approach relied on such things as universality, ancientity, and the ancient history of art as well as its instinct enjoyment. Evolutionary aesthetics utilizes the achievements of various sciences, in particular evolutionary psychology, to seek to justify, from a scientific and naturalistic point of view, the constant companion of arts to humans and to find logical and theoretical reasons for it. From the perspective of the theorists in this field of art and aesthetics, the result of the mechanism of natural and sextual selection, and therefore arising from human instincts, is rooted in human nature. Manuscript profile -
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197 - The Infallibility of Prophets from the Viewpoint of Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi
محمد سعیدی مهر لیلا اختیاریThe infallibility of Prophets has been considered as a significant matterfor Muslim theologians from the ancient periods. Fakhr Razi (died in606 A.P.) is regarded as the most prominent Sunni theologians whofollowed Ashari school.He ascribes prophets as infallible person MoreThe infallibility of Prophets has been considered as a significant matterfor Muslim theologians from the ancient periods. Fakhr Razi (died in606 A.P.) is regarded as the most prominent Sunni theologians whofollowed Ashari school.He ascribes prophets as infallible persons. Hence, he believes that theinfallibility is necessary rather for passing the prophet hood, but notbefore the incidence. He believes that an individual has the capacity toreach eminence of infallibility merely at the time he bears certain traitswithin the body or spirit in order to prevent him from committing sinsin this respect. He should obviously be aware of the obscenity of sinand grace of obedience to hear the divine inspiration of GodAlmighty’s sublime Excellency. If this individual committees anymiscue in the lapse, he must be blamed for it to be aware of theobscenity of committed sin.Fakhr Razi considered the realm of belief, prophet hood, sentence,Judgment, deed and inclination as the subject of controversy amongtheologians in the issue of infallibility of prophets. Manuscript profile -
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198 - Is Religion a by-Product of Biological Evolution? Richard Sosis’s Criticism of non-Adaptationist Approach to Evolutionary Account of Religion
In this paper, we first discuss the main questions in evolutionary accounts of religion. Then we offer the main answers to these questions. The hypothesis of religion as a by-product, will be briefly introduced and then Richard Sosi’s criticism of this hypothesis MoreIn this paper, we first discuss the main questions in evolutionary accounts of religion. Then we offer the main answers to these questions. The hypothesis of religion as a by-product, will be briefly introduced and then Richard Sosi’s criticism of this hypothesis will be explained step by step. In order to criticize the hypothesis of religion as by-product and to provide a proper basis for his criticism, Richard Sosi starts with the definition of religion and regards it as a system. He believes that a religious system is mixed of some primary elements, including various cognitive and behavioral processes. Cognitive assessments determine only one aspect of religion, while religion is a comprehensive system whose overall performance must be examined. Even if the cognitive assessments are precise and can show that metaphysical beliefs are the by-products of some brain functions, this can’t determine whether a religious system is a factor that leads to adaptation. Richard Sosi considers the concept of "by-product" and, through a scientific analysis, shows that religion can be seen as a secondary adaptation or exaptation, not as a by-product. Manuscript profile -
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199 - Walter Benjamin and Reproducible Art
زهرا کمالی مجید اکبریWalter Benjamin (1892-1940) was philosopher and cultural and literarycritic. In 1936, he wrote the essay titled "The Work of Art in the Age ofits Mechanical Reproduction". This essay has had a profound influenceon the approaches to art. His main concern was the change i MoreWalter Benjamin (1892-1940) was philosopher and cultural and literarycritic. In 1936, he wrote the essay titled "The Work of Art in the Age ofits Mechanical Reproduction". This essay has had a profound influenceon the approaches to art. His main concern was the change in thenature of the art in virtue of its technical reproducibility. Massreproducibility transformed both of the art reception and the impact ofartworks. The change in the impact of artworks on the audiences is dueto the substitution of the ritual function with exhibitional function.Benjamin believes that, which disappears in the age of mechanicalreproduction is the "aura" of the artwork. Mechanical reproduction inphotography and film has completed this process in which the auraslowly disappears. He maintains that, this new experience alters theconcept of art itself and recoils the function in favor of political andsocial behaviors; to say exactly, social function of art has changed fromritual to political one. He believed that, there is a hidden force inreproductive artwork in present age which can function againsttradition. Manuscript profile -
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200 - Joseph Carroll's Evolutionary Critique of the Picture of Dorian Gray: A Critical Study
Ghazaleh Azizi hadi samadiIn evolutionary literary criticism, literary masterpieces are criticized from the perspective of Darwinian theory of evolution. The main purpose of this type critique is to shed new light on the ambiguous labyrinths of human relations with a new look. Joseph Carroll is MoreIn evolutionary literary criticism, literary masterpieces are criticized from the perspective of Darwinian theory of evolution. The main purpose of this type critique is to shed new light on the ambiguous labyrinths of human relations with a new look. Joseph Carroll is one of the leaders in evolutionary literary criticism, and his most famous critique is based on Oscar Wilde's Dorian Gray. This article is a critical review of Carroll's evolutionary critique of Wilde's masterpiece. The article argues that Carroll faces this difficulty in his critique that from the evolution viewpoint the biological main purpose of human actions is survival and reproduction, Wilde, on the other hand, introduces an opposite goal to his protagonist, Dorian. Carroll's critique is a valuable literary critique, but it may not be considered a full-fledged evolutionary literary critique because Carroll's focus is primarily on evolutionary psychology and does not use the cultural evolution beyond biological levels in this critique. While by using theories such as De waal's views, this critique can be brought closer to an evolutionary literary critique. Manuscript profile -
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201 - Custom of the Wise
Alireza FaizCustom of the wise plays a very significant role inunderstanding juristic precepts especially newly-raised ones and alllegal systems have taken it into consideration. Some think that thereis no transformation in the Islamic precepts, while it is not correctand dynamic c MoreCustom of the wise plays a very significant role inunderstanding juristic precepts especially newly-raised ones and alllegal systems have taken it into consideration. Some think that thereis no transformation in the Islamic precepts, while it is not correctand dynamic custom of the wise can solve many newly-raisedjuristic questions Manuscript profile -
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202 - Artwork and the Empirical World: Art as a Social Critic in Adorno's Thought
Theodor Adorno is one of those philosophers who give a high position to art in their thought. That is, without having a true conception of his ideas on art, one cannot capture very much of his thoughts. The same is true for other philosophers like Kant and Hegel. I beli MoreTheodor Adorno is one of those philosophers who give a high position to art in their thought. That is, without having a true conception of his ideas on art, one cannot capture very much of his thoughts. The same is true for other philosophers like Kant and Hegel. I believe that Adorno's most important concern regarding art was its dialectical relation with the empirical or everyday-world and the status quo. The reason is that for Adorno art is the only sphere of life which has escaped the ossified relations of the capitalist world and has been a shelter for qualified freedom. It is only in artworks that one can hear of the real pain and suffering, the pain of living in a reified society where no room is left for true life. This paper is not a comprehensive discussion of Adorno's ideas. I have just tried to present the most important discussions in Adorno's writings on the relation between art and the empirical world. The leading thread of this paper is the ways through which art criticizes the status quo. In the first section, I will focus on the concept of Culture Industry in order to give a clear description of what Adorno contrasts with the autonomous art. In the second section, I will investigate the dialectical relation between artworks and the empirical world. And in the last section, I will put forward the discussions concerning the form and content of artworks and their relation to social criticism. Manuscript profile -
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203 - Kierkegaard on the Relation of Indirect Contact and Unconditional Commitment
Abstract The question of faith is one of the main concerns for Kierkegaard. How can human being gain to a genuine and reliable faith? Can be found to believe in God through argument and reasoning? Does the direct connection is only way to communicate with God and becom MoreAbstract The question of faith is one of the main concerns for Kierkegaard. How can human being gain to a genuine and reliable faith? Can be found to believe in God through argument and reasoning? Does the direct connection is only way to communicate with God and become faithful? All of these are the most important issues that had been preoccupying Kierkegaard’s mind. Kierkegaard believes that the only way to communicate with God and become faithful is direct contact and devotion to God. The aim of this paper is to criticize and evaluate Kierkegaard’s view on this field. Manuscript profile -
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204 - The Concept of the “Other” in Karl Jaspers
Karl Jaspers like other existentialist philosophers contends that existence depends on “being in the world” and “being with others”. In general, the concept of “otherness” is one of the fundamental concepts which is proposed more prof MoreKarl Jaspers like other existentialist philosophers contends that existence depends on “being in the world” and “being with others”. In general, the concept of “otherness” is one of the fundamental concepts which is proposed more profoundly in his philosophy than in other existentialist philosophies, because for him otherness is something through which the individual understands himself. Communication with others is not necessarily conveying emotions and ideas; rather, it is related to “existence” or inter-subjectivity and also bound up with a type of mutual respect. One may say that for Jaspers, man’s “existence” lacks theoretical aspect and appears just in practice and choice; thus communication with others is among the situations that would make the emergence of human existence possible. In this essay, we try to highlight the importance of “otherness” and its relation to Jaspers’ other significant philosophical concepts. Above all, we attempt to elucidate the importance and the status of “otherness” in his philosophy. Manuscript profile -
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205 - Frans de Waal on the Origins of Morality
Abstract Evolutionary ethics is one of the major branches of philosophy of ethics which is still the subject of many researches. There is no doubt that one of the illustrious scholars is Frans de wall who has written several books and articles in this subject matter. H MoreAbstract Evolutionary ethics is one of the major branches of philosophy of ethics which is still the subject of many researches. There is no doubt that one of the illustrious scholars is Frans de wall who has written several books and articles in this subject matter. He is strongly influenced by Darwin and Spencer and his profound research about primates, particularly chimpanzees and booboos, suggested new perspective on human morality. Contrary to many other scholars, who maintains that morality is a matter of culture and selfishness, he contends that our behavior is other-regarding and he puts much emphasis on cooperation and also posits that morality has roots in our evolutionary history. Despite the fact that many philosophers such as Hobbes believes that humans as fundamentally asocial or even antisocial, he postulates that humans are social and good natured in essence. He also contends that there is a continuity between human morality and animal social tendencies, And the main distinction between human and animals are moral judgments and capacity of reasoning. Manuscript profile -
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206 - Comparing the Views of Ibn Sina and G.E. Moore on Moral Realism and the Method of Intuition in Ethics
Leili Heydarian Enshaallah Rahmati Jamshid Jalali SheyjaniThis article explains and compares the views of Ibn Sina and G.E. Moore in the field of realist ethics and while discussing the method of intuition in recognizing moral characteristics. Realism in ethics means the objectivity of moral propositions, and therefore moral p MoreThis article explains and compares the views of Ibn Sina and G.E. Moore in the field of realist ethics and while discussing the method of intuition in recognizing moral characteristics. Realism in ethics means the objectivity of moral propositions, and therefore moral properties are intuitive. The main issue of research on the formulation of Ibn Sina's views, along with the principles of realism and the method of intuition, is whether the moral propositions under popular opinion follow the same principles that Moore put forward in the discussion of realism in ethics and how they can be intuitive. Moore's moral realism is based on the intuitionism of moral qualities such as good and evil, which are unacceptable to the natural or metaphysical. According to Ibn Sina, moral realism is defined and intuitive based on the moral presuppositions such as good and bad. In this attitude, the good and the bad for the soul are explained as a being whose exaltation and happiness is a real thing. The results of this study show that for Moore, the relationship between moral issues and predicates such as good and bad is an intuitive thing, which is defined as a good relationship with the greatest possible good, and this combination and understanding requires reflection and intellectual maturity of the moral agent. According to Ibn Sina, the relationship between moral issues and moral presuppositions such as good and bad is explained on the basis of the reputation of moral propositions and the intuitions of the wise of the people. Manuscript profile -
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207 - Anthropology from the Perspective of Kant and Mulla Sadra
Kant is a great philosopher who, in the context of anthropology, believes that humans do not have a stable identity. In Mulla Sadra's view, man is the only being which does not have a certain nature and his truth would not be his actions; rather the infinite possibiliti MoreKant is a great philosopher who, in the context of anthropology, believes that humans do not have a stable identity. In Mulla Sadra's view, man is the only being which does not have a certain nature and his truth would not be his actions; rather the infinite possibilities ahead of him would form his reality. From Kant's point of view, man is not of a steady nature; humans shape their identities through their actions and behaviors, especially in their interaction with others and in the community. Both philosophers have given special attention to creativity and intellectual creation. Kant tried to eliminate the limitations of theoretical reason with the aid of practical reason, thus established the basis of humanistic ethics through discussing the good will which is the most important feature of the realization of humanity. But the philosophical anthropology of Sadr Al-Muta Allihin, in contrast to Kant’s, is based on theoretical theory. The theoretical intellect promotes to the Acquired Intellect by conjunction and union with the Active Intellect. Humans are God’s caliphs having all his divine names and attributes. They have the attributes associated with both tanzih and tashbih. God has bestowed upon them the ability to perceive everything, so that they can recognize all universal and partial truths. Thus, due to the unity of the knower and the known, the rational universe becomes similar to the external world. This is what human integrity and divine caliph mean. Manuscript profile -
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208 - The Design of the Theater Scene with an Emphasis on Anaxagoras's Ideas
Scenic design has always been considered as the result of combining two areas of art and science. One of the fundamental areas that enrich the scenic design is the philosophy. The realm that can act as the third side of the perfection triangle in the scenery enters into MoreScenic design has always been considered as the result of combining two areas of art and science. One of the fundamental areas that enrich the scenic design is the philosophy. The realm that can act as the third side of the perfection triangle in the scenery enters into the action and leads to the development of this visual field in theater and performing arts. This paper has an attempt to suggest the idea by a brief glimpse of Anaxagoras' philosophy that philosophy and some of its fundamental concepts can be exploited directly in theater scenery and further develop and deepen it. For this purpose, Anaxagoras is considered as a unique example of addressing such an idea. On the one hand, he had a complete and immediate acquaintance with Greek theaters and theater plays including Euripides and on the other hand was considered as one of the great scholars and philosophers of ancient Greece. In other words, Anaxagoras can be lonely as the primitive explanatory and the foundation of the idea is the triangle of philosophy art and science in theater scene. What is obvious is that it is impossible to address all aspects of Anaxagoras's philosophical and scientific theories in this research and the author has attempted to briefly introduce some general concepts of the ideas of this Greek philosopher and adapt them to the process of creating theatrical scenery. Manuscript profile -
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209 - The Eight Headings of Logic: A Historical Study
In the contemporary Iran, logical study suffers from a poverty of historical studies. Most prominently, the lack of an Islamic history of logic is an indication of this poverty. Writing such a history must start with surveying the transformation of Porphyry’s Intr MoreIn the contemporary Iran, logical study suffers from a poverty of historical studies. Most prominently, the lack of an Islamic history of logic is an indication of this poverty. Writing such a history must start with surveying the transformation of Porphyry’s Introduction. The doctrines of this work not only changed functionally, but also developed and deepened in the Islamic period. It may be well observed that its development pivots on: 1) the addition of eightheadings, and 2) the addition of the prerequisites to understanding of the universals’ five-fold classification. Restricted to four logicians, namely Farabi, Avicenna, Ibn al-Tayyib, and Razi, the present study focuses on the first pivot, researches its historical background, studies the queries regarding it, and presents the attempts which were made to resolve these queries. Manuscript profile -
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210 - A Survey of Doctrines and Rites in Eastern Orthodox Church
فاطمه LajevardiThe Eastern Orthodox Church is one of the largest branches ofChristianity which comprises numerous followers in easternEurope, Greece, Russia and other parts of the world, and consists ofa number of autonomous local churches in various countries. Thischurch is the remai MoreThe Eastern Orthodox Church is one of the largest branches ofChristianity which comprises numerous followers in easternEurope, Greece, Russia and other parts of the world, and consists ofa number of autonomous local churches in various countries. Thischurch is the remainder of the Byzantine Greek church and in thecourse of its development has tried to preserve its historical heritageand traditions. Due to its characteristic beliies, rites andorganization it is considered distinct from the Roman CatholicChurch.The present article deals with the history, faith, rites and the innerstructure of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Manuscript profile -
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211 - Laws and Necessity
امیر کرباسی زادهIn this paper, I offer a view of laws as descriptions oranalyses of fundamental dispositions. As analyses of dispositions,laws are metaphysically necessary truths. In the first section Iexplain what I mean by laws being property description. In thesecond section, I cons MoreIn this paper, I offer a view of laws as descriptions oranalyses of fundamental dispositions. As analyses of dispositions,laws are metaphysically necessary truths. In the first section Iexplain what I mean by laws being property description. In thesecond section, I consider the possibility of being some necessarytruth can be known a posteriori and I claim laws of nature have thisepistemic status. In the last two sections, I try to accommodate myview on laws of nature with the modal intuitions about physicalnecessity that have lead many to reject necessary laws. Manuscript profile -
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212 - Dewey's Account on the Similarities and Differences between Science and Art Based on Art as Experience Book
The purpose of this article is to review John Dewey's views on the relation between science and art, the scientist and artist, and the audience of the work of art and the audience of scientific work in the Art as Experience. John Dewey deals with the similarities and di MoreThe purpose of this article is to review John Dewey's views on the relation between science and art, the scientist and artist, and the audience of the work of art and the audience of scientific work in the Art as Experience. John Dewey deals with the similarities and differences between science and art in various parts of this book, which is his most important work on aesthetics, but this study attempts to present a deep-seated view of Dewey. In Dewey's perspective, the scientist and artist both interact with their environment and are active in the satisfying of their needs and are the creator of the scientific product and the artistic product. A review of Dewey's views in this regard can provide insights for solving contemporary issues in the philosophy of science. Dewey's evolutionary approach to philosophy as a unifying element in all his works, his emphasis on knowing how and showing its importance along with propositional knowledge is one such thing. Manuscript profile -
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213 - The Study of Dawkins's Simplicity Argument about the Emergence of the Universe
علیرضا فرخی بالاجادهThe English biologist and philosopher, Richard Dawkins, in hissimplicity argument claims that the basic rules of physics are simple, soit is actually more likely that the relatively simple laws of nature wouldbe came into existence for no reason than that they would be MoreThe English biologist and philosopher, Richard Dawkins, in hissimplicity argument claims that the basic rules of physics are simple, soit is actually more likely that the relatively simple laws of nature wouldbe came into existence for no reason than that they would be designedby a God whose being would have to be more complex than they are.Thus, there is no God. By contrast, keith Ward and other theistphilosophers like Richard Swinburne and Alvin Plantinga withseparating "exclusive" and "inclusive" simplicity, defends from"integrative" simplicity of God. The existence of God integrates allelements, products of evolution and natural basic rules, in acomprehensive system, thus, it is simplest explanation, whileDawkins's materialistic view, is not enough explanatory. So "simplicityargument", is in fact, "the fallacy of simplicity". In this article, it istried to deny Dawkins's simplicity argument. Manuscript profile -
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214 - A Comparative Study of Origination and Eternity of the World Based on the Viewpoints of Thomas Aquinas and Mohammad Hossein Tabatabaie
The present article is a Comparative Study of Origination and Eternity of the World Based on the Viewpoints of Thomas Aquinas and Mohammad Hossein Tabatabaei in an analytic-descriptive way. The results reveal that both philosophers consider it acceptable to contemplate MoreThe present article is a Comparative Study of Origination and Eternity of the World Based on the Viewpoints of Thomas Aquinas and Mohammad Hossein Tabatabaei in an analytic-descriptive way. The results reveal that both philosophers consider it acceptable to contemplate religion and believe that the most significant part of philosophy is the absolute existence of God and discussing God. Although the eternal nature of the world had been proven to Aquinas and other philosophers by logical and philosophical reasoning, because of his being catholic and contravention of the divine inspiration in the issue of creation, he considers the world a chronological creation and rationalizes those reasons and declares that God has free will, so “He” is able to creak the world or delay its creation. Thus, the world has a chronological creation. On the other hand, Mohammad Hossein Tabatabaei with a two-dimensional approach believes that firstly, the world has a chronological origin due to the revival nature of origination, the same as what his master Mollasadra believed in, and secondly, it has a causal origination because it is the essential effect of its major cause “God”. Therefore, the two philosopher are unanimous in the idea but the rational basis of Tabatabaei notion overrides Aquinas`s religious notion and that the universe has a chronological origination. Manuscript profile -
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215 - Folk Psychology: Theory of Mind or Mental Simulation?
نوید فرهنگ وصالیThe assumption that people understand each other by employing a‘folk’ or “commonsense” psychology is currently pervasive inphilosophy of mind, cognitive science and various other disciplines.Folk psychology is almost always taken to consist prima MoreThe assumption that people understand each other by employing a‘folk’ or “commonsense” psychology is currently pervasive inphilosophy of mind, cognitive science and various other disciplines.Folk psychology is almost always taken to consist primarily of anability to attribute internal propositional attitude states, principallybeliefs and desires, in order to predict and explain behavior in adeductive structure, so “folk psychology” also called “belief- desirepsychology”. But this is not the only theory that considers interactionbetween people, there is also a rival that called simulation theory. Thistheory is the greatest opponent of “folk psychology”. In this researchI, like Ratcliff, call all the things that people do to understand, explainand predict each other, folk psychology. And call the first view “folkpsychology as a theory of mind” and the second one “folk psychologyas a mental simulation” or “simulation” alone. In this paper I will beginby the most accepted view, folk psychology as a theory of mind, ,based on Fodor’s view, then we will come to some critics that bring upby Goldman. After these critics we will present simulation view andanswer to some of its critics to “folk psychology as a theory of mind”.Then, at the end of the essay I will conclude that we can mix this toview together and present a hybrid theory to consider what peoplereally do to explain and predict each other behavior. Manuscript profile -
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216 - Reduction, Function, and Double Operationalism in Philosophy of Biology
مجید داودیThe reduction of properties, method, and other concepts of biology tochemistry and/or physics appears in early literature of philosophy ofscience and to now is one of most debates in it. First, here, thereductionist approaches are, briefly, introduced; then it is illust MoreThe reduction of properties, method, and other concepts of biology tochemistry and/or physics appears in early literature of philosophy ofscience and to now is one of most debates in it. First, here, thereductionist approaches are, briefly, introduced; then it is illustratedthat which one is more applicable in biology; and is relevant to whichtopics. Manuscript profile -
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217 - Overcoming the Justificationist Addiction
دیوید میلرIt is a simple, though ancient, mistake in the theory ofknowledge to think that justification, in any degree, is central torationality, or even important to it. We must cut for ever the intellectualapron strings that continue to offer us spurious and unneeded security, MoreIt is a simple, though ancient, mistake in the theory ofknowledge to think that justification, in any degree, is central torationality, or even important to it. We must cut for ever the intellectualapron strings that continue to offer us spurious and unneeded security, andreplace the insoluble problem of what our theories are based on by thesoluble problem of how to expose their shortcomings. The paper willoutline (not for the first time) the critical rationalism of Karl Popper,taking account of some recent criticisms. A brief discussion of the statusof the laws of logic provides an illustration of the power of the criticalapproach. Manuscript profile -
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218 - Inference to the Best Explanation
رضا علیزاده ممقانیExplanation is one of the main purposes of scientific research thatphilosophers of science have paid attention on it. Inference to the BestExplanation (I.B.E) is one the explanation models for this aim. Here,firstly, a detailed account of I.B.E model is presented, accom MoreExplanation is one of the main purposes of scientific research thatphilosophers of science have paid attention on it. Inference to the BestExplanation (I.B.E) is one the explanation models for this aim. Here,firstly, a detailed account of I.B.E model is presented, accompanying witha few critical explications on it; secondly, we take a realistic approachtowards the topic in question; finally, we propose an epistemologicalsummary and solution to the problem Manuscript profile -
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219 - Kant, Dialogue and Morality
جرمی شرمرAfter briefly reviewing a well-known problem aboutKant’s ethics, a resolution is offered by way of an appeal to certainof Kant’s epistemological ideas. The resulting view – a version of adialogue-based approach – is explored, and a further resolu MoreAfter briefly reviewing a well-known problem aboutKant’s ethics, a resolution is offered by way of an appeal to certainof Kant’s epistemological ideas. The resulting view – a version of adialogue-based approach – is explored, and a further resolution isoffered by way of suggesting that the initial problem then becomesone which may be addressed empirically. While Kantian ideas areused to set the scene, and as a point of reference, the paper’sconcerns are with the view to which the argument leads, rather thanwith the exegesis of Kant. Manuscript profile -
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220 - Study of Aristotle's and Abn Syna Theory Interpretation of the Soul and the Proportion of Body
Abstract The relation of self and body has been among the long lasting problems of philosophy. Aristotle and Avicenna as two most Peripatetic philosophers, have two different perspectives on this matter. Aristotle union of the soul with the body, in combination with th MoreAbstract The relation of self and body has been among the long lasting problems of philosophy. Aristotle and Avicenna as two most Peripatetic philosophers, have two different perspectives on this matter. Aristotle union of the soul with the body, in combination with the loss of the body which seem, breath away as well. But Avicenna with his religious principles, as the essence of the soul independent of the body that arises no body is able to continue his life. In the present research, in addition to explaining the nature of the self, according to the philosophical ideas of Aristotle and Avicenna, the outlook for these two, especially on the subject of life after death, we will. Aristotle explains Avicenna soul interacts with the body and Avicenna, the relationship of matter and form relationships knows that the best combination is unity. So he explained life after death is problematic because of the loss of the body, the soul must also be eliminated. Avicenna, Institute for the challenge to go out that Aristotle was caught in it, the resolution is as current as the inherent and self, trying to explain life after death, Aristotle faced with the paradox facing the iterations. Manuscript profile -
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221 - Explanation and Prediction of Earthquake: The Necessity of Simultaneous Application of Nomothetic and Idiographic Approaches
Mirhamid Hashemi Lashenlo Arash MousaviExplaining and predicting earthquakes has always been a human issue throughout history. Despite advances in seismology, the science has not yet been successful in efficiently predicting earthquakes, that is, in short time and space scales. Tectonic plate theory, as a su MoreExplaining and predicting earthquakes has always been a human issue throughout history. Despite advances in seismology, the science has not yet been successful in efficiently predicting earthquakes, that is, in short time and space scales. Tectonic plate theory, as a successful theory for explaining earthquakes in a “general” form, is compatible with both explanatory approaches in the philosophy of science, that is, argumentative and causal. However, to predict earthquakes efficiently and locally, we seem to need a different approach to this science. Wilhelm Windelband has made the distinction between the nomothetic sciences and idiographic sciences. This distinction has inspired empirical sciences such as medicine and psychology. In this paper, we show that in seismology, like medicine and psychology, to achieve effective forecasting, these two approaches can be used simultaneously, and we suggest, based on ethical interests and that seismology is a science that deals with the lives of millions of people. In addition to the nomothetic approach, it is necessary for experts in this field to use an idiographic approach so that they can predict the desired earthquake in a short time and place. Manuscript profile -
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222 - The Relationship with the Other for Gabriel Marcel Reflecting in "Dot the I"
and playwright. There is a close relationship between his philosophical and artistic works. It can even be said that reading his dramas provides a ground for understanding his philosophical concepts. One of the favorite philosophical themes for Marcel is “man&rdqu Moreand playwright. There is a close relationship between his philosophical and artistic works. It can even be said that reading his dramas provides a ground for understanding his philosophical concepts. One of the favorite philosophical themes for Marcel is “man” and his relationship with the other. Man is a unique subject, not an isolated one; he is not an Island. Through the history of philosophy, this man, the subject, and his relation to others has been an object of philosophical inquiries. From the cradle to the grave, there has been no time man has been absolutely alone. So his being is a being–through others and his existence implies the existence of others. This has been the gospel of contemporary existentialists, including Gabriel Marcel whose existentialism is basically theistic. In his view, the individual becomes aware of himself through social circumstances. Marcel developed the I-Thou relationship, which became an attempt to restore the fragmented and fallen dignity of the interpersonal relationship. Moreover, Marcel reflected upon certain experiences metaphysically implied in the I-Thou relationship. These form the foundations or basis of any authentic mode of interpersonal relationship. However, my relationship with others is determined by the type of relationship that exists between us. In other words, I, as a human being, can exist or act in one of the two ways: I can exist and relate lovingly and authentically with others, which Marcel calls the I-Thou relationship; or I can relate inauthentically to others -as I would relate to any object, tool, or instrument- which is the I–it (or he or she) relationship. Marcel's plays do not provide answers; rather, they do suggest paths for reflection, through which we might discover an authentic response to the challenge of the dramatic situation. The situations we witness in Marcel's plays often show us how relationships can go sour and become inauthentic. The story of the play affects us, because we recognize aspects of ourselves in the characters. What Marcel shows us in his plays (the comedies excepted) is the darker side of interpersonal relationships. There is always room for hope, but hope does not take away the suffering and pain people inflict on themselves and others. In his plays, Marcel shows great respect for what he calls human dignity. He does not judge, but simply shows us how people are, and, consequently, how we ourselves could be as well. Watching or reading a Marcel’s play makes us feel slightly uncomfortable. What we see or read confronts us with ourselves and forces us to think about issues that have to do with relationships. In this paper, the way this issue has reflected in his drama, Dot the I, has been investigated Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
223 - Nietzsche, Psychology and Ethics
Dr.Tahere Mesgar HeraviThis Article refers to Nietzsche’s opinions about ethics from hispsychological perspective to show how his thoughts of philosophy areinfluenced from this perspective.Nietzsche’s idea of " The Will to Power”, as a fundamental force indepth of the human' MoreThis Article refers to Nietzsche’s opinions about ethics from hispsychological perspective to show how his thoughts of philosophy areinfluenced from this perspective.Nietzsche’s idea of " The Will to Power”, as a fundamental force indepth of the human's nature, that is hidden from consciousness,determines the human’s will and acts, and also with showing theimportant and influential role of unconsciousness in act of thought andconsciousness he presents a psychological interpretation of the human'sacts, and thereby challenges concept of transcendental ego, free willand finally ethics. In the following, by considering some of mainconcepts of the Nietzsche's standpoint of psychology, his commonideas in this subject with concepts of new psychology and especiallywith Freud's opinion will be discussed. Manuscript profile -
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224 - A Comparison between self-Reference and Indefinite Extensibility in Relation to Paradoxes
This article is about the diagnosis of logical paradoxes. That means we are going to examine paradoxes based on the diagnostic aspect. In these type of studies, the main question is that how the paradoxes enter into the inference, and how can they be detected properly. MoreThis article is about the diagnosis of logical paradoxes. That means we are going to examine paradoxes based on the diagnostic aspect. In these type of studies, the main question is that how the paradoxes enter into the inference, and how can they be detected properly. The article concentrates on the structural diagnostic proposals, and studies two kinds of them. First, those which are formed around notions like circularity and impredicativity, which we have studied under the title of “self-reference”. Second, those proposals that are formed based on the assumption of the actual infinite or some kind of indefiniteness and essential extensibility. These are studied under the title of “indefinite extensibility”. The latter group is presented in different versions and here we consider that of Wright and Shapiro. In both cases, the proposal and its conceptual context are surveyed initially. Then, its relation with the paradoxes and the way of inferring the paradoxes from them are explained. Finally, the fact that both proposals can explain common paradoxes leads us to offer an argument which shows that they are somehow identical, and, using a formal semantic mapping, we can adapt each one to the other Manuscript profile -
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225 - Reading Rawls’s Original Position via Kant’s Theory of Autonomy
فاطمه هاشمی حسین گلچینیJ. Rawls is the most prominent political philosopher in 20th century. Hehas two periods in his works and thoughts. Kant has influenced him onfirst period which is evolved in A Theory of Justice. Kant claims thathuman being is autonomous, thus every person based on his r MoreJ. Rawls is the most prominent political philosopher in 20th century. Hehas two periods in his works and thoughts. Kant has influenced him onfirst period which is evolved in A Theory of Justice. Kant claims thathuman being is autonomous, thus every person based on his reasonmakes choices. The person ought to act only based on his principleswhich are made choice by himself. In Kant, person’s decision fallowingthe desire, rather fallowing the reason which is a clear example ofheteronomous. Rawls, in A Theory of Justice, introduces the initialposition in which any person is ignorance of his interests. The principleof justice is determined via this position. The person who is in Rawlsinitial position and veil of ignorance is similar with Kantianautonomous person. Both of them, once, would make decision onprinciples of justice consider the conditions such as: neutrality, freefrom interest, autonomy; all in all, in two theories, the principle isselected by rational agents and such agents follow the laws which areselected by themselves Manuscript profile -
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226 - Avistotle, Ibn-Sina, and Spinoza on “Substance”: A Comparative Study
مهدی اسعدی سید مرتضی طباطباییAristotle and Spinoza are two stream making Philosophers in thehistory of philosophy, and both has chosen the matter of substance astheir philosophical subject. The root of many disputes on a huge part ofwest philosophy can be obtained through comparing the characterist MoreAristotle and Spinoza are two stream making Philosophers in thehistory of philosophy, and both has chosen the matter of substance astheir philosophical subject. The root of many disputes on a huge part ofwest philosophy can be obtained through comparing the characteristicsof the sub from their point of view. This is notable that thesephilosophers has some similarities in defining the substance, but theyget far from each other in defining the characteristics and instances ofsubstance. The article's first step to examining Aristotle's viewpoint intwo books of Arganon and Metaphysics, and analayzing Spinoza,stheory in book of Ethics. However, looking toward the meaning ofsubstance in the Avecina's custom context and expression, and hisinnovation can also help for better understanding of substance throughMashaism's views. The researchers scale for analyzing has been theamount of consistency of substance definition with the other parts ofphilosophical system. With examining the following the conclusionwould be that Spinoza's definition bears more logical stability andprovides a more solid system. Manuscript profile -
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227 - Theatrical Event in Alain Badiou’s Philosophy
This study will survey the significance of theatre in the philosophy of the contemporary French philosopher, Alain Badiou. He is probably the only philosopher in the contemporary world who still regards philosophy as a search for truth. He first mentions four domains of MoreThis study will survey the significance of theatre in the philosophy of the contemporary French philosopher, Alain Badiou. He is probably the only philosopher in the contemporary world who still regards philosophy as a search for truth. He first mentions four domains of science, politics, art, and love, which are, in a way, reminiscent of Plato’s divisions regarding human and the world. He claims then that truths are produced only in these four domains. As regards the art of theatre, he has theses and ideas unconventional and uncommon to the worlds of art and philosophy, whose understanding requires, to a great extent, an acquaintance, even though elementary, with the main concepts of his intellectual and philosophical system. For Badiou, the event of true theatre is a kind of collective and communal creative act which creates its own specific subject, and in each staging of the theatrical text, the inner idea of the text completes. Badiou believes that theatre thinks, and, even though it is to a great extent dependent on the state, it can and should try to reveal its limitations, to create its own theatrical subject, and to form a new change by creating something new. In the end, it must be noted that the starting point of this discussion is philosophy, and this essay proceeds from Badiou’s philosophy toward the art of theatre. Manuscript profile -
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228 - Classical Interpretation of Probability and its Problems: Philosophical – Historical approach
Mansour Besharati AghdamThe subject of this article is about Classical Interpretation ofProbability and its Problems. For centuries, Classical Probability wasthe only prevalent approach in Probability theory. Because of someProblems and paradoxes in this theory, new interpretations wereintrodu MoreThe subject of this article is about Classical Interpretation ofProbability and its Problems. For centuries, Classical Probability wasthe only prevalent approach in Probability theory. Because of someProblems and paradoxes in this theory, new interpretations wereintroduced by Philosophers and thinkers in the beginning of 20thcentury. In this article, we introduce the classical interpretation ofprobability from Philosophical–Historical approach and review itsproblems. We also review the frequency interpretation, logicalinterpretation and subjective interpretation as alternatives for classicalinterpretation. Manuscript profile -
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229 - Body in Suhrawardi's Philosophy and MullaSadra
مریم عاطفی محمد سعیدی مهرIslamic philosophers, like their Greek predecessors, have discussedthe essence and quiddity of the body. Suhrawardi and Mulla Sadra,among the others, have proposed some ideas concerning the natureof the body and its characteristics. Suhrawardi considers the body inthree MoreIslamic philosophers, like their Greek predecessors, have discussedthe essence and quiddity of the body. Suhrawardi and Mulla Sadra,among the others, have proposed some ideas concerning the natureof the body and its characteristics. Suhrawardi considers the body inthree different stages: first, following the Peripatetic philosophy, hedefines it as a subsistence composed of "form" and “matter". Thenhe moves to regard it as mere magnitude. Finally, Suhrawardidefines the body according to his own illuminative principles as thecomposition of attributive light and dark substance. Sadra,according to his principle of the "principality of Existence", sees thequiddity of the body as something composed of matter and form,but its true reality is nothing but existence. In this paper, we arguethat there is not any contradiction between Suhravardi's differentviews depending on everystaye since each of them is proposed in aspecific context. On the other hand, we show that Sadra's existentialphilosophy, necessarily concludes to a result which the real essenceof the body is nothing than existence. Final section, we make somecomparisons between the views of these two great Muslimphilosophers Manuscript profile -
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230 - The Greek Tragedy and the Place of the Gods with Aristotle
Eisa Nouri vayghan Shamsolmolok Mostafavi Esmaeel ShafieeAristotle, the famous Greek philosopher, discussed tragedy in poetics but he did not care the “Gods”. While historical studies show that the “Gods” play an important role in tragedy. In this study we try to determine the causes of ignoring the &l MoreAristotle, the famous Greek philosopher, discussed tragedy in poetics but he did not care the “Gods”. While historical studies show that the “Gods” play an important role in tragedy. In this study we try to determine the causes of ignoring the “Gods” in tragedy with Aristotle. The method is descriptive-analytical and library resources have been used. In this study we first examine some of the Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides’s tragedies and examine Aristotle’s vision in this regard. The main question of this study is: what are the causes of ignoring the role of “Gods” in tragedy with Aristotle? The result of this study that can be used by researchers of philosophy and theatre show that the causes of ignoring the role of the gods in the event of tragedy by Aristotle are: realistic, logical and rational view of world phenomena, maintaining religious and moral principles and as well as belief in man as a creature of intellection and choice Manuscript profile -
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231 - Ibn Sina on “Divine Attributes”
mohsen Ghasempour Seyed Abbas Zahabi Mohammad SeedimehrIn the history of human thought, no fundamental issue has made man think as much as the knowledge of God, which is not possible except through His attributes, and the answer to which has been a serious demand of thinkers of every age, especially philosophers. In Islamic MoreIn the history of human thought, no fundamental issue has made man think as much as the knowledge of God, which is not possible except through His attributes, and the answer to which has been a serious demand of thinkers of every age, especially philosophers. In Islamic philosophical thought, Ibn Sina's thought, as the most influential and stable ideas in the field of philosophy, which has caused profound intellectual changes, has special advantages. This article has tried to explain the relationship between the geometry of this sage's opinions in the basic axes of the discussion of divine names and attributes, ie “objectivity of essence and attributes” and “conceptual unity of attributes” by modeling this philosophical thought in the geography of Shiite thought. The final finding of the research emphasizes the fact that in Ibn Sina's view, “objectivity of attributes with essence” is in fact the basis of the theory of “conceptual union of attributes” and the connection between the two titles is necessary; Therefore, Ibn Sina, based on an accurate understanding of the “objectivity of essence and attributes” and subsequently, has proposed this specific theory in the “conceptual union of attributes”. Manuscript profile -
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232 - The Criterion of Truth from the Point of View of Charles Peirce and William James and its Criticism Based on the Point of View of Mulla Sadra and Morteza Motahari
Abstract The main question of the present study is concerned with the quiddity of “truth” from the point of view of two prominent figures of pragmatic philosophy: Charles Peirce and William James. Therefore, in this study first a description and analysis of MoreAbstract The main question of the present study is concerned with the quiddity of “truth” from the point of view of two prominent figures of pragmatic philosophy: Charles Peirce and William James. Therefore, in this study first a description and analysis of the issue of truth from the point of view of these two pragmatist philosophers are provided and then its principles and basics are criticized based on the views of two Islamic philosophers: Mulla Sadra and Morteza Motahari. In a nutshell, the main claims of Peirce and James in the field of epistemology are: the pursuit of the pragmatic consequences in the stage of knowledge and authenticating the practical utility instead of adapting the mental concepts to reality (external reality or fact-itself) and determining its truth criterion. They believe that the differences and similarities between the ideas and mental concepts are not determined by the mind, but they are determined by means of tangible and practical experiences. Mulla Sadra and Morteza Motahari criticized and rejected this view and believed that this approach leads to the following problems: 1. The meaninglessness of theoretical concepts. 2. Relativity in knowing and gaining of truth. 3. The elimination of rational good and badness. 4. The necessity of pluralism in doctrinal issues and radical thoughts. Manuscript profile -
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233 - Mysticism and Fuzzy Thinking
Hādi WakiliThe article, tries to explore mysticism from a fuzzy thinking angle ofview and analyze it in terms of epistemic and social pathology. To dothis end, it undertakes first to define the notion and historicalbackground of the term "fuzzy" and then proceeds to describe thefu MoreThe article, tries to explore mysticism from a fuzzy thinking angle ofview and analyze it in terms of epistemic and social pathology. To dothis end, it undertakes first to define the notion and historicalbackground of the term "fuzzy" and then proceeds to describe thefuzzy worldview. It then goes on to expound, what is meant by "fuzzylogic" explaining and proving its theoretical principles andfundamental theorems. While introducing the "fuzzy notion" andanalyzing its relation to categories such as "knowledge" and "hikma",the author goes on to discuss the relation between mysticism on theone hand and fuzzy logic and thinking on the other. Accordingly.mysticism enjoys naturally such characteristics that are in harmonywith corresponding ones in fuzzy thinking. For this reason, mysticismshould be considered as a quasi- fuzzy thinking. Manuscript profile -
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234 - The Possibility of Philosophizing in Science Ara from Jasper's View
Ali Reza AbbasiThe meaning and significance of science sometimes has been somisunderstood that it has been considered either as the only way ofauthentic knowledge and so being respected greatly, or has beendeprived of any attention and so being cursed. This phenomenon wasspecially pre MoreThe meaning and significance of science sometimes has been somisunderstood that it has been considered either as the only way ofauthentic knowledge and so being respected greatly, or has beendeprived of any attention and so being cursed. This phenomenon wasspecially prevalent during early decades of the twentieth century in theWest.This article aims at studying the meaning, status and dominance ofscience in some fields such as psychiatry, cosmology andanthropology. It shows that science is not perfect in providing a verycomprehensive pattern for recognition in these fields. This weaknesswhich originates from the limitations found in the essence of science, isa result of this fact that science, according to its definition andempirical method, is unable to recognize all the possible data.Scientific Psychiatry, by emphasizing only on its empirical method,will end up to physiology, because psychiatry only insists on theobjective symptoms of a diseases regardless to the fact thatpsychological disease are mostly rooted in (human) personality andsubgectivity of a person.Aslo in anthropology which is based on science, the true meaning ofhuman being is missed in its numerous appearances.So, through philosophical criticizing of the science and determining itstrue meaning, it will be possible to find the meaning, importance andpossibility of philosophizing and it's intercommunication with scienceduring a period which is known as science era Manuscript profile -
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235 - The Study of Aesthetic and Non-aesthetic Notions Based on Frank Sibley’s Aesthetic Thoughts
The history of aesthetics contains basics and principles which have impacted on our perception of art. What is obvious is that the non-universal and non-general criteria are inter-subjective. In fact, the novel and main achievements of Frank Sibley, as a contemporary En MoreThe history of aesthetics contains basics and principles which have impacted on our perception of art. What is obvious is that the non-universal and non-general criteria are inter-subjective. In fact, the novel and main achievements of Frank Sibley, as a contemporary English philosopher (1923-96), when aesthetics was still under the influence of the New Idealism, were directed towards challenging these criteria for the purpose of introducing and analyzing aesthetic notions and features. One vital component in Sibley’s thoughts is the distinction he makes between daily and artistic notions. Actually, the main reason behind his fame is the very distinction he made under the titles “aesthetic notions” and “non-aesthetic notions”, by which he enters the realm of analytic aesthetics. Sibley’s approach in presenting aesthetic examples includes the use of the critical discourse for the evaluation of artistic works by applying bi-functional expressions used in both art and daily discourse. According to what mentioned and the fact that Sibley used aesthetic and non-aesthetic functions, the current paper seeks to study the aesthetic field with emphasis on Sibley’s aesthetic teachings and by using examples and evidence, while introducing aesthetic notions in relation to non-aesthetic ones in order to clarify his views in this regard. Manuscript profile -
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236 - Jung and Psychology of Religion
اشرف باقری پورPsychology as a knowledge has a direct relationship with religion.Therefore, there are different theories and approaches in psychology tostudy religion and its impact on the human psyche. Carl Gustav Jung(1875-1961) Swiss psychologist and founder of Analytical psycholog MorePsychology as a knowledge has a direct relationship with religion.Therefore, there are different theories and approaches in psychology tostudy religion and its impact on the human psyche. Carl Gustav Jung(1875-1961) Swiss psychologist and founder of Analytical psychologyis one of the psychologists; who has done extensive research in thefield of religion. With his proposed theory of 'CollectiveUnconsciousness' he considered the origin of religion far beyond thenon-cognitive reasons such as trauma, fear, and poverty. He tried tojustify human tendencies toward religion through novel ways. Thepurpose of this article is to review of Jung's consideration on religionand the religious thought on a descriptive – analytical procedures .Inthis regard; first of all, Jung analytical psychology is introduced briefly,then analytical psychology thoughts on issues such as religiondefinition, religion origin, religiosity consequences and perceives ofGod is considered. The review will continue and criticize each concept.Despite Jung's psychology and positivist view of religion has beensubjected to intense criticism but additionally, these studies andcriticism shows that: He has a positive view about religion and he wasalways considered as one of the defenders of it. Manuscript profile -
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237 - Dewey's Account on the Similarities and Differences between Science and Art Based on Art as Experience Book
The purpose of this article is to review John Dewey's views on the relation between science and art, the scientist and artist, and the audience of the work of art and the audience of scientific work in the Art as Experience. John Dewey deals with the similarities and di MoreThe purpose of this article is to review John Dewey's views on the relation between science and art, the scientist and artist, and the audience of the work of art and the audience of scientific work in the Art as Experience. John Dewey deals with the similarities and differences between science and art in various parts of this book, which is his most important work on aesthetics, but this study attempts to present a deep-seated view of Dewey. In Dewey's perspective, the scientist and artist both interact with their environment and are active in the satisfying of their needs and are the creator of the scientific product and the artistic product. A review of Dewey's views in this regard can provide insights for solving contemporary issues in the philosophy of science. Dewey's evolutionary approach to philosophy as a unifying element in all his works, his emphasis on knowing how and showing its importance along with propositional knowledge is one such thing. Manuscript profile -
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238 - "Legally Prescribed Waiting" Period and Its Precepts
Sayyed Mohammad BojnourdiMeaning of "legally prescribed waiting period", its precepts,different cases in different kinds of divorce, and tasks of both partsin a divorce are thoroughly discussed in the present essay from anIslamic viewpointMeaning of "legally prescribed waiting period", its precepts,different cases in different kinds of divorce, and tasks of both partsin a divorce are thoroughly discussed in the present essay from anIslamic viewpoint Manuscript profile -
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239 - Ellery Eells on Probabilistic Causation
منصوره قبدیانIn this research, the theory of probabilistic causation is investigated.The main idea of this theory is that the cause changes the probability ofhappening effect. The causation in this theory is introduced as anobjective relation and it is based on inherent properties. MoreIn this research, the theory of probabilistic causation is investigated.The main idea of this theory is that the cause changes the probability ofhappening effect. The causation in this theory is introduced as anobjective relation and it is based on inherent properties. The causalrelation is attended in type level. Otherwise human cognition of naturalphenomena is not definite and determined; the process of cognition isapproximated to the truth. In another words, with the acceptance offault of human cognition, man suggests a probable frame forexplanation of his findings. Probabilistic causation uses the probabilitytheory as a tool for explaining the relationship between cause andeffect. Probabilistic causation is proposed in two levels: type level(General causal) and token levels (Singular causal). In this research,like Eells’s approach, probability causation relationship in type leveland it is considered in General causal meaning. Causal relation isconsidered as typical factor or Property. There are two differentinterpretations: objective interpretation and subjective interpretation.What is explored in this research is objective interpretation in the frameof frequency-propensity interpretation. The main question in thisresearch is consideration in the sense of probabilistic causation theoryand pondering the capability and merits of this concept in against withontological and epistemological challenges. Manuscript profile -
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240 - A Comparative Study of the Meaning of Life from the Perspective of Allameh Tabatabai and Friedrich Nietzsche
Marjan Askaribabadi Faraj Alla Barati Godarz Shateri Sadeg KhoshkhoOne of the common concerns of Allameh Tabatabai and Friedrich Nietzsche has been the meaning of life; Allameh meant the purpose of life to have a purpose in life, but Nietzsche considered the meaning of life to be equivalent to value. Each has answered the question of w MoreOne of the common concerns of Allameh Tabatabai and Friedrich Nietzsche has been the meaning of life; Allameh meant the purpose of life to have a purpose in life, but Nietzsche considered the meaning of life to be equivalent to value. Each has answered the question of whether life has meaning according to their own intellectual foundations, Allameh's approach in confronting the meaning of supernatural life and Nietzsche believes in nature's approach. Allameh proves the purposefulness of the created world, including man, through the attribute of God's wisdom. He believes that living in the light of belief in God and adherence to morality and human behavior makes sense, but Nietzsche denies God and considers religion the cause of human misery and he believes that the more religious a person is, the weaker and more incapable he is. He expresses the meaningless result of life in the form of nihilism. He expresses the meaningless result of life in the form of nihilism and divides it into active nihilism and passive nihilism. Both philosophers believe in the meaning of life, except that Allameh believes that man discovers the meaning of life, but Nietzsche says that man forges the meaning of life. Manuscript profile -
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241 - Possible Existent” in Ibn Sīnᾱ`s Kitāb al-Ishārāt wa-l-Tanbīhāt
In the fourth subpart (namat) of Kitāb al-Ishārāt wa-l-Tanbīhāt,Ibn Sīnᾱ tries to prove the existence of a particular being, named “Necessary Existent”. There he also explains the central role of this being in the world, His relation to other beings, and His MoreIn the fourth subpart (namat) of Kitāb al-Ishārāt wa-l-Tanbīhāt,Ibn Sīnᾱ tries to prove the existence of a particular being, named “Necessary Existent”. There he also explains the central role of this being in the world, His relation to other beings, and His attributes. It is in this very framework that he discusses other beings, that is, only to glorify the “Necessary Existent”. Ibn Sīnᾱ believes that the “Necessary Existent”is the cause of existence and makes things exist. In his ontology, the possible existents, i.e. everything except the necessary being, are considered to be “caused”. In view of this, in the fourth subpart of Kitāb al-Ishārāt wa-l-Tanbīhāt as well, everything other than the “Necessary Existent” has been taken into consideration only as a caused thing or an effect. Manuscript profile -
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242 - Mathematical Foundations of Alain Badiou’s Philosophy, Based on Being and Event
According to Alain Badiou mathematics is ontology. This is a meta-ontological thesis; that is, it is neither mathematical nor ontological. The crucial consequence of this thesis is that philosophy is separated from ontology. So it is not no longer the task of philosophy MoreAccording to Alain Badiou mathematics is ontology. This is a meta-ontological thesis; that is, it is neither mathematical nor ontological. The crucial consequence of this thesis is that philosophy is separated from ontology. So it is not no longer the task of philosophy to think of being. Instead, Badiou regards an axiomatic system based on set theory as the sole form of thinking about being qua being. In his philosophy, the traditional concepts of philosophical ontology transform and link up with set theoretical concepts. It should be mentioned, however, that being in his thought neither has a mathematical form nor is a mathematical object. Not surprisingly the most difficult part of Badiou’s philosophy is ontology, partly for the reason that to fully grasp it one must know both the western tradition of philosophy and the set theory. Moreover, it is impossible to fully comprehend the body of his philosophy without having a deep understanding of his fundamental and technical discussions in ontology. In this essay, firstly we explain what Badiou means by the axiomatic system, and then we give an account of some basic concepts of his philosophy on the basis of their corresponding concepts in set theory, in order to show that how Badiou thinks of “being” by means of mathemathics. Manuscript profile -
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243 - Relation between Will and Reason in Descartes’ Philosophy
حسین گلچینیRelation between will and reason is a philosophico-theological topicwhich is longevous and vague, especially, when this relation is consideredas a kind of priority. The priority of will over reason in Descartes’ thoughthas both implicit and explicit aspects.In the MoreRelation between will and reason is a philosophico-theological topicwhich is longevous and vague, especially, when this relation is consideredas a kind of priority. The priority of will over reason in Descartes’ thoughthas both implicit and explicit aspects.In the question of knowledge – that is, having clear and distinct ideas –Desecrates judges that “understanding” has priority over “will”; this isconsiderd as epistemological priority; but he acknowledges that the “will”is formally greater than “reason” (i.e., will is finite but reason is infinite);this is considerd as ontic/ontological priority.In the beginning of modern philosophy, Desecrates applied methodicdoubt which is appearance of will, itself being an appearance ofmethodological priority. Accepting the priority of will over reason resultsin constructing a philosophical system or founding an intellectual school,which leads to some broad consequences in political, legal and moralsystems, as they have been originate from Descartes’ thought in thehistorical reality. Manuscript profile -
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244 - Extended Evolutionary Synthesis: A Philosophical Appraisal
Extended evolutionary synthesis is a theory that has been proposed to increase the explanatory power of evolutionary synthesis theory in the face of evolutionary complexities on the one hand and the ability to provide explanations for new discoveries in evolutionary bio MoreExtended evolutionary synthesis is a theory that has been proposed to increase the explanatory power of evolutionary synthesis theory in the face of evolutionary complexities on the one hand and the ability to provide explanations for new discoveries in evolutionary biology on the other. This theory is presented in two parts, in the first part, the need to review and the need to extend within the conceptual frameworks governing this theory. The revision of conceptual frameworks includes the omission of the principle of central dogma and the modification of the formulation of gene-centered theory. In the second part, the necessity of extension in two dominant types of thinking in the foundations of evolutionary synthesis theory is discussed: the extension of evolution-oriented thinking to evolution-devolution-oriented thinking and acceptance of reciprocal causality instead of one-way causation. By examining the most important assumptions and claims of this new theory, some of its important metaphors, analogies and interpretations can be introduced to explain this theory. The extent to which this new theory can be accepted depends on what its founders defined as “Extensibility” and where they found it most necessary in the components of evolutionary synthesis theory. Manuscript profile -
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245 - Modeling in Science: a Case Study in Physics
رضا اخلاقیModel concept is one of the fundamental concepts in philosophy ofscience and epistemology. The physicists do not solve a real problem,but instead they create a model to solve the problem with it. The wordmodeling is so comprehensive and to teach modeling is an example o MoreModel concept is one of the fundamental concepts in philosophy ofscience and epistemology. The physicists do not solve a real problem,but instead they create a model to solve the problem with it. The wordmodeling is so comprehensive and to teach modeling is an example of awhole educational plan. Nevertheless, the students in traditional classesof physics course do not have a clear understanding of the wordmodeling, consequently, do not notice the role of this concept inphysics. The fundamental principles of Newtonian mechanics can beconsidered as a system of regulations which defines the mixture ofmodeling games. The common goal of these games is to developmodels of physical phenomena. This is a preliminary point for a newapproach to physic education in which the students are taught from thebeginning that the name of game is modeling in science. The main ideaof systematic education is of explicit principles of modeling and themethods to make student familiar with a fundamental set of physicalmodels, and exercise of modeling, authentication of model withexperiment, and preparing model for justification of prediction anddescription of physical phenomena. This paper defines the physical,epistemological, historical and educational basis rationale of thisapproach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
246 - Duhem and Scientific Realism
مریم قاسمی نراقیDuhem’s viewpoint about physics is a systematic and mathematical onethat surely somehow has effected to his philosophical explanation ofscientific theories. For Duhem, the aim of science is classifying thephenomena in a good mathematical frame in which it could id MoreDuhem’s viewpoint about physics is a systematic and mathematical onethat surely somehow has effected to his philosophical explanation ofscientific theories. For Duhem, the aim of science is classifying thephenomena in a good mathematical frame in which it could identify thereal relationships among the theoretical identities without manifestingthem. Theories are not only full boxes of phenomena classified toolsthat are proper for today and improper for tomorrow. The mostimportant characteristic of a scientific theory is to predict phenomenaand experimental laws that is not discovered, but what is effective inthis novel predict is the relationship between identities. In the view ofontology, scientific theories make no commitment for theoreticalidentities. In spite that Duhem is a scientific historian, and by searchingin his works and ideas we can’t clearly say Duhem is the realist or theinstrumenalist about scientific theories. Even some believe that he istried to find a way between realism and instumentalism. In this paper,at first Duhem ideas about the aim and structure of physical theory willbe surveyed. Then by some pro and opponent ideas with Duhem'srealism we will demonstrate his ideas about scientific theories has moretendencies to structure realism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
247 - Conceptual Analysis of the Subject of Metaphysics in Suhrawardi's Hikmat al-Ishraq
Mahmud Hedayatafza Zeynab BostaniThe subject of metaphysics, which was introduced in Greek philosophy, and especially in Aristotle's books, was expanded into the works of Muslim thinkers after being translated into Arabic. Most of them chose the most famous subject for the first teacher, that is, &ldqu MoreThe subject of metaphysics, which was introduced in Greek philosophy, and especially in Aristotle's books, was expanded into the works of Muslim thinkers after being translated into Arabic. Most of them chose the most famous subject for the first teacher, that is, “existing in terms of existence”, sometimes under the influence of other words from Aristotle, “the object” and sometimes because of their religious tendencies, considered “obligatory existence” as the subject of philosophy. The present research is responsible for Hakim Sohrawardi's innovative view on this issue. The authors' method of discussion is a combination of historical description, analysis and comparison. Sohrawardi, in his works in the Peripatetic style, seems to have accepted Ibn Sina's view, preferring the title “existing in terms of existence” to other topics in philosophy in Peripatetic literature, and only in some places, the word “existence” in terms of its original meaning. Replaces “existing”. But in the book Hikmat al-Ishraq, we encounter a new conceptual system in which the “object” as the most obvious concept takes the place of existence and existence, and regardless of any constraints, is considered the subject of Enlightenment metaphysics. Sohrawardi from the beginning divides the object into light and darkness, and after that, other concepts of illuminated wisdom are formed. One of the important results of this approach is the denial of the validity of darkness and the rejection of the idea of the similarity of light, despite the fact that the commentators of the book Hikmat al-Ishraq have not properly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
248 - Pragmatic Coherence Theory of Truth
In this essay, we would review the coherence theory of truth from the viewpoint of the later Wittgenstein's philosophy, in order to answer the two problems with which this theory faces. First, the Problem of the system of beliefs isolated from the world; and second, the MoreIn this essay, we would review the coherence theory of truth from the viewpoint of the later Wittgenstein's philosophy, in order to answer the two problems with which this theory faces. First, the Problem of the system of beliefs isolated from the world; and second, the problem of evaluating alternative coherent systems of beliefs. In the beginning, we will examine two assumptions of the coherence theory of truth, which lead to these two problems, and the two problems themselves. Then, reviewing the coherence theory, we will provide a solution for these two problems. It will become clear that the hinge propositions derived from the later Wittgenstein's epistemological ideas, would be an efficient solution to the isolation objection. Finally, to find a solution for the second problem, we can, by formulating the coherence theory in the light of this kind of propositions, use the criterion of the efficiency of the system of beliefs in order to make a choice between two alternative coherent systems of beliefs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
249 - The Necessity of Proposing the Concept of Lifeworld in Husserl’s Phenomenology
Edmund Husserl has been called the father of phenomenology. Phenomenology is a method which emphasizes on description and meaning, instead of prediction and measurement which are common in sciences. Primarily, Husserl has consciousness as the main subject of his phenome MoreEdmund Husserl has been called the father of phenomenology. Phenomenology is a method which emphasizes on description and meaning, instead of prediction and measurement which are common in sciences. Primarily, Husserl has consciousness as the main subject of his phenomenology, so many of the phenomenologists consider his phenomenology as a kind of epistemology. This paper maintains that although Husserl takes notice of consciousness in some of his works, he transcends epistemology or Egology in his recent works, and considers the concept of lifeworld, i.e. world as lived by an individual not separated from human being, as the main concept of phenomenology. Accordingly, we will first offer a brief review of phenomenology; then, we will clarify the necessity of proposing the concept of lifeworld as the main subject of phenomenology, in view of Husserl’s last works, Cartesian Meditation and The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
250 - Muslim Philosophers' Philosophy of Science and its Aristotlean Legacy
موسی ملایریIt is well known, though, that the philosophy of science is a newbranch of knowledge, but this article has showed that the ancientscholars have also supplied in their scientific investigations somekind of science which can be called “Logic of science” or&ldq MoreIt is well known, though, that the philosophy of science is a newbranch of knowledge, but this article has showed that the ancientscholars have also supplied in their scientific investigations somekind of science which can be called “Logic of science” or“Philosophy of science” [or philosophical scientiology]. First, fourof the most important issues in the new philosophy of science i.e.criterions of scientific investigations, necessary conditions foraccuracy of scientific explanations, epistemic values, and status ofscientific theories and scientific methods for scientific discoveries,were selected. In each of them, first, we illustrate Aristotle'saccount, then, Muslim thinkers one. Tow point were attained: 1-Aristotle's idea contains all of these issues. 2- Muslim thinkers haveplayed significat role not only in, deepening and criticizing of theAristotelian philosophy of science, but also in its later development Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
251 - The Way of the Buddhisatva
A. MahmoodiThe doctrine of the existence of suffering is a central teaching inBuddhist thought. To stop suffering, Buddha himself presented theEightflod Path, but after him other pathes, such as the path ofbuddhisatva also gained recognition. The doctrine of boddhisatva inits prim MoreThe doctrine of the existence of suffering is a central teaching inBuddhist thought. To stop suffering, Buddha himself presented theEightflod Path, but after him other pathes, such as the path ofbuddhisatva also gained recognition. The doctrine of boddhisatva inits primitive from was derived from historical and mythological lifeof shakyamuni, however, its later development was due toMahayanism.This path begins with boddhicitta or "the awakened mind" andtaking the boddhisatva vow, and continues with passing through tenstages or bhumis, In each stage the boddhisatva perfects a paramitaor perfection in himself and finnaly becomes a buddha. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
252 - Philosophical Analysis of Ignorance and Its Implications for the Theories of Public Understanding of Science
Epistemology is well-known in philosophy, but agnotology, the opposite of epistemology, is a new subject that needs more investigation. Robert Proctor is the first one who initiated studying ignorance as an independent field and termed it agnotology. It is possible to e MoreEpistemology is well-known in philosophy, but agnotology, the opposite of epistemology, is a new subject that needs more investigation. Robert Proctor is the first one who initiated studying ignorance as an independent field and termed it agnotology. It is possible to examine agnotology in different areas, as Proctor conducted a detailed research on the agnotology of tobacco industry. Likewise, Science and Public Participation has been scientifically studied by academic institutions only for the past few decades. Public Participation in science is important to improving the interaction between scientists and laymen, science and society. The improvement of public participation in science, leads to scientific and cultural progress. In this essay, we try to study the patterns of public participation in science from an agnotological standpoint Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
253 - Ghaznawides and Philosophy and Theology in Khorasan and Transoxania
Dr. Mahbub MahdavianThe lands of Khorasan and Transoxania before Islam were one of theimportant scientific and cultural centers of Iran, and had an outstandingrole in ruling Abbasides during the Isiamic era. Because of this, Theyhave been one of the pioneering lands in the world of Islam, MoreThe lands of Khorasan and Transoxania before Islam were one of theimportant scientific and cultural centers of Iran, and had an outstandingrole in ruling Abbasides during the Isiamic era. Because of this, Theyhave been one of the pioneering lands in the world of Islam, from notonly political but also scientific and cultural points of view, particularlyin philosophy and theology. Ghaznawhdes government was one of themost important governments that ruled the entire of this land duringtheir authority. in this article, it has been attempted to survey andanalyze the role of Ghaznawides in the development of philosophy andtheology in Khorasan and Transoxania which led to the suppression ofphilosophy, Ismailism and Mutazilites, and strengthening of theologicalcastes of karramites and Ashrites. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
254 - Theories of Sovereignty of Exoteric Will and Esoteric Will in the Iranian and Islamic Laws
Sayyed Abolghasem NaghibiFormation of legal act, its constitutional elements, and damageswhich may hurt the will in its various elements of formation areamong major juristic, legal subjects one of which beingcontradiction of exoteric will to esoteric will in making a legal actwith respect to so MoreFormation of legal act, its constitutional elements, and damageswhich may hurt the will in its various elements of formation areamong major juristic, legal subjects one of which beingcontradiction of exoteric will to esoteric will in making a legal actwith respect to sovereignty – that is, which of them enjoyssovereignty over the other? There is a dispute among jurists andIslamic lawyers in that connection on the basis of different proofsfor and against any of those two theories. While investigatingproofs of each theory, the present essay emphasizes modification ofboth theories and declares that in cases of ignorance the exotericwill and in cases relating directly to the economical order theesoteric will should be given priority. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
255 - On The Quiddity of “Islamic Art”
In the recent decades, some people have tried to define ‘Islamic art’, but seemingly these efforts have not led to an obvious definition and explanation. In this article, we claim that it would be better to retreat and, before trying to make a definition of MoreIn the recent decades, some people have tried to define ‘Islamic art’, but seemingly these efforts have not led to an obvious definition and explanation. In this article, we claim that it would be better to retreat and, before trying to make a definition of ‘Islamic art’, to philosophically analyze this concept. Then, by means of this method, we would clarify that, in order to be able to speak justifiably of ‘Islamic art’, about what fundamental problems we should determine our positions first; problems such as: “What is the meaning of ‘art’ in ‘Islamic art’?” “Does ‘art’ has the capacity to ascribe ‘Islamic’ to it?” “Which definition of art does ‘Islamic Art’ demand?” “What is the relation of ‘Islamic art’ to beauty?” Contemplation on these problems has, at least, this benefit that it makes clear the limits to be observed in order to speak of ‘Islamic art’ and to make a definition of it. Firstly, not every definition of art can be considered as a foundation, because according to some conceptions of art it may conflict with ‘being Islamic’. Secondly, ‘Islamic art’ must determine its position, specifically its ontological position, towards the concept of beauty: Is beauty the objective quality of things or their subjective quality? The critical problems here are that, on the one hand, accepting that beauty is subjective conflicts with the essential beauty of God in Islam; and, on the other hand, accepting that beauty is objective leads us to some theoretical difficulties. Therefore, the advocate of ‘Islamic art’ must overcome both problems. And thirdly, not any adjective can be ascribed to any noun, and there are some considerable limits as such. Therefore, such limits must be considered in ascribing ‘Islamic’ to ‘art’. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
256 - Corporeal Resurrection in Philosophy of Avicenna and Mulla Sadra
Mehdi Najafi AfraThe resurrection, specially corporeal resurrection, has possessed animportant position in Islamic philosophy.Exertion of the reason and tradition, has caused various views amongMuslim thinkers. Avicenna and Mulla Sadra are the most importantsages who have an exclusive o MoreThe resurrection, specially corporeal resurrection, has possessed animportant position in Islamic philosophy.Exertion of the reason and tradition, has caused various views amongMuslim thinkers. Avicenna and Mulla Sadra are the most importantsages who have an exclusive opinion about this subject. Superficially,Avicenna has denied corporeal resurrection and Mulla Sadra hasaccepted it; but in this critical assessment, that formal contradiction isrejected and an affinity of the two has been designed Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
257 - An Inquiry into the Possibility of so Translating Heidegger’s Sein und Zeit into Persian that such a Book Deserves
پرویز ضیاء شهابیAccording to Heidegger any translation is a translation. Translating hismasterpiece Sein und Zeit (Being and Time) is so difficult that somescholars have taken it impossible.Recently, two Persian translations of Sein und Zeit have beenappeared. One of them is Mahmood Na MoreAccording to Heidegger any translation is a translation. Translating hismasterpiece Sein und Zeit (Being and Time) is so difficult that somescholars have taken it impossible.Recently, two Persian translations of Sein und Zeit have beenappeared. One of them is Mahmood Navāli’s translation , named aswudjood u zamān. The other is Siyāvash Jamādi’s translation , named ashasti u zamān.In this article, the author has attempted to show that none of these twotranslanlations can supply the expectations of a reader who comparesthe translation with the original text, indicating that the occurrence oftranslating the book into Persian seems impossible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
258 - Disjunctivism and the Default View for Visual Experience
Faraz AttarMartin argues that disjunctivism is the default view for visual experience. This disjunctivism is based upon the notion of indiscriminability: An event is a visual experience if and only if it is indiscriminable through introspection from a veridical visual experience. MoreMartin argues that disjunctivism is the default view for visual experience. This disjunctivism is based upon the notion of indiscriminability: An event is a visual experience if and only if it is indiscriminable through introspection from a veridical visual experience. The argument concludes that the common kind theories, since they are committed to a substantive epistemic principle, are immodest. Thus disjunctivism, is the default view. A number of criticisms have been raised against the argument. According to the main criticism, the condition of indiscriminability is neither necessary nor sufficient condition for visual experience. I deal with the main criticism and also the others. With critically examining these and also Martin’s responses, I claim that the argument is not valid. One of my main reasons is that Martin’s responses to the main criticism aren’t clear and justified. So, until further illuminations, we cannot accept that the condition for visual experience is indiscriminability. Also I explain that the argument, if valid, only concludes that the common kind theories aren’t the default view, not that disjunctivism is the default view. In order to lead to this conclusion, there are further steps to be taken. According to one step, it should be shown that there is no other default view. I cast doubt on the legitimacy of the step. In addition, I argue that disjunctivism based upon the notion of disjunction is different from disjunctivism based upon the notion of indiscriminability. The different disjunctivism could be an alternative default view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
259 - Exploration of Krishnamurti's Attitude toward Ideology
Ideology is one of the concepts discussed and scrutinized by many scholars in various branches of science. However, there is no comprehensive definition of the word accepted by a majority of scholars. With respect to the features of Ideology which has been put forward b MoreIdeology is one of the concepts discussed and scrutinized by many scholars in various branches of science. However, there is no comprehensive definition of the word accepted by a majority of scholars. With respect to the features of Ideology which has been put forward by scholars, they can be divided into three main groups. The first group has a positive attitude toward ideology and regards it as a necessity for human life. The second one, offering negative definitions of ideology, does not evaluate it positively; rather, seeks to negate it as leading to division and separation. The last group introduces ideology as a neutral concept to which both positive and negatives features raised by different thinkers can be attributed. Jiddu Krishnamurti is one of the thinkers who have a negative attitude toward ideology and rejects it for some alleged qualities, including divorce, separation, seduction, and so on. This attitude is rejected by both religious and secular thinkers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
260 - The Possibility of Reducing Biological Explanations to Explanations in Physics and Chemistry According to Keller and Dupré
The fundamental question of the difference between living and non-living remains unanswered to date. Unlike most physical and chemical systems, living systems must, at the very least, be endowed with function, a concept that to this day remains indispensable to biology, MoreThe fundamental question of the difference between living and non-living remains unanswered to date. Unlike most physical and chemical systems, living systems must, at the very least, be endowed with function, a concept that to this day remains indispensable to biology, yet is effectively missing from the vocabulary of physics and chemistry. Accordingly, we need an account of the evolution of function out of simple physical and chemical dynamics, which we do not as of yet have. Evelyn Fox Keller's argument requires the fundamental transformations of the conventional approaches in both physics and chemistry fields. John Dupré argues that the properties of constituents cannot themselves be fully understood without a characterization of the larger system, which they are a part of. This claim is elaborated through a defense of the concepts of emergence and of downward causation; causation acting from a system on its constituent parts. Although much of this argument can be read as having only epistemological or methodological forces, the final section of this paper defends a more robust metaphysical reading: even purely metaphysical understandings of reductionism such as are commonly represented by supervenience theses are misguided. Manuscript profile -
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261 - An Introduction to The Rule of Reciprocity
Abbas HemamiReciprocity may appear in the form of reward or punishment.The juristic rule of reciprocity is used for a reaction to anunpleasant- no matter it has a criminal aspect or not- whose penalaspect is normally considered.Reciprocity being a right or a duty and its originatio MoreReciprocity may appear in the form of reward or punishment.The juristic rule of reciprocity is used for a reaction to anunpleasant- no matter it has a criminal aspect or not- whose penalaspect is normally considered.Reciprocity being a right or a duty and its origination beingnatural or not are discussed in this essay. The realm in which thisrule applied , the role of time and space as well as specificconditions of the offended and the offender in the execution of therule and whether this right can be transferred to others or not aredealt whit in the present and the coming parts of our essay. Islamicviewpoints concerning the topic are taken into consideration in acomparative way as well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
262 - Conceptual Analysis of the Terminology "Essence" and its Application in Explaining the Authenticity or Validity of the Essence
In the present research, various definitions of the term "essence" and its function in the question of "authenticity or validity of essence" are discussed. The author's specific method is based on the conceptual analysis of opinion polls in terms of the historical cours MoreIn the present research, various definitions of the term "essence" and its function in the question of "authenticity or validity of essence" are discussed. The author's specific method is based on the conceptual analysis of opinion polls in terms of the historical course of philosophical schools. The first-hand work shows that al-Farabi, by expressing certain terms, believed that external existences existed. Later, the terminology and kind of his view were deployed in the philosophy of Sinai. Suhrawardi, in terms of the meaning of "We gave al-Shao Ho Ho" for essence, its originality and the validity of "existence." In contrast, Mulla Sadra established the meaning of the "essence" in his philosophy and voted for the validity of the nature; but some people are precise to find that, in Sadra's philosophy, there is confusion between the essence of the mind and the external nature, and in the word "essence" It has been forged. Sheikh Ahsaee and Mirza Isfahani also, with the introduction of new terms, considered the combination of concrete and a combination of existence and nature. The result of the statement is that the promise of the originality or validity of the essence of the concept of any thinker originates from this term, not the pseudo-reasons. Therefore most Muslim thinkers, according to the realist approach, at least adhere to the principle of the essence of the belief. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
263 - The Impasse of the Text in Margins A Response to “An Inquiry into the Possibility of so Translating Heidegger’s Sein und Zeit into Persian that such a Book Deserves” written by P. Zia’ Shahabi
سیاوش جمادیThe article written by P. Zia’ Shahabi consists mainly of a critique of twoPersian translations of Heidegger’s Being and Time, which have beenrecently published. My article is not as a response to his whole article;rather, it is a response to that part of hi MoreThe article written by P. Zia’ Shahabi consists mainly of a critique of twoPersian translations of Heidegger’s Being and Time, which have beenrecently published. My article is not as a response to his whole article;rather, it is a response to that part of his article which is directly concernedto my translation. I also assess his critique and method in general. Noneed to say that any point of his critique which is correct is boldlyacknowledged and appreciated. Some points are incorrect which arerefuted through exposing sufficient argumentation (or reasoning). Someother points which seem neither correct nor incorrect, stimulating me tomodify my translation, are explicated. (I, of course, do so accompanyingwith appreciation and thanks!)Saying thanks is not formal and a mere nonsensical appreciation, thoughsuch a formality is in vogue. Wherever there is philosophical thinking ,particularly phenomenological thinking, whatever is “hors de sujet”,including personal implausibility and individual pain, ought to bedismissed. According to Aristotle: ‘Amicus Plato, set magis amicarerites’.Finally, there are two points which are important: first, answering to all ofthe critic’s notes is impossible because of the standards of this journal(about the bulk of content). Second, following the critic, I would make useof his Persian transliteration of Heidegger’s name except in quotations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
264 - Romantical Interpretation of Freedom on Isaiah Berlin View
Mohsen Fazeli Aliakbar Ahmadi Aframjani Ali Moradkhani Reza Davari ArdekaniRomantical interpretation of freedom on Berlin view is relied to understanding of his analysis on enlightenment and romantism. But we must already have drawn a clear imagination of other aspects of his thought such as anthropology, history and pluralism, until clarified MoreRomantical interpretation of freedom on Berlin view is relied to understanding of his analysis on enlightenment and romantism. But we must already have drawn a clear imagination of other aspects of his thought such as anthropology, history and pluralism, until clarified means of freedom and be able to know foundation of original romantical aspects of his thought. This article tries to prove this claim that negative freedom is inextricably linked to romantic ideas, as if the relationship between freedom and romantic ideas is cut off to ignored, there can never be a way to define freedom as intended by Berlin. So first enumerated the supposed romantic ideas from works of Berlin and then with a Berlin analysis of the romantic era follow the traces of this ideas in the most fundamental part of his thought the concept of freedom until be able to achieve a romantic interpretation of his philosophy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
265 - Analysis of the Inherent Characteristics of the Human Soul from the Point of View of the Two Philosophical Schools of Peripatetic and Sankehye
Mohammad Karimi Jabbar Amini Jamshid Jalali SheyjaniIn Greek philosophy, the later thinkers of Socrates paid more attention to the subject of “anthropology” than their predecessors, and especially in the works of Aristotle, issues related to this subject were presented in a special way. In parallel with him i MoreIn Greek philosophy, the later thinkers of Socrates paid more attention to the subject of “anthropology” than their predecessors, and especially in the works of Aristotle, issues related to this subject were presented in a special way. In parallel with him in the East, “ontology” was at the service of “anthropology” from the very beginning, and it received considerable attention, including in the Sankehye school. Naturally, in both intellectual traditions, knowing the human soul has been more important and complex than the human body. The present research is responsible for explaining the intrinsic characteristics of the human soul from the perspective of the founders of the mentioned schools in a comparative way. Although Aristotle considered the soul to be abstract from the monster and the incorporeal, he considered it to be the first perfection of the organic natural body. In his view, the rational soul of man was also the sum of the powers of the vegetable and animal souls. But according to the sage Capila, the soul or Purusha has a very transcendent, transcendental and eternal identity which was neither the cause and the creator of something nor the effect and artifact of something. Purusha is entirely abstract from matter or precreity, but it is the stimulus for the emergence of beings. Belief in the multiplicity of populations is also a necessary necessity for the definition of the soul in peripatetic thought, but considering the attributes of the soul in Sankehya thought, the idea of multiplicity seems very strange. Manuscript profile -
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266 - Artificial Selection as an Analogy for Natural Selection in Darwin's Views: An Analysis from a Cognitive Science Perspective
Mahmoud Mozhdeh KhoshknodahaniHow to establish an analogy between the two types of natural and artificial selection has been studied and studied by many historians and philosophers of science, biology and evolution. One of the most important sources in this regard is Darwin's manuscripts, which show MoreHow to establish an analogy between the two types of natural and artificial selection has been studied and studied by many historians and philosophers of science, biology and evolution. One of the most important sources in this regard is Darwin's manuscripts, which show how, in the process of Darwin's research studies, an analogy between natural and artificial selection was formed in his mind. His approach to analogy is a naturalistic one. In the history of science and knowledge, there are many examples of analogies that have been used both as discoveries and as arguments. According to the new findings of the cognitive sciences, the human mind operates on the basis of analogical reasoning, so that a number of cognitive scientists believe that analogy is at the core of human cognition. Various models in the cognitive sciences have been proposed for analogy. Researches show that the analogical arguments used by Darwin based on cognitive science models, are proportional analogy, with the difference that he used a number of bridging and Contrastive analogies to establish the analogy between natural and artificial selection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
267 - Selective Abduction in the Selection of Hypotheses and its Relationship with Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE)
Seyyed Ahmad MirsaneiSelective abduction is in contrast with creative abduction as well as Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE). There are two types of selective abduction: Either hypotheses are selected among new and conjectural hypotheses without any prior knowledge ( Pierce s' selecti MoreSelective abduction is in contrast with creative abduction as well as Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE). There are two types of selective abduction: Either hypotheses are selected among new and conjectural hypotheses without any prior knowledge ( Pierce s' selective abduction), or the selection of the best hypotheses and explanations is among a large number of possible hypotheses and explanations already known (L. Magnani's selective abduction and G. Schurz's factual abduction). According to both views, as well as an alternative view, which belongs to Dov M. Gabby and John Woods, selective abduction is different from inference to the best explanation. Schurz's factual abduction depends on all three sub-processes of inference, i.e.: colligation, observation, and judgment (c, o, and j); But Pierce's selective abduction, on the other hand, has only a third sub-process, i.e. judgment process (j), and therefore it cannot be regarded as a process of abductive epistemic inference. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
268 - simon de bouvar a phnomenological eastathics
شمس الملوک مصطفوی saeide golmohamadiIn today's philosophy, the possibility of harmony, closeness and mixing of different fields, including the field of literature and philosophy, has been provided. The purpose of this article is to examine the phenomenological aesthetics of the works of Simon de Beauvoir, MoreIn today's philosophy, the possibility of harmony, closeness and mixing of different fields, including the field of literature and philosophy, has been provided. The purpose of this article is to examine the phenomenological aesthetics of the works of Simon de Beauvoir, a famous philosopher and writer of the 20th century, and to explain the positive consequences of this creative attitude. In fact, de Beauvoir writes philosophically and in the form of writing a metaphysical novel, he brings literature and philosophy closer to each other. More than a writer, he is an artist who cultivates ideas about art and literature through his thoughtful texts and fiction works. Simon de Beauvoir is not a phenomenologist, but his thoughts have the talent of phenomenological reading, as his attention to intentionality, inter-subjective relationship, individual, experience, other and self-loneliness, has made his works worthy of phenomenological study and research. The present article aims to provide the possibility of such a reading of his works by briefly reviewing the concepts raised in de Beauvoir's works. Manuscript profile -
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269 - Examining Avrom Stroll's point of view about Wittgenstein's two different understandings of the foundations of certain beliefs
mohammad saied abdollahi Mohammad Ali AbdollahiSince the time of Aristotle, some philosophers have insisted on the point that a part of knowledge is more fundamental than other parts. There have been various forms of foundationalism in epistemology, ethics and logic, and each of them has considered a certain matter MoreSince the time of Aristotle, some philosophers have insisted on the point that a part of knowledge is more fundamental than other parts. There have been various forms of foundationalism in epistemology, ethics and logic, and each of them has considered a certain matter as the basis according to the field under discussion. Avrum Stroll believes that Wittgenstein is a fundamentalist, but his fundamentalism is completely different from the approach of traditional fundamentalists, and Wittgenstein's intelligent distinction between knowledge and its foundations keeps his fundamentalism away from the problems that traditional fundamentalists have. Stroll enumerates nine conditions for fundamentalism and believes that these nine conditions exist in Wittgenstein's epistemological system. He believes that Wittgenstein gives two different understandings of the basis of certain beliefs, one is relative (propositional) fundamentalism and the other is absolute (non-propositional) fundamentalism, and over time Wittgenstein moves away from relative fundamentalism and leans towards absolute fundamentalism. In this article, after clarifying Stroll's argument about Wittgenstein's fundamentalism and the difference between this fundamentalism and its traditional interpretations, we examine Stroll's distinction between Wittgenstein's two conceptions of fundamentalism and show what characteristics each of these two conceptions has and how Wittgenstein prefers the absolute fundamentalism and expands it. Manuscript profile